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Improvement on the Dyeing and Water ofImbibition Properties of Cotton/PolyesterBlend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing

Agents

Doris Boryo, Bello K.A., Ibrahim A.Q., Omizegba F.I., Mashat G.U.M., Okakwu A.A.

ABSTRACT

alternative mercerizing agents, improvement, percentage exhaustion, wash fastness, the water of Keywords:imbibitions.

Classification: For Code: 20301Language: English

LJP Copyright ID: 706957ISBN 10: 153763156ISBN 13: 978-1537631561

London Journal of Engineering Research

Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0

© 2017. Doris Boryo, Bello K.A., Ibrahim A.Q., Omizegba F.I., Mashat G.U.M., Okakwu A.A.. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the termsof the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting allnon-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This research investigated for alternative mercerizing agents that may improve the dyeing properties of

cotton/polyester blend fabric. The water of imbibition property of the mercerized fabric is evaluated. The

alternative mercerizing agents employed include liquid NH3, NH

4OH, (NH4)2C2O

4, CH3CH

2OH,

CH3COOH, (COOH)

2and NaOH as the control at concentration range of 19-23%. The mercerization is

carried out after scouring and bleaching the fabric samples. The percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the

mercerized fabrics displayed values far above average (85.7-75.0%) with 22% (NH4)2C2O

4ranking the

highest. The wash fastness is another interesting result where all the mercerizing agents at its optimum

gave a gray scale rating for wash fastness of 5 (excellent wash fastness).

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Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend

Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing AgentsBoryo D.E.A.α, Bello K.A. σ, Ibrahim A.Q.ρ, Omizegba F.I.¥, Mashat G.U.M.§ & Okakwu A.A.χ

____________________________________________

I. ABSTRACT

This research investigated for alternative mercerizing agents that may improve the dyeing properties of cotton/polyester blend fabric. The water of imbibition property of the mercerized fabric is evaluated. The alternative mercerizing agents employed include liquid NH3, NH4OH, (NH4)2C2O4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH, (COOH)2 and NaOH as the control at concentration range of 19-23%. The mercerization is carried out after scouring and bleaching the fabric samples. The percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the mercerized fabrics displayed values far above average (85.7-75.0%) with 22% (NH4)2C2O4 ranking the highest. The wash fastness is another interesting result where all the mercerizing agents at its optimum gave a gray scale rating for wash fastness of 5 (excellent wash fastness). The water imbibing abilities of the various fabrics mercerized with the agents showed a competing range between 2.2-2.5g. This implies that the alternative agents have modified the structure of fabric. The alternative agents improved the dyeing and water of imbibition properties of the mercerized fabric and competed favorably with the control. Thus these alternative agents are recommended for industrial and commercial purposes as mercerizing agents.

Keywords: alternative mercerizing agents, improvement, percentage exhaustion, wash fastness, the water of imbibition.

II. INTRODUCTION

Mercerization is one of the processes before dyeing fabrics. Mercerization process consists of treatments on textile material with concentrated solutions of 20-22% of NaOH at a very low temperature (5-18oC) as described by Sadov et al. (1973), Trotman (1975), Taylor (1990), and Boryo et al. (2014). During mercerization, selective bonding of sodium to cellulose takes place according to the following schemes (Moji, 2000).

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3NaOH → C6H7O2(ONa)3 + 3H2O

Scheme 1: Formation of trisodium cellulose (alcoholate)

The equation was explained by Sadov et al. (1973) that the trisodium cellulose is produced by the action of a solution of metallic sodium on the cellulose. Other researches, believed the formation of alcoholate by the action of aqueous solution of caustic soda on cellulose is impossible. This is because alcoholate is hydrolysed by small amount of water (March, 1978), and another possible reaction is that caustic soda combines with cellulose to form a molecular compound (Boryo et al., 2014):

C6H7O2 (OH)3 + NaOH → C6H7O2(OH)3NaOH

Scheme 2: Formation of alkali cellulose

The effects of this result to increase in luster, tensile strength, hygroscopicity, dye absorbability and specula reflection (gloss) (Sadov et al., 1973; has Hartzell and Hsiet, 1998; Neal, 2004; Safra et al., 2004; SCHER, 2006; Moddibo et al., 2007, Smith, 2010 and Boryo et al., 2014).

