ILLUSTRATED KEY TO MISC. SMALL DICOT FAMILIES

Compiled and written by Linda Kershaw & Lorna AllenApril 2019

© Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen

ADOXACEAEANACARDIACEAEAPOCYNACEAEARALIACEAEBALSAMINACEAEBERBERIDACEAEBETULACEAECACTACEAECAMPANULACEAECANNABACEAECAPRIFOLIACEAECELASTRACEAECISTACEAECLEOMACEAECONVOLVULACEAECORNACEAECRASSULACEAEDROSERACEAEELAEAGNACEAEEUPHORBIACEAEGENTIANACEAE

ILLUSTRATED KEY TOMISC. SMALL DICOT FAMILIES

GERANIACEAEHALORAGACEAEHYPERICACEAELENTIBULARIACEAELINACEAEMALVACEAEMONTIACEAENYCTAGINACEAENYMPHAEACEAEOLEACEAEPAPAVERACEAEPOLEMONIACEAEPOLYGALACEAERHAMNACEAERUBIACEAESANTALACEAESAPINDACEAESOLANACEAEULMACEAEURTICACEAE

These keys were compiled using information primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et. al. (1999-2000) and provisional treatments on the Flora North America website. Taxonomy follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). Please let us know if there are ways in which the key can be improved.The 2015 S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) after the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotic species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016).

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ADOXACEAEMoschatel Family

[Caprifoliaceae, in part]Key to Genera01a Plants herbaceous, delicate, musk-scented

herbs, 6-18 cm tall; flowers 5, in cube-shaped clusters (1/side + on top); fruits green, dry ‘berries’ (drupes) with 3-5 nutlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Adoxa moschatellina

01b Plants woody shrubs; flowers numerous, in branched clusters; fruits juicy, red or black ‘berries’ (drupes) with 1 nutlet . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 leaflets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sambucus racemosa

02b Leaves undivided (simple), maple-like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viburnum

VIBURNUM Bush-cranberry01a Flower clusters 5-15 cm across, borne on

branches with 2 pairs of leaves, 2 types of flowers, 15-20 mm wide sterile (→) outer flowers and 3-4 mm wide fertile central flowers; shrubs, (1)2-4(5) m tall; leaves without glands, deeply 3-lobed (mostly) . . Viburnum opulus

01b Flower clusters 1-3 cm across, borne on branches with 1 pair of leaves, all flowers 4-7 mm wide and fertile; shrubs 0.5-1.5(2) m tall; leaves with sparse, tiny glands beneath, shallowly 3-lobe . . . . . . . . . Viburnum edule

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ANACARDIACEAESumac Family

Key to Genera01a Plants herbaceous (woody at the base), 10-

40 cm tall, with single stems from creeping rootstocks; leaflets 3-15 cm long; fruits white, hairless . . . . . . . . Toxicodendron radicans*

. . . . . . . . . . [Rhus radicans var. rydbergii]01b Plants woody shrubs, 100-200 cm tall, much

branched, not toxic; leaflets 1-3(4) cm long; fruits red, glandular-hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhus aromatica [Rhus trilobata]

* Caution! This plant causes severe skin reactions in most people. If you think a plant is poison-ivy (T. radicans) avoid contact with exposed skin.

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APOCYNACEAEMilkweed Family

[includes Asclepiadaceae]Key to Genera01a Flowers unusual, with 5 down-turned lobes

below a 5-lobed crown (corona), in umbrella-shaped clusters (umbels) . . . . . . . Asclepias

01b Flowers bell-shaped, 5-lobed, in flat-topped, repeatedly branched clusters (cymes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apocynum

APOCYNUM Dogbane01a Stem leaves drooping or spreading, with stalks

often >5 mm long; petals pinkish, (4)6-10 mm long, usually 2X as long as the sepals, with tips spreading to down-curved; seeds 2.5-4 mm long . . . Apocynum androsaemifolium

01b Stem leaves angled upwards, with stalks 0-5 mm long; petals greenish-white, 2-5(6) mm long, usually <2X as long as the sepals, with tips pointing upwards; seeds 4-6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apocynum cannabinum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Apocynum sibiricum]

ASCLEPIAS Milkweed01a Flowers purplish or pinkish, with petals 7-12

mm long and hoods 8-15 mm long; leaves oblong or oval, rounded to notched at the base; pods with soft, conical outgrowths (→) (tubercles) . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias speciosa

01b Flowers green or greenish white (sometimes purplish at the centre), with petals 4-5 mm long and hoods 2-5 mm long; leaves lance- to egg-shaped, rounded to tapered at the base; pods without tubercles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Corona hoods without visible horns; flower clusters stalkless; plants usually sprawling; southern prairie, near the US border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias viridiflora S1

02b Corona hoods with visible, incurved horns; flower clusters stalked; plants erect; cAB to nwAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias ovalifolia

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ARALIACEAEGinseng Family

Key to Genera01a Plants herbaceous, without spines, 30-60 cm

tall; leaves single, 2X divided, first into 3 and then into (3)5 leaflets; mature fruits purplish-black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aralia nudicaulis

01b Plants woody shrubs, spiny throughout (including leaves), 100-300 cm tall; leaves several, undivided, 5- to 7-lobed; mature fruits scarlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oplopanax horridus1b

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BALSAMINACEAEBalsam Family

IMPATIENS Jewelweed01a Leaves in rings (whorls) or pairs; flowers

purple or blue to almost white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impatiens glandulifera XXX

01b Leaves alternate; flowers yellow to orange 02

02a Lower sepal (sac) abruptly, convexly tapered to a spur, 15-18 mm long, ≥2/3 as wide as long; flowers ≤20(25) mm long, deep orange to yellow, unspotted or with coarse, red to orange (brown) spots or mottles mainly on the lower side of the sac. . . . . . . . Impatiens capensis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Impatiens biflora]02b Lower sepal (sac) gradually, concavely tapered

to a spur, ±20 mm long, usually <1/2 as wide as long; flowers 20-30 mm long, yellow, flecked with small, sparse, dark red (brownish purple) dots mainly on the upper side of the sac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impatiens noli-tangere

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BERBERIDACEAEBarberry Family

Key to Genera01a Leaves evergreen, pinnately divided into

leaflets; a native shrub of mountain woods in swAB . . .Mahonia repens [Berberis repens]

01b Leaves shed in autumn (deciduous), simple; an invasive garden escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Berberis vulgaris XXX

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BETULACEAEBirch Family

Key to Genera01a Fruits nuts, enclosed in stiff-hairy/bristly bracts

(involucre) fused, forming a long beak; ♀ flowers with bright red stigmas, few, in

tiny, bud-like catkins; ♂ flowers in elongated catkins, 1 per bract . . . . . . Corylus cornuta

01b Fruits tiny nutlets, often winged, in the axils of (and covered by) catkin bracts; ♂ and ♀ flowers numerous, in catkins; ♂ flowers usually 3 per bract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Bracts of ♀ catkins thin, 3-lobed, soon shed; stamens 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Betula

02b Bracts of ♀ catkins thick and woody, persistent; stamens 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alnus

ALNUS Alder01a Nutlet wings >1/2 as wide as the nutlet body;

leaf-buds stalkless, covered by unequal, overlapping scales; flowers appearing with the leaves on this-year’s twigs; leaves shining; shrubs 1-3 m tall . . . . . . . .Alnus alnobetula . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Alnus viridis; Alnus crispa]

01b Nutlet wings absent or very narrow; leaf-buds stalked, covered by 2-3 ± equal scales; flowers appearing before the leaves; leaves dull; tall shrubs or small trees 2-8 m tall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alnus incana [Alnus tenuifolia]

BETULA Birch01a Trees; mature bark peeling, white to reddish

(rarely brown); nutlet wings wider than the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

01b Small trees or tall shrubs; mature bark tight (not peeling), dark reddish brown to brown; nutlet wings narrower than the body. . . . . . . . . . .03

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02a Twigs with few to dense long hairs, rarely a few small resinous glands; leaves egg-shaped, rounded to squared at base, broadly pointed or abruptly tapered at the tip, hairy beneath (especially along veins) and often with tufts of hairs in vein axils; catkin scales with side lobes ≤ the tip lobe; mosty well-drained, mesic to dry habitats, throughout AB . . Betula papyrifera

02b Twigs hairless, with conspicuous resinous glands; leaves broadly egg-shaped to almost triangular, squared to wedge-shaped at base, tipped with a slender, tapered point, hairless or sparsely hairy beneath (without tufts of hairs in vein axils); catkin scales with side lobes longer than the tip lobe; usually in moist to wet habitats, c to ne AB . . . . Betula neoalaskana

03a Tall shrubs or small trees, 3-6(10) m tall; bark shiny dark reddish brown to bronze; leaf blades edged with sharply to broadly pointed teeth; catkin scales edged with hairs, the central lobe much shorter than the side lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Betula occidentalis

03b Small to medium shrubs, 0.5-3(4) m tall; bark dull reddish brown to brown; leaf blades edged with blunt to rounded teeth; catkin scales usually hairless, variously lobed . . . . . . . . 04*

04a Leaf blades 0.5-1(1.2) cm long, round to kidney-shaped, rounded to slightly notched at the base, rounded at the tip, edged with simple scalloped teeth, hairless beneath, sometimes with a few small resinous glands; catkins 0.5-1.2 x 0.5-0.7 cm; shrubs sprawling to low upright (<1 m tall); northernmost AB . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Betula nana SU

04b Leaf blades 1--5(7) cm long, elliptic to broadly egg-shaped or nearly round, wedge-shaped to rounded at the base, broadly acute to rounded at the tip, edged with distinctly to obscurely double, sharp to rounded teeth, hairless to densely hairy beneath; catkins 0.8-2.5 x (0.5)0.8-1.2 cm; shrubs usually 1-2 m tall; throughout AB (except prairies) . . . . . . . . .05

05a Twig densely warty glandular, essentially hairless; leaves round to egg-shaped, 1-2 mm long, with 2-3 (6) lateral veins and ≤10 teeth per side; nutlet wings ≈1/4 as wide as the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Betula glandulosa

05b Twig usually hairy, somewhat glandular but no large, resinous glands; leaves egg-shaped, (1)2.5-5(7) cm long, (2)4-5(6) lateral veins and ≥10 teeth per side; nutlet wings >1/2 as wide as the body; leaf blades . . . . . Betula pumila

*Note- The identification of shrub birches (B. nana, B. glandulosa and B. pumila) can be challenging. When grown in isolation, these species are reasonably distinct, but when their ranges overlap they can form bewildering hybrid swarms with intermediate characteristics.

