Industriae Theatrum Ex Silesia: Showing the functioning of a medieval industry in a contemporary...

Archaeological Heritage: Methods of Education and

Popularization

Edited by

Roksana Chowaniec Wiesław Więckowski

BAR International Series 24432012

Published by

ArchaeopressPublishers of British Archaeological ReportsGordon House276 Banbury RoadOxford OX2 [email protected]

BAR S2443

Archaeological Heritage: Methods of Education and Popularization

© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2012

ISBN 978 1 4073 1047 3

The editors are grateful for the financial support of Polish Ministry of the Science and Higher Education (799-P-DUN-2011) and Foundation of Friends of the Institute of Archaeology University of Warsaw.

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Industriae Theatrum Ex Silesia: Showing the functioning of a medieval industry in a contemporary industrial conurbation

Joanna Tokaj, Magdalena Cyankiewicz and Aldona Garbacz–Klempka

AbstractThe project Industriae Theatrum Ex Silesia, popularizing the early medieval silver and lead metallurgy industrial complex, consisted of the following elements: publication of a brochure, reconstruction of medieval costumes and tools, and lecture series with a living history show of medieval smelting. The joint project of the Society of Friends of Dąbrowa Górnicza and the Municipal Museum ‘Sztygarka’, in cooperation with the University of Science and Technology in Kraków gained considerable popularity among the inhabitants of a contemporary industrial conurbation.

KeywordsMiddle Ages, silver and lead metallurgy, NGO, museum, industrial archeology, reconstruction group, living history, lifelong learning

Industrial complex and industrial archeology in the territory of Poland

Industrial archeology is a new and dynamically developing branch of archeology and Poland is a good place for its development because of the number of important industrial excavation sites of world renown, especially from the Paleolithic and Neolithic age.1

The development of the branch of archeology that deals with the beginnings of medieval industry provided a great deal of information concerning mining and smelting regions and towns of early medieval Europe. Exploration of mines from this period is a new, still developing branch of archaeological fieldwork (Stolarczyk 2006). Bergbauarchäologie and Montanarchäogie have developed rapidly in Germany. The industrial town of Goslar, situated in the Harz Mountains and dating to the early Middle Ages, has been classified as a UNESCO world heritage site.

The exploration of industrial remains takes the form of both archeological fieldwork and search queries or historical studies. A good example of such studies are the works conducted in the 1960s and 1970s by a team of scientists including D. Molenda, Poland’s leading specialist in medieval and modern lead mining and metallurgy (Krygier et al. 1964, 480–493; Krygier et al. 1971; Molenda 1963; Molenda 1972). In the past ten years historians have published studies on the remains and organizational structure of coalmining, including issues from the history of cartography (Wójcik 2008) and the mining of calamine (Rybak 2002; Rybak 2004).

Recent years have also brought particularly valuable discoveries of early medieval excavation sites connected with the beginnings of silver and lead metallurgy in the territory of Poland. The chronology of these sites is

1 For example, the oldest evidence of exploitation of hematite in Europe in the late Paleolithic was found in Rydno near Grzybowa Góra. Numerous open-cut flint outcrops and flint workshops come from a later period, that is, from the Neolithic. The Neolithic banded-flint mine in Krzemionki Opatowskie is widely known and regarded as unique.

uncertain: they may date back to the 11th or the 12th/13th centuries (Bodnar et al. 2007, 12).

After several years of archeological research carried out by various teams: in Dąbrowa Górnicza–Łosień, Dąbrowa Górnicza–Strzemieszyce Wielkie, Będzin, Bytom Sosnowiec–Zagórze, Przeczyce, Siewierz – we can speak of an early medieval ‘silver and lead metallurgy complex’ (Rozmus 2004, 301–305). Finds have undergone thorough metallographic examination aiming at the reconstruction of early medieval silver and lead smelting technologies (Karbowniczek and Suliga 2005; Karbowniczek et al. 2006, Rozmus and Suliga in print). The results of archeological works in the field of metallurgy are becoming the basis for the research within the frame of technical sciences. The obtained material undergoes specialist analyses, and their results, together with the information concerning the structure and chemical composition of the finds, form the basis for the reconstruction of metallurgic processes (Głowa et al. 2010). Scientists have also dealt with issues like pollution of the environment (Cabała et al. in print) and general environmental factors affecting the settlement (Kalicki et al. 2006; Kalicki et al. 2009).

