I N D E X .

ADDRE SS , by E . Weston, Jr., re

marks on,

Alanton Park“

,how wooded by

transp lanting trees ,mateur, query b y , concer ningb u lb s

,74 ; Answ

‘

er to said query ,, b y a su bscr iber, 118

American Vine, notices of, 317

Anatomiz'

ed leaves ,Ankoy tea

- hi lb,a v is i t to , “

295

nth racite ashes , place'

d ab out theroots of fru i t trees ,

A nts red,h ow guarded against, 410

Appleb y , Samu e l , h is d irectionsfor the

c

flowe ring of Du tchb u lb s, &

Apples andc

peache s valuab le foodfor Sw ine ,veri l l , E l iphalet, h is cu ltivationof th e fig ,

A y res , R ichard , on plants of thegenu s Citrus ,

Banana fru it, notices of,Bee m i l ler . h ow destroy ed ,Bo

'

d in,M . Sou lange , h is report onrearing S i lk worms , &c

Botan ical excu rs ion , by Rob ertDw ight ,otanical experiments ,Bread .corn, and its subs titutes , b yW i l l 1am Kenrick ,

Bread Fru it,Breck, Joseph , on the se lection of

hardy h erbaceou s p lants , su itab le for ornamenting th e parterreb order, or shru bb ery , 21 54, 84

is notices of

gardens in th e -v cinity of Bos

ton , 41—0 11 th e tormation and

stru ctu re of b uds .— remarks

on th e effects of w inter on va

riou s plants , 239—on p lants of

th e orde r Fungi , 418—h is re

remarks o n the Turnip rootedCabbage , &c .

Bu ckth or-n hedges, on th e cu ltivation and management of, b y E .

Her-sy Derb y , Esq .

Bud s , remarks on the formationand s tru ctu re of b y J . Breck,

Bu lb s,quer y concerning , 74

Cape ,-on th e cu lture of

,

Page.

Cabbage , Turnip rooted,not1ces

o 445

Cacao, or Chocolate tree , noticesof,

’

Cau l iflowers , d irections for cock1n

h agtal ’s Chemistry extracts fromon th e preservation 302

Charcoal , clarification w ith, 120Cherry tree g um , u ses of, 120Chimney 80China , on introducing th e vegeta

- b le productions “

of,into this

coun try ,itru s , on the management of

p lants, be long ing to th e orderof b y Mr Rich ard Ay res , 434

Co l lections and reco l lections, /

376Color, influences of, on heat , &c 38Cook, Zeb edee , Jr . on the cu ltiva

' t ion of Mushrooms , 419

Cow Cab bage , notices of, 321

Cu l tivation , improvements in , 447Cushing

’

s Conservatory , a v is it to, 110

Dahlias,remarks on , 429—Ei h ib io

tion of, at New York,b y Geo

C . Thorb urn,

Dearborn, Hon. H . A . S .

,on the

introduction into this country of

th e vege tab le productions of

Ch ina, 3— 0 11 the cu l tivation of

Fores t Trees,121—0 n

'

rearingS ilk Worms , 161— 0 11 Mr Van

Mons’me thod of rais ing Fru i t

T rees from th e seed,

Derb y , E . Hersy , Esq , on the _

cu ltivation and management -

ofBuckthorn hedges ,

D owning, A . J ., h is remarks on

temperatu re cons idered in re lation to vegetation , th e natu ralization of P lants , &c.

Dream,a,b y Juvenis ,

Du tch b u lbs , d irections for F lowe ring , b y Samue l Appleb y ,

Dw ight, Rob ert, notices of a b o

tanical excu rsoin,by

Elder Tree,notices of,

Evergreen Shrub s , hardy , on the ircu lture

,196,297— 0 11 transplant

ing , 320, 377

vi

Extracts from Fore ign pu b l icanou s— 153, 190— from Ge rman

period ica ls ,Facts w orth know ing ,Fash ions in flowe rs ,Figs , dr ied , h ow improved , 319

cu l tivation of b y E liphaletAveri l l

,

F iske,Hon. O .

,on propagating

Horse Chesnu ts ,Flora

,on plan ts adapted to plant

ing in b eds , in masses,d

’

ec.

F lora l phenomenon,

Fl owe ring plants , fru its and vegatab le s

,h ow prepared

“

for sale .

By J . E . Teschemacher,

F low er pots for rooms ,F low ers

,remarks on the i r fra

granee , 39— 0 11 fla shes of l ight

from , l 79—pleasu res and u ses

of the ir cu l ti vation ,Forest Scener y in North America

,

Note s on by James M’

Nab,

Fo rest T ree s,on th e cu ltivation

of,b y Gen . Dearborn

,

Fru i t T rees ,Mr Van Mons’

method of raising from the seed

,

shou ld not b e grafted til l theyh av e shown fru i t ,

Fru i ts in th e va lle y of th e Connecticu t r iver

,notices of

,b y M .

72— improved b y Van Mons,

293 , 339— on gath er ing and pres erv ing,

Fru its of th e e arth , on th e preserv ation o f b y d ry ing , 81 0 .

ungi , on th e cu ltivation of,b y

Joseph Breck ,

Gardener’

s Work fo r June, 248

Ju ly , 278— August , 316 Septemb e r, 350— Octob e r , 396— No

v emb er , 439— Decem b er ,Garden ing , p leasu res of,Garde ns , Hot houses

,61 0 in th e

v icin ity of Boston,notices of

,

b y J . Breck ,Garl ic

,an antidote to fe ver

,

Goose be rrie s , on the i r cu ltu re ,Graft ing , b u dd ing and inarching,propagating plants b y ,

Granaries,no trees of

,

Grapes , p reservation of,

Grape V ine s, pruning of

,

G 1e v i l le rose,remarks on

,

Harrington , Jose ph , on northernexposu re and the tarring offru i ttre es

,

He rbaceou s plants . on th e se lection of for ornamenting th e parter l e , &c b y Joseph Breck ,

INDEX .

Hoi se Chesnu t , mode of propagating ,

Horticu ltu ral Socie ty , Massach usetts , remarks on th e ir exh ib itions , b y Phi lo -Florist

, 145— 11 0

t ice s of the i r exh ib itions, 314 ,

352 , 387— notices of the ir annive rsary , 393, 431

Horticu l tu ral Society , in Hal ifax , 499Horticu l ture in Maine , 380

Hot w ater apparatus , for heatingh o t- house s

,&c. at C o l . Perkins

,

&c, notices of

,45— notice s of

heating by , 351

Hy acin th s‘ flow ering of in w ater , 74

Hy b rids , remarks on , 408

sects , a recipe fo r destroying,36— odoriferous s ub stances of

fens ive to,

478

Iodine , effect of, on germination, 379

J . E . T .

,on th e influence of tem

perature on p lants ,l ly , a n ew mode of making,L . R .

,h is le af from the D iary

of a Natural ist,Juvenis , a dream b y ,

Kenrick, W i l l iam ,on b read corn

and i ts sub stitu te s , 47— on th eOsage Orange , 195 - h is noticeof M . Van M ons

’

donation ofFru it, 249

,339

L’

Ami, Leave s from h is Note

Book,29, 293— h is .ob servations

on Mr W e s ton ’

s A dd ress, 470

Leaffrom th e D iary of a Natu ralist, 89igh t , its influ ence on vegetation , 401igh tning Rods , extent ofth e ir infi u ence , 317

Maine , Horticu l tu re in, 380

Manufactu re,a new , from a plant

cal led Phormium tenex, 415

Mi ldew in Grapes , soap su ds a

remedy fo r , 154M 1tes and w e ev i ls

,to clear b arns

and hou ses from, 35

Moths , preventive agains t , 320M . S . , h is ob servations on F ru i tsin th e val ley of th e Connecticu tri ver

,

Mushrooms , on th e ir cu l tiva tion,

by J . Breck,418— by Zebedee

Cook, Jr ,

Ne lson , A lbe rt R .,extracts from

h is Address b efore th e M idd lesex Agricu ltu ral Society ,

IND EX .

P age ,

Ne ttles , on th e cause and efl'

ect

of the ir stinging , 317

Notices of Foreign works , 112

Odoriferous substances , offensiveto insects , 478

Orchards , se tting ou t in qu incunxorder recommended , 37

Osage Orange , remarks on,b y

W il l iam Kenrick, 195

Oxen, how trained to the draught , 36

Paint,made w ith potatoes , recipe

for, 35

Pansy , or Heart's Ease , on th e

cu ltu re of,

437

Paxton’

s Magazine of Botany,ex :

tracts from,

196, 297

Peach trees , on transplanting, 35— how prese rved from w orms

,

78,408

,476— cau se of th e de

cay of,

403Pear trees , th e Secke l , origin of, 38

Pe rennials , remarks on th e cu l tu re149o

P hi lh-flor ist , h is remarks on the

exhib itions of th e Massachu

se tts Horticu ltu ral Society ,P lantain fru it , notices of,P lanter ’

s Gu ide , re v iew of,

P lants , new and“

rare , a l ist of,P lums

,se lection of

,320—h ow pre

served in honied water ,Poiteau , A .

,h is notice of th e th e

ory of Van Mons to ob tain finefru it from th e seeds ,

Potato,as a substitute for b read ,&0 .

Qu iv is , notices of th e resu l ts ofexperiments b y , 97

Raspberry Jam ,h ow made

,320

Rats and m ice , h ow destroyed , 36Rey nold

’

s Jou rnal , extract from , 7

Rose, remarks ou th e enu s of, by

P rofessor John L . ussel l , 81Rose bu sh , on th e cu l ture of

,451

Roses,a description of

, 75,105

Ru sse l l , Professor John L . , h is obse rvations on the orig in of species , varieties and variations inth e

“ vegetab le k ingdom , 9—h isremarks on th e genu s Rosa

,

31 0 . 81— 0 11. th e cu ltu re ofSalsify , 96

—on th e influ ence of l ighton vegetation, &c.

Sals ify ,remarks on th e cu lture

and u ses of, b y J . W . Russe l,

Scott , J M . D .

,on the cau se of

decay in Peach trees ,Seeds , v i ta l principle of,S ilk Worms on th e rearing of, b yHon . H . A . S . Dearborn, 161

vii

Page .

—M . Sou l ange Boud in’

s reporton rear ing , 165

S inclair, Rob ert, on the Grev i l leRose , 109

Soi ls,d iscrimination of

, 333

S pon taneou s movements ofplants , 378S pontaneous combu stion ofa p lan t, 4 16S traw berrie s , tanne

‘

r’

s b ark and

leafmou ld recommended for,36

— remarks on the ir cu l ture , 160 ,349— h ow to pre serve them , 419— cover ing b eds of, w i th rottenwood . 477

Sw ee t Potato , its origin and cu l

ture , 51

Tap roots of trees , on s h ortenigg, 34

Tay lor , Char les , on propagatingplants b y grafting, &c. 474

Temperature , cons idered in refer

ence to vegetation , remarks on ,

b y Mr A . J . Dow n ing, 68 , 99its influence on plants , b y J . E . T . 177

Teschemacher,J . E .

,h is extracts

from German Pe riod icals,

243

Theophrastus, h is v is i t to Mr

Cu shing ’s Conservatory , 1 10

T imb er , h ow to ob tain good , 35

Transplanting large trees , 1

Trees , north ern exposu re to , re

commended . and tarr ing of in

j u rions , 308

Tremer, Mr J . R .

,on flashes of

l ight from flow ers , 179

T ub erose , on the cu lture of, 458Po l ian thos on th e h istory of, 460

Tu l ip, on th e cu l tu re of,b y W . J .

P 361

Tu rhip rooted Cabb age , notices of, 445T urn ips , h ow prese rv ed in pots , 398

Val lata purpu rea, notice of b ymor n ,

Van Mons , h is me th od of raisingfruit tree s from the seed , 203,208

, 210— remarks on, b y th e

Ed itor , 248—s -Add itional donations offru it rece ived from , 249E —le tter from , to Messrs Kenr ick . Manning and Dearb orn , 253

Vegetab le kmgdon , on th e originof species , varie ties and variations in

,

Watering plants , remarks on ,

Waterloo Cab b age , notices of,Weston , Ezra, jr .

,remarks on h is

Horticu l tural Address .

W insh ips'

Green hou se flowers inb loom in Feb ru ary ,

Xiope , h is notice ofVal leta parparea

,367—h is remarks on th e u se

of so i ls in th e .grcwth of plants ,Yarns , notice of

,

arenasennnnnan BE®ES®®B

AND

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE .

JANUARY 1, 1836.

ART . l .- Transp lanting L arg e Trees, or A lanton P ark as

Wooded between 18 16 and 1821 .

WE present ou r readers w i th th e annexed engrav ing of a V iew of

a Park , wooded by th e transplant ing mach ine for th e purpose of

introducing the subject of remov ing large trees,the importance of

wh ich has recent ly engage d the attention of many indiv iduals"

of ou r

commun ity .

This branch ofArborrcu lture w i l l,we doubt not, in proce ss of t ime ,

receive the atten t ion and s tudy of ph ys io log ists of the cou ntry,com

mensurate w i th the increas ing taste for ornamental pl anting wh ich ise xh ib i ted annual ly at the country res idences near the pr incipal c it iesof the Un ite d S tates .

For th is v iew and for th e fol lowing remarks, we are indebted toMr GEO . C . THORB URN ,

of New York,Who h as presented u s w i th a

copy of S tuart’s P lanter’

s Gu ide,

”re cent ly pub l ishe d by h im.

We make the fol lowing extract from the work,g iv ing a h istory ofthe

operat ions performed by Sir H . S tuart, to g ive immed iate effe ct towood .

At th e p lace fromwh ich the se pages are dated , they found a Parko f l imi te d extent

,and possessing no part i cu lar claim to be au ty

,b u t

v is ite d from cur ios ity by many persons,with in the last ten years. It

cons is ts of abou t a hundred and twenty Eng l ish acres, abundant lyc lothed w ith trees and u nde rwood of every c ommon spe cies

,by

me ans of“

the transp lant ing mach ine ; and exh ib i t ing W i th in i tse lfa

p ractica l i l lustration of every princip le laid down ,and e very theory

h e ld forth in th is Essay . The s ingle trees and bushes, in groups andl

2 TRANSPLANT ING LARGE TREES .

open d isposit ions, amount to abou t seven hundred in number,excl u

sive l y of c lose p lantat ions and cop se - v‘

vood . Their s ize , when removed ,was not great , th e largest not exceed ing from th irty to forty fee t inhe ight , and from three , or three and a half, to five fee t in g irth , at afoot from the ground ; b ut many of them were of mu ch smal lerd imens ions . T he he ight of the bushes or underwood removed

was from four to ten fee t,and cons ist ing of every sort u sual ly found

on th e banks and lakes of r ivers . Bu t s i ze,in an art founded on

scient ific pr incip les,is a mere matter of cho ice and expend iture ;

for trees of th e greatest size are as suscept ib le of removal , as thoseof the least . It was des irab le

,however

,as almost e veryth ing was to

b e done here,in the way of Park- wood

,to l imi t th e operat ions to the

smal lest possib le expend i tu re,consistently w i th produ c ing some effect

on the foreground,and m idd le d istanceof th e landscape , and with

carefu l execu t ion.

There was in t h is Park orig inal ly no water , and scarce ly a tree or

a bu sh,on th e banks and promontor ies of th e present lake and r iver

for th e water par takes of both those characters . Dur ing th e summer

of 1820 th e w ate r was execu ted and in that and th e following year,

th e grounds immed iate l y adjo in ing were abundant ly covered w i t hwood , by means of th e transp lant ing mach ine . Groups and s ing letrees

,grove and underwood were introd uced

,in every style of d ispo

s i t iou,wh ich th e subject seemed to admi t . Where th e tu rf re cedes

from ,or approaches th e water, th e ground is somewhat bold and

irregu lar,al though w i thou t str ik ing features of any sort y et the pro

fus ion of wood , scattered over -

a su rface of moderate“ l imi ts,in e ve ry

form and var ie ty,gave i t an intr i cacy and an express ion

,wh ich it

never possessed before .

By th e au tumn of the third year onl y after the execu t ion,name ly

1823,when the Commi ttee of th e Soc iety honored the p lace w i th

the ir inspect ion ,th e d ifi

'

ere'

nt parts s eemed to harmon i ze w i th one

another , and th e intended effects were nearl y produ ced . What i twas w ished to br ing forward

,appeared already prominent . What

was to b e concealed , or thrown into the background , began to assume

that stat ion . T he foreground trees, (the best that cou ld be procured , )

p laced on the eastern bank above the water,broke i t in to parts w i th

the ir spread ing branches,

and'

formed comb inat ions, w h ich we re

extreme l y p leas ing . T h e copse or underwood , wh ich covers an is land

in the lake , and two promontor ies,as also an adjo ining bank that

terminates the d istance , was seen coming down nearly to the water’s

edge . What was the most important of al l,both trees and under

PRODUCT IONS OF CH INA.

wood h ad obtained a fu l l and deep - colored leaf,and heal th and v igor

were restored to them. In a word , the who le appeared l ike a spot atle ast forty ye ars p lanted .

‘I

‘T he actual extent of surface , to wh ich th is cu rsory del ineat ionrefers

, does not exceed from forty to fifty acres ; bu t the intr i cacyand varie ty , cre ated sole ly by var ious d ispos i t ions of wood upon an

uneven surface,confe r on i t, to the ey e , indefin i te l imi ts . In con

firmation of th is remark,

"

the reader is referred to th e front isp iece,

where he w i l l find a v iew of the Park taken in 1827, from the

western s ide of the lake it was soon after th e p lant ing of the steepbank or head in that quarter , as is des ignated by the transp lant ingmach ine

,wh i ch . is seen st il l remain ing on the ground . T h e spot is

nearl y opp osite to that , from which i t Was viewed b y the Comm i tteeof th e H ighland Socie ty . T he whole of th e Park thu s de l ineatedwas wooded by th e machine

,whe ther in masses, or detached groups

of trees,be tween th e ye ars 1816 and 1821 , but ch iefly in th e l atter,

e xcept ing only th e d istant or bound ing l ines of p lantat ions,ove r

wh ich a few old trees are here and there seen to e levate the ir heads.

”

ART . II .— 0 n the Introduction of the Veg etable P roductions

of Ch ina . By Hon . H. A . S . DEARBORN

Roxnu av , DE C . 14,1835.

To th e Ed itor ofth e Horticu ltural Register,Mr D EAR S IR

,-Notw ithstand ing the intercourse wh ich h as

subs isted , be tween Ch ina, and most of the commerc ial nat ions ofEurope , for more than two centur ies

,how l i ttle attent ion h as been

bestowed upon,

the agr i cu l ture and vege table product ions of t hatm ighty emp ire . W i th in a few years

,howe ve r

,hort i cu l ture h as been

enri ched by the acqu is i t ion of several variet ie s ofmagn ificent p lants ,some of wh ich now const i tu te the most admired se lect ions of ourgardens and green-h ou ses . T hesuperb Came l l ias, the e ver floweringand other beau t ifu l var ie ties of Roses, and the sp lend id fami ly of

Chrysanthemums are samp les of the floral treasures of Eastern As ia ;and th e Morus Mu l t icau l is

,wh ich h as recently been ob tained ,

'

is just lyconsidered

,as one ofth e most prec ious g ifts , wh ich cou ld b e bestowed

upon our country . These alone . are suffic ien t to exc ite a deep

intere st, in re lat ion to a region,wh ich

l

possesses such beaut ifu l and

4 mr nonucr roN o r VEGETABLE

valuable objects ofcu l tivation and an ardent des ire is consequentlyinduced , for extended investigat ions , to asce -rtarn whe ther othe requ al ly as des irab le add i t ions

,cannot be made

,to the products of

our farms and conservator ies .

No port ion ofou r fe l low- c i t i zens have been more l iberal and act ive ,in whatever tends to advance the arts of c iv i l i zat ion

,tb an

‘ those whoh ave been so su ccessfu l ly engaged in or iental exped i t ions

,s ince the

first voyage made from th e Uni ted S tates to Canton,in 1784 ; and

we can,

,w ith the ful lest confidence,re ly upon the ir d ispos i t ion ,

zealousl y to cc- operate w i th th e emu lous cu l t ivators of the so i l,for

obtain ing from d istant nat ions , al l th e var ie t ies of fru i t trees , flowerse scu lent vege tab les , and such others

,as may b e u sefu l

,in any of th e

departments of nat ional ind ustry , or grat ify th e taste of th e horticu l

tur ist . It is on ly necessary that they shou ld b e appr ised of th e benefits

,wh ich they have 1t in the ir power to bestow upon the ir country

men,to insure the ir real i zat ion .

An e xal ted sp iri t of inqu iry and a generous d ispos i t ion to

advance th e best interests , prosper i ty and g lory'

of the nat ion,h as

eve r been one of the great and honorab le characteristics wh ich h as

d ist ingu ished commerc ial ad v entu re . Whenever,and whe rever it

h as attained pre - em inence,th e whole peop le have not only been

acce lerated in the progress of refinement , but have reached an e levat ion ,

wh ich h as never been approx imated,where nav igat ion

, or for

e ign trade , in some manner, was not fostered , and “ mou raged . Tyrethe mart of nat ions ,

”was the creat ion of me rchants

,whose nu

merous fleets made th e wor ld the ir tribu tar ies,and whose affluence

acqu ired for them,th e appe l lat ion of pr inces

,and the honorab le of

the earth .

”Th e ru ins of Palmyra and Balbec are monuments of

the ir industry , energy,and weal th

,dur ing the ages of remote ant i

qu ity . In th e m idst of a desert , c it ies were reared,as entrepots

,for

th e innumerab le caravans, wh ich passed between the Med i terraneanand Euphrates , whose extent and arch ite ctural embe l l ishments wereu nr ival led . T h e dr ift ing sands we re su bje cted to t i l lage and

“coveredw ith verd ure . F ie lds and gardens were refreshed by art ificialstreams and fountains, and lu xur iant groves shaded . the e arth

,wh ich

for hundreds of ye ars , h ad been swept by th e b last ing influence of

th e scorch ing S i rocco . In after t imes,where ver commerce h as

estab l ished h er empor ium,i t h as been the nu cleus around wh ich al l

th e arts have rap id l y concentered,and man h as deve loped h is most

exal ted attribu tes of genius and tastef Who reclaimed , from'

t he

PRODUCT IONS OF CH INA .

waves of the ocean ,the c it ies and prol ific fie lds of Hol land ? Who

h as most contribu ted to render Eng land a prec ious gem,set in a

s i lver sea ? Who h as given that mighty impu lse to our t i l lage,

wh ich h as enab led i t,in so brief a per iod

,to pass the Al leghames

and to advance w i th such rap id str ides beyond the M iss iss ipp i ? Are

they not th e tr iumphant resu ltS 'of that zeal , inte l l igence and enterpri ze wh ich nav igat ion excites

,and is cher ished by commerc ial

patronageTo our merchants and especial ly those who have been engaged in

the lucrat ive trade beyond the Cape of Good Hope, are we mu chindebted for the great improvements wh ich have been made , in u se

fu l and ornamental cu l t ivat ion,"dur ing . the last th irty years, in th e

v i c in i ty ofBoston,and other mari t ime towns of the S tate ; T he we l l

t i l led farms ,‘magnificent gardens , prol ific graper ies , and sp lend id

green- houses , w i th the ir cho ice col lections offru i ts and superb flowers,

wh ich have rendered Massachusetts so ce lebrated throughou t th eUn ion

,for her advancement in hort icu l ture

,are th e happy resu l ts of

the ir mer i torious exert ions and commendable examp le . Among

those who have most contr ibu ted by the ir munificence and pract icali l lustrat ions

,the names ofCol . Thomas H .

,James

,and S . G. Perk ins

,

Lyman,Pratt

,Preble

,Barre l l

,Pr ince

,General and Hersey Derby

,

Parsons, father and son,Bussey

,Cush ing , Lee , Crowninsh ie ld , and

the W insh ips are em inent for - the ir indefat igab le and successfu llabors . To those gentlemen then, who st il l survive

,as the revere d

benefactors of th e repub l i c,and the ir s l iberal m inded successors or

compet i tors , w hose argos ies now coverl

every sea and are daily ‘

visit

ing e very cl ime , we can appeal w i th confidence to‘

aid in the introduct ion of w hatever may tend to th e

"

advancement of rural e conomy,

e i ther in th e objects of embe l l ishment , or of profitab le cu l t ivat ion .

It is w i th poignant regret and profound hum i l i ty,t hat Amer i cans

are ob l iged to declare,that no efforts of

(

th e nat ional government canb e named , for encou rag ing the labors of the husbandman, or advanc~

ing the know ledge of natural h istory,by th e col lect ion and distrib u

t ion of seeds , p lants and an imals,vVh ich belong to the domains of

agricu l ture , and garden ing, or\ by spec imens in zoology , botany and

geology . Whi le the mari t ime -"lnations of Europe have sent pub l i c

sh ips round the g lobe, to obtain inte l l igence and su ch natural or

art ific ial produ ct ions: as m ight b e rendered / sub servient to th e eco

nomical arts,or i l lustrate sc ience

,th is repub l i c h as done noth ing . So

far from i t , e ven in commerce, - one of the greatest , and most pros

6 INTRODUCT ION or THE VEGETABLE

perous branches of nat ional industry , ou r bold and adventurous mar i

ners, have been compe l led to p ioneer the ir way , in to the harbors of

every cont inent , exp lore al l the isles of the deep , and open a tradew i th every people upon the earth

,long before i t was attempted

, on the

part of the execu t ive , or Congress , to faci l itate the ir operations , bythe estab l ishment of friend ly

,or commerc ial re lat ions

,wi th e i ther .

T he d ip lomacy of the Uni ted S tates,instead of preced ing , h as l in

gered far in the rear of the dar ing exped it ions of the Amer icanArgonau ts and many a Col ch is h as been d iscovered and the GoldenF leece” brought tr iumphantly back

,before the ex istence

,or even the

name of our country , h ad reached those d istant shores . In some

instances , negociations have been tard i ly opened , when complaints of

ou trage had been made , and w rongs demanded redress ; b u t th is isnot sufficient , for e i ther the interests or honor of th e nat ion,

and it is

sangu ine ly ant i c ipated,that more enlarged views

,amore enl ightened

pol icy and more l iberal measures wi l l soon prevai l,and that voyages

of geograph ical and scient ific research w i l l be projected,wh ich shal l

quadrate w i th the character, vast resou rces and d ignified stat ionwh ich th is nat ion maintains among the emp ires of th e earth .

Explorat ions and hydrograph ical surveys of our coast,on the

Pac ific Ocean,so important to nav igat ion

,have not been undertaken,

and t hat immense region is less known to our c it izens,than the R us

s ian dom in ions north of Nootka Sound , al though a th ird of a centuryh as el apsed s ince its acqu is i t ion . We have squ adrons officered by as

inte l l igent , gal lant and enterpr ising gentlemen,as walk th e decks of

the proudest nav-ies that float,wh ich are cru is ing in every sea and

visiting‘al l th e nat ions of Europe

,Afr i ca, As ia and th is western con

tinent ; y et no instru ct ions have been g iven, funds appropr iated,or

appo intments conferred , to advance science,or benefit the country ,

b y th e introduction of the vegetab le or an imal product ions of thosecountries whose ports they enter . W i th grat i tude . and commenda

t ion, however, i t shou ld be acknow ledged,that many of our naval

officers , from a generou s sp ir i t of patr iot ism , the prompt ings of ah ighly cu l t ivated mind , and the d i ctates of a refined taste , have done

much , forthe benefit of th e ir fe l low- c i tizens,and the nat ion , by con

trib utions to the pu bl ic l ibrar ies , the mu seums of natural h istory and

th e academies of the arts,and by add i t ions to the var ie t ies of objects

wh ich are interest ing to the cu lt ivators of th e earth . None fee l more

sens ibl y , or regre t more deep ly , the u tter ind ifference of the nat ionalgovernment , to these h ighly important investigat ions and researches,

PRODUCT IONS on CH INA . . 7

than the naval oflicers . They meet,in every fore ign port

,the sh ips of

Eng land , France , Ru ss ia and Hol land,charged w i th the honorab le du

t ies ofacqu iring nau tical inte l l igence,correct ing the ir nat ional charts

,

open ing new channe ls for commercial spe cu lat ion, col le ct ing spec imensfor the cab ine ts of science

, and whatever may b e deemed wor thy ofintrodu ct ion to the ir several nat ions, to

‘ increase manufactur ing industry and g ive an impu lse to t i l lage . Su ch interv iews cannot b utexc ite painfu l sensations, fromthe lamentab le and d egrad ing contrastwhi ch they present

,between the enl ightened munificence on th e

part of the European sovere igns,and the d isgracefu l neg l igence of

their own government . They anx iou sl y ‘

w ish and r ich ly mer i t to bep laced on a leve l , at least , in these respects, w i th the env iab le cond it ion of the officers of other flee ts, who do not surpass them in sk i l l

,

energy and ab i l i ty,to maintain th e g lory ofthe flag, wh ich Waves over

the ir heads .

Th e probab i l i ty of find ing in China, numerous valuable or orna

mental trees and p lants,be tter

,

adapted to th e cl imate of th e Un i tedS tates

,than those produced on th e western coast of the eas tern con

tinent,h as been repeated ly suggested b ut as th e re asons for th is as

sumpt ion,have been so clearl y stated and conclus ive ly u rged by Mr

Reynolds,in h is very interest ing journal of the voyage of

'

th e Potomac, under the command of Commodore Downes, i t is des irab le thatthey shou ld be more general ly known . I have

,therefore

,made the

fol lowing extract,w i th an ardent hope

,t hat some of the gentlemen

,

who are in constant correspondence w i th th e “ Ce lest ial Emp i re,

”

w i l l become the benefactors of t he ir country,by successfu l l y trans

p lant ing"

su ch specimens ofthe vegetab le products oft hat vast reg ionas may b e deemed either u sefu l to th e farmer or interest ing to the

horticu l tu r ist .

Extract” from Rey no ld’

s Jou rnal of the Voy age ofth e U . S . Frigate‘

Potorriac

Round the World,in th e y ears 1831

—2—3 and 4 .

A proper est imat ion ,in th is country , h as never been p laced upon

th e benefits which might resu l t to agr icu l ture , and part i cu larl y tohort i cu l ture , from an exped i t ion to the coast of Ch ina. That country b as

‘

a cl imate very s imi lar to our own, ar is ing from its s imi larpos i t ion on the east ern edge of a great continent . Both are dry , and

su bject to greater v ic iss i tudes of heat and cold than countr ies in theinterior, or on the other side of the great continent. This be ing the

8 INTRODUCT ION OF THE VEGETABLE

case , the vegetable product ions su i tab le to the one , cannot but thrivewe l l in the other .

Ch ina has been a long t ime c iv i l ized,and the whole extent Of its

coast h as been for ages under a government,wh ich h as paid more

attent ion to agr icu l ture,than any other government that h as ever

ex isted . Under such c ircumstances,i t is imposs ible to be otherw ise

bu t that the vege tables and fru its Of the var ious cl imates have beenaccl imated to a degree much beyond what they have w i th us, or inEurope , from whence we der ive ou r fru i ts and vegetables .

The te rr itor ies Of China, embrac ing both sides Of th e trop ic OfCancer , we have e very reason to be l ieve

,that th e product ions Of the

Sou th , have been extended,as far as poss ib le to the north , and those

Of the north to th e south .

By ge tt ing , therefore , fru its and vege tab les from a country thu s

s i tuated , we get the advantage Of a thousand or more years Of acol imat ion . For instance

,we get ou r apples “

and pears from Eng landand France. The app le we have not y et accl imated as far sou th as

Georg ia. T h ere'

are,we be l ie ve

, onl y one or two var ie t ies, wh ich , in

the u pper part Of that S tate , prove fru i tfu l in some years . The irflavor is very ind ifferent . SO w it h th e pear. Comi ng from th e lat itude of from forty two to fifty

,it is unprodu ct ive sou th Of Bal t imore ,

and so w i t h other fru i ts.

Who can doubt bu t that,in a country in wh ich th e extens ion and

prosper i ty Of agri cu l ture have been the great Object Of government ,the ir fruits and other vegetab les have

,in the cou rse of fifteen h un

dred years, been extend ing gradual ly to the sou t h , so as to becomeu sed to a cl imate

,wh ich i t w i l l take nearly the same per iod to reach ,

w i th th e var iet ies Of fru i ts,wh ich we now have . I t is th e same w i th

th e fru i ts and vegetable produ ct ions Of.

the sou th . The trop ical fru i tsand vegetab les must have been brough t as far north as they can b e

profitab ly cu l t ivated . From fifteen hundred to two thousand yearshave been passed in th is process of accl imat ion.

Wh y shou ld we undergo th is long process, when a few thousanddol lars may introduce them among u s ?

It is we l l known,that among other p lants, th e sugar- cane may

be gradual ly i ntroduced into a

'

cl imate wh ich was at one tune lu congen ial to it. The Otah ite h as been introduced into Lou is iana. Whata gain i t wou ld b e to our country

,if a variety cou ld be procured

wh ich cou ld be raised one degree further north than the Otah ite !The advantages from th is s ing le p lant alone wou ld a thousand t imes

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

10 OB SERVAT IONS ON THE OR IGIN,ETC .

vege tables , by the pr imary influence of the seed,that wonderfu l

organ. in the economy ofth e p lant,th e great and las t master- p ie ce of

sk i l l and w isdom, in wh ich is enfolded w i th a prec iou s and n ice care,

the g lories of the futu re p lant . At the po int from whence ignorancebeg ins to trace th e r ise and progress Of vege tat ion

,the seed

,sc ience

ends ; and al though an analogy Of th is wonderfu l economy may be

traced throughou t every branch ofth e vegetab le k ingdom, y et in a greatproport ion Of th e specie s and gene ra

,th e analogy “

is far from exact .For instance

,among the s imp le and almost rudirnental stage s of v ege ta6

t ion, as the m i croscop i c algae, t h is reprodu ct ive organ assumes a form

scarce l y d iss im i lar from th e rest of th e ce l lu lar t issue Of th e ent ireind iv idual . M inu te globu les, from wh ich issue root lets and fol iage

,

const itu te these germs Of v i tal i ty ; and bo th conjoined,to the incur iou s

ey e , seem b u t th e u sele ss froth of stagnant l iqu ids . Bu t s imp le , andapparently fortu i tous , as may seem these

,no less subjects Of sk i l l or

power,or Objects for adm irat ion are they , and oftent imes in the ir

resu l ts, ofgreat'

importance . Every sc ience is dependen t on . anoth er

for the accu racy of .its invest igat ions : and even Geology,wh ich in

later days h as been the favor i te pursu i t of th e learned wor ld , andattracted th e attent ion and emp loyed th e talents Of the brightest andmost powerfu l minds, from these humb ler, b u t

'

no less importantl inks

'

in the creat ion ,has drawn conclus ions at once sat isfactory

and interest ing .

Bu t as we ascend th e gradual scale of progress i ve de ve lopement,through t h e st i l l imperfect , becau se least understood orders , we findth e same cu r iou s organ assum ing a more and st i l l more defini te form

,

unt i l the h idden myster ies of Natu re , e volve themse lves under the

d ifferent accompany ing mu tat ions of th e reproductive economy .

And then from gemm iferou s granu les , fru stru lm,and ves icles

,we

come to th e fu l ly deve loped seed ; th e chaos , if su ch a term may b e

al lowed,Of Cryptogamia

,to th e perfect ion Of t nogamia. The

analogy be tween seed and reproductive organ, indeed of both th eseand th e b ud

,is st il l apparen t ; for many spec ies of th e Li l iaceae

,

e volve the ir p lumu les and rad i cles,before they have dropped from th e

capsu le wh ich contains them,

in fact, a v iv iparous progeny .

These interl inks,though SO pu zzl ing to th e systemat ist

,are of intense

interest to th e s imp le student Of natu re , respond ing to h is own deepconv i ction that h er Operat ions are w i thou t l im i ts and bounds, an

infinitude of var ie ty .

From seeds, ofwhateve r form,

or under whatever mod ificat ion, are

rN TnE VEGETABLE KINGD OM . 1 1

produced ind iv idual spec ies, var iet ies and var iat ions . This is thegeneral l aw Of organ i zed vege tab le bod ies , b ut the s imp le cont inu

ance Of these is not confined to th is me thod . A lmost e very part of

an . ind iv idual p lant,may b e rendered capab le Of producing a perfect

and un ique counterpart ofits parent stock . [Erial and subterraneou s

stems,leaves

,branches , axil lm,

b ractes and b ractaeal appendages,petals and sepals

,under pecul iar and favorable c ircumstances , can

become th e means Of reproduct ion . T he l acerated fol iage of th e

extens ive l i ly fami ly , pu sh w i th read iness an infant progeny in the

form ofa l i tt le bu lb . T h e crenatures Of th e leafof Bry eph y l l um,

”

are

'

each capable of e vol ving a stem and fol iage ; the leaf and ap

pended pe t iole Of Glox in ia,

”and of Hoya,

”are Often substi tu ted

for more perfect cu tt ings by the flor ist,and . the

‘flat s tems Of the

Cacteae, read i l y form proper p lants . It is thus that vege tab lesseem th e creatures of circumstances the great end of the ir ex is tencebe ing the , product ion of the seed

'

; whatever tend s to d iscou rage su chefforts , seems to mod ify the ir usu al funct ions . Endued w i th an almostintu i t ive and prov ident care for the ir cont inu ance and reproduct ion

,

th e energy of the v i tal operat ions is expended in some other than th eu su al form,

b ut wh ich shal l accomp l ish the end .

It . is from th e seed that we u sual ly expect the spe cies . A trueSpec ies comprehends only those p lants

,therefore

,wh ich so mu ch

resemb le each other in every important part i cu lar, as to make it

ev ident that they proceeded from th e'

same . original parentf But

notw i thstand ing th e resemb lance may be so str ik ing as to denotethem as one spec ies

, y et m inor d ifferences may ex ist,permanent in

themse lves , which are cont inue d from generat ion to generat ion by th eagency of th e seed . These consti tu te a r ace

,and several race s may

de ri ve the ir or igin from one Spec ies . But shou ld impregnat ion occu r,e i ther by accident or de sign

,between two races

,i t g ives r ise to

another d ist inct form,cal led a var iety ,

and th is can onl y be propogated as a ver i tab le var ie ty by subd iv is ion of its several parts . T h e

seed Of such a var ie ty wou ld invar iab ly return to the or ig inal race or

spec ie s , from wh ich it sprung . Ow ing to some pecu l iar i ty of so i l,

exposure , d isease , or the l ike , var iations -may occur, and th ese can on l yb e cont inued by exped ients s imi lar to the c ircumstances under wh ichthey occu rred .

Varie t ies are often m isnomered hy br ids . A’

h y b rid mu st be th e jo intproduct ion of two d ist inct Spec i es by impregnat ion ; and few suchprod uctions can form seed . In th e an imal economy al l hybrids are

12 OBSERVAT IONS ON THE OR IGIN, ETC .

barren , and instances have been recorded of real vegetab le h ybridsraised between two species of Ver bascum,

and also Of the spec ies ofD ig i ta lis , the latter ofwh ich was dec ided ly barren.

Variat ions may b e propagated by art ific ial means . Pe largon iumZonale

,

”some t imes) produ ces d ist inct branches of a perfectly wh ite

or s i lve ry fo l iage,and one p lan t w i th which I was acquainted ,

pai'

ticu l arl y prone to th is hab i t . Several var iet ies ofth e Came l l ia,assume a s im i lar appearance , some t imes cur iou sly spotted or blotched .

Sect ions of such branches,in the form Of cu tt ings , or layers , or

inarched scions m ight propagate these d is t inct ive characters . Itperhaps the most general ly happens, that su ch aberrat ions from th e

u su al cou rse are too much dependent on so i l or other fortu i tou sc ircumstances , to render them anyth ing more than objects of cur ios i ty .

F lowers of some we l l defined var ie t ies of the Came l l ia are thus veryl iable to s ingu lar vari ations ; for instance , that common ly known as

the Dou ble striped wh i le beau t ifu l and rare var ie t ie s of the gorgeons Dahl ia

,th e pr ide of th e garden

,undergo s trange mu tat ions

in d iffe rent so i ls . From th e identical parent root ofone su ch , Lev~

ick’

s Incomparab le , two separate p lants in d iffe rent s ituat ions du r ingth e past summer produced ve ry unequal flowers, th e e legant wh itet ipped pe tals of one , be ing comparat ivel y frequent and regu lar, wh i lethey were scarcely observab le on th e other. No less remarkab le theaberration in two p lants of “ Levick

’s Commander - in- ch ief

,

”under

s imi lar circumstances,traceable in th is instance ent ire l y to the d if

ferent qu al i t ies of the so i l . Though no admirer of P i cta formosiss ima

, y et I have seen among its almost innumerab le flowers , some of

th e u tmost regu lar i ty of str ipes , and again others scarce ly worthy itstr iv ial name . Who h as not been struck w ith th e cur ious hab i ts ofth e beaut ifu l and fragrant Carnat ion ,

now blend ing in p ictor ial h armony its many and var ied colors , and now produ cing one deep sp lend id dy e over its every pe talI t is th is cu r iou s , though un i versal law of the vege tab le k ingdom,

w h ich enab le s the operator to prodtice so many u sefu l and beau t ifu lobjects to de l igh t th e ey e or grat ify th e senses . The attent ion wh ichh as been paid to th is su bject in Eng l and

,France

,Be lg ium

,and in

some degree in th is country , h as been rewarded by treasures worthythe sk i ll and pains employed . T he s ingu lar and oftent imes unex

pected resu l ts of such labors,have . led physiolog ists to cons ider the

theory of such mu tat ions , and enter on stud ies wh ich shou ld e luc idate

the apparent myster ies of reproduction, and the permanent or acc i

IN THE VEGETABLE K INGDOM . 13

d ental influences , wh ich resu lt therefrom ,and wh ich affe ct th e subje cts

of the ir researches .

It h as been al ready ment ioned th at '

species and var ie t ies , and e ven

the ir mu tat ions may b e rendered permanen t pr imar i ly by th e seed , or

subsequ ently by S ubd iv is ion Of the ir several parts . On th e same

pr inc ip le of su bd iv is ion and increase by cu tt ings,is the common

operat ion of graft ing , so fami l iar to e very cu l t ivator . Th is pract ice

is undou bted ly one of gre at ant iqu i ty , and probab ly der ived its orig in

from the observat ion of a natu ral un ion,wh ich often takes p l ace

be tween two l iv ing s tems whose surfaces have been abraded of the i rbark

,and rendered cont iguous by acc idental pressu re . To insure

th e su ccess of th e Operat ion it is necessary that the vesse ls of the

l iber, (wh ich is composed of woody fibre and ductS) of both p lants

shou ld mee t , in order that th e carnb ium or descend ing and e laboratedsap shou ld des cend from th e sc ion into th e

‘

stock . Th is un ion and

th e deve lopement of the scion cannot b e regarde d in any other l ightt han as a mod ified cu tt ing and th e s tock in wh ich it is inserted the

pecu l iar and ne cessary med ium of nu tr i t ion .

Many id le and fanc ifu l th ings and not ions have he retofore obtainedrespect ing th e operat ion of graft ing

,su ch as th e ready un ion of a

sc ion on any stock ; and some influence the sc ion h as in modify ingand inde ed chang ing the characterof the stock

,or th e s tock , affe ct ing

to a greate r or less d egree,the sc ion . Thus th e anc ients men t ion

that app les and v ine s Were grafte d on e lms and pop lars,though they

add , th at the ir durat ion was short ; and Eve l yn,

among - r the more

modern writers on the su bje ct, tel ls u s of a rose wh ich h e saw grafted

on an Orange tree in Ho l l and ; and even now though less rare thanformerl y , we hear of the pr act icab i l ity of roses be ing un i ted to the

b lack cu rrant and barberry , producing ye l low or b lack flowers . S hou ldS iIch un ion take p lace i t cou ld not be permanent

,as it is an immu tab le

l aw of vege tab le incre ase , that to insure s uccess the p lants mu st beo f the same fam i l y . T he operat ion of graft ing is therefore performede i ther to preserve a val uab le varie ty

, or to increase the ind iv iduals of

s u ch a var iety. V iewed as a mod ified. cu tt ing in a pecu l iar and

appropr iate pabu lum,the false t heory of its influence exerted on the

s tock become s apparent . By certain and cur ious exper iments,

Kn igh t sat isfactor i l y proved that each var ie ty offru i t requ ires its ownfol iage to br ing i t to perfect ion : and i t is equ al ly wel l determ ined

—

thata l though th e ascend ing s ap is ident i cal l y the same in stock and graft,y et the d ifferent leaves -

of the latter by the ir own\ economy and

14 OB SERVAT IONS ON THE OR IGIN,ETC .

function'

s e laborate an ent ire ly d ifferent camb ium for its annual

increase. T h e object of th e cu l t ivator is therefore to afford thatabundance and strength of nu triment to the sc ion or

"

graft,derived

from a more mature and V igorou s p lant,wh ich shou ld more rap id ly

cau se i t to evol ve its flowers or fru i t .R egard shou ld b e paid to the physiolog ical characters of th e

ind iv iduals to b e increased by graft ing ; such as th e s imi lar i ty in

quantity'

of sap, the per iod of defoliat ion or a s im il ar i ty of internals tru ctu re . T h e app le h as thus been grafted on th e hawthorn,

and a

comp le te un ion w as effe cted, y et th e heal thy grow th was confined to

th e stock to th e de tr iment of th e sc ion,wh ich after protrud ing a few

s i ck l y leaves, per ished at the end of summe r .

D iseases l ike var iat ions,may b e cont inued by grafting .

‘T h e

heal th or v igor of th e stock cannot mod ify or recreate th e dec l iningpowers of th e si ck ly sc ion . W i th th e inherent qual it ies of the

part icu lar var ie ty to wh ich'

it be longs,i t also possesses and mu st

transmi t the inherent d ise ase of its parent s tem . Valuab le variet iescannot b e saved from destru ct ion

,and recourse can b e only h ad to

th e chance - Of a s imi lar from th e seed .

It is a common pract i ce to destroy al l th e shoots or su ckers as theyare some t imes cal l ed

,which protrude from the stock

.be low th e graft,

becau se , as i t is general l y supposed,they d ivert the sap from the

sc ion . A better reason may b e assigned , , th at i t is des irab le to

faci l itate th e ful l downward expans ion of th e albu rnum by th e

descend ing current of the camb ium,

and thus render st i l l moreperfect th e change effected by the ope rat ion of grafting . Thisp r incip le be ing adm i tted

,the re h as ar isen an e rro r in some m inds

,

re l at ive to th e total change Of the ent ire tree or p lant . If after a

certain per iod th e annu al depos i tion Of albu rnum by the descend ingcamb i um has ident ified the stock w i th its sc ion

,shou ld not

.

th e

fortu i tous b ud evol ved from ' the stem,b e of the same character w i t h

those of th e scion and prod u ce the same qu al i ty of flower or fru i t ?T he error cons is ts in a m istaken not ion of the orig in of buds .

Phys iolog ists have demonstrated that these exist in thefi rst annua l

develop ement of the axis,stem or br anch

,and are nour ished by the

medu l la or p ith ; that they m ay remain dormant for any number ofyears , be ing protruded in th is state and nou r ished by e ach success iveannu al layer , dy ing w i th th e destru ct ion of th e p lant

,or cal led from

the ir embryo state into fu l l and l iv ing ex istences at any fortu i tous

IN TH E VEGE TABLE K INGDOM . 15

moment when the ir powers are needed,for its nour ishment and v i tal

functions . Whenever {th is} may happen , the ir course may b e tracedfrom the ve ry ex ter ior po int of appearance on the stem

,to the ir first

or ig in,by a pale l ine ofparenchymatous matter

,runn ing to th e very

cen tre . This accounts for the rap id growth of su ckers on the s tumpsofpart i cu lar tre es

,e spec ial l y ofth e w i l low and popl ar

,as also of some

of our fru i t trees after be ing cu t down,and by an examinat ion of a

transverse se ct ion,th is beau t ifu l phenomenon may b e perce ived .

When by accident or other cau se a val uab le varie ty of grafted fru i th as been lost

,no one expects to recover it by th e protrus ion of su ckers

o r shoots from the stem ; wh ich shou ld b e th e case d id th e annuald epos i t ion ent ire l y al ter the tree

,as also h e m ight reasonab l y expect ,

d id the theory of Duhame l hold , that b u—ds were preorgan i ze d germs ,pervad ing e ve ry part of th e p lant and produ ced by the descen t of thecamb ium

,after its e laborat ion in the leaves.

Several instances of var iat ion have'

been alre ady cons ide red,b ut

among the more cu r iou s may b e men t ioned that Of fru i t . Part i cu larvar ie t ies, i t h as been asserted , are more prone to th is Sport ivenessthan are others . T h e influence of so i l

,of exposu re

,air

,and ofmany

,

almost tr iv ial c ircumstances,may consp ire in a great measure to

produce these effects . That su ch is th e case,almost every one

’s

experience, can furnish instances of one and th e same fru it g rown

'

on

d ifferent so i ls,not only produ cing an earl ier crop

,b u t even where the

r ipen ing of th e fru i t is s imu l tane ou s , d ifferences depend ing en t ire l yon so i l have orig inated d iss imi lar names . Undoubted ly on th isaccount is i t that our nomenclature of cu l t ivated fru i ts is so deficientin accu racy

,and so mu ch needs invest igat ion and study to reduce i t

to S imp le tru th . S ing le and ind iv idual trees too,i t is asserted , often

produ ce on th e same branches a cons iderab le d ifference of qu al i ty int he ir fru i t

,so mu ch indeed as

,to lead to th e suppos i t ion that by

su bd iv is ion or graft ing,a permanent and pecu l iar var iety m ight be

perpe tuated . Thus,sl ight d ifferences , be tween branches su ch as

e x ist in e very tree,have been t hought capab le of produ c ing per

manent var iat ions,through the ir part i cu lar organ izat ion. Extreme

care In draw ing conclu s ions,from such theories shou ld be observed

,

becau se the mod ify ing circumstances are so numerous,in produc ing

what in fact are b ut trans ient or accidental dev iat ions .

ART . IV. On th e P rep arati on of F lower ing P lants , F ru i ts andVeg etables , for sa le. Commun i cated by Mr J . E . TE S CH E

MACHE R .

To render art icles for sale attract ive to the ey e at th e fir st g l ance"

,

to whatever u se they may b e afterwards appropr iated,is the great art

of a trader ; and no art i c les Of fancy requ i re the app l icat ion of th isknow ledge more than fru i t and flowers .

If the French do notg exce l the Eng l ish and the Du tch .in the cu l t ivat ion of many spec ie s of p lants

,at least they do in the e legant and

gracefu l manner they prepare flowers for sale,in training th e branches

ofp lants natu ral ly , in causing the ir ju ices to throw ou t shoots,flowe rs

and bu ds in str ik ing S i tuat ions , in dwarfing some and forcing othersinto lu'xu riant grow th al l wh ich they effect by many l ittle arts and

secre ts and in th e app l icat ion of these,a host of flor ists (j ardiniers,

fleu r istes) in Par is ardent ly vie w i th each other .

Those who h ave v is i ted th is ce lebrated cap ital and its flower-marke t,

w i th the var iou s hort i cu l tu ral estab l ishments ofMessrs Matth ieu,Du

rand,Lemon ,

F ion,and others , where these l i tt le arts arepract ised in

perfe ct ion ,mus t al low that th e French possess the talen t of g iv ing

the ir flowe r ing p l ants a more tastefu l appearance , and , to use the ir ownphrase , a more coque tt ish air than th e gardeners ofany other country .

One of th e most common,as we l l as mos t universal ly adopted

me thods Of act ing on a p lant by these gardeners,is p inch ing of the

buds ; and in de scr ib ing th e effect of th is operat ion,I intend

,bes ides

my own exper ience , to add that of several of these French flor ists

w ho have pub l ished some th ing on th is subject , part i cu larl y ofM. Ph i ll ipar

,gardener of the greenhou se ‘

at the Museum of Natural H istory

at Par is .

W hen i t is cons idered desirable to g i ve a p lant a dwarfish hab i t,

and make i t grow bu shy and th i ck , i t is effected by p inch ing out

neatly and carefu l ly the buds at th e extreme end (top) ofthe branches

the resu l t Of th is is to throw th e sap back into the lower part of thep lant

,as i t cannot find vent at the uppe r , and there i t bursts out into

nume rous flower- bear ing branches , instead of on l y form ing one sp ike

w i th b lossoms at gre at d istance s . When these new buds are burst ing

out be low ,the art ofp inch ing them ou t so as to leave others in proper

S i tuat ions , is put into u se ; a l i ttle pract ice and exper ience w i l l soong ive that facil i ty and judgment wh ich cannot b e learned by th e mi

untest descript ion or instru ction ; b ut i t is ev ident that th is me thod is

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

18 ON TH E PREPARAT ION OF

support when ind ispens ible shou ld b e green or brown shoots,so as to

b e as l ittle consp i cuou s as poss ib le ; and in pl acing them,e ve ry re«

gard mu st be h ad to the natu re Of—th e p lant,whe ther i t is u pright and

woody , trai l ing , or cl imb ing ; th e t ies w i th bass -

shou ld b e as smal l asconven ient , and tw isted to

'

m'

ake i t th in ; th e ends neatly cu t off.

I II France , when roses and other flowers are brought for sale in

pots , th e flowers are general ly protected by p ieces of wh ite paper int he shape of cones (com ets ) t ied round them neatly,so t hat th e sun

does not scorch them,and they reach th e houses Of t h e pu rchase rs

w i thou t be ing spo i led . Under th e buds and round th e caly x or lowerpart of th e flowe r a l i tt lecotton is stufled between it ~and th e st i ck ,t hat i t may b e t ied close w ithout inju ry from ru bb ing . Th is is th eme thod adop ted in pack ing Aur ic

'

u las,Pol yanthu s and other flowers

for send ing to th e Var iou s exh ib it ions . They w i l l thus trave l manym i les un injured .

Herbaceou s , perenn ial and b ienn ial p lants may alWay s b e kept forsale

,at e ve ry per iod o f th e s easons

,by transferr ing them from th e

seed beds in to pots,so that e ven In th e m idd le of the summer they

may b e tu rned ou t of the pot at once into h '

) l 8 $ prepared for t hem in

th e flower banks ; There are very many ad vantages in adopting th issystem w ith

'

h erb‘

aceou s p lants . S ummer is th e t ime when they showoff t he ir b eau ty , and if those who we re de l ighted w i th

.

them cou ldcarry away a p lant at th e t ime

,wh i le

,the effect of th is beau ty is on

their m inds , they wou ld t hen pu rchase ; b u t before the proper season

arr ives for transp lanting , th is effect is efl'

aced or forgotten ,and th e

ve ry pu rpose of th e nu rsery'

man’s showy garden

,th e sale ofh is p lants

,

is lost.Another advantage is

,that those wh ich are rat her tender may be

protected du r ing the w inter by mov ing them into th e ce l lar, or in a

p i t,w here they shou ld b e kept moder ate l y dry ; of cou rse by keep ing

them in pots they become smal l in statu re,b u t th is is no e ventual

de tr iment , /as they are soon restored to v igor in the Open ground , par

ticu l arly ifplanted in r i ch '

and congen ial so i l .Many he rbaceou s perenn ials wh ich are transplanted in th e spr ing

w i l l not flower we l l th e same year,b u t if they h ad been moved from

pots th e preced ing summer or au tumn,th e fibr i ls of th e roots wou ld

have taken sufficient hold of th e earth to grow and b lossom luxuri

ap tly th e fol low ing year ; thi s is read i ly accomp l ished by hav ing themthus for sale in pots ; they can then b e transferred in th e summer , and

have the great advantage Of th e au tumnal rains to fix them in the

ground .

PLANTS,ETC . ,

FOR SALE . 19

In the extens ive nursery ofMessrs Lodd iges , near London,a large

s tock. ofhardy p l ants is always kep t on'

.hand in th is state , so th at cu stomers are never d isappo inted , and the ir examp le h as b een fo l lowedby many in the trade : rock p lants are general ly kept in pots . I havealways been - in th e h ab it ofkeepIng a reserve ofperenn ials in pots forth e purpose of present ing to amateu rs and friends . T h e greates tp leasu re

,next to grow ing a beau t ifu l flower , is that Of d isseminat ing it

amongst t hose of s im i lar taste .

But I must pass on t o th e second part of my proposed communica

tion— the preparat ion of- fru i ts and vegetab les for sale : and in th ispart

,I shal l have to confine mys e lf ch iefly to th e manoe uvrespract ised

for the Londonm arke ts,wh ich

,al though innocent , w i l l p robab l y raise

a sm i le among some ofyour reade rs . S eve ral have bee n p ub l ished ,b u t al l are pre tty we l l known t here by th e marke t gardeners

,al though

th ey l

may b e new here .

The great attract ion of the grape,cons ists not onl y in th e - s ize of

the bunches and of th e ind iv idu al grapes , b u t also in a beau t ifu l wh itepowder wh ich covers th em ,

cal led th e b loom — to de l ineate wh ich ina paint ing is cons idered ind ispensab le , b u t requ i res gre at art in th e

art ist TO'

preserve th is“b loom u nd isturbed

,th e bunches shou ld b e

th inned whe n half the ir s i ze , th at th e Sc issors may not rub any off

whe n i t is form ing and in house s where steam is some t imes adm i t ted tomo isten th e atmosphere

,great care mus t betaken that too m uch .b e not

admi tted at once towe t th e grape,as water takes ofl

'

th is beau ty, wh ich ,

when once depar ted,can neve r b e re stored again by natu re . Light .

and much aIr_

are qu i te necessary to produ ce a. p lent ifu l natu ral b loom ;b u t if i t is ru bbed off and l ost

,i t may b e restored by su spen d ing th e

b unches In a large close '

box,w i th ’

a hole on one s ide , through wh ich ispuffed a quant ity of very dry and fine l y powdered magne s ia ; th is IS donewith an instrument cal led a. puff- box

,Or w i th a c ircu lar brush charged

w ith magnes ia,whi ch ru bs against another

_

a quant ity s ifted th roughmu sl in or any thmg wh ich w i l l raIse a ve ry fine d ust ins ide the b ox

,

w i thou t mov ing the fru i t , w i l l answer th e!

pu rpose,tak ing e are

,how

e ver,no t to Gover it too much wi th powder , or In other words

hnot to

overcharge nature .

P l ums , part i cu lar ly those ofa dark color , are l aid on smal l trays ona she lf in the same box cOnstruCted of fine crossed e eS so th at thepowder may reach e ve ry part . T h e s ame w i th pe aches

,figs and

“

neo

tarines,and In fact al l fru i t wh ich h as natural ly a b loom In laying

them ou t for show In d is'

hes,much pains shou ld b e taken to decorate

20 ON THE PR EPARAT ION OF PLANTS,ETC .

them properly w i th leaves,part i cu larl y peaches

,h ectarines and round

fru i ts, wh ich are much se t Off by th e contrast of green fol iage ; e achfru it shou ld r ecl ine gent l y as it we re on a leaf

,th at is

,it must not b e

pressed down. Leaves ‘Of a tender g reen

‘

are p refe rabl e for some

fru i ts ; for o thers , a darker color is .more su i table ; but those w i thbeautifu l and de c ided indentat ions

,l i ke the v ine leaf and some Of th e

mal low, tribe, h ave th e bes t effect . T h e b lack mu lberry is good fordecorat ion,

b ut care must be taken to w ipe off th e ju i ce Wh ich exudesfrom th e foot stalk

,otherw ise i t w i l l

'

injure th e b loom . Var iegatedleaves are Somet imes p leas ing for th is purpose

,part i cu larl y thos e of

the Aucuba Japon'i ca . T hese leaves mu s‘t alv’

vay s b e laid w i th thestalks conceal ed . Where grapes are exposed for show in large 'q

'

u'

an

t i t i’es,th e ‘

r'

nost imposmg effect is produced by keep ing th e dark a nd

l ight co lored var iet ies in d istinct masses b ut where only smal l quant i t ies ex ist

,then the most p leas ing appearance ar ises from contrast ,

by m ing l ing both ‘colors tastefu l ly in th e same d ish . IVhen grapes

have to'

b e conveyed any di stance ,t h e bunches shou ld b e h ung in a

box and se veral th in strips of I'vhaleb one or Cane passed through holes

in the box, and through th e lbunch es just ‘under th e forks

of th e fruit- stal k , ‘

to support th e w e igh t'of d ifferent parts ofthe bunch ,

and‘

to keep th e b loom u nd isturbed .

'

Gooseberr'ie‘

s should be placed in b askets O'

r d is’he '

s ornanI erIted‘

wi~th

leaves '

th e’

d ifferent colored sorts m ixe d in equalC urrants ought to b e carefu l ly gathered , so that the

‘bunches are netspoi led or broken leaves neatly arranged r’ouh d -the

'

edge of the ’basket

d ish,and in the m iddle

,the

1

fru i t laid l ightly in,

’the red and Wh iteproperl ym ixed , w i th the larg

‘

estfb undhes ofeach on the top .

Strawberr ies and ‘R aspb er‘

r ieS '

are toib

'

e d eco‘

rated in th e same man

ner‘

;’

the'

latter fru it requires 'much care in p i ck ing

,and should b e

it'

soon'

loses it'

s pecu l iar flavor .

Th e Cucumber‘

engrosses mu ch of'th’ e ’gard '

ener’s attention in-

‘Eng

land , and great art is used in producing'them of a

'

fine color ,‘

w i thb eautifu l

'

b loom,a straight form,

and want ing none of those l i tt le

prick les w i th wh ich th e sk in'

of th is-

vege tab le is supp l ied and orna

mented . To produ ce them in t h is s tate they must have p lenty of l igh tand as mu ch air as th e season Of th e year In wh ich they are grown

wi l l al low ; always suppos ing them to b e cul t ivated in a frame or hot

bed ; the fruit mu st not be‘

sh‘

aded by leaves,

“

nor l ie too'

close ’ to th e

groand , Otherwise it w i l l not have that'

beau t ifu l dark b lu ish green

color'

sO“'

much desired , but Wi l l turn ye l low underneat h . To make

ON THE SELECT ION OF PLANTS . 21

the cucumber grow straigh t,i t shou ld b e la id when young in a woode n

trou'gh , with gl ass unde rne ath,so that i t cannot cu rl u p. F ru i t may

Often b e made,in th is way , to grow ten or twe l ve inch es in length .

TO straighten them after they a re cu t,they shou ld b e kept in a cool

,

d ry p lace , on a piec‘

e'

of board w i th holes m ade e ve ry h alf inch,and a

back to p lace aga inst the convex s ide Of the cucumber ; in these hole spegs are p laced

,wh ich “press the ends Of the cucumbe r backwards ,

and final ly s traighten i t considerab ly . TO put on the pri ck le art ifici al ly , j ust moi-Stem the spot 'Ou wh i ch i t is w ish ed to .p lace i t, w i thth e smal lest quant i ty of gum

'

water, take up th e‘

pr i ck le cut from

another cu cumbe r,w i th th e po int Of a fine n eed le , and p lace it care

fu lly on ; . Wh'e'

n'd‘ry , l ay round th e base

,w i th a fine camel ’s hair pen

c il, th e smal lest d rop "

Offl iqu id Ind ian ink. After th is Operat ion,the

cucumber must ‘

b e p laced in the b looming bOX , ’t0 re ce i ve th e fin ish in gtouch . Three su ch straight , fine fru i t

,we l l b loomed

,p laced in a

basket on cu cumber leaves,have a very h andsome and attract ive ap

pearance . Some g ardeners h ave been in th e hab i t Of prod ucing an

art ific ial b loom on fru i t by expos ing i t to th e fumes ’

Of su lphur ; b u tth is i s ne ither so effic ient inor :so i nnocent as th e fine d ust Ofmagnes ia.

A w i thered blossom adher ing to the end ofth e cu cum‘b ery is general l y

though t requ is ite toperfect its a ppearance ; .when i t h as fal len Off,

another , taken from a fru i t .nOt qu i te fi t '

tO’ Cut,is stuck on w i th a l i ttle

gum and starch .

Many other artifices m ight b e de tai led,wh i ch add t O

'

the attrac tionof‘the p roducts Of the garden ,

and make . th em almost irres ist ible to

those ‘

who‘

find 7a p leasu re and sat isfact ion in encou rag ing th e industryand ingenu i ty Of the gardener ; b ut I - fear I have a lready rather ex

ceeded‘

t he l imits ass igned “

for a'

single commun i cat ion .

ART . V . .

—'

On the Selection of-

Hardy H erbaceousP'

l‘

ants,su itable

for Ornamenting the P ar terre,B order or S hru bbery

‘

. Gommu

n icated by Mr JOSE PH BRECK .

IT is grat ify ing '

t‘

o w itness ‘th e i ncreas ing taste for fine fru i ts a ndflowers , in our c i t ies a nd v i l lages

,and 'to behold in e very d irect ion

some smal l beg inn ings,at least

,in th e de l ightful art Of Hort i cu l tu re ;

wh ich , ifencouraged and persevered in,w i l lmalkegp ur be loved country

l ike the garden Of Eden hav ing —an a bundance th at ~is i

pleasant to

22 ON THE SELECT ION OF PLANTS .

the s ight and good for food .

” I shal l feel myse lf h appy if byh umb le efforts , I can In any degree contr ibu te to an Objec t so de :b le as increas ing th is tas te . TO effect th is

,i t w i l l b e necessarg

w r ite ,

l

not for the professed amate u r and hort i cu l tu rist only,who

,

presumed are in fu l l possess ion Of al l requ rsrte knowledge , and al rrs ufficientl v exc ited by the su cce ss Of the i r efforts to go On ; b uthose more part icu l arl y who are j ust Opening the ir eyes to th e be atOf. the vege tab le world

,and tak ing the ir first steps in th e road to

te mp le of F lora . To such i t w i l l b e.

my des ign in th is and in 5

fu tu re commu ni cat ions , to no t ice some Of the mos t sh ewy h erb aci

p l ant s wo rt hy Of cu l t ivat ion .

In my descr ipt ions I hope I shal l b e excu sed if te chn i cal terms

u sed wi th exp lanat ions . It 'is ne ce ssary and proper they shou l v

to the excl u s ion Of common names,

- wh ich are perp lexing ; as

p lan t in many cases h as d ifferent names in d ifferent sections Of

co im try . Batche lors bu ttons,for instance in one p l ace is Centai

cyanus,in another Gomphrena g lobosa

,and in a t h ird H ib iscus

onum ; whereas th e botan ical langu age is universal .I s hal l g i ve the e tymology Of the gener i c names as they are

p l ained by London and other standard au thors ; many o f wh ichof Greek or Lat in or ig in

,and g iven in honor Of the d iscoverer

from the qu al it ies and hab its Of th e p lants.

T he spec ific name refers to its pecu l iar i t ies ; as its manne

inflorescence ,color, shape or odor of its flowers ; shape , posi

and append age s Of th e fol iage Or stems ; its locat ion ,t ime of HO

ing and he igh t ; or from the d iscoverer or some d ist ingu ished botzor patron ,

doc.

T he specific name may b e compared w i th th e christ ian name

person ; the generi c to th e surname ; th e order to a town ; and

class to ‘

a s tate or k ingdom .

I make“ these introductory remarks as there may b e some ,

w i thou t d ue cons iderat ion may th ink that in th e u se Of b -

otarlangu age , th is is j

i

a u se less and pedant i c d isplay Of words .

Of al l the hardy perenn ials , the re are none,perhaps

,of so

cu l t ivat ion ,wh ich are more p leas ing than th e numerou s and h i

Ornamental fam i ly Of Phloxes ; y e t b u t very few Of th e spec ie :extensive l y known . T he genus is exclu s ive ly N .

_Amer i can

,an

th e western and sou t hern S tates is one Of the most consp i cuou smeri ts Of th e prair ies and woods . None Of the spec ies are to be

w i th‘

in N . Eng land ; b u t in N. Jersey and Pennsy lvan ia a fe

ON THE SELECT ION or PLANTS . 23

theni may be found . It is said of an eminent Bri t ish co l lector,Mr

Drummondfi“ that on behold ing a patch OfP h lox subu lata in one of

the p ine barrens in N . Jersey,h e exclaimed T h e be au ty of that

alone is worth com ing to Ameri ca to see,it' is -so splend id .

” W ith a

good col lect ion of Phloxes,th e garden

“

need not e ver b e de s t i tu te of

beau ty , as some Of them are in'

b loom from Apri l to Octo be r . Some

produ ce a second .crop of flo ivers if cu t down immed i ate l y afte r th eb loom is over

,wh il e '

oth e rs cont inue { to d isp l ay for month s the iru nt iring charms .

“ It has been tru ly said by ano the r wr i ter , t hat a

col lection Of them prope rl y at tended to,wou ld Of th emse l ve s

(con

'

stitu te a beau t ifu l flower garden .

”

T h e l ate flower ing sorts are mu ch to b e pr ized On account of the irl ive l y colors Of purp le

,red and w h i te

,and form a fine contrast w i th

th e other au tumnal flowe rs,wh i ch are most ly ye l low . T he ve rnal

ones too are accep table,though humb le in growth

,and de l igh t th e

e y e w ith the ir br i l l iancy and]

love liness .

Wh i le many herbaceou s p lants requ ire protect ion in w inter,none

Of those I am abou t to descr ibe need i t,w i th th e e xcept ion of th e

dwarf spec ies,wh ich are e ve rgreen ,

th e flower bu ds are formed In

au tumn; and shou ld be 'sl igh tl y protected , or rather sh aded . It is notso mu ch th e cold as th e powerfu l March sun wh ich does the d amage ;al l that is necessary in most cases Of protect ion 1s to p revent th e

act ion of th e sun u pon th e p lant when in - a frozen“

state . . Mos t of

th e species de l ight in a mOist r ich so i l,b ut su cceed - tole rab ly we l l in

almost any s i tu at ion,prov ided i t is not very l ight and dry . NO

p lant is more e asi ly propagated than ‘

most of the fam i ly .