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CACTACEAECactus Family

Key to Genera01a Plants cushion-like to spherical; spines 11-55

per cluster (areole); barbed, detachable spines (glochids) absent; flowers red or purple . . . . .Escobaria vivipara [Coryphantha vivipara]

01b Plants with thick, ± flattened, branched and jointed stems; spines 1-10(18) per cluster; barbed, detachable spines present; flowers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opuntia

OPUNTIA Pricklypear01a Stem segments slightly flattened to almost

cylindrical, (1.5)2-5.5 x 1.5-3 cm, easily detached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opuntia fragilis

01b Stem segments much flattened, always wider than thick, 4-27 x 2-18 cm, not easily detached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opuntia polyacantha- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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CAMPANULACEAEBellflower Family

[includes Lobeliaceae]Key to Genera01a Flowers regular (radially symmetrical), bell-

shaped; stamens separate . . . . . Campanula01b Flowers irregular, at least somewhat 2-lipped;

stamens fused into a tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Plants annual; flowers stalkless (appearing stalked due to a linear, much-elongated base [→] [hypanthium]), in the axils of large bracts (larger than most of the leaves); corolla-tubes not split; capsules 1-cavitied, ≥10 mm long, opening by long slits on the sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downingia laeta

02b Plants perennial; flowers stalked, in the axils of small bracts (smaller than most leaves); corolla-tubes split on the upper side to near the base; capsules 2-cavitied, <8 mm long, opening at the tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lobelia

CAMPANULA Bellflower01a Sepals hairy; flowers solitary . . . . . . . . . . .02

01b Sepals hairless; flowers usually several . . .03

02a Leaves smooth-edged or with tiny gland-tipped teeth; flowers funnel-shaped, 1 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanula uniflora

02b Leaves sharply toothed; flowers bell-shaped, 1.5-3 cm long . . . . . .Campanula lasiocarpa

03a Flowers in crowded heads (at least in part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanula glomerata X

03b Flowers in loose clusters, not crowded . . . .04

04a Flowers 2-3 cm long, numerous, short-stalked, curved to one side in elongated clusters; stem-leaves ± egg-shaped, ≥1 cm wide, toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . .Campanula rapunculoides XX

04b Flowers 1-2.5 cm long, few, on slender stalks in loose clusters; stem-leaves linear to thread-like, <1 cm wide, smooth edged . . . . . . . . .05

05a Stems cylindrical to obscurely angled, ± erect; basal leaves egg- to heart-shaped, soon withering; flowers 15-25 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanula alaskana

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Campanula rotundifolia]05b Stems very slender, 3-angled, weak and

sprawling; basal leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped, persistent; flowers 10-12 mm long; Athabasca Plains, neAB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanula aparinoides S1

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LOBELIA Lobelia01a Plants aquatic; stems leafless; leaves linear,

cylindrical, in submerged basal rosettes, plus a few tiny, thread-like leaves on the flowering stem; Athabasca Plains, neAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lobelia dortmanna S1

01b Plants terrestrial; stems leafy; leaves linear to lance-shaped, flat, similar on the stem and at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Flowers numerous, in narrow, spike-like clusters; stem leaves egg- to lance-shaped (sometimes widest above the middle), >4 mm wide; largest leaves usually >10 mm wide; dry, sandy sites in the Dry Mixedgrass, s of Wainwright . . . . . . . . . . . Lobelia spicata S1

02b Flowers few, on lax stalks in loose, branched clusters; stem leaves linear, ≤3 mm wide; largest leaves <10 mm wide; wetland sites across AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lobelia kalmii

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CANNABACEAEHemp Family

[Cannabinaceae]

Key to Genera01a Stems twining, with backward pointing prickles;

leaves simple, usually palmately lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Humulus lupulus X

01b Stems erect, not prickly; leaves palmately compound . . . . . . . . . . . . Cannabis sativa X

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CAPRIFOLIACEAEHoneysuckle Family

[incl. Dipsacaceae & Valerianaceae]

Key to Genera01a Flowers lilac to pink, in a few, long-stalked,

compact heads 1.5-4 cm wide, resembling an Asteraceae flowerhead and with a ring of bracts (→) (involucre) at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Knautia arvensis XX

01b Flowers not as above, ± stalkless and in leaf axils or paired on short stalks . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Woody shrubs or vines; fruits juicy ‘berries’ 03

02b Herbs or small (3-10 cm tall) subshrubs; fruits dry, seed-like achenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

03a Flowers bell-shaped, ± regular (radially symmetric), 5-7(8) mm long, in small clusters; fruits white or greenish (sometimes purple tinged), with 2 nutlets (drupes) . . . . . . . . . Symphoricarpos

03b Flowers funnel-shaped or tubular, mostly irregular (bilaterally symmetric) with a swelling on one side at the base (→) (gibbous), ≥9 mm long, mostly in pairs; fruits red, yellow or black, with several seeds (berries) . . . . . . Lonicera

04a Plants slender to robust herbs, 30-70 cm tall with erect stems; leaves shed each year, pinnately divided (at least some), >3 cm long; flowers 5-lobed, erect, numerous in rounded, repeatedly branched clusters, white or pink-tinged; stamens 3; fruit tipped with 9-20 feathery sepal tips (→) . . . . . . . . . .Valeriana

04b Plants small subshrubs, 3-10 cm tall, with slender, trailing stems (vines); leaves evergreen, simple, oval, 1-2 cm long; flowers funnel-shaped, nodding, in pairs, pinkish or lilac; stamens 4; fruits enclosed in glandular-hairy bractlets (→) . . . . . . . Linnaea borealis

LONICERA Honeysuckle01a Vines with twining or sprawling stems; flowers

conspicuous, yellow to reddish, in clusters cupped by 2 fused leaves at stem tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera dioica

01b Erect shrubs; flowers relatively inconspicuous, white to yellow, in pairs in leaf axils; leaves all separate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Bracts (below flowers/fruits) 4, purplish, showy, oval, 1-2 cm long; berries shiny black, not fused together; leaf tips tapered to a slender point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera involucrata

02b Bracts 2, green, inconspicuous, slender, <1 cm long; berries blue, yellow or red, those of paired flowers ± fused together; leaf tips rounded to broadly pointed . . . . . . . . . . . . .03

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03a Leaves widest above the middle; berries single (2 berries entirely fused into 1), blue with a pale waxy coating; eastern boreal forest . . . . . . . . . Lonicera villosa [Lonicera caerulea]

03b Leaves widest below the middle; berries in pairs, red or yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

04a Flowers pink or white; berries red to yellow, 5-6 mm long; twig pith brown, not filling the entire core; garden escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera tartarica X

04b Flowers yellow; berries red, 8-10 mm long; twig pith white, filling the entire core; native, Waterton region . . . . . . Lonicera utahensis

SYMPHORICARPOS Snowberry

01a Stamens and style usually included within the flower; styles 2-3 mm long, hairless; flowers/fruits mostly in clusters of ≤6; fruits white, drying white; twigs usually hairless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symphoricarpos albus

01b Stamens and style usually projecting from the flower; styles 4-7(8) mm long, usually hairy; flowers/fruits mostly in clusters of >6; fruits greenish-white, drying purplish; twigs usually minutely hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Symphoricarpos occidentalis

VALERIANA Valerian

01a Basal leaves simple, undivided; stem-leaves with 9-15 leaflets/lobes; petals 1-3 mm long, the tube ≈ the lobes . . . . . . Valeriana dioica

01b Basal leaves mostly divided into leaflets; stem-leaves with 3-5(7) leaflets; petals 5-8 mm long, the tube much > the lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valeriana sitchensis

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CELASTRACEAEBittersweet Family

[includes Parnassiaceae]Key to Genera01a Plants woody shrubs; with 4 fertile stamens

alternating with the petals; swAB in subalpine forest . . . . . . . . . . . Paxistima myrsinites S2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Pachistima myrsinites]01b Plants herbaceous; with 5 fertile stamens

alternating with the petals and 5 sterile stamens (staminode scales) (→) opposite the petals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parnassia

PARNASSIA Grass-of-parnassus01a Petals fringed on the edges (at least near the

base); stem leaf usually at or above mid-stem, rarely absent; basal leaves kidney-shaped to broadly heart-shaped . . Parnassia fimbriata

01b Petals not fringed; stem leaf usually below mid-stem or absent; basal leaves egg- to heart-shaped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Petals usually 3-veined, 0.8-1(1.3)X as long as the sepals; sterile stamens (staminodes) 0- to 5-lobed; stem leaf absent or sometimes near the base; anthers 0.7-1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parnassia kotzebuei

02b Petals 5-9-veined, 1.1-2X as long as the sepals; staminodes 5- to 27-lobed; stem usually with a leaf at or below the middle; anthers ≥1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03

03a Petals 1.1-1.5X as long as the sepals; staminodes 5- to 7(9)-lobed; anthers 1-1.6 mm long; leaf-blades tapered to the base or shallowly notched; stem leaf small, tapered to the base . . . . . . . . . . . Parnassia parviflora

. . . . . .[Parnassia palustris var. parviflora]03b Petals 1.5-2X as long as the sepals;

staminodes (7)9- to 15(27)-lobed; anthers 1.5-2.8 mm long; leaf-blades deeply notched at the base; stem leaf relatively large, often notched and clasping the stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parnassia palustris

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CISTACEAERockrose Family

Key to Genera01a Plants low shrubs, 6-12(20) cm tall; petals 5,

yellow (sometimes white) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hudsonia tomentosa

01b Plants erect herbs or subshrubs, 15-90 cm tall; petals 3, usually red (sometimes green) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lechea intermedia

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CLEOMACEAESpiderflower Family

[Capparidaceae]Key to Genera01a Plants sticky-hairy; stamens 10-20, with

filaments and anthers purple; petals white, sometimes tinged pink; capsules with a 0-2 mm stalk above the flower base, splitting open on the upper half . . . . Polanisia dodecandra

01b Plants hairless or nearly so; stamens usually 6, with purple filaments and green anthers; petals pink to purple; capsules with a (1)8-15(20) mm stalk above the flower base, splitting open along ± the entire length . . . . . .