This strong base is very corrosive to equipment and harmful to the environment (Cutler and Peter

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Author α ¥ § χ: Department of Chemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University P.M.B 248 Bauchi Nigeria. σ : Department of Textile Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.ρ : Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria.

2008, Sharpe 2010). However is found as an industrial chemical used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives and petroleum products (Alelsto, 2009). Processing of textile fabrics (scouring and mercerizing agents), manufacturing laundry and bleaching agents, processing of metals and electroplating also use sodium hydroxide. This has made the demand for sodium hydroxide to be high and therefore, at times scarce in the laboratory and costly. Hence this calls for alternative mercerizing agents.

Work by Lee et al. (2005) revealed the use of liquid ammonia (NH3) treatment to be more effective at improving the fabric hand of cotton and regenerated cellulose fibers than the usual NaOH. Literature search has not revealed the use of such alkali and others or any other agents on synthetic and cotton blends than the traditional NaOH (Boryo et al., 2014). Thus, Boryo et al. (2014) asked “are there no other mild alkalis or agents to be used for cotton and synthetic blends than the traditional NaOH?”

There is no much work on other alkalis or alternative agents suggested (Boryo et al., 2013a). However, the use of ammonium oxalate by Boryo et al. (1999) has proved to produce better mechanical properties on kenaf fiber than the traditional sodium hydroxide. Further findings by Boryo et al. (2013a) and Boryo et al. (2013b) proved the use of the proposed alternative agents for scouring with improved dyeing and mechanical properties, suitable, reliable, cheaper and more environmentally friendly pH of the scouring effluents than the commercial NaOH (Boryo et al., 2013a). These findings and further work by Boryo et al. (2014) contributed a part to the birth of this present work.

After mercerization process fabrics are usually dyed. The desire for a given fabric lies on its color (appearance), texture (quality) and so on (Boryo et al., 2013a). Therefore dye is among the treatment that furnishes fabric to make it desirous and loving by all. Color retention after dyeing is an important parameter in textiles. Color is often the primary consideration when purchasing clothing and household textiles. When the color fades or streaks, items are discarded before they are worn out (Boryo et al., 2013a).

There are numerous dyes in use, but this work is interested in using indigo. Indigo which is vat dye, has an affinity for cotton, wool and silk fabrics in its leuco form, but it has a low affinity for synthetic fabrics such as polyester (Kunttou et al., 2005 and Boryo et al., 2013a). Kunttou et al. (2005) investigated the possibility of dyeing synthetic fabric (polyester) with indigo using the cotton dyeing method but it was not possible. However, the author further demonstrated the possibility of dyeing polyester fabrics with indigo by controlling the ratio of sodium hydrosulphite and NaOH concentration in the dye bath solution at a mild temperature (Boryo et al., 2013a). The author also applied the method for cotton fabric with great success (Boryo et al., 2013a) However, there is no information on the application of this method on cotton/polyester blends (Boryo et al., 2013a). This present work developed the interest to apply the Kunttou et al. (2005) and Boryo et al. (2013a) methods on cotton/polyester blend.

Beauty they say lies in the eyes of the beholder. The beauty of a fabric, therefore, lies on the quality and appearance. In choosing a fabric, one of the factors to be considered is the shade (hue) appearance or colour. Fabric with good shade entices one. For this reason, percentage exhaustion determination and wash-fastness tests are carried out on fabric to determine its dye-ability, durability and ability to resist colour change by the destructive action of washing with water, soap and detergent (Nkeonye, 1987).