‘

I t is done

general ly by d iv id ing-

th e roots immed iate l y after th e'

b loom is over

for th e ear l y flower ing sorts,and in th e spring for th e l ate ones , or

th e roots may b e d iv ided at the se ason Of flower ing w i th succe ss, ifcu t to th e ground .

Th e gener i c name Phlox is from a Greek word s ign ify ing flame .

Th e p lan t so named by th e ancien ts is supposed to b e awAgrostemma,

a very d iffe rent p lant our Phlox of cou rse was not then known . I t

be longs to th e cl ass Pentandr ia (five stamens) ; o rder Monogyn ia

(one st ile ) ; natu ral orde r Polemoniacm,from Polemon ium

,Its type .

Th e sad inte l ligence Of th e death of this gentl eman,h as recently b een an

'

nou nced . H is loss w i l l h e deeply fe lt b y th e friends'

of Botanical sci ence .

He h ad crossed from Texas to th e’

peninsu la Of Fl orida,w i th th e intention of

explor ing th e botanical rich es Of that country ; '

b u t finding th e season unfavorab le ,h e sai le d over to Havana, intend ing to spend a short time there , b u t d ied soon

after h is arrival .”

24 ON THE SELE CT ION OF PLANTS .

T h e characte r of th e genu s is a three ce l le d capsu le (see-d vesse l . )C o ro l la (flo w e r) s al ve r s h aped ,

dw rded i nto five segme nts W i t h a con

sptcno ns t u b e m ore o r le ss cu rve d . S tugn’

ta ( the top of the pis t tl o r

ce ntr a l pa rt o f th e flo w e r) tr tfid (th ree p arted ) ; a deeply smal l fivec left caly x (the lo w e s t po rt ion o f the flowe r

,o r th at wh ich forms its

o u te r cover ing in the b u d,gene ral ly g reen . )

We w i l l now beg in w i th the e arl ie st spe cies,and proceed in the

order Of the t ime Of t he i r flowe r ing .

P h lox su bu lata . T he leaf is su b u late or aw l shape that is,nar

row at the base , and becom ing more or less c u rved to one s ide at th e

po int . This pre t ty spec ies d isplays its showy p ink flowers th e last OfApril

,and in such profu s ion as to conceal its ye l low ish green fo l iage

,

and cont inues in bloom for ne ar ly.a mon th

,and is compan ion w i th

th e two fol low ing , and l ike them ,from fou r to six inche s high . It is

known by th e common name Of moss p ink . It can be so rap id lyincre ased that it may be u sed to advantage for edg ings

,b u t requ ires

some care to keep it in order .

P h lox stolonr'

fer a . (C reeping ) T he p lant pu ts forth su ckers orshoots near the surface Of th e e ar th

,wh ich take root

,some th ing aft

the manner of th e s trawberry . Leaves Ovate (egg shaped ) brownish green ; stem erect

,bear ing a few large deep red flowers wh ich

beg into expand a few days late r than th e preced ing . A very love l yspecies and worthy Of cu l t ivat ionP h lox n

‘

(Snow wh ite . ) T he flowers are bri l l iant snowywh ite

,marked w i th orange in th e centre

,on th e end Of the branches,

in“bunches from three to five

,and make the ir appearance from the

10th to th e m idd le Of May , and cont inue unt i l the first of June . If

the au tumn is m i ld as was the last , i t w i l l produce a second crop , b u tnot in su ch profus ion . Leaves setaceou s (br ist ly ) sh in ing deep

'

gr

This is th e most tender, and is general l y more or less injured w i thout a l i ttle protect ion, and i t is u ndoubted ly one of th e most e legantof th e fam i ly

).

P h lox divar ica te . Branches d ivar i cate that is, spread out so far

from the stem,

.as to form more than a r ight angle w i th i t above .

This beau t ifu l spec ies flowers th e last Of May , very large , pale b lue ,on l ax decumbent stems , one foot h igh . Leaves ovate lanceolate ,(egg shaped at the base tapering Ofl

'

a t th e point l ike th e ancientlance . ) This may b e cons idered one Of the finest

,b u t h as not been

so extens ive l y d isseminated as some Of the tribe.P h lox macu lata . The stem is dotted w ith dark spots, from

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26 on THE S ELECT ION or PLANTS.

gant species , and resemb les the l ast,excep t in color of the flowers

w h ich are fine purp le ; at the same t ime and he ight . In the morningwhen covered w i th dew

, or in we t weath e r ,

l

the flowers appear b lu ishpurp le , b u t in fair weather red purp le .

P hlox hy br ida . A beau t ifu l seed l ing found be tween masses of th e

wh ite and pu rp le pyramidal , and in appearance th e same , excep t ing th ecolor of th e flowers

,wh ich are fine p ink

,shaded w ith purp le .

P h lox p anicu lata . F lowers in pani cles ; ( loose irregu lar bunch of

flowers w i th subd iv ided branches ) ; in th is case the bunch is compact l ike the l i lac ; it h as a very gracefu l appearance , th e pan i c l

'

e in

el ining to one side of the stem. One of th e tal lest of the fam i ly ;frequently exceed ing four fee t in a strong so i l ; stem smooth erect ;leaves lanceolate flat ; marg ins rough ; flowers fine p ink , cont inue in

perfect ion t hrough August .P hlox carolz

'

na . From the Carol inas . A handsome spec i es W i thruby purp le flowers in August

,in subfast ig iate corymbs (nearl y flat

tops,incl in ing a l i tt le to the pyram idal ) ; leaves l ance ovate .

P h lox tardiflora . Late flewering. F lowers white,arranged on

long sp ikes ; two and a halffee t h igh ; last ofAugust and September.Leaves oblong lanceolate .

P h lox undu lata . T he marg in of the leaves s l ightl y un-du l ated ;

lance ob long stem erect,smooth , th ree fee t h igh ; th e latest spec ies

flower ing in September, and re tains its be auty long after th e com

mencement of frosts, and l ingers to th e confine s of w inter . Red,

many of th e flowers turn wh ite , wh ich give s its pan i cled corymbs orheads a var iegated appearance .

These are al l th e spec ies that I have cu l t ivated . T he fol low ingare said to b e fine , v i z : P. gl ab errima, P . sufl

'

ru ticosa, P . amer i cana,P . intermed ia, P . reflexa

,and P . p i losa. One of th e

'

most des irab le

of the fami l y is P . var iegata; the leaves are beau t ifu l l y var iegated .

This h as been imported repeated ly,and as often lost . I am not cer

tain whe ther i t is in any col lect ion in t h is reg ion or not,b u t th ink it

is not.

It is a notor ious fact that most of ou r beau t ifu l North Amer i canp lants from the we s t and sou th

,have first been transported across the

A tlantic to our Eng l ish fr iends,and from t hence find the i r way back

to th is country . T h e number of the spec ies of Phlox have beengreatly increased w i th in a few years pas t

,through th e indefat igab le

exert ions and persevering sp ir i t of the lamented Drummond , Doug

lass and ‘

other’

d ist ingu ished botanis ts . More than s ixty spe c iesare found in the Eng l ish catalogues. Probab l y not half th at number

IN THE VEGETABLE K INGDOM. 7

are in any col lect ion in th is v i c in i ty . W i th in th e past year many

new ones have been ordered , b ut unfortunate ly mos t of them were

rece ived in su ch b ad cond i t ion ,that b u t few of them were saved . I t

isg ratify ing to know that some have been added to our h is

to be hoped t hat the ente rpr i z ing spiri t of ou r amate urs w i l l not be

clamped by past d isappo intments ; b ut that soon we may have thep leasu re of see ing al l th is -extens ivegenu s , flou r ishing in our own so i l .

In th e same natural fam i ly w ith Phlox is found the genus Po lemo

n iu l i i,be long ing also to~ th e same art ific ial class and order . Po le

mon iu tn is from aGreek word s ign ify ingwar . P l iny re lates , t hat thep l ant wh ich h e cal led by th is name rece ived its appe l lat ion from having been th e cause of a war be tween two k ings

,who cou ld not agree

wh ich “

of them d iscovered its fi rst v i rtues . It was also cal led Ch i lody namia, from Greek words , a

l

thousand , and power, on account of itse xtraord inary mer i t . T he p lan t wh ich possessed al l these good

qual it ies , is now forgotten . Its name h as descended to a flower'

which

o rnaments th e garden,b u t wh ich preserves noth ing of the v irtu e of

its progen i tors,beyond a s l ight vu lnerary qual i ty .

”

P ; cce ru le um . Blue flewered . This is one of th e old s tand ardborder flowers

,and is known by th e common name of Jacob ’s ladder

,

fro-m its beau t ifu l p innate l y'

cleft “ leaves (leaflets arrange d o n e achs ide of a common pe t io le or leaf s tem. ) Its generi c character is afine cleft campanu late (be l l - shaped , ) cal yx ; th e coro l la also campannlate ,

w i th a

'

fou r or five lobed erect border , and hav ing its sho rt tubeclci s

'

ed up by five staininiferou s'

val ve s . T he s t igma trifid ; the cap

su les roundis li , of'

three'

ce l ls,each ce l l many seede d ; the seeds ob

long,

-

and somewhat triangu lar . Its l ive l y b l ue flowers,

“

nodding,on

the ends of the branches . There is anot her variety Wi th wh ite flowe rs

, each v arie ty worthy of _a p lace in the flower department ; be ing

perfectly hardy and of the most easy cu l t ivat ion ; flowers in June

two fee t h igh .

[To b e continued }

ART . VI . Cu ltivation and" Manag ement of the B ucktho

‘

r‘

n

(R hamn’

us cathar ticu s) for L ive H edg es . Communicated by E.

HERSY'

DERBX,Esq.

I HAVE great pleasure in- comp ly ing Wi th you r l ate ly e xpresse d W ish,

t hat I shou ld furnish for the pages ofyou r u sefu l and h ighly interesting Magaz ine , some remarks re lat ive to the cu l t ivat ion of the Ameri

28 ON THE CULT IVAT ION or BUCKTHORN .

ican Buck thorn, or R hamnus cath articus, for th e formation of l ivehedges. I have

,myse lf

,long been conv inced of the super ior durab i l i ty

,

economy,and efficacy of th is me thod ofenclosu re , over those in morecommon u se among u s ; and have h ad mu ch p leasure in watch ing

,

for the last few years , its stead i l y increas ing adop t ion by the farmerand hort i cu l turist of our country . T h e rap id increase ofour

'

popu l a-z

t ion ,and th e consequent vast consump t ion of t imber for other and

e valu able purposes,by increas ing th e re l ative cost of th e o ld

fash ioned woodenfences,mu st e ventu al ly render th e in trod u ct ion of

hedges here , advantageous , ifnot absolu te ly e ssent ial , from mot ive s ofu t i l ity and economy ; wh i le the lover of ru ral scenery w i l l hai l w i t hp leasu re th e p i cturesque charm of the ir verdant beau ty .

It is now abou t th irty two years , s ince I firs t attempted th e format ionof a l ive hedge as a boundary for my own p leasure - grounds . My first

exper iment was made w i th theEng l ishHawthorn,th e p lant commonl y

u sed for the trim hedgerows” of Eng land , and part icu larl y we l lsu i ted t o that mo is t cl itnate , b ut p oorly adapte d to ou r dry summers ;

it is also l iab le to th e attacks of th e Borer,wh ich in some instance s

h as destroyed l arge port ions - of th e hedge , and is almos t invariab l yassai led earl y in August by mi ldew and b l ight

,wh ich rob i t offol iage

,

and cau se i t to assume a w intry appearance . My next attemp t wasw i th the Trip le Thorned Acac ia, a nat ive ofou r We stern S tates ;b u t th is p lant not be ing adap ted to our cl imate , was too tender to

'

bear

its changes,and suffered both from the heat of our summers and the

sever i ty of our w inters,and th e resu l t , in both cases , was a dec ided

fai lure . I also tried the Crab App le Tree , b ut w i thou t better su ccess .

In 1809 I made another tr ial,by set t ing ou t some young - p lants of

th e Amer ican Buck thorn,and th is t ime w i th perfect su ccess ; th is

h edge,wh ich is about twenty rods long , h as never fai led in any part ,

and is now a fine heal thy fence , hav ing , d uring twentys ix y ears , neededno repairs b u t th e annu al cl ipp ing , wh ich is e as i ly performed by a

common laborer .

‘

T h eplant is a hardy one , send ing ou t many smal lb ranch es , wh ich natural ly inte rlace . Encou raged by the ent ire suc

cess of t h is exper iment , 1 h ave cont inued to enclose my garden and

other parts ofmy grounds w i th the Buck thorn; I have now abou t one

h und red and twenty rods in fine order , and am ent ire ly conv inced of

the efficacy of th is hardy nat ive p lant for an imperv iou s hedge , and of

its perfect adap tat ion to our cl imate . Where it remains in fu l l leaffrom

e arl y npring unt i l th e severe frosts ofa l ate autumn .

My me thod ofcu l t ivation,is,to p lace the p lants ofabout three years’

LEAVES FROM MY NOTE BOOK. 29

g rowth in a s ing le row ,abou t n ine inches apart , e i ther in the spring

or au tumn ; if the latte r, I cl ip them the next spr ing W it h in s ix inchesof the ground , in orde r to th icken the lower b ranche s , wh ich is ve ryimportant to the beau ty of th e hedge ; the next spr ing I cl ip w i th intwo fee t of th e ground ; and the t h ird spr ing W i t h in three fee t

,w i t h a

l i ttle prun ing at the s ide s e ach year,to form a regu lar su rface .

Th ree years such management as I have descr i bed,w i l l form a

perfe ct and beau t ifu l hedge,and i t w i l l afterwards need on ly su ch

cl ipp ing as shal l keep it w i th in bound s , and su i t the taste of the

propr ie tor. T he s imp l ic i ty of th is management , and th e s trength and

hard i hood of the p lant,render success almos t a matter of certainty

and I th ink the resu l t cannot fail ofbe ing sa'

tisfactory l

to the cu l t ivator .

I have ; W i th in a few years,furnished and d istribu ted into d iffe rent sec

t ions of the Uni ted S tates,p lants suffi c ient to extend seve ral mile s ,

and if the u nqual ified admirat ion of my hedges , expressed by thosewho V isi t my g rounds , h as any foundat ion in tru th and sincer i ty

,th is

p lant h as a de c ided prefe rence ove r any other.

S a lem,D ec.

[The fel low ing , is from th e‘

pen of a gen tleman w h o is trave l l ing for h is heal thand amu sement, - and is favoring u s w i th remarks

, suggested by the'

scenes

and e vents wh ich are presented in th e cou rse of h is peregrinations . ]

AR 'I‘. VII. L eaves'

from my Note B ook .

'

NO . I .

P i 'r'r sno a e,D EC . 6, 1835 .

THOMAS G. FES SENDEN ,Esa .

- In comp l iance w ith a p art ial promise made to y ou before I started on my journey to the far We st

,I

send y ou a few rem iniscences and inc idents , prem i smg ,howe ve r

,that

th e season for beau ty in hort icu l tu re and floricu l ture h as al readyg iven way to the ch i l l and d re ary w inds of w inter, and , therefore , myremarks must depend , in a great measu re

,upon inqu iry

,rather than on

the more pleas ing and pract ical ground of actu al observat ion. Not

w i ths tand ing,I hope I shal l fi nd something worthy of

\

record,at th i s

season Wh i le the beau t ies of F lora and Pomona“

wh ich comb ine torender your pages interest ing, are tak ing a w inter s s leep .

Behol d me , then,on a g loomy morning in the mont h of November ,

on my first p i lgrimage from ou r fair New Eng land . Our jou rney toProvidence was over a tract of country , as famil iar to y ou as house

hold words,natural ly ster i le

,and hav ing l i ttl e to interest one who

admi re s natu re ’s b e au t ies . T h e c i ty of P rov idence , s i tu ate on both

s ides the Pawtucke l,presents qu i te a fine appearance as y ou approach

it from th e east . I h ad not t ime,however, for a long ramble over i t ,

and shal l,if I

'

re tu rn that w ay , re serve'

i t for fu ture remark . Every “

aspect of i t seems to ind i cate act iv i ty and prosper i ty , '

and be ing are st ing place on the way to New York

,makes i t mu ch frequ ented by

strange rs . I be l ieve i t h as not been mu ch ce lebrate d for its devotionto the art of Hort i cu l tu re

,wh ich

,I suppose

,is ow ing to its rather nu

favorab le so i l,t hough the re are many beau t ifu l seats in its v i c in i ty,

and a conside rab le qu ant ity of fru i t,&c.

,is brought to its market .

Newport , ou r nex t r est ing - p lace,

-is a large and p leasant town ,

th irty m i les sou th of Prov idence , a gre at resort du r ing th e summer

months,though at th is season rather du l l . It h as th e appearance of

ant iqu ity and de cl ine . Th e streets are very handsome,be ing many

Of them ornamented by trees,and a great port ion of th e houses have

large gardens,wh ich g ive to th e town a cheerfu l and beau t ifu l ap

pearance to one wh o canfi nd beau ty in a flower and a tree .

Hav ing ou r u su al accompan iment -

of du l l weather,a th ick fog at

sea,our good captain comforted u s by th e assu rance that th e boat

mu st l ie there t i l l it was clear . Howe ver,we made ourse l ves as

happy as poss i b le,by wander ing into and around the town ,

and were

very we l l rewarded by fine prospects'

and interest ing and amu s ingrencontres .

: In one d ire ct ion ou r w alk brought u s to the tower des cr ibed in the R ed Rove r ,

”as

“the W indm i l l

,bu i l t of stone

,on.

e ight p i l lars , abou t three fee t each in d iame ter , — l th e tower be ingabou t th irty fee t . But as I mu st not l inger so long on my road

,I

sh al l take the l ibe rty of land ing y ou at once in New York , after a

p leasant s'

ai l up th e Sound and E ast R iver .

Eve ry one who v is i ts New York is fu l l of raptu re at th e sp lend idscene ry of the Sound

,and th e East and North r ive rs ; b ut I am su ch

a, Goth as not to adm ire them so very mu ch more t han the approachto our own beau t ifu l c i ty of th e h i l ls .

”.T h e scenery here is beau

t ifu l A so i s th e approach th rough th e Isl ands to Boston,

certainlyno , one can he lp admir ing th e sp lend id prospect of th e surround ingcountry — East and Sou th Boston

,and t h e coun try back

,Dorchester

and its beau t ifu l seats,to s ay noth ing of the approach on the land

s ide through Roxbury,whe re the l ibe ral i ty and taste of such men as

Lowe l l,Dearborn

,&c.

'

have formed seats unsu rpassed by any in th ecountry . However, in r ichness, var ie ty or natural beauty nature

LEAVE S FROM MY NOTE 3 0 0 11 . 31

h as comb ined w i th art in render ing th e Vi c ini ty of New York love l y

and p i ctu resque , . and no one cou ld fai l of e xpre ss ing admi rat ion at

such scenes as are he re'

spread ou t before h im — b u t st i l l one can

tu rn w ith pr ide and comp lacency to our own beau t ifu l c i ty and envi

rons , and find mu ch that is worthy of compar ison w i th even th issp lend id natural p i c ture .

I cal led,the next day after my arrival

,at you r fr iend T

'

horbu rn’s

Hort i cu l tural R epos i tory , 1 1,John S tree t , where i t h as been re

moved from th e orig inal p lace in Liberty S tree t,wh ich'

is now demol

ished to make way for th e improvements e verywhere going on in New

York .

- I t cons ists of two long,l arge rooms , a fi rst and second floor .

T he first floor is de voted to seeds,&c. which are he re packed ,l abe l

led,and sent off. T h e bus iness seems to b e carr ied on ma system

mid and corre ct manner,and

'

mu ch is accomp l ished w i th l i tt le no iseand bustle . The second floor offers a fine lounge for one who W ishesto pass an hour l istening

'

to fairy - l ike mu s ic ,”and fe ast ing h is eyes ‘

on beau t ifu l paintings and engrav ings wh ich hang on th e su rround ingwal ls . . T he

‘

one'

end,is fi l led - w i th many beau t ifu l b irds

wh ich fi l l th e air w i th t he ir songs th‘

e native mock ing b ird, canary ,doc: &c. al l exerting the ir sweet vo i ces in a m ing led harmony

,and

fluttering as merr i l y as in t he ir nat ive woods . Gold-

and s i lver fishesare

'

swimming abou t in large g lobes of w ater,seeming l y contehted

and happy , ifWe may app ly su ch terms to fishes, — and wh y may we

not ? The paint ings and p i ctures are very beau t ifu l and arranged

w i th fine effect . ‘ Th is p lace is we l l Worthy a v is i t by a stranger inth eci ty , and I hope to see the

'

time when y ou r own estab l ishment w i l l w eWith th is in . its ornamental

,as i t new does

'

in its u sefu l and curi ousattractions, and be k

a p lace of resort for"

t hose who are in search‘

Of the

ornamantal in th e an imal i as we l l as th e vege tab le creat ion . What‘

more beau t ifu l associat ion than th e b ird and flower send ing up sweet

incense to the ir common creator,nature ’

s God !

And LAWR IE TODD he Who commenced wi th a s ing le geranium

(emblem ofp reference) where is h e ? y ou may inqu ire . He is now

enjoy ing the fru i t of honest and p ersevering indu st ry and enterpr ise,

at Hal lettis Cove , abou t s ix m i les'

from New York . As I made a

short s tay in the c ity , I d id not avai l myse lf ofth e p leasure of cal l ingon h im

, though I hope to do so when I re tu rn . I wou ld g ive mybest h at (not a b ad. one e i ther for a trave l ler

, ) fof a shake of h is hardand honest hand , for I know i t wou ld b e a heartfe l t and cord ial

greeting . After my return to m ine inn,” I l ooked over the l ife

.

of

32 LEAVES FROM MY NOTE B OOK.

Grant Thorburn,w i th much interest . I know ofnoth ing more nat

u ral,unpre tend ing and be au t ifu l th an h is account of h is first e ssay s

.

in a p u rs u i t wh ich b rought h im deserved we al th,favo r

,fr iends .

Those who have not the work w i l l fee l grat ified w i th an account ofh is first expe r ience .

“ One

-

d ay , in the month of Apr i l fol low ing,I obse rved a man for

the fi rst t ime se l l ing flowe r- plants in the F ly -market,wh ich then stood

in the foot of Maiden Lane . As I care less ly p assed along,I took a

leaf,and rubb ing it be tweenmy fingers and thumb

,asked h im what

was the name of i t . He answe red,a geranium. This

,as far '

as Ican re col lect , was the fi rst t ime th at ] ever heard that there was a

geran i um i n th e world ; as,before th is, I h ad no taste for , nor paid

any at tent ion to pl antsf I looke d a few m inu tes at th e p lant , though ti t h ad a p leasant sme l l

,and thought it wou ld look

'

we l l if removed

into one of my green flower- pots , to.

s tand on m y counter to draw

attent ion . I remember afte r smell ing th e first leaf-of the rose gera

neum ,and also w hen I rece ived add i t ions to my

'

stock , how I was

struck w i th wonder and amazement,

at the powe r, w isdom,and

goodness ofGod , in imparting‘

tothe g reen leaf of one p lant , the frae

granee of another, such as the Balm,Musk

,Pennyroyal

,doc . How

condescend ing to our senses,how ind u lgent

,as i t were , e ven to ou r

ch i ld ish and p layfu l fanc ies . I t was thus my m ind'

was stru ck,when.

I sme l t the first leaf. T h inks ’ I,i t is strange that a g r een l eaf,

p lu cked from a p lant no way s im i lar,shou ld possess al l the flavOr of

theflower p lucked from another .

”

And th e sp ir i t of th is short extract pervades the Whole 'volume, and

make s its au thor in h is o ld age an object'

ofinterest to al l who adm irea s imp le , ch ild l ike trust in an al l - w ise Prov idence

,and who are fond

of trac ing the progress of perseverance and enterpr ise under the de

press ing influence ofpoverty and a humb le sphere in l ife . How muchbe tter and more endu ring is su ch a man

’sfame,t han h is

,who earns it

by the to i ls ofwar , or in th e arena ofpol i t icsThere is one th ing abou t the improvements in New York I very

much l ike , and wh ich , as y ou are a man of influence,I hope y ou w i l l

endeavor to impress on th e Boston i ans the d ispos i t ion to ornamentthe stree ts w i th rows of trees, thus g iv ing to them an air of freshnessand beau ty very mu ch want ing in our large c i t ies and in country towns ,for noth ing adds more to beau ty than rows of trees along the pub l i cwalks , wh ich may b e p laced there for a trifl ing expense .

The Battery , St John’s Park

,Washington Square

,and many other

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ART . VIII . .Mz'

seel laneous Matters .

[From th e Transactions of th e Society for th e Advancement of Gardening in th e Roy al Pru ssianStates ]

ON SHORTEN ING '

THE TAP ROOTS OF TREES . Th e fol low ing pr inciples are laid down1 . An injury to any one part of a p lant occas ions a change in the

deve lopement of the ot her parts2 . Roots and stems are always in a certain degree reciprocal ly pro

port ioned to each other. [Roots produce branches,and branches t e

produce roots ]3 . The tap root does not form a part of e very p lant

,where it does

so i t is an e ssent ial part of that p lant .4 . By shorten ing the top root

,one or other of th e fol lowing cou se

quences w i l l resu l t : tender p lants w i l l be more eas i ly destroyed bysevere weather ; al l sorts of p lants by dry weather, from the ir rootsnot be ing so deep in the so i l : the wood of t imber . trees w i l l b e lessdurable , the ir trunks shorter, and the ir heads broader and less h igh ;and fru i t trees w i l l blossom earl ier and more abundantly

,and the ir

fru itw i l l be larger and be tter flavored .

5 . To transp lant trees W i thou t injur ing the ir roots is d ifficult in proport ion to the age of the tree

,and the extent of its roots.

6 . When the tap root descends into a bad subso i l,it brings on d is

e ases in th e tree .

To HEAL THE WOUNDS ON FRU IT TREES . When a tree is cut,

or otherw ise wounded,smooth the p lace w i th a sharp kn ife

,and

'

if

cankered,scrape or cut i t al l ou t ; then put half a pound of tal low to

two pounds of tar, warm i t over the fire t i l l the tal low is me l ted , thenadd one ounce of sal t pe tre , and st ir i t together , and lay i t into the

parts wh ich y ou want to heal .— Genesee F armer .

ON PRESERV ING YOUNG TREE S IN NuRSERi Es , &c. FROM RAB

B iTs,MICE

,doc. Damage is often done to young fru i t trees and

other trees by mi ce in w inter, and i t has been recommended to'

tread

the new fal len snow,firm ly abou t t he ir stems

,wh ich w i l l render i t

imposs ible for the ve rm in to make the ir way through the snow in order

to gnaw the bark from the trees .

VEGETAB LE CH IMNEY ORNAMENTS . In w inter,an e legant cli im

ney ornament may be formed by cu tting the head or th ick end ofa

carrot, containing the bud, and placing it in a shal low vessel ofwater

M ISCELLANEOUS MATTE RS . 35

of a very handsome appearance,and he ightened by contrast w i th the

season ofthe year.

BOTAN ICAL EXP ER IMENTS . Two young beech trees , p l anted in thesame soi l

,at a smal l d istance from each other, and equal ly heal thy

Young and de l i cate leaves unfold themse l ves, form ing a rad iated tuftwere p i tched upon as the subjects Ofthe fol lowing exper iments. Theywere accurate ly measured

,and as soon as the buds began to swe l l in

the spr ing,the whole trunk ofone was cleaned of its moss and d irt ,

by means ofa brush and soft water. Afterwards i t Was washed w i th

a wet flanne l,twi ce or thri ce every week t i l l abou t the midd le ofsurn

mer. In autumn they were again measured , and the increase ofthe

washed tree was found to exceed the other two to one .— B rattleboro

pap er .

To CLEAR . BARN AND OUT HOUSES FROM MITES AND WEEVILS .

The fol low ing method is pract ised in Germany for granar ies infestedby m ites and weev i ls. Let the wal ls and rafters above and be low of

such granar ies be covered comp le te ly w i th qu ick l ime , slackened inwater, in wh ich trefo i l , wormwood and hyssop have been bo i led . Th iscomposit ion shou ld b e app l ied as hot as poss ible .

PAINT MADE W ITH POTATOES . Take one pound ofpotatoes sk inned and

'

we l l baked ; bru ise them in three or fou r pounds of bo i l ingwater

,and then pass them through a hair s ive to

' th is add two

pounds of good chalk or fine powder,prev iousl y m ixed up w i th fou r

pounds of water,and stir th e whole toge ther. Th is mixture W i l l form

a sort of g lue capab le of rece i v ing any k ind of color, e ven that of“

powdered charcoal,br ick or soot

,wh ich may b e u sed

‘

for paint ing

gates, pal ings, or other art icles exposed to the air.

To OBTAIN GO'

OD T IMBER . Bark th e tree the year before it is cutdown. By th is means, the alburnum is converted into hard and dur

able wood .

TRANSPLANT ING PEACH TRE E S . A horti cu l turist informs us thathe h as lost several peach trees in consequence ofthe decay ofth e taprOot. In transplant ing , the tap root is u su al ly and properl y cut off,bu t is l iab le to decay

,and the tree even tual l y to become hol low from

the wound infl icted in tak ing off th e root . He say s that when th e taproot, or any other root ofcons iderable s ize is shortened , a compositibfl

shou ld be app l ied to the wOund that he h as found equal parts of tar

36 M I SCELLANEOUS MATTERS .

and yel low ochre an effectu al appl i cat ion for that purpose . Any othercomposi t ion wh ich is proper for use in pruning and graft ing trees w i l lanswer the same purpose — N . E . F armer .

To TRA IN OXEN TO THE DRAUGHT . Put a broad strap round

the ir necks , fasten one end ofa cord to i t,and the other ehd to a large

log of wood permi t th e OK to drag i t abou t as h e feeds in th e pasturebefore he is put in harness ; by which h is doc i l i ty is much forwarded .

— Transactz°

ons of the S ociety“

of A rts.

To DE STROY RATS AND MICE . T he fol low ing h as been recom

mended for th is purpose,and is Worth th e tr ial . Take equal quant i

t ies ofpowdered oatmeal and unslacked l ime ; mix them by stirr ing ,wi thou t add ing any l iqu id , and put a smal l quant ity in a p lace infested ,by ratsor m ice : they w i l l swal low th is preparat ion, be come th irsty ,and the water wh ich they wi l l dr ink w i l l slack the l ime

,and destroy

them.

DESTRUCT ION OF INSE CT S . The leaves of walnu ts steeped inwater , and that infus ion m ixed w ith l ime - water

,soap suds and

“

u rine ,

are found very eflicacious for destroy ing slugs and worms in th e

ground , and insects on trees .

MIX ING SO ILS . It was a max im ofKl iy ogg, a famous ph ilosophical farmer of Sw i tzerl and

,that “

every species of earth may be

instrumental to the improvement ofanother ofOppos i te qual i ties.

TANNER’s BARK AND LEAF MOULD FOR STRAW BERR IES . In the

last number of the Farmer I not ice a communicat ion by H . H . ,on

the use of tanner’s bark in the cu l t ivat ion of the strawberry . I tr iedit sOme years s ince

,and though a very good th ing , i t h as some d isad

vantages . F irst,i t i s general ly found to impart a d isagreeab le flavor

to th e fru i t : second l y , i t cannot b e procured at al l t imes , and thenb u t in few p laces

,unless at too mu ch expense . I have th is year tr ied

a subst itu te,wh ich I recommend in preference , as every wood or cop

p ice w i l l furn ish th e mater ial .R ake away al l the loose leaves from a corner or hol low ,

where theyannual ly se ttle , and gather the coarse

'

mou ld beneath or prefer the

decayed wood from an old stump or fal len tree , that h as decomposed ,unt il i t h as become nearly in appearance l ike tanner’s bark . It is

w i thou t that astr ingent qual ity , and w i l l answer in al l respects, pre

vent weeds , preserve moisture , warmth in winter, food in spring , and

M i scELLANEOUS MATTERs . 87

by selecting the wood from -d ifferent trees, a variety of tints may he

formed that w i l l make a pleas ing appearance when t h is ch il ly se ason

depr ives us of so much of ou r garden fol iage . I subjo in my me thodof cu l t ivat ing . In the fal l , cover the beds sl ight ly w i th straw

,and

burn al l down then d ig in between the h i l ls w i th a trowe l or deephoe

, rake smooth,and replace w i th a fresh dress ing two inches thick

,

for w inter protect ion,&c. The hi lls ough t to be no more than twe lve

i nches apart,and two or three stems in a h i l l . Wh i le th e fru it is set

t ing , water morning and e ven ing , W i th a table spoonfu l ofsal t to eachpai l of rain or river water ; if we l l watered , i t shou ld be exposed to

the sun some days . A bed p lantedfrom any good variety infa l l bear ,

ing , w i l l , thus treated ,l

alw ay s insu re a crop . Early in Sep tember isthe best t ime to p lant

,choosi ng the first made runner p lants

,or some

ofl’

sets for immed iate bearing . The runners w i l l come in the secondand th ird season— Nero York F armer .

OR’

CHARD S

l

l N ALTERNATE Row s,OR. Qu i NCUNx ORDER. X en‘e

phon thus describes th e gal lant p lantat ion of Cyrus at Sard is, as ren

dered by C icero Arbores pari interval lo s itas,re ctos ord ines et om

,

nia per pu lch re in Qu incuncum d irecta” that is, rows and orders so

handsome l y d isposed or five trees so set toge ther, that aregu lar angu -

f

l a-rity,

‘

and thorough prospect , was left on every s’

ide,owing this name

to the Q u intup le number '

of trees,”as thu

'

s figured , v i z

a it

That the same was u sed in later p lantat ions, is p lainly co'

nfirnied

from the commanding pen ofVarro, Q u inti l ian, and handsome description of Virgil

,in his second Georg i c . See the garden of Cyrus

, &c.

by S ir .Thomas Brown,of Norwi ch , M. D .

”— F armers’

R eg ister .

THE'

S-ECKE'LPEAR . In“

mention ing th e fac t , a'

fewd a'

y s since,that

some of the fru it of the or ig ina l Secke l Pear tree formed a part ofthe col lection at the late Hort icu l tural Exh ib i t ion held in th is c ity , westated that the tree was known as far back as 47 years . We are now

38 M ISCELLANEOUS MATTERS .

able to state tliat . th ere are among u s '

gentlemen who can trace itsex istence to a more remote period . T h e venerab le Bishop White ,whose memory is remarkab le for its s trength and correctness

,says ,

t hat when h e was a boy , abou t seventy years ago,there was a breeder

in th is c ity known by the .name of Du tch Jacob , who was a gre at

sportsman . At a certain season of the year h e was known by h isne ighbors and others to bring

" home from h is excurs ions very de l i c iouspears , b u t h e wou ld never tel l any body where he procured them.

About that period,the London Land Company

,wh ich owned some

land be low the ci ty,made a sale

,and Du tch Jacob pu rchased th e lot

upon wh ich h is pear tree stood . I t afterwards became the propertyof Mr Secke l

,and now be longs to the es tate of th e late Mr Girard .

T he Secke l pear is now known al l over'

the Un i ted S tates , and we

presume in many parts of Europe,as one of the most de l ic ious of

fru i ts — P hi l . Gaz .

INFLUENCE OF COLOR ON HEAT,TH E DEPOS IT ION OF DEW

,AND

OF OooRs . Dr S tark,in a paper in Jameson’

s Journal,vol . xv i i . p

,

65 , h as shown , by‘

experiment, that one princip le operates in the prod uct ion of al l the

’

above resu l ts . A b lack color,whe ther in sol ids or

flu ids , absorbs heat more rap id ly , and parts w i th it most rap id ly ; dewis also depos i ted more rap id ly on th is - color than on any other

,and

w i th proport ionate rap id i ty e vaporated from i t . Odors,whe ther agree

able , offens ive , or of infect iou s d iseases, are , in l ike manner, absorbedw i th greater rap id i ty , and in greater quant ity , in g iven t ime , by blackcolors and d ischarged by these colors w i th proport ionate qu i ckness .

T he other colors are next to b lack in th e order of b lue , brown, green ,

red , ye l low ,and lastly wh ite wh ich last absorbs and g ives out heat

,

dew ,and odor more slow ly than any other color. These facts wil l af

ford valuab le h ints to gardeners for the colors of wal ls, of walks , of

rockwork, of so i ls

, ofcover ings for protect i on ,and even of the ir dres

ses — Gard . Ill ag .

ANATOM IZED LEAVES . Th e fol low ing observat ion on these beaut ifu l exempl ifications of th e stru cture of leaves ofvegetab les, we copyfrom Maund ’s Botan i cGarden

,No. 125 : The exqu isite ly beau t ifu l

s tructure of the vascu lar system of leaves can be du ly apprec iated bythose only who have seen spec imens properl y prepared . Marcus Au

re l ius - Sever inu s,who pub l ished in 1645 a descript ion ofth e skeleton

leafofcactus opunt ia, is said to have been the first to adopt an artifi

cial me thod of preparing these interesting objects ofvegetable strue

M ISCELLANEOUS MATTER-S . 39

t itre . Al though we have seen d irect ions for effect ing th is, we cou ld

not, confident ly , pu b l ish them ; b ut by the favor ofW . T . I l iff,Esq.

of N-

ewington,we are enab led to gratify ou r re aders . He h as ob l i

gingly sent us beaut ifu l spec imens of leaves,comp le te ly

'

cleared of

the ir cu t i cle and pu lpy matter,exh ib i t ing t he most exqu is ite network

ofvesse ls that can be imag ined ; and also the fol low ing d irect ions forprepar ing them. He say

'

s,Many ind iv id uals who h ave seen the

fibrous structu re '

of vege tables,have expressed much adm irat ion at

the ir be au ty , and regre t at the d ifficu l t y attend ing the preparat ion of

th e same . I am indu ced,therefore , to state to y our r eade rs , that th e

d ifficu l ty rests w i th themse lves . If the seed vesse l of the datu ra stramonium or hyoscyamu s n iger

,th e calyx of the ph y sal l is alkekeng i , or

nicandria physalo ides,are put in water

,and al lowed to remain

,w i th

ou t an exchange ofwater,unt i l decompos i t ion is carr ied to the requ isi te

extent,they may b e freed from the ir cu t i cle and the pu lpy matter ;

and after macerat ing them a shor t t ime in fresh clear water,they

may be b leached by immers ion in a d i lu ted sol u t ion of chlor ide of

l ime,say one s ixth of th e chlor ide to five s ixths ofwater . They mu st

be we l l washed from th is flu id , when wh i tened suffic iently , and qiiicklyd ried

,e i ther before a fire or in the sun . Care must . b e taken not to

al low the , destru ct ive process to b e carr ied too far,or that fibrous

structu re w i l l become inj ured ; nor al low the preparat ions to remaintoo long in the chloride

,or injury w i l l al so ari se . In se lect ing leaves

for th is purpose, those w i th the strongest fibre shou ld b e preferred .

The ir fibrous parts,and al so the seed “ vesse ls and cal yces al luded to

,

shou ld be cleared by a camel ’s hair bru sh, or fine pen ,

from such port ions of cu t icle Or pu lpy matters as adhere too strong l y to b e removed

by a smal l stre am ofwater. Th e leaves of_

th e Ceratoria s i l iqu a,rus

cus acu leatus , and i lex , are , w i th th e foregoing, th e most easy to

prepare . I have tr ied a var ie ty of other methods , none,howe ver

,

answers so we l l 'as th e one I have exp lained,and therefore I commu

n icate it w ithou t '

fear ofits be ing attended w i th d iflicu l ty , if prope rl yapp l ied . Some of th e spec imens may requ ire several months’ mac

'

eration before the preparat ion can b e Comp le ted .

’ — N . Y. F armer .

FRAGRANCE OF FLOWERS . I t has been stated that.

th e fragranceofflowers dependsupon the volat i leo i ls th ey contain ; and these o i ls

,

by the ir constant e vaporat ion,su rround th e flower w it h a k ind of

odorous atmosphere ; wh ich , at the same t ime that i t'

ent ices largerinsects, may probab ly preserve the parts of fructification from the

ravage Ofthe smal ler ones. Volat i le o i ls, or odorous su bstances , seem

40 FANEUIL HALL MARKET .

part icu larly destru ct ive to these minu te insects and an imal cu les wh ichfeed on th e substance of vegetables ; thou sands of aph ides may heu su al l y seen in the stalk and leaves Of the rose , b ut none of them are

e ver o bserved on the flovlfer.

'

Camphor is u sed to preserve th e col lect ions

'

of-natu ral ists.

'

T h e woods that “contain aromat i c oi ls are remarked

_

for the ir '

indestructab ility , and for the ir . exemption from the at tack ofinsects : t h i s is '

particu larly the case W i th the . cedar,

-

.rose - wood and

cypress. T hegates ofConstant inop le,which were made of th is 'last

wood , stood ent ire from the t ime of Cons tantine,the ir founde

_ ,r to

that ofPope Eugene IV. ape riod of [ 100 years .— D avy .

ART . IX . F aneu i l Hal l Market.

WE have commenced w i th th is number, and sh al l cont inue under

th is head through al l of the su cceed ing numbers , a report of the

pri ces ofhort i cu l tu ral-

produce in th is m'

arket,

‘

w ith su ch ob servat ionsas may from t ime to t ime be s uggested to us .

. T'

he state ofth e fru i t marke t w i l l - r-ece ive our part i cu lar attent ion.

wedeem zit ofg reat importance to have ou r .marke t supp l ied w i thfruits of the very best var ie t ies . It can b e

,and i t ought to be ; and

to promote this end,we shal l g ive

,as far as p racti cable

,theCorrect

names_

of thevaluab le k inds“that-

are exposed for “

sale,where they may

be found , zind'

by whom raised .

'

This,we

“

think,w i l l excite'

em-u lation

among those whose busmess i t i s to supply the marke t,and wil l

eventuate in great -

goOd to the cause ofhort icu l ture , and of immed iater eward to those concerned .

REPORT OF THE PR ICES OF FRU IT S AND VEGETABLE S .

Apples, Baldw ins, per b arrel,Russetts ,

Pears , Iron, per bushel,Cranberries , do .

Caul iflowers , per head

Celery ,W h ite sol id , Celer iacandRose colored , per root,

’

Chesnuts, per bli shel ,

Cabbages , Red Dutch , per doz.

Green Globe Savoy ,Large Drumhead,

Horserad ish , per pound,Lettuce

,Tennis ba ll,per head ,

Radishes, Early scarlet, per bunch ,

Potatoes,Chenango, per b ush e l ,Eastport, per b arrel,Sweet

, per b ushel,Squashes, Valpara iso, per pou

‘

n'

d,Canada ,Cuba,S icily ,

Shagbarks, per bushel,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

42 GAR DENS,n0 T=H0 US Es

,. ETC .

our mans ions and cottages, instead ofappear ing l ike the heath of the

desert , w ithou t an object on wh i ch the eye may rest w i th p leasu re,

were de corated w i th th e r i ch var iety ofevergreen and other trees and

shrubs , w i th wh ich our forests and Wastes abound , and wh ich may be

obtained w i th l i ttle or no expense,save that

?

of co l le ct ing and

p lant ing .

We found he re two extens ive r anges of houses , each abou t threehundred fee t in length . The o ld hou se is d iv ided . into four apart

ments ; th is we d id not enter , *but were informed t h at it is appropr iatedto th e forc ing of peaches and grapes . T he new house , wh ich h as

b eén ere cted w i th in a few years,stands in front of th e other , and is

connected to i t by h igh br i ck wal ls , wh ich -form a spac i ou s area,de

voted to forc ing and other operat ions of the garden . T he centralpart of th e new hou se is more lofty than th e w ings

, and devoted‘

to

flowers . The W ings are d iv ided into two apartments each ; ’those on

th e r igh t for peaches , th e o thers for grapes . We were treated w i th

mu ch attent ion by Mr Cowan ,th e i nte l l igent

f

super intendant of theestab l ishment , who gave u s al l the informat ion des ired respect ing th eheat ing apparatu s , and also gratified u s w ith a s ight of th e numerou s

and rare assemb lage of p lants under h is care . At th is season of the

year , (December 24th ) we d id not expect so br i l l iant a d isp lay of

flowers as wou ld b e a few weeks later, y e t there were many

_

b eau tifu l

spec imens in b loom. Among th e most attract ive was th e Came l l iatr ibe

,ofwh ich there were many p lan ts

,somevery l arge , not a few of

wh ich were d isp laying the ir enchant ing florve rs . As we were not

part i cu lar ly acquainted w i th th e d ifferent var ie t ies,except the more

prom inent sorts , we cannot enumerate al l that were in b loom . C .

fimb riata arre sted ou r atten t ion by its pure wh ite , de l icate l y fringedpe tals

,and i s cons idered by amateu rs a cho ice var ie ty . T h e doub le

wh ite,red str iped

,and an exqu is i te rose - colored one

,were among

th e more prominent Oi naments of th e hou se . T he many v igorousb uds

'

gave prom ise of a success ion of these rare flowers for months , to

come . Er i cas,Pr imulas

,Oxali s

,S alv ias

,were d isp lay ing the ir

d ifferent charms,wh ich we recogn ised as o ld acquaintances

,together

w i th many other unknown p lants to wh ich we were strangers,and

w ith wh ich we shou ld be happy to be come more fam i l iar . T he hou see xh ib i ted a pattern ofneatness

,wh i ch

,w i th th e heal thy appearance of

th e p lan ts, gave conclus ive e v idence ofthe ab i l i ty and attent ion ofthe

head gardener . In the peach hou ses,we were h ighly interested by

th e masterl y. sty le in which the trees were trained,part i cu larl y th ose

in THE vi ci N iTY OF BOSTON 43

planted in front and brought upunder th e g lass th e old proverb w as

forcib ly presented . to ‘

the m ind,

as th e tw ig is bent the tree is i ncl ined . We saw i t l i teral l y fu lfi l led here ; by th e pe rfe ct manner in

w h ich th e bod ies ofth e trees were carr ied up under the rafters , wh i leth e

' branches were spread ou t to the influence of the sun as i t w i l ledthe gardener : Hav ing an

‘- appointment

’

at the Me ssrs Winsh ip’

s,we

were compe l led to cu t s hort our v is i t , g iv ing only a pass ing g lance at

the many interest ing objects wh i ch were presented to our V iew .

At the we l l known establ ishment ofthe Messrs’Winship , we found

a large,commodiou s and we l l filied conservatory , re cently ere cted in

modern sty le . As the pr inc ipal Object of these gentlemen i s to grow

p lants for sale,and to furn ish bouqu e ts , it is not, therefore , to b e ex

pected that so large and perfect spec imens shou ld be found as iu'

p-ri

vate col le ct ions ; as they are eagerl y sough t after and ob tained byamateurs at almost any pr i ce . T he numerous cal ls upon them for

flowers , part i cu lar l y at th is season of the year, d imin ishe ,s in some

degree , th e sp le ndor Of the hou se. We found,howe ver

,mu ch to in

terest us,and can

l

confidentl y assu re th e pub l i c that they h ave one of

th e most extens ive col lect ions not on l y Of greenhouse , b ut al sd h ardyplants , in th e country . It is w i th heartfe lt sat isfact ion,

that from th e

fact that th is as we l l ‘ as other es tab l ishments of the k ind are l iberal lypatron ised by the pub l i c , we are assu red Of a f rapidly increas ing tastefor

“flowers in .the commun i ty. Th e hou se appears to be constru ctedin th e best possib le manner to hold the g reatest number Of p lan ts

, and

to d isp lay them in the most imposing s tyle,We were again p leased

w i th the perfect neatness of th e house,and the fine orderofthe p lants,

wh ich speak lou der than words in . praise of the head gardener .

After hav ing partake n of the ho sp ital i t ies ofou r friend Wins-h ip,h e

accompan ied u s to th e e legant se at of J . P . Cush ing,Esq .

, Be lmont

place , in W ate rtown,who gave

'

u s l iberty to look over h is grounds and

conse rvator ies . T he approach to th e mans ion from the -

road is by aw ind ing avenue through a

'

fine grove of anc ient de c id uou s tre es .

Th e first View of the garden and ranges of g las s structu re,as we

emerged from the grove,was

,

trul y magnificent . T h e garden is a

squ are ,'

l eve l p lot , bounded on

'

th e nort h s ide . by. the conse rvator ies,wh ich , ifwe are net m istaken

,“

are four hundred feet in l ength . On“

th e e ast and we st are h igh,

us b stantial br i ck wal ls, to wh ich are

tra ined a , cho i ce col le ct ion of fru i t trees imported the last season,

already forme d for th e pu rpos e , some ofwh ich are prote cted by glass .

T he sou the i n wal l is very ornamental and su bs tant ial , and so low

44 .GARDENS, HOT -HOUSES, m e .

that the whole area and h ou ses may be seen at a s ing le g lance outsidth e w al l . Be h ind th e centra l hou se '

,wh ich is lofty , w i t h an e l l ip t i ca

roofand front,ri ses th e ornamental wa tertower

,wh ich i nthe d istanc

appears l ike a’

part ofit, b ut i s , in real i ty,somerods in th e rear . T o th

r ight and ' le tt Oft he central bu i ld ing a’

re'

wmgs wh ich d rop in he igha few fee t from i t

,and from these w ings two othe rs extend themse lve

a few feet st i l l less in he igh t! The '

whol e v iew is harmon iou s , an i

fi l ls th e -m ind wi th p leasure . As"

we'

walked through the garden ,

'w i

passed a beautifu l fountain,Wh i ch

,when des ired, d ischarge s its wate

from a marb le u rn wh ich s tands u pona grani te pedes tal in the centrOf the reservo i r . As th e earth was th ick ly cove red w i th snow

,W e

cou ld fo rm no id ea of th e arrangement of the grounds ; no do'

ub t'

i

corresponds in taste w i t h e very tning e lse .

We ente red th e central house a nd found . ourse lv es at once ial i ttle parad ise .Of flowers . T h e pe rfe ct arrangement of the pl antsthe irbeau ty and o dour , and the

'

m ild i i ess of the atmosphe re contrastec

Wi th the cold w i thou t , fi l led u s w ith such emot ions that some timn

e lapsed before our eyes cou ld b e '

d irected to hny part icu lar ObjectMr super intendant of th e establ ishment

,showed u

e very attent ion . It is not ioo much to . sajy t hat he stand s at th e he ar

ofh is profession ,as al l mu st confess

,

—w ho have w i tnessed h is sk ilfu

management , and th e su ccess wh ich h as attended h is labors .

T heCame l l ias are the fi rst Object on wh ich the‘

e y e w i l l rest . Her!

are some lofty p lants , and al thoug h MrH aggerston'

informed u s tha

an u nu su al quant ity h ad re cent ly been cu t,we thought there was

good d isp lay sti l l . we were again de l ighted w ith a . perfect specime i

ofC . fimbriata’

. C. warratah w as also b eaut ifu l ly l

in flower,w i th i i u

merous‘

othe r fine varie t ie s . We cou ld not do just i ce we re we‘

ti

attempt a descr ip t ion of th is sp lend id co l lection ; and w i l l thereforpass in to the stoves

,_

or as we shou l d cal l i t , th e torr id zone , whe twe we re

'

attracted by th e gorgeous Euphorb ia Poinsettii . This showp lant h as been parti cu larl y not i ced in Vol . I .

,p . 70 . It is not th

flower,b u t the

[ l arge scarlet b racte s , or le afy appendages to the flowe iw h ich att racts most b e lro lders ; b u t its cu rious anomalou s flowe r

,th

botanis t exam ines w i th th e d eepest int eres t . F rom the nectarys ingu l ar Open ing in th e flowe r

,exude s a pure b ut dangerous necta

or honey . V igorou s p l ants of doub le red a nd. double y e ll ow Ch inesH ib iscus , (vari e t ies of H ib iscus rosa- s inens is ) were in fu l l sp lendor

w e we re informed“ that the double red h ad not been dest i tu te offlower

for'

a year past, It is exceeding ly ornamental , and said to‘

be s

IN THE VICINI'I‘Y OF B OSTON . 45

common in Ch ina that ent ire hedges “

are made of i t . It is a great

favorite i of that people ; its flowers,both in th e s ing le ah d dou ble

state,are often p i ctu red u pon te a chests

,screens , and var ious fancy

art iclesfrom that country . Thunber'

g ia fragrans , an interes t ing l i t tlecl imb ing p lant

,h ad j ust opened a pure wh ite flOWer .

Bu t the r i chest produ ct ion in th is department was a sp lend id spe

men ofa species ofAmary l l is , reg inae, or a var ie ty of i t , we be l iev’

e,

bu t not pos it ive th e inter ior of its br i l l iant scarle t , l ily - l ike flowers ,are fine l y marked or st r’ iped w i t h wh i te } Another consp icuou s plantwh ich we i very much admired

, (its name we have“ forgdtten,

b u t th inkit

“

was a speci es of Gesr'

i eria) a ppeared “

in perfect ion ; the leavesb‘

road,ovate

,serrate

, pu bescent , oppos i te and al ternate upon the stem ,

w i th tu be shaped,br i l l iant scarle t flowers . Among

‘

the many cur iou sand ornamental trop i cal p lan ts we not i ced , w i th no l i t tle interes t ,a good stock Of p ine- app le p lants

,in d ifferent stages of l uxu riant

growt h . Li tt le or no at tent ion bas i

as y et been pa id to 'the cu lt ivat ionof th is Insc i ou s frui t in th is region ; b u t we see no re ason wh y thereshou ld not be'

piner ies as we l l as\graperies , and presume th at ere long

'

t hey w i l l be cons ide red ind ispensab le to e very large establi shment .iVe - d id not pay part i cu lar attent ion to al l th e

'

va

'

r ious apartments ofth is extens ive range

,bu t l earned t hat , w i th th e excep t ionof those we

visixted , ,

th ey were principal ly d evoted to grapes and pe aches .

Beh ind,

th e conservator ies,is a

'

range of forc ing p its, bu i l t in themost subst ant ial

'

mannerz. T ime d id nOt perm i t .u s ,to l ook at them .

At Col.Perkins’s hot- hou ses

,we saw in successfii l operat ion

'

ah

apparatus for heat ing for hort icu l tu ral pu rposes l Its u ti l i ty h as betested by th e exper ience ofseveral w inters . In a letter. to Gen . Deaif

born , publ ished ih , th e New Eng land Farmer,for June 1 183 1

,

-

(vol .

ix. p . Col . Pe rk ins h as h imse lfg iven the fol low ing not i ce of'

th is

apparatus :

T he bo i ler and reservo ir are Of cast i ron,containing each abou t

e ighty gal lons . Their d iameter i s a bou t t hree fee t,and the ir depth

twentytwo and a half inches . T he house '

i s e ighty fee t long in wh ichthey stand ; the boi ler at the east , and the _

reservo ir at the wes t endof' course the length Of the p ipes that conne ct them i s abou t seventyfour feet . The se p ipes are introduced or open. into the

“

ke tt les as

fol lows , viz .— the

'

upper end of the upper pipe is w i th in three inchesof th e top ofth e rim and th e u nder edge of the under p ipe is a l i ttlebe low the perpend i cu lar or s traight l ine of the s ide of the ke ttle ,wh ich br ings it (as the lower part Of the ke tt le i s somewhat d ish ing )with in mic or three inches Ofthe bottom.

46 GARDENS , ETC . i N THE VIC IN ITY OF BOSTON .

'

The p ipes are Of cast iron,four andahalf inches in d iame ter

w i th in the bore , b u t the ex terior ofth e pipe presents a surface ofs ix teenand a h alf inches

,mak ing in the two p ipes a surface of th irty th ree

inches . .These pipes are laid perfe ctly horizontal of course when

y ou fi l l you r bo i ler , y ou fi l l your reservo ir in the same degree ; the

proper po int , when fi l led for Operat ion , be ing an inch above the upper

edge ofthe upper p ipe . .T‘he p ipes are compu ted to hol d abou t 115

or,120 gal lons of water,Wh ich , toge ther w i th that contained in

“

the

two kett les , when fi l led to t he , proper he igh t,say 140 gal lons, makes

250 or 260 gal lons of water to b e heated before th e fu l l effect of theapparatus can b e exper ienced throughou t the

,

house.

”

In th e New,

Eng land Farmer, vol . p . 156,are statement s of im

provements in Col . Perkins’s apparatu s , cons ist ing

‘ch iefly in. plac ingtwo u pper p ipes and one under pipe , in wh ich the w ate r c irculates .

In th is; Col . Perk ins exp lains the pr inc ip les and advantages Of th ismode of heat ing , as fol lows

“ The exp ansion of the water by l i eat , ,d rives the water from the

bo i le r through th e upper set ofp ipes in to the reservoir , and from t henceit is taken by thelower set

‘

of pipes again to th e boi ler , where i t ish e ated , and is t hu s p erpe tual l y c ircu lated , g iv ing an equ abl e heat ,compe tent to th e warmth requ i red . T h e advantage Of th is mode ofheat ing , over fl

'

ues or steamf

apparatus is great ; i n fines , th e fires mu st

b e carefu l l y kep t up through frosty n ights , or your p lan ts are in 'dan

ger w i th steam,though th e heat is soon up , y et when the water is

be low th e bo i l ing po int , th e heat is soon lost. W ith hot water,not

above 190 deg .,Fah . ,

left by th e gardener at 8 . 0’clock in th e e ven ing,

heated by anthrac ite coal , and w i th th e dampers , nearly closed , thestate of th e house , if ord inar i ly t ight , w i l l b e found in the morn ing

w i th in a few degree s of the .state in wh ich i t was left twe l ve hoursbefore . This mode of heat ing hou ses was suggested and pu t

'

in prao

tise'

first by A tk inson ,frOm wh om I h ad my water ing p lans and sug

gest ions . It is said th ey - have been improved upon by, Tredgold .

* I

h ave seen Atk inson’s p lanmost su ccessfu l ly Operated upon by gent le

men both on th e cont inent and in Great Br i ta in . There may’

b e .

improvements ; I know of none wh ich i I th ink such : It is thought

one fire Wi l l heat the length ofa house ofseventy five feet , ofmoderate

height . T he house I have heated is fifty s ix fee t

,and the length of

A descr iption of Mr Atkinson ’

s plan , and improvements by Mr Tredgol d ,

fu rnished by S . G. Pe rkins , given in vol . x .

, p . of th e 'New EnglandFarmer .

BREAD CORN AND 1Ts SUBST ITUTES . 47

the p ipes. 150 fee t , b eing'

tw-o upper and one lower p ipe , and my p ipe

returned dou ble on the ends oftwenty fee t , mak ing th e who le lengt h

The forego ing -may serve to show th e princip lesof hot water appa

ratus,now common and mu ch approved of in Great Bri tain and some

parts of cont inental Europe .

’

_Messrs'

W insh ip, at Brighton,and Mr

Cush ing,at .h is fine horticul tural

‘

estab l ishmen t , in Watertown , have

hot- houses heated with hot water,by'

apparatu s made and conducted

on the same’

pr incip les . At Mr Cush ing ’s were se veral se ts'

of p ipes ,bo i lers

,&c. in operat ion ,

and g i v ing the atmosphere of Juné in De

camber to several extensive ranges of greenhou ses , w here beau t ifu land magn ificent exot ic p lants were flourish ing in al l the ir nat ive l ux

u riance.

We l ikew ise saw at Mr Cush ing ’s , agri cul tu ral improvements ,bu i ld ings

,imported

'

stoc'

k,&c.

,worth y

fof amore m inu te ‘

descriptibn

than we are ab le at th is t ime to present . A l arge Dutch granar—y , or

corn- barn,stand ing on tal l pi l lars , gave not only a store - house for

grain,safe fromth e intrus ion of verm

‘

mhb ut beneath it

,'and under

the p il lars wh ich supported it, -was a‘

conve nient p lace for th e depositof leaves for -manu re

,of

’

wh ich‘

th ere w ere large qu ant i t ies preparingfor u se . A root- bo

wu se w ith an apparatus for steam ing

,fi tted accord ing

to the best moderri improvements , added mu ch to th e e conom i cal accommodations Of th e farm bu i ld ings . F ine cows

,of the most improved

imported breed s , Ay resh ire , Durham short- horns , &c.,were repos ing

’

on beds of leaves,and by the ir s leek and g lossy appearance, and

apparent heal th and h igh cond ition,gave e v idence of the care and

j ud ic ious management of the irattendants . A more,minu te account

of t h is p lace woul d be,ve’

ry acceptab le,and we hope

,hereafte r

,to

fu rn ish i t for th e benefi t ofcu l t ivators who w ish to trace and profit byth e

'

progre ssofimprovement in the princ ipal branches ofrural economy .

ART . II . Bread Corn and i ts S ubstitu tes, considered as th e

S tafi of L ife. Communicated by Mr W ILL IAM KENR ICK .

GRANAnIE s . Bread h as been justl y denominated the stafi'

pf lifeand corn is a term, wh ich , by the European nat ions, is app l ied indiscriminate ly to every var ie ty ofgrain wh ich IS u sed in the preparationofbre ad . But, with u s , the term cOrn is app l ied almost exclusive l y to

48 BREAD CORN AND ITS S uB STITUTEs.

mai ze or Ind ian corn . This p lan t is a nat ive of th e trop ical countr ies ,b u t produces good crops as far north as lat i tude 44 or 45 degrees

,in

th e S tates wh ich border. on th e A t lant ic shore s .

W heat and ry e , wh ich are found grow ing wi ld in Tartary and S i

ber ia,are cu l t ivated e ven to th e borders of the trop i cs ; b u t r ice is a

trop i cal product ion ,now natural i zed . in th e: temperate regiOr

nat ive country b e ing E th iop1a‘

.

Egyp t 1r1 “

anc1ent t imes appears to have“

been the great s tore - houseof the earth for bread In Egyp t

, and .in th e t1mes of

publ i c store - hou ses or granar ies we re prov ided i n al l / t h e ch ief c1t1es

of,th e country

,and in these , d ur ing th e years ofgre at p lenty , the corn

w as l aid up 'to/ serve as. suppl ies in the years offam ineDearths in th e land of Egyp t were produ ced by several d istinct

cau ses ; or some times by a comb inat ion of two . or more , of them .

Some t imes,by excess ive and long cont inued drought

,or

'

,by some um

u sual depre ss ion of th e r ive rs at u nwonted seasons . Some t imes, b yreason of prod ig ious swarms o f locusts, w h i ch .there as re

corded in S cr iptu res,cove red - th e face of the W hole earth

,so that

th e sun was darke ned,

itand t here remained not any green; th ing

in the trees,or i n the . herbs of th e fie ld

,throughou t all th e land of

EgyptzEgy t ies be tween the la t itudes Of abou t 2 3£ and 32 deg ,

and ’ isindebted for i ts tvery extraord inary fert i l ity to its -warm -

. and genialc l imate ; b ut s t i l l '

more than al l,to a so i l fru i tfu l beyond measu re .

T he great r iver N i le , wh ich takes it'

rise in cen tral Afri ca,after trav .

ers1ngI variou s

'

countr ies and k ingdom's,d escends w i th l ts m ighty “

wate rs through the whole extent of .Upper and Lower Egyp t, unt i l it

enters th e Med i terranean sea,2000

'

miles from its sources . In those1nter ior countr ies , wh ich al l l ie w i th in the trop ics

,i t rains incessant l y

d u r ing se veral su ccess ive months . These excess ive rains are th e

cau ses ofthe annual r ise of th e r iver,and the consequent inundat ions

w h ich“

cover th e whole of the l and of the De l ta,0 1: Lower Egyp t .

When the waters of‘

the N i le re t ire to the ir 'banks,they leave on

'

the

w ho le country wh ich h ad been overflown,th e r i ch al lu v ial depos i t .

Wheat and bar ley y ie ld profuse ly also r ice and maize and two or

th ree crops are annu al l y produced ori the same ground . These areth e comb ined causes of the amaz ing fert i l i ty of th e so i l

,and of the

surpass ing r iches and renOa ofEgyp t .The anc ient h istory of that country is los t in obscur i ty ; y et th e

remains of the antzient works,‘

and of al l that 1s wonderfu l in Egyp t ,

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50 BRE'

AD CORN AND 1Ts SUB ST ITUTES .

swee tmeats and confect ionary .

‘

A lso roasted, or bro i led , or boiled

w i th sal t beef, and sal t. fish Or pork it 1s prefer red to bread .

Dr Wr ight has “

stated,that th e is land OfJ amaica wou ld scarce b e .

hab i tab le w i thou t the p lantain,as no species ofprov is ion cou ld suppl y

its p lace .

“

A p lantat ion,affords a succession offru i t for ,

a whole year.

T he B anana , is shorter and rounder than th e p lantain It is more

me l low ,and is e aten r aw or rOasted, in fr i tters , preserves , or marma

lade ; and'

the fermented ju i ce affords an exce l lent wine . M. Hum

bo ld t h as cal cu lated , tha t the sameground wh ich w i l l produce fourthousand pounds of bananas

,w i l l only produ ce ‘

th irty th ree pounds‘

of

wheat,and n ine tynine pounds of'

potatoes .

ARROW ROOT .- T he Arrow Root , or -Maranta

,is a.

,native of

S ou t h Amer i ca. Th e roots are tuberou s and jo inted .

_

.They producea starch

,one of the most nou r ish ing of vege tab le su bstances . A

p l ant extreme l y p roduct ive ; as two smal l tubersbu shel s in two seasons

,at S t He lena. Th is p lant w i l l flour ish in t he

Sou thern S tates .

B READ FRU IT .—T he Bread Fru 1t Tree is a nat ive of the Sou th

Sea Isl ands ,‘

where i t grows 'to the s i ze of . the oak. T he fru it isround ,

‘

the s i z‘

e of a me lon ; the sk in covered w i th protuberances.

T h e inner part is of t he cons istence of new bread,and as wh ite as

snow . It is roasted before h is eaten ,and is of a sl igh tlv swee t taste .

TWO or three bread fru i t trees w i l l snflice for a man’s yearl y supp ly .

There are seve ral var ie t ies,one ofwh ich ‘ is cal led J aco tree.

CACAO, (Cacao Theobronia . ) - T he choco late tree is a beau t ifu l

tree , s ixteen to twenty fee t in he ight , resemb l ing the cherry tree in,

its

form and leaves ; a nat ive of So'

u th Amer i ca and of Mexi co ;‘

it is

sp lend id when in b loom . T he fru it - is an oval po inted pod , enclos ingfroni

‘

ten to th irty compressed . nu ts , an inch in - d iame ter,enve loped in

a swee t and refresh ing pu lp .

'

Th e nu ts when roasted and ground ,are mou lded into choco late cakes , a highly nu tr i t iou s

,Wholesome

,

and de li c ious food . In France,smal l cakes

'

of chocolate,swee tened

with sugar,and of var ious fanc ifu l forms ,

“

are prepared - for eat ing .

They - are. a portab le food, of a nu tri t ious qual i ty , and de l ic ious taste ,and in great demand : Napo leon , ,

ou'

h is re treat’

from Moscow, was

once preserved from dy ing w i th hunge r , by a few of these cakeswh ich h e carr ied in h is pocke t . Bry an

~ Etlwards,in h is H istory of

th e West Ind ies,re lates thecase

'

of a'

negro in’

Jamaica, who‘

died ‘ at

the age of 120 ; the last th irty years ofwh ich , he had l ived on chocolate

BREAD ' CORN AND 1Ts . s 1JBST 1Tu'rEs . 5 1

I

YAM, (D ioscor eau . ) - T l*e y am 1s a cl imb ing p lant , a nat ive of

the East and West Ind ies . The roots are very large ,’

some t imesenormous and flattened in form. I t is bo i led or roasted l ike th e pototo, and is a w holesome , nu tr i t ious, and palatab le food . T h e flou r

or starch’

is used for pudd ings and for bread .

SW EET POTATO , (Convolvu lus batatas . ) - The swee t potato is a perennial , a nat ive of the Sou thern S tates ;

'

a creep ing“v ine. Th e roots

are long tu bers ofa swee t,agreeab le taste ; when e ither bo i led , baked ,

or roasted and a nou r ish ing and who lesome food . It is raised near

BOston,from s l ips procu red in New Jersey . These are started

'

in a

hot bed, and p lanted two each m an e levated h i l l , in a dry , warm sit

nat ion,and r i c h soil . T he h i l ls shou ld b e six feet asunder .

BREAD R OOT, (P sora lea escu lenta .

— T he bre ad root , is a nat i veof M issour i ; a perenn ial p lant

,wh ich

,w i th cu l t ivat ion,

produ cesabundant crops .

1 Its roots are e aten l ike those of th e potato .

OxALl s -CRENATA .— An ornamental p lant from Ch i l i . T h e flow

ers are in um'be ls,of, a ye l low ish color , and beau t ifu l . T he st alks are

succu lent , ac id , and are u sed as salad . T he roots are tu bers , andprodu ced inclu sters

,andWhen bo i led

,they resemb le a chestnu t

,and

are super ior in taste to the potato , and as easy -

of cu l t ivat ion ; Thisroot, wh ich is extraord inary product ive , may b e stored in ce l larsdurmg w inter .

ARRACACHA .— Tl'le arracacha 1s a nat ive of Sou th Amer i ca

,and

18 cul t ivated at Santa Fee and Caraccas. It is'

said to flour ish be stan the e levated reg ions of mountams

,w here th e medium

,heat does

not exceed Its main root d iv ides into four or five large - prongs

i t is l ight,starchy

,and wholesome .

f

Ne ith er th is nor the two pre

ced ing p lants are known to be cu l tivated w ith u s .

Pub l ic granar ie s,as we have seen

,are of very anc ient date in

Egypt ; and x some have suppose‘d

,th at

'

th e anc ient catacombs w e reor ig inal l y des igned as . the vas t depos i tor ies

’

for the superabundant

grain,rather than as

‘

mahsions for th e dead .