The results of the research are truly inspiring and open new possibilities for historical research; they have been presented at both domestic and foreign conferences, but the results of the latest archeological research are not known to the general public. The existence of an industrial complex based on the exploitation and processing of lead ore containing silver at the dawn of the Polish state may help to explain many historical facts, including Czech expansion into Polish territory, the main goal of which was to obtain natural resources. The research could become a starting point for a new historical interpretation (Buko 2011, 339–340).

The project and its realization

Industriae Theatrum Ex Silesia is a joint project in archeology and the history of industry, prepared by the Society of Friends of Dąbrowa Górnicza and the Municipal Museum ‘Sztygarka’. The presentation of the development

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ArchAeologicAl heritAge. Methods of educAtion And PoPulArizAtion

of metallurgy over the centuries could raise awareness of the continuity of certain economic processes.

Dąbrowa Górnicza2 received a town charter in 1916, but it was already an industrial settlement from the second half of the 18th century. In 1834, the construction of the Bank Steelworks was commenced and it was one of the most important urban-shaping factors.3 The city has kept its industrial character. A metallurgical conglomerate plant, Katowice Steelworks, today’s Arcelor Mittal Poland S.A., the biggest in Poland and one of the biggest in Europe, was built here in 1972–1976. At this time the administrative division of the city changed and smaller, frequently agricultural towns or villages became part of Dąbrowa Górnicza. Nowadays, this urbanized area, located on the Biała Przemsza and the Czarna Przemsza rivers, is a city in the Province of Silesia with a population of about 125,000 people. With an area of 188,000 km2, it is also the biggest city in the province. The origins of some of the city districts, like Strzemieszyce and Łosień, go back to the beginnings of the history of the state of Poland. As early as

2 Dąbrowa is situated in a historical and cultural region called Dąbrowa Coal Basin, which developed in the mid-19th century. After the Third Partition of Poland, Dąbrowa was located within the borders of Prussia, in the territory called New Silesia. Coal exploitation also began at this time. After a short episode under Prussian rule, in 1807 the region became part of the Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1815 the Kingdom of Poland.3 The metallurgical plant owes its name to the Polish Bank, which constructed the first ironworks in the Kingdom of Poland to use coke for smelting pig iron. The settlement of Bank Steelworks was established simultaneously with the beginnings of the metallurgic company.

that this area was typically industrial and was crucial to the development of the entire country.

Dąbrowa Górnicza is a place where the remains of medieval steelworks are in close vicinity to new industrial plants, also connected with metallurgy. Numerous analogies and mutual connections can be found here. Strzemieszyce may serve as a good example of such analogies, as the biggest steelworks in Poland were built there in the 1970s, next to an exceptionally rich early medieval cemetery from sometime between the first half of the 11th century and the second half of the 12th century (Zoll–Adamikowa 1966, 1971); the local steelworkers may have been buried in this cemetery (Krajniewski et al. 2011). The burial ground was discovered accidentally in the 1930s, during the extraction of sand that was used to fill the nearby ‘Reden’ coal mine (Balcerowski 1969; Marciniak 1933, 1960).

Museum employees and members of the Society of Friends of Dąbrowa Górnicza were inspired to come up with a project that would familiarize the inhabitants of Dąbrowa Górnicza and the region with this fascinating discovery. This issue, although well documented and well known among archeologists, remains, as said earlier, unknown to the local inhabitants.4 The mission of the Society of Friends

4 The only exception was an exhibition ‘History written with silver and coal’, organized in 2006 in the Municipal Museum ‘Sztygarka’ in Dąbrowa Górnicza; it presented not only the contemporary industry, but also the results of archeological research connected to medieval metallurgy. The main goal of this exhibition, and of the reported project as well, is to acquaint visitors with the medieval industry.

Figure 1. Map of early medieval metallurgical sites (the borderline of Lesser Poland and Silesia) (B. Sz. Szmoniewski).