This study seeks to search for alternative mercerizing agents that will improve on the dyeing properties, so that this will in turn improve on the economy of the nation and to also satisfy the fashion desire of the consumers of textile materials (Boryo et al., 2014).The specific objectives are to determine the optimum alternative mercerizing agents (Boryo et al., 2014) with better dyeing properties such as degree of percentage exhaustion and wash-fastness and improved water of imbibition.

Hence, this study envision that the same alternative agents used by Boryo et al. (2013a, 2013b and 2014) may give promising results as alternative mercerizing agents on cotton/

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Improvement on the Dyeing and Water of Imbibition Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric by Alternative Mercerizing Agents

polyester blend fabric with respect to dyeing and water imbibing properties.

III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

3.1 Sample Collection

35% cotton/65% polyester blend fabric was bought from Funtua Textile Company Ltd in Katsina State, Nigeria. The fabrics were cut into 10cm by 10cm dimension (Boryo et al., 2014).

3.2 Souring Process

The fabrics were completely immersed in a beaker containing 2 % NaOH which had boiled for 5 minutes. It was allowed to boil for 1 hour, rinsed, neutralized, washed in detergent solution and then rinsed and dried in the laboratory (Boryo et al., 2014). This was done according to the standard method of Sadov et al. (1973, Trotman (1975), and Boryo et al. (2014).

3.3 Bleaching Process

The scoured samples were bleached with 4g/l NaClO2 solution in accordance to procedure describe by Sadov et al. (1973) and Boryo et al. (2013a, 2013b and 2014).

3.4 Mercerization Process

The standard method of Sadov et al. (1973), Trotman (1975), and Boryo et al. (2014) was employed in this process. The bleached samples were mercerized in separate beakers of 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, and 23% NaOH as control. Mercerization was carried out for 45 minutes at below 5oC. Samples were rinsed, neutralized (appropriately), washed in detergent solution, rinsed and dried in the laboratory (Boryo et al., 2014). The procedure was repeated for 19-23% NH4OH, liquid NH3, (NH3)2C2O4, (COOH)2, CH3COOH, and CH3CH2OH as alternative agents (Boryo et al., 2014).

3.5 Evaluation of the Effects of Alternative Mercerizing Agents

Determination of Degree of Percentage Exhaustion:

Dyeing was carried out as described by Giles (1974), Kunttou et al. (2005), Gin et al. (2006), and Boryo et al. (2013a). A stock solution of 1g indigo dye was prepared with 2g Na2S2O4 and 0.25g NaOH as dye assistants in a 250ml volumetric flask. Dyeing was carried out at 1200c for 30 minutes at 1% dyeing (Boryo et al., 2013a).

Volume of dye stock =

W = Weight of fabric sample P = Percentage dyeing required = 1% dyeing C = Percentage concentration of stock solution

=

40:1 liquor to material ratio was carried out. The amount of dye absorbed was measured and recorded with an ultra violet spectrophotometer (Prolabo 320RD) at wavelength 605nm (Kunttou et al., 2005, and Boryo et al., 2013a). Degree of percentage exhaustion was calculated using:

% Exhaustion =

AO = Initial absorbance At = Absorbance at time t.

Determination of Wash fastness:

Dyeing was carried out in accordance with the method of Giles (1974), Kunttou et al. (2005), Gin et al. (2006), and Boryo et al. (2013a). 3% dyeing was carried out at a liquor ratio of 40:1 at 1200C and for 30 minutes with indigo. Wash fastness test was carried out on the dyed fabric according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO3) described by Stevens (1979), and Boryo et al. (2013a). Composite of 2cm by 5cm dimension of the dyed and undyed fabric sample was washed by agitation in 2g/l soap and 2g/l sodium carbonate solution at a liquor ratio of 40:1 (Boryo et al., 2013a).

