Human Demands on Natural Resources - Carlisle County ...

Human Demands onNatural Resources

HUMANS have needs. These needs

include food, clothing, and shel-

ter. Such needs are met by using or

placing demand on natural resources.

How much demand can our earth’s nat-

ural resources meet? Is there a limit to

the earth’s ability to meet the needs of

the human population?

Objectives:

� 1. Explain how humans use natural resources.

2. Describe human population trends.

3. Identify urban and rural impacts on natural resource use.

4. Explain the impact of recycling and reusing resources.

Key Terms:

�

Human Use of Natural Resources

Humans require natural resources to live and go about life activities. Some natural

resources are renewable; others are nonrenewable. We know that we need to use natural

resources wisely so that supplies will last indefinitely. We don’t want to run out of essential

resources!

E-unit: Human Demands on Natural Resources

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basic human needs

biodegradable

birth rate

death rate

human population

life expectancy

migration

recycling

reusing

BASIC NEEDS

Basic human needs are the biological needs of humans that must be met for them to

remain in the living condition. Food, clothing, and shelter are often listed as the three basic

human needs. Providing these involves using natural resources.

Food and water provide needed nutrients. Food is typically obtained from plants and ani-

mals produced on farms and ranches. Plant food products include grains, vegetables, fruits,

and nuts. Foods from animal sources include meat, milk, and eggs. Producing plants and ani-

mals requires soil, water, air, and other natural resources. Modern production uses tractors and

implements that require fuel to plow the land, plant seeds, harvest the crops, and transport,

process, and store the food. Fortunately, today’s farmers use practices that protect the environ-

ment and promote sustained agricultural production.

Clothing and shelter make considerable use of products from renewable natural resources,

though some make use of products from nonrenewable natural resources. Clothing is made

from plant and animal products.

Cotton is the most important

plant. Wool and leather are the

most important animal products

used in making clothing. Some

clothing items are made from

nonrenewable minerals and fossil

fuels.

Shelter involves the use of a

great deal of renewable wood,

though minerals in brick, con-

crete, and other materials are

used. Nonrenewable materials are

used in roofing, plumbing sys-

tems, and electrical fixtures.

OTHER USES

Humans use natural resources for many activities in life. Often these natural resources are

nonrenewable. Transportation involves vehicles and fossil fuel to operate them. We use trans-

portation in our work and to move products to where they are needed. Education involves nat-

ural resources to construct school buildings, provide transportation, provide heating and air

conditioning in the school buildings, and light the classrooms and other facilities. Recreation

uses resources in the building and operation of boats, in the lighting and irrigation of sports

fields, and in hunting and fishing.

Almost every activity in our lives uses natural resources in some way. We depend on many

resources to make our lives comfortable. Look around your home. What products do you have

and use that involve natural resources? How would your life change if you suddenly no longer

had these products?


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FIGURE 1. Supermarkets provide a wide range of food products for

consumers in the United States. (Courtesy, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Human Population Trends

Human population is the number of people in a given location. Besides worldwide, we

often count human population by towns and cities, states, and nations. Human population has

been increasing and continues to increase in many locations. The increase is sometimes called

a population explosion.

WORLDWIDE AND UNITED STATES

Current worldwide population is 6.5 billion people. Population is increasing at a rapid rate

of 1.2 percent a year. Projections are that the earth’s population will reach 9.4 billion by 2050.

It took from the beginning of time until 1804 for the earth’s population to reach 1 billion!

However, only 12 years were required for the human population to increase from 5 to 6 bil-

lion. Improved nutrition, better health care, and other conditions that promote longer human

life spans are contributing to increased population. However, the birth rate has been declining

in some nations, particularly those said to be developed, such as Sweden, Canada, France, and

Iceland.

Population in the United States is increasing. It is now approximately 300 million, with a

projected population of 420 million by 2050. Among nations, only China and India have

greater populations than the United States. Within the United States, California, Texas, and

New York are ranked at the top, based on population. Illinois is fifth among all states, with a

population of 12.5 million people. Wyoming is fiftieth among all states in population.