In Bishop Heber’s trave l s in Ind ia,wh ich have been late ly pu b l ishe, ,d

I have found an account of a granary of anextraord inary k ind , wh ichh ei saw at Bank ipore , a place 1n th e i nterior near . th e banks of the

r iver Ganges . .It was a h igh bu ild ing , resemb l ing a g lass house,

w i th a staircase w ind ing round , from the bottom to the summit; andsomewhat resemb l ing in appearance the ol d pr ints of th e tower ofBabe l . It was bu i lt for th e granary of the d istri ct , in conformi ty toa law

,wh ich -was made 1n consequence of a famine , wh ich occurred

BREAD CORN AND i Ts SUBST IT UTE S .

near fifty years ago and to m i t igate or prevent'

a repe t it ion ofthe l ikecalamities

,at a fu ture per iod . Th e grain was pou red in at the sum

mit,and drawn ou t at the bottom . At the t ime - the Bishop saw i t , it

h ad been empt ied for some years ;'

cit-h er from uneglect or repeal of the

law ,or defect in its constru ct ion,

l

or other causes,and h ad not long

before been u sed as a powder magaz ine.

T h e p lan appears to be or iginal ; the floor shou ld b e elevated“

to

th e height of a story from th e’ground

,and the grain may b e drawn

ou t at th e bottom - fromj

- numerou s open ings . Several t imes d ur ingeach summer season,

and in clear,dry ai ry day s ,

‘

th e Who le conten ts of“

h magaz ine s shou ld b e drawn Ou t,and w innow ed , and carr ied up

by su i tab le mach inery to the top ; the whole be ing effected by th eaid ofthe w ind or ot he r power . The m idd le shou ld cons is t of a cir

Cu l ar area and staircase , l ighted from th e centre above .

Pu bl i c granar ie s for the re l iefof th e poor in t imes of want , and ofe

fam ine h ave been estab l ished and remained se lf- suppor ted and the irbeneficial effects have been fe l t for ages .

A bene volent c it i zen ofBerne,in Sw i tzerland , hav ing often v iewed

th e pr ivat ions to w h ich the poor we re su bjected,in t imes of dearth ,

i'

nade prOVl SIODS' in h is w i l l

,for' the purpose of constructing an ed ifice ,

and endow-ing. i t w i th funds, for the re l ief ofthe poor in t imes Offamine or scarc ity a .part of the ed ifice to be appropri ated as a hal l , toth e u se of the mun i c ipali ty of th e city

“

ofBerne,in their pub l i c mee t

ings .-T h e ce l lars were to be appropr iated for the receptionofw ine

,

and the spaciou s rooms Contained in th e se veral stories above , werefor th e granar ies . i W h ene i e r th e pr i ce of grain or of w ine was onequ arter less than the average pr i ce

,of the preceding ten years , then

th e granar ies were to b e fi l led w i th corn,and th e vau l ts stored w i th

W ine ; and whenever e i ther the pr i ce of corn or of w ine , h ad r isenone fou r tlz above the average pr ice

,for the preced ing ten years , then

the grain or th e w ine was to. b e sold to th e poor,at th e averag e p r ice ;

and in th e proport ion ofhalf a pound of the former , and a p int of th elatter

,fer each memberof s u ch fam i l ies per day . Th is benevolent ‘

inst itu t ion ,.wh i ch was founded more than a century ago , h as contin

m

u ed, as my accoun t states,in fu l l and su ccessfu l operat ion to the

present!

day .

Granar i es shou ld b e constructed in dry , e levated s i tuat ions . Theyshou ld admit Of vent i lat ion

,and once or tw ice dur ing summer, th e

whole grain may be moved and aired by a w innowmg mach ine th is

shou ld b e done indry , airy days .

B READ CORN AND i Ts suBST iTUTEs . 53

Granaries , ,or pu bl i c magaz ines, shou ld

'

b e estab l ished at the pub l ic

charge in al l th ose countr ies, w h ich , e i ther from a vast and dense

popu lat ion,or from any other Cause , are l iab le _

to suffer at t imes th ehorrors offamine . These wou ld serve to al lev iate the d istress of th ehu sbandman ,

in t hose years , when, from the supera—b undant . h arvests,

corn h ad b ecomel

a drug, no longer br ing ing a remuneratingp r i ce .

In su ch times, the presence in,

the market of acpub l ic benefactor; and

customers'

so able , a nd a\w ithdrawal ofa portion

"

o fthe superabundant

s tock from th e present consump t ion, Wou ld e levate at once to a b etter?

s tandard,the pr i ceofwhat remaine d

,and

,

have an e fl'

ect,salu tary and

encou rag ing to th e hu sbandman,by re l iev ing h im .from want ; thus

Operat ing as a perpetual ‘bounty,and a gu

'

arantee ,

i

th at the reward for

h is labors wou ld never b e lost .When su ch nat ional depos i t 'or ie s have once been complete l y estab

l ish ed and fi l led,they wou ld b e capab le of sustain ing themse lves for

agesw i th no add i t ional aid from - the pu b l i c ; or even ’

wit-h good- man

agement, they m ight prove the searces ofpub l i c revenue .

The prov id ing a re source for th e poor in t ime ofneed,be ing a du ty

wh ich mu st always de vOlve on the pub l i c , and pub l ic prov is ionbe ing thus‘ made and prov ide d in t imes of great plen ty , and at th e

cheapest rate , as often as th e price Of corn shou ld r ise to a certaindegree or po int, above the ave rage pr i ce , then the pu b l i c storehou sesshou l d be opened at once to al l th e poor , who shou ld be ent i t led todrawfrom th is resou rce

,dai l y

,a

;certain al lowance for themselves and

the ir fam i l ies,for wh ich the y shou ld pay b ut the aver ag e p r ice, or

the average ofyears. 1

It h as been '

th e r emark of eminent pol i tical e conom ists,that whenthe average crops of grain or bread stufl

’

s,w h ich are raised through

ou t a'

country and al l its dependenc ies,are one fou rth g reater than

th e average cr0 ps ofye ars , t he pr i ce u su al ly fal ls in consequence,not

mere ly one fou rth, b u t more nsual ly one third , Or one half.

On _th e othe r h and

,i t has also been remarked

,that

‘w hen th e av

e rage c rops of grain of a‘

country , and of al l its'

dependéncies , are

one fou r th less than the average product ion ofyears,the pr i ce is u su

al l y enhanced in consequenCe , in a far greater proport ion, or nearl y,

or qu i te to fifty per cent above the ave rage pr i ce of“years .

1

W i th th e mass of consumers, from the ir long estab l ished hab i ts , the

quant ity ofbread stuffs,or ofcorn consumed , i s t notredu ce d or ,a1tered

from: trans ient cau ses or in seasons of scarc ity,bu t cont inues the same ,

u nt i l th e t ime Offamine comes:Nonantum H il l

, Newton,J an. 15 1836.

ART . III . On the Selection ofHardy Herbaceous P lants,. su itahle

for Ornanzenting the P ar terre,Border or S hr ubbery ,

Commu

nicat'

ed'

b y Mr JOSE PH BRECK .

(Continued from. page

THE ‘annu al Larkspurs are known to all ; some of th e spe cies form

one of the most common ornaments of the garden . A b ed of the

dou ble dwarf rocke t - (Delph inin-m ajac is) in al l its varie t ies of color,equa ls in beauty a b ed of hya'c inths

, wh ile the tal l b ranéh ing sorts

(D . con-

sol id‘

a) great ly enrich the borders , wh en sown in masses the

d ifl'

erent- varie t ies of wh i te

,purp le

,

'b lue,p ink and

'

var iegated d ist inctfrom each Other . The s ing le var iet ies are handsome , b ut th e dou b lesorts

,e legant .

T he pe renn ial spec ies are not so common, b u t deserve tob e more

general l y known, not on ly on account of the ir be au ty,b ut also .for

'

the ir.

h ard iness and ease of cu ltivat ion .

Th e botan ical name De lphin ium,is fromaGreek Word , a dolph in,

on accoun t of'

the resemb lance be tween the nectary of the pl ant andth e imaginary figure of

'

th e delph in .

”

It belongs to the class Pol yandria, (many stamen s) , order Tr igyni a

(three p i-st ils) , vary ing , however , frOm three to five . Natural ord'erR anuncul‘aceae .

T h e character of the genu'

s

'

is a five'

pe taled corol la, des t i tu teof acal yx

,w i th a b ifid nectary , cornu te , (hOrn sh aped . ) (Th e nectary

is th e part of the flOWer prod ucing honey . T h e term is also. appli ed

in certain instances to any internal supernumerar'y part of the calyx

or corol la in th is case - it appl ies to a por t ion oft h e corol la wh i chproject s behind in the sh ape ofa horn . S i l iques (seed vesse ls ) one

to three .

D elp hiniumg randiflorwn. (Great flowered . ) One of th emost showy'

of th e genu s,sp‘ort ing‘ into many varie t ies . I ts he ight is from two to

three feet,

'

and“con t inues to give a su ccess ion offlowe rs from June to

October w h ich are l arge , of a fine b lue , purp le or.wh ite

,dou b le and

s ingle , and often spo tted or shaded on each pet al w i th copper ' Color

on

'

th e dark var ie t ies,or w i th green: on the wh i te . Leaves palmate,

‘

(hand sh aped ) many parted .

It i s propagated b y d iv id ing th e roots in th e spr ing, about th e t imeit

'

b eg ins to vege tate, or i t may b e d iv ided w i th su ccess in August .

By sow ing the seed new varie t ies may b e expected,wh ich if dOne

earl y,w i l l flower in au tumn . . Nothing i s more p leasant than to

ON THE on 55

o rig inate a new var ie ty . It mu st not be supposed , however, that

there w i l l be much chance : short of a hundred p lants. It h as flour

ished With me in a variety of so ils ; it Wi l l , in .fact , grow anywhere

w i thout d ifficu l ty, onl y. requ iring - to be div ided every few year s , whenthe roots become - l arge . It 18 said to b e a nat ive of S iberia and of

cou rse mu st be h ardy.D elpkim

'um sim

’

enszs p leno. Doub le C h inese . This is one

.

of the

most magn ifi cent of herbaceous p lants. It can b e propagated onl yby d iv iding

,the roots, as

“

it does not produ ce seed ; i t'

is perfe ctl yh ardy , endur ing th e co ld est weather. w ithout

’

protection ; it is be st tog ive a l i ttle , howe ver, as it wil l flower stronger for~ it . , T he floWers

are of a most beau t iful livel y b lue , in long open sp ikes ,‘u pon grace

ful slende r pu rpl ish stems,three fee t h igh . From June to October

it d isp lays its beau ty, and IS ind ispensab le 1n the format ion ofa perfectbouquet . Fol iage palmate , many parted .

D elphinium d atum. (Upr igh t ) Bee Larkspur. So cal led on ac

cou nt .of th e b ifid terminat ion of the nectary in the centre of th e

corol la, in connex ion w ith th e anthus hav ing a fancied resemb lance ,

to a b ee .

[ Th is species from its he ight, wh ich is from four to six fee t,is wel l

adapte d to the shru bbery its long c luste red sp ike offine b lu e floiversmaking a fine appearance m that department. It is also Su i table for

the border, but shou ld be p lanted at the . greatest d istance from the

wal k . Leaves downy,five lobed ; lobescuneate , (wedge shape ) at th e

b ase,trifid

'

cut .

'

Propag‘

ated by seed or d iv is ions of th e roots .

’A floris tmay perhaps prefer th e doub le varieties to the s ingle ; b utthe botan ist w i l l d iffer from h im

,as th e . character of the flower is

de stroyed -b y its monstros i ty , the nectary be ing converted into petal s ,as are the stamens in many cases .

There‘ are many o ther spe cies equal l y worthy of a place in the

p leasure grounds whi ch have not y et’

found a/p lace even in ou r

botan i cal gardens , th atl

are very desirab le.Among. th e n umber is

D . pun iceum,w ith scarle t flowers

,from Siber ia ; D . och roleucum

,

w i th pale ye l low flowers,from Iberia ; D. azu reum

,w i th light b lue

flowers,from Caro l ina

,sixfee t h igh ; D . tr icorne

,D . exaltatum,

dark

b l ue , ind igenou s to N . Amer ica, w i th numerou s other spe c ie s fromS iber ia, most ly wi th blue flowers

As an ornamental annu al,

- few exceed in point iof show Coreop sz’

s

tinctor ia . The only object ion to . i it“

makes itse lf too common,

and has thereby acdu ired the name ofNu ttal l’s weed . It was he who

56 ON THE SELECT ION on farm s .

introd uced it from the “ far We st,where he d iscovered it in rich

profus ion in the Arkansas , terr i tory , near the Rocky mountains .

Some of the improved varie t ies are e legant . Th e flowers general l yareof a fine orange ye l low w ith a brown centre ; in some . var iet iesthe flowers are mu ch larger , th e rays ofwh ich are only bordered w i thorange

,wh i le th e remainder w ith the d isk is r ich

'

dark 'b rown. .

‘

Com

mon as i t is,it -wi l l always b e cons idered as one ofth e standard orna

mental annu als .

~

For e legance , none of the perenn ial Coreopsis can b e comparedw i t h th is ; y et some of them are more des irab le

,as they are eas i l y

kep t w i th in bounds , produ c ing l i ttle or no‘seed

'

by wh ich to extendthemse l ves . T h e genus is '

most l y North Amer i can,and w i th the

excep t ion of a few spe c ies, produce ye l low flowers ; al l those abou t tobe descr ibed are perfectly hardy

,requ ir ing no protection whatever .

It is said by Nuttal l that there 1s a spec ies ln th e ope’

n swamps of

New . Jersey,of low growth

,narrow leaves

,and rose colored flowers

b ut I have never seen i t in any col le ct ion . C . rosea,ofEaton

,answe

to h is descript ion ; he'

does not say whether an annual or perenn ial .Coreopsis is from Greek words

,s ignifying a .b ug and resemb lance .

Its seed is convex on one s ide and‘

concave on the other ; i t h as a

membranou s marg in,and i t

'

h as two l it tle horns at the end,wh ich

g ive i t very much the appearance ofsome insect .”

It is found in th e class S yngenes ia»

, (the un ion of the anthers;wh ich th e Greek name imp l ies) . Th e flov

‘

vers are compound,stamens

five , un i ted by,

the ir anthers . Order,Fru strane a

, (flore ts ofth e d isk ,fei tile ; of the ray , ster i le ) . Natu ral order , Compos i te. One of the

most extensive and we l l defined classes of,

the Linnman system, and

remark able for d isplay ing the ir flowers in au tumn . T h e genu s Core

opsis is characteri ze d by hav ing a doub le calyx ; each ofmany leaves ,th e , e

_

xter1or s horter and green,th e inter ior equ al

,partl y cor iaceous

,

( leathe ry ) and colored . T he receptacle (that par t of th e’

fru ctification

wh i ch supports the other parts ) produ c ing fl-at,ch afl

'

y scales . T he

s eeds compressed,emarg inate , and often b identate ( hav ing two

tee th ) .Coreop sis lanceolata , is a fine spec ies Wi th lanceolate leaves , pro

d ucing a profusion of l arge , r i ch ye l low flowers upon long peduncles

(flower- stems) , which beg in to .open in 'June,and g ive a cont inued

su ccess ion unt i l late . in au tumn ; he ight abou t two feet. This is

almost th e only perennial wh ich produ ces ye l low ,

‘

compound flowers

so earl y in’

summer. A smal l root planted’

in April w i l l make a large

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

58 ON THE: SELECT ION OF PLANTS .

Spirean is P l iny’s name for a p lant

,the b lossoms of wh ich are used

in garl .ands'

That plant is t hought to have been the Vibu rnum l antana .

”The flowers ofS . h y pe r1ca

'

fol ia are arranged the whole lengthof its flex ible branches 111 sess i le umbe ls

,so as to form beau t ifu l gar

l ands of wh ite , _contrast ing fine ly w i th its green

,Obovate leaves ,

Wh ich make a'

good back - ground to its snowy b lossoms .

‘TO th is

species'

and some Others'

the name i s appropr iate . This genus isfound in th efcl ass Icosandr ia , which b y interpretatmn is twentystamens — the ir number

, h owe ver, is so variab le that u pon'these the

class is not founded ; b ut upon t he ir pos i t ion ,wh ich is .Ou

'

the calyx .

Order,Pentagy m a (five pist i ls ). Natural order ; Rosaceze . Character

of ' the genu s,calyx spread ing

,five

‘ cleft ; pe tals five ; capsu les onece l led , two valved , Open ing inwards , one

'

to three seeded

Sp irea ril‘

nzar ia p lena .

“

Doub le Meadow- sweet . This -most be au

t ifu l p lant should not b e want ing in th e smal lest co l le ct ion. It is a

native Of Br i tain, and an improved var ie ty Of the s ing le spec ies . A

large mass of i t is very impos ing ; its fine doub le wh ite flowers in

pfol iferous corymbs, on erect ‘

stems two feet h igh , h ave the a ppear

ance Of'

snow .

-Fr'om June to Augu st . Leave s p innate,downy be

neath ; the term inal leafl arger, three lobed ; the lateral ones und iv id ed .

This and (most of the s pecies su cceed "best in a;strong, mo ist so i l , andare e qual l y hardy , endu ring th e s eve rest w inter w i thou t protect ion .

A var ie ty 'h as var iegated leaves , wh ich is not so common .

Sp ir ea lobata . Lobed Sp irea’. A beau t iful spec ies , ind igenous tosome part of th e ‘ country

,b u t nor inNew Eng land . Flowers red o r .

deep p ink , in prol iferou s c orymbs ; two fee t h igh . It ‘is not so longin bloom as the

,

l ast. species , . b u t fine in'

its,

season, Ju l y .

'

Leaves pin

nate,glabrous (smooth ) the

'

odd leaf large,se

'

ven lobed l‘ate'

ral onesthree lobed ;Sp ireafi l iphndu la . Drop wort . A very e legant species

,a nat ive

ofBritain, w i th tuberou s roots l ike the Pseony .‘

F lowerscory mb s

‘

two fee t h igh . From’ June to Augu st. Leaves p innated

,

leafle ts seriated ; th e fol iage i s beau t ifu l .1 Dou ble Drop Wort . More desirab le than

th e last,Ofwh ich th i s IS a \var1ety ; appearance the . same

,excep t the

flowers are doub le , and not qui te so tal l a p lant . ) F lowers cont inuethrough the‘ season . The tubes shou ld b e ,

d ivided l n Augu st , or earlyi i

'

n t h e spr1ug . Th e - two last increase . s lowly , w h i le the two first described extend themse l ves a l i tt le too fast .Sp irea aruncus . Goat ’s beard . From S iberi a three or four fee t

ON THE S ELECT ION OF PLANTS .

h igh,w i th wh ite flowers in. pani c led spikes , in June and Jul y . Leaves

supra deco'

mpound . There is an ind igenous var ie ty very mu ch l ikeit,var : Amer i cana; w i th very long s lender spikeSx

J

Sp irea trzfoh’

ata,is now attached to the smal l genu s

'

Gi l len ia,and

w i t h mu ch propr ie ty , as the most casual observer w i l l at once percerve .

~ It h as b ut very l i ttle resemb lance to the Sp irea fam i l y hav inga tub u lar camp

‘

anu la'

te calyx ; its p ink and wh i te " flowers more Sol itary and much larger

,w i th :

'

a

'

leafy appendage at the base o f th e

peduncles,techn i cal l y cal le’d s t ipules, wh ich are l inear “ two fee t h igh“

;

June and Ju l y ; leaves in t hrees . A very pre tty North Amer i canp lant , equ al l y hardy and as e asily

’

cu lt ivated as the Sp ireas .

Th e re are some spec ies a nd variet—ies'

not found in our co l lect ions,

ve ry des irab le . E ach new hardy , herbaceou s or ‘

sh rub'b y'

pl ant mu st

be cons idered b y e very love r of flo‘

Wers an 1mportant acqu is i t ion . Itis to b e l1oped , t hen ,

that the fo l low ing w i l l soon be added : S . palmata and S . d ig i tata

,w i t h red flowers . S , - filipend,u la

,var ie t ies . m inor

and pu be‘

scens .

\S . u lmar ia, var iet ies. deri uda'

and 'tomentosa, w ith fwh ite flowers . 3

Lychn is,from a Greek word

,s ignifies l amp

’

,1n al lus ion to the

cottony leaves of some spec ie s,whi ch have been u sed as w icks to

lamps . This ornamental genus inclu des the o ld one,Agrostemma

,

4

wh icli'

is now abo l ished . It be longs to the art ific ial c lass Decandr ia~

(ten stamens ) . ,Orde-

r,Pentagynia (five s t i les ) . Natu ral order;

Cary ophy l lew. Its generi c character. is an ob long, one leaved calyx

petals five clawegd w i th a nearl y two parted l imb ; capsu les five ce l led .

L y chnis‘

cha lcedomca 1s common in most gardens , and frequentl yknown by the name ofLondon pr ide ; a nat ive ofRu ss ia, we l l knownand /m uch esteemed a s a

,

border flower of easy cu l ture ; free ly propagated from seed and d iv is ion of th e root . ‘

.T he flowers are bri l l iantscar ,

le t wh ich makes i t more val uable,as comparat ive ly few of that

co lor are to be found among ha1dy herbaceou s p lan ts . One of th e

most sp lend id decorat ions of th e border 15 th e doub le var_1ety ; not

common e xcep t w i th the amateu r or flor ist . . I t - is propagated only byd iv is ions of th e root

,o r

‘ cu tt ings of the flower stem,and requ ires s ome

care to pre vent i t froe etu rning toftlie"

s ing le state .

“ T h e cuttl ngs

may be taken off at any t ime when theshoots are tender and p lantedin a sandy loam,

in a w arm s i tu ation,bu t shaded and covered

.w i th a

hand g lass. W hen we l l e stab l ish ed; .they . may b e transp lanted intothe nursery department, or where they are final ly

'

to remain,and w i l l

flowe r strongl y” the next y ear.”

There is al so a s ing le and doub le wh i te varie ty f The double

60 ON THE SELECT ION OF PL‘

ANTS .

wh ite is stil l more rare t han the doub le scarle t . Al l the variet ies dob est in a l ight

,r i ch

,loamy so i l . - It

'

is ne cessary to take up and

d iv ide the roots every other .year,

’

or they"

w i l l dw ind le away . Th e

best time to do th is is earl y in the spring : A l ight '

protection’

is

ne cessary to the dou b le var ie ties,

“

to insure a v igorous b loom. T h e

flowers are fascic led (col lected m bund les ), leve l top Orconvex ; twofeet h igh ,

in June and Ju ly . T he doub le varie t ies do not“grow so

luxuriant, and continue to give ,flowers u nt i l au tumn

L , fu lg ens,(sp lend id ) is a hardy spec ies from S iber ia, w i t h scar letflowers ; one foot and a hal fhigh ; not common w i th u s .

“

L . corondta , is a sh ewy spec ies from Ch ina. Thefl owers are large,

sol itary , .terminal and ax i l lary ; red , th e pe tals torn ; .One foot and a

h alf h igh ; cal yx rounded,clavate (clu b- shaped ) , r ibbed

,s .mooth

Unfortunatel y , tth is beau t ifu l p lan t . w i l l not stand ou r w inter in open

ground ; i t therefore requ 1res to be taken up and potted in au tumnand protected l n the / house or frame . It thrives and flowers : abun

dantly‘

r‘

nost of th e . season“

if p lanted ou t in the spr ing .

2' I t may be

raised from seed or cu tt ings ; r

L .floscucu l i . R agged R’

ob in . This is an Old inhab i tant Of, th e

flower garden, a na tive OfBr i tain . . T he double - var ie ty is deserved l yesteemed

,is

_

very Ornamental easy to cu l t ivate , and flou r ishes in any

common garden so i l . It is propagated by d iv i s1ons Of the root . F lowers fine deep p ink , d i chotomous, fascicled cal yx campanu late , tenribbed ; petals torn, w i th an

”

appendage .

L viscar z’

a w ith pin-

;k L . d iurn‘

a,w i th pu rp le ; and L . vesp er tz

'

na,

wi th wh i te flowers , al l nat ives of Bri tain , are said to b e handsome .

border flowers in the ir doub le var ie t ies , b u t not much known w i th u s .

L .

'

coronar i , formerl y Agrostemma coronar ia,is too we l l

'

known

under th e -

name of Mu l len P ink, to requi re .a part icular descrip t ion .

Its cur iou s , downy, mu l len- l ike. leaves,w i th fine red flowers u pon i ts

d ichotomous (forked) . stems,and h ardy hab i ts

,w i l l always g ive 'it a

p lace in the border among p lants more rare . The varieties w ithwh ite

,red and

"

wh i te,

“

and dou ble red flowers, are also handsome,bu t

not sO'

commonly me t Wi th . T he Old'

plants are apti

to d ie . New

p lants from Seed shou ld , therefore,b e‘

in progress ofthe s ing le var ie t ies ,Which are easil y raised . T he doub le must be pFopagated by d ivis ionsofth e roots .

L .flos Jam'

s,or flower Of Jove . It h as red flOvVers

,in umbe l late

he ads ; not so showy as some of the spec ies, b ut worthy of cu l tivat ionon account of 1ts remarkab le downy leaves .

(To be continued . )

ART.“7. Th e P lanter’s Guide or , a P ractical E ssay on th e

best Method hf g iving immediate Effect to Wood,by the R emova l

of large Trees and Underwood ; being“

an A ttemp t to p l

lace 'tlu.l A r t

a nd that of genera l A r b_

or icu ltu re, -ou fixed and p hy to log ical P r in

cip les ; inter sp ersed witb Observations on g eneral P lanting , and

the Imp rovement of real L andscap e. Or ig ina l ly intended for tire

C limate of S cot land . By Sm HENRY S TE UART,BART .

,LL. D .

,

F . .R . S . E .

,&c.

(Communicated for th e Horticu ltural Register. )-TH IS work treats gene-ral l y Of the removal o f large (forest) trees

and u nderwood , b ut especial l y Of the best method Ofgi v ing immed iate’

e fl'

ect to woo'

ds. I t enters w i th m inuteness into th e subject'

of trans

p lant ing trees , and of the subsequent care and management Of them ,

w hether de tached or in pl antations, in close or Open dispos i t ions.

T he whole treat ise , though voluminous , ex tending in th e Americane d it ion to a port ly Octavo , is valuabl e , and w i l l repay a c arefu l read ing .

The style of the work is also exceed ing ly simp le and p leasing. In

s hortf it is obv iousl y the production Of a h ighly cu l t ivated man, _

a-nd,

at the same t ime , one possessed ofa vast de al ofpract i cal informat ionre lat ive to the su bje ct whi ch h e h as undertaken to d iscu ss .

Accord ing to S ir Henry S teuart, th e fi rst point to b e conside red in

t h e removal of trees is th e se lect-ion Ofthe.

p lant or subject. It shou ldb e at least “

fromtwenty five to t h irty feet h igh,w ith a girth of at least

fifteen inch es ; endowe d w ith those qual it ie s that manifest health and

v igor , and that w il l best enab le .it to shootrap id l y - in'

an exposed s i tuat ion

,su ch as lawns

,parks - or ot her Open grounds. These qual i ties h e

denOminates th e p rotecting p rop er ties . They cons ist in a th ink , hardb ark ; a th ick and stou t stem ; a w ide sp read ing , we l l furn ishe d and

we l l balanced head , w i th branches g rowmg, re lat ive ly to“

the ' heigh t

.Of the tree ,'

near the ex tend ing equal l y and un iformly 111

al l d irect ions . These are th e onl y su bje cts th is exper ienced p lanterconside rs fit to b e se lected in order to i nsu re a spee dy and - certainsu ccess .

T h e Ameri can reader wil l at once pe rce ive that there are Very fewt rees Of th is descr ipt ion in th is country

,o r

,indeed

,in any other

,

u n less orig inal ly p lanted b y the‘hand Of

\man in s itu ations where the

l ight and air cou ld free l y pene trate to al l s ides . Some trees may h ave

b een l eft accidental ly in pastu res or along b‘

oundary l ines,b ut natur

al l y they do not grow detached . On the contrary,they grow in close

woods . And e ven where they succeed in suffocat ing the underwood,

THE PLANTaa’s Gums .

they do not possess a sing le property wh ich S ir Henry S teuart cone

s iders ind ispens ab le for a su ccessful removal . They h ave a'

tender

and smooth bark,a long, s lender stem

,few lateral branches , and a

head i l l furn ished and of irregu lar s h ape . Take,for examp le

, one of

our forests, (or , as we ca l l i t , awood ) cons isting ofthe gray , red , andone or two other k inds ofoak

,w i th an occas ional h ickory ,

’

wh ite p ine ,

map le,and perhaps a chestnu t . These trees, standing w ith in a few

feet of each other , and start ing at the same t ime,struggle upwards

l i teral l y for a ray of l ight and abre ath of air . T h e growt h rs,the re

fore , not on ly irregu lar for the d ifferent va1 ieties advance W1th d ifferent degrees of rap id i ty b ut the deve lopement of the p lant i snecessari l y imperfect :T h e finest trees we have in th is part of the country , are probably

those aged wh i te oaks that occasmnal l y and accidental l y h ave been

left in some of our anc ien t pastures . A tree of th is descript i on,if

se ated in a tolerab ly prop i t ious so il,Wi l l b e found to b e fu l ly and ad

mirab ly de ve loped , except ing always a s l igh tl y stinted vege tation'

on

the north or stormy_quarter . This is the only treewe have wh ich

'

at

al l re semb les th e oaks of an Eng l ish park and for the obv ious reasont hat i t is th e onl y one wh ich grow s as they do . Now if any person

w i l l take th e troub le to compare th is pas tu re wh i te oak w ith a tree of

the same var iety , and apparent ly.

of the same great,

age , grow ing in a

close wood , not a property w i l l'

b e found in common e itherin theform of the trunk , or th e arrangement of the branch es . We have , 1t

i s true,in th is part ofth e country , p lantat ions of forest trees of many

years ’ stand ing, b u t the trees in th em,w ith hard ly an excep t ion,w i l l.

be'

found to b e totally unfit for removal , hav ing no advantage whateverover

'

the or lgl nal forest trees , and grow ing , indeed , ve ry -mu ch as

they do .

But to re tu rn to th e work . Trees growmg m a close wood,th e

S cotch p lanter cons iders as endowed w i th what he terms the non pro- 4

teeting p rop er ties— or in o ther words, they are no t fu rn ished w i th

su ch bark,branches and roots as w i l l enable them to flour ish m an

e xposed s itu at ion . They are,therefore

,not deserv ing of a removal .

As to -the re lat ive valu e ofth e protecting qu al i t ies, Sir Henry S teu artcons iders thickness - and hardness of bark

,stou tness and g irth of s tem ,

as ofmore 1mp0 rtance th an a cOpious supp ly of roots,and extent . of

branches as th e leas t mater ial . In oth er words,the ab i l i ty of a tree

to prote ct its own sap ve sse ls, is th e standard by wh ich to dete rm ine

the p rospect of its su ccess when r emoved , Accord ing to th is v iewof

the subject , i t is therefore ev ident that a tree wh ich has been grow ing

Tm : PLANTER’S GUIDE . 63

h alf a century in a she ltered and confined forest , w i l l , when trans

fe rred to th e open ground , gradual ly fai l and u l t imate l y per ish .

We p lace great value on the remarks S ir Henry S teuart h as made

on th e absol u te necess i ty of se lect ing for removal on ly those trees'

thathave been reared in open au d

i

e xposed S l tuations . We we l l knowthat plenty such can beobtained both in S cot land and Engl and ,

~for

plant ing has been long and e xtens ive l y, pursued in both countries ;Bu t there are none

,or very few indeed , here . T he or ig inal forests

h av ing be en ext irpated'

,we have at length begun to p lant

,and in pro

cess of timel

we shal l have trees fu l ly deve loped,a s ight t hat noforestcan exh ib i t . Many

‘

thousand anc ient tree s assemb led toge t her in a

vast wood , produ ce a sub l ime effe ct from“

the ir numbers,the ir s i ze

,

th e depth of shade , 8 m}. They“

awaken d eep,and to many

,most

p leas ing emot ions ; b u t not on account of th e beau ty of th e s ing letrees . This is not th e reason . On the contrary

,the fine s t of those

trees p laced in a de tached'

s i tuat ion, w ou ld probab l y not produ ce a

good effe ct .In t h is connex ion ,

we shallr

offe -r a remark as to th e effect ofshade

l

on plants . A l l p lants have the ir favori te so i l,cl imate

,and sit

uation b u t it se ldom happens that more t han two ofthese contingenciesare - un i ted in the same . And though the greater 'part ofp lants

,espe

cial ly those ofa—lo,w stature , are found ih —the ir nat ive state growing to

a great extent in'

the shade, y et we th ink i t cannot b e doubted that the

same p lants, when introdu ced to the fu l l benefit of the l ight and air,

w i l l produ ce finer fol iage , flowers ‘and fru i t . It is said that such and

such p lants, ou r beau t ifu l l au'

re ls , for e xamp le,grow in the ir nat ive

cond it ion in th e shade . As to the l iteral fact,th is is true ; b ut at the

same t ime , th ey get al l th e l ight - they can . They perch themse l ves inth e fissures of rocks

,for the benefit of th e leaf mou ld

“

and mo isturewh ich the re accumu late , and , general ly speak ing, under a deep and

th ick screen of leaves . The ir progress is s low and feeb le . But if i tso happens that the tre es abou t some of them have acc idental ly fal lenor been cut down

,a prod ig iou s d ifference in the cond i t ion of th e

p lan ts w il l b e observed . Natu re,we admi t

, is the ru le and gu ide ;b ut before we estab l ish any g iven state .as the na tu ral cond i t ionofa

p l an t, we shou ld cons ider e very c ircumstance attend ing it. Many now

say that th e Dah l ia (a fl ower wh i ch , accord ing to the laws of chemistry , requ ires more l ight to produce its co lors inperfect ion t han almostany other) shou ld b e grown partly in the shade

"

: certainl y not becauseth is p lant in Mexi co is found

'

ou'

the north s ide of h i l ls,and under a

Tm : PLANTER’S GUIBE .

dark and h eavy fol iage for there the flower is not larger than amari

gold . St i l l it is possi ble t hat at certain per iods of the day , in Ju l yand August

,our sun may act in a way too st imu lating for the heal th

of this plant, The same is prob abl y true ofevery p lant that grows mth is cl imate

,w i th the except ion of Ind ian corn. There is at t imes a

qu al ity in th e heat of th e sun of th at season of the year, not eas i ly descr ibed

,though read i ly

'

understood by al l that have fe l t it, whichundoubted l y exc ites a greater act ion in the secre t ing properties ofth eleaf than the roots can supp ly . And no doubt , fer the few hours of

th e durat ion of this heat, some sort of protect ion wou ld b e advanta- u

geons to a plant ; b u t this is a very different th ing from be ing p lacedhab i tu al l y in the shade

,

-

or of be ing dai l y'

depr ived of a large port ionof theray s of th e sun. Nature

,we th ink

,intended to screen th e

roots , not th e fol iage .

Hav ing described th e sort of tree S ir Henry S teuart considers as

only fit for removal we now come to the preparat ion of th e so i l inwh ich it is to stand . Th is shou ld be trenched s ixteen or. e ighteen feetfrom the stern,

in every d irect ion,for a tree th irty feet h igh , and to th e

depth ofe ighteen or twentyfou r inches . This soi l shou ld b e thoroughlym ixed w i th two or three horseucart loads ofa compos t of l ime and cl ay ,or sand , or bog, accord ing to th e orig inal. qu al ity of theso i l . I t 15 alsodes irable that the pit shou ld be thus prepared one year prev ious to thetransplant ing . T he tree also goes through a course of preparat ion ,

when th e removal is execu ted in the‘

b est manner. that is. to say , the

roots are al l cu t round , b y'

me ans ofa trench,twe lve - cv fifteenfeet

from the stem,one or two years preced ing the removal , and a stimu -t

lat ing compos t put above and abou t them,in order

'

to ind‘uce them to

throw ou t new fibres . Thes e arrangements be ing compl e ted , and th eproper season hav ing arr ived

,a su i table number of men, (at least s ix

to a tree th irty fee t h igh ) ge t into th e trench and beg in to uncover theroots . U ncommon cau t ion and de l icacy are requ ired for this operation

,

for one of the lead ing features in th is p lanter’s system is to remove thegre atest poss ib le mass and web of fibres and root le ts . Th is port ionofth e work proceeds s low ly , for th e pr incipal part of it can on ly beperformed by the hand , aided by a trowe l or a sharpened sti ck The

roots be ing cleared and t ied up in mats as the men advance towardsthe stem,

a mach ine very mu ch resemb l ing the tongue and whee ls onwh ich large st i cks of t imber are moved in th is country , is brough tclose up to the body of th e tree , and lashed in th e mos t open place to

the trunk . The'

whole (tree and pole ofthe mach ine )(is then pu l led

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66 THE PLANTER’S GU IDE .

new,certainly noth ing or ig inal in h is Operat ions ; at least not

s ince th e days ofM il ler we be l ie ve,indeed

,we may add ofCo lu

me l la. Th e Barone t is,however, very severe on th e Eng l ish gar

deners'

for - the ir system (as he . cal ls i t) of mu t i lat ing trees ; - of

cu tting in or shor tening th e branches accord ing‘

to th e cu rtailmentunavo idab l y infl icted on th e '

roots p This is done on th e se lf- ev identpr incip le

,that there shou ld be nomore leaves for th e pu rpose ofe lab

orat ing th e sap, than th e roots can supp l y .

‘ It appears to u s that th ispract i ce

‘

is obv iou sly r equ ired by th e system now un iversal ly admit ted ,of the mode inwh ich th e

n

leaf a cts in furn ishing food for th e p lant . “

The Scotch p lanter does ndt controvert th is system . On the con

trary , h e profe sses to found h is own pract ice on it ; and y et h e Con

demns w i th a good deal of harshness,the proceed ings pf th e Engl ish

gardener, who ,hav ing th is t heory b efore h is

'

e y es , or“ be ing taught by .

observat ion and exper ience, ,not on ly that there “ cannot be branches

and leaves w i thou t rbots and fibres; b u t, also, th at fthere is a constantdependence of th e one on th e other , natural l y

,

'

and,as we

'

th ink,

ph i losoph ical ly , adapts th e amou nt and exten t of the first,to th e cond i

t ion ofthe last . In fact , S ir Henry S teuart doe s the same th ing He

say s , in substance,take up al l

_

the roots, and leave al l the branches .

And h e 15 r ight . But i t is not always poss ib le to do th is . Then we

say , that if th e root sends the sap into the leaf, and the leafe labora te sth is flu id for the nour ishment of the tree if this 15 good ph iloso

phy,i t is equ al ly good pract ice , that th e part of th e plant above ,

shou ld. bemade to suffer as heav il y as that under ground“

.

T h e onl y ne w po int in the theory ofth is p lanter is , that h e r e versesth e weather—s ide of th e tree on removal . A w ind be tween w est and'

sou th west , is“

undoubted ly the prevai l ing one“

in th is cl imate, b ut i tl s far from being a3w ind adverse to th e

“ growth of th e tree . On th e

contrary,as th is is . the sunny s ide

,the greatest deve lopement of the

p lant w i l l b e eb se i ved in'

th‘

at quarter . T he north,therefore

,ifnot

th e s tormy po int,is at least the s ide where th e greatest co l lect ion of

moss w i l l b e ob sel ved,and the most feeb le pro longat ion of branch

,and

th e leas t amp le show ofspray . The object of th is p lanter in plac ingth e most heal thy s ide to the most unfavorab le qu arter

,is to produ ce

an equ i l ibr ium i n the branches b u t even if th is consequenceshou ld fel low

,i t i s e vident that in a few y ears the equ i l ibr ium wi l l b e

again destroyed . Bu t if a tree doe s grow most luxur iant ly . on th e

w arm quarte r,isth e bark better pre pared to bear exposure to the

cold po int ? Th e same may be said of th e buds . The cl imate of

THE P LAN'rER

’s GU ID E .

the tree is , in fact, changed . This arrangement appears at var i ancew i th the great pr inc ip le of the system

,that a tree shou ld b e so reared ,

as to have , the ab i l i ty to protect its own sap vesse l-s .

The au thor cal ls h is system the preservat ive one . Wh ether ent it led or not to‘ the

'

compl iment of'

the name,we th ink h is Work a very

valuable one . He i s obv iousl y a ve ry'

inte’

l l-igent man . Bu t if any

person th inks t hat after reading th is book.

he -

can proceed at once ,and o

-

rnament m a s1ngle spr ing,the grounds abou t h is hou se ; w i th

oaks,e l

,ms map les, and other forest tree s

,th irty . or forty fee t h igh , at

the rate of five . or 5 1x dol lar'

s ap iece,we can on l y say that the next

spr ing w i l l show that he h as fal len into a Vvofu l erro. .r Th e axe of

an Amer i can labore r w i l l soon clear away a w ide wood for any man,

b ut to remove and rep lant even a smal l port ion of it'

,wh e ther de tached ,

in‘groups or in be l ts

,w i l l be found to be a Work of prod 1g iou s care

and expense .

Th e 'ave rage he ight of the tree s removed by S ir Henry S teuart

_

ap

pear s to have been th irty fee t, w i th a g irth a foot from th e ground

of fifteen or eighteen inches . T h 1s l s a‘ good s 1ze

,fit

[in fifteen or

twen ty years to m ake a fine tree b u t i twou ld ne ver s tr ike any one

as b e ing‘

l arge . Ye t trees e ven of th is s i ze,grow ing in open and ex

posed -s itu atio-ns w i th wel l balanced heads and othe r prope rt ies con

s ide red by th is p lan ter as ind ispensable , are'

ve ry rare in th is country ,at least .in

"

th is part of i t . Our not only grow in“close

woods , b u t -on l an d of wh ich a large proport ion cons ists of ledges ofrock . T h e tree i tse lfis th erefore unsu i tab le , and it wou ld be -next toimposs ib le to raise it w it h any tolerab le share ofroots .

“ Indeed,we

dou b t very much whe ther three hund red trees of th e sorts we have

ment ioned , su itab le for transp lant ing accord ing to thesys tem of S ir

Heni teuart,and of an ave rage he igh t of th irty fee t , cou ld , b e

~

found“

w i thi n ten m i les of Boston : Therefore,as to app lying th is

sy stem on any scale b eyond th e remo'

val of a few trees'

from one part

of a person’s gr

‘

ounds to another,our

'

firs t obje ct ion is,

" that the treesdo not ex ist . In the second p lace, even if

;found , they w il l be“ seat

tered“

abou t,mi les from .each other . It w i l l th enbe necessary to d rag

t hem out of pastures or woods and along narrow town roads, where ,

from the bushes on .th e sides and app le and other trees proj ect ing b eyond the wal l s , it wou ld be often d ifficul t to move them w i th safetyto th e roots or branche s

,and always l abor iou s and expens ive . We

s'

ay'

noth ing of th e cost of the var 1ous and nume rou s.

operat ions b elong ing to th is system,

mod el of,wh ich can

‘ be omitted,provi ded we

68 NATURALIZAT ION on PLANTS .

seek that s u ccess wh ich appears to have fol lowed the remo val s con

ducted by the au thor .

We have known tree s from twénty five to th irtyfive feet removed ,general ly , however, a short d istance , and they have l ived , b u t that 1sal l that can be said for them. It takes such trees many . years torécover

'

from the effects of th e removal,if th ey e ver do it . Usu al l y

they have at least two th ir ds of the ir roots (But,mang led

,or broken

off, and an equal share of the ir t0 ps lopped . away .

.

It is,therefore

,out

ofthe quest ion, that a very ser ious ifnot fatal m isch ief shou ld not bedone . to

,

them. Trees thus wrenched ou t ofthe ground at su ch a vast

sacrifice of roots , can never enjoy e ither a heal thy or. v igorou s Vege

tation.. They may annu al l y make a tolerab le show of leaves, and ,

carry]

t hem tolerably we l l for several years,b u t - they ne ver

’

fu l l} r

recover fromthe shock , and at last fal l into a'

decl ine and preman

turely perish .

We have only to add,that in ru les of th e

'

Scotch

p lanter,are

,w ith a smgle except ion, exce l lent ; and t hat those pea

r

sonS'

who de s ire to possess heal thy and handsome trees shou ld’

never

venture on a larger size '

t han they can r emove , generally speaking, _

in

the manner prescribed by,

h im.

ART . V Some Remarks on Temp erature Considered in. R e

lation to Veg etation and the Natu ral ization of P lants . Gommu

nicated to the Mass . Hort . Soc iety by Mr A . J . DOWN ING,of

Newburgh , N. Y .

THE natu ral'

d istribu tionof the vege tab le kingdom over theface of

the g lobe, as affected by various cau ses , and ch iefly by the temperature of the d ifferent countries and

.

cont inents , is one of the mostinterest ing of al l subje cts .

« A s th e i l lustr ious Von Humbold t hasobserved , i t is “ int imate ly connected with the ‘phys i cal worl

‘

dx

in gen-1

eral . Upon the predom inance of certain fam i l ies of pl ants in‘

par

ticu lar d istri cts , depend the character of the country,and the whole

face ofnature ; and the natural congregat ion of vast masses of vega

tation of the same character in part i cu lar countr ies,has produce d

most important effects upon the social state . of the peop le , the natureof their mariners,

‘

and the degree of developement of the arts of

industry .

NATURALIZATmN OF P LANT S .

The d ifference ofVvege tat

'ion as exh ibited in the'torr id

,the tem~

gperate , and the fr ig id zones,is suffic ientl y fam i l iar to every one .

T he equ inoct ial reg ions,abound ing w i th the ir splend id vege tat ion “

of

ilofty Palms, Bread sfru it trees,P lantains and Banannasfladen w i th

huge masses of nourish ing food, d id'

or as wi de l y from those port ionso f t he earth l y ing in the temperate

”‘

zones , where'

the v ine flou r ishes'«in perfect ion“ and the cereal grains furn ish the chief means of sub

s istence‘

to man,as the

'

l att'

er does from the arctid reg ions , where t he

g rasses and cryp togamic pl ants st i l l keep up th e d imin ish ing scale of

v egetab le l ife,and contribu te to the support of a h igher class of or

ganized be ings . I t is probabl e that almost every country produ cesn atural ly in its vege tat ion

,suffi c ient means for the su bs istence of

m an ; e i ther dire ctly , as in the torr id and temperate reg 1ens t h rought he med ium of de l icious fru it s escu lent roots and seeds

,or 1nd i

irectly , as is part ial ly the case in th e temperate and frig id d iv is ionst hrough animal l i fe

,wh ich pr imar i ly strb sisted upon vegetat ion in

some of its forms . Bu t man 111 a c1vi1i‘

zed st ate , e spec ial l y an thosecountr ies where cl imate forb ids natu re to lav ish h e r bonnties 1n t he

g re atest profus ion h as refused to b e sat isfied,wi

_th he r supp l ies, and

h as del ighted h is taste .and grat ified h is wishes b y assembl ing around‘

h -im,as far as poss ib le

,the prod uct ions of

'

other countries, e i ther“ toe mbe l li sh h is hab i tat ions

, _

or satisfy h 1s appontes . Hence many

p lants, wh i ch were exot ics,have

,become so accl imat ized or ~ natu ral

'«izad , as to afford t hep r incipal food oft-heir inhabi t ants,and th e stap le

p roduct ions of'ft 'he ir soi ls. The v ine and"

th e fig, wh ich are"

the boast«ofFrance , are Enot ind igenous t here . T he

‘

orange , that prod uces i tsb eau tifu l gol den fru i t i n the sou th ofEurope and ou r own country

,is

.a nat ive of As ia. S ome of the commone r grains have fol lowed c ivi l ized man in h is migrat ions

'

for such'

a l eng th of-t ime t hat it h as nowb e come d ifiicu l t t o say wh ich was .the ir nat ive country. T h 1s 15 the ,

«case w i t h w heat, m ille t and bu ckwheat,and many other grasse s

-wh ich it i s supposed are ind igenou s 1n th e or iental coun t ries . How

m u ch we are indebted to other cl imates and other countries for ou r

m ost valuable -necessaries and'luxu r ies in th e vege tab le k ingdom

,a

s ing le -t hough t w i l l convinCe us . Wheat, ry e , and most 'of the other

grains , cotton and ri de , the stap les of ou r Soi l have all been imported

wh ere and‘

our most'

de l iciou s fru i ts,

~

owe t heir orig in to othe r l and s .

T he peach IS from Pers ia,the apr ico t from Armen ia

, th e cherry fromfPontus, and nearl y al l our finest cu l t ivated var iet ies of apples , _pears ,

plums, &c. from Europe .

I

NATunAe A'rwN on PLANTS .

pre l iminary remarks lead as to refle ct how mu ch the arts of

.re indebted to the property wh ich many p lants have , to aegree : of becom ing natural i zed in a country whe re the var1~

temperature d iffer from those Of- their own ; and i t may lead1» invest igate th e most successfu l me thods b y wh ich su ch ‘

ex

t1r es of'

warmer cl imates,asmay b e valuab le to us e i the r in

or ornamental po int_

ofView,may b e so natural ized a s to be

rtial ly'

or ent ire l y hardy and ab le to w i thstand the seve r i ty ofhe rn w inters . That a large propor t ion of the vege tat ion of

cs,can never become accl imat i ze ‘d in reg ions l iab le to se ve re

e v ident to e very one but that a number of highly valu ab leat1ves

’

ofpe cul iar s i tuat ions in th ose countrie s , and more parthose of th e inte rmed iate paral le ls of lat i tu de ,

have been,

b e natu ral ized he re,th e h is tory of Agr i culture and . Horti ~

.fford‘

s ample and abu ndan t p roof. P lants ofrap id and bul kysu ccu len t and tende r stems

,nat ives of the warmes t d is tr icts,

r b e for a long t ime exh ib i ted in as tate of vegetation here ,11 an art ificial tempe rature ; b ut annu al

“p lants arid trees and

v i th strong woody stems, part icu larl y if «nat ives of e le vatedthe s ides of mountains and the tops of h igh table l ands,

ay s b e cons idered a s afford ing prob ab il it ies of a capaci ty for

rat ion in a

'

co lder re’

g ion .

thod universal ly known,and whi ch We are indl ined to place

among the resou rces for th e natural ization ofp lants,cons ists

g cont inual ly th e seeds of th e plant unde r tr ial , for su ccess iveons and from seeds produ ce d in th e cou ntry into Wh i ch theintrodu ced . Th is

,though in many ca_ ,

ses a leng thy and

i t ted ious process,is

,we be l ie ve

,th e same by wh i ch the most

e. and valuab le natu ral izations have been effe cted here tofore .

re tender fru its,as the peach , che rry , apr icot and almond

1b tless been rende-

red'

hardy in th is way each new genera

;e ssmg'perh aps d iminished v igor

,b ut acqum ng a more robust

l y const i tu t ion . A l thou gh i t wou ld have been d ifficu l t, per

) ces ible,to have al tered the contexture of the or ig inal tree if

:e con t inued,.

whe the r by cu tt ings , sucke rs , or layers — y e .t

.dnot ion from seed,

“

each generat ion became a l i ttle more ca

f'

w ith stand ing th e effects of a- low

‘

th e ‘

resu l t , was , in a'

measure,or whol l y obtained . It is ob v iou s ,

th at th e resu lt b rough t abou t , is '

not the natu ra l izat ion ofthe

spec ies of tree or plant , bu t, as Professor De C-andol le just l y

NATURAL IZAT ION 0 1? PLANTS . l

o b serve s in h is “ Ph y s iologie Vege tale , of th e

[

imp roved var iety

produced from. s eed,and wh ich h as

“

acqu ired in its contextu re a

d im in ishe d suscep t ib il i ty to cold . Th e effe cts produ ced by th isme thod of natural i z at ion

,are even more abundantly exemp l ified _

ia

th e case of herbaceou s and ar'mual p lants , than among l igneou s

trees and shru bs . As ian instance of th is,we may _

refer to the com

mon Ind ian corn ,w h ich was undou btedly or iginal l y a native ofSou th

Amer i ca and th e sou thern parts of t h is cont inent , b u t of wh i ch so

many varie t ie s have been produce d by cu l t ivation,that i t may b e said

.some part icu lar one can b e found natu ral ized and adapted to any

paral lel of lat itude , from th e equator to the and in E urope to

the 55°

of lat itude .

* Th is is often produced - in annu al p lan ts , not so‘

mu ch b y - render ing the p lant i tse lf less sens ible to cold,for in

i many

cases th is is scarce l y at al l effe cted , as by producl ng 1mproved va r iet ies

,wh ich shal l

'

r iper'1 th eir seed and come to maturl ty m a co ld cl im ate

,in h al f. o

'

r even a fou rth of th e t ime necessary for that pu rpose,

in th e country where the.

spe c ie s is or1ginal l y a_

r1at ive .fT h u s th e

r ice,so importan t an art ic le of food to th e nat ive s of the East, Was

probab ly first cu l t ivated in Ceylon and J ava,whence i t spread al l

o ver Ind ia, Japan, and th e sou t hern prov inces of Ch ina,and the .

United S tates .

'

It h as also been introduced into Ital y , Spain and th e

sou th ofFrance,and we pe rce ive that l ate l y an improved v arie ty h as

been found suffi c iently hardy , to prod uce abundant c rops in th e Com

parative l y cold r

cl imates ofHungary andWestphal ia . R ice may now

t herefore be cons idered natural i zed as far nor th'

as 46° in th e old

world . T he lu sc iou s fru it of th e me lonand the'

cool ing one of the

cu cumber, can s carce l y 'bef

b rough t'

to matur i ty ifthe seeds are d ire ctfrom th e more sou thern cl imates

‘

where the y are nati ve s,b u t/ improved

var ie t ies have sprung up by cu l tu re ,so perfectl y natu ral ized as to

prod u ce abundant crop in almost e very part of the Un i ted S tates .

T h e hort icu l tu r ist shou ld never therefore reject e ven an annual p lant,

w h ich w i l l not come to matu r i ty immed iate l y w i thou t art ific ial aid 1n

our cl imate , b u t if th e subje ct 1s wo1 th y of th e pa ins, he shou ld endeavor

, by the aid of ar t ificial she l ter,if ne cessary

,to procu re the

seed and sow i t under the most favorab le c1rcumstances d ur ing sev

e ral su ccessive generations,when i t w i l l probab l y at l ast

,produce h im

a var iety wh ich w i l l w i thstand the sever i ty of th e cl imate , or come to

maturity suffic ient ly earl y to escape th e destru ct ive effects of too

*Cobb ett’5 Corn, which h e b rought to maturi ty in th e sho1 t and cool summer

of England , is , we b el ieve , a ve ry“

early variety from Canada .

72 NoTrc

E s or FRU ITS .

great an abasement of t'emperatuure Cons idered“ in this l ight“

,the

green- house may become one of the most u sefu_ ,l as we l l as orna

mental and pleas ing sou rces of enjoyment to the experimental hor t icultu r is t and th e pub l icg eneral l

'

y .

We mu st not leave th is part of‘

the su bje ct,wi thout advert-ing to th e

advantages'

wh ich may be obtained by art ificial fecundat ions and imh ighly ornam ental or asefud exot i c p lants,w i th more.

h ardy species or var iet ies . of th e same genus ; th e produ ce o f wh ichmay be h ighly super ior var ie t ies

,hav ing al l the beau ty Or excel lence

of the tender spec ies,and pe rhaps nearly the same robu stness ofcon

stitution a s the h andy one . We conce ive it to b e a me thod ,. b y wh ich ,now that art ific ial hy br id i zing is so we l l understood

,th e most fival ua

comparat ive ly "b le resu l ts may in many . ins tances b e produced in a

shor t space of t ime .

(To be continu ed . )

ART . VI. Notices of E'm

’

ts, di

r

e.

Mn F ESS END‘EN — If th e fo l lowing observat ions,made d uring

.

two

s hort jou rney s in the au tumn,are of any value , y ou are at l iberty re

u se them .

T h e fal l fru it,th e

, past se ason,i n the val ley. of the

.

Conne cticut“

r ive r as far as De erfiel d'

,t he l imi t of my first tour , was gene ral l y

abundant'

and ‘good wi th th e e xcep t ion ofpeaches .

I found th e Had ley'

pe ar,the

'

origi-nal tree I t h ink,grow ingin the

garden of a Mr Mont ague , at-Had le -

y .

'

It IS a fine mel ting'

pear,

mode rate s 1ze,covered w i th yel low russet, not much extended b y

graft ing in that ne ighborhood I'

co u l'

d no t ascer tain whe ther it isthe same w i th th e Cap‘

sheaf,as is suggested as prob-able in. the New

Amer ican Q -rch ard ist of Mr Kenr i ck .

'

Pe rhaps the descr ipt ion I

have g iven of i t wil l enab le those acquainted w i th th e Capsheaf, tode termine ;

*A s a proof'

of tlre effects; of a rene w ed reproduction from seed , w e may then. tion that w e p lanted , th e present season , in a favorab le si tuatio n, a qu antity ofseedof th e Lima b ean

,d irect from its nati ve count l y , lat. 14 d eg

"

. S .—

'

the plants prod uced

,h ‘

ow e v er,sca1ce attai ne d; the per iod of flow ering b efore they w e 1e

destroy ed b y th e frost , w h i lst th e plants in the ir 1mmediate ne ighbmh ood, th e

produce of a variety of the same b ean,naturalized in th e countny , y ielde d as

u sual,ab undant crops ofmatui ed seed .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

74 st ows nmc or HYAC INTHS .

T h e garden and nurser ies ofthe Messrs Pr ince,at F lus

ted a splendidpdispl ay ofD ahl ias .-A

_

spe cimen of Loa1

app le ind i cated “

the var iety to be valuab le ; very fair, ats ize , rather tart .B er l in

,CL

,D ec. 24

,1835.

[For th e Horticultural Registem

ART . VII . F lowering of H y acinths in Wate

T . G. FE S SEND EN, Ese .

’

S 1 11 I send y ou th e tfo l lowing rec ipe for promot ing t'

on acinths in wate r, &c.

l

To -

onep int of rain watei'i

add three ounces of n i tre , 1sal t,

’

half‘

an ounce of sal t of tartar, half an ounce of

W hen d issolved,strain and keep in bottles . Of th is av

to each g lass,and renew

'

e very ten days .

To fru it the Banana str ip off al l bu t the two u pper 11

The Pernal Grape , wh i ch h as been so much ex’

tol le

seen grow ing‘

i‘n great perfect ion dur ing,

th e summer of IE

eu l i

‘

arl y favorab le cl imate i t is an extreme l y sh y b earer

cons idered to repay the troub le ofi ts cu l ture ;Yours

,Respectfu l ly ,

'

A So

[For the Horticu ltural Re’

gisterJ'

ART . VIII . A Query .

MR ED l Ton I'

vvould ask th rough the medium of y 1

Magaz ine , 'for the " info rmat ion zof. myse lf and - ot hers , wdone for

fl '

those ofus who have been caught the past au tu ‘

bu lbs , not _

in th e ground where they s h‘

ou ld be,b u t

'

ab

W i l l 'they b loom ifthey are p lanted as earl y'

as po'

ss ib leinInformation upon the su bject w i l l b e ofmuch benefit to 11

B oston, J an . 20 , 1836.

‘

A

[From Harrison’s Horticu ltural Cab inet . )

ART . IX . A D escription.

of Roses . By Mr T . RIVER S, Jr.

Nurseryman, S awb ridgeworth , ‘Hertfordsh ire .

T11 15: fo l lowing terms are u sed to express th e form of th e flower

GLoBULAR .- T he ou ter petals encircl ing

,the flower t i l l fu l ly b lown

,

'

in th e manner of th e Common Cabbage '

o-r Provence rose .

EXPANDED . T h e flowe r rather flat, l pet

‘

als open in some var1e t1es

show ing the central stamens .

CUPP ED . Th e ou ter row of petals e rect,rat her incurved

,enclosmg

n umerous smal ler pe tals ; the cr imson Perpe tual rose w hen first

open w i l l i l lu strate th is term . .

R EFLEXED .— The . pe tals turned back

,some th ing

,l ike th e French

Marigold .

IMBR ICATED . The flower flat,petals lay ing over each other like the

centre ofa good double Anemone .

COMPACT . Pe tals s t iff,close and upr ight

,resemb l ing a dou b le

Ranuncu lus .

MOSS ROSES .

COLOR. F ORM AND CHARACTE R .

B llush , pa le b lush , g lobu lar and ve ry double .

3 C1 imson .o1 damask,l ight Cr imson

, expanded and doub le .

1 Cr imson or ecar late of

th e, French , very b1 ightRose, globu lar, large and ve1 y d ’

b le .

4 Common, rose, glob u lar large, and ve1y d ’b l e .

l : Cres ted, rosa, cristata,(Jr

- crested provence , “

rose, glob u lar, very large and d ’b le .

2 De la flech‘

e, or scar le t W i th fine c1 ested buds .

-Graci les’

, bright carmine, cu pped sma l l and double .

1 Mottled , l ose , mottled, globu lar and doub le

1 Mou sseu se partout, or_Zoe, rose

, globu lar and.

doubl e,

l

th e p lantcove i ed w i th moss.

I M in iatur e , (R ivers ), br ight cr1mson, cupped , Very small , sem i d fb le .

3 Pro l ific, rose , globu lar and doub le, an abu n

dant b loomer.

2 Pompone , or deMeaur ,’

pale blush compact,smal l and very ‘d ’b l e .

2 Perpetu al wh ite; Whi te , oft. strip’dRouge du

"

Luxembu rg, W i th'

p ink,’

b loom ing in clusters and someOr Ferugineu se , deep l ed , w ith times in th e au tumn .

p u rp le tinge, cupped and doub le .

1 Spotted, carm ine, w ithpale spots, . expa

'

nd sem i doub le .

red , cu pp’d

,and b u t part ial ly moss’d .

br igh t rose’

, cu pped and very doub le;bright .

rose, expanded and large .

76 A DES CR IPT ION OF ROS ES .

1 S ingle l i lac, l i lac rose, expanded.S ingle de la fleche, carmme expanded .

S ingle (Rivers) very br igh t rose, globu lar and distinct.Viel lard

’s,

2 Wh ite Bath,or C l if

fon W h i te , the Mous

seuse uni que Of th e

French , pu re wh ite, globu lar, d ’b le . and. very mossy .

2 W h ite Old,

. very pa le flesh, g lobu lar and v ery double, b u t

partial ly mossed

This comp le te col lection Of twentyfour var ie t ies "'Of Moss Roses

compr ises many that are beau t ifu l and d ist inct, and s ome,perhaps

,

onl y fit for those amateurs,who th ink w i t h

,

me, that al l Moss-

Roses

are beau t ifu l one step farther toward s a dark cr1mson Moss , is made

in the Rouge ‘dus Luxembu rg,w h ich is ve ry beau t ifu l

, _

and a most

l uxu r iant grower . Most Of th e v arie ties prefer fia coo l soi l

,though

Mossy de Meau x i s perhaps an exce p t ion,as it seems to flou rish better

in l ight,dry so i ls . Th e wh i te moss

,unless budded on the Dog rose

,

(rosa can ina) w il l’

not,in general , grow we

'l l-

f i ts s i ck ly appearance in

some s i tuat ions,may b e often traced to its be ing worked on

“

somer im

proper stock ; I

ifon its ovmr oots', in r i ch so i ls,i t w i l l often change to

pale b lush .

‘

A l l are we l l adapted,

for standards.

b u t to have them,in

perfect ion in .warm,d ry s i tuat ions

,in March put rou nd e ach “

ste rn,

on the su rface Of the so i l,the fourth Of a b

l

arrowful of manu re on

this,p lace flints or moss , to take off its uns ightly appe arance , and

make a l i ttle ornamen tal mound . Th is treatment”

w i l l keep th e soi lcool ,

'

and make them bloom in a most'

super ior manner , e ven in s i tuations prev iousl y thought to b e most ungen-ial to t he ir c u l tu re .

‘

T he

manure '

shou ld b e'

spread on the surface in

i

Novemb er,L and l ightl y

forked 1n .

PROVENCE ,OR CABBAGE ROSE :

COL OR . FORM “

AND CHARACT E R .

3'

Anemonve lflora,

b lush , cupped, anemone l ike .

4 Blu sh , pal e b lu sh , globu lar, and very large .

4 Common, or Cabbage , rose , g lobu lar, large and very doub le .

'

1 Ce lery leaved , rose , globu lar and doub le , w i th cur1~

ous,

fo l iage .

2 Cu r led , br igh t rose, globu lar and'

dou b le'

w ith cr i sp“

ed petals .

2 De l ice de F landres, l i lac rose, cupped, and dou b le .

3 Dian th aaflora, pa le rose, cu r ious,w ith fimb riated petals .

2 Eve lina, pa le b lush ,sh aded imb ricated and double .

2 Grand,

Bercam ,br ight rose , glob u lar, very large and dou b le .

1 Grand Agate, p ale flesh , globu lar , large and dou b l e .

T HE PLANTER’

s Gum s ; 7

2 I l lustre‘Beau te, com pact and ver y doub le .

3 K ing OfHo l land , globu lar and dou b le , w ith leafyca lyx .

2 La Cher ie, bright rose , g lobu lar and doub le .

‘

2 La - S imp l icite,

1 Lacken,2 Monstrou s, or Bu l lee, rose ,

2 Pe tit Cesar,

1 Re ine de Provence,2

'Roy al ,3 Scar let,4 S ingle,1 S tr iped or V i lmor inpanache, pale flesh , str iped

w ith p ink, globu lar and dou b le .

4 Un ique, pu re W h ite, globu lar , large and double .

2 Un ique S tr iped , wh ite , w ith pinkstr ipes, g lobu lar and doub le

,not a lways

_str iped .

2 We l l ington, deep rose; globu lar, very large and dou ble .

Th e Provence Rose is the/

Rosa prov i ‘nc ial is, OfMil ler

’s ardener’s

D ict ionary ; th e Rosa cent ifo l ia,Of - modern Botanists ; th e Rose a

centfeu il les,Ofthe F rench

“

. Th ese last are both improper names,as

they seem app l ied to th e leaves Of the p lant, rathe r t han to th e petalsOf the flower, as intended . A most d ist inct and e legant fami l y

,and

e xcess ive ly fragrant . T h e footstalks Of the flowe rs are slender,and

th e’

flowers are large,so t hat when in b loom

,the p lant has a pecu l iar

pendu lou s and gracefu l appearance. Th e Mos'

s rose is ev ident ly a'

var ie ty Of th is , as I have raised seed l ings from the s ing le Moss,wh ich

havelost al l t heir mossy appearance,and have returned to the habit

Ofthe-

Provence rose ; i t h as been asserted. that , in a s ing le s tate,i t is

found—

w i ld in Provence and Languedoc,b ut I can: find no botan i cal

au thor i ty for the assertion.

(To b e continued. )

globu lar and doubl e, W i th cu r iou s fol iage.

g lobu larand doub le .

g lobu lar, large and dou b le .

globu lar and very large .

cu pped and doub le.

expanded and large.

ART . X . M scel lane-

ous Matters .

To R’

R ESERVE PEACH TREE S FROM WORM S .-

. I have been a con

stant reader Of th e Amer i can Farmer, from th e t ime Of its first pub l icat io‘

n,and frequent ly

.

referred to i t in hopes'

Of find ing an effectualremedy against th e a ttack Of

'

t he worm an‘

/

peach trees . I found at

d ifferent t imes a number ofpu bl icat ions upon th e subject,and be l ie ve

h ave tr ied the greater part Of the remed ies the re in prescribed ,withou tsu ccess . Final l y , I concluded that th e Old me thod ofcutting the worm

'

out w i th a penkn ife,w as the only one upon Wh ich any re l iance cou ld

b e p laced , and have therefore been in th e constant h ab it‘

O f pre serv ingmy t rees in that way for years . I have

,howe ve r

,l ate l y made an ex

periment , which I have every reason to be l ieve is qu ite as efl'

eCtu al,

and attended Wi th mu ch less trou ble . Abou t a year ago , after I h adgone th e rounds

,laid bare the rOots,

*

and clearedmy trees of th e worm,

I took some fine screen ings of anthrac ite coal,and pu t abou t a qu art

or two to th e roots Of each tree ; th is was done to abou t th e one halfOf my peach trees .

’ Last fal l I went round as u sual to cu t out th e

worms ; those trees wh ich h ad the anthraci te coal screen ings abou t

w i th ou t a smgle'

except ion ,clear Of worms ; the

others h ad,as u sual

,a cons ide rabl e number . I immed iate ly app l ied

the coal to ‘ the Whole ofmy trees ; and thu s far,am we l l pleased Wi t h

my prospectsOfsu ccess . I propose cont inu ing th e'

e'

xperiment'

another

ye ar , after which , I can speak w i th more certainty upon th e su bject ;b u t the circumstance that ha lfofth e trees , upon wh ich th e exper imentwas made

,al though

'

situated prec i se ly l ike the o thers,hav ing been

found clear Of worms,when th e oth ers

'

were fu l l Of them ,is strong

e v idence in my m ind , that th e remedy w i l l prove efl'

ectual .— F armer

and Gardener .

GARD EN ING.— I shou ld w ish tO insp ire al l th e world w i th my taste

for gardens . I t\

seems to the imposs ible that a b ad man shou ld posse ss i t : h e

,indeed

,1s inCapab le Ofany taste b ut if I

,for that reason ,

e steem the se arche r Ofw i ld p lan ts ; theact ive conqueror of bu tterfl ies ;th e m inu te exam iner Of shel ls ; th e sombre lover Of minerals ; th efrozen geometrican ; the lunat ics Of poe try and paint ing ; th e ab

sent au thor ; th e abs tract th inker ; and th e d iscree t chem ist ,— there

is no v i’rtue wh ich I do not attribu te to h im who loves to talk Ofgar

dens,and to form them . Absorbed in th is pass ion ,

wh ich is th e on l yone that increases w i th age , h e

‘d aily overcomes those wh ich derange

p

M ISCELLANEOUS MATTERS . 19

th e calmne ss ofthe sou l or the Order ofsoc ie ty. When he h as passe d

the drawbr idge of the c i ty gate , the asy lum Of moral and phys i cal

corruption

,to go and work on h is lands , or enjoy them ,

h is heartrejo ices at the s ight of nature

,and e xper iences the same sensat ion as

h is lungs,on rece iv ing the pu re an

' that refreshes them.— P rz

'

nce dc

PRUN'

TNG GRAP E Yum a— Hardy v ines may7 b e pruned any timed ur ing w inter . Ifthe work is done in th e earl ier part , the wounded

parts w i l l have longer t ime to become dry and hardened and the sap

vesse ls closed,so that there w i l l ba less danger Of the ir b leed ing in

spr ing . Th is Operat ion is best performed dur ingmi ld Open we ather ,wh ich frequentl y occu rs in w inter .