The washing was carried out in a beaker placed in a water bath at 500C for 30 minutes (Boryo et al.,


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2013a). Wash fastness assessment involved comparing the degree of contrast between the originally dyed sample and the specimen tested (washed). ISO3 wash fastness grey scale was used for rating of the specimen under test which is a number of this grey scale contrast (Boryo et al., 2013a).

3.6 Determination of Water of Imbibition

The water of imbibition of the mercerized polyester fabrics were determined using the method stated by Ajayi et al. (2005) and Boryo et al. (2013a). The fabrics were weighed and soaked in 250ml distilled water in a beaker for 5 minutes. It was removed and mopped with filter paper gently to remove excess water, and it was then weighed again immediately. It was followed by progressive drying at 80oC in an oven for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes. At each of these intervals, the weights of the sample were recorded using analytical balance. The temperature of the laboratory was recorded as 24 ± 2oC during the experiment. The procedure was repeated three times for each sample and the average was calculated (Boryo et al., 2013a).

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Effect of Scouring, Bleaching and Alternative Mercerizing Agents on the Physical Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric

Some physical changes were recorded during and after the pretreatment processes of the cotton/ polyester blend fabric (Boryo et al., 2014).

4.2 Scoured Samples

It is observed that after scouring the solution changed from colorless to slightly yellowish solution (Boryo et al., 2014). This shows that cleansing has occurred. The scoured fabric samples were cleaner, improved texture and there

were little decrease in dimensions of the treated fabrics. It is expected to improve the mechanical and dyeing properties of the samples in accordance to Sadov et al. (1973), Darinka et al. (2000), Safra et al. (2004), and Boryo et al. (2013a, 2013b, and 2014).

4.3 Bleached Samples

The purpose of bleaching is achieved where the bleaching solution of NaClO2 changed from cloudy solution to slightly faint yellowish color (Boryo et al., 2014). This implies that pigments and any remaining impurities in the samples were removed Boryo et al. (2013a, 2013b, and 2014). The bleached fabrics appeared whiter and brighter than the unbleached samples (Boryo et al., 2014).

4.4 Mercerized Samples with Alternative Agents

All the samples swell and gradually untwist during mercerization especially for NaOH (control) than the alternative agents. After drying, the samples became smooth, lustrous and glossy. There was also reduction in dimension of the fabrics, which was more for the control than the fabrics mercerized with the alternative agents.

These changes are as a result of the chemical reaction between the fabrics and agents, which led to the formation of alkali cellulose. This in turns led to the hygral swelling making the fabric to be lustrous, smooth and glossy due to specula reflection. This agrees with the theory of NaOH mercerization described by Sadov et al. (1973); Neal (2004); Safra et al. (2004) and Smith (2010). Since similar changes were observed for the alternative mercerization agents, it is assumed that during mercerization, the fabric reacted with the respective agents to form molecular compounds with the cellulose (Boryo et al., 2014):

C6H7O2(OH)3 + (NH4)2C2O4(aq) → C6H7O2(OH)3(NH4)2C2O4(aq) or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2C2O4(aq) → C6H7O2(ONH4)3 + 3H2C2O4

C6H7O2(OH)3 + NH3(aq) → C6H7O2(OH)3NH3 or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3NH3(aq) → C6H7O2(ONH4)3 + H2O

C6H7O2(OH)3 + NH4OH(aq) → C6H7O2(OH)3NH4OH or


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C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3NH4OH(aq) →C6H7O2(ONH4)3 + H2O

C6H7O2(OH)3 + (COOH)2 → C6H7O2(OH)3(COOH)2 or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3(COOH)2 → C6H7O2(O-COH)3 + 3H2O

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3CH3COOH → C6H7O2(OH)3CH3COOH or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + CH3COOH → C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3 + 3H2O

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3CH3CH2OH → C6H7O2(OH)3CH3CH2OH or

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3CH3CH2OH → C6H7O2(OCH2CH3)3 + 3H2O


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Scheme 3: Reactions of the alternative agents with cellulose

The proposed Scheme 3 is expected to modify the structure of the mercerized fabrics by the alternative agents, thereby leading to improvements on hygroscopicity, mechanical and dyeing properties (Boryo et al., 2014).