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Billions

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050

Years

FIGURE 2. World population trends, 1550 to 2050.

HOW CHANGES OCCUR

Population numbers change due to migration of people and natural processes of births and

deaths. Migration is the movement of people from one location to another usually a substan-

tial distance away. People often move to areas where they can find jobs and have higher stan-

dards of living. The United States is primarily a nation whose population has migrated seeking

new opportunities. The migration has involved current and previous generations.

Natural increases or decreases in population are due to birth and death rates. The average

number of births per 1,000 people each year is the birth rate. Likewise, the average number

of deaths per 1,000 people each year is the death rate. The death rate is also known as the

mortality rate. The birth rate is 15.0 per year in the United States, while it is 9.13 in Italy and

51.0 in Somalia. The death rate is 9.0 per year in the United States, while it is 6.9 in Australia

and 22.0 in Afghanistan. The net gain in rate is determined by subtracting the death rate from

the birth rate. In the United States, the rate of gain is 6.0 (birth rate of 15.0 minus death rate of

9.0).

A major factor in death rate is life expectancy. The number of years a newborn baby may be

expected to live is life expectancy. In the United States, life expectancy is 75.5 years, which

represents an increase of 28.5

years over life expectancy in the

year 1900. Better health care,

improved nutrition, and other

life-sustaining advances have

increased life expectancy. Life

expectancy in other nations varies,

with it being 80.1 in Sweden and

39.3 in Malawi. (Something to

think about is why there is such a

great difference in life expectancy

between Sweden and Malawi, an

African nation.)


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FURTHER EXPLORATION…ONLINE CONNECTION: POPClock

A POPClock is a means of continually updating human population. The information presented considers

births and deaths. Use a POPClock to prepare a short report on population increases over a day or a week.

You can access up-to-the-minute population information at:

http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

FIGURE 3. Improved health care has increased life expectancy.

Urban and Rural Impacts

Population shifts are often based on opportunities for jobs, cultural benefits, and other rea-

sons. New technologies have changed the nature of work, particularly in agriculture. In the

1800s, most people lived on farms in the United States. Farming was a way of life. As new

methods of agricultural production emerged in the late 1800s and the 1900s, less labor was

required on farms. People were free to go into off-farm industrial and commercial jobs.

Changes in agricultural and industrial opportunities resulted in strong migration patterns

from rural to urban areas. Rural citizens saw fewer opportunities for jobs and for satisfactory

levels of living. They began moving to towns and cities in search of new opportunities. This

migration resulted in rural areas experiencing declining populations and in cities seeing rapid

growth in the United States and other nations.

Masses of people have become

concentrated in large cities. New

York City and Los Angeles are the

largest cities in the United States.

Many other cities are also quite

large, including Chicago and St.

Louis. (Tokyo is the largest city in

the world, with about 35 million

people.) As people become more

concentrated, new problems asso-

ciated with maintaining a quality

of life emerge.

Cities with large populations

require large amounts of water,

energy, and waste disposal facili-


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FIGURE 4. Waterfront view of Chicago from Olive Park.

FURTHER EXPLORATION…ONLINE CONNECTION: What’s in a Cell Phone?

Can the contents of a cell phone be recycled? Cell phone users discard their telephones after an aver-

age use time of 18 months. Several hazardous substances are found in cell telephones. If not recycled,

these can enter the environment. Investigate the contents of cell telephones and prepare a short report on

your findings. (Particularly note if mercury, cadmium, lead, and Galium arsenide are present and investi-

gate the hazards of these substances in the environment. Be sure also to include other substances in your

report.)

Begin your investigation by searching for “cell phones” at the following Web sites:

http://www.worldwatch.org

http://www.informinc.org/

ties. In the United States, the average daily per person amount of solid waste created is 4.4

pounds. The per person amount of wastewater is nearly 100 gallons a day. Disposing of the

solid waste and the wastewater requires large, sophisticated waste disposal systems. In addition,

the goal is to promote reconditioning of the wastewater so that it is again available for use.

Differences between rural and urban life are not as great as they were a few decades ago.