“Many ”grape v ines Of the hardyvar ie t ies have been al lowed to grow w i thou t Control , and have eon

sequfently become too th ick

‘

an-d numerou s in the branches. Al l b ut

th e most thr ifty of- the last y ear’s shoots shou ld therefore be cu t away ,

and increased thr ift ine s s in the v ine, and an improvement in th e fru itw i l l be the cOnsequence .

— Genesee F a rmer .

‘

GOOSEB ERR l E s .— Gooseb err1es requ ire a dead and r i ch loam z

‘

the

ground mus t be we l l manu red and kept free from weeds ; and b ecarefu l to p lant none b ut those that are of a good k ind . T he bestmode Of propagat ing them

,is by cu tt ings or layers . Earl y in the

spr ing,spade carefu l ly around the roots

,turn over th e so i l

, and pu l lout al l grass t hat may grow near them. Prune them b y cutting out

e very worn-ou t,de cayed , O-r irregu lar branch— le t none b e perm i tted

to grow across each ot her ; but let al l be pruned to some regu larorder— cut out al l the super- abundant

,lateral shoo ts ofth e last sum

mer, close to the ground , or'

Old wood,onl y retaining here and the re

a good one,to supp ly the p lace Of c.

,asu al worn- out be arers . Never

perm it th e extremi t ie s Of the branches to stand nearer than 6 or 8

inehes Ofeach o ther . The best form for a we l l trained gooseberry Orcurrant bu sh , is that Of a w ine g lass.

Gooseber r y Wine is made in the same manner as~cu rrant w ine

,

e xcept that one th ird less s ugar is requ ired . In p i ck ing the berr ies,

take none that have fal len upon the ground,or that h ave been shaded

and grown Sour.

NEW MOoE '

OE MAKINGJELLm—Press the j u ice fromthefru i t : add

the proper port ion Ofsugar, and st ir the ju i ce and sugar unt i l the sugar

is comp lete ly me l ted ; and,in twenty - four hours

,i t w i l l become of a

proper consistence . By th is means, the trOub le Ofbo i l ing is avoided ,

80 FANEU IL B ALL MARKET .

and the,

je l ly re tains,more comp le te ly

,th e flavor Of the fru it. C are

shou ld be taken to s t ir the m1xtu re u nt i l th e sugar is comp lete l y me lted

,andfi ne sugar shou ld be u sed .

T h e two follow ing 1tems w ere inserted in our last, out th ere b eing an accidental transposit ionin th em,

is the reason Ofth eir again appearing.

VEGETABLE CH IMNEY ORNAM ENT S . In

i

w inter,an e legant ch im

ney ornament may b e formed,by cu tt ing the head or th ick end Of a

carrot , containing the b ud , and p lacing i t in a shal low vessel ‘

Ofwater .

Young and de l i cate leaves unfold themse l ve s,forming a radiated tu ft

Of 'a very h andsome appearance,and he ightened by contrast w i th the

season Ofth e ye ar.

BOTAN ICAL EXP ER IMENTS . Two young beech trees , planted in th esame (so i l

,at asmal l distance from each o ther

,and equ al ly heal thy

were pi tched u pon as th e su bje cts Ofth e fol low ing e xper iments. Theywere accu rate ly measu red

,and as soon as the bu ds began to swe l l in

th e spr ing,th e whole tru nk ofone was cleaned of its moss and d irt ,

by me ans Ofab rush and soft wate r. Afterwards it was washed w i tha wet flannel

, tw i ce or th r i ce e ve ry week t i l l abou t th e m idd le of surn

mer . In au tumn they were again measu red,and th e increase Of th e

w ashed tree was found to exceed the other tt o one — B ritttlebor o’

ART . X I . F aneuil Ha l l Market.

REP ORT OF THE PR ICES OP

Apples , Baldw ins, b est, per b arrel ,Russetts , Greenings do . a

Beets , Long B lood , per b ush el, 75 a

Cabbages , Green Glob e S avoy , per doz. 50

Red Dutch ," do . 75

Large Late Drumh ead , do .,

Cau l ifl'

ow ers , per head , . 125a 25

Ce lery ,W h ite sol id , Celer iac andRose Co lored , per

~

root,

125 a 25

Ch estnuts , per bushe l,Cranb er ries , do

'

.

Horseradish , per pound , 125Lettuce

,Rose or Tennis

l

b al l ; per head , 125Onions , Wh . Portugal, per b ushel, 75 a

ERRATUM .—I l l ou r last,page 6, 11th l ine from top, for h ad

'

reach ed those d istant '

sh ores

read h ad ofi e ial l y reach ed ,” th e .

FRU ITS AND VE GETABLES .

Onions , bu’

neh , per hundred,

Pears,Iron

, per b ushel ,Potatoes

,Chenango , per bush el, 50

Eastport, per barrel, a

Sweet, per b ushel,

Parsneps , Large Dutch , per bushel , 75

Rad ishes,Ear ly scarlet, per bunch , 12}

S hagbarks , per bushel,Spinach , Pr ickly T uft , per peck

‘

, 50

Squash es , Canada Crook neck , per pound; 3

Valpara iso, do . 3

Large Yellow Crook neck , do . 3

Turnips,Wh ite F lat, per bushel,Ruta Baga

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2 THE ROSE .

that frig id scene ? And who,that h as not gazed w i th wonder on the

splendid produ ct ions of the florist’s garden, indebted to the mag i c

power Ofthe Rose,for th e charms Offlowery June ’

!

Interesting,therefore , as is the Rose.

to memory , taste , a love forrural scenery

,Or the

'

triumph s Of th e garden,not

,

less SO. is i t to th estu dent of “

th e vege tab le structure . Th e figu rative language Of O ri

ental descr ipt ion,the poet i c beau ty ofthe sacred scr iptures , may have

effected mu ch in exal t ing its mer i ts ; e ven the env ious d ist inction toblu sh ,

and b loom,and fade

,as an ornament .to human beau ty y et

more evanescent,though real , th e beau ty Of m ind, beam ing forth

in matter,

of th e imper ishab le sou l in per ishab le physi cal s tructure ,may have added to its charms

,st i l l the Rose

,specifical l y and d is

tinctivel y cons idered , h as claims on ou r attention and studyThe Rosacee

,Of Dr C ando l le

,embraces a great var iety of the

most valuab le as we l l as e legant individu als Of th e vege tab le k ingdom .

They are th e ‘ Icosandr i 'an p lants ofLinne, and are embraced under th efragmen ts Of h is th irty fifth and th irty sixth natural orders

,S entieosw

and P omacece . T h e comb ined e legance of t h is great natural . order,

induced. one writer i l‘to ass ign to them

,as one i nd iv idual group , the

name OfCa lop ky tes , p lants of be au ty .

Lind ley h as separated the fru i ts,techn i cal ly so cal led

,under the

t itle Pomaceae,and other botan is ts have su bd iv ided

'

th is into typesand Subtypes

,Py racem,

T he number Of species of roses,h as been compu ted as upwards Of

two hundred,w i th almost number less var ie t ies from crosS- impregna

t ion and accidental var iat ion . Inhab i tants Ofevery part Of the wor ld , r

w i th th e e xcep t ion OfSou th Amer i ca,they admin is ter to th e comforts

and l uxurfes ofman .

'

Sev‘

eral attempts have been made to d iv ide intod ist inct genera

,so great a number of ind iv idu al p lants , d iffer ing from

each other in many part i cu lars, y et singu lar l y unit ing in th e most important,th e structure Of flower and fru i t . Everyone mu st have beenstru ck w i th th is

,from such a cursory. v iew as may b e afforded , in

compar ison of thenat ive Roses OfNorth Amer ica — th e hardy and‘

firm wood ofth e upr ight garden v ar iet ies th e smoot h green.

stems Ofth e Ch ine se and Ind ian

,th e flex ib le sp ines Of the MOSS Roses

, and the

st i l lmore s ingular organs Of g landu l ar secre t ion wh ich invest the irinfloresence . _ Most Of them are effectual l y armed w i th sharp acu le i

,

ferociously br istl ing In R osa ferox,”whence its savage

,tr iv ial

name ; l ike reflexed and extended claws “

on th e nat ive br iars, “ R '

.

Bartl ing.

THE Rose . 83

‘

Or on the fore ign wh ite rose , R . a lba and invest ingstem,

branch and pe t iole in the “ R . sp inosissima ,”from wh ich we

have the charm ing var ie ties commonl y known as th e S cotch roses,so

early,SO produ ct ive , and so fugac ious .

“.R . B anksia

,

"is as s ingu lar

for an ent ire want ofsu ch armature , and R . rubifol ia Of th e We st,

so mu ch resembles the Bramb le , (R abies) as tol i

deri-ve from that cir'

Cumstance its.

specific cognomen .

T h e leaves of th e Rose are compound“

and st ipu late , and t houghth e leaflet may .

mate rial l y d iffer in form and s i ze, y et such is the ir

general ch aracter. One very remarkab le exceptiOn is known ,a na

t ive Ofthe north Of.Per51a and the desert of Songari , in C h inese Tari

tary . In th is spec ies ,we h ave S imp le leaves dest i tu te Of stipu les , andhence L ind ley saw proper to form a new genu s under the t i tle Of

Lowea.

'This remarka bl e abnormal dev iat ion from th e general stru eture

i

of the fol iage Ofth e Rosaceou s pl ants,'

is p ecu l iarly interest ing asWe l l as remarkable ; “

I r-1 th e.Botan ical R egis ter (1261 ) may ‘ be found

a figure,and some important Observat ions .

’

Th e structu re Of the

flower is t ha t “

Of a ver i tab le Rose , wh ile its fol i age'

presents th e anom

al y of,

a S imp le leaf, and not the appearance - me re l y ofsu ch an organb y

'

the abortion'

ofievery fol iole , th e terminal excepted for there can

b e traced no S ign of art i‘cu lat ion w i th its petib le , wh ich Shou ld b e

present were t hat- the case ‘

T h e' '

Rosa inu ltz'

flora , SO dist ingu ished as’

a“

fore ign var ie ty Ofcl imb ing Roses , . is l ike l y to mee t w ith a compeen if not a r ival

,i n a

sem i -d ou b le var iety Of our R . rub zfolz'

a,

”the v igor and luxu r iance

ofwh ich,as a spe c i es

,i s so we l l known . A native seed l ing Of

’

th e

above descr ip tion“

.

was shown me l as t summer,“

found on“

an is land inth e Oh io 'R iver, b ut not

'

be ing in b lossom,I Cou ld onl y tru st to the

'

account Of my informant 'for'

the sp lendor Of its flowers . Shou ld th isprove permanently a mu l t ip lex var i e ty , i-t -mu st

l

take th e p la ce Of th e

m-

u l tz'

flor a'

for ou tdoor cu l tu re,be ing perfectly hard y .

’ .And s'

hou ld i tnot r ival

.

th e far famed wonders of th e Grev’

i l le Of notorious r

repu te ,

y e t thepatr iot i c love for nat ive mer i ts,w i l l undou bted ly do much to

introdu ce i t to favor.T h e fac i l i ty w i th w hich th e . R OSO i s cu lt ivated

,renders i t w i th in

th e power Ofeveryone to increase h is “col lect ion Of its cho i ce var ie t ies .

I knowt

.n

'

ot'

whe ther ‘ budd ing is so much pract iced b y our flor ists inth is /Country , as it appears to b e in Europa

/ ju dging from th e p l antssent to , Or

“ imported“ by , ou r cu l t i vators ; b ut I tru st t hat I shal l beexcused for suggest ing what is new to me

,though perh aps we l l

enough known to t hose who have attended more fu l ly to the manual,

84 ON THE SELECT ION OF PLANTS .

Operations Of'

th e'

sc ience Of Florictil ture , re lat ing '

. to that easy and

oftent imes onl y avai lab le me thod Ofprocu ring or s'

aving‘

a rare var ie ty”Ltl te in the

‘

summer Of las t year,I inserted into the s tems of the

Maiden ’

s b lush Rose,

several buds Of. cu r10 u s new var ie ties,

wh ich I d id not before possess . I found . Cons iderab le d iffi cu lty inproperl y l ift ing th e b ark , by the u sual cu t Ofth e _ ,

T and h ad recourseto an exper iment of cu tt ing Off the head Of the stem

,then open ing the

bark by a long i tudinal incis ion and push ing down the b ud . After

se cu ring it in the u sual me t hod,I was su rpr ised at the rap id i ty of

granu lat ion and un ionOfb ud to stock , and th e super ior,growt h of the

1‘

evo lved bran-

oh over those inserted in th e ord inary way . I~tw

w il l be

perce ived that th is was, in effe ct,graft ing under th e , b ark as use d

w ith scions Of th e pear ,f

w ith - th is d ifference ,“ that the scion Of the

pearmay h ave seve ral e y es ,’

whereas , th is was bu t a th in long i tudinalse ct ion Of wood and bark and one. ey e , su ch . as is always

“

used in‘

Or

dinary bu dd ing . T h e success Of. th e p peration h as suggested'

to me,

the exped iency Ofamore extens ive experiment next Sp r ing,and t rust

mg, ifnot known orpractised , i t may be interes t ing to the flor ist,I

h ave ventured to l ay it before y ou ,wh ile a zeal to advance the good

Of‘

Floricu l ture w i l l excuse my error,if any has

'

been comm i t tedthrough ignorance .

Th e fru i t , or seed Of th e Rose , is an achen ium,contained w i th in

th e,enlarged and ju icy u rceolate cal yx . I n sow ing t he se seeds for

new varie t ies , they‘

are some t imes and some t imes thecal yx O

_r h ip s are simply bru ised . Pe rhaps were each hard

,stony

seed p unctu red , or a smal l aperture o therw ise '

made , Oppos i te , _

Or~

n-Ot

interfer ing w i th '

th e embryo, they wou ld vege tate .mu ch sooner thanthey ord inar i l y do, and thu s faci l i tate the ir reproduct ion .

ART . 11 .— Ou theS election of Hardy

“

H erbaceous P lants, su it

ab lé for Ornamentz’

ng the P ar ter r e,B Order or S hru bbery . Com

mun icated by Mr JOSEPH BRE CK .

(Continu ed from page

MANY Of ou r beau t iful nat ive herbaceou s p lants are almos t wh'ol l'y

neg le cted , that dese rve mo re part i cu lar atten t ion ,wh ich

,if

/

introduced

into our p leasu re grou nds and borders wou ld greatl y add to'

th e ir

beau ty and in te re st . We see and admire them in the ir natural h ab

itats, b ut do not seem to 1eal ize , that if transferred to our gardens

ON THE S ELE CT ION OF PLANT S .

they wou ld flour ish w i th increased sp lendor . There are some,I know,

that appear to defy th e art Of man,and dw ind le and die u nder h is

foster ing hand, and seem dest ined to “waste the ir swee ts u pon the

desert air . Among these are th e beau tl fu’

l fam i l y OfGerard ias; contain ing four or five intere st ing spec ies .

I have repeated ly taken them from th e forest w i t h all poss ible care,

and done my best to make . them thr ive , but al l in vam I have suc

ceeded no be tterin my efforts to raise them from seed . Bu t i t isnot; so

”

w i th the beaut ifu l p lant that ornaments ou r brooks and r ivu le tsin the m onths ofJ'uly-

'

an'd Augu st with its unri val led scar let b lossoms .

This is L obeh’

a cardinal is . It is a m istaken not ion that i twi l l not ‘

flour ish on ly in wet ground . I have taken i t up when growing,

in wa

ter and p lanted in a soil , that wasfar fromb e ing mo ist, w i th goodsuccess . I t

‘

was introduced into Engl and in 1629,and to t h is day is

du ly appreciated . Just i c.

,e who pub l ished a work on garden ing in

1754,in descr ib ing i t

,says ; It IS a flower Of most handsome ap

pearance , wh ich shou ld not bewant1ng 1n cur ious gardens , as i t exce lsal l o ther flowers I ever knew 1n the

'

ricli'

ness Of its color .

”

“ I ts gener i c name is in honor Of M . Lobe],au thor Of var1ou s

works h e was born 1n Lisle , ; in 1538 , be came ph y sw i an and botan istto Jame s -

'

and’d ied in London in . 1616 .

”T he genu s is known by

its five cleft calyx its'

1rregu-lar. corol la ; th e tu be sl i t on one side Of

t’

h e‘

l imb, two l ipped

'

and three parted ; ant hers coh‘

er ing, and some

w hat curved ; st igma (th e summi t ’

Or extrem1ty- Of the

_ pistil )'two

lobed ; capsu le'

two or three ce l led , two val ved at end . Cl ass,Pen

tandria, (five stamens ) Order ,'

Monogy m a,

’ (one pisitil ) ; natu ralorder

,Campanu laceae.

Th is large genu s contains more t han e ighty spec1es . Th e predomi

nant co lor Of th e coro l laIS b lue . T h e most des irab le for theborderthat are much known

, _

aie L . cardina lis,szpki l itica , fu lg ens , sp len

dens and sp eczosa . T h e three firs t w i l l s tand the wintei very we l lw i th some protection ,

b u t th e two last mu st be potted‘ m th e Fall ,and kept m a frame

, or in the ce l lal,and p lanted ou t in the Spr ing .

Lobelz'

a cai'dz'

nalz'

s h as an erect stem three fee t h igh,w i th broad

,

lanceo late , serrate leaves ; flowers in terminal sp ikes pointing Oneway ;

rT h e roots Of al l‘

the above named'

spec ies are composed Ofmany wh i te fle shy fibres .

,L . fu lg ens . T he fu lgent c ard inal flower,is a nat ive of Mex i co

,

and w as introdu ced into Eng land in 1809 . Leaves narrow l anceo

late,toothed

,- re volu te at th e edge; stem ,

pubescent, (downy ) th ree

feet high ; its bright scarle t flowers in terminal racemes .

86 ON. THE SELE CT ION OF PLANTS .

L . splendens . T he sp lend id card inal flower is

Mexico,

‘introduced into Eng land. in 1814 . Leavelate , tOoth lett'ed (furn ished w ith l itt le tee th ), flat at

qu ite smoot h , three feet h igh ; flowers b r i l l iant scarlcemes .

L . speciosa .

’

The sh ewy card inal flower , is a n

introdu ced var ie ty ;i

. i t was found grow ing among th

in a flower border in Scotland , and is supposed to

tween siph il itica, and e i t her fu lgens Or c-

a'

rd inal is

b lossoms form a fine contrast w i th th e b righ t scar le tv ar ie t ies . T h e leaves l ike fu lgens ; stem al so pub tL . sip/zi l itica .

‘

T h e b lue car'

d inal flower is a na

and intrOduce'

d into Eng land in 1665 .

“ It h aS '

frOm its supposed effi cacy in th e Ou ie Of the s iph il is,

Amer i can Ind ians . Sir W i l l iam Johnston pu rchasethem

,b u t VVOOdvil le s ays its virtues have not been

1nstance Of Eu ropean p ract ice .

” '

S te r'

n e re ct,S im]

e red Wi th stiffisli hairs’

, ) two fee t h igh ; leaves l anceoraceme leafy , w i th flowers Of a br igh t sky b lue ca

reflexed s inu se s .

T he ' treatmen t IS th e same for al l t hose enumera

1n great perfecti on th e l ast season ,hav ing a

'

so i l a

adap ted for the ir growth , w i th a l i tt le prepa’

rat ion .

is a b lack heavy loam,u pon a clay and grave l su b so

and ne ver ve ry dry .

“On the spots designed fOr the irfou r o r five sho ‘ve ls fu l l of r1ver sand

,and two Ofp

n ight so i l compost , and h ad i t thoroughly incorporafor two fee t round , wh ich made i t qu i te l ight , and

in the cen tre . They began to flower111 Ju l y,and 0 4

up v igorous stems w i th an abundance Of‘ flower

The ir growth was so lu xu r iant t hat it was nec'

e :

slender'

rods stu ck into the ground , a numbe r Of timc

from be ing broken by th e ‘

w ind . Card inal is and f

than three fee t h igh th e others be tween two and

may be eas i l y propagated , by , lay ing the s tems in Ju

divid ing th e roots'

in th e Spring .

Van MOns Observes,that L . cap

'dz'

na lz'

s pe rishesb ecOmes s trong and mu l t ip l ies ia

'

loam,

'

wh ile at

produces th e most br i l l iant co lors in the former .

The same th ing may’

doubtless be‘

pred icted Of

ON TH E‘

S ELEOTION OF PLANT S .

'

87

i t be ing a we l l known law of natu re as to l iv ing be ings that the ir en

ergie s are concentrated in proport ion to the Obstacles thrown in the

way Ofthe ir e xpans ion .

T he fol low ing account Of th e cu l t ivat ionOfL . fu lg ens 15 from Lon

don"s Encyclopaed i a OfGarden ing the same treatment w i th th e other

spec ies w i l l dndou b tedl y produ ce the same effect .Th is p lant has assiimed a character Of u ncommon magn ificence ,

u nder the management Of Hedges ,wh ich i s th u s de tai led by S ab ine

In October,h e takes Off th e su ckers

, wh ich are thrown up from th e

roots Of th e Old p lants , and pu ts them in smal l pots,one in

'

e ach pot ,

and keeps them in a cold frame,un ti l the m idd le

.

of January . He

then removes t hem into a cu cumber frame , when th e heat is kept upto 65 degrees Of Fahrenhe i t ’s scale

,by l in ings Of hOt dung ; a p ine

successiOn s tove Ofthe same temperature , wi l l equal ly su i t them . In

th e m idd le Of Febru ary they are sh ifted into pots a si ze larger,and

at th e end Of March or the beg inn ing OfApr i l they are. again'

mOved

into larger pots,and i ii th e m idd le ofMay they are the t h ird t ime

sh ifted ; th e pots to b e u sed for th is l ast sh ift ing are twe lves . As

on'

as th e p lants are we l l rooted after th e last removal,t hey are

carr ied into a peach hou se or green hou se , in wh ich they cont inu eunt i l th ey flower and are hardy enough

_

to bear th e Open ai r; .W henthey are prepar ing to throw up the ir flower- stems

,and dur ing the ir

growt h , i t is ne cessary that they be kept very moist,

'

wh ich is effectedby pu tt ing pans under th e pots

,

'

and keep ing th e pans constantl y fi l ledw i th water : T he plants thus managed, beg in to flower ear ly in Ju ly ,and th e sp ikes cont inue to b low and . are covered w i th flowers t hroughth e Au tumn . T he compost u sed i n th e pots

_

is formed Of equ al partsOf b rOwn or ye l low loam

_

and leaf or bog mou ld,to w h i ch i s added ‘

sand , equal to one four th Of th e p re v iou s compos i t ion, _

th e whole b e ing x'

we l l m ixed toge ther .

”

T he fo l lowi ng are th e d imensions Of aplant managed as,

ab ove

d irected"

T h e base Of th e stem was near s ix i nches in c i rcumference ; the he ight Of the centre sp ike was five

'

feet and ahalf ; theshoots from th e bottom and s ides Of the mam s tem were in numberseven teen,

r is ing toge ther . round the prrncipal stem to the he ight Ofabou t fou'

r fee t and a half. Hedges states,that the p l ants were, in

th e two pre ced ing years , mu ch tal ler thant hat friow descr ibed .

1

Some

few p lants were Observed to b e rather shorter,and to have a more

b ushy appearance ; th is is produced by stopp ing th e centre stemsafter the l ast sh ifting , b y wh ich th e side shoots become more v igorou s

ON THE SELECT ION OF PLANT S .

and fu l ler Offlower,and in th is state they form handsome ’

companiOns

to th e flower ing p lants Of Campanu la p y r imida l is, whose beau t ifu lsp ike s Of b lue flowers agreeab l y contras t w i th the bri l l iant scarle t ofth e Lobe l ia.

”

L obelz’

a inflate ,Or b ladder- podded Lobe l ia

,is prob abl y 'fam i l iar

w i th e very one,at least its name . I ts v irtues are SO h-igh ly

'

praised

by Some, that we are almost led to suppose

,that i t is a sovere ign

remedy for al l d iseases that flesh and b lood are he ir too . Lobe l ia,hot-

_drops and steam

,work wonders. This plant h as become SO noto

r ioii s; that fie lds of i t are cu l t ivated by the S hakers at Harvard .

Smal l fie lds,I ought to say , b u t enough , in al l consc ience

,One Wou ld

suppose, to throw th e whole country into a vom i t . T h e p lant_15 an

annu al Of nOt much in terest,w i th smal l b lue flowers

,and inflated

pods or seed ve sse ls,common in dry , pastu

'

i es and road s ides . Th e

w hole p lant is a.v iolent emet ic.

Lobel ia sp icata . S y nom. pal l ida. A beau t ifu l ind igenous spec ies,common in most pastures and by th e rOad s ides

,w i th l ive ly pale b lue

flowe rs in long . term inal sp ikes,in Ju l y . S tem upright

,smooth

,a

l i tt le hairy,one and a halffoot h igh . Leaves spatu late

,obtuse at the

end, taper ing at th e base

,sl ightl y toothed or crenate

, pub escent at

the edge and'

unders ide,sess i le . I have never seen th is species

‘

cu l tivated , but h ave no“dou bt b u t what i t would b e very much im

prove d , and prove a valu ab le acqu is i t ion to th e border .

L . amoena Is a des irab le spec ies, found in th e Sou thern S tates,

'

and

not inco l lect ions w i th u s . It i s represented as hav ing a many flow

ered one s ided sp ike Of beau t ifu l b lu e flowers ; stem ere ct,very

smooth,three fee t h igh leaves broad

,lanceolate

,serrate d iv is ions Of

th e Oalyx ent ire ; Infer ior d iv i s ions Of coral ovate,acute . It wou ld

probab ly endure ou r w inters as we l l as fu lgens w i th protect ion.

L . dor tmcmna . Water Lobe l ia. From Bortman an apothe cary ,who first sen t i t to Cl usiu s . A beau t ifu l aquat i c , w i th leaves reflectedin to an e legant curve

'

at‘the end ,

'

and th e fine blue flowers in“loose

sp ikes .

” Th is p lant wou ld b e su i tab le to‘

ornamen t the aqu arum,or

p ieces where introdu ced into th e garden. Bige low‘

gives

thefol low ing m inu te descr ipt ion .

“ Leaves l inear ; two cel led,em

t ire,s tem nearly naked . A very s ingu lar aqu at i c p lant . T h e leaves

gr'

Ow in a single tuft at th e bot tom of th e water . T hey are from one

to three inches long , recu rved , b lunt , and Ofafleshy appearance. On

cu tting them across, the y are found to'cons ist Of two empty paral le l

tub es . T he stemrises ou t'

Ofwater, bear ing a few remote pendulou sI

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90 LEAF FROM THE D IARY or A NATURALIST .

flowers , th e s ingu larly fantast i c , or e legantly deve loped spray of sornob le tree , the evergreen ,

unfad ing richness Ofthe h ardy Pines .

And , reader! \ I gathered botani cal specimens for my furthe r 1

servat ion and study , - l iv ing and grow ing spec imens,on t he

\

12thJanuary SO early in th e season Of the new year

,the Pol y trich i

commune h ad a ssumed its s i lken - tufted cal y ptra; _and e levated

de l icate fru i t stalk to half? its natii ral deve lOper-nent . I h ad neve r sei t in t h is state

.

so earl y before,al though one ~Of

.

the first mosses wh iev ince renewed v ital i ty . And there were its deep green leaves su rated w i th mo isture , and expanded inperfect ion

,its s tarry

,barr

perichce tia on one stem,

r

and fert i le thecm on another,w i th an 0 0 1

S iou al intruder ofa S i ngu l ar stalk Of Cenomy ce py xidata, w i tht iny vege table cups for inv is ib le fair ies , and su ch l ike m im i c

,m irth

gentry Of anc ien t day s. A Lycopod ium ,w i th its axi l lary conce’

ptac

sh ining l ike p ar ti cle s Of go lden dust,seemed rev iv ing to the k int

influenceOf mo isture, and lent i ts aid to amu se \a few id le mome iat home , in the u se Of the m i croscope .

DO not a few hours Ofsunsh ine and m i ld airl

ia mid w inter,

“g ivesome faint i dea Of the beau ty Of. an arct i c spring ? Me th inks t

trans it ion from i ntense co ld and“ barren snow covered p lains

,to t

v ivid green Of the shoot ing moss,or the renewed growth Ofthe gr

b u t u sefu l Li chen, and then th e intense l y colored flowers wh i

thr ive be st i n such short summers,must possess a thr i l l ing intere

Even a Canad ian spr ing is wonde rful in its deve lopement and we c

scai ce ly b el ie ve , that ten days past th e earth was clothed in v irgwh i teness , wh ich now is break ing and budd ingforth into l iv ing gre i

Mysteriou s round,

‘

w hat ski l l , what force d iv ine ,Deep fe l t, in these appear

— a s imp le tra in ,Yet so de l ightfu l mix

’

d, w ith such kind art,

Such b eau ty “

and b eneficence comb ined ;Shade unpe rce ived, so softening into shade ;And al l so forming an harmonious W HOLE

,

That,as they stil l sucbe ed

,they rav ish sti l l .

An'r IV. On the Formation and S tructure of B uds . Gommu

micated by Mr JOSEPH BRECK

A'i ‘ th is season of the year , when vege tat ion is’

su spended , and th e

ear th is clothed w ith its fleec'

y vestu’

re of snow ,there is b u t

'

l it tle tointerest

r

the casu al observer ; y et th e lover .of nature'

w ill always find

some th ing to grat ify the inqu ir ing m ind . Who that h as cons idered .

the format ion and s tru ctu re . of buds , and exammed the ir various ap

pearances in their dorman t as we l l as m the ir progre ss ive‘

state bythe aid ofa m i croscope

,bu t w i l l acknow ledge the w isdom and con

trivance ofnatu re ’s '

,God and

“confess th at th is,as in al l h isworks ,

however ins ign ificant or unnot i ce d t hey may b e , h is power , w isdomand goodness

‘are wonderfu l ly d isp layed .

Var ious have been the theor ies ofd ist ingu ished vege tab le phy s iolog ists conce rning the format ion ofbu ds ; and al though the ir stru ctureh as been exam ined w i t h m u ch attent ion

, y et l i ttle was known'

'

of the ir

ph y s iology~

until th e exper iments and iobser'

vat ions of Knight weremade known tot'he

'

publ ic. Some have supposed they were orig inatedin thebark

,wh i le o thers have contende d that they spr ing fromthe

medu l l a or p i th',and t hat e very bud may b e traced .b y a wh ite l ine

through e very concentr i c l ay er‘

of the wood , t i l l . i t tou ches the med u l

lary sheath .

“ Ifthiswere true ,‘ buds mu st be

'

preorganized germs,

and can be depos i ted onl y m the firs t year’_

s grow th of the stem or

branch .

” Mr.

Kn ight h as estab l ish ed th e doctr ine that they .are gen

e rated m the alburnum or sap- wood He says , “ I am much

'

incl ined

to’ be l ieve that t hey are generated by central vesse ls

,w h ich spr ing

fromthe lateral orifices of the albu rno us B'

y interrupt ingthe c ircu lat ion in the albu rnum

,buds may b e art ific ial l y p rod u ced

and nature h as prov ided means forthe ir reprodu ct ion,m those cases

w here t hey may have. been acc idental ly destroy edf Se ve ral cu r iousfacts on th is su bje ct may beobtained b y an exam inat ion of

v

the potato,

which , l ike other tuberousroots, -

ar.e studded w i th them.

”

How buds are formed,we - mu s t ‘leave

'

to those who h ave devot'

ed

themse lve s to the su bje ct . To'

trace sowvonderfu l eu'

operat ion“

‘

of

nature , requ ire s a perfect know ledge of vege table physiology , closeattent ion ,

and powe rfu l magn ify ing instruments ; and e'

ven’

then,who

can compre hend or exp lain al l th e myster ies that ‘

are progress ive lyde ve loped 1n what 1s cal led a s imp le b ud .

Buds are formed the summer prev iou s to the ir expa ns ion,in the

“

ax i l oft he le aves,w i th th e except1on of the te rminal ones , 0 1 those

t hird leaf in[

th e s u ccu lent s tem of th e common l i lac , in earl y sprw hen .just expand ing its leaves . As the b ud advances in growtl

gradual ly assumes somewhat ofa pyramidal form ; and th e organ

t ion of the germ,or new branch ‘

and leaves w i th in'

i t,oommen

Towards th e e nd of summe r,the lobes

_

,

b eginf to appear as oppé

scale s,from am idst wh ich the apex of by 0“

scales,is observed - obtrud ing .

”The progress of th e iorgani za

i

advances a l i ttle in au tumn ; b ut is not percep t ible dur ing wm ter,1t Is not unti l the fol low ing spr ing that the .embryon b ranch is 1

consp i cuous . As th e season advances,

"

the b ud length ens and at

momen t of its openmg , th e young branch is seen projecting, clotw i t h its leaves , wh ich , gradu al l y unfold ing themse lves, d ispl ay m tax i ls the rud ime nts of fu tu re buds

,dest ined to run the same (30 11

and become i n turn th e parents ofanother series .

’

Buds are of two k inds— leaf buds and flower buds . .Thoseprodu ce leaves are

_general ly long and po inted

,b u t assume var

shapes,accord ing to their inte rnal arrangement . The flower b

'

1

w ith th e excep t ion of those 1n aments,are most ly short and 1 0 1

Each leafb ud may b e cons idered a d ist inct ind ividual , contairw i th in i tse lf th e rud iments of a branch or tree , wh ich , .if

_ plante1

the earth under favorabl e c ircumstances,w i l l dev—el ope itse lfas st

or i t‘ may be transferred to another tree,as in

"

thewe l l known pror

ofbudd ing,by wh ich ’

the stock is converted into a tree, possessin

th e pecu l iar qual i t ies ofthe paren t treefrom w h ich the bud was ta]Those who ' have performed th i s interes t ing work , cannot b u t Inot iced how e asy are the operat ions ofnatu re in prod u cing the mbe tween the istock and bu d .

. Mr Kn ight states that' “ a l ine of 1

fused organ i zat ion marks t he p lace where th e inserted b ud first coin contact w i th th e “Wood of th e stock

,between wh ich .l ine and

bark of th e'

inserted b ud,new wood

,regu lar ly organ i zed

,is genera

This wood pos‘sesses al l the character isti cs of that from wh ichb u d 1s taken,

w i thou t any apparent mixture w i th the character ofstock in wh ich i t is inserted . Th e su bstance wh i ch 15 cal ledmedu l lary process _

is clear ly seen to spr ing from the b ark, _and to

m inate at the l ine of l ts fi rst union w i th th e stock .

”

T he analogy be tween buds and bu lbs 1s so close,t hat some p l

olog’

istsyzarrange’

th emy

‘

togethe r . Some herbaceous p lants pr'

ot

true bu lbs in the ax i l’ of the ir leave s,as may be seen in the Tiger ]

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94 FORMAT ION AND STRUCTURE or B UDS .

a wool ly substance . But the appearance of the bud when out transversely , below the swe ll

,presents the mest cur iou s aspect . In the

centre may b e seen the fu ture s tem w i th its medu l la or p i th , and itstubular ce l ls surrounded by a layer of partial ly organ i zed alburnum ,

and bounded by the l iber in four c ircles round th e stem t h e fu tureoppos i te leaves

,comple te l y folded , may be d iscerned abrown is h ,

pale green : the spaces be tween the‘

circles and the covering of the,

b ud are sol id l y fi l led w i th cottony su bstance,wh ich by th e aid of the

microscope assumes the appearance of coarse Wool . Thewho le rs

encircled by e ight or ten coatings of ‘

scales,appear ing l ike str ips of

Ind ia rubber wound around i t and,as we shou ld suppose, as impen

etrable to water . When the leaves and stem evo lve from th e b ud ,

t h is wool ly"

substance may b e seen upon th em_

in great abundance .

h is remarkab lethat th e who le growth of th is tree in length is fin ishedin the short‘ space of a fortnight .The Shagbark . or S he l lbark

, (Jug lans squamosa ) may b e d ist in

gu ished from other spec1es of the Walnut,by the shortness of the‘two

ou ter scales of the bud,wh ich extend b ut /hal f the ir length . T he

buds of th is tree a re also l arge,and of a fine form

,b ut very d ifferent

from the'

Horse Chestnu t , be ing ent ire ly dest itu te of gum,varn ish

,or

ofwool . It is swol len in the m idd le,and te rm inates at. the apex in an

acuminate po int : afte r tak ing offth e’

two d ry , _loose scales , we find theb ud env e loped by su ccessive coat ings

,each‘

coat so l id ly wound ”

around

t hose w i th in . T he outer coat, w hen magn ified, resemb les coarse

se al - sk in w i t h the hair on ; each su ccess ive one being clothed w i thsofter hai rs , unt i l the embryo leaves and stem a ppear encompassed

w i th the finest ”

s i lk.

T he flower b uds of Swee t V iburnum , (Vibu rnum lentag o) ers'

t er

m inal,abou t one inch long , round and‘ fu l l above th e

’

b ase,rap id l y

tapering offand end ing m a long po int ; its ou ter cower ing’ cons ists o f

two d ry scal es,a l ittle pubescent , close l y un i ted by seams on each

s ide,from th e base to the apex ; beneath th 1s are cove rmgs of a s im

i ler descr ip t ion . By remov ing carefu l ly these prote ct ions , th’

e cymeofflewe r

'

buds w i th the ir stems -w i l l be perce ived,ofa g lobular shape ,

b ut e nt ire l y dest itu te of any farther defence , sem i - transparent ,“

of a

gre enish wh ite . Art ha base o f the b ud , and oppos i te ; are two verysmal l leaf buds ofan oblong shape , not more than one s ixteenth of aninch 1n length . Bes ides these

,ten or a dozen 1no1p 1en t buds may be

d iscove red enc ircl ing the base of th e IfloWer b ud ; ready.

to burst into

act iv i ty in case of acc ident to the others . T he lateral leaf b uds ~

are

FORMAT roN‘

AND STRUCTURE OF 1mm . 95

opposite , abou t one e ighth of an inch long,laying close to th e stem

,

and covered s imi lar to th e flower buds ; beneat h th e buds and on the

scar eccas ioned by th e pe t iole of th e fal len leaf,may again b e seen

the amp le '

resources of nature in th e format ion of numerous m inu te

protuberances , wh ich are no less than the-

first rud iments of buds .

T he arnent of the Swamp W il low , (S a l imerz'

ocepha la ) 1s enclosedin a sing le scale

,ready to burst upon th e first int imat ions ofSpr ing .

Uponremov ing th is ou ts ide covering, we find th e embryons securedfrom the severit ies of the season b y a long s i lky su bstance . W hen

the ament is’

cut t ransversel y , we find th e centre to cons ist ofmedu l laor formed albu rnum

,surrounded b y

'

a m inu te r ing of

l iber ; to wh ich are attached close ly imbr i cated, and th i ck ly studdeds carle t b ractes or scales

,th ick l y cl ad with numerous silky h airs , many

t imes the ir length ; beneath e ach . bracte,are seen two m inu te green

g lobu les , wh ich are th e‘

rudiments» of the an the rs,th is be ing the b arren ament

,or from the male tree .

T he aments of the Hazlenu t, (Cory lu s ame‘

rzcanus) are w i thou tan ou ter cove r ing bu t its imbricated scales are

‘furn ished w i th'

a

wool ly down and l ie perfe ctly c lose .

T he l it tle aments of the common A lder (A lnu s ggu tinosa) arealsod est i tu te of . the brown ou ts ide scale s . .When v iewed through the

m i croscope,the y

_ look l i ke the cone of the Wh ite Pine ; the'

scale s'

are fleshy ,close ; and ‘

covered ib y a re s inous su bstance .

T he b ud of th e A i -lanthu s g landu losa ,wh ich .al-though it hontarns

th e rud iments of a leaf of th e large st s ize , is bu t a smal l project ionupon th e surface of th e stem ; the ou ter covermg 1s a pan ofoppos ite ,d ry , hairy scales ; th e ge rm is enclosed by

‘

numerous al ternate,oppo

s ite scales .

More inconsp i cuous st i l l are th e buds of th e . Catalpa, wh ich are

formed in'

a depression of'

the wood , hav ing the appearance ofa r ose

part ial ly expanded ; the ye l low ish brown . scales representing the

pe tals . W hen reduced to a point, th e bud presents noth ing b u t . a

mass ofinorgamzed'

matter ; probab l y the formation . is,

.not comp le teunt i l S pr ing ; it be ing one ofth e latest tree s to e vol ve its b u ds.

T h e buds of B ignonz'

a radicans are formed very much l ike th eC atalpa ; a l i ttle more e levated from the surface of the stem

,b u t a

very ind istinct trace ofan organizat ion .

.We l l formed buds may ”be cons idered as indicating a hardy tree ,

wh i le those ofan oppos i te character the re verse . It is said that “ in

m il d,or even 111 warm countries,

“

b uds h'avel no scales

,as they do not

96 CULTURE'

AND USE S or SALSIFY.

requ iretthem. Those trees that form an e xcep t ion to th is observat ion

can'

t hrive ind ifl'

erently in any cl imate ; so that the'

ru le holds good,

in all d is t inct cases : T he scales are cons idered by m any as imper33

Some have fancied th at‘

t'

h e y have seen the rudiments of e verypart of the tree concealed in the b ud

W e be l ieve , however, that su ch observers mus t have not onl y powe rful magn

‘

ifier‘

s,b u t also extraord inary vi sion and acu teness of

percep t ion .

ART.'Y -On the Cultu re and Uses of Salsify . Communi

cated by Mr J . W . R US S ELL.

G . C . BARRETT,El .

Sm — Fofthe purpose of insert ion in'

l

the Horticu l tural‘

Register

and Gardener’s Magazine,I herew ith present y ou Wi th afew br ief

remark s on the cu l ture and u ses ofSals ify, ( Tragop og on

the . c’u l t ivat ion of wh ich Cannot be too h igh ly re commended ; moree spec ial ly to those wh o make i t the ir bus iness in supp ly ing th e Bostonmarke t w i th cho i ce and rare produ ct ion

-

s .

S als ify is a nat ive of“

England , and IS un iversal l y esteemed'

there tob e

’

very whole some and nu tr i t ious . So much'

so, that there are b ut

few fam i l ies that h ave a garden,who are w i thou t a profusion of th is

de l i c iou s cu l inary vege tab le . T he root , wh ich resembles a parsnipin appearanc

'

e

j

is wh ite,long and tapering, and

”

is th e part most valu ed for cu l inary pu rp

_

.oses It IS bo i led and e aten l ike a parsnip , orparbo i led

,cu t into s l i ces

,and fried

,and dished up for th e tab le as a

sauce for boi led -

,fow l s turkeys , &c. When sl iced and fr ied l n batter

,

i t very much . resemb les in taste th e oyster , whence its local name ,Vege tab le Oyster .

T he leaves resemb le those of the L eek in the 1r appearance . The

young tops taken f1"om th e roots in th e Spr ing of th e year,and t ied up

into smal l bunches and bo i led,mu ch resemb le in taste asparagus . A

few of th e roots p laced under a green h ouse r stage , and s l ightly ccv

ered w i th so i l,Wou ld soon start to grow

,wh ich m ight suppl y the tab le

W 1th a good su bst itu te for asparagus through th e w inter months . Iam aware ofevery Gardener ’s understand ing th is su bject thoroughl y .

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8 RESULT or EXPER IMENTS .

fectl y leve l , two rows of Kn ight ’s tal l Marrowfats . These roWs wereeach twentys ix yards long , and abou t fou r fee t and a h alfd istant fronieach other. Th e seeds in the eastern half of th e northern row

,and

the‘

weStern'

half of th e .sou thern , w ere sown in ~ the u su al way , and

earthed up flame . Th e r emain ing hal ves were sown in dr i l ls,six

inches d eep , and,covered abou t three inches , leavmg a ho l low of

three inches, during thewhole,

growth of the plants . The last mentioned , came up a day sooner than the others

,b ut I cou ld see no dif

ference in . the i r s ubsequen t growth . Mu ch rain h ad fal len betweenthe t ime of sow ing and the 25th of May , when al l th e plants were

remarkab l y v igorou s . On th is day , a workman who was car t ing ma

nure into the garden,care lessl y left a gate open

,bf wh ich three va

grant cows took ad vantage , incont inently de voured more than one halfof th is crop of peas

,and ot her gri evou s damage d id

,to

"

the serious

derangement p f my .

exper iment and good temper . T he p lants in theconcave rows , were the greater sufferers , t hough the beasts were

tolerab le impart ial in the ir se lect ion . Contrary " to'

my'

expectat ions, the cropt p lant

‘

s’

soon r’

al l ied,overtook those w h ich h ad escape d

de cap i tat ion, and r ipened their seedfs abou t th e same t ime . T he

produ ce of al l was abundant,th e

.

v ines from n ine to t en fee t h igh .

After a most careful examinat ion“

,1 was

'

ii nab le ‘tb decide wh i ch ofthe two modes —ofp lant ing waspreferable f" bu t, as they were . equall ygood in an unu sual ly wet se ason

,We may fairl y conclude that ~had

the contrary been th e case , the cr0 p in the concave or hol low rows,wou ld

'h ave col lected and re tained most m o isture, and consequentlyhave been most produ ct ive .

I be l ieve th e old practice of e art h ing up‘

potatoes is now very gen

eral ly adm i tted to b e inju r iou s . A carefu l ly conducted exper iment

wh ich I made last year, proved the correctness of th is op in ion. M y

u nearthed rows produ ced ten per cent more , and the potatoeswere ofa

.

more eqdal s i ze and offairer samp le .

I p lanted Mange] Wurtze l at one foot , one and a half,and two feet

d istances apart. The aforesaid fou r footed trespassers consumed a t

great part of al l these,but of

'

the su rv ivors , the a verage-

si ze .of th e

plants, one foo t from each’

other,was as great as that ofthe roots wh ich

were farther separated . Th e whole crop was exce llent ; several rootsw e igh ing from ten to fourteen pounds .

" T he so i l was remarkab ly r i ch ,and h ad only been two years in c u l t ivat ion .

I intend th is year to p lant fifteen acres of Capt.“

Chand ler’s earl y

The crop .was gathered from time to' time for fam ily use.

NATURAL IZAT ION‘

or PLANTS .

twe lve rowed corn on a deep, Warm, l ight loam,rather sandy , wh ich

h as never y et been p loughed , and w i l l endeavor to ascertain , by ex

periment the most advantageou s d istance at wh ich the h i l ls of th isspec ies can be p lante d in su ch a so i l . The resu l t shal l be sent toth eNew Eng land Farmer . I am

,S ir, respe ctfu l ly yours ,

February 12, 1836 . Q UIVi s .

ART . VII. Some Remarks on Temp erati‘

l re Considered in Ré

lation to,

Veg etation and‘

the’

Naturalizati'

on of P lants . Gommu

nicated to th e Mass . Hort . Socie ty b y Mr A . .I . DOWNING,of

Newb urgt . Y .

(Concluded from page 72 )

TH E cho i ce of S i tu at ion and aspe ct is another important cons ideration s in th e natu ral izat ion of p lants . We never p lace a plant of a

de l i cate“

natu re in aspe cts exposed to the u tmost inclemenc ies oftheweather in s i tuations open to th e fury of th e coldest w inds

,or the

rag ing ofthe mos t bo isterou s storms . We natural l y Seek on the con

trary to p lace them in a she l tered s i tuation, in an aspect favorab lyd isposed to catch the gen ial rays of the /sun in summer

,and to pro

long as mu ch as poss ible the durat ion - of' that favorabl e season .

Hence theu se of wal ls and'

tre l l ises,and the cho ice of particu lar

aspects best'

calcu lated to'

favor the obj e ct in y iew .

-

. In England ,many fru i ts , requ ire a wal l

,to come to maturi ty r wh

'

ich ripen perfe ctlyw i th us as s tandards, and although wal ls are as y et b ut l i ttle u se d

'

here, we can

‘

eas i ly imag ine that many part ial ly tender trees ’

andsh rub s ,

_

m1gh t b e brought to perfe ct ion upon them'

wh ich the inclemency

'

ofou r w irite rs forb ids -u s to cu lt ivate in th e open‘

air .

Apart fromshe l ters of th is descr ip t ion, the character of. the soi l ands i tuat ion

,demands th e u tmost attent ion . So ils t hat are of

clayey and heavy texture, part icu larl y i f they re tain water, are total l yunfit for the growth of tender p lants . They shou ld be p lanted in a

l ight , friable and porou s soi l , as d ry as the pe cu l iar constitu t ion of

the p lant .w il l admi t,for not on ly i s a wet s

'

o i l more l iable to be deep l yfrozen ,

b ut also th e exposed parts of the plants wh i ch .grow in i t.

Even hardy and natural ized tree s are often se vere ly affe cte d by th ecold in a so i l satu rated w i th mo isture Th e phi losophy of th is i s we l lknown to every phys iolog ist . In moist soi ls

,the plant i s su rcharge d

,

w ith water y flu id , the annual deposi t ions of wood are large , but hot

1

00 NATURALIZAT ION or PLANTS .

firm and we l l cal cu lated to res ist the intens i ty ,

ofcold the leaves arelonger comp le ting the ir art i cu lat ions w i th th e stem

,and as a consea

quence of’

th is th e young shoots are cont inued longer in a grow ingstate

,and remain su ccu lent and unripened at th e approach ofwinter,

when th e first Severe frost destroys the ir vi tal ity . Bes ide these facts,it

is we l l known that water (and th e sap ofp lants in its pr imary state isb ut l i ttle more ) i s a b ettef condu ctor of heat and cold , than e i ther thewoody fibre of trees, or the part i cles of air wh ich occupy in some .

measure the'

place of watery flu id in a wel l ripened branch . S us

ceptib il ity to injury by frost i n l igneous p lan ts , is therefore increasedw i th the presence ofwatery flu id

,and

“ d imin ished by th e presence of

firm we l l r ipened annu al layers ofwood . A knowledge of th is fact i sof th e greatest importance to the agr i cu l turist

,in the se lect ion of

so i ls and'

situ ations for crops wh ich are b u t imperfectly r‘

i atu ral ized .

W e may i l lu strate th is. by remark ing,that p lantat ions of the'

ChineseMu lberry , (l lfl orns Mu l ticau l is

,a tree that 18 just ly exc it ing th e great

e st attent ion in th is country,and which deserves e very effort at com

plete n/

atural i zat ion , ) wh ich were s i tu ated u pon dry grave l l y soils, ,

e ven if in cold aspects , w i thstood almost perfectly th e extreme r igorsof the last w inter in the Eastern S tates , when extens ive fie lds of th esame tree , in mo ist so ils , we

'

re en t ire l y Gl

’

l t ' down to th e ground in a

great majori ty of instancesIn Eu rope

,th e advantages of a

'

dry soil for th e natural izat ion ofp lants are we l l known

,both theore t i cal ly ati d pract i cal ly , andmany

p lants that former l y required the protect ion of a green- house , are bythe proper cho i ce ofdry and porous so i ls , inured to th e sever ity oford inary w inters . So we l l is th is subject understood in Eng land and

France,thatCame l l ias and Oranges have , in favorable S i tu at ions , been

qu i te natural i zed . In the latter cou ntry it is q u i te remarkab le howmany

,

comparative l y tender . exotics,general l y )pr

‘otected

“

in .green

hou ses,are preserved perfe ctly in large barn- l ike bui ld ings

,w i thou t

the aid of fire,du ring the whole w in ter .

“ T h e se cre t of th is,

”Lon

don observe s , “ l ies i n th e dryness of the air of France,and in the

gardener h av ing prev iou sl y by withholding water,ma tu red the g rowth

of the leaves and r ip ened the wood ; in short in h is hav ing redu cedth e p lants to a dormant s tate before houSing them .

” In cases wherei t is des irab le that th e u tmost pains shou ld b e taken ,

as in th e case of

new and rare Shrub s,creepers

,&c . th e gardenerw il l faci l i tate the

object inv iew by trench ing th e soi l and art ific ial lyproduc ing a dry

Subsoil by upderlay irig the surface mou ld w i th a strata of stones or

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102 NATURAe AT'

roN'

or PLANTS .

ch ance of success,he reared under Shel ter unti l they attained consid

erab le thickness of stem and iriduration of wood , when they wou ldfromthe ir increased '

non conductingcapaci ty , b e mu ch be tter ab le toWi thstand th e cold , if protected a few seasons, than th e same spec ies ,ifreared from infancy in th e open air . As an i l lus trat ion of the ad

vantages wh ich ‘

s i ze and d iame ter of s

i

tem g ive , to tender trees inw ith standinc

’

r igorous cold , we may ment ion that we saw in the nu rs

er ies at Ph i lade lph ia the fol low ing trees,v i z . z Acacia j u l ibr issin ,

P inckney ap ubens , Magnolia g randiflora , and G. él ip tica , Gordonia

p ubescens , (Sm,of some twenty or more years growth , that h ad su r

vived uninjured du r ing the past winter (unparal le led for depress ion oftemperature for fifty years past) , th e extraord inary low tempe ratu reof 12 deg

‘

. or more be low th e zero of Pan, or 44 deg. belowthe

free z ing po int . That th is was ow ing in a‘

great me asure to the ir h aving become natural i zed in that local i ty , th ere can b e no dou bt . But

the ord inary lowest temperature ofPh ilade lph ia is some 20 or 25.deg.

above that of the last w inter,and we conce ived that these trees sur

v ived so perfectly the increase of virtue'

of the ir larges i ze , th ickness

_

of bark and Wood , and‘

the consequent th ickness of

non- conducting substance,to prote ct th e

.

ju ice s of the p lant and thev i tal organs from th e effe cts offrost .T he s imp lest and perhaps most effectu al method of

'

preservmgp lants by external protection

,is to b e

‘

found in th e we l l known pract i ce of enve lop ing e i ther the whole or a p ortion l

of the stem and

branches with a coveringi

of dry straw,p ie ces of Ru

’

sSia matt ing , ormoss and h ay , firml y bound w i th straw ropes . For Smal l p lants ,boxes or emp ty casks

,w i th a l ight in the top, (or wh ich is preferab le ,

i n the north s ide, ) are often u sed . Th e branches ofevergreen trees

,

the p ine,hemlock and spru ce

,whe re they can b e procured

,are

exce l lent mater ials for t h is purpose . I t is,we be l ieve

,customary in

some parts of France where the'

fig is extens ivel y cu l t ivated , to bendth e branches down to th e eart h every au tumn and cove r them w i th a‘

th in layer of so i l : in th is way the fig,though a tender tree

,can b e

cu l t ivated to a gre at extent in the northern d istr i cts .

We strongl y su spect,after al l that h as been said ofprotect ion exter

nal ly against'

th e influenceof cold,that th e ev i l effe cts wh ich p lants

sufl'

er,ar ise not so mu ch from the cong elation Oft he exposed parts of

vegetab les,as t h e rap id and kasty thawing to wh ich they are often

exposed in th is cl imate by the sudden influence of the sun after cont inned cold . Wh o has not witnessed some tender tree on the nort h

NATURALIZAT ION or PLANT S . 103

s ide ofa wal l , some fewherbaceous p lant in the shade of a hedge or

fence ,'

or even the grass in.

the northern exposure , preserv ing the ir

gieenn'

ess and v i tal i ty through. th e ch i l ly season ofw inter, when the irequal ly tender ne ighbors exposed to the sun

,have suffered se verel y

,

and even pe r ished ent ire l y ? The cau se of al l th i s i s probab l y thatth e sudden g lanc ing of the warm sun upon the frozen branches , leavesor roots ofthe tender ve

,getab le causes a sudden dilation inthe cry sta ls

of i ce that are formed in those parts,wh i ch consequentl y in t he ir ex

pansion d istend and rup ture the sp iral vesse ls , and o ther parts fi l ledw i th semi flu id matter, and destroys those organs of the p lant neces

sary to its v i tal i ty ; in S hort, some th ing takes p lace analogou s in its'

effects to the burst ing of the b lood - vesse ls in the animal system .

Th is is very strik ing in the sp l i tting“ ofthe stems of large trees t hatoccasronal ly happens in cold cl imates , and is often attended w i th a

lou d no ise.

In al l northern countries where the earth re ce ives an annual coating of snow

,the hu sbandman is we l l aware how benefic ial to h is fie lds

is th is protect ing mant le ofnature - so mu ch so,that in th is country

it is a common saying among farme rs , that a cover ing of '

snow is

equal in its benefic ial effects to a coat of manure . T he benefitsin

”many cases are not exaggerated

,for the snow not hnly pre

vents the loss of the internal heat of the earth by rad iation ,and thu s

protect vege tation upon its surface,bu t it h as also a powerfu l influence

in sh ie ld ing th e exposed parts ofp lants from the al ternat ions offreezing

-

and thawing , and the injury ,they wou l d re ce ive from the sudden

act ion of the sun when in a frozen ‘

statefi The resu l ts are not lessbeneficial

,- upon a smal ler scale

,to th e h ort i cu l tur i st

,wh i le i t affords

h im also a h int ofthe efficacy of slight cover ings,

overp lants near th esurface ofth e earth , as in th is manner many of th e .herbaceou s and

stemless p lants of th e south may b e preserved in secu r i ty dur ing ou r

w inters .

”g We shou ld not forge t to mention in th is br ief essay the

idea,first put in pract ice we th ink by th e enl ightened M . Sdu lange

Bod in,of th e Hort icu l tural Inst i tu te near Par is

,ofattemp t ing natural

izations by graft ing partial ly tender spec i es of p lants upon hardys pec ies of the same or a k indred genu s

,ab le to w i thstand the effects

ofco ld .1“

The success ofh is exper iments at the t ime th e resu l ts weremade known was flattering . H is method was to graft upon l arge

A great numb er of the b eautifu l varieties of China Roses , Carnati ons , &c.

may b e preserved in this way ’

by sl ight coverings of straw , even in th e cold cl i

mate ofCanada

t Annales de Fremont, tome iv .

~

p . 309.

a

04 NATURALIZA'i'i ON or PLANTS .

robust stocks, at some considerab le d istance from the ground,avai l ing

h imse lf th ereb v of theprotect ing p'

ropert ies of the stock,and of th e

power wh ich h e conce ived i t to possess ofmaintaining its temperatu reby the commun i cat ion wh ich its deep roo ts h ad w ith r the warmer soil .We be l ieve th is mode ofnatu ral i zat ion m ight b e very effe ctual sou thof th e Potomac , w here th e so i l is never ve ry deepl y frozen ,

in acol imat ing trees and shrubs ofst i l l warmer cl imates , and we re commendit to the not ice of the hort i cu l tur ist in al l cases where pract icable in

th is reg ion .

5“

It IS proper to remark here,that persons about to make exper imen ts

in natural iz ing p lants,shou ld

,when t hey choose a local i ty , endeavor to

avo id al l low val leys,e spec ial l y if abound ing w i th spr ings or streams of

water,as th e most unfavorab le ofal l s i tu at ions for th e attainment of th e

object . in View,on account of the ir’

be ing'

more su bject to ear l y and

late fros ts in au tumn and spr ing,and to

'

intense coagu lat ion in the

dep ths of ‘

w inte r . Extensive s lopes,howe ver

,by th e s ides of large

r ivers and other‘

bodies'

of water,are exce l len t s i tes for th e purpose .

Some of our large inland lakes,those immense bod ies ofwater wh ich

are rare l y frozen over,have an aston ish ing influence in ame l iorat ing

the seve rity of the w inters’

in t he ir ne igh borhoods, and'

many tendertrees

'

and p lants m ight b e natural ized in t he ir v i c ini ty,and thu s

i

b e

come ad apted through the ir progeny to mu ch co lder s i tuat ions .

Su ch are the principal facts already known,which shou ld claim the

attent ion of all persons whom p leasure or interest may indu ce to

attemp t th e natu ral i -Zation ofpl ants in t h is country . A l though i t is apract i ce wh i ch h as h itherto proceeded nearl y at random

,

‘

and,h as

been rather the amu sement ofth e amateur cu l tivator than a n objec tof carefu l attent ion

,we are persu aded thatw i th a port ion of th e ass i

du ity d irected toward i t , that th e other branches of hort i cu l tu ralsc ience have rece i ved

,i t may become the means not onl y of a great

increase ofgrat ificat ion to the hort icu l tur ist , in th e acqu is i t ion wh ichth e garden w i l l rece ive of beau t ifu l and v aluab le flowering trees,shrubs and vege tab les , b ut al so th at itmay to a Certain degree b e product ive of very cons iderab le advantagesto th e agri cu l ture ofou r country .

T he Un i ted S tates embrace almost every des irable var ie ty ofcl imate ,and we be l ieve that in t ime th e greater major i ty ofu sefu l and beau t ifu lprodu ct i ons of th e vege tab le k ingdom may b e successfu l ly produced

i

We ob serve th e M essrs Prince Sdri's advertise trees of th e Morus Mu lticau l is grafted upon th e White M u lb erry , which they state to b e hard ier than ifupon th eir own roots .

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106 A‘

n-

ESCRrP'

TION or“

Rosns .

‘

l Constancy ; cupped , very large and doub le .

globu lar and double .

1 De l ice d ’hive r expanded , large and double .

1 DeSespoir d‘

es ama'teni’ s , l i lac rose , compact

,smal l , and very

‘ double .

”bright rose , compact and ve ry doub le .

pu rp lish deeprose , globu l_ ,

ar large and very doub le .

4 Fou r seasons, b lu sh , ioSe, cupped se‘

m i dou b le.3 Fou r seasons

,wh ite , expanded and doub le .

2 Four seasons, Mon

. strous,0 1 Ru l lee , pale rose , g lobu lar and large .

2 F ou r seasons,th 0 1 n less , p‘

ale rose expanded and dou b le .

Glo ire d es perpetu e l les, deep rose, compact, la i ge, and Ve ry‘

dou b le .

2 Grand pei petual , orI

xFab e -rt’s, b r ight rq se , glob u lar , very large ‘and dou bl e

1 Grande et Be l le , deep pu rp l ishrose, globu lar , very large ,

and double .

1 Henr iette Bou log ne, pale b lush , compact ‘

and large .

1 Jean Hach e tte, l i lac rose , globu lar, large and doub le ;2 Joseph ine Anto inette , rose

, cupped l

and very double ,2 La Mienne , . deep rose , compact and v ery double .

2 Lou is P hil ippe ; dark pu rp l ishcr imson

, expanded and very large .

1 Lodois‘

ka, pa le b lu sh , g lobu lar, large and double .

1 Madame‘

F eb u rier,

rose, cupped , large , and very doub le

1 Ma D el ice,or Deu ce

Me lee , pale rose,

cupped and v ery doubleMar ia Lou ise pa le rosy cen

tre,

1

globu lar and large .

1 Pompone fou r seasons, pal e flesh , compact, very smal l, and doub le .

1 P u lch erie . p u rp l ish red, globu lar and doub le .

1 P reval , pa le rose , expanded and doub le .

‘

4 Paestana 0 1 scarlet fourseasons , br ight cr im

son, cupped semi dou b le2 Perpetu el l e d

’Angei s, very palefl’sh , expanded and ve i y large .

3 Paln i i i e, or b lu sh perpetual , pale rose , compact and very

‘doub le .

P erpetu a neva.

Panache d e Girardon, ors tr iped perpetu a l, flesh str iped

w ith red , cu pped and doub le .

1 Pa lotte P inote , pa le flesh , compact and double .

2 Portland ica carnea, pal e rose ,I

cupped sem i dou b le .

2 Portland icagi and iflora deep 1 0 se, globu lar, very large and double .

2 Qu een of perpetuals, pale flesh,

cu pped and very dou ble .

Roy al perpe tu al , br ight rose,'

compa'

ct, very l arge and doub le ,

1

‘

1 Sa int Barth demy ,'

pu rpl ish'

rose, cu pped and sem i doub le .

4 Scotchl

perpetual , b lush ,I

cupped and doub le .

3 S tamwe l l'

perpetual , pal e flesh , expanded and double .

A D ESCR IP TLON OF ROS ES . 107 .

S ixth ofJ une , deep rose, compact and very double .

1 Tr iomphe deV i try , br ight rose , expanded and dou b le .

1 Vo lum ineu se, b l ush glob u lar,'

very large and ‘doub le .

This d ivis ion rap idly increase s inI

interest . I h ave not attempted toarrange themaccord ing to the ir Botan i cal affin i t ies, b u t mere l y as

“

to

th eir hab i t ofb looming i n th e au tumn , most of th e pale flowered va

rieties, w ith pu bescent leav I

es or ig inated fromthose ol d. damask rose s,

the red end wh ite monthly , S tamwe l l and S cotch Perpe tual , from“

th e

Scotch rose hybr id ised _the crim '

son Perpetual , or Rase du'

ROi,from

the Portl andica p lena. This superb vari e ty was’

raised from seed

in1812 , in the g ardens Of th e pal ace,of S t C lou d

,by th e flower gar

dener,

.M: Jucket,under th e d irection Of La Comp te Le l ieur

,th e

Royal Gardener,and by h im named R ose da R oi T h e Rosa Pae

s tana,wh ich I suspect is th e parent of s ome of our fine var ie t ies

,i s

men t ioned by Eu s tace i n h is C lassi cal Tou r, as growing among the

ra ins of th e Temp le OfP fe stum ,and enl iven ir

‘

ig them w i th its br i l l iantau tumnal flo ive rs . A

'

clump or borde r ofPerpetual roses w i l l soon beind ispensable “

in e ve ry we l l furn ished flower gardan .

I

They are per

haps th e most des irab le of .al l th e p leas ing fami l ies of Rosa. / L'

ikethe ir prototypes , they are h ighly fragrant , and , ifposs ib le , more so in

September , October, and Novem ber,than in June A s eve ry shoot

in must of th e var ie t ies produ ces b loom ,the soil cannot betoo r i ch

,

for w it h these, luxu r ian t grow th w i ll besure to g i ve abundance Of

flowers . A good pract ice wou ld be to cu t off -al l th e b loom buds i nJune

,and shorten the shoots to abou t half their length

,t hen water

t hem w i th manu red water in Ju ly and August ; th is Wi l l make t hemshoot and b loom mo

‘

st luxu r i an t ly al l th e au tumn.

NAME .

2'Adolphe Cachet,

2 Ance l in ,QAde lainc de Bourbon,

crimson ,

2 Bon'

Genev ieve, pu rp . Cr imson

sh aded , imbr icated and v ery doub le .

4 P izarre de la Ch ine y arimsonp u i p” glob u lar, and doub le .

1 B rennu s;_

. izod carm ine , cupped ,'

v_

ery large and dou b le .

‘

2 Be l le d e - Bengale, b i ’ igh t ; 11ose , fglob u lar Smal l and doub le .

corlo FORM_

xND (I

JHARA CT E R .

pu rpl ish red,cu pped ari d - Very double.

rose,

cupped a nd ver y dou b le .

pu rpl ish rose, glob u lar, very large and doub le .

mott led br ightrose, reflexed , large and doub le .

comp act and ve ry doub le .

‘

108 A DESCR IPT ION OF

.

ROSES .

4 Brown’s Superb b lush ,

3”

Brown’s ce lest ial ,

4 B lairi i,

Beau ty Of B i l l iard,

l Be-ranger ,

Coccinea superba,

’

or

Jui l l et 29; scar let cupped,very large aad doub le .

1 Coupe d’Amou r, very br ight

sros e, cu pped and very doub le .

2 C lair d e Cressac, cherry red,

cupped and doub le .

2 Camu set Carne, br ight rose, cupped , large and very dou b le .

2 Coronat ion , shaded pu rple, imbr icated and very doub le .

2 Chate la ine, rosy l ilac, gl obular and doubl e .

2 Carm in feu , b rig’t cr imson, cu pped and very doub le .

1 Cardon ,purp . cr imson, compact and very dou ble.

2 Ce l ine rose, cu pped and very I

laI

rge .

2 Carre de Boisge l in shad-cd pu rp le ,‘

expanded and very doub le .

2 Cou tard, b r ight rose, globu lar, large and dou b l e .

2 Colonel Fa’

b v ier, br ight rose , cupped , large and very doub le .

1 Cy modocee , scarle t, g lobu lar and doub le .

2’

Delaagee, p u rple,

cupped , large and doub le .

2 Du chess d ’Ang‘

ou leme

d e L is le , shaded rose,compact and very doub le .

l'

Duke of Devonsh ire, . pale rose. l i lacstr ipe,

’imbricate'

d large and doub le .

1 Dau benton,“

br ight cr imson

shaded, cu pped large and doub le .

2 Duchess de Montebel lo, b rig

’t cr imson, reflexed and

I

doub le .

2 Duc d e Cho iseu l , pu rpl ish rose , g lobu lar, very large and doub le .

2 Du e de Cho iseu l“ ponctue ,

E l iza F lemm ing,l Euchar is,2 E thereal ,2 Fu lgens, or Ch a lton,2 F leu re tte ,1 Consa lve Cardon,_1 Genera l Pajo l ,2 General Th iers,

General Lamarqu e ,4 George th e Fou rth ,

1 Hybr id Gracil is,1 Hy br id

’

Blane ,

globu lar, very large and doub le .

globu lar and very dou b le .

g lobu lar, and b loom ing in large

clusters .

globu lar and double finel y shaped .

cu pped and very dou b le .

rose,

spottedw h ite, globu lar and very doub le .

rose, cupped , sma l l and very double .

’

b r ig’t cr im son

,cupped and very dou b le .

p urple , imbr icated and doubl e .

fiery cr imson, globu lar , l arge and very double .

br ight rose, cupp‘ed and very doub le.br ig

’t pu rpl ish , imbr icated , large and doub le .

'

de l icate rose , cupped and very double .

dark velve tcr imson, reflexed and very doub le”

black cr imson, globu lar, large and double .

velv’t crimson , globu lar , large and very doub le .

I

rosy pu rple , com pact and doub le .

pure w h ite, cu pped and very'

doub le .

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A vrsrr TO MR CUSH ING’S CONSERVATORY .

Tou tain, ve l ve t purpl e, cupped and very doub le .