4.5 Effects of Alternative Mercerizing Agents on Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric

The degree of percentage exhaustion of indigo dye and wash-fastness of indigo dyed cotton/polyester blend fabric were affected by the alternative mercerizing agents and the control (NaOH) (Boryo et al., 2013a).

4.6 Effects of Mercerizing Agents on Degree of Percentage Exhaustion of Indigo Dye Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric

It is observed in Figures 1 – 7 that the degree of exhaustion increased as the time of dyeing increased (Boryo et al., 2013a). However, the trend is not consistent with respect to the various mercerizing concentrations of the agents (Boryo et al., 2013a). The interesting observation is that dye up take (Boryo et al., 2014), has been improved after the mercerizing process by the mercerizing agents at percentage far above average. This implies that the physical change observed, that is swelling, has help in the dye uptake (Sadov et al., 1973). When the fabric swells, its volume undergoes considerable changes and the size of the pores (amorphous) considerably increased. This shortens while the diameter correspondingly increases thus improved dye up take. Table 1 shows the optimum percentage exhaustion of indigo dyeing process

for cotton/polyester blend fabric. 22% (NH4)2C2O4

mercerized fabric recorded the highest degree of exhaustion (85.7%) followed by 22% NaOH (control) 78.1%. Other alternative agents closely competed with the control in the following order: 21% (COOH)2 (76.9%), 21% CH3COOH (75.4%), 23% NH4OH (75.1 %), 20% CH3CH2OH (75.0%) and 19% liquid NH3 (75.0%) degree of exhaustion. This indicates that these alternative mercerizing agents have modified the fabric structure providing enough pores for dye up take in the fabric samples competitively as in the control samples. This is true because these alternative agents equally improved the degree of exhaustion for both usage as scouring (Boryo et al., 2013a and 2013b) and mercerizing agents most especially for mercerization. As seen in this present study.


Figure 1:

Effect of NaOH mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dyed cotton/polyester blend fabric


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%)

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19%

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23%

NaOH mercerizing concentration

Figure 3:

Figure 3:


Figure 2:

Effect of NH4OH mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dye cotton/polyester blend fabric


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Figure 3:

Effect of (NH4)2C2O4

mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dyed cotton/

polyester blend fabric


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Figure 4:

Effect of (COOH)2

mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dyed cotton/polyester blend fabric


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Figure 5:

Effect of CH3COOH mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dye cotton/polyester blend fabric


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CH3COOH mercerizing

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Figure 6:

Effect of liquid NH3

mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dye cotton/polyester blend fabric


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Figure 7:

Effect of the CH3CH2OH mercerizing agent on degree of exhaustion of indigo dye cotton/polyester blend fabric


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Table 1: Optimum Percentage Exhaustion for the effect of Mercerizing Agents on Indigo Dyeing Process of Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric

Mercerizing Agent Concentration of

mercerizing Agent (%) Percentage exhaustion (%)

(NH4)2C2O4 22 85.7

NaOH 22 78.1

(COOH)2 21 76.9

CH3COOH 21 75.4

NH4OH 23 75.1

CH3CH2OH 20 75.0

Liquid NH3 19 75.0

4.7 Effects of Mercerizing Agents on Wash-

fastness of Indigo Dyed Cotton/ Polyester Blend Fabric

The mercerizing process has shown excellent improvements in the dye adsorption and retention (as seen in Figure 8). It is also observed in Table 2 that all the alternative mercerizing agents strongly competed with the control (NaOH) with an optimum grey scale rating of 5, indicating excellent wash fastness. Some

of the

alternative agents recorded excellent performance even at various concentrations of mercerizing agents. This suggests that the high degree of percentage exhaustion recorded (75-85.7%) were not only adsorbed but properly fixed in the provided amorphous region of the cotton/

polyester fabric. This also means that the modification (Sadov et al., 1973) by the agents has created permanent pores not falsified pores.