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Joanna TokaJ, Magdalena CyankiewiCz and aldona garbaCz–kleMpka: IndustrIae theatrum ex sIlesIa

Figure 2. Replicas of medieval costumes (photo P. Góral).

Figure 3. Outdoor event (photo K. Borda).


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of Dąbrowa Górnicza, which is a non–governmental organization is, among others, to disseminate historical knowledge about Dąbrowa Górnicza, to propagate the right attitude towards cultural heritage, to encourage people to promote and protect heritage and to get them involved in cultural and educational activities.

Taking into consideration the fact that, as a legal entity, the Society has better access to sources of financing for its activities, the decision was taken to participate in a competition organized by the Department of Culture of the Office of the Marshal in Katowice (open tender for public assignments of the Silesian Voivodship in the field of protection and dissemination of cultural heritage in 2011). Well–tried methods were employed (such as reconstructions and living history shows of old craft techniques (Abłamowicz 2010, 20–21) in order to present the latest findings that the general public may not be familiar with. The title of the project, Industriae Theatrum Ex Silesia, that is, industrial archeology of the Middle Ages for everyone, sounds like a drama show (Chowaniec 2010, 167–169), but it is actually a setting for further activities, such as writing an educational literary script to be used in a short performance involving active participation on the part of the audience.

Having received a grant for publication and reconstruction of medieval costumes, we took steps aiming at popularizing the above mentioned issues. Apart from a project subsidy from the Office of the Marshal, we also obtained funds from the Museum, which were used to pay for the reconstructions of two costumes and replicas of medieval tools. We also had a brochure translated into English, and as part of our promotional activities, invitations and posters were printed. During the realization of the project, the representatives of the Society of Friends of Dąbrowa Górnicza and the Municipal Museum ‘Sztygarka’ cooperated with volunteers and a reconstruction group that specializes in reconstructions of the Middle Ages. Another party that joined in the project were academics from the Faculty of Foundry Engineering of the Stanisław Staszic University of Science and Technology in Kraków and the archeology department of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków.

Industriae Theatrum Ex Silesia – between archeological reconstruction and living history show

Some of our activities (such as living history shows of bygone crafts) were directed to people of all ages, while others were mainly for adults5 (theme lectures). The lectures were conducted by D. Rozmus, an archeologist who discovered medieval metallurgical sites in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, and during his lectures he acquainted listeners

5 The classes directed to adults refer to the idea of lifelong learning (Mączyńska 2010, 33). This idea is realized mainly by the University of the Third Age operating in numerous cities. The Municipal Museum ‘Sztygarka’ started fruitful cooperation with the University and has been organizing classes and lectures for this kind of audience for a long time now.

with the results of archeological research and described the arcana of medieval metallurgy. Outdoor activities were organized in cooperation with reconstruction groups (family festival ‘Autumn of the Middle Ages’), during which both children and adults were engaged in various games and play, for example minting copies of medieval coins discovered at a smelting site in Dąbrowa Górnicza–Łosień (Krudysz et al. 2009).

F. Rozmus and S. Wojdat from Olkusz Television prepared a film (cf. http://www.youtube.com/user/MuzeumSztygarka?feature=mhum#p/a/u/0/e5j5xncMXb8), which is an audiovisual recording of the project and includes, among others, a short presentation of the smelting process with the use of medieval techniques. The main points of the recorded show are discussed below.

The team carrying out the reconstruction of smelting concentrated on a study of the history of smelting. Effects of archeological works, especially finds such as slag, crucibles, pieces of casting moulds, semi–products and finished products constitute essential sources for the reconstruction of the medieval metallurgic process, and based on these sources, metallurgists can prepare such reconstructions.

Just like today, metallurgy (and mining) in the Middle Ages was a major determinant of economic growth. Although we now have newer technologies and modern materials, basic smelting methods have remained unchanged: a casting mould is filled with liquid metal. The slightly different alloys and slightly different casting moulds of natural materials used in the Middle Ages were presented and discussed during the show. During this short smelting cycle, a few products like ornaments were made (in the Middle Ages, smelting was also used to make big objects, including church bells, baptismal fonts and even temple doors or cannons). The importance of smelting in the Middle Ages is confirmed by evidence of numerous guilds connected with the metal industry. Apart from lead compounds, we also presented lead ore, which after proper processing was used as a material by smelting workshops.