T itu s, v iol e t pu rp le, glob u lar and very doub le .

Victor Tracy , dark cr imson,cupped

,very

,large and dc

Victor Hugo , I

rosy l i lac , glo b u lar , very large, and dVo lney

, I

rosy blush, imbr icated and veryI

doub

W e l l ington, purp .

'

crimson, g lobu lar and doub le .

From th e ve ry d ist inct hab i t of(the se iRoses

,they have gt

ieen cal led p ar exce l lence Hybr id Roses , bu t as we have been0 insert none bu t what are between the- China Rose , (R osa

Ind Rosa Gal l ica, we'

now cal l them Hybrid C hinaRoses,a

ive name qui te necessary , as Hybr ids from other Rose s x ai

.eas’

on‘com ing 1nto ex istence . They -are

'

al l very beau t iful , aih at pleas ing ,

'

g lossy,su b - evergreen fo l iage

,pecu l iar to th e

l ose,b ut make ,

a great dev iat ion from that fam i ly , in not bei) etu al b loomers ; in th is d iv is ion are some of the most b eau tifumown

,and

'

among them, George th e Fourth

,wh ich I raise

seed,may rank among the best

,these are also al l very rob i

wi l l grow and . b loom we l l in th e mos t u nfavorab le Rose so'i ls .

) ecu liar hab i ts and vi v id colors,render thempart i cu lar ly we l l

for Standards .

A'

RT . IX .—A

‘

Visii‘to Mr Cush ing

’s Conservator

Sm — Hav ing ju st I

viSited the Conse rvatory of J . P . Cush ir

Be lmont P lace , Watertown,i t appears to me that a short 1

some of-

th e treasures Of the vege tab le k ingdom,now in fibre

rl or there , wou l d b e interest ing to many of“ your readers,b ot

Vi c in i ty and in th e more d istant pal ts of the Un i ted S tates,

am aware th e c ircu lat ion of you r Reg ister extends.

A strap ea Wa l l ich iz'

, pl aced - b y De Candol le and Don in tBoy acéaz tribe of th e famil y

_

By ttneriaceaa ; b u t by .Lindle )

same tr ibe ofthe fami ly Stercu l iaceae. I t is a nat ive of’

Mac

DO11 says,

“ Astrapea and some genera re lated to it are am

most e legant pl ants inthe in another p lace,

Wal l ich i i is one

“

of the finest p lants e ver introdu ced intowhen i n flower noth ing can e xceed i t in beau ty .

”1 T h e ex

*

produced by th is l anguage“

is certainl y not al toge ther Satisfi i

appearance of the flowers, wh ich are of a l igh t scarlet'

color r

A Vl S IT ~ T 0 MR Cu sm Ne’s CONSERVATORY . 1 11

pendant on a l ong e legant stalk (peduncle ) ; many crowded toge therin. an umbe l

,th is be ing g irded . round

"

b y'

a 'many leaved invo lace l h as the resemb lance of a hang ing scar let bal l ; wh ich al thoughshewy cannot be terme d e legant

,inasmuch as th e flowers iare so close

to each o ther that the ir separate forms cannot be d istingu ished i t ishowe ver a rare and valuab le spe c imen ,

and wel l mer i ts a p lace in t h ise xtens ive and cho i ce col le ct ion of trop ical plants . NO doubt

,in its

nat i ve regl on ,where th e tree is about 20 feet h igh , these numerous

s carle t globoseumbe ls hang ing in every d irect ion must form a g lor io us s ight .Combretum p u rp ureum. Comb reteae tr ibe of Comb retacea . This

‘tru ly beau t ifu l“ amongst the ornaments Of th e v stove h ad“

two or t hreeo u t ofnearl y a dozen of its pan i cles of br ight scar le t flowers in perm

fact ion, i t is a qu ick grow ing cl imber, re ve ls in he at , and when in a

h e al thy s tate,l ike this speCimenh

mu st alway s b e the ch iefa ttract ionin eve ry col lect ion l ike its predecessor it is a nat ive of Madagascar

,

and h as not been many years introduced into Europe . Hav ing seen

and adm ired i t the re on its firs t appearance , I was'

h ighly grat ified torecogn ise i t he i e i n so flou r ish ing a state .

That magn ificent flower , S olandra g randiflor a ,was on the po int of

Open ing in al l its sp lendor those who h ave seen B ignon ia rad icans , nowcall ed Tacoma

,can form some - idea of th e

i

sh ape alone , b u t th is flower

is t hree or four t imes large r and Ofa de l icate wh it ish ye l low.

Amary‘ l l is regina,au l i ca or vittata ~and formosissima

pw ith Cr inum

amab i le and Euphorb ia Poinsettii,ju st l n depart ing g lory

,T ritomia

crocata,Oxal is

,

‘

Justicia spec iosa, several rare pe largon iums, jas

m ines, roses , Peon ia mou tan,and many othe r beau t ifu l flowe rs , whose

names h ave'

escaped me,fi l led up th e stove . A few

'

po ts o f v ines,on

th e coil ing system,looked he al thy and w ere jus t bu rst ing in to bl oom.

T h e Conse rvatory in th e centre was nOt less ornamented w i th flowe rs ; Rhododend ron arboreum

,shone consp i cuou s

.'Azalea ind i ca

al ba and ph enic‘

ea, Sch izanthus , C inerar ia, Eupatorium,Roses ,

‘

Ans

th ol y za, are - b u t a few of“

th e de l ights wi th w h ich it was t hronged . .

T h e de l ic iou s scented Iris pers ica now in fu l l beau ty and fragrancein my par lor w indow wou ld not have been inconsp icuou s

,howe ve r

,

amongst al l t hese b ‘

eau tieS .

I

We have‘

seen several imported herew hen more known it w i l l no doubt become common ,

as it is a cheapbu lb in Eu rope .

T h e Came l l ias w ere rather scarce ; from the appearance of th e

pl cau se was probab ly rather th e l iberal ity’

of th e owner t hanthe fau l t ofthe p lants or the gardener.

1 12 NOT ICE S OF

TO those who are ab le and have the taste to form and enjoy suchestab l ishments as th is

]

,stern w inter ' is depr ived Of- half its r igors ,

shorn Of halfw i ts length and'

ted iousnessu I fe l -ta s happy as ifenter ingon

‘

the jdy s of spr ing , u n t i l th e deep deep'

snow on leav ing th is assem

b lage Of" Charm ing p lants, recal led me to my senses . I cou ld “

not but

remember the l ine ofCOWper I,th e poet

,

Wh o loves a garden loves a g reenhousetoo .

Y'

OUI‘

S,

VTH EOPHRASTUS .

ART . X. Notices of F oreign Works .

WE have before u s,ten numbers , for 1835, ofthe Botan i c Garden,

an interest ing work,ed i ted by B. Maund

,F . L . S .

’

Pub l ished inLondon .

I

This beau t ifu l l i tt le work is issued in monthly numbers ; eac-h num

b er contain ing th e de scr ip t ion and colored figures of fou r ornamentalhardy p lants

,occupy ing e ight pages . It h as been in ex i stence e leven

years, and we shou ld infe r,from the remarks of th e ed i tor

, We l l sustained . Two extra pages we re added three y ears

‘

s ince,cal led the

Auctari-um,

as a means Of reg is ter ing m isce l laneous d irect ions andd iscoveries , w h it r cou l d not conven ientl y be comb ined under the

regu lar subje cts Of the work .

”

T he last year , a F loral R eg ister , contain ing two pages more,was

added . T h e object of th is,was to

Ig1ve .

“ monthl y , e very requ is i tepart i cu lar - of nearl y twenty new ly in troduced or interest ing p lants ,be long ing e ither to the stove

,th e greenhouse

,or the open ground .

”

Each of these p lants is i l lu strated by a wood cut.

Its typograph ical execu t ion i s of th e h ighest order . T h e figu res

are mostl y redu ced in s i ze,drawn from l iv ing p lants

,and co lored in

a most exqu is i te manner,tru e to natu re .

_

What adds value undou btedly to th e work

,it is patron i zed by

,

Her Mos t Grac ious Majestyth e Q ueen .

” We h ave 11 0 dou bt b ut w hat. th e patronage of some of

our own Natu re ’

s"

Queens”wou ld be e xtended

'

to i t also , if'

t heycou ld b ut see a specimen of the work . We are not more p leased w i ththe mechan i cal part of th e work

,than w i th the p leas ing sty le of its

contents» T h e dry de tai ls of botan i cal descr ipt ions are avoi ded as

much as possib le,and re l ieved by remarks that . lead the mind “ from

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l 4 NOT ICE S OF F ORE IGN w orms .

me of h er work_

is more obv iou s . We may re ad th e index to

perations , al though th e detai l s are not u nfrequentl y in secre t cacters . T he whole may b e seen as cOmposed ofan ial ph ab et ofs im

lements — e le rn’

ents w h ich comb ine into matter as letters into wor.l atter comb ines into be ings , as words into sentences ; and againer ies ofsentence s make ch apters , so ser i es ofbe ings const itu te clasl i d of these th e incomprehens ible book

‘

of creation is comp i led ,ierfecte

'

d b y th e hand of theor ig inal Lawg iver.”

W e find in th e Ju ly numbe r a'

fi gure and de scr ipt ion ofAcant

pinosu s . C lass,D idynam ia . Order

,Ang iosperma . Natural or

Icanth acew .

’

Hardy perenn ial . Th ree fee t h igh . A nat ive of

;ou th ofE u rope , h av ing been cu l t ivated nearl y two hund red year:in ornamental border p lant , w ith pu rpl e and wh i te lab iate flowers

,

;p iny leaves. Its desci iption b u t more part i cu larl y the trad it ion c

m ated w i t h i t , w i l l .b e re ad w i th intere st , undou bted ly , by most pers iTh is gene ric name is de r ived from the Greek

,Akanth a

,a spi

a name suffic ien tly app l i cab le to the p lan t u nder cons ide rat ion .

spec ific name h as’

also‘

th e same reference .

"

A l l th e spec ies of Acanthus are p lants of tolerab le strong gro iw i th roots that s tr ike deep ly into th e sOil . Some of them are i

tenac ious of l ife ; spring ing from port ions of the root which h apto

'

b e b roken from th e”

main_ p lant . In th is way i t may b e rea

propagated , a c ircumstance th at wou ld natural ly lead u s to expec

more gene ral d istr ibu t ion in gardens and ornamental grounds .

T h e trad i t ion connected w ith th e Acanthu s,regard ing its h a'

g iven th e idea of th e cap i tal ofth e Cor in th ian co l umn,shou ld no

forgotten . W he ther th is be correct or. otherwise,i t ' is unneces

to i nqu i re certain i t is, that arch i tecture owes much ofits beautmu ch '

Of its perfect ion to flowers,fo l iage and trees . Natu re in

garden , i n th e park , and th e , w il

de expanse ofcountry scenery,afl

one of th e best ass istant schools of pure tas te ; not only to the ai

tect in h is ou t l ines; and in h is enr ichments,

‘

b u t to art ists connew i th almost every branch Of manufacture ‘

in w h ich embe l l ishme

demanded .

T he h istory of th e orig in.of the Cor inth ian order

,wh ic h n

poss ib ly b e con tr ived to g i ve an interest'

to th e invent ion,thoug

Often repeated and so we l l known,may , neverthe less , be here

once more as a p leas ing ane cdote on anc ientmanners .

“ A'

young maiden of Cor int h hav ing d ied,

. her mother or icol lected in a baske t - th e toys wh ich

'

sh e h ad b een fond of wh i leand carr ied them to h er grave , where she left the baske t covered

NOT ICE S OF FORE IGN WORKS . 15

at il-e,

'

to preserve i ts contents from the weather . T h e baske t h appened to b e se t upon the root ofan Acant hus . T h e p lant be ing thu sdepressed in th e

r

midd le,its le aves and stalks spread ou twards

,and

grew up around the s ide s of th e baske t , t i l l they‘

we re bent - down bythe t i le w h ich l ay project ing over its top . At that t im e

,Cal l imachu s

the sculp tor,chanc ing to pass '

b y th e grave ,and be ing p le ased w i th

the agreeab le appearance of th e fol iage , and nove l ty of th e form,h e a

converted i t to th e pu rpose of arch itectu re,and having made some

col umns of a more de l i cate proport ion th an h ad been u sed before,h e

adop ted th e'

b aske t and leave s,of the

'

Acanthu s for the cap i tal ; and

t hu s e stab l ished th e symme try and ornaments'

ofthe 'Cor inth ian orde r .

‘

i

‘I t is by“ no me ans improbab le that arch i tectu re may have Owedth e orig in of its arch , po in ted and circnl ar

, to the natu ral ou tl ine of

tr ee s : T h e wooded avenue , and rOw s offorest treesnot unfrequentl y ,represent arch es ofth e most m agn ificent

tch aracter '

th e con temp lat ionof wh ich can ne ve r fai l to interest and to gratify th e cul t ivated m ind .

”

Gi l ia tr icol or is figured ‘

in the numb e r for Augu st ; C lass,Pentan

d r'ial. Order,Monogyni a Natu ral order

,

1“ Po lemon iacea . This

pre tty annual,o r ig inal ly from Cal ifo-i rnia and introdu ced in to Eng land

in 1833,has already “

found its way‘ into many of our

-

own gardens,

hav ing been 'cu l t ivated th e last se ason by ourse l ves and otli e i s .

This is one among the pre tt ie st hardy annu als,not ori ly of recent

introd uct ion into th e country“

,b u t that is known in

'

cu r gardens. Iti s

,too

,the

,

more pleasmg from th e var iat ion of t int seen among its“

de l icate flowe rs , some of them be ing wh ite .

”

Pre tty as th is flo'

we r is,we fear i t w i l l not find favor w i th most cu l

t i vatOi s ,some t h ing more showy i s w anted to su i t the common taste .

T h e flowe rs are d isposed i n pan i cles,w it h a ye l low e y e , surrounded

by a,

pu rp le r ing , borde red by pale b l ue orw h i te . It does not e xceedone foot in h e igh t . From its humb le statu re and ne at gi ow th i t ispecu l iarly su i ted for cu l tu re in masse s ; a sty le of p lant ing showyflowers w h i ch- prod uces a s triking '

effect,whe re i t can b e pu i sned on

a to le rabl y extens ive scale .

”

T he fol low ing are figured and descri bed i n the“ var ious numbe rs

L a tizy ru s r otundifolzus . R ound le avedLathy ru s .

‘

aC l ssDiade lph i

'

a : Orde r Decand ria . Natural orde r Legumir'

i osae . This is saidto

“

b e a showy , free floWe ring perennial spe c i e s ve ry l i tt le known ,

wh ic h h as been cu ltivated for some“t ime i n the

“

Oxford Botan i c Gaid-eu . Like Lathyru s‘ lat ifol i

’

u s,its ped uncles are many flowered

,b u t

not so tal l a p lant , be ing about two fee t h igh The flewers are deep

p ink,incl ining to purple .

1 16 NOT ICE S OF EonE ieN wORKs .

Many of

.

the p lants figured in the Botan i c Garden ,al though they

are hardy in Eng land,wou ld not stand our w inter .

_

We fee l confident that i t i s not th e case w i th th is

,and hope we shal l speed i ly see

i t in our col lect ion .

L obel ia Tup a . C lass Pen tand ria. Order Monogyn ia . _ Natural

order Lobe l iaceae. A nat ive Of Juan ‘

Fernandez . He ight s ix fee t .F lowers in S ep tember and October Introduced in T he

flowers scarlet orange . Several var iet ies of th is very handsome or

namen tal p lant have late l y appe ared in ou r gardens . They grow

w i th great luxur iance . Much has been sa id regard ing its v irul entl ypoisonou s effe cts , but these statemen ts have whol ly emanated from th e

‘Journal des Observat ions,

’of Feu i l lee

,w ho trave l led in ' South

America. He says th e sme l l of the flowers cau se seve re vom i t ings,and th e m i lky ju ice of th e p lan t , if it tou ch the e y e , occas ions b l indness . T h e first - assert ion is

,certainl y

,incorrect .”

There wou ld be no probab i l ity Ofkeep ing th is most beau tifu l p lantin th e open ground

,as i t is more tender than most of the spec

Those that have green- hou ses w i l l find no d ifficu l ty in preserv ing i t ,and perhaps , it may b e kept in a ce l lar in pots through th e w inter.

Camp anu la‘g r andiflora h C lass Pentand ria. Orde r Monogyn ia.

Natu ral order Campanu laceae'

. This beau t ifu l Campanu la w e h avein our col lect ion ,

flower ing for th e first t ime last season .

'

It i s abou ta foot h igh , producing its large deepb lue , open be l l shaped flowe rs in

Li ne and Ju ly . It increases s lowly at th e'

root and y iel ds b ut fewseeds - it w i l l not

,therefore

,b e very p lenty w ith

~

u s at pre sent. T he

most congen ial so i l is peat and loam,in a coo l s i tuat ion . Very hardy

,

as we m ight suppose from_

th e fact,that h i s a nat ive ofS iberia.

Camp anu la excisa,ié anothe r perennial spec ies of th is large genus

,

of humb le statu refw ith fine b l ue droop ing , d eepl y cu t corol las ;'

from

Sw i tze rland ; five inches h igh .

“ Th is beau t ifu l l i ttle spec ies produces an abundance of flowers . It is we l l su i ted to the foreground

of the parterre ,and to art ific ial rock - work .

Camp anu la li edéracea . Ivy le aved Campanu la , is st i l l more d im inu t ive than the last

,its he ight not exceed ing three inches . F lowers in

June and Ju l y,e re ct

, smal l,l igh t b lue . A close grovving p lan t ; its

fol iage forming a green tuft on the'

su rface of th e so i l . A sandy peatand loam so i l is recommended as a su i tab le so il

,w i th a rather shady

s i tu at ion . This l i tt le p lant i s a nat ive ofEngl and .

Nu tta l l ia p ap aver . C lass Monade lph ia. Order Po lyandr ia. Nab

u ral order Mal vacee . This is a new perennial from Lou is iana, flowering from July to October. T he flowers Of the figure are a purp le

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118 ANSW ER TO QUERY .

It is said”

that its’

flowers partake -of a degree of de l i cacy bywh ich it greatly (su rpasses in effe ct its more common b l ue congener .

Its flowers vary much i n the portion of colorWhi ch they d isp lay,some

be ing nearly al l b lue,wh ilst o thers are pi oduced comple te ly wh ite .

”

Geranium ang u latum. Angu lar stalked Crane ’s

'

b i l l . This spe

cies is a nat ive of Europe , and h as been cu l t ivated S ince 1789 . A

perenn ial of easy'

cu l ture,e ighteen inches high ,

“

w i th a profus ion of

p ink flowers in June . We have th is in. ou r col le ct ion .

T he Geran ium angu'

l atum,from its numerou s flowe rs

,is h ighly

ornamental . It may b e appropr iatel y p lanted among. low sh rubs,or

strong herbaceou s p lants and i t w i l l su cceed in rather shady place s,

wh ich renders i t oftent ime a des irab le p lant. D iv is ions -

Of the roots

afford suffic ient inc re ase .

”

L inum monog y num. One sty led flax . C lass Pentand ria.

'Order

Pentagynia Natural orde r Linea . A hardy pe renn ial w i th wh iteflowers in o nl y and August ; e ighteen inches h igh , from the Sou th ofEu rope

,cu l t ivated s ince

1

1831 . S aid to be a de l ightfu l spe c ies ; i ts

hab i ts are luxur iant , and . its numerous flowers showy . It provedhardy in th e B irmingham Botan i c Garden, in a bed of sandy peat .It must be raised from seeds or cu tt ings, as i t does not admi t of frequent d iv is ion .

Our own beau t ifu l l i tt le Houston ia cce ru lea,is very pret

i

tily and

correctly figured in th is work b u t from these half a dozen flowe rs,

we cou ld obtain b u t. a faint idea of its beau ty as i t is seen profuse lyscattered over the ground

,With its dense tufts of de l icate pale blue

flowers in earl y spr ing,

adorn ing every mossy bank or s how mea

dow,and pre sent ing themse l ves in al l d irect ions

,l ike the eyes of;Ar

gus seeming almost as handfu ls Ofpale scattered flowers ofth e Li la cwh ich h ad come too early to maturi ty .

”

ART . XI .—Answer to Query .

IN rep ly to th e que ry on page 74 ,

"las t number , - they w i l l b loomifp l anted e arly ; or i t w i l l b e be tter to p lace them in a box or boxesw i th earth

,i n a warm ce l lar

,and transplant in th e spr ing . I have

su cceeded this way , and h ave every year removed Hy acintli s , , &c.

e ven after the format ion of th e flower buds . - I t shou ld b e done w i thTW O t ransp lant ing trowe ls

,re tain ing as mu ch e arth , as poss ible round

e ach.

roOt. A S UB S CR IB ER .

ART . X 11.— F lowers in B loom in F eb ru ary , in th e Green House

of the Messrs W ins/zip ,B r ig h ton.

Acacia armata,

longifol ia,loph anta,

A lOnsoa acu tifo l ia,Aloe var iegata,Arctot is lacin iata, vel superba,Azalea ind ica a lba

,

pu rpu rea p leno,ph oenicea,

pu rpu rea,Bryophyl lum calycinum,

Cal la eth iop ica,Came l l ia alba S imp lex,

alba p leno,

anem one flora,atrorubens

,

Granv i l l i,

h exangu laris ,

paeoniaeflo ra,Sasanqu a

'

rosea ,

var iegata,rubra p leno

,

pompone , or Kew b lu shw i th other var iet ies .

Canna a’

ngu st ifol ia,coccinea

,

Ch loranthus inconsp icuou s,C inerar ia cru enta

,

p latin ifo l ia,

Cyclamen pers icum,

Daphne odora,var iegata ,

D iosma alba,

l il iata,Epacr is grand iflora ,E r ica arborea,

v ert ic i llata,

h ei‘b ai

cea,

E r ica med iterraneana,

e legans, or speciosa,

E u p‘

ator ium e legans,He l iotropium peruv ianum ,

grand iflor um ,

Ho itzia coccinea,

Hibbe rtia vo lub i l is,Hyac

’

inthus botryo ides,moschatum

Hermann ia al t li aeifo l ia,

Ind igofe-ra au stral is,Ju st icia ceru lea,

pan icu lata,

Jasm iii um revo lu tum,_

Kenned ia monophyl la,Lu p inu s arboreu s

,

Melianthu s major ,Mesembryanthemum b arb ati im

,

l ingumforme.

Orn i t‘hogalum grand iflorum,

Othonna pectinata, ,

Oxal is e longata ,rosea,

Paeon ia papaveracea,Passifiora alata

,

P i ttosporum tob ira,

u ndu latum,

P lectran thu s fru t icosu s,

"

Pr imu la s inens is,

V . alba,Rhododendron arboreum

,

Ru e l l ia persicaefo l ia,Rubu s rosae tb l ius,Sa lv ia afr icana,

fu lgens ,spl

-

endens,

Sparmann ia afr icana,Teucr ium fr

_

u tican-s ,

Tradesc'

an t ia d isco lor,

W estringia rosin ar inacea,V inca rosea

,

Verbena ceru lea

ART . XIII .— Mis

'

cel laneou s Matters .

CLAR IF ICAT ION W ITH CHARCOAL — Thé effects of charcoal in clarification are both cu r ious and important . They were first not i ced byM . Low ity , of Pe tersbu rgh , and have for the most part been amp lyconfi rmed by succeed ing Obse rvers , al though the prec ise cau se of

these remarkab le changes h as not been sat isfactor i l y ascertained .

A l l that is essent ial for th is purpose is , that the charcoal shou ld be in

fine powder and very dry ; hence the only preparat ion requ is i te is topu lver ize some we l l burnt common charcoal

,and t hen heat i t iii a

covered cru c ib le to a g low ing red,t i l l i t ceases to g ive ou t an inflam

mab le vapor. If i t is not emp loyed immed iate l y , i t ough t to b e kept .

in a ground stopped g lass bottle , and may then b e preserved un impaired to any length of t ime . T h e effects of th is prepared ch arcoalare very strik ing .

_Be ing m ixed w ith common v inegar or any k ind of

W ine,a th i ck froth r ises to th e surface

,and the l iquors after fi l trat ion

are found to b e as l imp id as water. T h e filth ié st a nd most pu tridd i tch water is in l ike manner rendered pe rfe ctly clear, i nodorou s

‘

and

insiped ; and rancid Oi ls are also depr ived of the ir sme l l and tas te

by repeated fi l trat ion th rough th is prepared charcoal . Hence alsoits pe cu l iar effi cacy as a dent ifri ce ; i t is suffic ient ly hard to remove

concre t ions from th e tee th W i thou t inj ur ing th e ename l,wh ile i t neu

tral izes and destroys for a t ime any foetor wh ich may . arise from a ca

r iou s tootl i .— R ees Cy clop ed ia .

’

CHERRY TRE E GUM .—T h e gum t hat exudes from th e trunk - and

branch es of th e cherry.

tree‘

is said to be equ al to gum arab i c . Has

se lqu ist re lates t hat d ur ing a S iege more than one hund red men were

kept al ive for two months nearl y,W i thou t any o ther sustenance than

a l ittle of th is gum taken into the mou th sometimes and suffered grad

nal ly to d issolve — E ng lish p a .

V ITAL PR INC IP LE oF SEEDS .— A smal l port ion of Royal Park of

Bushy was broken up some t ime ago , for th e purpose of ornamentalcu l tu re

,when immed iate ly several flowers sprung up, of the k inds

wh ich are ord inar i ly cu l t ivated in gardens ; th is le d to an invest igat ion

,and i t was asce rtained that th is ident i cal spot h ad been used as

a garden not later than th e t ime of Ol iver CromWe l l,more than one

h undred and fifty years before —Monthly Mag .

ERRATUM . In th e last.

numb er, page 74, for Fernal Grape,” read Ferrol .

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122 CULT IVAT ION OF FORE ST TREES .

husbandman . He res ides in them idst of the natural produ ct ions of

the e art h , whose construct ion and e lementary mater ials are constantlybe ing exposed to observat ion ,

in th e dai l y excu rs ions and operat ivelabors , incident to cu l t ivat ion . T h e mountain prec ip ice

,the deep

channe l of the torrent, and the fu rrow of th e plough sh-

are,ofler per

petu al means for investigat ing th e geology and m ineral resou rces , ofa cons iderab le extent of coun try Whi le the - vege tab le and an imalcreat ions const i tu te the very objects of. h is attent ion

,and th e ch ief

sources of h is su bs istence,prosper i ty and weal th .

If i t has been said,w i th as much tru th

,as Vigor ofexpressi on

,that

An u-ndevou t astronomer i s mad,

wh y may i t not b e al leged , w i th equ al propr ie ty,that a res ident in the

country , w ho is not a natu ral ist, mu st b e defic ient in v is ion,or obtuse

in“percept ion . There -is some one

,of the many subd iv is ions of th is

cop iou s science , which each may se le ct for inqu iry and experiment,as

best accords w i th h is taste and ab i li ty, and

“

wh ich can b e prosecu ted

w ith p leasu re and advantage , as su bs id iary to the general improvement

of h is estate , orto those rural embe l l ishments, wh ich the refinements

of th e age have rendered ind ispensab leAs it ,may b e pert inently asked

,why our country does n-oi present ‘

more palpab le i l lu strat ions of th e.

prevalence and influence of the

views,

’

principles and sent iments wh ich have been expressed,i t .be

comes necessary to attempt a part ial e xp lanat ion .

Natural H istory longJingered in the rear of the othe r sciences , and

wasne ver cu l t ivated in any country , unt i l an exal ted s tate of'c iv i l i

zation had been deve loped . Among the ancients , none of its departments we re thoroughly “

exp lored , and b u t part ial ly i l l ustrated . In

zoology, but l i ttle h as been transmi t ted , other than imperfect descript ions of some

[

of th e most extraord inary animals,w i th exaggerated

accounts. of imag inary quad ruped s,

. b irds,fish and rept i le s . T he

m inotaur and un icorn,the phce nix and gr iffin

,th e python and dragon

,

were enumerated,as veri tab le re al i t ies

,among the wonders of creat ion .

T he onl y au thors,whose works have descended from th e ages of

ant iqu ity,that can b e cons idered worthy of be ing named w i th a Lin

naeu s , a Buffon and a Cu v ie r,are Moses and th e e lder Pl iny b u t the

former was br ief in h is descr ip t ions, and general ly presents a merepoe t ical nomenclature of th e incons iderab le number of the an imaland vege tab le produ ct ions , wh ich were pecu l iar to the . smal l port ionof th e g lobe, w i th wh ich he was acquainted . T he other i l lustrious

CULT IVAT ION 0 1“ Former TRE E S . 123

natural ist h ad formed no sys temat i c theory , by wh ich th e classes,

o rders , genera and spec ies were i i i te l l igib l y arranged . Ne i ther of th egreat d iv is ions were tre ated scientifical l y , and there was more of fan

cy , than the resu l ts ofexact observat ion ,in t h e descr ipt ions, by wh ich

a cur ios i ty for the marve l lous was exc i ted , rather than a tas te for th eadvancement of u sefu l inte l l igence indu ced. To afford entertainment

,appears to have been th e predom inant object of those wr i ters ,

who made the most extens ive researches,and instru ct ion

,b ut . a sub

ord inate cons iderat ion . Al l was general ized,and instead Of facts

and accu rate informat ion,vague and trad i t ionary statements were so

profuse l y interming led,w i th id le spe cu lat ion

,that ph ilosophy gained

but scanty add i t ions,to her accumu lat ions of tru th .

Wh il e we go back to th e sp lend id e ras of Grec ian and Roman

h istory,for th e most perfe ct examp les of e loquence , poe try and th e

arts,—exp lore thew ide spread ru ins of the i r inte l lectual grandeu r

for th e most br i l l iant gems in letters,th e most recond i te invest igat ions

i n the exact sc iences , and the most'

Cap t ivat ing lessons in m'

orals,as

we l l as for al l those wondrou s efforts of gen ius,talent and erud i t ion

,

‘v'

vliich il lum ined the '

age s of Per ic les and Augustu s;— we mu st descend to th e e ighteenth century , to find d efin i te and sat isfactory ; in

stru ction,in re lat ion to the natu ral prod u ct ions of the earth . If a

few ind i v iduals acqu ired d ist inction at an earl ier per iod,the ir labo

rious rese arches were b ut l i t tle known,and i t is’

onl y w i th in th e las tfifty years

,that the ir more su ccessfu l and em inent r ival s in the same

career,have been du l y and general ly appreciated . How many per

sons are ther e st i l l l iv ing,who can we l l remember

,when th e terms

zoo logy , botany and geology were se ldom heard in th is cou ntry,and

were only unders tood by a very smal l number of iso lated ind iv iduals ;who

,in re t irement , prosecu ted the study ofthose sc iences

,rathe r-for

se lf-gratification , than for those gre at purposes , to wh i ch they are ca

pab le of be ing rendered subserv ient ; and iiow ,

'

what section of the

Un ion is there , that cannot boast of inst i tu t ions , expressl y founded forthe ir cu l t ivat ion,

or where numerous and zealou s pup i ls'

are not fo la

low ing in the refu lgent wake of a .Bartrarn,a B ige low

, a C leave land ,a

'

S il l iman,a

-Say , ~ a Harr is,a W i lson and . an Audubon ?

TOSweden , France , Germany and Eng land,is th e

“

world indebtedfor those adventurous cu l tivators and successfu l founders of that tastefor natu ral history

,wh i ch now so un iversal ly h as produced

su ch important resu l ts . The far reach ing m ind of Linnaeus,left no

fie ld unexp lored in the animal,vege tab le and

“

mineral k ingdoms .

m4 CULT IVAT ION o r FORE ST TREES .

W i th an‘ industry as 'vigilarrt-

and unt ir ing , as h is capaciou s genius andardent temperament were inqu is i t ive and active

,that i l lustrious man,

in '

th e'

emph atic language of_

Chatham, tramp led imposs ib il i t ies nuder h is fee t

,. and chee rfu l ly devoted a whole l ife , in perfectingx h is

magn ificen t work on th e SYSTEM OF NAT URE . This gave th e firs teffect ive impu lse to botan i cal 1nqu iry , wh ich h as e ver s ince advance d

“

w i th rap id str ides .

T he s tudy of Zoology was suddenl y exc ited by the g low ing elo

quence of Buffon ,who se powerfu l influence h as . ne ver ceased to be

fe l t,where greatness of inte l le ct and th e eloquence of l iterature are

admired . No wr i ter h as done so much to render natural h istory,entertain ing

,and to e le vate its rank among the objects

,on wh ich the

human mmd is employed .

Ge rmany,so prol ific in au thors

,and so d ist ingu ish ed for h er eminent

men in al l th e br anche s of l iteratu re , science and the arts, ma y justly

be cons idered as th e b irth p lace of m ine ralogy,and th e cabinet of

Werne r as its crad le . Less than S i xty years h ave ‘

el apsed , Since th epromu lgat ion Of tha t em inent m iner ’s theory , and we now behold h isd iscip les in every’ sect ion of our repu bl i c .

‘

As the vege table realm is the most important to man,in al l th e

stages of h is progress, from th e savage to the h ighest state of c ivi l izat ion

,i t h as justly claimed more attention than al l th e others .

As a sc ience, mere ly , bot-any is a most interest ing study

,b

'

uh wh en

rendered tr ibu tary to th e usefu l and ornamental arts,in al l the ir -re1a

t ions w i th nat ional industry and domest ic economy , i ts immense

importance is consp i cuousl y reve aled . A know ledge ofp lants, in the

most extens ive mean ing of th e .te rm,is so int imate ly connected w i th

al l our '

pursu its , ou r wants , ou r comforts , ou r enjoyments and ou r ve ry

ex istence ,that i t were d ifiicu l t to enumerate the infin ite var ie ty of

pu rposes,to wh i ch i t may b e app l i cab le . To th e farmer

, gardener

and flor ist , an acquaintance w i th th e d ist inct ive character ist ics, bywh ich the genera and spec1es are recogn ised w ith vege table physiolOgy , and w i th the hab its , nu tr iment , so i l and mode of cu l t ivat ion

, best

adapted .to each k ind , is ind ispensab le to successfu l exper iment ,whe re more exact and extended informat ion is’

as mu ch th e laudableo bject of pursu it , as the advantages to b e der ived from th e products

o btained . S t i l l the re is a practical inte l l igence , r elat ing ch iefly tothe art of r u ral t i ll age , wh ich , to a ce rtain extent , may d ispense w i thbotani cal the or ies and sc ient ific instruct ion

,and y et accomp l ish many

of’ the great pu rpose s of agri cu l ture , and p roduce , h igh ly irnportant.

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CULT IVAT ION OF FORE ST TREES .

“

Groves were consecrated to all the d ist ingu ished d ivin ities of an

c ient mythology . .Th e Aricinian was sacred to D iana,and those Of

He l icon and Parnassu s to Apol lo and th e Mu sesfi Neptune w as born

ored in th e He l icean,wh i le th e Lebodian

,Arsinoan

,Paph ian and

S inonian were ded icated to al l the gods .

Be s ides these sacre d pu rposes,to wh ich th e most superb forests

were appropriated , the memories of heroes,and other i l lu str iou s men ,

were thu s pe1pe tu ated and th e grove s ofAch i l les,Hector

, Be l lerophonand A lexander are ce lebrated i n th e l i teratu re of ant iqu i ty .

P l iny,who l ived in the palmy days of Rome

,obse rves,that the

peop le in th e. country , im i tat ing the s1mpl icity of the ir p ious ancestors ,conse crate the most beau t ifu l trees to the ir d iv in i t ies

,and .we do not

less re vere the sacred woods and th e re l ig iou s s i lence wh ich therere igns

,than our magn ificent statues of the gods .

T h e Mintu rnes ian grove was esteemed so venerab le,that strangers

were not perm i tted to enter i t and when X erxes was pass ing throughAch ia

,w i th h is immense arm-

y , h e e xpressl y forbade any v iolence tob e

“done to a grove ded icated to“

Jup i ter .

Thu s it appears,that from the ear l iest ages

,forests were consecrated

to h oly u ses not only by superst i t iou s nat ions,to the ir de i t ies and

h erpes,b u t to th e true God , by th e patr iarchs themse lves , who frequented su ch p laces to se rve h im

,and to ce lebrate sacred

.myster ies , prayers

and ob lat ions . From thence the Dru ids of Br i tain,Gaul and o ther

Ce l t i c nat ions h ad the i r or1g in ,and there scarce l y exi sts a

'

mod ern

nat ion,wh ich can boast of c iv i l izat ion ,

that does not e v ince a deep

reverence for th e state l y forest,th e umbrageou s val le y , se cluded wood

and mountain groves . Wh y , then ,are th e c i t i zens of th e Un ited

S tates less inte re sted , even in th e mere embe l l ishmen ts ofwood lands ,than the ir Eu ropean contemporar ies Are not the pr inc ipal cau '

ses,

w h ich have rendered ou r respect for forest trees less intense , to be

sought 1n the pecu l iar hi story and pos i t ion of Amer icans ? We havebeen

,for more than two hundred years , the p ionee rs of a w i lderness

and have not advanced , in the more refined arts of c iv i l izat ion ,w i th

a rap id i ty , qu ad rat ing w i th ou r'

progress , in those ofabsolu te necessny“

and substant ial u t i l i ty . There is a refinement of‘

the m ind , not dependen t u pon th e extent “

of inte l lectu al cu l t ivat ion, general weal thand un iversal prosper i ty , b u t is more the resu l t of a long s u ccess ion

of age s,d u r ing wh ich th e gradu al progress of informat ion , d iffuses

an amel iorat ing , chastening and e le vat ing influence over th e whole

mass of the popu lat ion .

' Uistingu ished attainments, a de l i cate per

CULT IVAT ION on FOR EST TR EE S . 127

capt ion of the beau t ifu l , in the creat ions of nature and th e produ ct ions

of art, and u niversal proprie ty and,gentleness of manne rs

,can onl y

b e induced by th e re volut ion of centur ies . T ime h as a most potentagency in th is great worko f nat ional reformat ion ,

when u n i ted w i th

the instru ct ions of ph i losophy , th e ardor “

of honorab le amb i t ion ,the

enthus iasm of the s tudent and the exc itement of gene ral compe t i t ion .

Then and then only , al l that gen iu s , talent and learn ing can ach ieve ,w i l l _b e accomp l ished , and the most attract ive and impos ing attr ibu tes

of th e human character fu l ly de ve loped , r i chly embe l l ished by the

loft iest pr1nc1ple s of morals , and sanct ified by th e most su b l ime sent i

ments of re l ig ion .

W henour forefathers landed upon these shores , th e pr imary and

most important object was , to prepare the earth for the rugged pursu i ts

of the rudest agr icu l ture , and th e part ial destru ct ion of that inte rmi

nab le forest , wh i ch overshadowed the whole continent , was ind ispens ab le ; b ut the w ork of devastat ion h as been wanton ly continued , bye ach generat ion, w i t h b u t l ittle regard

,

to th e wants , comforts , or

embe l l ishments of th e fu ture . So immed iate ly was th e idea of a w ilderness assoc iated,w i th thedepr ivat ions ofsu bs istence , th e cuj-oy mentsand prote ct ion of so ciety

,and th e terrors wh ich i t env

,

e loped , /th at

trees ceased to be objects Of admirat ion to

.

ou r p i lg r im forefat hers ,and the ir exte rm inat ion was deemed as ind ispensab le for secur i ty

,

against feroc iou s w i ld beasts and the savages, to w h ich they were a

m ighty fortress,as for th e .pu rposes of agr icu l ture . The se cau ses

cont inued to Operate so long,that not merel y

'

a d isregard,b ut an absti

l u te ant ipathy to trees,u l t imate l y be came almost u n ive rsal ; they were

th e chief Obstruct ions in th e progress of coloniz at ion,and

'

t he beau t i es

and grandeu r offorests we re invis ib le to those , who were compe l led,

to

uproot the lofty p1ne , ,th e

, graceful e lm and majest i c oak,e re

' theycou ld estab l ish ahome , .obtain th e means of ex is tence , and b e se cure

,

from th e appal ing incurs ions , of v ind i c t ive and remorse less enemies .

T h e effects of th is primmve sys temwere experienced , long fafter the

mot ives wh ich rendered i t necessary h ad ce ased,and cu stom be came

as efii cient in its de le ter iou s consequence s,as were th e reasons m

wh ich i t or ig inated and e ven upon the borders of th e ocean,where

th e immense domain, ofext ingu ished barbarou s tribes , is th ick l y popul ated by flour ish ing States

,i t s t i l l p redom inates , — if not in al l its

former energy, y et to an extent

,w h ich is so suffic ien t ly apparent

,as

to be jus tly obnoxiou s “

to rebuke,and requ ires frequent appeals to, e ven

the most inte l l igent, to co- operate,in strenuous efforts , for counteract

,

128 CULT IVAT ION or FOREST TRE ES .

mg co'

nsequences .

'

T he ob ject h as now become worthy'

of the most seriou s considerat ion ; b u t before a great chan ge can b e

effected , examp le mus t give potency to theory , and practi cal i l lustrat ionconfirm the indu ct ions of reason . That nat ive sp iri t of enterpr i ‘ze ,wh ich but slumbers from th e absence of exci tement , mu st be arou sed

by th e hope of advantage,the p leasure of th e pu rsu i t

,or the actual

enjoy ,ments whi ch inte l l igence and industry may real i ze

,in th is vast

fie ld of adventure . A nat ional taste for rural pursu 1ts shou ld be

i ncu l cated,fostered and extended

,by ind iv idual exert ion

patronage. It 15 essent ial to th e comple t ion of‘those

wh ich des ignate th e age , and properl y be long to ou r actu al cond i t ionas a peop le , fromthe e levated p lace we occupy

,in the ranks of-ci v i l i

zanon .

‘

It is notor io u s,how mu ch h as been accomp l ished in other countries,

by the instruc tions of the i l lustr iou s in le tters,th e exper iments of'the

most e levated in rank,th e munificence of the affluent, and the

enl ightened pol i cy of'

government . Bacon,M i l ton

,Temp le

,Pope

,

Add ison and S henst 'one,zealous ly endeavored

,both by precep t and

example, to awaken the ir countrymen to a just percept ion of the

beau t ies and magn ificence of 1 ural scenery,and the necess i ty of v ig

o rous efforts be ing made,for enhanc ing the value of pr ivate e states

,

embe l l ish ing th e great avenues,squares and pu b l i c grounds

,and

impro v ing the gene ral aspect and comforts of th e whole country , byextens ive parks and other p lantat ions of forest trees . W ith Eve l yn,they deplored the waste and chee rless appearance of large port ionsof the i r adm ired is le , th e denuded cond i t ion of th e once ce lebratedforests of She rwood , Dean,

Wciodstock and W indsor,and e loquent l y '

appealed to th e patr iot ism,inte l l igence

,taste and interests of th e

princes , neb les and gentry of the realm,to u n i te i n advanc ing th is

interest ing and v aluable spec ies of cu l t ivat ion ; and now,there i s

scarce l y a land proprie tor in Eng land , Wales,S cotland or Irel and ,

w ho is not ardently engaged,incloth ing the bleak h i l ls , barren downs

and long neg le cted moors of h is domain,with superb groves of t imber‘

and ornamental trees .

T h e importance of e stab l ish ing new parks and pu b l i c squares ,

e i ther wi th in ,or near al l th e c it ies and large towns , h as recentl y been

a subject of Parl 1a1nentary i nqu iry and a very interest ing and ab le

report was made,by a comm i ttee of the House ofCommons , in wh ichi t ivas u rged as a measure ind ispensab le to the heal th , comfort and

mnocent recreat ion of the inhab i tants and espec ial ly to th e indus

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180 CULT IVAT ION OF FOREST TRE ES .

tecture , and as fue l,that th e cu l ture of fore st tre es shou ld be promoted

and foste red ; b ut t hey are of th e first.

necess i ty,in

”

many of th e me

chan ie a rts,th e extens ive manufactories Of innumerab le art icles

,and

to‘supply th e pr ivate and pub l ic demands

,for an infin i te var ie ty

,

of

o ther Objects of app l i cat ion .

Bes ides th e enormou s domest i c consump t ion of th e products ofourforests , th e annu al exports amount to nearl y five m i l l ions Of dol lars .

T h e rap id destruct ionof trees for al l these pu rposes,w i th that st il l

more extens ive one,

-occas ioned by those w ide spread ing se tt lements,

w h ich are advanc ing w i th hasty str ides towards th e wave s of th e Pa

cific Oce an ,as we l l as by those acc idental conflagrations, by wh i ch

t hou sands Of acres are annual l y laid was te,demand s th e most grave

considerat ion Of ind iv iduals and of th e government . TO NewE 11

g land,in particu lar

,th is su bjec t is of th e deepest interest

,and of the

first consequ ence . Be ing th e most commerc ial port ion of th e Un ionwe shou ld not neglect the means offurn ish ing the most e ssential mater ials

,for those immense commerci al flee ts

,wh ich are dest ined

,in th e

nOt'

d istant fu ture,to throng our harbors

,and cover th e seas of e very

cl ime .

For many y ears, sh ip t imber h as been procu red w i th great d iffi cu l ty ,and i t is now so scarce , that our bu i ld ing yards are 'supp l ied from the

borde rsof th e great lakes, ,as wel l as th e m idd le and sou thernS tates

,

w i th th e most essen t ial port ions of the frames . T he forests of wh i teoak

,once so extens ive

,have nearl y d isappeared

,and can onl y b e re

produ ced by ar t ific ial means .

As fue l,and for the many var iou s pu rposes of husband ry

,how

ind ispensab le is a wood lot ; y et how few .farmers,in many sections

of th is Commonweal th,have that valuable appendage to the ir estates

,

when i t is in the ir power to create them ,at b ut l i ttle comparat ive labor

or expense . Notw i thstand ing th e Agr i cu l tural Soc ie ty h as , for y ears ,offe red a l iberal prem ium for p lantat ions of fore st trees , i t is be l ieve dthat not as ing le app l i cat ion h as been made

,for r the prom ised reward

of su ccessfu l expe riment .In thi s coun try very few have attempted to rai se groves of fore st

trees'

from th e seed,in consequence of a top p revalent Op in ion , that

th e process is d iffi cu l t,the labor and expense so great

,the grow th so

slow and the prospect of remunerat ion or picturesqu e effect so d istant ,as to render i t a hope less u ndertak ing . Bu t we have the fu l lest

instruct ion as to th e met hod,and conclus ive ev idence of the comp le te

su ccess, w i t h wh ich the practical Operations have been long p rose cu ted ,in numerous British and French works on Arbor icu l tu re ; and from my

'

CULT IVAT ION OF FORE ST TRE E S . 13 1

own exper ience, I am confident, it is in th e power ofevery l andholder

to surround h is dwe l ling , border th e avenues . and d iffe rent compar tments of h is estate; for thepu rposes of comfort and embe l l ishment

,

and estab l ish‘

a grove suffi c ient ly extensive,that in t wenty ye ars i t

‘

w i l l supp l y fue l and t imber for al l th e requ ired domest i c pu rposes ,and forever after

,if properly managed .

I have raised from th e seed,several thou sand s of E lms

,Bu tton

Woods,Rock Map les

,Wh ite Ashes

,H ickor ies

,Black Walnu ts; But

ternu ts,Wh i te

,Red and Engl ish Oaks ; and some Of

'

th em have oh

tained,in fifteen. years

,a he ight of more than th irty fee t

,and from

e ight to ten inche s in'

diameter .

Whoever attempts t h is interest ing and valuab le cu l tu re,cannot

fai l to be cheered on in h is progress,by th e p leas ing occupat ion, and

w i l l be su re 0 f. le aving,

a r i ch inher itance to h is ch ild ren,wh i le. h e

w i l l me r i t the grat itude of h is countrymen, both for the e xamp le andth e beneficial resu l t . None are too young to commence

,and that no

one is“

too ol d h as been beautifu l ly i l lustrated by Homer . WhenU lysses returned from the TrojanWar

,h e found h is aged fathe r p lant

ing trees , and asked h im,wh y , be ing so old

,he s ubjected h imse lf

to the labor of'doing that , ofwh ich he cou ld never e xpect to enjoy /th e

benefi t : the venerab le Laertes not recogn is ing the person wh o ad

d ressed h im,rep l ied

’

I p lant against my son U l ysses comesback .

Is there not many a fathe r, who wou ld b e g lad to leave su ch'

a me

morial of h is parental affe ct ion,wh i le h e wou ld expe rience “

the mostsooth ing reflect ions

,in th e de cl ine of l ife

,to repose u nder the shadow

of trees,w hose - seed h ad

“

been p lanted,by the hand ofa dar l ing ch i ld .

Wh y then shou ld not they ou th Ofour land b e imbued w i th a taste ,for the beau t ie s Of p i cturesque scenery

,carefu l ly instru cted in th e art

,

and early enabled to apprec iate th e advantages,wh ich are to b e de

r ived from Arbor i cu lture . It “

is an occu pat ion wh ich more pe rfectl yb lends th e u sefu l and honorab le

,with the interest ing and agreeab le

,

than any w h ich man can pu rsue ; ei ld d iffering from al l others i t never ceases to exc ite renewed exert ions

,for the pass ion to cont inue i t

e ven increases w ith age , and on ly exp i res on th e br ink Of t he grave .

S ires OfNew England, y ou have a high and respons ib le

, y et a most

p leas ing and accep table du ty to perform,wh ich w i l l not only embalm

your memor ies deep infth e hearts Of your offspr ing , b u t entit le y ou tothe gratefu l bened ict ions Of fu tu re generat ions . Hasten

,then

,to

i l lu strate precept by exper iment,and

,w i th th e ardor of an Eve lyn ,

cal lupon your sons to

“a rm UP

'

AND PLANT ; for y ou may be assured ,

132 CULT IVAT ION or FORE ST TREE S .

that the anx ious sol i c i tude wh ich induced,and the k ind attent ions

wh ich encouraged these labors,w i l l ‘const itu te the ir most sacred and

p leas ing rem in iscences,when y ou shal l have been gathered to you r

fathers .

Th e external aspect Of a country res idence,w i thout th e appropr i

ate embe l l ishmen ts of grove s,trees, shru bs and flowers , appe ars as des

o late and cheer le ss , as wou ld the inter ior,d ive sted

'

of those colnven

iences and decorat i ons , wh ich are intended to admin ister to the com

fort and grat ificat ion ,ofth e independent or affluent propr ietor . What

more d reary and me lancholy scene can b e presented,than an isola

ted house , on s ome b leak and naked h il l,or treeless p lain

,—

. exposed

to th e dr iving snow storms of w inter,and th e dazz l ing influence of

summer’s ardent su n . T he ru ins of Bal clu tha wou ld be infin i te ly

less revol t ing . T he idea Of lone l iness wou ld not b e assoc iated w i thcommiserat ion, for in those , we shou ld be reminded offormer days ofch ivalry and Sp lend id hosp ital ity ; and instead Of hav ing awakened

th e sent iment of despair, th e imag inat ion wou ld m ing le the naturalbeau t ies and grandeur Ofth e su rround ing landscape

,w i th the mu ster

ing recol lect ions “

of the by- gone affluence

,sy lvan sports

,conv iv ial pa

geantries and mart ial deeds of the ir anc ient lords , when in the fu l lenjoyment ofprosperou s fortunes , and the p lenitude of the i r baron ialglory .

Who in pass ing su ch a dwe l ling,as - h as been d escr ibed

,and is

too often seen iri th is favored land , does not look u pon i t,as he

inst inct ive l y hurr ies onward , as the onl y remain ing stru cture of a

once opulous reg ion ,and wh ich h ad become th e temporary encamp

ment of barbar ians , whose devastat ions h ad stri cken the soi l w i t hsteri l i ty . The t hough t of suffer ing humani ty is painfu l ly uni ted w i thth e barren sol i tude of a desert , an Arab’s tent p i tched in the m idstofthe bound less waste ofBarca.

Ofal l the nat ions of th e e arth , there IS no one,wh ich Offers su ch

powe rfu l inducements as th e Un i ted S tates , for u ndertak ing the cu l

tu re of u sefu l and ornamental trees , for those ofour forests are unr ival led for the ir var ie ty

,s i ze and magnificence . M i chau x observes , in

th e introduct ion to h is S i lva,

“ that,in Amer i ca th e trees more than

th irty fee t h igh exceed one h undred a nd forty , wh ile in Eu rope thereare bu t thirtyse ven

,which attain th is he ight ; and of these b ut

e igh teen enter into th e compos i t ion Of forests

,and only seven are

emp loyed for domest i c or rnaratime purposes .

’

There are fifty th ree Spec ies Ofthe Oak, in North America, seven

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CULT IVAT ION or FOREST TREES .

annual growth Of the tree . As: however, b u t few,comparat ive ly , can

b e thus examined,tab les have been carefu l ly constructed, by several

learned and ingen iou s natural ists,from wh ich th e approx imate age of

tree s , Of l ike species,may be read i ly asce

‘

rtained . Hav ing col lectedadmeasurements of the d iame ter Ofmany trees of d ifferent k inds and

age s wh ich grew inthe same l at itudes,whose annu al c ircles h ad been

numbe red , or whose exact age was known, fr‘

om'

some re cord of theper iod when they were p lanted

,the

'

annual average increase is d iscovered ; and when the longev ity Of a stand ing tree is des ired , i t isonl y ne cessary to find its c ircumfe rence , when the tab le Of th e annu alaverage increment of - the species w i l l g ive its age , w i th sufficientexactness , to preven t an error ofany

By th is me thod , Adanson and De Candol l have asceftained and

pub l ished accounts of the probab le longev i ty ofnumerous ce lebrate dtrees . Some of .t he cedars of Mount Le banon,

measu red in 1660 byMaundre l l and Pocock

,were fou nd to have been nearl y e ight h un

dred years Old,

- th e oak of We lbeck - lane,descr ibed by

“

E ve lyn ,

mu st have been 1400 , — the l inden. of Choil le 538, and'

th at Of IronsSSS— th e Ol ive trees in the garden OfJerusalem ce rtainly ex isted at

th e t ime of th e Tu rk ish conquest of that ci ty,and one at Pesc ia in

Italy h ad endured seven centu r ies. T he Eng l ish y ew trees Of'

FontaineAbbey

,in the county of York

,have surv ived twe lve centur ies , those

in the chu rch yard ofCrowhurst,in S u rry

,fourteen hund red , — . that

OfFoth eringal l , in S cotland , from twenty five to twentys ix hundred ,th at ofBrab u rn

,in Kent

,three thou sand . But they descr ibe two other

trees of amost remarkable characte r,v i z . th e Baob ack

,est imated to

b e five thousand one hu nd red and fifty years Old,and th e Cypress of

Taxod ium,in

'

MexicO,wh ich 18 one hundred seventeen fee t ten inches

in c ircumference,is st i l l more aged . Other examp les

,less remarka

b le,seem to confirm the ir assert ion

,that in al l probab i l i ty there st i l l

exist trees,of not onl y a prod ig ious ant iqu i ty , b ut s u ch as are l iv ing

w i tnesses Ofthe l ast great phys i cal revolu t ion Of the e arth .

‘

l‘

T he longev1ty of trees then ,is ,a subject wh ich possesses real inter

est , beyond that of mere cur ios i ty and if we attach th e gre atestval u e to t hose re l ics Of le tters and the arts

,which have be en so ea

ge rly col lected from th e ru ins bf ancient, nat ions, -why shou ld we not

fee l as deep a sol ic i tude,to asce rtain whe ther t rees do not ex is t wh ich

were contemporar ies w i th th e Oldest generations. of the human r ace .

In many cases t hey wou ld enab le us to es tabl ish the date ofancientmonuments , wh i le the later wou ld aid in fix ing the age Of trees

'

wh ich

See Note.

1 . 1856 Note 2.

CULT IVAT ION OF FORE S T TREE S . 135

grew in the ir v ic ini ty. Such inqu ir ie s cannot fai l . of be ing essent ial ly

u sefu l ; bu t if they are mere l y cur ious , st i l l are t hey not worth y of

be ing prosecu ted ? For cu rios i ty is the most d ist inct ive and e levated

propensit'

y‘

of our natu re ; i t is the impuls ive attr ibu te Of the m ind,

wh ich rouses and prope ls into Vigorous action ,al l the other facu l t ies,

w i th wh ich we are endowed . Under" its potent influence th e inconsequential and important are sought w it h equ al av id i ty , and the de s ire

ofgrat ificat ion incre ases, w i th th e advancement Of civ i l izat ion and the

acqu is i t ions of knowledge . How nume rous are the ins tances , wheremomentous d iscover ies in sc ience

,valuab le invent ions in th e arts

,

and deve lopements of h ighly interest ing facts , have been the fortu i

tous resu l ts , of an unre strained indu lgence in th is ardent d ispos i t ion,

th is restless pass ion,to beho ld whate ver ex ists

,or to ascertain

,what

h as been,or can b e accomp l ished , by the phys i cal and inte l lectu al

powers of man . I t was th is inqu is i t ive and al l search ing sp iri t,th is

asp ir ing and far reach ing emanation oof th e sou l,wh ich produced the

te les cope,th e magne t i c need le

,the e lectr i cal battery , and the t heory

of grav i tat ion,

hurr ied a Park and a Clapperton into th e immensedesert of Afr i ca

,to trace the cou rse Of th e N iger

,ind u ced Ledyard

totraverse th e w i lds Of Europe'

and As ia,that h e m ight stand’ on

th e shores ofKamtschatka,and indu ced the learned and dar ing Hum~

bold t to scale the snow cap t summi t of the Andes , mere l y that h em igh t de tect a new l i chen

,or id'

ent ify those points Ofe levat ion,wh ich

were the equ ivalents of the degree s of lat i tu de , in cl imate . What,

fact,are the vast add i t ions wh ich have been made

,in al l th e depart

ments ofnatural h istory,b ut the troph ies of its zealous votar ies

,who

w i l l ingl y braved th e se verest h ardsh ips, 'for the acqu is i t ion of a s ing leunknown m ineral

,p lan t or an imal . A re not

,

nearl y al l the books of

trave l s,b u t so many ver ificat ions of the '

position,wh ich h as been

assumed . DO the v not anonunce,from th e exped it ion of Hano

,to .

'

those of th e l ast tou rists '

ofJerusalem,the A lps and th e banks of th e

Indu s,that th e d ispos it ion to exp lore is as un iversal

,as it is indom i ta

b l e and insat iab le . Let not any object then,howeve r ins ign ificant , b e

regarded as unworthy Of cons ideration ; for it may b e the caus e of

some wonderfu l invent ion,the firs t sc int i l lat ion Of some sp lend id tri

umph ofgen iu s, or ind icate the rou te to some g lorious v ictory of rea

son : Noth ing,in fact

,shou ld be excluded from observat ion

,be cause

of its apparent un importance,for i t shou ld b e recol lected , that ange ls ,

under the humb le st vestments of human i ty,have ’

been unconsciousl yentertained , whose v is i tat ions involved the dest inies ofemp ire s .

136 CULT IVAT ION OF FOREST TREE S .

NOTES .

1 . Seve ral s imple methods may b e employ ed for increasing th e data, b y whichthis interesting inqu iry may be so far extended

,as to enab le any one to ascer

tain'

th e age of remarkab le trees,Whose circumference is known

,in any part of

th e g lob e . De Candol l u ses and recommends strips ofpaper of various lengths,and ab out an inch w ide , for Ob tain ing th e d iameter and numb e r ofannual circles ,where trees have b een fe l led . One

'

of these b eii ig'

extended across th e stump ,or tru nk, th e thickness Of each y ears grow th is marked thereon w ith a penci l ,from the centre to the b ark, and th e d iamete r ; b ut .as i t is qu ite as desirab le toasce rtain th e circumference of s tanding trees , whose age is known , a pocket

gradu ated measuring tape , w i l l b e found to answer b est for b oth purpose s ; asth e d iameter can b e ascertained in fee t and inche s , th e circles cou n ted , and th eresu lts entered in a memorandom b ook. These facts

,as

.

from time to time , collected

,can b e arranged in tab les , under appropriate heads and if ind ivid

nal s , wh o have it in the ir power to prepare such tab les w ou ld do so , and pub li shthem in some scien tific jou rnal , they wou ld furn ish th e e lements , for

'

construct

ing one,sufficiently extended , to answer al l th e pu rposes desired . This is b e ing

done in many parts of Eu rope , and it is to b e hoped , that there are citizens, in

e very section of th is cou ntry , w h o w i l l be induced to de vote somuch attentionto th e su bject, as that in a few y ears , comp lete tab l es may b e prepared , b y whichthe age Of any Of our native trees may b e ascertained

,whi le they are y e t flou r

ish ing . NO country affords so good an Opportunity , as the smal les t to th e mos tgigantic, ofal l our numerou s species are continu al ly fal l ing , unde r th e b lows ofthe farmer arid th e lumb erman

,in al l parts of th e Un ion .

In a recen t pub l ication , th e learned and d istinguished De Candol l , h as earn

e s t l y requ ested , that al l pe rsons , in e very part of the g lob e , w h o take an interestin r u ral affairs

,or inve stigations in th e v ege tab le kingdom ,

and are d isposed toaid in th e accumu lation of inte l l igence , on this subj ect , wou ld do h im th e

favor of transmitting such facts,as it may be in the ir power to col lect.

2 . T h e ages Of th e fol low ing remarkab le tree s have been ascertained , w i thas mu ch exactness as histor ical data , or th e principles , which have b een de ri y edfrom the actual admeasurement , and counting th e circles of trees of l ike kind ,afford .

A Date tree in Egy pt ,Apricot tree in Damascu s

,

Grape Vine in Damascus,

Red Oak OfMou nt Etna,W alnut tree Of Balb ic

,

A lmond tree of Damascus,

Fig tre e of Damascus,

Ol ive tree Of Pa le stine,

Fig tree Of Pale s tine ,Ol ive tree of As ia M inor

,

A Live Oak in Lou is iana,

S y camore or P lane tree of Palestine ,‘

Sycamore Of He l iopo l is ,

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ON THE SE LE CT ION OF P h ANTS .

Th e gen-

us is d ist ingu ished by its five leave d calyx , a b i labiate ,

(hav ing two l ips, ) ventr icose , (swe l l ing ) corol la ; a

'

fift h steri le fila

ment longer than th erest,and bearded on its upper s ide : The cap

su le 1s ovate,two ce l led

,two valved

,contain ing many angu lar seeds .

Its generic name is from P ente, (five , ) s'

temon, (stamen , ) in al lusiori to

its fo ur perfect and one imperfect stamens .

Pentstemon pubes cens,produces its pu rp l ish

,b lue flowers . about

June : the pu bescent (downy ) leaves are lanceolate,ob long ,“ sess i le ,

and serru late the flowers in a th in pan i c le,

‘

w i th the steri le fi lament

bearded above the midd le one foot and a half h igh .

"

Pentstemon la vigatum is very s im i lar,bu t smooth , w i th paler, later

flowers,and is less common two feet h igh . These two spec ies are

descr ibed by Mr Nu ttal l as be ing found at th e sou th in barren fie lds

and d ry rocky ground : they are not common in our col lect ions, nor

do . weknow that they are to b e found in any in t h is v ic ini ty .

Penstemon staticifol ius,is a beaut ifu l

,hardy , new

'

species , figured

in Edwards’ Botan ical R eg ister,for June las t , wh ich was sent to th e

London Hort icu l tural Socie ty,by the lamented Doug lass , from Cal i

fornia It is said to be nearly ’

re lated to P . d ifl'

usus,from wh ich it

d iffers in its mu ch larger and more l i lac flowers,in the form of th e

leaves , and in those next the root be ing perfectly ent ire . It was then

extreme ly rare , only one p lant hav ing been orig inal l y raised .

Pentstemon d iffusus,is said to be very ornamental ; b ut we have

not seen i t infl ower . We raised p lants th e last season from seed ,wh ich w i l l come into

,

flower the present year .

Pentstemon pu l che l la,is a handsome spec i es

,w i th large be l l shaped ,

pale purp le flowers,and long lanceolate

,smooth serrate leaves ; one

foot h igh .

“

It flowered'

fin el y through th e las t autumnal mo11th s'

,in our

col lection, al though it was from seed the same season.

Pentstemon atropurpu reu s,is also an ornamental species

,w i th fine

dark , ru by pu rp le flowers,wh ich are produced from Ju ly to October

one and a half foot h igh . It is a nat ive ofL ou is iana : i t flowered

fine l y w i th us the last season,and su cceeded best in a r i ch

,b lack ,

mo ist so i l .Pentstemon cce ruleum

,is one of _ thefinest of the genus, a nat ive

of the sou th , w i th beau t ifu l b lue flowers . S tem smooth rad icalleaves l inear ent ire ; cau l ine ones lance l inear , ent ire , al l sess i le sterile fi lament short

,bearded above d ivis ions of th e calyx lanceolate

,

acu te , g labrou s . We saw this ' in bloom last season at Cambr idgeBotanic Garden .

oN'

THE S EL'

E CT ION or PLANTS . 139

Pentstemon R i chardson i i , glandu losa, Bradb urii or grand iflorum ,

Nu ttal l ii,d issectum,

er l anthera or g laber,h irsu ta and campanu lata

,

are ornamental spec ies , bu t not mu ch known .

When seeds can be obtained , there w i l l be no trouble. in rais ing a

supp ly of p lants . It is said to be d iffi cu l t , or . e ven 1mpossib‘le to raise

the seeds in heat . We are incl ined to be l ieve there is some truth inthe r emark

,as

'

we su cceeded in rais ing only a few p lants in a mode

rate hot bed, wh ile those - sowed in the open ground in_

May , producedan abundance . As the seeds are very

_

smal l,they shou ld only . b e

pressed into th e so i l,or very s l ightly covered The young p lant

shou ld be she l tered from the mid - day sun ~Most of the spec ies are

eas i l y prepagated'

from cu tt ings or lay ers , which read i l y take root.

I nth e same natu ral order w i th Pentstemon , and m the same art ificial class and order

,may b e found th e genus Che lone , w i th wh i ch

there IS a near re lat ion . It 18 character ized by Its th ick,short

,ven

tricose form of the r ingent corol la, i h ~wh ich the ster i le fi lament is

shorter t han than th e res t the anthers are wool l y,and the seeds

memb raneou'

sly marg ined . Che lone is from Greek,s ign ify ing a

torto ise , to the back of wh ich , the he lme t of,the - present genu s

,h as

been fanc ifu l ly compared .

”- T-h e spe c ies are al l handsome flower ing

p lants,su i tab le for ornament ing th e border“

,flour ishing best- ona so i l

of'loani'w i th a l i ttle peat incl in ing to mo isture .

T h e only spec ies ind igenou s w i th u s is Che lone g labra, found inabundance in '

wet p laces,flower ing from August .to October

,hav ing

large wh ite flowers in den se sp ikes ; the leave s lanceolate,ob long ,acuminate and serrate : three fee t xhigh ; There is said to be a vari

e ty , purpurea, w i th purp le flowers,and . another w i th rose or red flow

ers, var . rosea.

Che lone barbata.

“

Th e lower l ips of'the corol la of t h is beau t ifu ls pecies is bearded wh ich c ircumstance, g ives to i t th e specific name .

T he flowers are a fine scarle t and orange,and produced in profu s ion

from Ju ly to Auguwst three fee t h igh ; from Mex i co leaves oppositeconnate (th e bases uni ted or grow ing in to one

,as th e upper leaves

of th e Honeysuck le ) lanceolate , ent ire . It requ ires some p rotect ionth rough th e w inter .

Chelone ob l iqua R cdflower ed ; We'

h a'

d th is ornamental spec1es‘in b loom last season ; b ut ow ing

'

to its be ing placed in a dry soi l,d id

not succeed so we l l as the last '

specl es, wh ich was p lanted in a‘moist

soi l , and wh ich is probab l y more congenial to its growth .

The flowers are redd ish purp le, and cont inue from

_

August to'Oc

140 ON, THE SE LECTION OF PLANTS .

tober : three or four fee t high when grown in perfect ion : ind ige nou sto the Sou th leaves lanceolate

,obl ique stalked

, opposite , finely serrated at the edge .

“

Chel one Lyon i i , is a h andsome spe ci es , w i th wh ich we are not ao

qu ainted , b ut des irable : a nat ive , also, of the Sou th : fou r fee t h igh ,w ith pu rple flowers i n dense terminal sp ike s , from Ju l y to Septemflber

stem smooth , mu ch branched : leaves stalked,cordate ovate , se rrate .

Che lone lat ifol ia, is another fine Sou the rn. spec ies , wi t h red flowers ,in mu ch crowded sp ikes , two fee t h igh : le aves broad , ovate and oval ,serrate , abruptly acuminate tape ring at the b ase,

'

petioled .

C he lone centranth ifol ium,is ahandsome spec ie s

,figured and des

cribed in .Paxton’s Magaz ine for Apr i l la

'

s t, resembl ing C . barbata,

b ut free from th e beard at the mouth of the corol la se ven fee t h ighleaves betw ixt ovate and lanceolate , b lun t at the point , smooth and

somewhat sh in ing . F lowers growmg In a pan icle,slender and long

,

form ing the u pper par t of th e stem : Calyx,blu ish green

,five parted :

Coro l la tu bu lar , s l ightly inflated , somewhat funne l shaped,bright or

ange scarle t,l imb two l ipped

,upper l ip d iv ided into two parts , lower

one into three . A nat ive of Cal iforn ia, from whence it was introdu cedby MnDav id Doug lass . It is said to make a fine appearance

,when

grow ingamong bushy p lan ts,and t hat i t w i l l flour ish in almost any

l ight so i l,if the s i tu at ion b e not too exposed . A l l the species may

b e propagated by cu tt ings and s l ips from the roots .

. T he gen us Mimu lu s contains some pre tty ornamental “plants, suitab le for the marg in of ponds, or to occupy some p lace - wh ich is rathermo ist and partly s haded ; mos t of th e fami ly requ ir ing cons iderab lewate r to grow them in perfect ion

T h e gener i c name i s from Greek , sign ify ing an ape or monkey .