These permanent pores (amorphous region) allowed for better intermolecular hydrogen bond and Vander Wa’als force between the dye and the fabrics. Thus the dye molecules were bonded, therefore resistance to washing. This indicating that there is no loss in intensity of color signifying insignificant change in hue. This is as a result of an insignificant breakdown of colorant itself inside the fabric (Boryo et al., 2013a). This is possible because mercerizing agents causes the shape of the fabric to undergo changes. The shape of the macromolecules is reduced, shortens, metric counts of the fabric becomes closer, denser and shrink thereby creating more amorphous region for the dye to fix in the fabric. The mercerizing effect of the agents is more than the scouring effect with respect to the grey scale rating for wash-fastness.

Table 2: Optimum Wash-fastness for the effect of Mercerizing Agents on Indigo Dyed Cotton/Polyester Blend Fabric

Mercerizing Agent Concentration of

mercerizing Agent (%) Grey scale rating for

wash-fastness

CH3CH2OH 19-20 5 Excellent

Liquid NH3 19-20 5 Excellent

(COOH)2 20-21 5 Excellent

CH3COOH 20 and 23 5 Excellent

NH4OH 20 5 Excellent

(NH4)2C2O4 21 5 Excellent

NaOH 20 5 Excellent


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Remark


Figure 8:

Effect of NaOH (control) and

alternative mercerizing agents on wash fastness of indigo dyed cotton/polyester blend fabric

4.8 Effect of Alternative Mercerizing Agents and Control (NaOH) on Water of Imbibition of Cotton/ Polyester Blend Fabric.

Water of imbibition or moisture regain or moisture of imbibition has been defined as the percentage of moisture a bone-dry fabrics or fiber will absorb from or liquid under standard conditions of temperature and pressure at 25°C and 65% relative humidity (Sadov et al., 1973). Previous studies have shown that the presence of

attributed to the presence of hydroxyl groups and amorphous areas in the fabrics or fiber structure. Typically, chemically purified fibers are hydrophilic, resulting in high capacity to absorb moisture (Moddibo et al., 2007).

0

1

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Sodium hydroxide ammonium

hydroxide

ammonium oxalate oxalic acid acetic acid Liquid ammonia Ethanol

Mercerizing agents

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y s

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le r

atin

g f

or w

ash

fa

stn

ess

19%

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23%

Mercerizing

concentration

Gra

y


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hydroxyl group and amorphous areas in the fabric structure gives the necessary properties of moisture absorption and dye- ability (Moddibo et al., 2007). The effects of moisture absorption are

Dry fabric become charged with static electricity and retains the charge for a long period (Express Indiana, 2002). This can cause serious difficulties during printing, however, very dry fabric is a good electric insulator (Express Indiana, 2002).

The water imbibing abilities of the various fabrics mercerized showed to be within a competing range with the control reagent (NaOH) (Boryo,



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2011). The trends from Figures 9 - 15 showed a similar pattern in the rate of drying. The wet ability of the fabrics indicated a similar value in their weights after soaking in distilled water for 5 minutes. However the treated fabrics showed a water imbibing value of an optimum range between 2.2g to 2.5g (Table 3) while the untreated fabric showed an optimum water of imbibition value of 1.8g. The difference in weights between the treated samples and the untreated samples should be as a result of the processes of treatment undergone by the various samples. The various amorphous regions created by the mercerization process on the cellulose components and the softening and opening of the tight pores of the polyester components must have contributed to the water imbibing abilities of the fabrics.

The figures showed that there was a uniform rate of dryness of the fabrics as the fabrics were placed in the oven and during the 5 minutes interval of drying. Most of the fabrics were seen to dry to their initial weights before wetting at about the 20th and 25th minutes of the drying exercise. Some of the treated fabrics like the NaOH treated sample and the liquid ammonia treated samples showed dried samples which weighed less than their initial dry weights. This indicates that fabrics have the ability to absorb moisture from the environment even when dry. This ability to hold atmospheric moisture or any other form of water may be as a result of the increased amorphous regions within the fabrics (Sadov et al., 1973 ).