During the show, which took place on 29 November 2011, we gave two lectures to students of the University of the Third Age and we also demonstrated the smelting of small objects made of alloys composed mainly of lead. In the Middle Ages, lead was a common metal and was used in many different production processes. It was also essential for trade in natural resources, and one of the main sources of lead extraction in medieval Poland was the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland (Małopolska). As mentioned during the show, one of the applications of lead was as a material for making jewelry, such as lead crosses that certainly had a symbolic and deeply religious meaning. They may have symbolized penance, because lead as a heavy chemical element may have denoted the burden of sins (Forstner 1990, 143–144).

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The main element of a foundry workshop is a handmade fired–clay furnace. Scientists involved in the reconstruction for the project used such a furnace. Charcoal was used for heating the furnace. Crucibles handmade in accordance with available sources were placed in the furnace. Alloys were heated in these crucibles and then poured into previously prepared casting moulds. The composition of the alloys was very close to authentic medieval alloys, having been prepared on the basis of lab examination of the metal in finished products. Thus, it was possible to recreate the old composition of alloys in the same proportions as in medieval casting workshops. The melted alloys were then poured into casting moulds (medieval moulds were made

either of clay or stone, they could be reused or disposed of; in the latter case, the moulds were used for wax models and destroyed after the pouring). The temperature in the furnace was increased with the use of bellows.

In the final part of the show participants could see a finished product smelted in a makeshift foundry workshop.

The project Industriae Theatrum Ex Silesia consisted of several elements: the publication of a bilingual brochure on old production techniques, including medieval metallurgy, mining and pottery (Cyankiewicz and Tokaj (eds.) 2011), making replicas of medieval costumes and reconstructions

Figure 6. Conducting of lecture (photo K. Borda).


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of weaving and smelting workshops presented during theme events (e.g. ‘Autumn of the Middle Ages’ or ‘Summer in the City’).

The project therefore involved people of all age groups (so called lifelong learning). One of the events that deserves particular mention accompanied a series of lectures directed to students of the University of the Third Age. During one of the lectures, employees of the Faculty of Foundry Engineering from the University of Science and Technology in Kraków presented a living history show of smelting with the use of medieval methods.

Referring to the use of natural resources, and in particular lead, in the Middle Ages, we decided to reconstruct the processes of melting and smelting alloys composed mainly of lead. The basis for the experiment were archeological finds from Lesser Poland and Silesia, as well as written sources from the 12th century (Teofil Prezbiter 1998). The conclusions of the observations and research found more practical application as they were transferred from a laboratory to be used in the reconstruction works. Designs of the furnace for melting metals, crucibles and appropriate alloys were prepared. Project participants took part in the final stages of the process, which gave them the opportunity to gain practical knowledge about the medieval craft of melting and smelting metals. The furnace smoked, the alloy in the crucible changed to liquid, previously prepared casting moulds were filled and then opened after cooling down. In this way, within the frames of the project, medieval ornaments were made, using patterns known from archeological research. Thus, this scientific and research work took on a practical dimension and contributed to the dissemination of knowledge concerning metal ores, medieval technological processes and finished products made of metals and their alloys. Therefore, one of the most essential aims of the project was achieved: the industry of the Middle Ages was shown in a modern city and with active participation of its inhabitants, using the findings presented in scientific and research works.

Translated by Iwona Wojtala

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Dr Dariusz RozmusMuzeum Miejskie ‘Sztygarka’Dąbrowa Górnicza, Polande-mail: [email protected]

Mrs Joanna TokajMuzeum Miejskie ‘Sztygarka’Dąbrowa Górnicza, Polande-mail: [email protected]

Mrs Magdalena CyankiewiczMuzeum Miejskie ‘Sztygarka’Dąbrowa Górnicza, Polande-mail: [email protected]

Mrs Aldona Garbacz–KlempkaFaculty of Foundry EngineeringAGH University of Science and Technology Kraków, Polande-mail: [email protected]

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