. . . .Peritoma serrulata [Cleome serrulata]

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CONVOLVULACEAEBindweed Family

Key to Genera01a Plants yellow or reddish, parasitic; leaves

few, tiny, scale-like; flowers 1-5 mm wide, numerous, in dense clusters . . . . . . .Cuscuta

01b Plants green; leaves well-developed; flowers 20-60 mm wide, 1-4 in leaf axils and at stem tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Sepals not covered by leafy bracts; petals ±2 cm long . . . . . . . . .Convolvulus arvensis XX

02b Sepals covered by 2 large leafy bracts; petals 3-8 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Calystegia

CALYSTEGIA False-bindweed01a Stems erect, sometimes ± twisted near the

tip, <50 cm long; flowers white, only on lower stalks (≤10-15 cm from the ground), below the twisted part; plants usually hairy on all vegetative parts . . . Calystegia macounii SH

01b Stem twining throughout, 200-300 cm long; flowers pink or white, all along the stems; plants hairless or with a few hairs on the leaf stalks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia sepium

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Convolvulus sepium]

CUSCUTA Dodder

01a Scales between the stamens oblong, usually rounded at the tip (not 2-lobed, rarely squared), ± reaching the filament bases, covering <1/3 of the corolla tube; styles (0.6)1.2-2.2 mm long; capsules 2.5-4.5(5.2) x 2-4(5) mm; seeds 1.35-1.7(2.4) x 1.2-1.5(1.6) mm; seAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta gronovii S1

01b Scales between the stamens broadly-oblong, squared to slightly 2-lobed at the tip, covering (1/3)1/2 of the corolla tube; styles 0.3-0.7(0.9) mm long; capsules 3.5-6.5(7) x 3-5(6) mm; seeds (1.8)2-2.5(2.8) x 1.5-1.65 mm; cAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta umbrosa S1

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1b

1a

1b

1a

2b1a

2a

20

CORNACEAEDogwood Family

CORNUS Dogwood; Bunchberry01a Plants woody shrubs, 1-3(4) m tall; flowers

in branched, flat-topped clusters (cymes) 3-6 cm across; petals 2.5-4 mm long; fruits white; leaves paired . . . . . . . . . . . .Cornus sericea

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Cornus stolonifera]01b Plants herbaceous forbs, 5-20(25) cm tall;

flowers tiny, in compact clusters at the centre of 4 showy, whitish, petal-like bracts (→); petals 1-2 mm long; fruits red; leaves in rings (whorls) 6 (rarely 4) near the stem tip . . . . .02

02a Petals (on tiny flowers clustered at the centre of 4 showy, petal-like bracts) cream-colored; sepals cream-colored and membranous, with rounded tips; stem leaves at the first joint below the upper whorl, scale-like and pale (without chlorophyll); widespread and common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cornus canadensis

02b Petals purple-tipped; sepals mottled purple and cream, thick, with pointed or rounded tips; stem leaves at the first joint below the upper whorl, relatively well-developed and green (with chlorophyll); n Rockies, near BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cornus unalaschkensis S1

2b

1b; 2a

1a→

21

CRASSULACEAEStonecrop Family

Key to Genera01a Flowers red or purple, with ♂ or ♀ or ♂+♀

parts, petals/sepals in 4s or 5s; leaves flat, (5)15-55 × 5-15(20) mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhodiola integrifolia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Tolmachevia integrifolia]01b Flowers yellow, with ♂+♀ parts, petals/sepals

in 5s; leaves ± cylindrical to flattened, 4-14 × 1-4(6) mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sedum

SEDUM Stonecrop01a Stem leaves mostly paired (opposite), broadly

oval to spherical . . . . . Sedum divergens S2

01b Stem leaves alternate, linear to narrowly lance-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Plants without basal leaf clusters (rosettes) and without daughter plants (offsets); stem leaves <5 mm long, persistent when dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedum acre X

02b Plants with basal leaf clusters (rosettes) and producing daughter plants (offsets); stem leaves ± 10 mm long, shed when dried . . .03

03a Flower clusters with bulblets replacing some flowers; leaves somewhat flattened, becoming thin and papery or brown; capsules widely spreading . . . . . . . . . Sedum stenopetalum

03b Flower clusters without bulblets; leaves cylindrical, green or reddish; capsules erect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sedum lanceolatum

1a

1a

2a

3a

3b

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

22

DROSERACEAESundew Family

DROSERA Sundew 01a Leaf-blades ± round to wider than long; seeds

with fine, lengthwise ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drosera rotundifolia

01b Leaf-blades much longer than wide; seeds with a network of bumps and depressions .02

02a Leaves linear; flowers 1-4; seeds diamond- to egg-shaped, 0.5-0.8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drosera linearis

02b Leaves spatula-shaped, broadest towards the tip; flowers 1-9; seeds spindle-shaped, 1.0-1.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drosera anglica

1a

2a 2b

23

ELAEAGNACEAEOleaster Family

Key to Genera01a Leaves and branches paired; stamens 8;

flowers either ♂ or ♀, sexes on separate plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shepherdia

01b Leaves and branches alternate; stamens 2 or 4; flowers with ♂ and/or ♀ parts, both sexes on a plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Sepals and stamens 4; flowers (at least some) with ♂ and ♀ parts; berries silvery, dry and mealy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elaeagnus

02b Sepals and stamens 2; flowers ♂ or ♀; berries orange, juicy . . . . Hippophae rhamnoides X

ELAEAGNUS Wolfwillow01a Leaves narrowly lance-shaped, 3-8X as long

as wide; branches spiny; twigs covered with white, star-shaped hairs; style base enclosed in a tubular disc. . .Elaeagnus angustifolia X

01b Leaves elliptic to lance-shaped, 1.5-3X as long as wide; branches not spiny; twigs covered with brown, star-shaped hairs; style base not enclosed in a tubular disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elaeagnus commutata

SHEPHERDIA Buffaloberry01a Branches thorny; leaves oblong, silvery scaly

on both sides . . . . . . . Shepherdia argentea01b Branches not thorny; leaves oval, green and

± hairless above, silvery and brown-mealy below . . . . . . . . . . .Shepherdia canadensis

1a

1a

1b

2b2a

1a 1b

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

24

EUPHORBIACEAESpurge Family

EUPHORBIA Spurge01a Plants usually sprawling, prostrate; leaves all

paired; leaf blades usually asymmetric at the base; stipules on the stem between leaf stalks and formed from the fusion of two stipules (one from each leaf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

01b Plants usually erect or ascending; leaves alternate on the lower stem, paired or in rings (whorls) on the upper stem; leaf blades symmetric at the base; stipules at the base of the leaf stalk or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03

02a Leaves narrowly-oblong to oblong-egg-shaped, often with a few, tiny, scattered teeth near the tip and on the longer side; seeds with prominent, transverse ridges crossing (interrupting) the outer edge (keel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia glyptosperma

. . . . . . . . . . . [Chamaesyce glyptosperma]02b Leaves egg-shaped to broadly oblong, sharp-

toothed (at least on the upper half); seeds pitted and faintly ridged but without prominent ridges crossing the keel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Euphorbia serpillifolia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . [Chamaesyce serpyllifolia]

03a Plants perennial, with woody, spreading rootstocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

03b Plants annual, with taproots . . . . . . . . . . . .05

04a Leaves deeply notched at the base and often clasping the stem, oblong to egg-shaped, with distinct side veins . . . . . Euphorbia agraria X

04b Leaves not notched or clasping, linear, with indistinct side veins . . . Euphorbia virgata XX

. . . . . . . . . . . . . [Euphorbia esula, in error]

05a Leaf edges smooth; seeds regularly large-pitted; involucral glands usually with horns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia peplus X

05b Leaf edges sharply toothed; seeds net-veined; involucral glands without horns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia helioscopia X

2a

4b

4a

5a

5b

2b

25

GENTIANACEAEGentian Family

Key to Genera01a Petals 4, each with a backward-pointing spur

(→) at the base (at least in larger flowers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Halenia deflexa

01b Petals 4-5, not spurred at the base. . . . . . .02

02a Flowers ± wheel-shaped (rotate), with widely spreading lobes separated >1/2 way to the base; stamens attached at the base of the flower . . . . . . . . . . Lomatogonium rotatum

02b Flowers cylindrical to funnel- or cup-shaped, with lobes shorter than the tube; stamens attached to the corolla tube . . . . . . . . . . . .03

03a Flowers stalkless or short-stalked, with 1-2 bracts at the base; corolla lobes 3-veined, mostly pointing upwards, alternating with conspicuous folds (→) (plaits); nectary glands on the ovary stalk; calyx tubes usually with inner, membranous rims; plants mostly perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentiana

03b Flowers clearly stalked, without basal bracts; corolla lobes 5- to 9-veined, ± spreading, without folds between; nectary glands at the base of the corolla alternating with the stamens; calyx tubes without inner, membranous rims; plants annual or biennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

04a Petals 20-40 mm long, with fringed tips and/or sides; sepals with thin, semi-translucent edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentianopsis

04b Petals 10-15(20) mm long, smooth edged or sparsely toothed (sometimes fringed on the inner side); sepals with green edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentianella

GENTIANA Gentian01a Plants large, stout and showy, 50-150 cm

tall; leaves 10-30 x 4-12 cm; flowers yellow, ±2.5 cm across, with 5-7(9) petals, in dense clusters in upper leaf axils and at stem tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentiana lutea X

01b Plants small and slender; leaves ≤4 cm long; flowers blue/purplish to white, with 5 petals; flowers 1-several, variously clustered . . . . .02

02a Plants annual or biennial (rarely perennial), 1-10 cm tall, from a slender taproot; leaves 3-5 mm long, with translucent or whitish edges; flowers single at stem tips. . . . . . . . . . . . . .03