Rural areas have many of the same conveniences as urban areas. In fact, some rural areas have

more favorable environments to support human health because of smog-free air and other

conditions. Of course, the major medical centers for providing health care are often in the

larger cities.

Recycling and Reusing

Recycling and reusing are practiced to reduce waste as well as conserve natural resources.

Actually, reusing is a kind of recycling, as is explained later. You will see that both are good

practices to reduce waste and promote the wise use of limited natural resources.

Many products are not readily biodegradable, or subject to rapid decay when placed in a

landfill. These products are made of materials such as glass, plastics, and metals that resist

action by microorganisms present in the soil and other locations. They might remain in land-

fills for many years. Products made of wood and paper, on the other hand, are relatively biode-

gradable and will decay in a few years in a landfill. It is best to recycle all materials to the extent

possible.

Proper maintenance of equipment and structures promotes longer life and reduces the need

to replace them or take them out of service. Paying attention to the maintenance of a farm trac-

tor, for example, such as regularly lubricating the engine and servicing the air filter, reduces

wear and keeps the tractor in good condition longer.

RECYCLING

Recycling is either using the material in a product to manufacture another product or

reusing the product. The kinds of materials most widely recycled are paper, iron and other

metals, plastics, and glass. Current estimates are that 42 percent of all paper is recycled, as are

55 percent of all aluminum cans and 40 percent of all plastic beverage bottles. Recycling saves

energy while helping sustain nonrenewable natural resources. It reduces the amount of mate-

rial that goes into landfills as waste.

Recycling procedures vary with the kind of material. Most materials must be sorted for uni-

formity. Different kinds of metals must be separated, such as copper from aluminum. Differ-

ent colors of glass must also be separated before being melted and manufactured into new

products. Recycling paper saves trees; and as we know, trees help keep air quality high and

lower the temperature in the summer on the earth’s surface.

Many cities have recycling centers or programs for waste materials. In some cases, a recycler

will pick up the materials at curbside. In other cases, the waste materials must be taken to a


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central collection facility and sorted. Sometimes, a fee is paid for the materials being recycled,

such as aluminum cans.

REUSING

Reusing is a kind of recycling that does not require remanufacturing to gain a useful prod-

uct. Returnable bottles must be sterilized before reuse, but no additional manufacturing is

required. Paper boxes, milk distribution crates, and wooden pallets on which products are

shipped are three examples of reusable items. A simple reuse is to take a grocery bag back to

the store and pack groceries in it again.

Summary:

� Humans require resources to live, prosper, and enjoy life. Some of these resourcesare used to meet the basic human needs of food, clothing, and shelter. Otherresources are used to carry out daily activities, such as transportation, education, andrecreation. Resources should always be used wisely to assure that supplies will lastindefinitely.

Human population is increasing at a rate of 1.2 percent each year. Today, 6.5 billionpeople live on the earth. Some 300 million live in the United States. Changes inpopulation result from migration and from birth and death rates. Life expectancyhas also increased markedly in the United States. Shifts of population from rural tourban areas are reflected in migration. Greater numbers of people are concentratingin large cities and suburban areas surrounding the cities. Large numbers concen-trated in small areas result in considerable solid waste and wastewater.

Recycling can be used to reduce demand on natural resources. Paper, iron andother metals, plastics, and glass are most frequently recycled. Recycling a productoften involves remanufacturing, whereas reusing a product does not.

Checking Your Knowledge:

� 1. What are the three basic human needs? Briefly explain each.

2. What is human population?

3. What factors influence changes in population numbers? Briefly explain each.

4. What has been occurring in population shifts between rural and urban areas?

5. What is recycling? Why is it important?

6. What is the meaning of biodegradable? Give examples of materials that are bio-degradable and materials that are not biodegradable.


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Expanding Your Knowledge:

� Use print media and/or the Internet to read and learn about the meaning andimportance of population control. Prepare a brief report.

Web Links:

� Chicago Recycling Coalition

http://www.chicagorecycling.org/

Conserve Chicago Together—City of Chicago Streets and Sanitation

http://egov.cityofchicago.org/

EPA Site on Municipal Solid Waste Recycling

http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/recyle.htm


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