T he flower seeds in.

front resemb le the face of a gr inn ing monkey

Class , D idynamia, order Ang iosperma. Natu ra l order , Scroph ula

rinea'

. Character o f the genus Calyx prl smatic,

‘

f1ve tooth-cd ;“corol

r ingent upper l ip fo lded back upon its s ides ; lower l ip w i th a prom

inent palate st igma th ickl

-two cleft capsu le two ce l led,many Seed

ed : seeds m inute .

Mimu lus r ingens , is th e on ly spec ies 1ndigenous in N , Eng land ,wh ich is ve ry common abou t ou rx b rooks and we t p laces in the monthof August ,

'

Wi th 'b lu e,r ingent

,almost personate flowers

,hav ing the

palate of'th e lower l ip prominenty and th e upper l ip refle cted at t he'

s ides ; erect and smooth,w i th sess i le , lanceolate , acuminate leaves,

and ax i l lary peduncles longer than the flowers .

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142 on THE SELE CT ION OF PLANTS .

red — some were large,wh ile '

others were infer ior flewers ; and pre

sen ted,d ur ing th e au tumnal months a very gay appearance . The ir

s i tuat ion was in a moist p l ace . Al l the spec ie s are eas i ly propagatedfromcu tt ings .

M imu lus r ivu lar is , seems to b e confounded w i th M . lu teus and oth

e r spec ies or var ie t ies, as they have come under our observat ion but

as we raised th e d ifferent varie t ies from seed,we canno t de term ine

t he re may have been some m istake in the seed,whi ch ivas rece ived

from Eng land —W i th the excep t ion -of our ind igenous spe cies , theMimu lu s cannot be considered hardy , al tho ugh we d id preserve somelast w inter in the open. ground w i th prote ction ,

but are eas i l y kept ina cold frame

,or in the ce l lar in pots .

D igital is ,'

na_med by F u chs from d igitabu lum,

a th imble,in al lu

s ion to th e form of th e flowers .

C lass , D idynam ia, order,Ang iosperma.-Na tur a l order

,Scroph u la

r ine ee . Character of the genus,calyx five parted :

'

Corol la campanu late ,five - fid Capsu le ovatetwo- ce l led

,many seeded . Most of the

species are showy border flOwers , of e asy cu l ture . All th e spe cie s oft h is genu s

,as we l l as al l the gene ra in the natu ral order Scroph u lari

u s e , if not po isonous, are su sp iciousp lants .

D ig i tal is pu rpurea. P urp le F021: Glove . This w i th its var ie ty'

albaare too we l l known to requ ire a part i cu lar d escr ipt ion : Th ey are

properly b ienn ials ; bu t if th e ol d roots are d iv ided e very year theyare perenn i als .

“

'

I t is a nat ive Of Bri tain,and is there cons idered one

of th e most ornamental nat ive p lants in rocky copses'

,neg lected

hedges,and by th e road s ides . Its large tal l s

'

p ikes attract not onlyth e botan ist and flor ist

,b u t is e ven consp i cuous enough to b e intro

duced in th e pai nte r’s l andscape of su ch scenery .

”

We have h ad account of spec imens five -or s ix fee t h igh . Thecommon he ight is from three to four fee t . A l l who cu l t ivate th isp l ant

,shou ld b e aware that i t i s a v iolent poison . It is cu l t ivated as

a med i c inal herb , by th e S hakers , in the ir phys i c garden at Harvard ,b u t we be l ieve there is not so mu ch demand for i t as formerl y .

When g iven - toth e fu l l extent of which th e system can admi t , th epu lse interm

'

its , and vert igo , ind ist inct v is ion and nausea,w ith vom

i t ing Or pu rg ing occu r ; and if after these ind ications,

‘

th e qu antityLb est i l l increased , or if any cons iderable port ion of th e recent herb beincons iderate ly swal lowed

,it '

produces de l ir ium,h i ccough , cold sweats ,

convu ls ions , syncope and death .

”

[D igi tal is och rolenuca. Great flowered F ox Glove. Th is spec ies

N

ON TH E SELECT ION OF P LANT S . 143

h as pale .ye l low flowers in July and August , fou r fee t h igh . Leaves

o vate lanceolate , acummate , toot hed ; stern v i l lu s, (covered w i th fine

soft hairs b ractes tw1ce as long as th e flowers ; coro l la v i l lus , netted . The whole of th e genus are pecu l iarly European al l the spe

c ies,embracing as many as twenty five , are found In t hat sect ion of th e

g lob e .

Dig i tal is lu tea. Smal l y el low'

F ox Glove . A pre tty spec ies fromFrance , two feet h igh . Leaves lanceo late ,

toothed,smooth: F lowers

in a dense,one

,s ided “

raceme ; corol la smooth,pale ye l low

,segments

ovate , bearded lower b racteslonger than th e flowers ; in June and

Ju ly .

D ig i tal is ferrug inea.‘

I roni

colored F or Glove. From Ital y,fou r

fee t h igh . F lowers in a dense pyramidal raceme sepals edged co

rol la bowed,l ip ovate

,t hree toothed in Ju ly and August .

A l l th e spec ies are more or less ornamental , and wou ld . g ive var ie tyto the borders if introduced . Some of the most des irable are D . to

mentosa, fucescens, amb igu a or grandiflora, fu l va, aurea, leucophaea,purpurascens and tu b iflora .

Ant irrhinum . Snap drago’

n . C lass , D idynam ia. Order,

'

Ang iosperma . Natu ra l order

,Scroph u lar inea . From Anti

,l ike

,r lu

'

n,

nose becau se ‘

th e flowers of mos t of the species be ar a perfect resemb lance to the snou t of some an imal .Ant irrh inum maj us, and its var ie t ies coccmeu rn

,rosea

,b ico lor lu tea

and variegata,are popu lar border flowers, eas i ly. cu l t ivated in a dry so i l .

Best propagated from seeds,wh ich shou ld be '

sown yearly to produ cenew p lants

,as old p lants d o not flowe r so we l l

,and are subje ct to b e

w inter k i l led .

Ant irrh inum l inaria,of

'

B ige low,is incl uded in the genus Linar ia

Linaria vu lgar is .

‘Were i t not t hat th is p lant were a . trou blesome

weed , tak ingpossess ion of th e w ho le of the ground i t wou ld find a

p lace in the border, as its flowers are qu ite ornamentalu It m ight bep lanted in a tu b sunk into the ground . It is found very common bythe road

.

s ides , near Boston, and probab ly is not ind igenous, b u t imported from England , . its nat ive p lace . I ts y e l low l and

‘orange flowers

are in . long crowded sp ikes ; the corol la being furnished wi th a long,

hol low spur beneath .

“ Th e mou th i s closed w i t h a protu beren t palate from the under l ip

,and gapes open upon lateral pressure

,a char

acter wh ich has g iven the genus th e name of Snap- d ragon .

”T h e

species of Linaria are for th e most part pre tty annuals and some of

them,as L. cymbalar ia, we l l adapted for growing in pots or for rock

144 on THE

;

S ELECT ION OF PLANTS .

work . C . tr iphyl la is '

a popu lar border annual . L. triornithophora,

a h alf hardy perenn ial,is remarkab le for th e form of its flowers

wh ich resemb le three b irds Seated i n the spur .

”

T he genu s Limar1a may be d ist ingu ished from Ant irrh inum,by th e

spur on the corol la,and by the capsu les wh ich 1n the first i s ovate two

valved, open ing at th e end i n three - five segments

,wh ile in th e last i t

is ob l ique at the'

base,w i thout valves

,open ing at the’

end by three pores .

-Dracocephalum . Dragon’

s Head . C lass,D idynam ia. Order Gy m ,

nospermia (seeds naked . ) Nat ura l order , Lab iataeThe extensive natu ral order Lab iata

,affords but few ornamental

border p lants : .b ut i t includes many that are '

u se'

fu l , and not a s ing legenus that isunwholesome or susp i c ious . Some are u sed as aromat i csin ou r food , .

as S avory , M int , Marjorum and Bas i l others are pr izedon

‘

account of the abundance of“volat i le o il

,wh i ch they produce

,

y i e ld ing agree able prefumes as Lavender and Thyme Wh i le manyare u sed in th e preparat ion of sl ightly tonic beverages

,as S age , Gle

choma hederacea'

,Balm of Gi lead

,&c. It includes the wholeof' th‘e

order Gy mnospermia in class D‘

id'ynamia,and e ight or ten genera

,in

Diandr ia monogyn ia: T heWhole tr ibe h ave fou r cornered stems .

Dracocephalum is from D rakou,dragon

,and kepka le, head . T h e

flowers resemb le the figu re of some grotesque beast . It is thereforecal led Dragon’

s head .

” T h e genu s may b e known by the remarkableinflat ion of the orifice of the corol la : the upper l ip concave

‘

themidd le d iv is ion of th e lower l ip rou nd ish , notched ; stamens unconnected ;cal yx tw‘

o l ipped .

"

Several fine species are found in the Un i ted S tates.

D . vu gm icum from V i rg inia,may b e cons idered one of the finest

,

wh ich,w i th the fol low ing spec ies

,are common in many gardens .

It is a tal l p lan't when cu l t ivated , four fee t h igh , w i th its conspicuous p ink flowers i n regu larl y arranged

,crowded and e longated sp ikes

f1om Ju ly to Sep tember leaves l inear lanceolate,serrate.

D . denticfulatum,-is a handsome spec1es from Caro l ina of. lower

growth i t ‘does not exceed one foo t and a half in he ight ; the flowers

are p ink ,in sp ikes le ss dense than the

'

l ast spec ies , in August and September leaves Obovate lanceolate , tooth - letted u pwards .

D . austr iacum,s ib ir i cum

,and grandiflorum w i th blue flowers

,and

spec iosum w i th p ink flowe rs,wou ld be des irab le acqu is i t ions to th e

borde r.

Be tonica grand iflora , w i th l ight red flowe rs,and some of the Mon

ardas (ta l l ba lm) are abou t '

al l,bes ides those named , worthy of atten

t ion .as ornamental hardy p l ants in Lab iataa.(To b e continued . )

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146 HORT ICULTURAL EXH IB IT ION .

were not prope r for men w ho h ad front iers to defend,inst itu t ions to

bu i ld up, and al l th e e lements of soc ie ty to fash ion,in form ing a new

nat ion,At least they thought so . T he revo lu t ionary war fol lowed

th is l abor ; and Ceres,Pomona

,and F lora

,we re al l more or less neg

lected p loughshares and prun ing -h ooks were beaten into swords

and spears . T h e sold ier,however tastefu l

,on th e track of

‘b lood

cou ld\

not stop to admire -a'

wheat'

- fie l d,nor to exam ine the beau t ies

of the flowers in h is path - way . Soon as th e country began to recoverfrom the ev i ls of the re vo lu t ion

,a taste for agr i cu l ture and» garden

ing

'

be came fash ionab le,in some measu re . W ash ington set th e

example : h e was a practi cal farmer,and an exce l len t gardener . He

brough t trees , shrubs and flowers from e ve ry cl ime,and spent e very

hour h e cou l d spare from ind ispensable b u smess,in enr i ch ing h iscol

lect ions for th e'

fie l d and th e green- house . This examp le w as fol lowe din e ve ry S tate in the Un ion in th e c ity of Phi lade lph ia w i t h greatsuccess . Every garden in that c i ty

,for e igh t y e ars , was under h is

e y e . Massachuse t ts Was not behind any other S tate 1n h er attent ionto hor t i cu l tu re as

‘

we l l as agr icu l ture . T h e means of indu lg ing in a

luxury of th is nature were soon acqu ired'

after the peace of 1783 ; andth e nucleus of al l the vas t improvements of th is day w as then e stabl ish ed . The p leasure to b e de r ived in cu l t ivat ing flowers can now b e

appre ciated by most persons,as the ir b iography

”

and sc ience havebecomehou sehold ornaments and the u t i l i ty of th e pursu it is a l i ttlemore remote

,b ut easil y traced when ou r attent ion is tu rned to i t .

T h e cotton p lan t , now th e gre at s tap le article of th e world,as to

grow th and manufacture , w as, as or iental tales informu s and t heyare always th e tru th or the shadow

.

of it— once th e garden p lant of

some A-siatic beau ty , who ,to th e de l igh ts of v is ion, as th e pod s ofth e

plants'

opened w i t h snow- b lown love l ine ss,w it h a natu ral cu r ios i ty and

taste,added that of tou ch . T h e soft and fibrou s mass

,as h er dainty

finge rs p l ayed upon i t,seemed to attenu ate unde r th e pressu re and

at t hat moment th e though t of mak ing i t :a thread was conce ived , andth e progress from th e d istafl

'

to th e loom ,and from that to ornamental

d r'

e ss,w as rap id and aston ish ing . Taste and fancy h ave more to do

w i th improvements and science,than we imag ine : The cu l ture and

themanufactu re of cotton have now be come th e support of more thanten m i l l ions of the h uman race in E urope and Ame r i ca

,and of more

th aii fifty m i l l ions in As ia and Afr ica.

Agr icu l tu re h as re ce ived many ad vantages from acc ident; Ce lery,

now a common dessert of every tab le , i t is said, came“into the garden

HORT ICULT URAL EXH IB IT ION . 147

plants from th e fol low ing - c irc umstance — Ah .Ital ian nob leman,in

a paroxysm of‘

passion, s lew h is onl y brother ; th e church condemnedh im for t hree years to a monaste ry

,to p rayer and pen itence ; —~ h is

food to be Ofthe weeds wh ich.

l

grew w it h in th e enclosu res abou t(

h is

pr ison ; ce lery ,_ b leached in the shade of th e clo iste r , then became a

favor i te food ; and~

when re l eased from h is Confinement , h e transpl anted th e weed , t hen b u t l it tle be tter than “

a n igh t- shade , to h is gardeni t was set in trenches to b le ach it,

,

and to make i t cr isp and tenderfor h is palate, He w as a le ader in fash ion ab le l ife , and h is examp lew as imi tated throughou t Eu rope ; and

'

ce le ry became at first a garnishment for

'

the tab le,then a luxu ry , and now a -necessary for e very

pal ate .

T he dyes of al l th e looms of ancient and“modern t ime s were borrowed from flowers . T h e p h i losophers of th e East saw that to p leaseth e world they mus t fo l lownature .

“.Mark th e l i ly h ow i t grows

Solomon in al l h is g lory was not arraye d l ike one of these,

says an

insp ired w r i te r . T hepoe ts of - a l ate r age , those great i nte rpre ters of

natu re,have fo llowed up th e thought , _

and e xpanded i t w i th ph ilosophical ingenu i ty “

. This thought is scattered through every page of‘

the ir

work s , for_t hey have adorned every co lumn of the irimper ishable tem

p les w i th these wreaths ofnature .

W h o canp ain tLi'ke natu re ? Can imag ination b oast,Am id its gay cre ation ,

hue s l ike the seOr can i t mix them w ith that matchless ski l l ;And lose them in e ach other

,as appe ars

In every b u d that b low s

Among a prospe rous peop le , t here i s al ,ways a surp l us measure of

tim‘

e,

_wh ich may be u sed to the 1r advantage if proper l y improved ;and how can it 'b e be tter

'

fil led up than in su ch sweet and innocent

pursu i ts’

l

A love of distinction i s an i nnate pass ion'

of our sou l s 5,

the g lor ies of

w ar and of e loquence are“

fast decl in ing, and y et th e love of d ist inot ion mu st b e Supp l ied from other sou rces Nature is re ad y ,

'

wh en prop

erl y int errogated,by h er re sponse s , to fi l l up. the void cre ated by th is

decl ine . T h at'

w h ich w as once s aid in b i t ter but p layfu l sarcasm ,w i l l

soon b ei

acknow ledged as a se ttled tru th : “ That h e who makes

two b lades of grass grow wh ere onl y one grewbefore , is preferabl e to

al l the warr iors and statesmen put toge ther and in modern t imes

we shal l find these occupat ion-s the more imper ishab le monuments of

148 H ORT ICULT URAL EXH IB IT ION .

fame . T h e Lowe l ls,the Kenr i cks

,the Cush ings

,the Winsh ipsfi

‘the

W i lders , th e“Walkers

,the Haggerstons , and others , that I have forgot

ten, have found that the ir l abors have be en l ike words fitl y spoken”

the g lory of w isdom flowers of gol d inp i ctures of s i lver .

”

This cu l t ivat ion of flowers at th e presen t day , seems not me re lyconfined to grat ify a laudab le amb i t ion b u t to extend itse -lf 'far

,ve ry

farA

beyond i t . Th e florists have gone back to anc ien t day s , as e veryone mu st , _

who intends to fol low nature in matte rs of taste . Th e

greatest sfl'

Orts of'

th e present generation'

offlor ists h ave been the u se

of flowers in depr iv ing - the'

grave Of its horrors ; I all ude to th e connexiOn Of a garden w i th a ceme te ry, as at Mount A u bu rn . Th e dark

and s i lent chambe rs Of .the de ad have always b een . d is tress ing to the "

l iv ing ; they say , w i th Othe l lo3

Here is my j ourney’

s end,he re is my b i rth

And every sea- mark of my utmost sail :i

The hort i cu l tur is t Of Mount Aub urn‘

l eaves h is floWers w i th a dif

ferent fee l ing than t hat exper ienced by ou r great ancestorwhen d rivenfrom

,Eden,

0 flovife rs ,Th at neve r w i l l in other cl imates grow ,

My e ar ly v is itation , and my lastA t e v

’

n, w h ich I b red u p w i th tender hand

From th e first opening b u d , and gave y e names,

W h o shal l new rear y e to th e sun,or rank

You r tr ib es,and w ater from th

’

ambros ial fou nt

T heflor ist now knows that from the garden he loved,that t hose very

flowers wh ich he reared to the sun,

l

are to be p lanted around h is grave ;to shed the 1r perfume and scatter the i r leaves on e very summer bree ze .

Th is “ love l y conce i t,

” l ike Ophe l ia’s pure 11n aginat io'n,

h as

tu rned e veryth ing to pre tt ine ss - and the trave l ler,as h e wande rs

On Satu rday , March 5 , ou r corre spondent w as presented w i th a splend idBOUQUET ,

contain ing eigh ty difi’

er ent kinds offlower s , and h e thu s acknow ledgesth e rece ipt of h is rare and b eau tifu l pre sent[ET A CAR .D .

—PH I LO- FLORIST takes this med ium of th e pu b l ic press to ao

know ledge“

th e receipt of a gar land Offlowers , Ofextensive variety and of su rpass

in‘

g beau ty , from th eMessrsW INSH IP,ofBrighton . For th is kind Offe ring b e ten

ders to them h is th anks,and wi th

’

them wou l d express h is earnest w ishes for the irp rospe ri ty . l fF lora h ad a lw ay s been so attentive to the Mu se of H istory ,

~vve

shou ld have knownmore of th e gardens Of th e—Ancients than w e now

in coming time the y w i ll b e b etter acquainted w ith each “

other,for th e former h as

g iven th e l atter a new subj ect to ce leb rate— h e r s truggles w i th Natu re in acol imating “ h erb and flow e r

”to mu ch h ighe r latitu des th an the ir native beds , and

stil l not. re taining , b u t. increasing the i r b eau tie s — this tru th is verified b y glancing at th e sacred sun - flower of the Incas , which , u nder the hand Of taste and

science , de ve lopes new varieties and splendor; in a strange sb il,at each succes~

s ive season .0

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150 ON THE CULT URE OF P ERENN IALS .

th e ground , no certain rule can b e laid down some species requ ireto b e p lanted not more than an inch and a

' half deep,and others from

fou r to s ix inches Th is mu st,the refore

,b e left .to .the judgment of

th e p lanter .

Encou rage“

as mu ch as poss ible '

the growth of th e}

leave s,by g1v

ing them freeexposure t b l ight and air, for on them depends th e suc

cess of th e b ul b’s flower ing th e fol lowmg ye ar . If th e

'

le ave s growstrong,

‘

a good quant i ty of strong pu lp is stored up in th e bu lbs,and

‘

a good b loom is th e consequence .

Ne‘

y er,if it can b e avo ided

,d isturb th e roots b y removal dur ing

the time ~

of. the ir growth ; b u t if o b l iged to do so,

'

se le ct a we t day ,

and take them up w i th good“

b al ls,so as not to 1nj ure th e fibrou s roots .

The on ly t ime to remove t hem w i th su ccess,is du r ing the season

of the ir torp id ity , at wh ich’

ti‘

me th e ofl'

sets may b e separated , andp lanted where the cu l tivator

'

may judge best ;T he season of rest for most of th e spr ing- flowe ring bu l bs happe

short ly after they have done flower ing ; b ut the au tumn flowering onesrare ly

_

become torpid t i l l to ivard s the fo l low ingsummer ; b u t the on lygene ral 1 u le that can b e laid down in th is . l S , that -when the tops havequ ite d ied dowri , then is th e t ime

“

to separate or remove t hem w i thoutinju ry .

W i th a few except ions , as in the case of tu li ps , and several otherflorists

’ flowers, hardy bu lbs always do better when not kept long ou t

of the ground,afte r be ing taken up . Indeed it is always advantageous

to p lant th em'

again at th e same t ime they are'

taken up and separated,

becausefi r st,if kep t in tood ry a p lace

,-the-y are l iab le to become ex

hansted , and insome cases to shrive l . S econdly , if kep t in a damp

p lace,they invar iab ly “

mou ld,and often perish . l irdly ,

when leftin th e ground ,

they make the ir roots sooner and mu ch stronger thanu nder o the r c i rcumstance s . F oarth ly ,

th e season at which theyought to, b e p lanted may prove so busy a t ime w i th

'

the gardener thath e may scarce ly b e ab le to at tend to them

,un t i l after they have begun

to grow,wh ich 1n gene ral we akens the ir flower ing

,if i t does not

total ly pre vent 1t . AndJ iftkly ,if p lanted at the t ime of separation

,

al l anxie ty abou t them 15 at an end

Many of the more tender k inds of bu l b s i n th e ho1ders w i l l requ ireprote ction from heavy rains , wh ilst in a torp id, state

,part i cu larl y if

th e s i tuat ion b e low flat or‘

d amp ; b u t if p lanted on‘

b anks ides, under

th e walls of h ot hou ses or othe r dry . s ituat ions,th is

. p recau tl on’

w i l l

scarce ly be ne cessary . T h e read iest and least troub lesome way is to

ON TH E CULT URE or P ERE NN IALS . 15 1

place an inve rted flower-

pot over them ,and l ay a -b i t of “s late over th e

'

dramrng hole . T h e more hardy k inds rare ly su ffer , and there need

0 part i cu lar care .

GRE E N HOUSE BULB S .

.These d iffe r from th e last by be ing usual ly grown in pots , » from th e

facil i ty Wit h wh ich they_

can b e removed from one p l ace to another ,e i ther at th e t ime of flower ing or w hen m a torp id s tate

,and from th e

d ifferent temperature the'y‘

requ ire . There are five th ings ind ispensable for the su ccessful grow th of exotic

‘

b u l b s,viz . su i tab le So“, a

proper“ tempe rature

,d ue

. preca‘-u tion in watering , perfect ing th e

'

growth

of the leaves,and al low ing them a proper se ason of rest

,cal led “

w in

ter in-

g.

The soi l shou ld b e r i cher than t hat in w h i ch th e hardy k ind s grow ,

because from the ir confinement in pots t hey a reu nab le to obtain a ny

othe r nour ishmen t,except what they re ce ive d irectl y from the a id of

th e cu l t ivator . A l ight r i ch loam m i xed w i th v ery rotten d ung ,and a

portion of peat,pe rhaps is th e bes t , as a general m ixture for them ; b ut

t he re must b e many excep t ions to th is r u le for some spe c ies requ irene ar ly al l peat, and o thers flour ish bes t in near l y al l loam ; and ‘ in

the se excep t ions th e cu l tivator must‘

b e gu id ed by the nat ive hab it atsand .strength of grow t h of each specie s .

Temp er atu re . Those te rmed gre en house bu lbs,requ ire

,d u ri ng

the ir t imes of flower l ng , l i ttle more th an she l te r from Co ld w inds and

heavy rain ; bu t at the t ime they fi rst beg in to grow,and after they

have done flo’

we ring , i t is always adv isab le to g ive“ them a gent le

warmth,—first to ass l st t hemto floWer fin e , and , last ly , to encourage

th e leaves to g row fine .

Wa ter ing . Al l th e k inds requi re - a good supply of water when inas tate of act i ve and v igorou s grow th b u t w h ilst

'

in a s tate of torp idity th e y shou l d b e removed to a p lace whe re t hey can remain

.perfe ct ly

dry , un‘t i l th e - se ason of the ir grow th commence s again .

P erfecting the leaves. Unless‘

th e leave s ar '

e '

perfected properl y , noce rta in su cce ss can be antl cipated . To encou rage

'

th e ir growth ,do

not p lace them be hind or under th e pl ant stage as is a common cus

tom b u t expose them to'a l ittle e x

‘

t'

ra heat,g ive them p lenty of l ight

,

and gentle wate r ings occas ional l y w i th l iqu id manu re ; b u t,

as soon as

the le aves begi n tod ie,lessen the qu ant i ty of w ater

,remove thep l ants‘

to a cooler s itu at ion ,and eventual ly leave them '

dry al toge the r .

Dur ing the ir t ime of th e ir torp id ity,any dry , cold p i t

or frame w i l l su it‘

them, provi ded they are not exposed to th e'

effects

152 ON TH E CULTURE or P ER ENN IALs .

of frost or water ; and as soo’

u as the s eason is arr ived in wh ich th e

b egin to grow ,th e bu lbs shou ld be shook out of th e so i l

,the ofl

'

sets lseparated and

.repotted in ,fresh so i l,and p laced in gent le heat .

In pott ing,always be carefu l tod rain we l l

,for a stagnat lon of watt

usu al l y destroys the bu lbs .

«Afte r pott ing,as soon as th e p lants b eg

togrow,give a gentle s upp l y of wa ter , increasmg It as the plants g1

more strength .

STOVE BUL B S requ ire the same k ind of treatmént'

as green hourbul b

'

s’

in'

every respect , except temperatu re . Be ing natives of tropiccountr ies

,they requ ire

'

theheat of a good stove,and at the

'

t ime 1

the ir torpid ity , ,placmg m a temperatu re not lowe r th an that of ti

green house .

HERB AEEOUS PERENN IALS1 T h e modefof- cu l t ivat ing th is classof p lantsis perfectly easy threth ings chiefly have

-

‘to be attended to . F irst, th e‘

manner of propr

gatmg ; second,the most su i table so i l and th ird

,th e requ is ite ten

peratu re . There . are five me thods ofp rop ag ation practised by d ivs i'ons

,su ckers

,seeds

,lay e rs and cu tt ings .

D imer-fig the roots . This may b e done e ither a k ind of kn ifeif th e. p lant is

'

smal l,or a spade , if th e root

'

is large and strong . Thbest t ime for do ing i t

,

“

is when ‘ the tops are ju st beg inn ing to growafter hav ing been cu t

‘ down .

~

S uckers These may b e taken up airy-t ime when they z

i

ppea'

r 5. b u

the mos t Usu al t ime is when the p lant 1s beginn l ng to grow .

S eed . Sow,1for th e most part , e arly i n spr1ng , 1n l ight so i l , and p l an

out th e fol low ing au tumn in th e s i tu at ions w he re they are to flowe 1

L ay er s and Cu tting s . P roceed precise l y m the'

same manne r a

for propagat ing soft- wooded shrubs and - tree s .

S oi l . Dil

fl'

e rent s pecies of p lants requ ire rather d ifferent kinds c

so i l b ut a l igh t r ich loar'

n w i l l su i t the greater part- of p lan ts . Thosconfined in pots shou ld have th e -so i l enr i ch ed w ith a l i ttle very rottedung .

Temp eratJu r ei

Pl ants may be d iv ided into three or four kinds

hardy, _

frame,greenhous e and stove . T he first requ -n es ve ry Iittl

c are,e xcept keep ing free 1 froln weeds after once they are p lanted ; bu

t he three last are more troub le , because they grow in pots . They al

requ i re S imi lar treatment to'

e ach Other w i th '

the except ion «of th

he at . T h e firs t w i l l bear al l weathers , w i thou t injury ; the s e conrequ ire a s l igh t

‘

she l te r 1n wm te r r th e third require a l i ttle prote’

ctiO1

d ur ing mos t part of th e year a nd thefourth zbi l l notflour ish mi than

a brisk heat .

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154 EXTRACTS FROM FORE IGN P UBLICAT IONS .

th e branches of trees , and su spend ing in the air th e S ingu lar l ips ofits flowers , l ike fairy bu cke ts, as if for th e u se of the b irds and in

sects that inhab i t the surround ing fol iage . There certainl y is not a

more -

s ingu lar genu s than th is '

in the whole vege tab le k ingdoms,nor

one whoseflowers are le ss l ike flowers,to the e y e ofthe ord inary oh

“

ser'

ve r . T h e sepals are of th e most'del icate tex ture ; when young

they spread equ al l y round the centre,b ut after a few hours they col

l apse , and assume th e appearance of a bat ’s w ing half close d . The

l i‘

p is‘furnished near its base w ith a ye l low cup, over wh ich hang two

horns‘ constantly d ist il l ing water into i t,and in su ch abundance as to

fi l l it several t imes ; th is cup commun icates by a narrow c hanne lformed of th e inflated marg in of th e l ip

,w i th the u pper end of th e

l atte r,and in th is

,‘

also, is a capac iou s ve sse l very mu ch l ike an o ld

he lme t , into wh ich th e honey that the cup cannot contain,may run.

overf’

Govenl a superba. S up erb Gouem’

a . So cal led in compl imentto James Robert Gowen

,Esq . under : whose care were conducted

many “

of th e CLII'l Ol l S exper imen ts upon cross fert i l i zat ion at H ighc lere ,the seat. o‘

fthe Ear l ofC arnarvon. This nob le species was orig inal l yd iscovered by Messrs Lexarz a and La Llave on

,

th e mounta ins nearVal l adol id

,

‘

a town of Mex i co,flower ing in August . T h e nat ive

name is Azuzena amarz’

l la . It is one ofthe h an-dsomest ofth e wholeorder of Orch idea

,and is especial l y remarkab le for its state l y ap

pearance , th e r i ch orange of its flowe rs,and th e long t ime they con

l inue to open . T h e spec imen in the Messrs Lodd ige s’ col l

'

ect iongrows to th e height of a man . I t is found to bear the

i '

ho‘ttest and

dampest s tove,b u t

,l ike al l terre str ial spec i es , requ ires a se ason of

repose .

Pleuroth al is Grob y i . The Gr oby P leu rotlza l is . A-nat ive ofDem

arara,w hence i t was imported by . Mr Bateman

,who named i t in com

pl iment to Lord Grey of Groby . It be longs to a very pre t ty speciesal l ofwh ich are character ised by hav ing the ir l eave s so mu ch longe rt han th e secondary stems as to conce al them and form dense tufts .

”

A dwarfp lant three or fou r inches h.igh , _w ith small ye llow

,red str iped

flowe rs .

Max i l lari a .crocea. S af ron- color ed Introdu cedfrom Rio Jane iro in the spri ng Of 1833 . F lowers before expans ionhav ing some resemb lance to the beak of a b ird pale green ,

fw ith a

brown ish t inge at

“

th e spur. P er iantlt_

of a green ish ye l low ,becom

ing of an orange ye l low when expanded . S ep a ls narrow and pointed,

EXTRACTS FROM r onmcn P UB LICAT IONS . 155

the three exterior ones be ing e ach abou t the same s i ze and length,

w ith the ir edges tu rned back . T he two interior ones are rathe rs horter t han the o thers

,somewhat curbed , and cross ing so as to con

ceal the column . L abel lum abou t half the length ofth e sepals , th ick ,and fleshy

,connected to the lengthened base col umn

,wh ich forms

the spur ; cucu l latei

“

and cr isp ‘ “

at - the marg in,wh ich is - rather paler

than the sepals,

- otherw ise i t is of a brownish red'

color, toge ther w i thth e co lumn .

”

S tanhopea ocu lata. E y ed S tanl wp ea . Imported l b y Messrs

Lodd iges, I t is the most in terest ing of t h is sp lend id genus,on ao

count of th e ex treme l y de l i cate waxy appearance of its surface,the

softness of its ground color,and t he r i chness ofth ‘

e'

deep pu rp le spots ,wh ich

,ly ing upon a br ight ye l low fie ld, so y ery consp i cuously orna

ment the base of the lip and petals.'

It is said to be a nat ive of

Braz il .Max i l lar ia p icta. P ainted Maxi l larza . A tru ly beau t ifu l p lant

,

found Wi ld in the Organ mountains of Braz i l , and original l y introd uced by the late lamented Mrs Arnold . When we l l managed

,i t

throws up a profus ion of its gay speck led flowers wh ich remain perfeet for some t ime .

”

Max i l laria densa. D ense-flowered Maxi l lar ia . A nat ive of

Mex i co,whence it

'

was imported by theMessrs Lodd iges , in whosestove it flowered in Janu ary last . Flowers in a dense head

, wh iteand p ink . Th e stems r ise some he ight above th e ground , and are

c lose ly invested w ith brown w i the red scales,from the ax i ls of wh ich

spr ing the pseudo- bu lbs and flowers .

Fernandez1a acu ta. S harp - leaved F ernandez-ta . A nat ive of

Tr in idad,whence i t w as imported by Mr Kn ight

,in Wh ose co]

lect ion i t flowered in June last .” A neat l it tle p lant,w i th orange

and cr imson flowe rs , w i t h numerous short acu te,sheath ing l eave s

wh ich are close ly imbr i cated upon th e stem .

Vanda teres . Taper- leaned Vanda. This superb e p iphyte was

or ig inal l y d iscovered upon tree s in Sylhe t by Dr Wal l ich,

_

and it h as

more recently been met‘

with by Mr W i l l iam Gr iffi th abundantl y nearMedown in the Burmese Emp ire

,also growi ng .

on trees in the wood s ,

When Dr Wal l i ch came to England , th is spec ies formed one of th e

numerous l iv ing p lan ts brought home under h is care,and blossomed

d ur ing th e voyage. T h e very flowers wh ich were then prod u ced, we

are so fortunate as to possess in sp ir i ts,through the k indness of the ir

l iberal d iscoverer. The y measure .nearl y four inches and a h alffrom

l i-ancy of th e other parts st i l l more consp i cuou s .

Max i l lar ia cr istata. Crested Maxi l lar ia .

”A remarkab ly beau - x

t ifu l ep iphyte,wh ich floWered in the col lection of Mr Kn ight last

Ju l y It is a nature ofTr in idad,grow ing on o ld decayed branches

of trees near th e Mud Lake . T he l ip is a most cur iou s organ . It IS

of’

a firm fleshy texture , and is deep l y d ivi ded int0 \ three parts ; ofthese

, th e two lateral ones are fal cate and smooth, wh i le the m idd leone is rounded

,h as a strong tooth 0 11 each s ide

,and is bordered by a

deep “

wh ite fr inge ofneck lace - shaped hairs t hen the short stalk of th el ip

,has four or more such

‘

hairs,grow ing straight from its border ,

and th e d isk is furnished w i th a l arge wh ite two lobed fiat tooth , thed iv is ions of wh ich - d iverge from each other . T he str ip ing , band ing ,and painting of th e - de l icate wh ite flowers w i t h r ich crimson

, pra

d uces a very rich and s trik ing effect .Macradenia triandra. Tr iandr ou s L ong

-

g land . A native of

Su rinam ,whence i t was brought by Mr Lance

,

” hav ing a decumbent ’

s'

pike'

containing six ye l low and cr imson flowe rs .

‘f Eu loph ia'lu r ida.

‘

Lu r id E u lop ltia . One of th e eas iest of al l

stove Orch ideous p lants to cu l t ivate,grow ing upon - a damp wal l

,or

rough stone,or unde r almost any k ind of cond i t ion

,p rov ided th e air

be hot,

'

and damp,and u n iform . It then flowers profuse l y at inter

vals throughou t th e year . A nat ive of S ierra’

Leone,w hence great

quant i t ies are occas ional l y brought . It appears to b e very common

upon the trunks of trees in some parts of the colony .

L indl ey remarks that It often happens that those productl ons ofnature w hich charm th e ey e by the ir beau ty , and de l ight th e senses

w it h the ir perfume,have th e least re lat ion to th e wants of mank ind ,wh ile th e -most powe rfu l v irtues or most dead ly po isons are h idden b e

neat h a me an and insignifican t e xter ior ; thu s Orch ideae , beyond the irbeau ty , can scarce ly be sa id to b e ofknown u til ity ,

'

w ithi

a few excep

t ions. T he nu tr i t i ve su bstance cal led Salep is'

prepared from th e

su b terraneou s su ccu lent roots ofOrch is mascu la and others .

”

Fuchs i d iscolor:'

P or t Famine F uchsia .1 Octandria Monogynia’

.

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158 EXTRACTS FROM '

FORE IGN P UBLICAT IONS .

Och ranthe argu ta. F ine- toothed P alebloom. Pentandr ia T ry ginia.

Natu ra l'

Order , Hy pe ricaceze Anomala .

'

A’ p re tty green- hou se

p lant , nat ive ofCh ina,w i t h handsome fo l iage

,re semb l ing t hat of th e

Came l l ia. F lowe rs ye l low ish wh ite,smal l

,in te rm inal raceme s .

I‘ru ri u s Japoni ca. The S ing le Ch inese P lum. Icosand r iaMono

gy n ia. Natu ra l Order,Rosaceae . This pre tty , hardy shrub

,w i l l

be an object of inte rest to the botan ist if not to th e floris t,be ing th e

orig in of th e Doub le Ch inese P l um ,or A lmond , as i t is often incor»

rectl y ca'l led . . It is always interest ing to procu re the w i ld forms

of cu l t ivated spec ies,and so see from what humble or iginals Nature

prod uces some of the most striki ng works .

”T he dou b le flowe r ing

~

A lmond ' is one of the mos t ornamen tal shru bs that adorns ou r gar

dens “

Edwards ia 'ch ilen51s . Chi l ian Mag u Tr ee. Decand r ia Mono

gyu la. Natu ra l Order,Legumiuosce . A fine tree

,nat ive of

“

Ch i l i,

where the inhab i tants cal l i t Magu .

'

Introduced by. Mess-rs Lod iges ,

in 1822 .\ It proves to be a hardy

,handsome t ree ,

-flowering in May

in great p rofus ion . F lowe rs ye l low,pap i l ionaceo’

us,in sp ikes .

Ipomce a . A itoni . Mr A iton’s Ip omoea . Pentand ria Monogyn ia.

Natura l Order,Convolvu l aceaa.

‘A pre tty perenn ial stove cl imber.

It flowers from Apr i l t i l l October . F lowers l i lac,

‘

w i th pu rp le centre,

and str iped w i th the same color .

”

Bu toca v iscida. C lammy E u toca . Pentandr ia Monogynia. Nat

u ra ls Order,Hy drophy l laceaa. A new

,hardy annu al

,found in Cal

ifornia by Mr Doug las , and raised 'b y the Hort i cu l tu ral Socie ty,in

whose garden it flowered th is summer for th e firs t time . I t is ’

per

fectl y hardy and w i l l grow in any common so i l . T h e b lue of the

flowers is remarkab ly deep and br i l l iant,so that th e p lant has a hand

some appearance ; b u t its leaves are rather cou rse and weedy . we

know,however

,of no p lant be tter adap ted for bouque ts ; for i t w i l l

go on grow ing and flower ing 1n water for two or three weeks afterbe ing gathered .

”

Ce reu s tr iangu lar is ; Tr iang u lar Torch- th istle . Icosand ria Mo

nogy nia. Natu ra l Order,Cactaceae. A

'

mat ive of'

Mex ico and the

West Ind ie s : T he p lant h ad been in th e co l lection at Le igh Park

u pward s offifteen years w i thou t blossoming , unt il September,1834,

when two flowers we re perfected . One was despatched to London,

and is thus descr ibed“ It was

,indeed

,a beau t ifu l object ; its petals were of the most

dazzl ing whi teness , the effe ct “

ofwh ich was great ly he igh tened by the

M ISCELLANEOUS MATTER S . 59 .

dense mass of ye l low stamens occupy ing the centre , and by th e bor

der ofol ive green sepals,on

'

wh ich the pe tal s reposed . This is saidto h ave th e larges t flowe rs of al l the spemes , not e ven except ing thecommon n ight- b low ing Cere u s its frui t i s described as be ing qu i tesmooth , of a r i ch scarle t

,and w i th the s i ze and form a goose ’

s egg.

”

Crataegu s Doug las i i . The Doug las Thorn . Icosand ria Mono

Pentagyn ia: N atural Order,v R osaeem. A nati ve of North West

Amer i ca, where it was col lected by Mr(Doug las .

i“

A hardy tree of

smal l s ize,flower ing in May .

”

“

A few o ther p lants are ‘figu red in th is work ofno great interest excep t to th e botan ist . T h e nume rou s work s devoted to botany , F lor icu l ture and Hoi'ticu l ture

,pu b l ished and patron ised in Eng l and

,ind i

cate a very d iffe rent state of fee l ing in re lat ion to these subjectsthere

,than what ex ists -l n th is country .

A mon thly pu b l icanon he re at th e expense of from six to ten dol

l ars per ,

year,would find b ut few suppor ters b ut there i t 1s not so

,

as the many beau t ifu l works p rove . We shall be able from t ime totime , to g ive extracts from some ofth e lead ing works devoted to thesesu bje cts ; and s 1n

-cerely hope th e t ime w i l l soon come when we shal l

not be qu 1te so far beh ind our transat lant i c fr iends .

ART . VI .- Misee

'

l laneou s Matters .

MILDEW ON GRAP E s .— A gentleman o f th is v i l lage

,who takes

mu ch interest in the se th ings , informs u s that he h as d iscovered a sur e

remedy for m i ldew upon'

grapes . T he mi ldew h as been th e great

bane to th e succe ss of—g‘

row ing th e more tender b u t del ic ious k inds ofgrapes in th is qu arter

,and even the mu ch pr ized Isabe l la su ffe rs more

or less by it ;[

T h e gentlemanabove -ment ioned,says , that h e las t ye ar

d iscovered th at h is grapes began to m i ldew bad l y,that he h ad former “

l y tr ied su lphur and other remed ie s w ithou t success , and that h e made

th e exper iment of app ly ing" strong soap suds w i t h a'

sy ringe to a few

bu nches , and the se came to matur i ty,p l ump

,smooth and fair , wh i le

al l the rest upon th e .same vme

'

were so bad ly inildewed as to b e unfi t

fo r'

use . Shou ld th 1s s1mple ou r cou rage w i l lagain be re v ived in cu l t ivat ing this de l icious table fru i t . - ;Fi’ edonianCensor .

M ISCELLANEOUS MATTERS .

STRAWB ERR I ES w—I

-A'mong th e numerous

,k inds offru i ts wh ich are

ind i spensab le toggood l iv ing is th e strawberry . Bes ides being‘

a most

de l i ciou s dessert fru i t,i t is cons idered by med i cal men a valuab le

med i c ine i n several d ise ases — part i cu larl y p u tr id fevers and pu lmonary consump t ions . A free

'

u se of s trawbe rr ies,i t is said

,w i l l both

pre vent ‘

and cure th e rheumat ism. Th ere ' are several var iet ies of

e xce l lent flavor,and by a jud i c iou s se lect ion

,and a l itt le

_ labor a fu l l

su pply may b e h ad through th e season . The ord inary me thod ofcu lt ivation is to prepare the ground

,by manu r ing and spad ing

,and trans

p lant in Augu st . T he d istances be tween the rows is general ly frome igh teen

’

inches to two fee t,and between th e

'

p lants from n ine to fifteen inches

,according to th e var ie t ies . T h e r unners

'

th e firs t ye arare cu t off before they take root . Some cu ltivators cu t off th e leavesin au tumn . T he second

'

y ear the runners are perm it ted to take the ircourse fi l l ing up th e space between th e p lants and produ cing , ord inaril y , a good cr0 p of large s i zed strawberr ies . Some l ay d own

straw'

or grass for the runners to run upon. T he u t i l ity of th is is man

i fest in many respe cts,b u t espe cial l y in keep ing th e fru it from com

i ng i n'

contact w i th the earth,by wh ich i t wou ld be injured b y d irt .

Afte r th e fru i t is t gath ered the straw s hou ld be removed and th e p lantscle ared ofweeds . They shou ld b e transpl anted every second year .

ANTHRAC IT E COAL A SHEs .-T h e Ph ilade lph ia

.Horticu l tural Socie ty h as awarded Mr J . A . Snyder th e prem ium for th e best assortmentoffru its .

“

T h e account states that the fru i t,

cons isted of Peaches,

Nectar ines,and Green Gage P lums

,produced w i th in t h e city and in

an unfavorab le s i tu at ion . Mi

r Snyder h ad been‘

in th e hab i t ofp lacing ashes ofAnthrac i te Coal

‘abou t th e roots ofh is fru i t trees

,and to

t hat c ircumstance h e attr ibu ted th e ir preservation from th e attacks ofinsects . Col . Carr stated t hat h e h‘ad pract ised th e same for two

ye ars past,and that i t seemed to afford effe ctual prote ction from those

insects w h ich attack th e roots — S i lk Ca l .

Ra v e-

Ann,on PIE . PLANT .

- T he seed ofth is p lant hav ing r ipened ,it may b e sown immed iate l y w i th ad vantage

,on a bed o f good earth .

Sow in d ri l ls , cover the seeds halfof an inch,press the earth smartl y

to them,th in the p lants

,and next spr ing they may b e pl anted o

‘

u t,at

a yard apart,and th e stalks may b e u sed the firs t season .

'

- Cu ltz'

vator .

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162 BEAR ING si LK-WORM S .

in s c ience or art. What were once cons idered as w i ld and v is ionaryconcep t ions

, or extravagant and . impracticable ant ic ipa’t ions,have

been more than real ized . Enthusiasm,based on the profound con

victions of fact and induct ion, inste ad of be ing de terred by th e sin

ister sm i les of incredu l ity,or the d iscou rag ing doubts of prejud ice ,

now—bold ly announces what it knows can b e accomp l ished

,

'

confi

dentl y appeals to exper iment,for th e verificat ion of t heory

,and com

mands adm irat ion for success,where pub l i c op in ion h ad prognosti

cated d isappo intment and ru in .

S uggest ions of what may‘be ach ieved

,are no longer deemed the

evanescen t flashes of rapt imag inat ion . T h e tr iumphs of erud i t ion,

talent and sk i l l have been so numerous,so astound ing

,and so

momentous , have .wrought su ch remarkab le changes in th e cond it ion of nat ions , and g iven such a m ighty impu lse to ind iv idualexert ion

,that no one can look back from bur present e le vated pos i

t ion,for the br ief per iod of half th e age of man

,w i thou t be ing

overwhe lmed w i th amazement,at the progress wh ich h as been made

,

in wh atever‘

tend s to promote th e comfort,independence and happ i

ness of th e peop le,and the grandeu r of nat ions ; and if we look

towardsthe fu ture , e ven w it h that l imi ted. power ofpre sc ience,wh ich

is founded on experience,who can comprehend the st i l l morewon

derfu l deve lopements of m ind,wh ich th is acce lerated movement of

the human race,is dest ined to exh ib i t ; who w i l l presume to scan the

infin i te re sou rces of inte l le ct,or dare to fix the bounds ofenl ightened

gen ius,and say , he re shal l your prou d career b e s tayed ?

In the vas t repu b l i c of le tters,science and art

,how numerous are

th e votaries of tru th,who are emu lous for d ist inct ion

,e i ther as the

he ralds of some important fact,the d iscoverers ofsome great pr incip le

in ph ilosophy,or as th e or ig inators of some'new comb inat ion of th e

mechan i cal powe rs .

'

No object,

not an - inc ident occurs,— not an

event or fact is promu lgated,

’

wh ich does not immed iate ly attrac t theeage r attent ion of numerou s ind iv id uals

,in al l qu arters of the g lobe

,

who have made the part i cu l ar b ranch of phys ics,or morals

,to wh ich

each pe rtains,t he ir pecu l iar and e spec ial s tudy ; and the resu lts of

the ir seve ral researches are b ut so many demonstrated tru ths,from

w h ich are u l t imate ly deduced,by some master sp ir i t of the age ,

those great theor ies and comprehens ive -

systems,by wh ich human

re ason is se cure l y gu ided,in th e fu tu re pursu i t of know ledge . Log i

cal precis ion,andmathemat i cal exactness are th e e lements‘ and tests

of modern research . T h e understand ing is addressed rather than

R EAR ING S ILK- WORM S . 163

the imag inat ion proof h as been subst itu ted for hypothes is,

I

and

gen ius now re l ies on pr incip les,instead of chance

,for the attainmen t

of . its objects . Are we not then admon ished to read w ithou t prejad ice , to

'

l isten wi t h a d ispos i t ion to be instructed , and to exam ine w i thdeep attent ion ,

whatever comes w ith in the range of our observat ion ;and be more cau t iou s to condemn“

suggested inqu ir ies , than fe arfu l ofbe ing de ce ived

,in the ant ic ipated resu l ts

,howe ver startl ing

,or ap

parentl y improbab le the ir import . There is not an improvement,Or

d iscovery,

- not an acqu is i t i on in knowledge , whi ch h ad not its

or ig in in some unobtrus ive and long neg lected fact or. some boldint imat ion,

wh ich seemed to forb id invest igat ion ,from - its ve ry magn i

tude . To advance,noth ing must b e d isregarded . One momentary

flash sufficiently i l lum ines th e tempest darkened n ight,to reveal th e

l and -marks in our course so, a s ing le h int,

a word,may ind i

cate the rou te to some unexp lored reg ion of i nqu iry . How , fu l l yis th is i l lu strated e ven in th e ranks of the vegetab le and an imalk ingdoms . Th e moss wh ich cl ings to the b leak rocks of the Azores

,

and an insect of Mex ico, now furn ish co lor ing p igments, wh ich r ivalthe imper ial purp le of t he Tyr ian s . If man h as not y et d iscoveredth e u sefu l purposes to wh ich al l th e prod uct ions ofnature may be ren

dered subserv ient , ifof the fifty thousand spec ies of insects , and theth irty thou sand of p lants

,wh ich natural is ts have described , h e h as

found only five or s ix of th e former,and b u t a very few of the l atter

wh ich are of any known v alu e , h e h as , at least,ascertained'

sufiicient

to g ive assurance,that noth ing h as been vainly created

,and that

thousands ofothers may u l t imate l y be made tr ibu tary to h is waii ts , h iscomforts or h is luxur ies .

The h istory of th e cu l t ivat ion of s i lk in the Un i ted S tates,is in

vested w i th pecu l iar interest . Nearly a century h ad e lapsed,after

the first exper iment,before i t began to attract pub l i c attent ion and

h ad i t not been for the indu str ious and inte l l igent daughters of Connecticu t

,that preciou s or iental race , of one of the mos t numerou s ,

y e t m inu te , feeble , shor t- l ived , and neg le cte d classes of the an imalrealm

,wou ld have been ext inct in t h is country . By h as its

br ief and precar iou s ex istence been wat ched and pro longed , w i th a v igilance and perseverance

,as unrem i tted

,and fai thful

,as that

,wh ich an

nual l y - renewed and perpe tti ated th e hol y fire in th e temp le s ofVesta .

Some inst inct ive sent imen t of its -fu ture importance,or some my ster i

ous predest inate influence,appe ars to have impe l led those se lf- cre ated

guard ians of th is sacred trust,to cher ish and transm i t i t to an age ,

164 BEARING S ILK-W ORM S .

when its intr insic value , and the ir fai thfu l and mer i tor ious serv ices,wou ld be justly apprec iated

,and honored . When th e e ver chang ing

fortunes, and pecu l iar s i tuat ion ofour country are cons idered,d u r ing

the long period wh ich h as intervened,s ince th e p lant ing of th e first

mul berry seed , and th e b irth of the first s i lk -worm when we est imatethe adverse c ircumstance s attendant upon th is cu l ture , and fu l ly un

derstand what pat ient attent ion ,and determ ined zeal were requ ired

,

in the d iv ided occupat ion of. preserv ing the insect,as we l l as its na

t ive p lant,— for the latter is as ind ispensab le for th e procreat ion of

its species , as fur th e construct ion of that sumptuou s tent in which itexp ires

,and leaves

,as a r i ch inher i tance to its patrons

,to be con

ve rted into the most magnificent vestments ofnat ions ; when, in fa‘ct

,~

al l the var ious cond i t ions for the su ccessfu l management (i f thesel i ttle As i at i c colonies are known

,i t look s l ike one of those inexpl i

cab le inc idents,wh ich seem to sanct ion a credence in fatal i ty . Ye t

,

after al l , what is th is fatal i ty,

- th is des tiny , wh ich superst it ionannounced , and ignorance h as be l ieved , bu t th e necessary resu lt

l

of

causes,some t imes capable of expl anat ion; -b ut often too recond i te for

human ingenu i ty to d iv ine , st i l l not the less certain of ex istence .

Grav i tat ion,'heat , l ight , magne tism

,and e le ctr i c i ty , wh ich have

,

through al l t ime,been the gaze and adm irat ion of th e

'

mu ltitude,and

su bjects of the deepest research , and intense study , are b ut sub l ime ef

fects, and ph ilosophy h as not y et been able to d iscover the cause of

e i t her of those great phenomenaAt al l e vents, there h as been a ve ry remarkab le and most prop i t ious

combinat ion of c ircumstances,attendan t

"

upon t h is department '

of

rural industry , wh ich have , at last , brough t i t into su ch d ist ingu ishednotor ie ty and general favor

,that there is no longer any doubt of

“

its

rap id extens ion .

Here ind iv idual enterpr i se h as ach ieved,what requ ired th e power

and munificence of a Just inian,in the B izantian emp ire

,of a Henry

IV . and h is regal su ccessors in France , and of the governments , monarchs

,and pr inces of Ven i ce

,Genoa

,Nap le s

,and th e other states of

Italy . W i thou t nat ional patronage or encouragement,the cu l t ivat ion

of s i lk h as reached a pomt, wh ich g ives assurance , th at . it w i l l becomeas important to ou r agri cu l tural , mechan ical and commercial industry

,

as - it h as been to those of Ch ina,H indostan

,Pers ia and Sou th ern

Eu rope . If-we h ad no s tatesmen l ike De Serres, or Co lbert , or affl uent nob les

,l ike those who su rrounded th e thrones of the Eastern

Cont inent,sti l l th e des ired object h as been as comp le te ly attained

,by

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B EAR ING S ILK-WORM S .

one of the most important -

subjects,of agr i cu l tural .and industr ious

economy,wh ich interests th e age in wh ich we l ive .

Indeed,gent lemen

,among the thou sand var iou s branches Of indus

try , encou raged and rende red fru i tfu l by you r inst i tu t ion ,a cer tain

number Of wh ich gradual l y attain perfection in each year , and wh ich

y ou are anx ious to ver ify,reward and render profi tab le to al l, th ere

cannot bu t be perce ived th e favorab le ind i cat ions , and anticipatedresu l ts of ’ that great phenomenon

,wh ich character i zes modern

soc iety,—

_P rog r essi on . Everyth ing advances and is e levated , under

the same se cre t impu lse,—é ind ividual benefit , towards the same ap

parent end,— the pub l i c good ; and in th is Un iversal movement ,

wh ich is governed by an exal ted ph i lanthropy , e ach re ce ives qu ie tl y ,in h is tu rn

,th e reward of h is efforts

,u nder th e common banne r of

c ircumspe ct emu lat ion,wh ich ne i ther contains , or occas ions the least

germ of d issent ion,or

,act ive Oppos i t ion .

But it is d ifferent,when one of those bold , exclus ive , and innovat

ing ideas, wh ich are occas ional ly advanced , by a rdent,

minds,and

whose natu ral enthus iasm is sustained by profound conv ict ion , wh ichaston ishes the mu l t i tude

,and tends to d isp lace some anc ient order Of

th ings . These command ing id eas,necessar i ly , d isconcert inve terate

hab i ts,as to th e corre ctness Of Old Op in ions , and exc ite against them

precedents,w h ich are enve loped in th e leg i t imacy of t ime . A con

flict of Op inions is then produ ced,dur ing wh ich the h uman

_jud'

gment

long comb ats natu ral fac ts,and tru th

,on wh i chsoever s ide sh e may

preponderate , wil l , some t imes,be very d i latory in her tri umphs .

It is , gentlemen,a spe ctacle Of t h is k ind wh ich is now Offe red for

you r cons iderat ion,by an

_able agri cu l tu r ist , who h as estab l ishe d h im

se lfw i th in a few years, near Paris , on an ind ifferent , refractory and ar id

soi l . It h as been said,that th is man onl y w ished to put h is foot upon

our land ; \

that to advance , he cal cu lated b ut l i ttle on_

the profits o fth e p lough , and that h e only sough t a spot

,whe re he cou ld real i ze the

treasure,wh ich

,as y et, ex isted , b ut in h is head .

This treasure , wh ich Mr Cam i l le Beau vais , now Offers to your ih ~

spection ,was not

,in fact

,gent lemen

,b ut an abstract ion,

wh ich he

cou ld thu s have statedTo l ay the foundat ionof h is own fortu ne and increase that of the

nat ion ,by an improvement

,wh ich w i l l certainly promote the cul t iva

t ion ofs i lk , in the centre and in the north of France .

”

After many exper iments,h e bel ieves

,that he h as

,at last , cau sed a

new fountain Of pr ivate and pub l ic weal th to arise,ou t of h is own

REAR ING S ILK-WORMS . 167

A

arid land , and far from des ir ing to‘

engross i t , for h is exclus ive benefit, he inv i tes us to draw from th is fountain ,

wh ich w i l l be inexh aus‘

t ible,if h is zeal for th e pu b l i c good , h as not

'

greatly dece ived h im.

Mr Cami l le Beau vais be longs to the Sou th h e h ad onl y toestabl ish his magnanery

i“ in th e Sou th,and to manage it

,in conformi ty to

the system wi th wh ich h e was alre ady fami l iar ; he knew the effortswh ich h ad been vain ly attempted in pre ced ing ages to breed s i lkworms in the North . Everyth ing attracted h im on one s ide

,wh ile

al l was repu ls ive on the other ; b ut h e said to h imse lf“ Every branch of indu stry is advanc ing ; wh y does that of s i lk

always remain,very near what i t was , when i t passe d from Ital y into

France ? T h e sc iences,as phys i cs and chem istry

,—th e recent d is

coveries in wh ich have been so remarkable,and whose aid can b e

invoked,were then scarce ly known to th e husbandman then

shou l d th is bran ch of industry remain irrevocab ly confined '

to its

ancient crad le ? S hou ld th e losses,w h ich have some times been so

d iscourag ing,b e attr ibu ted

,rathe r to th e cons t i tu t ion Of the prec ious

insect , by wh ich th is cu l tu re is maintained , than to the insal ubr i ty ofthe s i tu at ion

,and the var iat ions of- th e atmosphere , w h ich have su ch a

powerfu l infl uence upon a l ife,at the same so ful l and so br ief? They

cannot b e impu ted to th e north,where th e s i lk - worm is not now

bred,w hen they ‘

so crue l ly affl i ct th e de l igh tfu l cl imate of th e sou t h ,wh ich is repu ted to be excl us ive ly prop i t iou s to t hem. Wherever th emu lberry tree grows and prospers

,the worm wh ich feeds upon its

leaf, ought to be ab le also to grow and prosper . Do not perpe tual l yneg lect th e accidental cond i t ions Of be ings ! Wh y cannot I create ,under th e she l ter

,where th is worm accomp l ishes its destiny ,

'

an iso

lated cl imate,free from al l local influence ? I can

,in

'

fact,more

eas i ly protect them from the less sudden changes of th e intemperatecl imate

,of th e north

,t han they can b e screened from the capri c iou s

temperature Of th e sou th . What ’

do I say There is no longere i ther north or sou t h for I perce ive that i t is p oss ible to command

and comb ine , in the ir confined asyl um,fire and water

,- those two

great promoters of al l organ izat ions,and to im i tate

,for them the se

w ind s, wh ich maintain w i thou t , the salu bri ty of th e air,and scatter

to a d istance de le ter iou s effluv ias .

I have pu t these words in th e mou th of MrCam i l le Beau vais, gentlemen, not to exto l or over est imate h is theory

,- bu t becau se they ex

Th e name given to the apartment in w h ich si lk- worms are b red .

168 R EAR ING S ILK-W ORM S .

press th e bold and profound thoughts , wh ich mu st have pres ided at h is

estab l ishment,

and con tain the pr incip les upon wh ich al l h is laborswere prose cu ted . It w as .at h is own expense

,and hi s own r isk , that

u nder the influence of h is own conv i ct ions , h e , for seven years, pu t

these pr inc ip les in pract ice , w ith cont inual ly incre as ing resu l ts , w i t hout be ing d iscouraged by a few m istake s , w h ich h e nob l y confessed

,

w i thou t be ing int im idated by the inqu ietu de of h is fr iends, or th e

doubts wh ich h e saw ar ise,l ike clouds

,re ady to Obscu re the br i ll iancy

of h is first successfu l expe r iment,and to b l ast

,perhaps fore ver

,h is

fondest hopes .

It w ou l d be s uperfluou s to enter,he re

,into th e general detai ls of

cu l t iv at ion ,wh ich eve ry fr iend of agri cu l tu re

,is 1nv1ted to exam ine

,

at th e estab l ishment of B’

erger ie s . They have been descr ibed e lsew here ; and that is not now the subje ct Of inqu iry ; i t is suffic ient tosay , that i t is upon mu lberry trees

,of the best spe c ies , and of

the most l uxu r iant grow th , among wh ich are to b e seen a great numb er of th e Morus mu l t icau l is

,that Mr C am i l le Beau vais pr inc i

pal ly founds h is hope, Of a second annual brood of s i lk -worms,wh ich

h e proposes to undertake .

'l‘h ese trees, includ ing nu rser ies and , estab

l ish ed p lan tat ions , contain s ixteen hectares and a half Of land .

T h e e stab l ishment,in its pre sent cond i t ion ,is capab le of rear ing

annu al ly th e number of s i lk - worms wh ich are produced from one h u'

n

dred and fifty ounce s of eggs . Du ring th e five l ast years th e mean

produ ct of an ounce of eggs in the establ ishments Of th e sou th , h as notexceeded from fifty to fifty five pounds of cocoons , that is to say , onl yabou t s i lk - worms ou t Of th e eggs

,wh ich an ounce con

tains,reached th at last per iod , wh ich un i tes a s imp le worm to the en

joy ments Ofa refined c ivi l i zat ion . On th e contrary,Mr Cam i l le Beau

vais ’ first brood , gave h im sixty seven pounds of cocoons,for each

ounce Of eggs . He h as 'been constant ly progress ing,during the

years 1830,1831 , 1832 and 1833 ; in 1834

,h e obtained 104 pounds

of cocoons . A l l these facts are general l y known . His last broodgave h im 137 pounds ; th is b reed was from e ight ounces Ofeggs

,and

th e worms we re kept in a temperature equ al to from 18 to 20 degrees

Of heat accord ing to R eaumu r’s thermometer

,—[equ al to 72 and 77 of

Fahrenhe it ] They cont inu ed the ir labors for th irtyseven days , andconsumed pounds of leave s, the produ ct of trees , half of

wh ich were grafted and the o ther half seed l ings . They y ie ldedpounds of cocoons , of th e most beau t ifu l qu al i ty , l arge , firm

and of an adm irab le wh iteness . It does not appear,that such a re

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170 B EARING S ILK-W ORMS .

savor , was akal ine,and not rendered turb id by the add i t ion Of n i trate

Of s i lver ; b ut almost immed iate ly assumed a faint brownish red

color, and that there was su dden ly formed,an abundan t brown ish red

pre c ip i tate,wh ich d id not appear to have been perfectly defined .

An op in ion can b e forme d Of th e effect produ ced on s i lk - worms,

wh ich are constantl y confined in th e magnanery , wh ich is not pro

per l y vent i lated , by the fol low ing exper iment,wh i ch Mr D

’Arcet

made u pon some wh ich were re ach ing the ir las t state,

and wh ichwere bred in a pure air ; h e confined twe lve large silk- worms takenin' the ir fourth state , in a qu art bottle , in which h ad been p laced some

mu lberry leaves ; at the end Of twen tyfour hours,th e air contained

in th e bott le h ad d imin ished in vo lume , was a lkal ine and contained ,Azote parts

Carboni c acidOxygen

T he air therefore , in the bOttle w as almost comp lete l y vit1ated,one

of the worms was dead ; the o thers we re shortened and shr ive led,

and Of a d irty greenish ye l low color , and scarce l y moved ; three d iedsoon afte r be ing placed on fresh leaves ; th e e ight o thers ate b u t l i ttle,th ree on l y made a smal l

,

quant i ty Ofs i lk before they d ied,two change d

into the chrysal is state,w i thou t sp inn ing

,and three d ied w i thou t

sp inn lng or chang ing .

I have before stated , that Mr Cam i l le Beau vais shou ld have h ads i lk - worms , from h is e ight ounces Of eggs . He then real i zed

from one hund red eggs onl y cocoon s,and lost worms and

eggs,w h ich d id not hatch . By add ing to th e worms wh ich

spun,th e 4000 wh ich d ied , at th e t ime of ascens ion,

we havewh ich comp le ted the ir grow th . These worms consumedpounds Of leaves . Fresh leaves contain

,of

Dr ied vege tab le matter 32 partsW ater 68

Each s i lk - worm,then

,h ad eaten ,

in th e whole course Of its l ife 29grammes of fre sh leave s , or g . Of dry vege tab le matter .

if

Mr D’

Arcet has ascertained , that there are parts Of azote in 100 par ts ofth e d ry vegetab le matter of th e leaves . A s i lk- w orm

,then

,doe s not find in al l

th e leaves it eats du ring its w ho le l ife b ut g. ofazote . S ilk containsparts Of azote in 100 .

REAR ING S ILK-WORMS . 171

I have,gent lemen

,pronou nced the Word P up i ls . Mr Cami l le

Beauvais defines h imse lf to b e a man Of conv i ct ion and progress ionb u t that conv i ct ion ,

that progress ion and h is ardent and d isinterestedzeal loyal l y seeks to estab l ish an emp ire

,an extens ion, in wh ich the ir

influences shal l indefin ite ly incre ase . To attain that Obje ct , he h asgratu i tou s ly Opened a school of theory and pract ice

,wh ither resort

th e young propr ie tors from al l parts of France . This year they h ur

r ied,—that is th e word

,to h is establ ishment

,to th e number Of fif

teen. Among them are to be found,w i th Mr H enry Bou rdon, the

pup i ls Of Rov il le,the Marqu is Ame lot

,a large prop

'

rietor'

in Gat inais,the son of Baron Mal le t

,who h as an e x tens ive sugar refinery at

Cho isy - le-Roi,Mr Be l la

,son Of the d irector of th e mode l - farm of

Gr ignon Mr Baynard,late prefect of th e

'

Hau te -A lpes,and Of

Maine - e t-Lo ire,who is now estab l ish ing mu lberry p lantat ions near to

Berger ies . After h av ing emp loy e d a part of the ir t ime , in attend ingto th e breed ing Of the s i lk - worms in al l its m inu tes t de tai l s

,and as

s ist ing w i t h the ir Own hands,

. in th e cul t ivat ion and managementof

’

mu lberry trees,

'

under the d ire ction ofa nursery man of th e sou th,

who is attached to th e establ ishment,the ir worthy master assemb les

them,for two hours

,in e ach day , for the purpose Of instruct ive con

versat ion,when they recap i tu late

,or. compare al l the Observat ions Of

the day , or d iscuss all the advantage s , wh ich , from the ir e levatedi

point

Of View and the ir soc ial cond i t ion,they are e nab led to perce ive , the ir

country.w i l l de rive

,from the inte rest ing subject Of t he ir s tud ies and

exper iments . What tru l y log i cal ideas , wh at'

l igh ts , w i thou t shadows ,what germs Of ame l iorat ion

,rendered fru i tfu l by th is powerfu l recon

c il iat ion of observat ions and facts,have already b een produ ced

,by

those young and stud ious c it izens,— th e legit imate hope of Agricu l

ture and the S tate TO present to y ou ,gen tlemen

,in a s ing le word

,

the ir deep conv i ct ion of th e ad vantages they have gained,from t he ir

connex ion w i th Mr Cam i l le Beau vais,and the sentiments

,w h ich

h is gene rous attent ions h ad exc i ted in the ir h earts,I shou ld inform

y ou , that before the ir departu re , they unan imou sly voted to presen th im a gold medal

,as a br i l l ian t testimonr of grat itude

,the most sen

si-b ly fe l t arid the most worth i ly me r ited . This medal has been struckat Monnaie , b u t the resolu t ion 18 y et unknown to Mr Cami l le Beauvais . A gre at number Of persons have al ready made appl icat ion toh im

,to be rece ived at h is e stab l ishment th e approach ing season .

One Of these pup i ls,

'

Mr Pe y cams , nephew Of Mr Caussade , Co] . of

Art i l lery and propr ietor Ofan estate inGuadaloupe,h as paid part icu lar

172 B EAR IN G S ILK -W ORM S .

attent ion to the management of th e fi latu’

r e. He is go ing to that.

Is land,at the requ est Of th e p rinc ipal p lanters

,to instruct the b lack

females,in the ree l ing Of s i lk

,from the cocoons ; for th is pu rpose , h e

w i l l take w i th h im the comp lete apparatu s for a fi la tur e . Bu t Mr

Cami l le Beau va is , acknow ledges , and h as pu b l ishe d in terms wh ich '

at

th e same t ime de l ineate h is characte r,h is grat i tude and h is love for

tru th,that for th e p leas ing re su l ts wh ich he h as obtained th is year

,

and wh ich were ch iefly produ ced by h is own inte l ligence , the loftyreach Of h is gen ius and h is de term ined perseve rance , h e is incontestab l y indebted to the apparatu s for vent i lation

,wh ich Mr D

’Arcet . h as

already made known to y ou ,wh ich was app l ied to Mr Grimaudet

’s

very comp le te magnanery , and th e p lan and descr ipt ion Of wh ich,the

Soc ie ty for th e Encouragement Of Nat ional Indu s try h as pu b l ished inits B u l letin

,under the name Of S a lu br iou s Magnanery ,

wh ich Mr

D’Arcet h ad g i ven to i t . After var iou s exper iments Mr Cam i l le

Beau vais says,th is s imp le and cheap apparatus h as final l y proved ,

what h e h ad conce ived“

m ight poss ibl y be attained,and what h e h ad

for a long t ime sought ; an equa l temp erature and a pu re air constantly

r enewed Cond i t ions,wh ich jo ined to carefu l atten t ion and clean l iness ,

approx imate as near ly as poss ible , th e art ificial breed ing Of s i lkworms

,- in those l im i ted apartmen ts

,where i t is ne cessary to confine

them in Eu rope , to th e mos t favorabl e cond i t ion in wh ich they havebeen p laced by natu re .