02b Plants perennial, (3)5-30 cm tall, from a stout rootstock; leaves 5-40 mm long, with green edges; flowers 1-several, in leaf axils and at stem tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

2a

2b1a

4b

4a

3a

2a

1a

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

→→

26

03a Leaves with white, 0.5 mm wide edges; upper stem leaves strongly upward pointed and much narrower than the basal leaves; flowers white to pale blue, sometimes dark blue on the lower/outer surface . . . . .Gentiana fremontii

. [Gentiana aquatica; G. prostrata, in part]03b Leaf edges scarcely white; upper stem leaves

spreading to down-curved and similar to the basal leaves; flowers medium to deep blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gentiana prostrata

04a Basal leaf rosettes present at flowering time; stem leaves 0.5-1 cm long; petals 12-18 mm long, greenish blue . . . . . . .Gentiana glauca

04b Basal leaf rosettes absent at flowering time; stem leaves 1-7 cm long; petals 20-40 mm long, deep blue or purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . .05

05a Flowers/capsules few to many, stalked, in branched clusters with leafy bracts; calyx lobes linear to narrowly lance-shaped, mostly <1.5 mm wide; corollas 2-3 cm long, with lobes mostly <7 mm long; leaves egg- to lance-shaped, ≥2X as long as wide, 4-9 mm wide; sepals and leaves pointed, fringed with hairs (cilia); seeds broadly winged; c-sAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentiana affinis

05b Flowers/capsules 1(3) at stem tips, stalkless; calyx lobes broadly egg-shaped to oval, mostly >2 mm wide; corollas 3-4 cm long, with lobes 5.5-13 mm long; leaves broadly egg-shaped, usually <2X as long as wide, 9-14 mm wide; sepals and leaves blunt tipped, edged with tiny teeth (not hairs); seeds wingless; Crowsnest Pass-Waterton, swAB .Gentiana calycosa S2

GENTIANELLA Dwarf-gentian

01a Corolla fringed in the throat (→); petal tips broadly pointed to blunt, smooth-edged; lowland sites throughout AB . . . . . . . Gentianella amarella

01b Corolla not fringed in the throat; petals tipped with a slender point (usually) or blunt and edged with teeth; alpine sites in the cordillera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gentianella propinqua

GENTIANOPSIS Fringed-gentian01a Calyx base and usually at least 1 pair of

ribs/keels green or purple and covered with tiny bumps (papillae); upper leaves pointed; uncommon but widespread, s half of AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentianopsis virgata

. . . . . . . [Gentianella crinita; G. macounii]01b Calyx base and ribs/keels glossy purple,

smooth or wrinkled, without papillae; upper leaves usually blunt tipped; n AB, n of Ft. McMurray . . . . . . Gentianopsis detonsa S1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Gentianella detonsa]

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3a

3b

4a

5b5a

1a

1b1a

1b

→

27

GERANIACEAEGeranium Family

Key to Genera01a Leaves much longer than wide, pinnately

veined and divided into leaflets; stamens 5; mature capsules spindle shaped, tipped with spirally twisted tails (→) (style segments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erodium cicutarium X

01b Leaves ± as long as wide, palmately veined and lobed; stamens 10; mature capsules round, tipped with up-curved style segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium

GERANIUM Geranium

01a Plants annual or biennial, from weak taproots; petals 2-8(10) mm long, shorter than to slightly longer than the sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

01b Plants perennial, from rootstocks and/or persistent, thickened bases; petals 10-20 mm long, much longer than the sepals . . . . . . .03

02a Flowers/capsule in compact clusters, with stalks ± as long the calyx; sepals broadly egg-shaped; beak of the fruit (1)1.5-2(2.5) mm long . . . . . . . . . . Geranium carolinianum S2

02b Flowers/capsules in loose clusters, with stalks >2X as long as the calyx; sepals lance-shaped to oblong egg-shaped; beak of the fruit (style-column) (3)4-5 . . . . . . . Geranium bicknellii

03a Petals long, soft-hairy on the lower 1/5-1/2 or more of the inner surface; styles with free tips ≥3 mm long; mature fruit stalks curved downwards and bent sharply up at the tips 04

03b Petal hairless on the inner surface except at the fringed base; styles with free tips <3 mm long; mature fruit stalks curved (not sharply bent upward) upwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .05

04a Petals white or pink-tinged with pink or purple veins, hairy within on the lower ≥1/2; leaves sparsely stiff-hairy, not glandular; style column (1.5)2-2.5 cm long. . Geranium richardsonii

04b Petals rose-purple to pink (rarely white) with darker veins, hairy within on the lower 1/5-1/4 (rarely more); leaves densely soft hairy and glandular (usually); style column 2.5-3 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium viscosissimum

05a Stamen filaments with conspicuous, soft, ≤3 mm-long hairs; free tips of styles ≤1/4 as long as the beak of the style-column; native, in the Jasper area . . . . . . .Geranium erianthum SH

05b Stamen filaments with sparse, <0.5 mm-long hairs; free tips of styles ≥1/3 as long as the beak of the style-column; a relatively recent garden escape . . . . . . Geranium pratense X

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5b

5a

4b

4a

2b

2a

1b

1a→

28

HALORAGACEAEWatermilfoil Family

MYRIOPHYLLUM Watermilfoil

01a Leaf segments in 14-24 pairs, ascending; Eurasian, a noxious weed not yet found in AB, but in BC and MO, so anticipated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myriophyllum spicatum XXX

01b Leaf segments in 4-14 pairs, mostly spreading; native species, widespread in AB . . . . . . . .02

02a Bracts (→) usually shorter than the flowers, egg-shaped, smooth-edged or minutely toothed; dried stems white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myriophyllum sibiricum

. . . . . . . . . . . [Myriophyllum exalbescens; Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens]02b Bracts (→) usually longer than the flowers,

edged with long, slender lobes/teeth; dried stems scarcely white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myriophyllum verticillatum

2b

2a

1a

→

→

29

HYPERICACEAESt. John’s-wort Family

[Clusiaceae]HYPERICUM St. John’s-wort01a Flowers purplish to flesh-colored, stamens 9,

in 3 clusters, with filaments fused for 1/5-1/2 of their length; sterile stamens (staminodes) in 3 clusters, alternating with stamen clusters . . . . . . . Hypericum fraseri [Triadenum fraseri;

. . . . . Hypericum virginianum var. fraseri]01b Flowers yellow (sometimes red tinged or

veined); stamens 12-100, in 3-5 clusters, with filaments fused slightly at the base; sterile stamens absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Leaves not edged with black dots, lance-shaped; petals 1-4 mm long, not black-dotted; stamens 12-21, not in clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hypericum majus

02b Leaves edged with black dots, lance-shaped to ± round; petals 7-12 mm long, black-dotted on edges; stamens 75-100, in 3-5 clusters .03

03a Leaves oblong to rounded, with 4-5 pairs of branches on the midrib; stems without black glands; sepals oblong-elliptic to broadly egg-shaped, rounded at the tip; petals sometimes tinged red . . . . . . . . .Hypericum scouleri S1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Hypericum formosum]03b Leaves lance-shaped, with 2-3 pairs of

branches on the midrib; stems with lines of black glands; sepals lance-shaped to almost linear, pointed at the tip; petals not tinged red . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypericum perforatum XXX

2a

3b

3a

1a

30

LENTIBULARIACEAEBladderwort Family

Key to Genera01a Plants growing on soil, with leaves and flowers

clearly visible; leaves undivided, smooth-edged, in a basal rosette, with a buttery coating of sticky glands on the upper surface; flowers bluish violet; calyxes 5-lobed . . . .Pinguicula

01b Plants mainly underwater or underground with only the flowers held above; leaves divided into slender segments, with specialized bladder-like leaflets (→) for trapping invertebrates, alternate on the stem; flowers yellow; calyxes 2-lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utricularia

PINGUICULA Butterwort01a Leaves 1-2, 4-10(15) mm long; flower stalks

with dense, long, gland-tipped hairs; flowers 6-8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . Pinguicula villosa

01b Leaves 5-7, 15-50 mm long; flower stalks hairless or with few, short, gland-tipped hairs; flowers 15-25 mm long . Pinguicula vulgaris

UTRICULARIA Bladderwort01a Plants semiaquatic, often growing on wet

shores and appearing ± terrestrial; leaves obscure, mostly buried in wet substrates, simple, linear; bladders minute (0.3-0.8 mm long), on buried stems, rhizoids and leaves; flower stalks with 1 bract and 2 bractlets at the base; neAB . . . . . . . . .Utricularia cornuta S1

01b Plants aquatic, growing in water; leaves evident, finely branched or dissected; bladders usually well-developed and visible, borne on stems and/or leaves; flower stalks with 1 bract at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Stems/branches of 2 types: whitish with several bladders and no leaves (→) and green with leaves and 0-few bladders (fewer than on whitish branches) on flattened leaf blades .03

02b Stems/branches all similar, green with leaves bearing bladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .05

03a Flowers bright yellow, with a cylindrical spur parallel and ± equal to lower lip; smallest leaf segments blunt-tipped, edged with (5)9-12(20) teeth; bladders on whitish, leafless stems only (rarely on leafy shoots), (1.5)2.5-5.5 mm; winter buds (turions) 7-11(15) mm long, densely white bristly . Utricularia intermedia

03b Flowers pale yellow, with a conical spur pointing down or ± forward and ≤1/2 as long as the lip; smallest leaf segments tapered to a bristle-tipped point, edged with 0-7(10) teeth; bladders on leafless whitish stems and on green leaves, 0.3-2.2(3.8) mm; winter buds round-egg-shaped, (1.5)2-3(3.5) mm long, green, with few bristles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1a

1b

1a 1b

1a

3a

→

→

31

04a Bracts and scales (below flowers and on flower cluster stalks) purplish; leaf lobes smooth-edged; flowers 3.5-8 x 2-3 mm, the lower lip strongly down-curved on the sides and ± flat in the centre, the spur ±2 mm long; capsules on wiry, down curved stalks; widespread in AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utricularia minor (in part)

04b Bracts and scales green; leaf lobes toothed; flowers 8-11 x 7-13 mm, the lower lip ± flat on the sides and conspicuously convex in the centre, the spur 1.5-3.2 mm long; capsules unknown; ecAB . . .Utricularia ochroleuca S1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[Utricularia stygia]