The peak values of the imbibed water in the various treated fabrics show a more precise range of values. NaOH, liquid NH3, CH3COOH acid and NH4OH showed the same optimum values (2.5g) for water of imbibition at the treatment agents of 21%, 20%, 23% and 21% respectively. (COOH)2

weighed 2.4g when wet as the highest amount of water imbibed. This occurred with the 22% treated sample. CH3CH2OH and (NH4)2C2O4

showed a maximum water of imbibition of 2.3g when wet. When these values are compared with that of the untreated sample which gave a value of 1.8g, it explains the fact that the treatment processes (mercerization) created a better means for the fabrics to imbibe water. This is by creating

more amorphous regions in the fabrics to hold water. This agrees with the observation in the improved percentage exhaustion and wash fastness discussed above.


Figure 9: Effect of the NaOH mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

wa

ter

of

imb

ibit

ion

(g

)

19%

20%

21%

22%

23%

NaOH mercerizing

concentration


Figure 10: Effect of NH4OH mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

Wa

ter

of

Imb

ibit

ion

(g

)

19%

20%

21%

22%

23%

NH4OH mercerizing

concentration


Figure 11: Effect of the (NH4)2C2O4

mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

Wa

ter

of

imb

ibit

ion

(g

)

19%

20%

21%

22%

30%

(NH4)2C2O4 mercerizing

concentration


Figure 12: Effect of the (COOH)2



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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

Wa

ter

of

imb

ibit

ion

(g

)

19%

20%

21%

22%

23%

(COOH)2 mercerizing

concentration


Figure 13: Effect of the CH3COOH mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

Wa

ter

of

imb

ibit

ion

(g

)

19%

20%

21%

22%

23%

CH3COOH mercerizing

concentration


Figure 14: Effect of Liquid NH3



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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

Wa

ter

of

imb

ibit

ion

(g

)

19%

20%

21%

22%

23%

Liquid NH3 mercerizing

concentration


Figure 15: Effect of CH3CH2OH mercerizing agent on water of imbibition of cotton/polyester blend fabric


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

Wa

ter

of

imb

ibit

ion

(g

)

19%

20%

21%

22%

23%

CH3CH2OH mercerizing

condition


Table 3: Optimum water of imbibition for the effect of Mercerizing Agents on Cotton/polyester blend

fabric

Mercerizing Agent Water of imbibition (g)

NH4OH

21

2.5

CH3COOH

23

2.5

Liquid NH3

20 and 23

2.5

NaOH

19 and 21

2.5

(COOH)2

22

2.4

(NH4)2C2O4

21 and 23

2.3

CH3CH2OH

23

2.3

Untreated

0

1.8

V. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

1.

Ajayi, J.O., Namesson, O.N., Madauko, J.N., Onaji, P.B. and Barminas J.T. (2005). Effects of Deetylation on moisture Absroption characteristics of Mercerized Cotton Fibers. M.Sc Research work on vegetable fibers. Industrial Chemistry Program ATBU. Bauchi.

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Concentration of mercerizing Agent

(%)

It could be concluded that NH4OH, Liquid NH3, (NH4)2C2O4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH and (COOH)2 improved the dyeing properties displayed by the fabric samples treated with alternative agents as compared to the control fabrics. It is noted that some of the mercerized fabrics sample recorded higher values for degree of percentage exhaustion and wash-fastness than the control samples. In some cases fabric sample treated with the alternative mercerizing agents competed favorable with the control sample, especially for water imbibition property.

Thus, the study has provided alternative agents with improved quality dyed fabric for the fashion conscious teaming population. Hence these novel mercerizing agents are recommended for industrial and commercial purposes.


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