*

T he fir s t app l i cat ion Of Mr D’Arce t

’s system Of vent ilat ion

,at the

e stab l ishment Of Berger ies,h as

,at once

,impe rfect as mu st y et b e ;

an Operat ion,which

,for w ant Of t ime

,cou ld only b e cons idered as an

exper iment,h ad a su cce ss

,wh ich cannot fa i l to interest e very en

l ightened mind . God forb id,that what remains for me to say , shou ld

d im in ish the mer it of th e app l i cator,and , h is r ight to you r respect !

On the contrary,Mr D

’Arcet

,has

,h imse lf de clared that i t was Mr

C ami l le Beau vais , who commun i cat ing to h im an op inion,wh ich that

learned man h ad formed,in trave l ing th rough the sou th of Fran ce

,

on th e cu l ture of s i lk- worms,and h ad reque sted h im to cons ider the

su bject , and make a p lan Of a magnane ry : French agr icu l tu re,w il l

p lease then , I hope ,to un i te in the same sent iment Of esteem

,the

learned and the practical man . I say French agri cu l tu re , for i t shou ldnot be doubted , if the in terest ing e xper iment wh ich has been sub

Th ere is in China a w i ld spec1es , w h ich feed in th e open air,on th e mu lberry

trees of th e country , and which have .not y et b een domesticated .

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174 REAR ING S ILK-W ORMS .

reject th e leaves as soon as they w i ther ;“ there is consequen t ly th e suf

fering Of th e 'worms,as we l l as the loss Of l eaves .

All inte l l igent cu l tivators know ,from the ir own exper ience , how

important “ i t is ,‘

to_

, fu lfi l'

al l th e cond i t ions of a cont inu al renewal Ofthe air

,a u n iform temperatu re , and an invar iab le hum id i ty ; b ut from

a want Of th e means for do ing th is proper l y,they are

'

comp'

e l led to

gu ard against th e injur ies w h ich may ar ise,as we l l as they can

,and

to th is end,they are in the hab i t Of bu rn ing in th e apartment aromat ic

p lants,bo i l ing v inegar

,w i th ' cloves in i t

,spr inkl ing the Worms w i th

chlor ide Of l ime,&c. 65 0 . But th e i11eflic iency and e ven danger of

these e xped ients is re ad i l y perce ived .

Dando lo , th e d ist ingu ished cu l t ivator of P iedmont,del ayed not in

ascertain ing that these means were de tr imental to the s i lk- worms,and

immed iate l y and comp le te ly reformed,the art Ofm anaging h is es

tab l ishment. TO pu r ify a magnanery , h e“

made holes in th e floor,

ce i l ing and lateral w al ls,for the admi ss1on Of fresh air and the

escape Of th ese fum igat ions,wh ich h e h ad ascertained w ere danger;

ous ; and in the magnane ry , cons tru cted on h is p lan and cal ledB andolar ies

,th e propr ie tor Obtained from 100 to 1 10 pound s

,of

cocoons,instead of from 50 to 60 for each ounce of eggs ; b u t h is

imi tators,unfortunate l y are b u t few

,in consequence Of the want Of

encouragement in P iedmon t . Here is the subject presented for cons iderat ion

,in France

,where encou ragements are not want ing .

Neve rthe less th e system OfDaudolo is y et defe ct ive h e e stab l ishedh is fireplace s or fu rnaces in th e magnanery , and the immed iate ao

t ion of th e heat w h ich is deve loped , and the exhalat ions which ar isefrom the combu st ibles

,cannot b ut be injur iou s to th e s i lk - worms .

Bes ides,h is means are often ineffectu al

,e spec ial ly

'

in lowery and

s tormy we at her , when the air does not free l y c ircu late,and when it

is nece ssary to have recourse to fum igat ions Of chloride Of l ime,th e

app l ic at ion ofwh ich,it is far from be ing pract icable

,at al l t ime s

,to

make, _

w i th the des irable exactness .

It'

is necessary,then

,to employ more powerfu l and infal l ible means

,

for i l lu strat ing the pr incip le s Of san itory pur ificat ion deve loped byDandolo : i t .is t hu s that se l ence assumes its cont1ol over th e subject

,

and comp le te ly ann i h i lates th e action of exter ior influences,removes

th e sou rce of heat beyond th e magnanery , and is enab led to real ize,

s imu l taneousl y , the four cond i t ions,so essent ial to success in the

management ofs i lk - worms.

Th e pound of 16 ounces .

REAR ING S ILK-W ORMS . 175

In the system OfD’Arcet

,the magnanery is in the second story

,arid

the furnace or colorifery , is in a smal l apartment in the lower story,

wh ich is cal led the air chamber . T he air issues from th is chamber intop ipes

,wh ich extend the whole lerigth of th e floor Of the magnanery ,

and from wh ich i t issues through c ircu lar ho les of var ious s izes . In

the ce i l ing,are made a number Of condu i ts and openings, perfe ctly

symme tri cal w i th those be low,and i t is by these super ior Open ings th at

the air escapes through a funne l into the ch imney ’

Of th e furnace,

wh ich rece ives the p ipe of the c olorifery ,after hav ing been intro

duced into the magnanery , by wh ich a cont inu al warmth is kept up.

It is on l y necessary,then

,that a proper temperature and hum id ity

shou ld be maintained in the apartment ; and th is resu l t is'

easily ob

tained,for

,by the aid Of a furnace

,ice

,mo ist c loths , and desicating

substances,there can be produced heat , cold , humid i ty and d ryness .

In th e month ofApr i l,1833

,Mr D

’Arcet sent to Mr Cam i l le Beau

vais,h is p lans of a 4‘Salubr iou s Magnanery ,

”and as the per iod of

breed ing the s i lk - worms was near,th e app l i cat ion of the system

,and

a knowledge Of the resu l t,wou ld b e postponed for a year

,if i t was

suffered to pass,Mr Cami l le Beau vais was impat ient to test th is sci

entific t heory by an exper iment,the su ccess Ofwh ich was guaranteed

by h is exper ience in the management of s i lk- worms . In a month heconstru cted a newmagnanery , wh i ch was so j ud i c iou sl y arranged

,as

to insure to h im al l the advantages,wh ich cou ld b e der ived from the

proposed improvements .

-He corrected,as soon as poss ible

,su ch im

perfect ions as nece ssar i ly arose -from the nove ltv of the system app l iedto the rear ing of s i lk-worms

,and the prec ip i tate manne r

,in. wh ich

the work'

was exe cu ted .

Mr Cam i l le Beau vo is,immed iate ly found

,

‘in th e inte res t ing and

su ccessfu l resu l t wh ich h e Obtained,the pri ze of h is ass idu i ty

,and

h is devotion and h as the grat ificat ionof hav ing demonstrated,more

clear l y,than h ad before been done

,that a new era may b e com

menced in th e cu l ture of s i lk , thanks to Mr D’A rce t

’

s system Of

salu br i ty , for the app l icat ion Of wh ich,i t only requ ire s a carefu l and

attent ive workman to execu te th e instru ct ions wh ich he h as g iven, ina. perfe ct mannerfl )

*Th e cu rrent price of raw.s i lk, w as at that time , tw enty five francs per h alf

kil logram ,and Mr Cami l le Beauvais sold h is for fifty . It

“

w as produced b y th atb eau tifu l race cal led Sina

,w hich Lew is XVI . Ob tained

/

from Canton in 1784 , andw as b y d egrees changed , in consequ ence Of th e negl igence and avarice Of th e

first cu l tivators Of this species Of s i lk- w orm 'b u t Mr Poidebard h as b een enab led ,“

b y long and assiduous efforts, to regenerate i t in a r emarkab le manner , and Mr

Cami l le Beauvais h as endeavored to restore it in al l i ts primitive b eauty .

REAR ING S ILK-WORMS .

S t i l l,gentlemen

,if th e important fact wh ich h as been estab lished ,

near the cap i tal of the emp ire,seems to countenance those br ight.

hopes,wh ich numerous en l ightened men have entertained

,i t is proper

to declare,

it is proper to repeat,in the s incer i ty Of tru th , w h ich

repu lses -al l equ ivocal tr iumphs , that whate ver confidence th is remark

ab le exper iment mer i ts , and h as already Obtained it only appears, as

y et, bu t as an isolated and very recent resu l t,and is at present de

prived Of that influence,wh ich can on ly b e Obtained by its reproduc

t ion,by d ifferent persons

,under other c ircums tances and in o ther

p laces,and i t shou ld also rece i ve th e sanct ion of time . T h e au thor

of th is exper iment,mer i ts encou ragement

,w i thou t doubt ; the atten

t ion Of those who are interested “

in i t,ought , at th e same t ime , to be

roused , and poss ib ly re stra ined ; new tr ials appear des irab le,to th e

tru e friends Ofour prosper i ty,

that is to say , gentlemen,to y ou al l

it is important that t hose tr ials b e cont inued , for that wh ich attractedyour attention

,h as also attracted the attent ion Of th e able cu l t iva tors

of th e Sou th s trangers to al l prepossess ions,super ior to al l preju

d i ces,they awai t new tr ials w i th an e agerness

,the more leg i t imate

,

be cau se they we l l know ,that the exper iments wh ich are now mak ing

in th e North,cannot b u t b e advantageou s to the Sou th

,wh ich is

ready to re ce ive w i th grat i tu de new me thods Of cu l ture wh i ch appear

to them suffic iently we l l tested they know that th e industry on wh ichl arge fortu nes are founded in th e Sou th

,w i l l be ab le w i thout injur ing

t hem,to create l ike fortunes in th e Nor th

,and gradu al ly re l ie ve th e

common country from th e tr ibu te Offorty five m i l l ions offrancs , wh i chi t annu al l y pays to fore igners for raw s i lk and wh ich th e agricu l tur

ists of the North,he re after th e emu lators and not the r ivals Of those

Of th e Sou th,w i l l b e ab le

,in a quarter Of a century

,to d iv ide w i th

them,as brothers

,th e e ver increas ing fru i ts Of the ir own industry .

From the se variou s cons iderat ions,gent lemen

,your Commi ttee on

Agri cu l ture ,h as charged me w i th the honor to propose to y ou , that

t h is report be inserted in th e Bu l le t in,and referred to the Comm is

sione rs on Medals .

Approved , at a mee t ing he ld on the 30th ofSep tember, 1835 .

SOULANGE BODIN,R ep or ter .

( 13I t is highly probab le , that th e apparatus for h eating green'

h ouses w i th h otw ater , or th e cockle or furnace for warm ing private houses and pub l ic b uildings ,may b e advantageously sub stituted for Mr D

’

Arcet’

s method . If th e theory of

M r Beati vais shou ld be deemed w orthy ofadoption in this country , th e ingenu i tyof our enterpris ing citizens w i l l

,b ey ond a doub t

, discover some s imple , ch eap,

and b etter mode . Trans lator .

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178 INFLUENCE on TEMP ERATURE ON PLANTS,ETC .

the most consp i cuous are those ofthe chesout and var ie t ies,and the b ut

ternut. Are these th icker, or th e se cre t ion in gre ater quant ity thanu sual or have th e scales been more pene trated and destroyed by theact ion of th e intense frost ? S hort hairs

, (pubescence , ) are al so Of

use in protecting p lants are th‘ese mOre dense than '

u su alIii t h is ne igt

‘

rhOOd,from th e fal ls ‘

Of sh ow wh i ch covered theearth '

early inthe autumn“

,th e frost “

haspene trated'b ut "

a l ittl e dep thinto the

'

grOrind . Shou ld any pecul iar effect be ‘observed i t may ,

therefore,be attribu ted chiefly to the low degree of temperatu re Of

th e atmosphere alone .

’ It is very poss ib le that many p lants whoseu‘

pperEbranches may have been cut Off by '

the i ntense fros t,are y et

al ive at the roots,and w i l l make v igorou s sheets in the spring and

summer ‘months,if not taken up under the idea t hat they have been

frost k i l led ; for many p lants , deciduous ,’that ‘is‘

,torpid during the

Winter,When exposed to the

—

Open ai r,are fu l l virid i ty

,

w hen kept dur ing th is season in the green- hou se . Observat ionsonth e efficaey

’

of the variOu s art ificial . cover ings made u se o fhere,such

as‘

sea-weed,p ine boughs . 81 c wil l not b e

‘

wi thou t i nterest .

"

FrOm the'

cause above al luded to,Ofth e fros t havingpene trated but

a“l i ttle way

'into th e ‘

earth , i t is presti med that th e class Of herbaceousperenn ial flowers

,w i l l not have suffered '

much l Woody shrubs, onthe other

'

h and,w i l l .have been more exposed , and many wh ich thr ive

only

'

i'

ri shel tered s i tu at ions , have - been, probab ly ,

“ k i l led ; such as,

perhaps, the doub le’

floW‘

eringA l thea, (H ib iscu s Syr iacus’

) several ofth e later imported azaleas,It is,

’ ‘however,more to the fru it trees , that I wou ld inv i te atten

t ion . Many Of the pears are rather tender , so are'

several Of the cherries and apri cots ; I have also known the imported raspberry to suffer

from in'

tense'

cold,as we l l as

'

many Of th e newer varieties o f strawberries .

,Theact ion Of frost on the wood of p lants , is not mu ch nu

derstood whe the r it penetrates'

the bark cover ing and freezes the

juices in the vesse ls,wh i ch by the ir expans ion on be ing convertedi nto ice

,rupture and bu rst these vesse l s , and thus destroy the plant

Or whe ther in tense cold al ters the state Of these ju i ces , and render

t hem unfit for th e support of vege tation, and what is the nature Of

th is or, as is most prob ab le , whether both these me thods Of

act ion occu r whe ther frost has any effect on the l igneous fibre Of

var ious p lants,and what that effect is . All these are interest ing

points for the vegetab le phys iolog ist.It occurs to me

,that a set ofamus ingexperiments'rriight be made

FLASHrE S.

OF M GHT FROM FLOW ERS . 179

on the ; temperature of the internal'

parts of trees , b y boring a h Ol-e

nearly. as deep as the centre Of thef

trunk, and cutting a perpend icu lars l ice out, so as to insert a de l icate thermometer, wh ich may b e left.

there unt i l the bu l b of the ni stru-ment is grown over hy'

t he new made

wood ci‘

catr-iz ing th e wound of th e ang‘

era If th is bu l b were protectedaga inst thre upressure Of the grow ing wood and the inde x kep t clear b y

'

the use of th e kni fe, the b u lb wou ld always be in immed iate contactwi th the .sap vesse ls , and t he temperature of t he : ju ices ind icate d ;many cur iou s observations wou ld be. then made concern ing theiwinter and '

summer temperatu re of the sap, and its d ifi’

erent. degrees in

di fferent trees. T he b lood “

,wh ich c ircu lates in th e human body ; h as ,

I be l ieve,always an . equa l temperature in hea lthy pers'Ons . In vari

ous animals i t differs . This may be the . case

i

with the flu id wh ich cl r

cu la-tes in d ifferent p lants . Fo lding b ands of h ay ; around the trunksOf trees , h as been long known as an e ffi cient protection against severe .

cold'. Thi s argues that sorme .

'

d irect effect is produced on the bark .

by frost . T he Boston marke t h as been to lerabl y we l l supp l ied; wiitlr '

winter spinach ,notwi ths tand ing the in tense col -d". This: vege tab le

,I

am informed ; is covered w ith boards and then -w i th sea- weed. or other

l itter. .the before -ment ioned e arl y snow h as also .been a favorab le cir

cumstance for th is p lant . Shou ld any ob servatiOns 'Occur to me,Isha l l take the l iberty Ofsend ing. them to your. Register ;

F lowers .

"'

By Mr J . R.

'

TniMMEEi,

‘

Brentford .

TH E powe r Of some p lants to em i t flashes , of l ight, is a su bject socur iou s as to b e deserv ing of more invest igat ion than has. at present .

been bestowed u pon it ; It is .thus described in a note in Da rWin's;Botanic Garden ,

vol . 2,page 144 M iss

,E . C . Linnaeus first

’

ob se‘

rved

th e Trop azolum maj us , or Garden‘Nasturtiu‘m

,emi t , sparks or flashes

in the morning , before suneri'

se,du ring the mont hs of June or Ju ly ,

and also d ur ing the tw i l ight in the e venrng, b ut not after totaldarkness came these singu lar, . scint i l lations were . shown . to, he r'

father and other ph ilosophers,an‘d

'Mr W‘

il c elebrated .electri

cian,be l ieved them to b e e lectr i c,

'Nor is this,

more Wonderfu l thanthat th e e le ctric eel and . torpedo shou ld. give voluntary - shocks Of

180 FLASHE S OF LIGHT FROM' FLOWERS.

e lectr i c i ty ; and in this p lant perhaps , as in those animals, it may be

a mode Offdefence , by wh ich i t harasses or destroys the n ight-fly ing !

insects wh ich infes t i t , and probab ly i t may emit the same sparks

d uring {the day‘

,wh ich must then be invis ible . This cur iou s su bject v

deserves further invest igat ion. T h e ceas ing to sh ine of th is p lantafter tw i l ight , m ight indu ce one . to conce ive that it absorbed and

em i tted l ight l ike th e Bolognian Phosphoru s, or cal cined oyster she l l . .

Th e l ight of the even ing , at th e same d istance from norm,is mu ch

greater,as I have repeated ly Observed

,than the l ight ofthe morn ing ;

th is is ow ing , as I suppose,to the phosphorescent qual i ty Of almost

al l bod ies in a greater or less degree, wh ich thu s absorb l ight duringth e sunsh ine , and cont inue to em i t i t again for some t ime afterwards,though not in su ch quant i ty as to produ ce apparent sc inti l lat ions .

”

On th e same subject,Darw in h as an add i t ional note in the same

volume , page 182 . In Sweden a very cu r iou s phenomenon h asbeen Observed on certain flowers

,

-l b y Mr Haggren, Lecturer on Nat

u ral H istory . One e ven ing h e perce ived a faint flash of l ight repeated l y dart from amar igold ; surpr ised at such an uncommon appearance ,h e resolved to e xam ine it w i th attent ion

,and to be assured that

'

it was

no decep t ion Of the .ey e , h e p laced a man near h im,w i th orders to .

make a s ignal at the moment when h e observed th e l ight . 1Theyboth saw i t constant ly at the same moment . T he l igh t was mostbr i l l iant in

'

niarigo lds Of an orange color, b ut scarce l y v isible in paleone s

The flash was frequently on th e same flower two or three t imesin qu ick su ccess ion

,b u t more commonl y at intervals of several

m inu tes ; and when several flowe rs in the same p lace emi tted the irl ight together, i t could

.

be observed at a cons iderab le d istance .

This phenomenon was remarked in the months Of Ju ly and

August; at sunset,and for half an hou r after

,when the atmosphere

w as clear ; b u t after a rainy day , or wh en th e air was loaded w i thvapors

,noth ing of i t .was seen .

T he“

fol low ing flowers emitted flashes,more or less v iv id

,in th lS ‘

orde r 1 . Th e marigo ld ( Ca lendu la ofi cz’

na lz’

s) 2 . Garden Nasturtium Tr op ceolum maj u s) 3 . Orange Li ly (L i l ium bu lbzferum) 4 .

Afr ican Marigo ld Tag ates patu la et erecta) . Some t imes i t was alsoobserved on the Sun- flower (H el iantlius annuus) b ut

,

bright ye l low ,

or flame color, seemed in general necessary for the produ ction of th isl ight

,for i t was never seen on the flowers of any othercolor .

To d iscover whe ther some l i tt le inse ct , or phosphor i c worms,

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182 ON Th e sELEeT ION OF PLANTS .

in wh ite flowe rs, particu larly in the white.Rose,and a. wh ite species

offEnothera.

I have trou b led y ou w i th these part icu lars, in the hope that yourse lf,or some of your correspondents, may have . some further facts on the

subject to.

commun icate , or that at al l events some Of‘

y ou r readers

may be . led to make Observations and.

"

experiments in regard to so

interest ing, a subject. P axton’s [Magazine of B otany , p ag e .193 .

ART . IV. D escription of Sélect Hardy Herbaceous“

P lant‘

s,

su itab le for Ornamentz’

ng the P ar ter re, B order or

‘

S hru bbery .

Commun i cated by Mr JOS EPH BRE CK .

(Continued from page

TH E Natural order Qarnpanu l aceae contains nearl y three h undredspec ies of p lants, mostly nat ives of temperate reg ions

,and cons t i tu te

a class whose ch ief val ue 15 in the ir beau ty , and from these a good lynumb e1 Of highly ornamental border herbaceous perenn ials may b e

se lected , mos t of wh ich may b e found 1n the genu s Campanu la,its

type . We have al ready not i ced th e fam i ly of Lobe l ias , which havebeen un i ted by some Phytolog ists in th e same natural order wi thCampanu laceae ; b u t by the most modern and correct class ification .

they have been separated, Lobe l ia,shou ld t hen be arranged in the

n atura l orde r Lobe l iaceae instead Of Campanu l aceae, as i t is p laced,

in March number , page 84 . There is, \

to be su re,a close affini ty be e

tween th e two orders , bu t a d ist inct ion suffic ient for their separat ion .

One of th e most prominent d ist inctions i s m the form of th e corol la,wh ich is regular in Campanu lacea ,

and i rregu lar in‘Lob e l iacem,w i th

numerous othe r minor d ifferences known to, the botan ist . The m i lkyju i ce of the former is sl ightly acr id

,b ut th e roots and young shoots,

of many of th e spec ies are occas ional ly u sed for food'

; wh i le the ex

cessive acr id i ty of the m i lky ju ice of th e l atter,is in al l cases suspi~

cions , and 111 many‘species dangerous . L obel ia long iflora , a native

of some of the West Ind ia Islands,1s one of the most venomous Of

p lants,prov ing fatal to ,

horse s who eat i t,swe l l ing unt i l they burs t .

Taken internal ly , i t acts as a v iolent cathart ic,the effects of wh ich

no remedy can assuage,and wh ich ends in

‘death .

Camp anu la A dimmu tion of camp ana , a hel l on account ofthe form of th e corol la, wh ich resemb les a l i tt le be l l .

ON THE S ELE CT ION OF P LANTS . 183

C lass I’en’

tah dria. Order Monogynia.

" T he genu s h as monopeta

ions (of one pie ce , ) super ior flowers ; seed s in .

la capsule : corol lac'ampanu late

,closed at

‘the

‘ bottom w i th staminiferou s valve’

s stigma3—5 cleft 1 capsu le infer ior Open ing “ by lateral pores .

~We h ave one“

ind igenous species, wh ich“

is very pre tty,and worthy

a place in the border ; found abundant ly on the banks OfMerr imacriver

,at and above L'

owe l l . h i s very much l ike C . rotulnd‘i‘fol i-a “

Of

England. Hav ing c’

u lt ivated’

t he-m side by s ide,we can see b ut a

sh ade ’s difl

'

e Mr E aton cal ls our speciesi

also rotundzfol ia ;e ach spec ies h as nearly round

, or .heart k idney crenate rad ical leaves ,fromwh ich the spec ific name is g iven ,

and l inear'

ent ire cau l ine Ones ,with d roop ing ;

‘

sol i tary,t h e b lu e HO‘

wers those of the Eng l ish Speciesbe ing rather'

the large st,with the

'cau l ine leaves,a l i tt le broader .

Th e .common name w i th u s,is F lax b e l -l flow-er

,

'

Or'Hair

'

b ‘

e l l . 'It is'

in

flower Ju l y and Angus'

t ; 1 foot h igh .

C ampanu la'

me d iu'm. Canter bu ry B el ls . Th is spec ies with itsvar ie tie s , may be cons idered one Of our o ldest ornamental p lants ,hav ing for a long time been cul t ivated in our

“gardens i t is, “

neverth e

less,a showy p lant

,and w i l l doubt le ss a lways be retained as a prom

inent Ornament Of th e border . T he varie t ies are rose , b lue , andwh ite

,double and "

sing le . T he doub le v ar ie t ies,however are mu chinfer ior to th e s ing le Ones

,and w i l l be cu l t ivated only for the ir

'

s ingul arity . Be ing b ienn ials, i t w i l l be necessary to sow the seeds e veryyear ; -T he young p lants mu st be transp lanted to th e p lace m wh ichthey are to flower l n August or September , fo r if deferred unt i l spr ingth e ~b loom w i l l be greatly weakened ; th e same holds good w i th al l

b iennials,and most seed l ing perenn ials .

Campanu la -

persicafol ia. P each leaved Camp anu la . This is one

Of th e finest spe‘

c ies,containing a number Of beau t ifu l var ie t ies , w i th

large showy flowers,more bow l shap ed than th e last . Th e var ie t ies

are sing le and doub le b lue,

“

s ing le and doub le wh i te , max im'

a or largepe

’

ach leaved,and grand is or large flower ing ; al l Of them are per

fectl y hardy , w it h handsome fol iage , wh ich makes them valuab le,as

b order flowers . S tems angu lar ; leaves st iff, Obsole te ly crenate sera

rate ; rad ical ones,Ob long ovate ; cau l ine ones , lanceol ate l inear ;

t hree fee t h igh , in flower from Ju l y‘

to September . T he wh i te var iet ies are not common w i th u s .

Campanu la pyr'

amid'

al is.

'

P y ramida l B el l/ F lower . This is a

grand ornamen t when cu l t ivated in pe rfection,form ing a pyram id

from four to six feet h igh , produc ing innumerable flowers for two or

184 ON THE S ELECT ION OF PLANTS .

‘

three months if shaded from th e sun . It was formerly a great favorite in Eng land , b u t its popu lar i ty h as long smce passed away to g i vep lace to other more fash ionab le flowers , wh ich have in the ir tu rn alsob een succeeded by other r ivals morefair. But th e Old fash ioned Hol

landers are not qu i te so fick le flowers w i th them seem to b e esteemed,

notw i thstand ing their antiqu l ty . Th e pyramidal be l l - flOwer is'

said

to be in demand there st i l l,as an ornament to hal ls, staircase s and

for be ing placed before fire - p laces in th e summer seasons. W e haveseen some sp lend id p lants thefpast season at Be lmont P lace

,under th e

care OfMr

/

Haggerston.

In its cu l t ivated state,i t h as

’

th ick ramose roots,wh i ch are mi lky

Oblong leave s, and strong stalks,from the s ides Of wh ich the flowers

"

are produ ced for more than half the ir length . The most commoncolor is b lue

,b u t

'

there is a varie ty w ith w h i te floWers . It is a nativeOf Is tr ia and Savoy

,and was cu l t ivated by Gerrard in

P ropag ation and Cu l ture.'By seed , cu tt ings from the stem

,or by

d iv id ing the roots ; the last me thod makes the stronges t p lan ts in th eshortest t ime . Th e season for th is Operat ion is after th e b loom h as

faded in Sep tember ; th e sect ions are to b e p lanted in pots,and prO

tected by a frame durlng w inter. In spring they'

may be transpl antedinto large pots

,and in th e beg inning Ofsumme r into st i l l larger ones

,

in wh ich 'they are to flowe r th e summer fol low ing .

”

B y S eeds ; T he p lants so raised,M i ll er says

,are always stronger

,

and th e s talks r i se h ighe r,and produ ce a greater number Of flOwle rs .

Good seeds are to b e Obtained by p lac ing-

a strong - flowering p lan t in a

warm s i tuat ion against a w al l or'

under a glass case . They are to

b e sown in pots of l ightearth soon after be ing gathe red , protected bya frame dur ing w inter

,and w i l l come up in th e spr ing . When th e

leaves decay in October,they are to be transp lanted to

,

b eds o f l ightsandy earth ,

'

w i thou t any m ixture Of dung , w h i ch is _a great enemy to

th is p lant . Here they are to remain two years , be ing protected byrotten tan ; they are then to b e removed to the ir final dest inat ion “

in

September or October,and th e year fo l low ing , be ing th e

'

th ifd yearfrom sow ing

,t hey w i l l flowe r . T he p lan ts

,M i l le r Observes

,of th is

spe cies,as Ofmany others that have been propagated by roots

,offse ts

or cu tt ings , do not s o read i l y bear seeds as those wh ich have beenraised from seed .

T he C . Carp ar tica , g r andiflora , and several other showy spec ies,

may b e similarl y. treated .

”- L ou don . r

Seed l ing p lants in our cl imate w i l l flower th e second year gener

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186'

ON TH E S ELE CT I ON OF PLANTS .

and requ ires somecare to keep i t through the w inter w ithou t theprotection Of. a green- hou se . T h e s ingle varie ty

,after al l

,is th e pre t

tiest ; a large patch Of i t w i th its hund reds Of b ri l l iant ye l low andorange flow

’

e rs, opening to the sun from day to day for months

,su r

rounded by the ir de l i cate g lau cous fo l iage , is an interest ing s'ight .

E . crocea is a beau t ifu l new var ie ty not mu ch d isseminated,w i th saf

fron'colored flowers .

g

T he genu s was named in honor of D r Esch schol tz ia,a botan ist .

I t,was introdu ced into England from Cal ifornia in 1826Argemone . From a rg ema ,

th e name by wh ich th e cataract ofthe ey e was known ,

and wh ich was thought to b e cu red by th e p lant .”

T he seeds of A . mex icana are said to b e much stronger narco t ic thanOpium. T h e genus h as a three leaved calyx

,six pe tals and a cap

su le half valved .

Argemone grand iflora is the -most showy Of the genu s,a nat ive Of

Mex i co,and th e firs t

-

introd uced into th is country : .its large flow

e rs w i th de l icate wh i te pe tals and 'nume rous ye l low s tamens,make a

sp lend id appearance , and we th ink much s uper ior toArgemone ochro leu ca w i th pale ye l low. flowers th e leaves

,capsul es ,

and the who le p lant are arme’

dw ith form idab le spines , and havingonce h ad th e hands "

or any part Of th e body come in contact w i ththem,

the p lant w i l l be fore ver after v iewed w it h fee l ings far fromthose Of p leasure .

Argemone barclay ana is equal to i t , 111 l ts powers Of annoyance,

b ut its/

more showy,br i l l iant .ye l low flowers

,make amends

,in some

measu re for its repu ls ive appearance .

Papave r . Said by De The is,to have been so cal led from the Ce l t ic

'

pap a , wh ich s ign ifies pap , or th e soft food g iven to ch i ld ren,in wh ich

the seeds‘

were forme rl y bo i led to make th e infants sleep .

”Capsu le

one ce l led , Open ing by pores under the pers istent st igma : Cal yx twoleaved pe tals fou r . A showy w e l l known genus , w i th large bri l l iant ,b ut per ishab le flowe rs . I t

"

is a l

pity th is fami ly Of flower are so un

popu lar,for they are tru l y beau t ifu l

,and were i t not for the ir b ad

characte r,and th e propens i ty they have to make themse lve s too corn

mon,wou ld undoubted ly

,be thought mu ch Of. Papaver Rhtzeas , -cOn

tains '

numbe rless v arie ties w i th doub le, sem i - doubl e , and -sing le flowers

off- every shade Of red,l ilac

,pu rp le , wh ite edged

,var iegated and

mottled. P . somn iferum,th e true Op ium poppy , in its doub le varie

t l e s , is equ al ly var iab le as the last,sport ing into almost every h u e

,

ex cep‘t y e l low and b lue . The variety p icdtee Of recent introduct ion‘

on Th e SELEC'r rON or PLANTS . 187

I

is the most e legant . SomeOf the flowers are wh ite or rose, de l icate l y

spotted on the marg in Of th e '

pe tals w i th red ; the number Of the

petal s is surpr is ing , and We are led to wonder at thetransformat ion ,

wh ich cu l t ivat ion h as made in a flower w i th onl y fou r pe tals , into one

i n wh ich they are almost innumerable .

Papave r or'iental is . Orienta l poppy . This 15 a most magnificent

perennial , and worth al l th e rest Of th e peppy’

t r‘

ibe . Its l arge ,

gorgeous h orange scarle t flowers,d ispl ay themse l ves in the month Of

June . Th e bottom Ofthe pe tals are b lack ; the st igma is su rrounded

by a mu l t i tude of r ich pu rp le stamens,the anthers Of wh ich shed a

profus ion Of pol len,wh ich powders over th e s t igma and th e internal

part Of the flower,g iv ing i t a very r i ch appearance .

T h e flower stems are rough,three fee t h igh, each one bear ing a

s ing le so l i tary flower,five or six inches in d iame te r ; a cl ump w i th

twenty o r th irty of these flowers,makes one Of the mos t consp icuous

and showy'

ornaments Of th e garden . Leave s are scabrou s (rough )p l umate se rrate . Propagated by d iv id ing the roots

,wh ich shoul d'

be

done as soon as the fol iage h as d ied down in Augu st,as i t commences

grow ing again in September and throws up leaves wh ich remain d u ri ng w1nter , it , be ing one Of the most hardy p lants . If deferred unt i lSpr ing

,1f i t flowers at al l

,it

“

w i l l be weak . It may also be propagatedfrom

'

see d,but does not commonly flower unt i l th e th ird year . A

nat ive Of Le vant.

Papaver bracte at’um . B rac

'

tecl p opp y ,15 another superb perenn l al

very mu ch l ike th e last,

‘

a nat ive Of Liber ia. T h e flowers are a

deeper red,and th e. on l y e ssenti al d ifference is in the leafy b ractes ,

by wh ich th e flowers hre su btended . Propagated in th e sa

l

me way

w i th us,i t h as not flowered so free ly , Ne i the r th e flowers ‘

of the

Argemone,Eschschol t z ia

,or any of th e tribe are su i tab le for bouqu e ts ,

not Only on account Of thei r t rans i tory nature,but also on account Of

the ir propens i ty to inv i te to the arms Of Morpheus “'

the s leepy goddess

,to whom th e poppy is said tob e ded i cated . Papaver- cambri

cum,is admired for it's ye l low pe tals .

” It is now cal led Meconops iscambr i ca ; not common w ith u s . There are also a number

'

ofOtherspec ies and Var ie t ies Ofp

'

erennial poppy,as

'

P . nud i cau le,w i th two

'

or

th ree l varieties w i th ye l low,and one w i th scarlet flowers

,from S iber ia,

one foot,to one and a half h igh . P . py renaicufn,

from the Pyrenees ,w i th ye l low flowers and a var iety w i th red

,One foot

'

h igh h Pfalpinumfrom Au stria h as wh ite flowers three qu arters Of a foo t h igh .

Glauc ium . SO cal led on account Of the leaves . and the who le

188 ON THE S ELE c'r roN OF PLANTS .

p lant be ing covered w i th a g lau cous bloom . Th e flowers of al l the

s pecies are fugac iou s,b u t are daily prod uced in long Su ccess ion .

Cal yx two leaved petal s four pod two- ce l led

,l ine ar

,2— 3 valved

seeds seve ral , dotted .

Glauc ium'

fu lvunl . Horned p opp y ; It h as an unlu cky commonname

,otherw ise i t wou ld perhaps

,b e more general ly introdu ced in to

th e garde n than,

. it appears to b e , as i t dese rve s a p lace in every collection

,not so mu ch for its flowe rs

,w h ich are very pre tty

,b u t part ie

u larly for” its beau t ifu l sea green dew wh ichare un iversal ly admired

,and pe cu l iar to the genus . T h e flowers are

yel low or orange,and cont inue through the season . It is a b ienn ial

a nat ive of the Sou th of Eu rope . . S tem smooth ; cau l ine leavesround ish s inuated ; pods rough ; flowers su b - se ss i le .

“ T he w hole p lant abounds in a ye l low ju i ce , is fce tid, and , of .a

po isonous qual i ty , and said to occas ion madness .

”

G. lu teu'

m'

Wi th yel low,and G. phoeniceum w i th red flowers

,are

annuals .

S angu inar ia Canadens is . B lood R oot . P uccoon. I ndianp aint .

A nat ive of our own wood s, de serv ing a p lace in the garden ,where .it

flou rishes w i th increased beau ty,and const i tu tes One Of its prett iest

vernal o rnaments ; d isp lay ing its “ g lo ssy,e ight petal le d Wh ite flowers

e arl y in Apr i l . By cu l t ivat ion ,undoubte d ly

,its numerou s , ob long

ye l low stamens, may b e conve rted into as many pe tals . W it h th is in

v iew ' the seeds mu st b e sown : a few generat ions of p lants may

g ive u s moil strosities,equal to those exh ib i ted in the rose , poppy , or

any other doub le flower . Calyx two leaved ; pe tals e ight ; pods ovate ,two ce l led the onl y spec ies

,ifS . g randiflor a is ou ly a var ie ty , wh ich

i t p robab l y is .

T he gener i c name is from sang u is , b lood . All parts of the p lanton be ing wounded d ischarge a b lood colored flu id . Th is l s a Slngu l arah d de l i cate look ingp lant . It h as a tu berous fleshy root w i th red

fi bres and a redd ish ju ice ; from each b ud Of th e s root the re spr ingsonly a s ingle fig- l ike g lau cou s leaf, wi t h .a flowered scape ; the flower

h as no sme l l , and is very fugac ious .

” It is.

said th e Ind ians stainthemse l ves w i th its red ju i ce . T he root is a v iolent emet i c .

” Eas i lypropagated by d iv i d ing the roots in th e fal l or summer .

T he curious genus S ar'

acenia be longs alSo to the Nat . Oral.

Papaveraceae , and h as: been descr l b ed in Vo l . I . page 64 . In thataccount the re is an e rror of the press

,were instead of P anama

,i t

shou ld read Canada . A p lant su i tab le on ly for mo ist, or wet ground .

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190 EXTRACTS FROM FORE IGN “

PUBLICAT IONS .

pre vent its’

turn ing sour . .But the onl y species worthy th e attentionof amateu rs areGeum que l iy on or coccinnea

,G. hybr idum

,and th e

one of more recent introductIon,G. grandiflora.

.Geum coccinnea'

is a very des irable p lant for th e borders,mu ch

es teemed in Eu rope , w i th scar le t flowe rs from May to October, and

perfectly hardy . A native of C hi l i , introdu ced in 1826 ;'

from one’

to

two fee t h igh.

Geum hybr idum,h as brown red flowers. in June and Ju l y one foot

h igh .

Geum grandiflora h as l arge scarle t flowers .

Geum r ivu lar is,common in ou r wet grounds in company with

S enecz'

o au rens , is in flower abou t th e first of June,and consp i cuou s

for its h igh , nodd ing , d ark co lored flowers . For th e flor is t i t h as notgre at attract ions , b u t w i th th e botan is t i t is a fine look ing p lant andmay b e introdu ced into the borde rs for the

'

sake of v ar iety,as i t costs

noth ing b ut th e troub le of tak ing up.

ART . V .— Extracts from

'

F oreign Pub lications .

‘

PAXToN’s MAGAZ INE OF BOTANY AND R EGIST ER on FLOWER ING

PL HANT S Ed i ted b y J . PAX ’

I‘ON

,F . L . S . H . S . Pub l ished month l y .

Pr ice two sh i l l ings and s ixpence ; each number containing fou rbeau t ifu l ly colored plates .

WE have rece ived the December,Janu ary and February numbers

of th is Sp lend id work , wh i ch w e consider one of. the best of the Engl ish period icals , containing mu ch orig inal

,pract ical informat ion.

T h e work h as been in ex istence onl y two y ears . I t contains.

alsonumerous

'

wood cu ts , i l lustrat ing many systems of heat ing by hotwate r

,p lans and sect i ons of p lant -houses of var ious k inds, mach ines

,

instruments , u tens i ls ; plants , &c. Comparing i t w i th ot her fore ignworks , we shou ld cons ider i t a cheap pub l i cat ion, al though some ofou rreaders may b e startled at th e expense

,wh ich amounts to th e sum of

from ten to twe l ve dol lars per annum when de l ivered in th IS country .

Natura l order Compositme . S y ng enesz’

a F ru stranea Ca l liop sis

b icolor atrosangu inea. C rimson two colored Cal l iops is . S y nomy ms,'

.C al l iopsis sangu inea;Coreops is t inctoria atrosangu inea“

,

Coreops is sangu inea.

EXTRACTS FROM FOR E IGN P UB LICAT IONS . 19 1

A beaut iful new var ie ty of the common Ca l l iop sis tinctor ia for

merly Coreop szs,

tinctor i’

a . T h e rays of the flower Of t h is e legantvarie ty , are , dark crimson, some t imes bordered w i th ye l low ,

fr ingedand l acerated .

“

T he flowe rs.

are l iable to vary,some be ing~

en t ire l y of that fine

deep b lood color , wh ich composes th e centre of th e Old var ie ty , and

others have a very n arrow marg in of r ich ye l low .

It is pe rfect ly hardy'

,and

,l ike the C .

.b ico lor , requ ires themost

s imple cu l ture,th e seeds mere ly requ ir ing to be sown In the Open .

border,and the p l ants kep t from weeds .

' Com Inon l ight loam su i ts itvery we l l . T he gener i c name is de ri ved from th e Greek

“

word

ka l l istos , most beau t ifu l , and Ops is , ey e, or most be au t ifu l . to the e y e ,

al lud ing to the sp lendid show Inadeh

by th e flowers when expande d .

T he spe c ific b icolor is g iven from the two ve ry d ist inc t co lors of theflowers . It is not known who or ig inated or Introduced .th is finevar ie ty .

N atar a l order Scroph u larinaa‘

. D iandr ia Monogy nia . Ca lceolar iahop eana . Mr Hope ’

s s l ipper wort . Green- hou se perenn ial . S tem a

foo t or more h igh , cloth ed Wi th pu bescence .

‘

-

L eaves broad ly ovateob long , stalked , wrink led , and ve iny , unequ al ly toothed , hairy , large ,s ix inches long , and three or four broad . F lower s numerou s , cory m

bose , pendu lou s . F lower sta lks s lender,an inch and a half. long .

Ca ly x , segments gGreen

,ov ate

,acu te

,rather reflexed . Corol la bright

ye l low ,two l ipped upper l ip short

,sh aped l ike a helme t ; lower l ip

large,mu ch inflated

,w i th th ee. to five r ibs

,spotted and str iped w i th

dark red ins ide th e mou th .

Th is beau t ifu l hybr id was raised a xfew ye ars ago , be tw ixt C . cory m

bosa and C. plantag inea . It is an exceed ing free flowe rer ,‘

and th e

co lor of th e flow ers are of so r i ch a ye l low t hat i t is a ve ry des irab lep lan t for th e green- house .

Ca l eeolar ia cory mbosa , var . J up iter . Jup i ter cal ce iol ar ia, or

s l ippe r wort . S tern e foot and a half or two . fee,t h igh

,covered with

pu bescence . R oot leaves ob lon '

g lanceo late , . ob tu se,dou b l y notched .

S tem leaves O'

va‘te , ob tu se

,‘

opposite . Cory mbs forked , cons istingl

of

th irty or forty flowe rs : Ca ly x ovate , acum inate . Cor ol la,upper l ip

smal l , ye l low , incu rved ; lower l ip large , of a deep brownish red , w i tha ye l low border , and s l ightly notched ; ins ide pu rple at the mou th ,and be low ye l low .

Th is Is one of the [ many beau t ifu l varie t ies of th e Ca lceola rz'

a

raised'

b yVMessrs Young . It IS ce rtainl y a ve ry sp lend id k ind , and

EXTRACTS FROM FORE IGN P UBLICAT IONS .

we l l deserves to b e in every col lect ion . It is nearl y,ifnot al together,

h ardy . Neverthe less i t is best,wh ateverk inds are grown

'

in borders ,to she l ter them from excess ive wet in w inter

,if they are not takenup

and p laced in pots .

”

Natu ra l'

Order C inchonacew . P entandria monogy nia, -R o,ndeletia

'sp ecz

'

osa . Showy Ronde let ia. S tove p l ant,

'

compact'dwarf

-

shru b .

S tems smooth,ere ct,b ranch ing , ye l low green

,s l igh tly co lored w i th

rose -color when young,afterwards -becom ing 'red, and final ly

, whenthe wood

'

is Old, of a redd ish brown . Ijeaves Obcordate , that is ,

be twixt o b long and hear t .shaped,acute

,Oppos i te

,dark g lossy green

on th e upper s ide , paler and often s l ightly t inged wi th red,on the

under . F lowers term inal,in

I

cory mb s, very Showy . Ca ly x five

parted , segments acu te,ye l low ish green,

t inged w ith red : Corol la

tube three times th e length of th e .calyx,rose—colored . l imb five,and

o ccas ional ly s ix - parted,lobes rounded,very r i ch orange red

,darkest

at th e extreme edges,and becom ing l ighter. towards th e centre of th e

flower centre of the flower, bright orange ye llow ey e , d ark criIn'

son .

Accord ing to Messrs Lodd iges, th is br i l liant p lant is a nat ive of

the Havanna,whence ’ i t was rece ed at Hackney th rough

'

the k indness of the ir friend,W . J . MacLeag, Esq . in 1830

,and h as s ince

flowered in the stove beau t ifu l ly . T he flowers are exceed ing r i ch indolor

,

‘

and m ake a most‘ strik ing appearance,be ing qu i te as sp lend id

as I vora coccinea,

. if not more so.

It requ ires - the stove,and shou ld b e » potted in loam and peat

,and

may be increased by cu tt ings . T h e gener i c name is g iven in honorof a phys ic ian named Ronde le t , and

“

th e spec ific name from the

showy appearance of th e p lant When In flower .

Natu r a l Order Po lemon i acea . P entandr ia Monog y nia . P l t Z

Drummom’

i . Mr Drummond ’s Lichnidea. P lant,

annu al . S tem

from a foot to a foot and1

a h alfh igh,cove red w i th l ong h ai rs . Leaves

on,the lower part Of th e s tem oppos i te

,on the u pper al ternate , Oblong ,

acu te,rather corda-te at 'th e base , hairy on the under s ide

,bright “

green ,and partl y clasp ing the, s tern . Cory mbs term inal . Caly ce Of

fine acu te . segments,be ing l ike th e”

s tem,bright green .

‘ Corol la

s‘

al ver sh aped ,'

tub e long , very hairy , p ale - rose co lored l imb spread!

ing, pale rose colored withou t, r i ch rosy '

red w i th in ey e deep

cr imson ; throat ye l low .

T h is'

beautifu l spec i es was ra ised under the care 'Of Mr

Curator .Of the Botan i c Garden, Manchester,from seed wh ich

'

arrived

from the'

late Mr Drummond,in March

,1835.

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194 EXTRACTS FROM FORE IGN PUBLICATIONS .

I t is a nat ive of H indostan,from whence i t was introdu ced b y Sir

Abraham Hume, abou t the ye ar 1812 .

”

In its nat ive country i t issaid to form a good s ized bu sh

, wh ich at th e se ason Of flowe r ingmakes a splend id show ; indeed, in th is country

,when the

,

p lant iswe l l grown ,

the corymbs of flowers are large,and th e pe tals we l l ex

panded ; th e r ichness of th e cr imson color be ing contrasted w i t h th ebright green of th e leaves

,toge t he r w i t h th e dwarf hab i ts of th e

p lant , the w ho le forms a spe ctac le scarce ly surpassed for sp lendor- b yany of the o ther inmates of ou r

‘

s toves . It requ ires to be.constantly

kep t in a damp stove,w i t h muCh the same temperatu re as for

Orch idze .

Natura l Order C rch ideae Gy nandr ia monandr ia , Ep idendron'

frag rans . Swee t scented Epidendron . Th is spe cies is not so re

markab le for the beau ty of its flowers as for the very de l igh tfu l frac

grance they em i t when expanded ; we cannot de scr i be th is be ttert han to say , t hat it great ly resemb les t hat of th e flowers of the h aw

thorn when first Open in spr ing,on ly th e scent in these is far from

be ing so powerfu l as that of the Epidendron . T he flowers cOntinue

w i thou t fad ing ‘

for a long t ime . F lowers green ish ye l low . T he gen

erIc name is der ived from the Greek ep i , u pon ,and dendron

,a tree

becau se in the nat ive Woods they are alway s grow ing upon th e b ranchesof trees

,the ir l ittle roots cover ing th e ou ts ide ofthe bark , or hanging

pendant , in order to ab sorb th e exhalat ions constan tly ar ising from a

damp so i l and dense underwood . T h e spe c ific name is g iven on

account Of the fragrance of th e flowers .

'

D endrobfium moseltatumu Musk scented Dendrob ium . P lant

,

Ep iphyte . S tem u pwards of fou r fee t h igh,pendu lous . L eaves Ob a

long- l inear,b lunt

,al ternate

,s

'

triate w i th purp le . F lower - stem rad i cal,

ten or twe l ve fee t long , pendu lou s , slende r,naked and u pr ight, from

e igh t to n ine fee t,producing on the pendu lous part n ine to twe lve

flowersfi F lower s beau t ifu l,large

,measuring when expanded

,nearl y

fou r inches in d iame ter . S ep a ls or calyx leaves and p eta ls Oblong ,obtuse

,produc ing r i ch orange s faintly str iped w i t h . cream color .

L abel lum or l ip,s l ipper shaped

,s l ightly hairy ou tside , same color as

the sepals and pe tals,ins ide

.

r ichl y feathered w i th dark cr imson .

Column dark'

cr imson .

T h e flowers are very sp lend id,and of a very large ’

s i ze , be ingnear ly four inches in d iame ter when fu l l y expanded . T he r i ch

orange color,contrasted w i th the br ight crimson in the ins ide of th e

l ip, gives a very fine effect

,and renders th is one ofthe most desirab le

OS AGE ORANGE . 195,

kinds hitherto introduced . It is a nat iveOf Pegu,whe re i t was dis

covered by'

Dr Wal l ich , and introduced into th is country in 1828.

T he flowe rs emit ap le asantmusk- l ike scent,very pe rcept ib le toward s

'

e ven ing,from wh i ch c ircumstance the spec ific name is g iven ,

we be

l ie ve by DrWal li ch .

”

Maxi l lar ia D epp ez'

. Mr Deppe’s Max i l lar ia Epy ph ite . P seudo

b u lb,ovate

, angles rounded . Leaves oblong- lanceolate,acu te

,p latted

o r r ibbed,u su al l y three ar is ing from the summ i t Of th e pseudo- bu lb ,

from e ighteen inches to two fee t long . F lower - stem ere ct , shorte r

than the leaves,two- dowered . S ep als ob long- lanceo late

,green,

spotted w i th pu rp l ish red . P eta ls wh ite

,Smal ler f th an the sepal s , some

what cucu l ate , spotted and str iped ins ide w i th cr imson . L abel lum or

l ip three lobed , cur l ing , br ight orange, two side lobes spotted and

s tr iped with cr imson. Column cre am colored .

This fine spec1es IS a nat ive of New Spam , whe re it was discove red by Mr Deppe , in 1828, after Whom it h as been very proper l ynamed .

ART . VI .-Osag e

‘

Orang e . (Maclura Aurantica . ) Gommu

nicated byrWILLIAM K ENR ICK.

THE Osage Orange . is a native ofMissouri and Arkansas,where

i t r ises ia e legant proportion to the he igh t of S Ixty fee t . Th e tree isdeciduous and hardy

,as it h as endured the r igors of the last se ven

vvinters near Boston, and is one of the most ornamental of al l our

nat ive trees. T he le aves are oval,lanceolate

,of a beau t ifu l sh ining

green ,and bear str ik ing resemb lance

'

to those of the orange,and the

wood also l ike that of the orange,is armed w i t h long sharp sp ines.

T he trees are d ioec ious,or some male and some female

,therefore re

qu iring more than one tree for the production offru it but these howe ver cannot be d ist inguished when young .

-The fru it is beau t ifu l

,b ut

not eatab le of th e size of a large orange , :ofa golden color , and thetrees W hen laded w ith the fru it are sp lend id .

\

The wood produces afine ye l low dy e . It is valuab le for furn i ture as it re ce ives 'the finestpol ish . It is remarkab l y tough

,strong and e last ic

,and is therefore

cal led B ow Wood, be ing preferre d by the Indi ans to

'

al l other woodfor bows . It is also supposed to b e the most durab le t imber .in th e

world , and for sh ip bu ild ing is esteeme d preferrabl e to l ive oak.

CULT URE OF HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUB S .

Even the leaves so beau tifu l,may , it appears,be converted to very

important u se, s ince accord ing to a memoir late l y presented to th e

French Inst i tu te , they are valuable as food for s i lk -.worms

On the bes t au thor i ty I am assu red that th e trees of the OsageOrange , when set at the d istance of fifteen inches asunde r

,make

th e mos t beau t ifu l as we l l as the s t rongest hedge fence In th e wor ld,

through wh ich ne i ther men nor an imals can pass .

Newton, Ap r il

ART . VII. —Remarks on the Cu lture of Hardy D eci duous and

E verg r een S hru bs .

[From Paxton’s Magazine of Botany . ]

THE cu l tu re of h ardy sh ru bs is in general s imp le and easy,th e

ch ief th ings to be not i ced are — th e proper season. of. p lant ing — th e

s i tuat ion inwh ich the/p l ants w i l l thr ive - th e k ind of soil '

b est su i tedto t he ir grow th and the encouragement g iven to enab le them to

thri ve afte rwards .

The p rop er season for p lanting .— As soon as the leaves beg in to

fal l in October,de c id uou s tree s may b e p lanted w i th safe ty and al

though th is p lant ing cont inues u nt i l th e trees beg in to swe l l the irbuds again in th e spr ing

, y et those p lants have invar iab l y su cceededbes t w i th u s wh ich were sh ifted in October

,N

'

ovember,February

,

and March and those the wors t that were p lanted in December,Jah

u ary , and Apr i l .E vergreens , in general , if taken up carefu l ly , may b e p lan ted w ith

su ccess any season of the year,prov ided du l l or dripp ing weather be

taken advan tage of for t hat pu rpose . There are part icu lar seasons,

however,when t hey w i l l thrive w i t h mu ch greater freedom t han at

o thers . If the s i tuation be dry , and the so i l l ight and sandy,they

shou ld be p lanted (w i th the except ion of hol l ies ) in November and

D ecember, if the aweather

'

_b e m i ld ‘

On the other hand , if the s ituat ion .

b e low and th e so i l—

re tentive of moisture , they shou ld b e 'p lantedin May .

'

In both cases i t is ind ispensab le that al l large trees andshru bs be removed w it h good bal ls

,and that the roots be un injured .

Hol l ies shou ld be removed from th e end of May to the and of June .

In p lant ing evergreens , I perfectly agree w i th Mr M’Nab that

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198 CULTURE OF'

RARDY EVERGREEN SHRUEs .

hab i tats of each is requ ired th is know ledge may be eas i ly ob taincby referr ing to

'

a botanical catalogue , and othe r works treat ing on ti

su bject . Some shrubs love a dry and e levated s i tu at ion,and w i l l 11

thr ive crowded w i th others , - some are rather tender,and mu st h a

warm and she l tered p laces, others are ve ry hardy , and w i l l th ri Ip lanted anywhere

,others again w i l l '

not grow free l y u nlessthey a

p laced in low damp ground , and others“

do not flou ris‘

h if mu ch e

posed to the rays of th e sun;

3 . The kind of soi l best su i ted for them.—W i th respect to so

h ardy shrubs may b e d iv ided into two k inds, v i z . firs t,shrubs requ i

ing common so i l ; and second , those shrubs const i tu t ing th e Ameican garden. A r ich

, ,l ight haze l loam undoubted l y su i ts th e great

part ofthe‘ first class of,p lants , al though many ofth e s tronger

'

growiI

k inds w i l l make fine bu sh es on almos t any k ind of so il . T he Ame

ican p lants, asKa lmias,R hododendrons

,Andromedas

,&c. &c.

,mal

the finest p lants and th e best show if th ey a re p lanted in a so i l corposed for t

‘

h e ‘most part of sandy peat b ut in th e absence of th is,

very good compost may b e made for them of l ight h aze l ly loam,r iv

s and,and vege tab le or leaf mou ld , equal parts , or a l i t tle peat ear

m ixedx

vvith it. After hav ing taken ou t th e or ig inal so i l from th e pr

posed border to abou t . a foot and a half deep,subst i tu te the abo

m ixture in its p lace .

4 . To encou r ag e the g rowth of the S hrubsafter being p lanted .

Wh i lst th e p l ants are smal l,constantl y keep

‘

down al l rank growiI

weeds , and‘

clear off al l rubb ish that wou ld oth ei'wise re tard th i

growth also they rece ive mu ch benefi t by th e surface of th e grou I

be ing often s t irred w i th a Dutch hoe , as it prevents th e surface b akiIhard in dry weat her .

Water ing sh rubs, excep t in pecu l iar s i tuat ions,dur ing d ry summe I

appears to b e of very l itt le , if any , benefi t ; on the other hand,

takes up mu ch t ime , and is th e means of th e ground bak ing h awhen d ried by the sun again . W hen t hey have ad vanced to a l ar

s i ze al l the care requ ired isl

a to cut off th e ove rhang ing branches,so

not to al low them to smother each other , or the stems of those ovi

hung w i l l become naked and unsightly .

MISCELLANEOUS ART ICLES . 199

(From th e Balti more Farmer. )

THE GREVILLE R OSE f— Th is superb l y beau t ifu l rose , notw ith standing fifty p lants of it were sold in Bal t imore , for five dol lars each , inthe ye ar

,1828

,is h ot so general ly known as i t ough t and de serve s to

b e . I have h ad one to b loom for several y ears , ‘ and l ast year it h adfifty five branches of flowers

, , and made abou t 300 fe e t of wood , andin my op in ion

,fu l l y real i z ing the h igh characte r g i ven of it

'

in th e

fou rth number ofLoudon’s Magaz ine

, page 467, and in the report ofthe Hort i cu l tu ral Soc ie ty of London ,

for the month of June , 1836,wh ich I have ex tracted for more general informat ion .

R osa Grev i l lz’

i,or Gr evz

’

l le R ose — This species h as attracted mu chnot i ce in d ifferent parts of Europe and in th is ' country , be ing qu i te a

nove l ty in '

its general characte rist ics, and in comment ing upon w h ichI cannot pe rhaps g ive a be tter idea to th e reader than by extract ingthe statemen ts made in o ther pu bl i cat ions . In the fourth number ofLondon

’s Magaz ine

,page 467

,

' is th e fol low ing descr ipt ion g iven,in

a le tter from a correspondent to the ed i tor.

You w i l l no doubt re co l lect th e shoot I /showed y ou ofmy Grev’ i l le

Rose,wh ich grew 18 fee t in a few weeks —it is now in b loom and

is,th e most s ingu lar curi osny o f al l th e rose.

tr ibe that h as come under

my observat ion ; i t grows onan east by north aspect,on th e gab le .

end ofmy hou se , covering above 100 fee t‘ squ are , w i th more than l 100 '

tru sses of b loom . Some ofth em have more than50 buds in a cl u ster,

and th e whole w i l l average abou t 30 in a truss , so that th e amoun t of'

flower buds is l i t tle short of But the most astonish ing cur ios ity .is the var ie ty of colors produ ce d on th e bu ds at first Open ing ;wh ite

,l ight b lush

,deeper b lush

,l ight red

,

‘

darker red,and purple ,

l

al l

On the same clu sters .

”

In th e report of the Hort i cu l tural Socie ty ofLondon for th e monthofJune

,1826

,th e fo l low ing remrrks are made

Rosa Grevil l ii,in a single

'

fascicu l us offlowers,are roses of e very

shade ofpurp le,and from w h ite to the d arkest t i'nt it is one ofth e

handsomest ofcl imb ing roses .

”

T he leaves are beau t ifu l l y serrated on the edges,and those on the

young shoots-

have a p ink border runn ing ent i re l y round the leaf,and

wh ich , contras ted w i th th e green,g ives them a de l icate '

and beau t ifu lappearance ; th e pet iol e or leaf- stalk is broad

'

att'

the base , and deep lyindented on th e s ides

,so as to form narrow hair- l ike segments the

u pper part where i t jo ins the leaf is narrow and of th e usu al s i ze . I

200 M ISCELLANE OUS ART ICLES .

have succeeded during th e_past season in rear ing about . l 50 young ;

v igorous p l ants,two—th ir

'

ds‘

ofwh ich have been already d isseminate dth roughou t the Un ion ,

and near 500 more are in a progressuie state,

and w i l l b e fi t for transplant ing the ensu ing se ason .

T he unders igned hav ing be come fu l ly sat isfied of th e u t i l i ty,and

beau ty of this rose,and

-

encouraged by th e numerous orders com ing

in for i t ,‘

h as been induced to propagate i t large l y , and to lower thepr i ce to

i

$1 or $1 50 in l arge pots, by wh ich means they can be re

moved at‘

anyr

season of th e year . ROB ERT S INGLAR‘

Claz'

rmon'

t Nur sery , Jan . 9 .

To COOK CAUL IFLOW ERS .— Cu t i t whenclose and wh i te , and of a

m idd l ing s izes; cu t th e stem so as to separate th e flower from theleave s

be low i t . Le t i t l ie in sal t and water awh ile ; then pu t it into bo i l ingw ate r

,w i th a handfu l of sal t.

’

Keep th e bo i ler uncovered,and sk im

the water we l l . A smal l flower w i l l requ i re abou t fifteen minu tesbo il ing a large one abou t twenty . Take i t up as soon

'

as a fork

w i l l eas i ly enter the stem : a l i ttle longe r boi l ing wil l'

spoil i t .S erve i t up w i th gravy or me l ted ba tten— Gen . F ar .

ELDER TR EE — S ir J . E . Sm i th has remarked that th is tree is,as

i t were a whole magaz ine ofph y sict to rusti c , practit1oners . I t is said

that ifsheep that have . th e rot can g et at the bark and young shootsofe lder they ivil l soon cu re . themse lves. T he Winemade; frome lder

berries IS too we l l known b y fami l ies in th e country to _need any enco

m’

iu :ns ; i t is th e on l y w ine a cottager can procure and 'when.

» )we l l'

made,i t is a most e xce l lent and wholesome d rink

,taken warmbefore

go ing to b ed . It cau ses gent le persp iration,and 1s a m i ld Op iate . If

a r ich syrup b e made from ripe e lder berr ies, and a few b i tter almond s,

when added to brandy , i t h as al l th e flavor of th e best cherry brand y .

T h e .white e lder berr ies , when r ipe

,make w ine much resemb ling

grape wm e. T he buds and the young tender shoots are greatly /Lad

m ired '

as p i ck le. T he leaves ofth e e lder tree are often put in‘to ,-t,,he

su bterranean . paths of moles,to dr ive those nox iou s l i ttle an imals

fromth e garden . If fru i t trees,flower ing shru bs, corn or other . y eg

e tables,b e wh ipped w i th

‘

the green leaves of'

th e’ e lder branches,

‘

it is

said insects w i l l not attach themse lves to them . An infus ion of theseleaves in water is good to spr ink le over r ose- buds

,a nd other flowers

subject to b l ight,and th e devastat ions -of caterp i l l

‘

ars,-Lez

’

g]cH unt’s

L ondon Journal .

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noaaaeuanunan tenements.

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE :

JUNE 1836.

ART . I .— ME VAN MONs

’ Method of‘

Rai sing F ruit Trees fromtheS eed . Commun i cated by Hon. H . A . S . D EARB ORN .

TH E name of Van Mons h as become so consp i cuous,that th e

h o-

rticu l turists o fe ve ry country have fe l t a dee plso

-l i c i ’tude to .be made

be tter acqu ainted w it h h is character , arid the nove l means by w h ichh e h as been enab led to make s u ch immense add i t ions to ou r choicevar ie t ies of fru i t . Impressed w i th th is sent iment , Mr Poiteau

,one

of the most d is t ingu ished wr i ters on rural affairs in France , h as latel ypub l ishe d a very ab le memo ir, embrac ing bot h of t hose interest ingsubje cts . W i th that l iberal i ty wh ich we have so repeated l y experi

enced , h e h as- generous l y p resented a copy to the -Mass . Hort i cu l tural

Socie ty ; and I have thought I could not . perform a more accep tab leact, than in. furn ish ing a trans lation for the R eg iste r

,that the

meri ts of t hat exce l lei i t man may be be tter known,and h is invaluab le

serv i ces more fu l ly apprecmted .

The theory , Wh ich had been assumed by Mr Van 'Mons,was

or1g1nal , and th e princip le .on which i t was based,cou ld onl y b e

ver ified by actu al,exper iment

, the p ecu l iar ity , de l i cacyand d ifficu l ty of th e cond i t ions , necessar i ly requ ired a greater numberof years .for i ts execu t ion than any other wh ich h ad e ve r been made

by man. He cou ld not cal l to h is aid,e i ther th e exact or physical

sciences th e prob lem wh ich h e attemp ted » to solve , the fact wh ichhe des ired to ascertain ,

was not to b e,

"

accomp l ished . or fac il i tated bymathemat i cal cal cu l at ions

,the process of induct ion

,or su ch tests as

chemistry , the mech anica l powers, or the practical art's afi'

ord the

RAE- [ S ING FRU IT TREE S FROM SEED‘.

l ights of ph ilosophy il lumined not hi s rou te ; no energy of mindcou ld prec ip i tate , no gen ius hasten ,

no talent abridge"

the operat ion.

A l l human power'

was u tter ly unavail able ; th e anticipated d'

evelopev

ments were en t ire ly depe ndent u pon the secret,inexp li cab le, slow ,

un

arid ab le‘

an-d long protracted process ofnatu re ; Time

,and t ime alone

cou ld '

reveal th e tru th h e so eagerly sought . Like an astronomerw atching for the re turn of t hat come t

,. th e term ofwhose re vo lu tion Hal le y

h ad confiden t ly pred icted,h e must awai t th e undoubted phenomenon,

as conclusive proofofthe correctness ofassumpt ion . Bu t in t h is case,

bes ide s the mere lapse of t ime wh ich was to be endured,before con

jecture was r ipened into conv i ct ion , there was a pe rse verance,a

constancy of purpose , and a pat ient industry constantly requ i red,for

a long succe ss ion of years, no port ion ofwh i ch cou ld b e neg le cted .

T h e infin i te care,labor and exact observat ion in col lect ing, p lant ing ,

and cu l t ivating an immense var ie ty of seeds, and keep ing a m inu teaccount ofthe character ist ics ofnot onl y e very generat ion

,

(

b u t of the

numerous plants,of the various spec ies of fru it in each

,were al l

cond i t ionsofsuch a pecu l iar nature,

'

a-s to demand a m ind so rem-ark

ab ly constituted , th at no adverse event, no pr ivate or pu b l i c vocat ionshou ld interrupt

,po stpone , or 1nduce an abandonment of the experi

ment sIn th e whole h istory of d iscoveries

'

th ere is no -one,who is en t i t led

to h igher commendat ion,for the attent ion and industry bestowed , as

we l l as for that remarkable fide l ity of des ign,devotion of purpose

and indomi tab le perseverance , wh ich were ev inced . A lone , unaided ,unpatron i zed

,and in fact discouraged , if i t w ere poss ib le to d is

courage s uch a man,—b y the total absence of favor and protect ion,

the prejud ices and customs ofth e en l ightened as we l l as th e ignorant,

and th e'

apal l ing d i sas ters b e encountered,st i l l h e nob ly sought . to

es tabl ish a theory , wh ich ifeven found corre ct , was not Ofa characterto produ ce immed iate e clat , or affluence and wou ld - requ ire a period

probabl y gre ater t han was consumed in the exper iment,to give gen

eral publ ic i ty to h is fame . He appears , in the course Of h is arduousand prolonged researches , l ike the incarnation of w isdom awai t ing ,w i th cool“

,col lected

,and de term ined reso lu t ion ,

for the recu rrence of

resu l ts , which , when ob tained,afforded no o ther compensat ion or

honor,than the enjoyment wh ich a great m ind der ives from th e d is

covery of a new fact,or the correctness ofa hazardous conjectu re .

T he theory and exper iments of Mr Van Mons have e stabl ished a

most i mportant era in '

the .h istory of pomology . It has resolved a

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206 RAIS ING FRU IT TREES FROM s e en .

world,as the m ighty sp iri ts of th e age , d u r ing the eventfu l per iod of

h is unknown ex istence,wil l b e e i ther execrated or forgotten. In th e

shades,of rural re t irement and th e hal ls of sc ience

,he was zealou sl y

engaged in advancing th e g lory of h is.country

,and the interests of

the human race , wh i le sovere ig‘

ns were contend ing for supremacy,and

statesmen to control or d irect the movements of the mad ly excitedmu l t i tude . What a grand and impos ing spectacle does th e l ife of

su ch a man present ! How d ignified , how instruct ive , how influent ialth e examp le , and how consolatory the reflect ions wh ich i t awakensIt

.

is a verdant spot in th e desert of th e pas t ,'

on wh ich - the imag inat ion de l ights to dwe l l , where reason finds a rest ing p lace . Theregush fort h the fountains of inte l lect ; there is reared th e temp le . ofthe

t rue Jup i ter Ammon,

- enl ightened geni u s pres id ing over the tere strri ald est in ies of man

, and announcing laws for h is safe and honorab legu idance , in the career of u t i l i ty and happ iness .

But there are unfortunatel y dark and od ious incidents in the h istoryof h is country

,and wh ich have too often been the reproach of mos-t

nat ions , neglect and ingrat i tude towards one of its most i l l ustr iousmen and greatest benefactors . Instead of be ing chee red on bypub l i c

"

countenance and approbat ion,he rece ived ne i ther d irect

ass istance or encouragement . E ven protect ion from ou trage Wasnot afforded h im ; and three t imes we re h is inval uable nurseriesexterminated under th e sanct ion ofthe government . S t i l l

,in defiance

of al l the d ifficu l t ies wh ich he was compe l led to encounter, he h astri umphed g loriousl y .