05a Plants coarse; stems ≥0.5 mm thick; leaves slightly flattened (± cylindrical), 15-90 mm long, pinnately divided; leaflets thread-like, edged with bristles; bladders abundant; flowers bright yellow, 11-18 x 8-12 mm, with green, non-clasping bracts, in clusters of 3-15; lower lip petal spreading; spur red-veined, 4-9 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . Utricularia vulgaris

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[Utricularia macroriza]05b Plants delicate; stems <0.5 mm thick; leaves

flat, 2-8 mm long, (2)3-4(6) times palmately divided; leaflets linear, sometimes very slender, smooth-edged; bladders few on leaves (more numerous on separate, whitish stems, when these are present); flowers pale yellow, tinged or striped purplish near the base, 3.5-8 x 2-3 mm, with purplish, clasping bracts, in clusters of 2-6(10); lower lip petal strongly down-curved; spur yellow, 1.5-3.2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utricularia minor (in part)

4a;5b

4b

5a

32

LINACEAEFlax Family

LINUM Flax01a Flowers yellow; inner sepals (and sometimes

outer) edged with glands; stigmas terminal, head-like; capsule stalks 0.5-1 cm long . . .02

01b Flowers blue; sepals without glands; stigmas facing inward; capsule stalks 1-4 cm long .03

02a Styles 2.5-4 mm long; petals 6-9(11) mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linum compactum

02b Styles 3-11 mm long; petals 10-18 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linum rigidum

03a Plants annual; leaves lance-shaped, 10-40 x 1.5-5 mm; flower stalks erect, 20-25 mm; sepals tapered to a long, slender point, fringed with hairs (→) . . . . . Linum usitatissimum X

03b Plants perennial; leaves linear, 5-30 x 0.5-3(4.5) mm; flower stalks arching to spreading, 5-20 mm; sepals blunt to short-pointed, not fringed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linum lewisii

. . . . . . . . . . . . [Linum perenne var. lewisii]3b

3a

2b

2a

→

33

MALVACEAEMallow Family

Key to Genera01a Leaves heart-shaped, 10-20 cm wide, smooth-

or wavy-edged; calyx-bractlets absent; flowers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . Abutilon theophrasti X

01b Leaves variously lobed, toothed or divided, not as above; calyx-bractlets present; flowers not yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Stigmas extending along the inner surface of slender style branches . . . . . . . . . . . . .Malva

02b Stigmas head-like, at the style tips . . . . . . .03

03a Stems erect, 50-200 cm tall; petals rose-purple, 2-2.5 cm long; leaves maple-leaf shaped, 3- to 7-lobed, 4-15 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iliamna rivularis

S1

03b Stems sprawling or ascending, 10-30 cm tall; petals orange-red, 1-2 cm long; leaves palmately divided into 3-5 leaflets, 2-6 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sphaeralcea coccinea

MALVA Mallow01a Petals (16)20-30 mm long, deep bluish-purple;

bracts between sepals egg-shaped to oblong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malva sylvestris X

01b Petals mostly ≤10 mm long, white to pale purple; bracts between sepals linear . . . . .02

02a Mature sepals papery, greatly enlarged and spreading to expose the fruit; petals 3-4.5(5) mm long, white to pale lilac; fruit segments (mericarps) edged with a narrow, toothed wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malva parviflora X

02b Mature sepals green, barely enlarged, usually enclosing the fruit; petals (3)5-13 mm long, pink, purplish or lilac to whitish; fruit segments not winged but sometimes toothed . . . . . . .03

03a Stems erect, (50)100-200(250) cm tall; leaf blades (3)4-10(25) cm long; flower stalks thick and stiff in fruit . . . . . . . .Malva verticillata X

03b Stems sprawling to ascending, 20-50(60) cm tall; leaf blades 1-3.5(6) cm long; flower stalks slender and flexible in fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

04a Petals 3-6 mm long, ≈ the calyx; flower stalks 4-5 mm long, 10-24 mm in fruit; fruit strongly net-veined, with or without hairs . . . . . . . . . . . Malva pusilla X [Malva rotundifolia, in part]

04b Petals 6-13 mm long, 2X longer than the calyx; flower stalks 10-50 mm, mostly +100 mm in fruit; fruit smooth-slightly rough/veined, hairy . Malva neglecta X [Malva rotundifolia, in part]

1a

3a

3b

1a

2a

3a

4b

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4a

2a

34

MONTIACEAEWater-chickweed Family[Portulacaceae, in part]

Key to Genera01a Plants annual or perennial, with fibrous roots

or rhizomes; stem leaves several, alternate; basal leaf rosettes absent . . . . . . . . . . Montia

01b Plants perennial, with taproots or tuber-like corms; stem leaves usually 2, paired (opposite); basal leaf rosettes usually present (absent in Claytonia lanceolata) . . . . . . . . .02

02a Flowers/capsules 1(2-3) per stalk; stamens 4-12; stigmas 3-6; capsules splitting open around the circumference (the lid sometimes splitting upwards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lewisia

02b Flowers/capsules (2)3-9(20) per stalk; stamens 5(6); stigmas 3; capsules splitting lengthwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Claytonia

CLAYTONIA Springbeauty01a Leaves paired, 2 per stem, elliptic to broadly

lance-shaped; stem bases slender, from a deep-seated, round corm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia lanceolata

01b Leaves basal, numerous, spatula-shaped; stem bases stout, woody, from thick-branched roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia megarrhiza

LEWISIA Lewisia01a Sepals 2; petals 5-9, 4-10 mm long; lowermost

flower bracts in 1 pair . .Lewisia pygmaea S2

01b Sepals (4)5-9; petals 10-19, 18-35 mm long; lowest flower bracts in a whorl of 4-7(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lewisia rediviva

S1

MONTIA Montia01a Plants annual, with weak, fibrous roots; lower

leaves thin, linear, 1-3 mm wide; flowers nodding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montia linearis

S2

01b Plants perennial, with thick woody bases and slender, creeping rootstocks; lower leaves thick, broadly egg- to spatula-shaped, 4-12 mm wide; flowers turned upwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montia parvifolia

S1

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1a

2a

2b

1a

1b

1a 1b

1a

1b

35

NYCTAGINACEAEFour-o’clock Family

Key to Genera01a Flowers stalkless, in head-like clusters with

broad, separate bracts; fruits conspicuously winged . . . . . . Tripterocalyx micranthus

S2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[Abronia micrantha]01b Flowers stalked, in branched clusters

(panicles) with fused bracts forming a green, pink or reddish, corolla-like cup below small, umbrella-shaped flower clusters; fruits ribbed but not winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mirabilis

MIRABILIS Four-o’clock01a Leaves linear, 1-10 mm wide; wart-like bumps

on the fruits low, rounded and usually the same color as the main body, absent from the fruit ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mirabilis linearis

S2

01b Leaves lance- to egg-shaped, 10-80 mm wide; wart-like bumps on the fruits often prominent, rounded to angular and paler than the main body, sometimes present on the fruit ribs . .02

02a Leaves linear-lance-shaped (sometimes egg-shaped to triangular), 6-25 mm wide, stalkless (lower ones sometimes short-stalked), with a rounded or wedge-shaped base; flower clusters ± hairy, often with sticky glands . . . . . . . . . . . . Mirabilis albida [Mirabilis hirsuta]

02b Leaves egg- and heart-shaped or broadly triangular, 20-65 mm wide, distinctly stalked, with a notched base; flower clusters without hairs and/or glands (rarely silky hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mirabilis nyctaginea X

1a

1a

2a

2b

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1b

36

NYMPHAEACEAEWaterlily Family

Key to Genera01a Leaves ≥10 cm wide, with pinnate veins and

rounded basal lobes; sepals yellow, petal-like, 6(9); petals small, hidden by the anthers and sepals; stigma disc smooth- to wavy-edged, 8-20 mm wide; ovaries above the base of the sepals . . . Nuphar variegata [Nuphar lutea]

01b Leaves <7 cm wide, with palmate veins and pointed (usually) basal lobes; sepals green, 4; petals white; stigma disc edged with 5-10(12) distinct appendages; ovaries partly below the base of the sepals. . . . . . . . . . . . .Nymphaea

NYMPHAEA Waterlily01a Stigma-discs edged with 3-4 mm long

appendages; sepals with prominent lines of attachment that leave a rectangular imprint on the flower base (receptacle); petals 10-17; stamens 30-70, yellow-orange, usually purple-tinged beneath . . . .Nymphaea tetragona

S2

01b Stigma-discs edged with 0.6-1.5 mm long appendages; sepals without prominent marks of attachment; petals 8-15; stamens 20-40, yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . Nymphaea leibergii S2

1a

1b

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1a

1b

37

OLEACEAEOlive Family

Key to Genera01a Leaves pinnately divided into 5-9 leaflets;

flowers tiny, inconspicuous, without petals; fruits winged samaras; trees; widely planted, native populations rare along rivers in seAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fraxinus pennsylvanica S2

01b Leaves simple, undivided; flowers conspicuous, in showy pyramidal clusters, with 4 petals; fruits ± woody capsules with winged seeds; shrubs . . . Syringa vulgaris X1b

1a

38

PAPAVERACEAE

Poppy Family

[includes Fumariaceae]

Key to Genera01a Flowers radially symmetrical; stamens many;

petals 4-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

01b Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; stamens 6; petals 4 [Fumariaceae] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

02a Stem juice white, milky; capsules egg-shaped to round, open by pores at the tip . . .Papaver

02b Stem juice cleara or orange, watery; capsules cylindrical, open at the base

03a Leaves 3X divided in 3s, the smallest segments slender, linear; stem juice clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Escholscholzia californica X

03b Leaves pinnately divided into 5-9 leaflets/lobes; stem juice orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chelidonium majus X

04a Flowers deep- to reddish-purple; fruits 1-seeded nutlets, ± spherical, not splitting open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fumaria officinalis X

04b Flowers yellow, blue, bluish purple or pinkish; fruits several-seeded capsules, egg-shaped to elongated, splitting open lengthwise . . . . . .05

05a Plants sprawling to ascending, usually 10-30 cm tall; flowers yellow; capsules spreading or hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corydalis aurea

05b Plants erect, usually 30-60 cm tall; flowers purplish pink, with yellow tips; capsules ascending . . . . . . Capnoides sempervirens

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Corydalis sempervirens]

2a2b

3a

4b

4a

4a

3b

1a

1b

39

PAPAVER Poppy01a Plants annual, exotic; stem leaves present;

capsules hairless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

01b Plants perennial, native (except P. nudicaule); stem leaves absent; capsules stiff-hairy . . .03

02a Upper leaves clasping the stem; petals 2-6 cm long; capsules 2.5-5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papaver somniferum X

02b Upper leaves not clasping; petals 1.5-3.5 cm long; capsules 1.5-2 cm . .Papaver rhoeas X

03a Plants (15)20-40 cm tall; flowers >3 cm across; capsule hair bases ivory; exotic species of disturbed areas . . . . . . Papaver nudicaule X

03b Plants 5-15(17) cm tall; flowers <3 cm across; capsule hair bases ivory, brown or black; native species of alpine slopes . . . . . . . . . .04

04a Bases of capsule hairs light brown; leaves densely white hairy above and beneath, the lobes with pointed or blunt tips; flower stalks white hairy, often densely; flowers 2-3 cm wide; mtns from Banff n . . . . Papaver kluanensis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .[Papaver freedmanianum;

. . . . . .Papaver radicatum ssp. kluanense]04b Bases of capsule hairs ivory; leaves sparsely

bristly-hairy above, ± hairless beneath, the lobes with blunt or rounded tips; flower stalks with a few spreading hairs; flowers 1-2 cm wide; Waterton area Papaver pygmaeum

S14b

2a

2b

3a

4a

40

POLEMONIACEAEPhlox Family

Key to Genera01a Leaves undivided (entire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

01b Leaves deeply lobed or divided into leaflets 04

02a Leaves paired (opposite); plants perennial, in dense tufts or mats from well-developed rootstocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Phlox

02b Leaves alternate (at least the uppermost); plants annual, from slender taproots . . . . .03

03a Calyx enlarging to cover the capsule; leaves alternate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collomia linearis

03b Calyx not enlarging to cover the capsule; lower leaves paired, upper leaves alternate . . . . . . . . . . .Microsteris gracilis [Phlox gracilis] S1

04a Leaves divided into numerous leaflets; flowers blue, usually >1 cm long and/or wide; plants perennial, from well-developed rootstocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polemonium

04b Leaves divided into slender paired or finger-like lobes; flowers white, pale blue or lavender, <1 cm long/wide; plants annual, from slender taproots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .05

05a Leaves paired, stalkless, divided into 3-9, soft, linear finger-like segments; calyx-lobes equal . . . . . . . . . .Leptosiphon septentrionalis S2

. . . . . . . . . . . . .[Linanthus septentrionalis]05b Leaves alternate, edged with ± paired, needle-

like lobes; calyx lobes unequal, needle-like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia leucocephala

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Navarretia minima]

PHLOX Phlox01a Leaves awl-shaped, 4-12x<2 mm, with woolly

hairs at the base (→) (edges sometimes obscurely white and/or fringed); petals 8-10 mm long, the tube slightly longer than the sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phlox hoodii

01b Leaves lance-shaped to oblong, 10-18x2-4 mm, without woolly hairs, lower edges thick, white, fringed with hairs (→); petals 15-18 mm long, the tube much longer than the sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phlox alyssifolia S2

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1b

1a

5b5a

3b 4a

3a

2a

→

→

41

POLEMONIUM Jacob’s-ladder01a Leaflets numerous, deeply cut into 2-5 parts,

appearing to form rings (whorls); flowers broadly funnel-shaped, 15-30 mm long, with tubes longer than petal lobes, in dense, head-like clusters; filaments without appendages at the base . . . . . . . . . Polemonium viscosum

01b Leaflets undivided, in pairs; flowers bell-shaped, with tubes shorter than petal lobes, in loose, open clusters; filaments with appendages at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Stems several, tufted from a branched base; petals hairless, with rounded tips, 5-10(13) mm long; plants 10-30 cm tall, in dry, rocky sites . . . . . . . . Polemonium pulcherrimum

02b Stems single, from short, unbranched rootstocks; petals hairy, with pointed tips, 10-20 mm long; plants (15)40-100 cm tall, in wet to moist sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03

03a Stamens projecting from the flower, not noticeably shorter than the styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Polemonium acutiflorum

03b Stamens included within the flower, noticeably shorter than the styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polemonium occidentale

2a

3a

3b

1a

42

POLYGALACEAEMilkwort family

Key to Genera01a Flowers 1-4, rose-purple, 13-19 mm, in loose,

short clusters; stems (1)5-15 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Polygaloides paucifolia S2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Polygala paucifolia]01b Flowers many, white, 4-5 mm wide, in dense,

elongating clusters (racemes); stems 10-50 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Polygala senega

1b1a

43

RHAMNACEAEBuckthorn Family

Key to Genera01a Leaves with 3 main veins from the base;

flowers in a dense pyramidal clusters (panicles) at branch tips; fruits dry, 3-lobed capsules, splitting into 3 one-seeded nutlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus velutinus S2

01b Leaves with 1 main vein plus strong, arched, pinnate side veins; flowers in leaf/branch axils, in small clusters or solitary; fruits juicy, black, berry-like (drupes), containing (2)3-4 nutlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Plants shrubs 0.5-1(1.5) m tall, without thorns; leaves alternate, with (4)5-7 pairs of side veins; flower parts in 5s Endotropis alnifolia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Rhamnus alnifolia]02b Plants shrubs or trees (1)2-8 m tall, armed with

thorns (→); leaves usually ± paired, with 2-4 pairs of side veins; flower parts in 4s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhamnus cathartica XXX

2a

2b

1a

→

44

RUBIACEAEBedstraw Family

Key to Genera01a Stem leaves in pairs; stems erect, 5-20(25) cm

tall/long . . . . . . . . . . . . Houstonia longifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Hedyotis longifolia]01b Stem leaves in rings (whorls); stems erect or

sprawling, (10)20-50+ cm long . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Flowers narrowly funnel-shaped, with lobes much shorter than the long, slender tube, borne in compact heads with a ring of leafy bracts (→) at the base . Asperula arvensis X

02b Flowers wheel-shaped, with widely spreading lobes ≥ the tube, borne in open, flat-topped clusters (cymes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Galium

GALIUM Bedstraw01a Leaves in rings of 4 (mostly) . . . . . . . . . . . .02

01b Leaves in rings of 6-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .05

02a Stems erect; leaves 3-nerved; ovary/fruit hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03

02b Stems weak, matted or angled upwards; leaves 1-nerved; ovary/fruit without hairs . .04

03a Plants perennial, from creeping rootstocks; stems (8)20-60 cm tall, with 0-few branches; leaves 3-nerved; flowers 3-5 mm wide, in branched clusters . . . . . . . . .Galium boreale

03b Plants annual from slender taproots; stems 3-25 cm tall, freely branched; leaves 1-nerved; flowers ≤1 mm wide, single; subalpine sites, swAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium bifolium S1

04a Flowers 3-lobed; stems barbed with stiff hairs; leaves spreading, often barbed with stiff-hairs on the midrib . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium trifidum

04b Flowers 4-lobed; stems mostly hairless (not rough to touch); leaves often bent back/down, usually hairless on the midrib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Galium labradoricum

05a Leaves linear, strongly rolled under on the edges, in rings of 6-12; stems finely hairy between joints, not rough-barbed on the angles; flowers yellow . . . . . Galium verum X

05b Leaves lance-shaped to elliptic, not strongly rolled under, in rings of 6-8; stems hairless between the joints, the angles mostly rough-barbed with stiff hairs (at least below); flowers white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5a4b

4a

3b

3a

2a

2b

1a

→

45

06a Leaves in rings of 6, elliptic, usually >3 mm wide and 3-4X longer than wide; native, wide-spread in moist woods . . . .Galium triflorum

06b Leaves in rings of 6-8, narrowly lance-shaped, sometimes widest above mid-leaf, ≤2 mm wide, >4X longer than wide; introduced weeds of fields and disturbed ground . . . . . . . . . .07

07a Flowers 1.0-1.5 mm wide, greenish yellow; fruits 1.5-2.8 mm long (excluding spines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Galium spurium X

07b Flowers 1.6-2 mm wide, white; fruits mostly 3-4 mm long (excluding spines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium aparine X

7b

7a

6a

46

SANTALACEAESandalwood Family

[Comandraceae & Thesiaceae in FNA]Key to Genera01a Fruits nut-like; leaves linear, 1-3 mm wide,

edged with tiny teeth; stems highly branched; flowers numerous, in many-branched clusters with leaf-like bracts . . . . .Thesium ramosum

. . . . . . . . . . . [Thesium arvense, in error] X01b Fruits fleshy, ± berry-like (drupes); leaves

lance-shaped to elliptic, smooth-edged; stems simple or few-branched; flower clusters not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Flowers whitish, several, in branched clusters at stem tips and in upper leaf axils; sepals much longer than wide; leaves thick, mostly linear-lanceolate, with pointed tips; fruits dry, green to blue . . . . . . . . Comandra umbellata

02b Flowers bronze to greenish, usually in 3s, in leaf axils near mid-stem; sepals triangular, ± as long as wide; leaves thin, mostly oval, with rounded tips; fruits juicy, scarlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Geocaulon lividum

2b

2a

1a

47

SAPINDACEAE [Aceraceae]

Soapberry FamilyACER Maple01a Leaves undivided (simple), with 3-5 radiating

(digitate) lobes; petals present; flowers in rounded clusters (corymbs), with ♂ and ♀ parts on the same or separate flowers/plants; montane slopes in the cordillera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acer glabrum

01b Leaves pinnately divided into 3-5 leaflets; petals absent; flowers in elongating clusters (racemes), with ♂ and ♀ parts on separate plants; widespread in AB as a garden escape, possibly a few rare native populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acer negundo SU

1b

1a

48

SOLANACEAENightshade Family

Key to Genera01a Shrubs, often spiny . . . . Lycium barbarum X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Lycium halimifolium]01b Herbs (sometimes woody at the base), without

spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02

02a Flowers ± wheel-shaped with widely spreading petals (rotate); fruits berries . . . . . . . . . . . .03

02b Flowers bell- or funnel-shaped to tubular; fruits capsules or berries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .04

03a Leaves alternate; mature calyx not covering the berry; stamens joined in a tube around the style; anthers opening by pores or short slits at the tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum

03b Leaves in pairs; mature calyx enlarged and covering the berry (→); stamens not joined in a tube; anthers opening by a lengthwise slit . . Leucophysalis grandiflora S1

. . . . . . . . . . [Chamaesaracha grandiflora]

04a Flowers ± stalkless, numerous, in large, 1-sided, elongating clusters (racemes); bracts and upper leaves ± stalkless; fruits ± round capsules enclosed in enlarged, papery calyxes (→), opening at the top (with a lid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hyoscyamus niger XX

04b Flowers stalked, 1-3 in leaf axils; upper leaves stalked (mostly); fruits not as above . . . . . .05

05a Calyx tubular, 3.5-5 cm long; corolla 3-5 cm wide; fruits erect, spiny capsules 3-5 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Datura stramonium X

05b Calyx small, but inflating to ±1 cm diameter to cover the berry; corolla 1.5-2 cm wide; fruits nodding, pulpy, purplish berries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physalis ixocarpa X

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Physalis philadelphica]

SOLANUM Nightshade

01a Perennials with twining, vine-like stems up to 300 cm long, woody at the base; flowers deep purple, in clusters with 7-14 flowers; fruits red, clearly visible . . . . . . Solanum dulcamara X

01b Annuals with erect to sprawling (not twining) stems 5-40(60) cm long, herbaceous; flowers white or yellow, in clusters of <7 flowers (usually); fruits yellow, green, black, sometimes covered by sepals . . . . . . . . . .02

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1a

5b

5a

4a

3b

1a3a

→

→

49

02a Stems and leaves spiny; flowers yellow, 2-3 cm wide, with lobes 5-10 mm long; lower leaf surfaces with mainly star-shaped hairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum rostratum X

02b Stems and leaves not spiny; flowers white, <1 cm wide, with lobes 1-3 mm long; lower leaf surface hairless or with simple hairs . . . . . .03

03a Leaves deeply pinnately lobed; native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum triflorum

03b Leaves toothed or wavy-edged; exotic . . . .04

04a Stems with long, spreading, glandular hairs; fruits greenish or yellow, the lower ½ cupped in a 4-6 mm long calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum nitidibaccatum X

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Solanum physalifolium; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Solanum sarrachoides]04b Stems hairless or with scattered, short, flat-

lying hairs; fruits black, not cupped by the 2-3 mm long calyx . . . . . . . . .Solanum nigrum X

2a

3a

4b

4a

50

ULMACEAE Elm Family

ULMUS Elm

01a Leaves 10-15 cm long, asymmetric at the base (→), edged with single teeth, mostly rough to touch on the upper surface; twigs grey-brown, distinctly zigzagged; . . . Ulmus americana X

01b Leaves 2-7 cm long, edged with single teeth, ± symmetric at the base, smooth on the upper side; twigs pale grey, ± straight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ulmus pumila X

1b

1a

→

51

URTICACEAE

Nettle Family

Key to Genera01a Plants without stinging hairs; leaves smooth-

edged, alternate, without stipules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Parietaria pensylvanica

01b Plants with stinging hairs; leaves toothed, alternate or opposite, with stipules . . . . . . .02

02a Leaves alternate; styles present, even in fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laportea canadensis

S1

02b Leaves paired (opposite); styles absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Urtica

URTICA Nettle01a Plants annual, from taproots; leaves elliptic,

1.8-9 × 1.2-4.5 cm; ♂ and ♀ flowers in mixed clusters shorter than the leaf stalks; achenes 1.5-2.5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . .Urtica urens X

01b Plants perennial, from spreading rootstocks (rhizomes); leaves egg to lance-shaped, 6-20 × 2-13 cm; ♂ and ♀ flowers mostly in separate clusters, the ♀ clusters nodding to hanging, the ♂ clusters erect to ascending; achenes 1.0-1.5 mm long . . . . . Urtica dioica

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1a1b

2a1a

2b

52

References

Alberta Conservation Information Management System (ACIMS). 2017. List of all Vascular Plant Taxa Confirmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS database - July 2017.in A. Parks, editor. ACIMS, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.

Britton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada.reprinted by Dover Publications in 1970 edition. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York.

Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet. 2017. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/

Costea, M., Guy L. Nesom, and S. Stefanovic. 2006. Taxonomy of Cuscuta gronovii and Cuscuta umbrosa (Convolvulariaceae). Sida 22:197-207.

Costea, M. and F. J. Tardif. 2005. The biology of Canadian weeds. 133. Cuscuta campestris Yuncker, C. gronovii Willd. ex Schult., C. umbrosa Beyr. exHook., C. epithymum (L.) L. and C. epilinum Weihe. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. National Research Council, Ottawa, ON.

Crow, G. E. 2014. Lentibulariaceae - provisional text. Flora of North America. http://floranorthamerica.org/files/Lentibulariaceae%20provisional.pdf

Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1999. Illustrated flora of British Columbia. Volume 3. Dicotyledons (Diapensiaceae through Onagraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.

Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1999. Illustrated flora of British Columbia. Volume 4. Dicotyledons (Orobanchaceae through Rubiaceae). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.

Douglas, G. W., D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 2000. Illustrated flora of British Columbia. Volume 5. Dicotyledons (Salicaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.

Douglas, G. W., G. B. Straley, and D. Meidinger. 1990. The vascular plants of British Columbia. Part 2: Dicotyledons (Diapensiaceae through Portulacaceae). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.

Douglas, G. W., G. B. Straley, and D. Meidinger. 1991. The vascular plants of British Columbia. Part 3: Dicotyledons (Primulaceae through Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.

Farrar, J. L. 1995. Trees in Canada. Fitzhenry and Whiteside Limited, Markham, Ontario.

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8 edition. American Book Company, New York, New York.

Flora North America Editorial Committee. 2008-10. Flora North America website. Oxford University Press. Accessed, 2014-2016. www.fna.org.

Flora North America Association. 2018. Flora North America Website. Online data accessed December 2015 to June 2016. http://www.efloras.org

Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2 edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.

Great Plains Flora Association. 1977. Flora of the Great Plains. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.

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Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955-69. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Volume 5. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.

Jepson Flora Project (eds.). 2018. Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA. Accessed. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/.

Lesica, P. 2012. Manual of Montana Vascular Plants. Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas.

Looman, J. and K. F. Best. 1979. Budd’s flora of the Canadian prairie provinces. No. 1662. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Hull, Quebec.

Moss, E. H. 1983. Flora of Alberta. 2nd edition. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.

Polunin, O. 1988. Wild flowers of Britain and northern Europe. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., London, England.

Province of Alberta. 2016. Weed Control Act, Office Consolidation. Alberta Regulation 19/2010 with amendments up to and including Alberta Regulation 125/2016. Published by Alberta Queen’s Printer. Accessed on-line at www.qp.alberta.ca.

Rydberg, P. A. 1932. Flora of the prairies and plains of central North America. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, New York.

Scoggan, H. J. 1978-1979. The flora of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

University of Alberta Herbarium. 2018. Online Vascular Plant Herbarium.University of Alberta Museums, Edmonton, AB. Accessed 2018. http://vascularplant.museums.ualberta.ca/.

University of Michigan Herbarium. 2018. Michigan Online Flora. University of Michigan Herbarium, Ann Arbor, MI. Accessed 2018. michiganflora.net.

Zika, P. 2009. Jewelweeds and touch-me-nots (Impatiens, Balsaminaceae) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Botanical Electronic News (BEN). Dr. A Ceska, Victoria, BC.

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Scientific Name Illus. Source

Abutilon theophrasti B&BAcer glabrum H&C

Acer negundo B&B; H&C

Adoxa moschatellina H&CAlnus alnobetula H&CAlnus incana H&CApocynum androsaemifolium H&CApocynum cannabinum (incl. sibiricum) H&C

Aralia nudicaulis H&CAsclepias ovalifolia B&BAsclepias speciosa H&CAsclepias viridiflora B&BAsperula arvensis LKBerberis vulgaris B&B

Betula glandulosa H&C; B&B

Betula nana ssp. exilis B&BBetula neoalaskana BC; LKBetula occidentalis H&C; LKBetula papyrifera H&CBetula pumila H&CCalystegia macounii LKCalystegia sepium H&CCampanula alaskana H&CCampanula aparinoides B&BCampanula glomerata B&BCampanula lasiocarpa H&CCampanula rapunculoides B&BCampanula uniflora H&CCannabis sativa B&BCapnoides sempervirens H&CCeanothus velutinus H&CChelidonium majus B&BClaytonia lanceolata H&CClaytonia megarhiza H&CCollomia linearis H&C


Comandra umbellata H&CConvolvulus arvensis H&CCornus canadensis H&CCornus sericea H&CCornus unalaschkensis LKCorydalis aurea H&CCorylus cornuta H&CCuscuta gronovii JM; LKCuscuta umbrosa LKDatura stramonium H&CDowningia laeta H&CDrosera anglica H&CDrosera linearis JMDrosera rotundifolia H&CElaeagnus angustifolia BCElaeagnus commutata H&CEndotropis alnifolia H&CErodium cicutarium H&CEschscholzia californica H&CEscobaria vivipara H&CEuphorbia agraria LKEuphorbia glyptosperma H&CEuphorbia helioscopia H&CEuphorbia peplus H&CEuphorbia serpillifolia H&CEuphorbia virgata esula H&CFraxinus pennsylvanica B&BFumaria officinalis H&CGalium aparine H&CGalium bifolium H&CGalium boreale H&CGalium labradoricum B&BGalium spurium BCGalium trifidum H&C; LKGalium triflorum H&C

List of Species and Illustration Sources

55


Galium verum H&CGentiana affinis H&CGentiana calycosa H&CGentiana fremontii JMGentiana glauca JMGentiana lutea LKGentiana prostrata H&CGentianella amarella H&CGentianella propinqua H&C; JMGentianopsis detonsa H&CGentianopsis virgata JMGeocaulon lividum H&CGeranium bicknellii H&CGeranium carolinianum H&CGeranium erianthum JMGeranium pratense B&BGeranium richardsonii H&C; JMGeranium viscosissimum H&CHalenia deflexa H&CHippophae rhamnoides LKHoustonia longifolia B&BHudsonia tomentosa B&B; JMHumulus lupulus H&CHyoscyamus niger H&CHypericum fraseri BCHypericum majus H&CHypericum perforatum B&B;

H&CHypericum scouleri H&CIliamna rivularis H&CImpatiens capensis LK; B&BImpatiens glandulifera H&CImpatiens noli-tangere LK; H&CKnautia arvensis H&CLaportea canadensis B&BLechea intermedia B&BLeptosiphon septentrionalis H&CLeucophysalis grandiflora B&B


Lewisia pygmaea H&CLewisia rediviva H&CLinnaea borealis H&CLinum compactum LKLinum lewisii H&CLinum rigidum H&CLinum usitatissimum H&CLobelia dortmanna H&CLobelia kalmii H&CLobelia spicata JMLomatogonium rotatum H&CLonicera dioica H&CLonicera involucrata H&CLonicera tatarica B&BLonicera utahensis H&CLonicera villosa H&CLycium barbarum H&CMahonia repens H&CMalva neglecta B&B; LKMalva parviflora H&CMalva pusilla LKMalva sylvestris H&CMalva verticillata B&BMicrosteris gracilis H&CMirabilis albida JMMirabilis linearis H&CMirabilis nyctaginea H&CMontia linearis H&CMontia parvifolia H&CMyriophyllum sibiricum BC; LKMyriophyllum spicatum BCMyriophyllum verticillatum BC; LKNavarretia leucocephala H&CNuphar variegata H&CNymphaea leibergii LK; BCNymphaea tetragona LKOplopanax horridus H&C

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Opuntia fragilis H&COpuntia polyacantha H&CPapaver kluanense BCPapaver nudicaule BCPapaver pygmaeum H&CPapaver rhoeas H&CPapaver somniferum H&CParietaria pensylvanica H&CParnassia fimbriata H&CParnassia kotzebuei H&CParnassia palustris H&CParnassia parviflora H&CPaxistima myrsinites H&CPeritoma serrulata H&CPhlox alyssifolia H&CPhlox hoodii H&CPhysalis ixocarpa B&BPinguicula villosa B&BPinguicula vulgaris H&CPolanisia dodecandra H&CPolemonium acutiflorum JMPolemonium occidentale H&CPolemonium pulcherrimum H&CPolemonium viscosum H&CPolygala senega B&BPolygaloides paucifolia B&B; JMRhamnus cathartica LKRhodiola integrifolia H&CRhus aromatica H&CSambucus racemosa H&CSedum acre H&CSedum divergens H&CSedum lanceolatum H&CSedum stenopetalum H&CShepherdia argentea H&CShepherdia canadensis H&CSolanum dulcamara H&C


Solanum nigrum H&CSolanum nitidibaccatum H&CSolanum rostratum H&CSolanum triflorum H&CSphaeralcea coccinea H&CSymphoricarpos albus H&CSymphoricarpos occidentalis H&CSyringa vulgaris B&BThesium ramosum [arvense] LKToxicodendron radicans H&CTripterocalyx micranthus H&CUlmus americana B&BUlmus pumila BCUrtica dioica H&CUrtica urens H&CUtricularia cornuta B&BUtricularia intermedia H&C; JMUtricularia minor B&BUtricularia ochroleuca H&CUtricularia vulgaris H&CValeriana dioica H&CValeriana sitchensis H&CViburnum edule H&CViburnum opulus H&C

Key to Illustration Sources

B&B = Britton, N. L. and A. Brown (1913)

BC = Douglas et. al. 1999-2000 - courtesy of the Province of British Columbia

H&C = Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson (1955-69)

JM = John Maywood.

LK = Linda Kershaw

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IndexAbutilon

theophrasti 33Acer 47, 50

glabrum 47negundo 47

Adoxamoschatellina 2

Adoxaceae 2Alnus 8

alnobetula 8incana 8

Anacardiaceae 3Apocynaceae 4Apocynum 4

androsaemifolium 4cannabinum 4

Aralianudicaulis 5

Araliaceae 5Asclepias 4

ovalifolia 4speciosa 4viridiflora 4

Asperulaarvensis 44

Balsaminaceae 6Berberidaceae 7Berberis

vulgaris 7Betula 8

glandulosa 9nana 9neoalaskana 9occidentalis 9papyrifera 9pumila 9

Betulaceae 8Cactaceae 10Calystegia 19

macounii 19sepium 19

Campanula 11alaskana 11aparinoides 11glomerata 11lasiocarpa 11

rapunculoides 11uniflora 11

Campanulaceae 11Cannabaceae 13Cannabis

sativa 13Capnoides

sempervirens 38Capparidaceae 18Caprifoliaceae 14Ceanothus

velutinus 43Celastraceae 16Chelidonium

majus 38Cistaceae 17Claytonia 34

lanceolata 34megarrhiza 34

Cleomaceae 18Clusiaceae 29Collomia

linearis 40Comandra

umbellata 46Convolvulaceae 19Convolvulus

arvensis 19Cornaceae 20Cornus 20

canadensis 20sericea 20unalaschkensis 20

Corydalisaurea 38

Coryluscornuta 8

Crassulaceae 21Cuscuta 19

gronovii 19umbrosa 19

Daturastramonium 48

Downingialaeta 11

Drosera 22anglica 22

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linearis 22rotundifolia 22

Droseraceae 22Elaeagnaceae 23Elaeagnus 23

angustifolia 23commutata 23

Endotropisalnifolia 43

Erodiumcicutarium 27

Escholscholziacalifornica 38

Escobariavivipara 10

Euphorbia 24glyptosperma 24helioscopia 24peplus 24serpillifolia 24virgata 24

Euphorbiaceae 24Fraxinus

pennsylvanica 37Fumaria

officinalis 38Galium 44

aparine 45bifolium 44boreale 44labradoricum 44spurium 45trifidum 44triflorum 45verum 44

Gentiana 25affinis 26calycosa 26fremontii 26glauca 26lutea 25prostrata 26

Gentianaceae 25Gentianella 25, 26

amarella 26propinqua 26

Gentianopsis 25, 26

detonsa 26virgata 26

Geocaulonlividum 46

Geraniaceae 27Geranium 27

bicknellii 27carolinianum 27erianthum 27pratense 27richardsonii 27viscosissimum 27

Haleniadeflexa 25

Haloragaceae 28Hippophae

rhamnoides 23Houstonia

longifolia 44Hudsonia

tomentosa 17Humulus

lupulus 13Hyoscyamus

niger 48Hypericum 29

fraseri 29majus 29perforatum 29scouleri 29virginianum

var. fraseri. See Hypericum fraseriIliamna

rivularis 33Impatiens 6

capensis 6glandulifera 6noli-tangere 6

Knautiaarvensis 14

Laporteacanadensis 51

Lecheaintermedia 17

Lentibulariaceae 30Leptosiphon

septentrionalis 40

59

Leucophysalisgrandiflora 48

Lewisia 34pygmaea 34rediviva 34

Linaceae 32Linnaea

borealis 14Linum 32

compactum 32lewisii 32rigidum 32usitatissimum 32

Lobelia 11, 12dortmanna 12kalmii 12spicata 12

Lomatogoniumrotatum 25

Lonicera 14dioica 14involucrata 14tartarica 15utahensis 15villosa 15

Lyciumbarbarum 48

Mahoniarepens 7

Malva 33neglecta 33parviflora 33pusilla 33sylvestris 33verticillata 33

Malvaceae 33Microsteris

gracilis 40Mirabilis 35

albida 35linearis 35nyctaginea 35

Montia 34linearis 34parvifolia 34

Montiaceae 34Myriophyllum 28

sibiricum 28spicatum 28verticillatum 28

Navarretialeucocephala 40

Nupharvariegata 36

Nyctaginaceae 35Nymphaea 36

leibergii 36tetragona 36

Nymphaeaceae 36Oleaceae 37Oplopanax

horridus 5Opuntia 10

fragilis 10polyacantha 10

Papaver 38, 39kluanensis 39nudicaule 39pygmaeum 39rhoeas 39somniferum 39

Papaveraceae 38Parietaria

pensylvanica 51Parnassia 16

fimbriata 16palustris 16parviflora 16

Parnassia.kotzebuei 16

Parnassiaceae 16Paxistima

myrsinites 16Peritoma

serrulata 18Phlox 40

alyssifolia 40hoodii 40

Physalisixocarpa 48

Pinguicula 30villosa 30vulgaris 30

Polanisia

60

dodecandra 18Polemoniaceae 40Polemonium 40, 41

acutiflorum 41occidentale 41pulcherrimum 41viscosum 41

Polygalasenega 42

Polygalaceae 42Polygaloides

paucifolia 42Rhamnaceae 43Rhamnus

cathartica 43Rhodiola

integrifolia 21Rhus

aromatica 3Rubiaceae 44Sambucus

racemosa 2Santalaceae 46Sapindaceae 47Sedum 21

acre 21divergens 21lanceolatum 21stenopetalum 21

Shepherdia 23argentea 23canadensis 23

Solanaceae 48Solanum 48, 49

dulcamara 48, 50nigrum 49nitidibaccatum 49rostratum 49triflorum 49

Sphaeralceacoccinea 33

Symphoricarpos 14, 15albus 15occidentalis 15

Syringavulgaris 37

Thesium

ramosum 46Toxicodendron

radicans 3Triadenum

fraseri. See Hypericum fraseriTripterocalyx

micranthus 35Ulmaceae 50Ulmus 50

americana 50pumila 50

Urtica 51dioica 51urens 51

Urticaceae 51Utricularia 30

cornuta 30intermedia 30minor 31ochroleuca 31vulgaris 31

Valeriana 14, 15dioica 15sitchensis 15

Viburnum 2edule 2opulus 2

ILLUSTRATED KEY TO MISC. SMALL DICOT FAMILIES

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