It is much to b e desired,that Mr Van Mons

’ theory shou ld beadopted in th is country

,and more espec ial ly

,as h is process can be

commenced at the point , wh ich h e was onl y enab led to reach,after

extend ing

‘

h is experiments through a period of forty years . It w asnot, unt i l in the fourth and fifth generat ions of h is trees raised fromth e seed , that they began to y ie ld good and exce l lent fru i t . He was

obl iged to beg in w i th seed p roduced by w i ld trees b u t in th is countrya great number of super ior fru i ts have sprung up,as was pred ictedby Po iteau

,from th e p lant ing of the seeds of success ive generat ions

of‘

natu ral fru i ts . This h as ar isen from the manner in wh ich. ou r

w ide spread ing popdlation h as beenextended,which d id not al low Of

that attent ion to the se lect ion and propagat ion of the best varie t ies offru i ts, by scions and buds ; and nu rseries are of very modern e stabl ishmeut, even in the oldest and most dense ly inhab i ted port ions ofthe union. Besides the general inabil ity to purchase and transp lant

RAIS ING FRU IT-

TREES m om se en. 207

to a great d istance , valuab le trees, the whole attent1on and labor ofth e pioneers of the w i lderness

,were r equ ired to procu re the means

of subsistance ; and the l uxur ies of an orchard and a garden cou ldnot be ob tained ,

~until the necessar ies of l ife were first se cured , and

e ven then fru it cou ld only b e general ly mul t ip l ied , l ike the otherproducts ofagricu l ture ; consequentl y most of th e trees . have beenraised from the seed , and hav ing been commonl y left in th e naturalstate

,the ir seeds have been again p lanted

,and so on

,from generation

to generat ion, unt i l we now find those super ior k inds of fru i t appear ,in var ious parts of th e Un i ted S tates , wh ich Mr Van Mons producedin the fifth generat1on . Su ch are many of ou r most ce lebratedapp les

,p lums

,cherr ies

,pears

,11ectar

'

ines,and especial ly pears.

'

The

Andrews,Bloodgood

,Cush ing , D ix,Gore

’

s Heathcot,Harvard

,Lew is

,

Prince, Secke l , ‘W i lk inson and

'

many o thers,may be classed w i th

some_

of th e best old, and newest European var ie t ies .

Here then is an ad vanced posrtion, from whence to commence theexperiment wh ich Mr Van Mons h as so long and su ccessfu l ly proscoa ted . Let the seeds fromth e fru i t borne on the p arent trees of thosecho ice var ie ties be p lanted , and i t is more than probab le , al l the treest hus obtained

,wou ld produ ce as good , and many of them super ior

fru i ts,to those of the or ig inal s ; and t he ir seeds be ing again p lanted

and cont inued from generat ion to generat ion,th e l imit may b e,

asoer

tained beyond wh ich nature w i l l not go , in the process ofame l iorat ion .

At al l events,tak ing Mr Van Mons

’ theory as the bas is of the

experiment,we have the advantage of the generat ions .wh ich pre

ceeded,and may obtain resu l ts

,in fifteen y ears , equal , ifpot super ior

to those he has only been enab led to reach in fifty years . We know

not what is the generat ion of t hose extraord inary nat ive tree s . The

ancestors of al l the species of app les,pears

,cherr ies

,p l ums

,and

peache s wh ich ex ist in a natural state,in th is country

,must have

been gene ral l y grafte d or budde d trees,brough t from Europe , and

ten generat ions or more may have su cceede d before they appeared in

the perfect ion m wh ich we now enjoy them,or not more than four

o r five .

Ifour nurserymen , and gentlemen who have a taste for hort i cu l ture ,would appropriate a -port ion of the ir ground s to

.

t h is spec ial purpose,

we

'

may confidently anticipate'

most interesting and valuab le resu l ts .

Bes ides th e add i t ions wh i ch m ight thus b e made to ou r cho ice . fru i ts ,it may u l t imate l y render th e care and

ll abor of grafting

‘

and budd ingunnecessary ; for if the seeds of su ch ame l iorated k inds always

208 . RA ISING. FRU IT TREES FROM se en.

produce new varieties of equal or superi‘

or'

ch aracter, to those of theparents, it wi l l onl y .be requ is i te to col lect and p lant th e ir seeds , tofi l l our nurser ies,gardens and orchards w i th superb fru i ts, w i thou t theapp l i cat ion of art ificial means . An amp le fie ld is most certainlypresented for ente rpr ise , and when we have such conclus ive ev idence ,

of'

Jthe success, w i th wh ich exper iments may b e prosecuted , there are

powerfu l inducements to undertake them .

T H E OR Y o r V A N Mo n s ,

Or an H istor ica l Account of the means which were emp loy ed by Van

Mons to obtain excel lentfru itfrom the seed .

BY A . P OITEAU .

T he great-

number ofgood and exce l lent new Pears with wh ichMr Van Mons has enr i ched Europe and North Amer ica

,w ith in the

l ast forty years , seems to clearly prove , that th e method he adopted toobtain

“

them'

is superior to al l others,as no one has ob tamed

so many . S‘t i l l al though h e never concealed h is process,b ut pub -v .

l ished the pr incip le w i th h is catalogue offru its in 1823 , there h asnot been

,w i th in my knowledge a s in-

gle nurse ryman, or an amateur .

in France,who h as attempted to practi ce it , e i t her from a re l iance

in, or to verify the resu ltfi‘“

In 1833,th e Royal and Central Agr i cu l tural Socie ty of

'

the_

Se ine ,

offered a pr i ze for good , and perfe ct new fru its b ut the programme ,wh ich w as publ ished by the socie ty for that pu rpose ,

’

did not even

name Mr Van Mons’s theory

,or ind i cate any new method of arr iv ing

at th e des ired'

end,and left the compe t i tors to the vague rou t ine of

sowing ath azard , and wait ing'

unt i l nature performed a m iracle ,in

p rod ucing one good5fru it among a tho u sand b ad . Time w i l l make

known the resu lt of the compe t itors , I shal l therefore say noth ing up

on that subject at th is t ime , b ut I canno t but regre t,t hat in an age

when ph ilosophers , chemi sts and phy s iolog ists are d irect ing al l the ir

efforts to d iscover th e process , or what is vu lgarl y cal led. the secre ts

ofnatu re , th e Royal and Central'

Agr i cu l tural Socie ty of the'

Se ine ,h as not named Mr Van Mou s

’s theory , —a theory wh ich is now sup

-v

ported by so many rapeated expe riments,as to p lace i t among the

number ofdemonstrated tru ths .

I honorab ly except.“

Mr Bonne t 'ofBou logne - sur-Mar, an enl ightened pomolo-fl

oglet , who w ent several times to Lovain , to examine Mr Van Mons’

nurseriesand wh o h as w ithin three years sewn seeds , accord ing to th e principles of that

great master.

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210 RA IS ING FRU IT TREES FROM SEEDS .

fruits, the greater part of wh ich are superior to those wh ich we pos.

sess,but g ives u s the certainty Of be ing able to rep lace those

wh ich are infer ior, or wh ich have deteriorated , by new var ie t ies Of

exce l lent qual i t ies ; i t is appl icab le to th e renewal Of '

stone and seed

fru its but. i t is in that OfPears we have the most numerous examplesof i t efii cacy

'

,Mr Van Mons be ing more par ti cu larl y attached to th is

k ind offru i t, (w i thou t however,

'

neglecting the o thers , as super ior, not

mere l y from its qual it ies,b u t from th e length oft ime wh ich several of

its var ie t ies may be kep t .

OR IGIN AND D EVELOP EM ENT OF THE THEORY OF VAN MONS .

Mr Van Mons,a professor ofchemistry at the Un i vers ity of Lou .

vain in the Kingdom OfBe lg ium,s ince 1817

,was born in Bru sse l s i n

1765 . To the most prec ious g ifts Ofnature , by wh ich h e was favored ,Was added a good edu cat ion . T he s tudy of phy s io, and chemistryearly accustomed h im to carefu l ly examine whate ver came under h is

Observat ion,

- and . to seek the cau se of every effect wh ich h e saw.

From the age of fifteen years,h is ideas were fixed on the natura

r erum,and s ince t hat t ime h is med itat ions , h is researches , and h is

cont inual exper iments, far from producing a change , have b ut tendedto confirm them. A taste for labor wh ich h e h as never lost , and an

ardent des ire for the acqu is i t ion ofknowledge , enab led h im at the age

Oftwenty years , to be rece ived as a ph armacopal ist, .to write and

speak a'

l l the l anguages Of Europe , ‘

and to correspond w i th th e learnedmen Ofal l nat ions .

A l though Mr'

Van Mon-

s commenced h is pomolog ical experimen tswhen a you th

,and h as not ceased to cont inue them, h is vast capac ity

was not fi l led ; h e stud ied med ic ine to extend h is knowledge,wrote a

thes is on phys iology,a subject wh ich was much ag i tated at that t ime

,

and rece ived th e degree Of Doctor in Paris . He was born w i thsu ch strength Of m ind

,that he wrote and now does

,on th e . graves t

su bjects , in the m ids t Ofnoise , in the company of pe rsons who ta-lke s

loud ly onfr ivolous subjects and takes a part in the conversat ion w ithou t stopp ing h is pm .

Mr Van Mons enjoyed th e repu tat ion of a super ior man,and the

considerat ion due to h is transcendent mer i t , when the revolu t ion of

1788 bu rst forth . Belg ium was immed iate ly incorporated w i th Franceand Mr Van Mons was chosen a representat ive Of the peop le . H is

great persp icaci ty enab led h im to d iscover the labry nth w i thou t end , inwh ich publ ic affairs were involved

,and he wrote a treat ise on pol iti

RA IS ING FRU IT TREE S FROM SEEDS .

cal ph ilosophy , in wh ich h e stated that the cont inuance Ofou r d issen.

t ions was the onl y Way in wh ich that true and so l id peace cou ld be

found , wh ich we m ight in’vain seek in any other manne r.

It is necessary for me to recal l these c ircumstances in re lat iontotheyou th of Mr Van Mons, to ind uce the reader to th ink

,that w hen

a man ofsuch a temperament , estab l ishes a theory on the regenerat ion

offru i ts , after hav ing pract ised h isexpe riments during fifty consecu

t ive years , i t w i l l be rece ived w i th mu ch greater confidence , as it

quad rates wi th the course Ofnature

At the age Offifteen Mr Van Mons sow ,ed in h is father’s garden ,

the seeds Of perennial flowers, roses and other shrubs,w i th the de

s1gn Of Obse rv ing th e deve lopement, the su ccessive generat ions and

the variations‘

wh ich might thus b e produced . TO these he soon added

seeds and stones of th e we l l known fru its , and remarked that Of al l

h is young p l ants , the pears .were those wh ich least resemb led the irparent . He searched th e gardens , nurseries , marke ts and ne ighbor

ing prov inces , to confirm or re ct ify h is first ideas , on the causes Ofthevar iat ion in the flowers and fru i ts .

At the age of22 years th e bas is ofh is theory was fixed,and h e yvas

e stab l ished as a pharmacopol ist . At that t ime h e had a gardene r

named Meu ris,in whomhe d iscovered a d ispos i t ion for observation

h e ini tiated h im into h is pomo log i cal v iews, and in a short t ime Ment iswas capab le oflaboring w i th succe ss , as we l l alone as w i th h is master. In the ir journi es they bought every where

,w i ld and free stocks

Offru it trees , wh ich h ad a favorable appearance . They were so fa

m i l iar w i t h the characterist i cs wh ich the aspect,and the wood

furn ished , t hat they cou ld pu rchase as we l l 111 wmter as in sum

mer. W hen the i r explorat ions we re d istant they took up the trees,

wh ich th ey Ob tained e ven in mid summer, and removed them immed iate l y . By means Of these acqu is i t ions and the ir repeated sow ings

,

Mr Van Mons h ad,in a short time , fru i t tree s in h is nursery

,

wh ich enab led h im to make his exper iment on a large scale and to

more promp tly Obtain resul ts.

Here is an examp le of th e rap id concep t ions of‘

Mr Van Mons. At

th e . commencement Of the French emigrat ion, the propert ies Of theR i ms toxicodendron, be ing so much extol led in Be lg ium

,a leaf of th is

p l ant sold for from 6 to .7 sons at Brusse ls ; Mr Van Mons p lantedCu tt ings in h is garden for theu se t is ph ramacy and gomg one d av

to see h is young p l ants,h e not iced a gardener who was prun ing the

trees w ithout regard to any pr1nc1ple . He immed iate ly hastened to

212 RAIS ING sRur'r TREES FROM snub s .

find Mr Vi l lebon,who was the

'

phenix Ofhort icu l tur ists at that time,and asked h im what we'

re th e rules for prun ing fru it trees ; the reply“

y ou are too old to learn them. In two years,repl ied Mr.

Van Mons,I w i l l teach y ou , in a book

,wh ich I shal l pu b l ish . He

then began to consu l t the French,Engl ish

,Du tch

,Ru ss ian and

German works , and -found that everyth ing was to be[

verified and

rectified . His correspondence has proved to me,t hat h e immed iate l y

became,h imse lf

, the best book to consu l t, not onl y on pruning fru ittrees

,b u t on an infin i ty Of Operat ions in cu l ture .

H is repeated sowings, w i thou t inte rrup t ion from parent to son,of

annual flowers , and perennial shrubs which grew and fructified in a

short t ime ; h is new excurs ions , which we re longer t han the“ prei

ced ing , to Observe the Wi ld types Of Our fru i t trees,in places where

they grew and reproduced in a state of nature h is new generations ,wh ich were Obtained from w ild and free or natu ral stocksfi

‘as we l l as

from the first sow ings in h is nu rsery ; and h is thousand upon thousandof d ivers Observat ions col lected from e very quarter , have enabled Mr

Van Mons to e stab l ish a l aw,wh ich admi ts of fewer except ions ; th is

l aw is,that so long as pl ants remain in the ir natural s i tuat ion,

theydo not sens ibl y vary , and the ir seed's always produce the same

,b ut

on chang ing the ir cl imate and terri tory,seve ral among them vary“

,

some more and others less,and when they have once departed from

the ir natural state,they ne ve r again re turn to it

,b u t are removed

more and more therefrom,by su ccess ive generat ions

,and produce ,

sufficient ly Often,d ist inct races , more or less d urable

, and that final ly

if these variet ies are even carr ied back to the territory Of'

the ir ances

tors , they w i l l ne i ther represent th e character Of the ir parents, Or

even re turn to' the spec ie s from whence they sprung .

Mr Van Mons h as introduced w ild pear trees , into th e middl e Of

h is nursery , Of the best perfected var ie ties these w ild trees,or sub

natural species , as he cal ls them,have nOt varied and continued to

y ie ld poor ac id fru i t ; th e seeds Of th is b ad fru i t have been sown,and

t hey have always produced w i ld trees,and al though these w ild tree s

*I have Ob served in Mr Van Men’

s correspondence w ith me , that h e does not

u se the wordfr ee o r natu ra l , b ut that term w ith h im is sy nonymous w ith vari ety .

W i th u s a tree is cal ledfree or natu ral , which is produced from th e seed Ofa do

mesticated fru it , and in fact al l trees which. h ave not b een grafted : thu s we say

af-

r ee or natu ra l Rose , Came l l ia, Magno l ia or Pear , wh en they are pro duecd

from th e seed,cu ttings or lay ers ; and we particu larly apply th e e pithe t wi ld to

Pears and Apples , which grow natural ly in th e'

w oods,and wh ose fruit is not

eatab le .

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2 14 RAIS ING FRU IT TREES FROM SEED .

cu l tu re, is app l ied to the seed s offru i ts and flowers,wh ich h ave been

improved by var iat ion : Seeds degenerate , or have degenerated , whenthe .p l ants wh ich are prod uced from them

,no longer ,present certain

qu al i t ies,wh ich are found in the ir predecess’

ors,

qual ities wh ichthey have acqui red by var iat ion . Ph ilosoph ical ly , t his is not a realdegeneracy , b u t, on the contrary

,a qual i ty , a re tu rn towards the state

of natu re . As c iv i l ians,We say , that a man degenerates

,if h e

abandons the social state,and the advantages , whether real or not

,

wh ich h e h as acqu ired,at the expense of h is l iberty

,and goes to

enjoy h is independence,and al l h is l iberty , far from the chains of

socie ty,wh i le ph i losophy says that th is man resumes h is r ights

,and

re - enters into a state ofperfe ct natu re .

Deter iorat ion,in pomology

,app l ies to fru i t trees and the ir .fru i ts

'

;

a tree is deter iorated by age , d isease , a poor so i l,b ad cu l ture

,an

u nfavorable exposu re,the weather and adverse seasons

,&c. ; fru i ts

are de ter iorated by th e same cau ses , excep t th e old age of the treewh ich bears them

,wh ich old age , when i t is not too far advanced ,

general ly improves them .

Th e degenerat ion ofthe seeds of fru i t t rees in a state of var iat ion,be ing the p ivo t of the theory of Van Mons

,i t is necessary that it

shou ld b e clearl y presented .

As long as p lants in a s tate of nature remain in the ir ‘

natal so i l ,t hey p roduce , d u ring the ir whole l ife , seeds wh ich do not degenerate .

Seeds taken from a Baobab that was two thousand years old, produced

trees l ike i tself,qu i te aswe l l as those wh ich it h ad borne at th e age

of'

twenty ye ars . W i ld pear trees,in a state of natu re

,and in the ir

nat ive so i l s,always reproduce seeds

,

'

w ithou t any sens ible variat ion .

It is not the same w i th p lants born in th e s tate of variat ion,e i the r in

consequence of hav ing changed th e cl imate,'th e te rri tory

,

‘

or from

some ci bei' unknown cau se . T he seeds wh ich a domest icated pear,

— t hat is to say , one wh ich h as been for a long t ime in a state ofva

r iation,

y ie lds at its hund red t h fru tification,prod uces tr

'

ees not onl yvery d ifferent from i tse lfin consequence ofits be ing only a var ie ty

,

and the bound s of vari at ion are not known in descend ing from parentto son

,—but st i l l very different from the trees wh ich have been pro

duced from th e seed of its fi rs t fruc‘

tification l and the older a domest i-cated pear becomes

,th e ne are r do the trees prod uced from its late st

seeds , approach to a state ofnatu re,w i thou t

,neverthe less

,be ing able

eve r to re turn to i t, as Mr Van Mons affirms .

Now let u s examine how the annual cu l inary and ornamental p lants

RAi S i NG FRU IT TREES FROM SE ED . 215

are gove rned , wh ich have been for a long t ime in -a state of var iat ion.

The se eds are'

annual ly sown,and whateve r b e th e var iat ion

,wh ich

the new generat ion unde rgoes,i t preserves th e principal ch aracteris

t i cs of its parent , and scarce ly an ind iv idual i s d iscovered,wh ich

l

ex

h ib its a tendency to re turn to a state of nature . When beau t ifu lbalsams, and exce l lent l et tuces are once obtained , they are e as i lyprese rved as su ch

,and th e ir var iat ion seems

,suffi c ientl y often

,rathe r

an effort to become more beau t ifu l , than a d ispos i t ion to retu rn to thewild state of th e ir ancestors“ .

From these two extreme facts, and an infin i te number of ot herswh ich are intermed iary , Mr Van Mons h as arr ived at th is conclus ionthat as the seeds of the first -fructification of an annual p lant

,in a

state of var iat ion ,- prod uces p lants , wh i ch may v ary w i thou t remov ing

far from the s tate of th e irp arent,‘

wh ile on the contrary the seeds

wh ich are yie lded by the h undredt h fructification of a domest i catedpear of exce l lent qu al i ty , or for a long t ime in a state of var iat ion,

produce a great var ie ty of tree,wh ich ne i ther resemb le the ir parent

,

and whose fru i ts almost always de tes tab le , me more or le ss near to a

w i ld state ; t h is d ifference shou ld have its cause in an unfavorab lemod ificat ion

,in a deg ener acy wh ich the seed of the p ear underg oes

in consequence of the age of the var iety wh ich bar e it .

Hav ingarr ived at th is conviction,Mr Van Mons h as said : by

sow ing the first seeds of a new var ie ty of fru i t tree,there shou ld be

obtained trees always var iab le in the ir seeds, because they can no

longer escape from th is cond i t ion,and wh ich are less d isposed to re

turntoward a w i ld state , than those produced from seeds of an anc ientvar ie ty ; and as those whi ch tend toward a

'

w ild s t'

ate h ave'

a less

chance of be coming perfect , accord ing to 0 m tastes,than those wh ich

are in the open fie ld of variat ion,i t is in th e seminary of the

,first

Seed s of th e newes t var ie t ies of fru i t trees,that we shou ld e xpect to

find more pe rfect fru i ts accordihg to our tastes .

T he whole theory of Van Mons is contained in the above paragraph i t was to ver ify it , and pu t i t in practice , that from that periodh e co l lected in h is nursery young w i ld trees

,young free s tocks

,and

sowed large quant it ies.

ofthe seeds and stones of var ious k inds offru i ttrees, in order to have the ir first fru i ts

,and to sow the ir seeds in turn

to obtain - algeneration

,of whose nove l ty he was su re

,and to take it

as a po int (ifdeparture for h is exper iments . A l though Mr Van Mons

operated on thousands of various k inds and d ifferent vari e t ies of

tree s at the same t ime , I w i l l assume , in order to render what I say

216 RAISING FRU IT TREEs FROM S EED .

more clear, in exp laining h is progress,that h e made h is exper iments

on a s ing le varie ty ofpear .

As soon as the young pear tree w i th wh ich h e began h is experi

ments,produced its first fru i t, Mr Van Mons sowed the seeds. There

resu l ted a firs t generat ion,the ind iv iduals ofwh ich

, al though of veryd iffe rent k ind s , d id not resemb le the ir parent . He cu l t ivated themw i th care , and endeavored

.to hasten the ir growth

,as much as poss i

b le,b y al l the known means in h is power . These young trees y ie lded

fru i t , wh ich were general ly smal l,and almost al l of them b ad . He

sowed the seed of t hese and obtained a second generat ion w i thou tinterrup t ion wh ich is very important

,—

_

that we re very d ifferent ink ind

,b ut d id not resemb le the ir parent , al though they h ad a less w i ld

appearance than the ir predecessors . These w ere cu l t ivated w i thequal. attent ion ,

and they fructified ear l ier than h ad the ir parent .T he fru i ts of th is second gene rat ion

,also var ied as mu ch as the trees

w hich bore them ,b ut

'

part of them appeared less near . the wi ld statethan th e preced ing y et onl y a few possessed th e requ is i te qual i tiesto ent it le them to preservat ion . Constant in h is p lan

,Mr Van Mons

sowed the seed s and obtained a th i rd cont inued generat ion,th e

greater part of t h e young trees of wh ich , h ad a ji hasis of good nu

gury,that is some th ing ofth e phys iognomy ofou r good domest icated

pear trees,and they were consequently less var ious in appearance .

Be ing carefu l ly cu l t ivated,as h ad been th e preced ing

,these trees of

the th ird generat ion ,fructified st i l l e arl ier than h ad those of the

second generat ion . Several of them prod uced ed ible fru i t,al though

not y e t decided ly good,b ut suffi c iently ame l iorated to conv ince MrVan

Mons th at h e h ad d iscovered th e true path of ame l iorat ion,and . that

he shou ld cont inue to . follow i t . He also .recogn ised,w i th not less

sat isfaction,t hat th e oftener the generat ions su cceeded each othe r

,

w i thou t interrup t ion ,from parent to son, the more promp tl y d id they

frii ctify . T he seedsof the fru its of th is th ird generat ion, wh ich h ada good appearance

,were sowed

,and the trees managed as carefu l ly

as the preced ing,and produ ced a fou rth generat ion

,th e trees ‘

ofwh ichwere a l ittle

'

less var ied,and nearly al l of them h ad an appearance of

favorable'

augury ; t hey fructified in a shorter time than the th irdgenerat ion ; many of th e fru i ts were g ood , several exce l lent , b ut asmal l number

'

st i l l b ad . Mr Van Mons took th e seed s of th e bes t

kinds of these pears,sowed them and obtained a fifth generat ion , the

trees ofwh ich we re less var iou s t han the preced ing , fructified sooner,

and p roduced more good and exce l lent fru i ts,than those of the

fourth .

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2 18 RA IS ING FRUIT TREES FROM SEED .

trees . Neverthe less , Mr Van Mons h as been able to ascertain thattwe lve or fifteen years was the mean term oftime wh ich evol ved fromthe 'mome

'

nt ofp lant ing th e first seed ofan ancient var ie ty of th e domesticated pear, to the first fructification of the trees wh ich sprang

from‘them

T he trees from the second sowing of the seed of th e first genera

t ion,have y ie lded the ir first fru i t at the age of from ten to twe lve

y ears , as the mean term those ofthe th ird generat ion,at the age of

frome ight to ten years ; t hose of the fou rth generat ion, at th e age of

from six to e ight years ; and final l y,those of the fifth generat ion,

at

the age of‘

six years . Mr Van Mons be ing actual l y at the e ighthgenerat ion

,h as informed me that he h as obtained se veral pear trees

wh ich fructified at the age offour years .

From‘

th is decreas ing progress ion, it may be seen that the fear ofalengthened exper iment ought to decre ase in proport ion as i t advances,and that add ing the requ is i te years in th e first five generat ions of th epear

,a po int is reached where none other than good and exce l lent

pears are obtained,at th e end offorty two years . But ifin each gen

eration, as has been shown ,there are always several trees wh ich do not

awai t the mean term named for the ir fructification,th e time may b e

est imated at th irty s ix years for obtain ing from th e pear, in five un interrupted generat ions from paren t to son

,new trees and fru i ts , al l of

wh ich are ofexce l lent qual i ty . T he t ime can st il l b e more'

ab ridged

for in one ofh is last letters , Mr Van Mons informs me t hat from two

ofh is first sow ings ofpears,there were trees produced wh ich fructified

at‘

the age ofsix years .

'

I have col lected much ofwh at I have stated , and what I have y e tto re late

,in the nu rser iesofMr Van Mons,at Louvairi ; b ut i t is from

the correspondence of that venerated professor,that I have obtained

th e groundwork ofmy d iscourse ; and as that correspondence h ad forits object my sole instruction

,and no t t hat ofgu id ing me in a com

pil ation wh ich I had not contemplated,it fo l lows that what I have

s t i l l to commun icate h as not that natu ral connex ion wh ich I des iredit shou ld have assumed

,and w i l l consequently appear, to a cert ain

extent,as detached art icles .

When Mr Van Mons commenced rais ing trees from the seed,h e

h ad al ready seen‘

in'

oth er nu rser ies , that the seed of the varie t ies ofthe pear

'

genu s reproduced ne ither th e characterist ics of th e tree , northose of the fru i t

"

from wh ich they sprang ; therefore , he was'

not re

Strained , as may be said , to r aise by species. But he had gone

RAIS ING FRU IT TREES FROM SEED .

farther and ascertained that the ten seeds of a pear produced ten

d ifferent trees , and ten d ifferent fru i ts . S t i l l h is manner of sow ingis very near that ofal l nu rse rymenf He left h is p lants in . the seed

b ed two years ; he then took t hem up, and part of them he threwaway as worth less, and transp lanted the

'most v igorous at such a d is

tance one from the'other

,that th ey cou ld t horough ly deve lope them

se lves and fruct ify . He cons ide red i t best to p lant them suffi cientlynear, in order to force them t o run up tal l , and to form pyramidaltops, w ithou t pruning ; th is hastens, h e states

,the ir fructification . I

have seen squares ofpear trees in h is nursery at Lou vain ,at the epoch

of the ir fi rst fructification, and they appeared to be abou t 'ten fee tapart . Wh i le wai t ing for the young trees thus p lanted to fritctify ,there is afforded an

‘

opportunity of s tudy ing the ir form and phy siognomy , and to establ ish the prognost ics ofwhat they may become , fromthe ir. d ifferent exterior characte r is t i cs .

Mr'

Van Mon s“

h as ascerta ined that it is scarce ly before the age of

fou r years t hat young pear trees de ve lope the ir characteri sti cs ; and

that before th is age , it is rare ly poss ible . to presume what each ind iv id ual may become . It is not u nt i l th e second or th ird year after theseed l ings have

‘

been transplanted , that Mr Van Mons beg ins to ex

amine t hem for the purpose ofascertain ing the prognost ics of eachind iv idual .

’

In the commencement of h is experiments,i t was suf

ficiently e asy for h im to recogn ise as good augur ies In those youngtrees

,wh ich showed from the ir form

, wood and leaves,

. a resemb lanceto our geod anc ient var ie t ies . Bu t as he obtained a great number ofe xce l lent new fru i ts

,wh ich presented new characteri st ics

,s ome t imes

analago'

u s and some t imes opposed to those,ofourgood _

old variet ies, i tw as much more d iffi cu l t to e stab l ish .the data for a scertain ing whatth e young trees raised from th e seed may become for he obtainedexce l lent fru i t from trees of a very b ad appearance . S t i l l from longcont inued obse rvations, he h as e stab l ished the fol lowing prognost i cs1 . P rognostics of favorable aug u ry . A good 'form

,a smoot h

and s l ightly sh ining bark , a,

regu lar d istr ibu t ion - of the branches,in

proport ion to the he'

g h t of the tree ; a nnual , shoots bent , striated , ,a

l i t t le “ tw isted , and bre ak ing clean w i thou t sp l inters,thorns long

, gar

n ished w i th eyes'

or buds,t he ir whole, or nearl y Whole length ; eyes

or b uds p lump , not d ivergent , red,or gr i z z led leaves smooth

,of a

mean s ize , cr imped on , the s ides of the middle nerre , borne on pet io les rather long than short

,the youngest

,In spri ng

, remai ning a

long t ime d irectly against the b ad , th e others,or the inferior, ex~.

920 RA IS ING FRU IT TREES FROM SEED .

p ended ; hol lowed into a gu tter from the bottom towards the top,

b u t not the ir whol e length .

- 2 . P rognostics of bad . aug ury . Branches and tw igs confused ,

protrud ing l ike t hose Of the horn- be am,or broom ; thorns short

w i thou t e y es l eaves averted .fromzth e bu d, from the ir first appearing ,

smal l,round

,term inating . in : a shor t po int

,g l i tter

'

ed th e ir wholelength . These characte rist i cs ind icate smal l fru i t

,fle sh swee t and

d ry , or. bak ing fru i t and l ate ;3 , P rognostics of ear ly fru it. Wood large

,short ; bud s large

and near

P rognostics‘

of late fru it . Wood sl im; branches'

we l l’ d istrib -v

u t'

ed , pendent , 1 th e shoots a li ttle knotted,general ly denote l ate dev

l iciou s“

fru i t ; w i th leaves round , point short,st iff

,Of a deep green,

borne -

ou pet ioles ofmean length , are analogou s s igns,b ut less sure .

I w ish much,

'

that Mr Van Mons h ad ind icated,by what S ign we

cou ld de termine,when a young pear tree promised large fru it

,b ut h e

h as b een s ilent upon th is subje ct , wh i lst he h as g iven,as

“

the ch arae r

teri-s-tic of‘

good augury , an annual twig,_ wh ichr breaks cleanl y and

w ithou t sp l inters .

I h ave . Stated that Mr Van Mons does not agree in opinion w i th “

those,who attribu te th e d'

eterroratIon of'

fru it treesto ’ the ir mu l t ipl icat ion by repeated ingraft ing ; now I recol lect th at Mr Knight h aswr it ten

,t hat if the parent tree of an ancie nt varie ty

‘

is found,it can

be regenerated , by tak ing sc ions from it . This expresses w i th suffi v

cientc le arness that Mr Kn ight , the most learned pomologis t in England

,t hinks fru i t trees of free s tocks

,or natu ral trees

,deter iorate

much le ss rap id ly than those mu l t ip l ied by graft ing,wh ich accords

w i t h the op inion Of Mr De. Murinais , and Mr Bonne t . Mr Van

Mons,on th e con trary , maintains

,that free stocks or natu ral and?

grafted trees,de ter iorate in the same manner and w i th the same

rap id it y , in consequence me rel v ofthe ir age and that it is age alonewh ich causes our fru i t . tree s to de ter iorate , and the ir seeds to dege

‘

n-r

erate . T he fol low ing is an examp le in support .Of h is theory . In

th e course of h is pomolog i cal experiments h e dis covered in'

an Oldgarden of, th e Capuch ines, th e pa rent

‘

tree of our Bergamote de l a;Pente cote , wh ich is at th is t ime a suffi cie ntly Old ‘

pear, and al l the

trees. grafted fr'

omwi‘t,are affected w ith cankerin. sl ightly moist l and ,

and th e fru i t is smal l,

‘ cracks wh en grow ingkin‘

th e open air,is cov

ered w i th b lack "

st s,wh ich communi cate a b i tte r taste 1 0 the flesh ,

and final l y it‘ no longer succeeds , bu t when trained as an“

espal i‘

er,

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222 RAI S ING FRU IT TREES . FROM same.

'

When the young pear trees,procreated from parent to son b y

“

£1114

int errup ted generat ions,beg in to prod uce ed ib le fru i t

,they are genera

al ly summe r fru i ts . It is necessary that the un inte rrupted generat ionsb e more nume rous

,to obta in w inter fru i ts

,or such as keep long ;

In proport ion as th e u n int errupted gene rat ions are mu l t ip l ied fromparent to son

,th e great d ifferences which are firs t obse rved be tween

the trees and the ir frui t,d im inish m an inverse progress ion ; w i ld

forms,or appearances a1e no longer seen ; all of them have an air of

c iv i l i zat ion,and the ir fru i ts no longer dev iate from good . In th e

last package'

of fru i t wh ich Mr Van Mons sent me, a cons ideran

b le number of th e pears natu ral ly take rank ~among ou r B'

eurres

and Doyennes in form,vo lume and qual i ty

,and al l these fru its to the

number ofs ixty var ie t ies,were th e firs t ofa s ixth generat ion,

w i thou t;inte rrup t ion from parent to son .

Mr Van Mons remark s,that among th e new pears, h e h as obtained ,

t here are some wh ich we re seve ral years in tak ing a fixed form thatseveral d id not assume one

,for from twe l ve to fifteen years

,and that

others neve r d id . Our o ld var1e t1es,W i thou t doubt

,have been in the

same S i tu at ion,and h e g ives as an example of pears, wh ich h ave

never assumed a determinate form,ou r Bon Chre t ien D ’

Hiver ; st il li t is a pear th e most e as i l y recognised

,notw i th stand ing th e var iat ion

of its form and S ize .

Mr Van Mons cons ide rs i t an 1nvar1ab le pr inc ip le , that a graft doesnot bloom sooner than the parent stock from wh ich i t w as taken .

Neve rthe less , a contrary op in ion u n ive rsal ly p revai ls among nurserymen. They often graft scions taken from young trees , in the hopeofh asten ing the ir fioration ,

and some t imes succeed b ut,in th is case

i t may b e said,th at the sc ion taken was pred isposed to bloom,

and

that i t wou ld equal l y as soon h ave done so,if it h ad remained on the

parent tree . It is the same. w i th regard to buds . T he first .Hstra- f

p ara p endu la , wh ich b loomed in France,was a b ud taken from a

stock in the Garden of P lants,wh ich d id not

'

beg in to b loom,unt il

se ve ral vears after . F inal ly,there are so many acc idental causes

,

wh ich advance or re tard the floration of grafts and the ir parentstocks, t hat

.

it is difii cu l t to ascerta in whe th er they shou ld b loom s im

u l taneously , or one after the other,wh i le numerous facts attest, that

the mu l t ip l icat ion,repeated by b ud

,acce lerates the floration and.

d iminishes the vo lume,in. a great number ofspec i es .

Mr Van Mons h as ascertained,that i t . is advantageous to col lect.

th e fru it a l i tt le before it is fu l ly r ipe,from w h ich i t is des irable to

RAIS ING FRU IT TRE ES FROM sent) . 223

Obtain seed for p lant ing , and to leave i t to become perfectly me l low ,

and reach a s tate Ofde cay,before extracting the seeds or stones .

'

He

admi ts, w i th Mr Knight,that the app le de ter iorates less rap id ly , and

l ives longer,t han the pear . This ca'

nnot be doubted , when we com

pare the faci l i ty, Of rearing.

app le tree s in almost any k ind ofso i l , w i th

the d ifficu l ty offind ing one,wh ich is su i tab le for the pear .

Th e learned professor mu ch prefers th e Wh i te Thorn , Mesp z‘

lus

oxy acantha , to the qu ince , as a stock for g raft ing ou r anc ient var ie t ies

ofpears u pon . Pears grafted on a them , he says,grow h igher , have

a more pe rfect pyramidal form ,and prod uce the ir fru i t neare r the

trunk . I agree ent ire l y in Opimon W i th Mr VanMons ; fi rst,because

the pear takes perfe ctly on th e thorn ,w h ich is an ind igenous tree ,

rust i c,not d ifficu l t to cu l t ivate , and of easy mu l t ip l icat ion from th e

seeds j and second ly,because comp laints begin to b e made of the

“

qu ince,not onl y on account Of its three var iet ie s g iv ing d ifferen t re

su l ts,b u t in consequence Of its be i ng deter iorated by its extended

mu l tipl ication‘b

'y suckers and cu tt ings and because i t doe s hoteli e

oecd we l l , in al l k inds of l and . A s to the cho ice Of th e be st varie ty,

an e rror , commi tted in th is re spect , in th e nu rsery ofLuxembou rg , h ase xci ted great comp la ints on th e part

’

Of those w ho have Obtained peartrees from that e stab l ishment

,wh ich h as p roved for the thou sand th

t ime , t hat th e quince tree Of'mal formed fru i t

,is not so good for stock s

,

as t hat'

wh ich yie lds pyram idal fru i t . As to the super ior ity Of th e

wh ite thorn ove r the qu ince, it is aquest ion wh ich w i l l soon be set

tied w it h u s ; “for when the Hort i cu l tu ral Socie ty Of Pari s rece ivedthe col lect ion of. pear sc ions , wh ich was sent by Mr Van Mons in the

spr ing of 1834 , there were not a Sufficient number ofqu ince s tocks,

at command,for al l Of them

,and Count De Mu r inai s cau sed a por

t ion Of them to b e p laced on* the thorn : t hey have taken perfectly

we l l,grown admirab l y

,and g ive the most favorab le

'

ind ications of a

fortunate resu l t .F rom th e data wh ich Mr Van Mons h as g iven

,we are induced to

th ink,that th e pears wh ich do not succeed w it h u s

,unl‘ess trained as

e spal iers, against a wal l , have not always requ ired that favorab le pos ition,

l that they are now irreclaimab le,On account Ofthe weakness

Ofold age , th e de ter ioration wh ich they have sustained,and the de

crepitude wh ich.

threatens them,and

“ that,final ly , a t ime wi l l arr ive ,

when in sp i te Ofour cares,they w i l l no longer b e good even as e spa

l iers,and w i l l be abandoned and become ext inc‘t . To i l lus trate the

pr inciple of that able pomologist’

on th is subject, l w i l l add , that when

224 RA IS ING FRU IT TREES FROM SEED .

a var ie ty is enfeebled by age , or its temperament exhausted , it is bestto graft i t on a qu ince

,in order that i t may rece i ve Only a moderate

nou rishment , and shou ld never b e pu t on a free stock,w hose too '

co

p ious suppl y ofal iment wou ld hasten its des tru ct ion .

Mr Van Mons h as remarked , that the new var ie t ies ofpears wh ichh e Ob tained by repeated l y p lant ing . th e seed from generat ion to , gen

e ration,w i thou t interrupt ion from parent to son

,ne i ther possessed th e

ru st i c i ty or . th e longevi ty —Of Old var ie t ies,and that those whose fru i t

w as th e best, were also those wh ich ind i cated the shortest term of

longev i ty . A l l th is is in conformi ty to the course ofnature,and i t is

proper that we subm i t to i t. Mr Van Mons h as g iven th e exp lanat ion ofth is fact . When there IS no interrupt ion b e tween th e gene rations ofou r var ie t ies offru it tree's

,nature cannot reclaim h er r ights ;

she h as not t ime to mod ify th e seed accord ing to her manner,to

make t hem resume a part Of t he ir old w i ld characte r b u t if a spaceof fifty y ears is left be tween two generat ions , the ind iv idual s Of thesecond

,bear the mark s Ofrusticity , and a tendency towards the w i ld

state,Wh ich natu re h ad deve loped in th e seeds ofthe i r parent d uring

those fifty years . This in fact,happens

,when the seeds Of an Old

var ie ty Ofa fru i t tree are sewn .

Here I am bound to attempt to presen t th e Op in ion Of Mr Van

Mons w i thou t al terat ion,and to add there to my reflect ions

,and some

adverse v iews whe the r we l l or i l l e stab l ished ; b u t final ly it is t ime thatI leave h im to speak for h imse lf and express in h is own cogent s tyle

,

h is manner OfObserv ing th e progre ss Ofde ter iorat ion and decrep i tudein ou r var ie t ie s Offru i t tree s.

I have remarked ,”h e says

,

“ t hat the most exce l len t beyond al l

others , least res ist th e ravages of Old age , and become sooner Old thanthe varie t ies whose b irth preceded t hem ; they cannot attain an

age of halfa century , w i thou t manifest ing symptoms of decrep i tude .

T h e first of t hese sy mptons , is that Of bear ing less constant ly and

th e fru i t r ipen ing later . T he decay Of th e wood , the loss Of th e

beau t ifu l form of the tree , and th e al terat ion of the fru i t fol lowsa t much later per iods . Th e var iet ie s wh ich have ex isted b u t

half a century do not suffer from the canker at the ends of th e

branches , nor from d iseases of the b ark ; the fru i t does nOt

crack,is not fil led

'

w i th a hard su bstance , covered w i t h knotsnor ins ip id or d ry th e al ternates , are bu tia year these variet ies canst il l b e grafted on o ther tree s w ithout the ir infirmities be ing augment

ed . It requ i res hal f a century more to end the ir suffer ings, and the

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226 RA IS ING FRU IT TRE ES FROM S EED .

s tocks, the“ varie t ies w i l l be longer preserved in a heal thy state

,than

is the case at the present t ime .

S t i l l , Whether the de ter iorat ion ofour fru i t trees,be natural ly slow

as .1 th ink , or rap id , as Mr Van Mons and Mr Kn ight have asserted ,it is not less certain

,and i t is we l l to th ink of some method for re

p lacing them. Our manner of sow ing the seeds and trus ting tochance , for obtain ing a good new fru it

,is not certain ly the best , as

e xper ience h as sufiicientl y proved . Bes ides,chance does not

'

rnerit

the confidence ofa reasonab le man,especial ly when the probab i l it ies

are ad verse . I t is necessary then to have recourse to sc ience,whi ch

is founded of: reasons deduced from part icu lar facts,and from whence

flows that which is cal led a pr incip le ; and when th is pr incip le agre es

w i th the course ofnatu re , and is not contrary to any known fact,

it seems to me , that it shou ld be adopted as a tru th,and be emp loyed

w i th confidence .

S uch is , in my est imat ion,th e theory ofMr Van Mons , and i t is to

b e cons idered as the best and most promp t means of regenerat ing ourfru i t trees

,that is to say , ofrep lac ing the old dete rio rated var ie t ies by

new var iet ies,wh ich are perfectly heal thy and bear exce l lent fru i t . ; I

have presented,as clearly as was in my power, the process emp loyed

to pu t i t in pract ice , to indu ce the friends ofour country to natural izeit ; and in orde r to insp ire more confidence

“

, I . have dared to say a

word on th e transcendent mer i t of its au thor,for wh i ch I ask a thou s

and pardons of h is modesty .

I m ight y et add toth is corol lary many remarks,made by Mr Van

Mons on fru i t trees and the ir cu l tu re , for h is correspondence isvery cop ious in facts ; 'b ut I be l ieve I have said Suffi c ien t to supportth e theory of th is learned professor . I therefore

,

‘

h asten‘

to comp le temy memo ir, by fix ing the epoch of the removal of h is nursery from

Brusse ls to Louvain , and giv ing an idea of the incred ib le obstacleswh ich he was ob l iged to encounter , in h is pomolog i cal career

,ih

stead ofth e encouragements w hich were due to h im,and shal l fin ish ,

by a descr ip tion of some of th e excel lent fru i ts obtained by Mr Van

Mons,and few or norie ofwh ich are y et known in France

After Mr Van Mons had been a d istingu ished professor of ph y sioand chemistry for seven years in the central school ofthe department

ofDyle , and after the fortunes of war h ad separated Be lg ium from

F rance , KingW i l l iam rendered just i ce to h is mer i t,by naming h im

professor of the same subjects in th e Un iversi ty ofLouvain ,in 18 17,

six months even before that University flwas re - establ ished . Louvain

~ RAIS ING FRU IT TREES FROM S EED . 227

be ing only abou t 'Six leagues “

d istant from Bru sse ls , Mr Van Mons

cou ld at the same t ime perform“

h is duty as professor , superintend hisnursery , and pu rsue h is experiments . He was then at the apogee of

h is pomolog ical career he h ad more than 80,000

' trees in h is P ep i

nz'

ere de l a F idelite [Nursery of F ide l i ty] the greater part ofwhichw ere pears raised from the seed several - compartments were in the irfourth j fifth , and s ixth generat ions Wi thou t interru pt ion, from parent

to'

son,and '

produced de l ic ious fru i ts. He had for several years sentscions to Germany

,Eng land and the Un i ted S tates ofAmer i ca nev

e rth eless, excep t h is friend Bosc , Mr V i lmor in

,Mr Leon Le ilerIcT

and Mr Bonne t , there was scarce l y an ind iv idual in France,who

knew that Mr Van Mons ex isted ; su ch Is th e emp ire wh ich rou t ine and

apathy h as among us . T he Engl ish and Amer ican catalogues are

fi l led wi th Mr Van Mons’fru i t ; and i t was not unti l 1834 t hat we

find a. few of them descr ibed,in th e new

“

ed ition of Mr No isette ’sJ ardin F ru itier .

To decide upon the character of the se new fru i ts , Mr Van Mons

assembled three or fou r fr iends who we re supe r ior j udges'

; they tastedthem

,wrote down th e qual i t ies of each , and Mr Van Mons pre served

only the trees that produced fru i t whi ch was dec ided to be good

and very good ; the“

same proof was repeated two,three

,and four

t imes in succession,

“

an‘

d it was“

not unt i l after these repe ated tr ials ,that h e dec ided to take grafts from the trees which bore them. 0 i t h issubject

,I Shou ld here make a few remarks , to d iss ipate the doubt wh ich

some persons st i l l e ntertain,on th e care wh ich Mr Van Mons took to

propagate only exce l lent fru i ts . In the first p lace , i t shou ld b e observedthat e very year is not favorable to the

,pe rfect deveIOpement

'

of the

good qual it ies of fru it , and'

t h at if a fru i t gene ral ly'de l icious

,is tasted

for th e first t ime , in an unfavorab le y e ar, an infer ior qu al i ty may be

d iscovered . It was thu s t hat in 1833 I d id not find in several samp lesofP oiteau

’s pear those exce l lent qu al i t ies

,wh ich Mr Van Mons

'

had

recognised dur ing four success ive years, and wh ich had de term inedth is learned man

,from mot ives of fr iendsh ip

,to honor me by affix ing

to it my name . In th e second p lace,it was always imposs ible for Mr

Van Mons to col lect the scions h imse lf, as he was too much occup ied ,which exp lains wh y i t somet imes h as happened , that an ind iffe I ent var ie ty h as been rece ived

,instead ofa k ind worthy ofpropao atron It was

e v idently from an error of th is k ind,that MrV i lmor in re ce ived

,under

the name of Beurre Fourcroy , a Pear tree of a very late k ind, _

the'

fru it ofwh ich had no meri t for Mr Van Mons h ad tasted the Be u rre

‘228 RAISING FRU IT TREES F ROM eSEED .

Fou rcroy several years in su ccession,and had found it worthy ofbe ing ,

d ed icated to that most learned chemist , who had accepted the ded icat ion ,

a - l i ttle t ime before h is death .

Mr Van Mons fu l ly enjoyed the resu l t Of h is long cont inued expe

riments ; h e was happy in d iffusing w ith real d is interestedness, andth e greatest comp lacence , h is new fru i ts , the greater part of wh ichwere super ior to those w i th wh ich we are acquainted , when in 1819, ea:abrup to, the land on wh ich h is nursery ofF idel ity was ' located wasdec ided to b e ind ispensab le for stree ts and bu i ld ing lots , and h e Was

summoned to vacate i t in the short space of two months,under the

penal ty ofsee ing al l h is trees cut down and thrown into th e fire .

S uch an injunct ion wou ld have been fatal to many persons,other

than such a man as Mr Van Mons h e was sens ib ly affected,b u t not

frustrated ; h is nob le character, h is profound knowledge ofmen ena

abled h im'

to surmount th is re verse offortune,and d isposed h imcalmly

to seek e lsewhere , another p lace for h is establ ishment. As professor

in the Univers i ty OfLou vain,he

"

resol ved to transport h is nu rsu ry to

that ci ty , that he might have i t under h is management, w i thout leaving the Un ivers i ty ; bu t the per iod a ss igned for evacu at ing the landwas unfortunate ly , that ofmid-winter, - from the first ofNovember to

the last ‘

ofDecember .

’

Mr Van Mons h ad at h is d isposal,onl y a part

ofS atu rday and Sunday ‘

in e ach week , when he cou ld go to Brusse ls ;to col lect the scions , to mark the mos t precious trees . and g ive therequ is i te orders for the o thers

,was al l that“ h e cou ld do himse lf: and

anothe r garden as extens ive as th at wh ich h e evacu ated , was requ i redfor the recept ion of h is trees . His loss was consequently great andirreparab le , from the unfortunate pos i t ion in wh ich he was p lacedbe ing ob l iged to confide nearly the whole ofth e care . and labor of re

moval , to persons not we l l qual ified , and who were Incapab leof com

prehend ing the deep inte rest wh ich he fe l t for the preservation ofh is

trees . It was w i th great d ifficu l ty that he saved a twent ie th part ofh is nu rsery , and th is twentie th cons isted only of scions for graft ing .

T he remainder were sold or g iven to whoever wou ld take them. Aftersuch a catastrophe Mr VanMons cons idered i t necessary to guard

against be ing ‘ever - again exposed to such a calami ty . . Bu t incapab leof d istrust , he h ired a p iece of land in Louvain ,

wh ich unfortunate lybe longed to th e c ity , as a receptacle for the ru ins of h is nursery at

Brusse ls , and continued h is sowings and experiments .

Except, hav ing a great number of young p lants broken down and

drawn out ofthe ground , by the masses ofice wh ich were left on the

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RAIS ING FRU IT TRE ES FROM SEED .

upon‘

as -

'

to qual ity : Second, the names

'

fol lowed by the words by us

natural ly ind i cate that the var ie t ies thus designated have been produ ced from

‘

the seeds by Van

'

Mons ; th ird , when the name is fol lowedby the _

'

words by its p atron , they . ind icate that the name ofthe varie tyis th at of the person who h as obtained it from the seed . Bu t thereis one ve ry important th ing wh ich Mr Van Mons d id not ' th ink of

,

and wh ich wou ld have been very'

uSefu l in the h istory of fru i t trees,

e spec ial l y to ascertain the course and progress of the ir [deterioratiomth is was

,to have fixed “

the year of the b irth -

ofeach of the new vari

eties,des ignated in h is catalogue . Mr Van Mons was alone capab le

ofdo ing i t when I spoke to h im abou t it,h e rep l ied that h is inten

t ion had not been to estab l ish a sc ience , b u t rather to do a good,act

,

wh ich wou ld be immed iate ly usefu l by th e d isseminat ion ofgood fru i tsst i l l h e regre ts h av ing left th is h iatus

,

'

wh ich h is notes do not now eu

able h im ent i re l y to fi l l up.

AS I have before stated , Mr Van Mons enjoyed h is fifty years of

exper iments,in enri ch ing us w ith good exce l lent fru i ts ; b ut

'

p ubl ic

u ti l ity h ad sworn t hat she w ou ld final l y emb itter h is old age . In 183 1

we besieged the c itade l D’

Anvers , and al though Mr Van Mens nur

sery was fourteen le agues d istant from the army,the eng ineerscou ld not

find a more commod iou s p lace than’

that nursery , to bake the , bre ad of

th e sold iersin ; consequently a gre at part of Mr Van Mou s’

s treeswere destroyed , hav ing constructed the ir ovens on th e ground

where they grew , ‘and the fru i t of the others was exposed to p i l lage .

S til l th e ph ilosophy of Mr Van Mons

'

sustained h im in th is unexpecte d devastat ion h e h i red two other tracts of land

,into wh ich h e re

mOved h is young plantsl

of th e seventh,. e igh th and

“

ninth uninterruptedgenerat ion,

from parent to son ; he was consoled becau se he h ad t imeto col lect

,al though i t was in the summer

,sciOns of the trees wh ich

Were sacrificed to afford a pl ace for the erection of ovens ; bu t p ub l ic

u ti l ity h ad nOt y et exhau sted al l h er sever i t ies against h im. Unfor

tunate l y there was not a Ch aptal in the counc i l of the pr ince,and

th e eng ineer , see ing noth ing , dec ided again“

in 1834,in the name of

pu b l ic uti l ity ,that Mr Van Mons

’nurse ry was the sole “

and onl y po int

on the globe ,proper for th e establ ishment of a gas

- hou se for l ight ingthe “ ci ty . Heaven grant that these gentlemen may be

.

enabled tobe tte r for th e fu tu re ; b u t i t is not in the ir power to pre vent the true

fr iends of inte l lectual l ight , and of pub l ic prosper i ty,from regard ing

the i r decision as an act of ignorance and the grosse‘

st vandal ism .

Mr Van'

M ons is actual l y seventy years ofage he has consecrated

RAIS ING FRU IT T RE ES ‘ FROM SEED . 231

h iswhole , al l h is l ife , a larger part ofh is fortune to pub l ic u t i l ity , and

y et i t is the name of p ublic u ti lity ,that they have s lain h im

, assassi

nated h im ! 0 age of l ight, how dark ‘thou art'

In the commencement ofSeptember 1834 , 'Mr Van Mons,OII send

ing me a box ofpears wh ich were the first of a seventh generat ion,observed in h is letter , when y ou taste these Pears , the trees wh ichbore them w i l l no longer ex ist.” In fact

,I learned a few days afte r ,

that the destruct i ve axe h ad prostrated these t rees and many others,thatthe nursery was d ishonor-ed , lost , and Mr Van Mons frustrated in

h is dearest hopes , wh ich were to send us the products ofh is labor.

It is impossib le to foresee , or rather I daré 'not e xpress my fears as

to what w i l l become of the ru Ins of an establ ishment , virh ich wantedencouragement , wh ich was ofa nature to e levate the g lory ofan em

pirefi“

NOT E B Y MR .POITEAU .

Count Lel ieur of V i l le - sur Ance,be l ieves w ith Mr Mur inais and

Mr Bonne t,that the“

stock h as an influence On the seeds of th e graft .During h is res idence in Nort h Amer i ca

, h e saw in the env irons"

of

New York a red and a wh ite peach wh ich perpetuated the ir s tonewithou t variat ion ,

b ut when he h ad budded th e red on the wh ite and

the wh ite on the red , they ne i ther produced fru i t perfectly red , or perfectly wh i te , th e two colors were .m ing led .

GRAFT ING BY COPULAT I'ON ,AS PRACT ISED BY MR VAN MONS .

Mr Van Mons h as always pract ised th is mode of graft ing in h is

nu rsery,preferr ing i t to al l others

,as its resu l ts are ve ry sat isfactory .

“

He has pract ised it in h is hou se before the fire,w i th a roo t “

upon a

radii, to supp ly a tree ,wh ich h e requ ired .

’

When a tree h as been k i l ledby v iolence

,its branches wi thered

,dead in the e st imat ion of mos t

peop le,he h as grafted from it w i t h success by copu lat ion. S cions

thu s p laced on stockswh ich have been set out late are fac i l i tatedin the ir un ion, it succeeds w i th an herbaceous sc ion on a l igneousstalk , and can consequent ly be practised in summer as in the

spring .

I have learned that Mr Van Mons has b een“

ordered to evacuate th e whole ofth e land before the end ofFeb ruary .

“

A s th e above was written in 1834,the nu rsery must have been destroy ed in

1835 .- Translator.

'

RAIS‘ING T‘RUIT TREES ’ FROM SEED .

'

Al though‘

the best cond it ion for success iswhen thestock and“

scion'

are ofthe same d iameter, th e Stock may neverthe less b e larger t han

the scion , or th e sc ion larger than t he stock .

EXPLANAT ION OF THE PLATE .

FIG. 1 . An examp le where the stalk and‘

sc ion are ofth’

e

'

Same

d iame ter each is cu t Slop ing,and the parts app l ied one on the other

as exactly as poss ible,w ith th e precaution that th e inter ior bark of

e ach co inc ide in th e whole or greate r part of t he ir extent . To draw

the sap i t is ad vantageous to so cu t th e scIon,as to leave a b ud a , at the

top of th e stalk,and another at b , at the bottom of the Scion b ut i t

succeeds equ'al ly we l l w i thou t th is precau t ion , w h ich Is not alwayspract i cable . When th e two parts are adj usted , Mr Van Mons b inds

them together w i th bass l igatures , and covers the whole with graft ingwax or other compos i t ion .

FIG. 2 . An examp le when the stock is larger than the sc ion .

The scion or graft is cu t as in the other case, leav ing a b ud verynear the super ior border ofthe

'

Slope ofthe su m ,and they are un i ted ,

as Is seen,figu re 3

,III such amanner that the interior ofth e bark ofthe

stock and that of the su m touch and coinci de to th e greatest poss iblee x tent

,as i t is on ly be tween thebark and th e wood that theorganic

un ion can be effe ctedIt can eas i ly be perce ived in th is examp le

,that “th e large wound a

ofthe stalk,w i l l b e a long t ime in heal ing over

,and that the scion is

expos ed to b e d isp laced by ”

the w ind,ifpu t on a tal l stock

F IG . 4 . Another exampl e where the stock is larger than the

scion . Here there Is a mod ificat ionwh ich Mr Van Mons h as not

explained ; b u t I suppose that the s lope a is rather to faci l itate the

recovery ofthe wound , than for the re cept ion ofthe graft , l ike that Offigure 3 the scion b w i l l be in a be tter cond i t ion than if pla cedupon .

'

th e scaff a,al though the sc ion b

,:in consequence of the great

diametero fthe stock , can onl y attach itselfon one side .

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234 LEAVES FROM M ir NOTE BOOK .

country ; a fu l l v iew of the garden ofM r Prat t is also h ad from th isp lace , which want of time prevents me from v is i t ing .

T he s tree ts ofP h iladelph ia are beau t ifu l ly regu lar, and e ach parall e l to its ne ighbor . Trees l ine the principal avenues , wh ich render

them cont inual ly green in Summer .

“I some t imes sm i le as I pass alongthe stree ts

'

of the city , to see h‘

Ow p'

ro‘

ud people appe ar to b e of thei rl ittle parlor green- ho

'

iIses . Each fa ir lady seems trying to r ival theother in the taste

“

and beau ty ofh er gay w intry compan ions ; theyseemstriv ing to cheat the gay slimmer and autumn flowers

“into showing the ir fine colors in mid w inter , and the effect produced is veryp leas ing to th e passer- b y . He catches '

a gl impse of some fair be inghover ing over h er pets, and train ing

“

each stray leaf w i th as jealous acare as the amateur in h is more extens ive but hard l y “

more fascinat inggreenhouse . It makes u s poor bache lors sometimes w ish we weresome flower,

”

usefu l or ornamental,that we m ight catch a part i cle of

that precious care wh ich beau ty and puri ty bestows on the sense lessb ut more beau t ifu l and usefu l p lant . In Bal t imore

,the c ity of fair

lad ies,as they say , I was pass ing along Charles S tree t one beau t ifu l

day , and h ad been admiring th e floral beau t ies in th e w indows of thesuperb mans ions

,when I come suddenly on a l itt le gem of a green

lIou'

se'

at the corner ofOne ofthe streets,fi l led w i th a gre at var iety of

flowers , many . in'

b loom,and al l open to the v iew cf the pass ing ey e .

The'

effect was very fine, and I'

wonder they are not more commonin Our c it ies , for the purpose of supp ly ing bouqu ets to the lover‘

s of

F lora’s treasures .

But I must b id ad ieu to th is - fair city,and beg in my journey to

the far and beau t ifu l West, th e promised land of every d iscontented

or amb i t ious New-Eng lander “

the El Dorado of h im who seeks for

more of th is world ’s goods than h e can attain in your land of steadyhab i t‘s .

Our rou te l ies th rough what h as been tru ly cal led“

the garden of

Pennsy lvan ia.

”R i ch fie lds ofth e spr ing wheat spre ad around u s

“

o'

i1

every s ide . Fru i t trees ofmany kinds find a r ich and congen ial So i l,

and th e agr i cu l tural and hort icu ltural exh ib i t ions of th is g iant S tate ,equal ifnot

.

su rpass those ofany S tate in the Un ion. AS we p rogress

towards the mounta ins, th e scene every hou r Increases“

in interest andbeau ty . The r i ch

“

farms,many of them the property of the German

emigrant , now become more substantial in the a ppearance of t he ir

bu i ld ings than in th e more At lant ic States , and the gray‘

stone'

farm

houses of the inhabitants -many of ‘them enc ircl ed fb y t he sycamore

LEAVES FROM MY NOTE BOOK . 235

and other trees, speak an air of qu iet and rural comfort whi ch the

r ich deni zen ofthe c ity m ight we l l envy S tone 15 the pr incipal material u sed in the ir bu i ld ings, and the

.

spac iousness and comfort Ofthe ir barns and ou thouses are such as a farmer

,who is content w i th

the usual frai l and i l l - shapen ou thouses ofaNeW-E’

n

'

g lander m1gh t

we l l view w ith aston ishment and admirat ion .

Many of the towns, also,have an appendage wh ich the ey e of a

trave l ler and a lover ofqu iet beau ty and taste Often del ights to l ingerupon I mean the b ury ihg- grounds, or rural cerne ter1es. . There are

a few l n th is State wh ich are an honor and an ornament to th e townsto wh ich they are attached . A gentleman who jo ined us fromthe

rou te through Be th lehem and Harrisburg , gave me a very fine descr ipt ion ofa rural cemete ry 111 th e beaut ifu l town ofBethlehem

,and

which,from h is glow ing descript ion may stand in humb le d is tance

w i th ou r beau t ifu l and romant i c Mount Auburn . De l ightfu l,calm

,

beau t ifu l I luve to th ink,as I pass through

'

thesec it ies of th e Sou th , how mu ch we owe to Ou r Hort icultural Socie ty

,

and to the energy , perseverance and class ic taste of, DEARBORN,COOK

,

VOSE,and the ir associates 1 am proud ofour beau t ifu l Aubu rn

,and

as I recount to th e trave l ler the calm and se cluded beau ty of thep lace

,it seems one l ink to attach me to my own ,

my natrve land .

”

Let me sleep w i th my fathers ,”is a beau t ifu l thought

,and one

wh ich the wanderer Often br ings to h is mind ; 'but i t comes With a

fou rfold beau ty and force , when that s leep” is associated w i th a spotwhere natu re and art have comb ined to prowde a p lace where thefootstep of the surv ivor may , w i th melanchol y p leasu re , hover roundth e graves of the departed

, and p lant and wate r the rose, the swee t

briar,and the flowerwh ich he had loved whi le 0 11 e arth . There 15 a

feature 1n the cemetery at Be thle hem,borrowed fromthe E u ropeans

,

wh ich I th ink m ight b e introduced into the plan ofour ceme tery . At

th e entrance of th e green lane wh ich le ads to the p lace , is a smal lstone bu i ld ing cal led the Dead House

,

”in wh ich the bod ies of the

dead are depos i ted some t ime prav 1ous to the ir final burial . By leaving the head uncovered , 1f l 1fe by. any chance shou ld remain

,it h as a

chance ofrenewrng its energ ies before the turf closes over 1t forever.

Even 1n the grave the r ig id and cold ru les ofthe Moraw ans continuethe males are d iv ided from the females by an avenue through the

centre of the rows of grave s,

a smal l slab rests on th e g 1 ave,on

which Is engrav'

en the name of the departed, the d ate of h is b i rthand ofh is death .

286 LEAVES FROM MY NOTE BOOK .

I love to l inger amid the calm, cold p laces of the .dead, when theyare adorned and beautified by the charms whi ch nature , aided and

gu ided by the hand of taste , throws over the“ consecrated p lace . To

some it may appear a s ingu lar and dreary taste , wh ich loves to th inkof th e grave . Bu t if it b e a s ingu lar taste

,i t is one wh ich w i l l render

th e heart purer, and cast a g leam of sunsh ine over th e pathway to a

be tter world . It mu st'grat ify the hearts ofthe l iberal men who p lanned Mount Auburn, to know that its p lan is admired and is be ing

fol lowed in many c it ies ofou r country and the t ime w i l l soon comewhen every c ity and large town w i l l boast of its ru ral ceme tery . A

modern wri ter says : The d isposal of the dead is as true a test ofciv i l izat ion in a soc ial commun i ty as the social re lat ions ofthe l iv ingThe taste w h ich embe l l ishes l ife passes w i th the arts attendant uponi t,from one nat ion to another

,l ike a merchantab le commod i ty b ut

th e sent iment which wou ld ve i l the dreariness ofthe grave , and throwa charm ’

even around th e sepu l chre,

:

that wou ld h ide the forb idd ingfeatures of that formal mound and she l ter th e ashes beneath it fromcontume ly

,— th is

'

is a character ist i c springmg from some pecul iartone of nat ional fee l ing , and rad ical ly d ist inct ive of the commun ityw hich possesses i t .”

a a as a:

I t was abou t tw i l ight when we left the beau t ifu l banks of« the S us

queh anna, and began to wander among the h il ls wh ich here beg in,

and cont inue , t il l they terminate in th e lofty peaks of the Allegh an ies . Here beg ins a change in the face of the

'

country , and in the

appearance of the farms and farm- houses . You miss th e substant ialstone house of th e low country farmer, and find the rude h ut of

h im who years ago was cons idered an emigrant to th e “ far West”

b ut now the We st - h as removed toward th e Rocky‘

Mountains by somethou sands of mi les

,and even on the d istant Arkansas

,they te l l y ou

w i th a grave face of the emigrant to the far West ,” as the inhab i

tants ofBangor and thereabou ts te l l y ou abou t the downeasters .

”

as a a a as

we are now in the bosom of th e Alleghanies, and th e sceneryaround ,

'

beneath,above u s

,is tru l y beaut ifu l perhaps I may say s

‘

ub

l imely beau tiful , for i t wel l deserves that appe l lat ion. On one handl ie .the mountain tops enve loped in a dense mass ofvapor, wh i le ever

and anon a peak seems to shoot up from the mass,and stands out ‘

proud ly and calmly against the clear b lue sky of au tumn. I somet imes th ink it is an image of tru th emerging from the dark cloud of

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238 LEAVES FROM MY NOTE B OOK.

theEast . Its growth has been rap id , and no town can more justlyboast of weal th der ived from smal l beg inn ings . Onl y a l i ttle morethan seventy years s ince

,the fu tu re father ofh is

'

country ,”a young

man of twentytwo, was wre cked on a smal l island near the present

c ity of P i ttsburg , on h is re tu rn from Le BcB -uf,wh ithe r h e had been

despatched b y'

Gove rnor Dinw idd ie . In th e year 1754 ,and

’55 i t

became ce lebrated by the b loody annal s of Du Q u e sne,and a

'

short

d istance from th e c ity is the fie ld whe re Br i tain ’s b ravest and most

gal lant sons fe l l a sacr ifice to th e fool - hardy valor of Braddock,who

atoned for h is reck lessness w ith h is l ife . Th e fie ld h as long s incebeen cleared , and th e qu ie t labors of ag ri cu l ture are now pu rsued

peace where th e war whoop of th e savage e choed on that b loody dayamid th e leafy forest . And e ver and anon as th e hardy hu sbandmanturns up w i th h is p lough some re l i c of the battle ; a ru sty kn ife

,a

hatchet or a tomahawk , he may turn to h is ch i ldren and te l l them of

all the horrors that took p lace on that spot in the ear ly days of our

now happy and g lor ious country . The re are a few state ly oaks st il lstand ing on the fie ld

,and the inhab itants te l l y ou that occas ional ly

the d u sky form of th e savage may b e seen g l id ing beneath the ir shadows in the calm moonl ight !A l though occupying a fine s i tuat ion, the town presents noth ing

ofbeau ty to intere st th e trave l ler,ow ing to the manner in wh ich i t is

laid ou t,the absence ofpu bl ic promenade s, trees , &c. They have a

suppl y of pure water , a great des ideratum in my humble op in ion,by

means of a large open bas in on Grant ’s h i l l, (so named from the de ,

feat of that brave office r,at

'

its base , in the French war, ) wh ich issuppl ied by a steam engme from the A l leghany r iver . It is thencecondu cted - over th e c ity by means ofp1pes .

A love ly morn ing dawned upon u s as we left P i ttsburg . Ou r

cou rse now l ies b etween 'th e beau t ifu l banksof La be l le r iv i e re,

”

and among islands wh ich seem e ver g reen and Verdant ."

We passed

Economy , se ttled by R app,so j u st ly ce lebrated for its str i ct ad her

ence to what h as tru ly been cal led Heaven’s first l aw

,— for its orde r

and regu lari ty are th e most prom inen t and beau ti fu l featu res of th ep lace, and the ir consequence are shown in fine orchards

, flourish

ing v ineyards , neat bu i ld ings and spaciou s st ree ts. The town h asbeen formed on the principle ofown ing al l the property as a corporat ion — a new ed i t ion of th e aposto l i c e ra; .

a community of go'

ods .

The main features along th e Oh io, as ide from the beau t ies ofnatu re ,are the flourish ing and prosperous state '

of the so recently forme d

ZEFIFECTS OF WINTER UPON VAR'

IOUS PLANTS . 239"

towns, some of them as it were of th e growth of’

y e ste rday . The

w ind ings of the r iver afi’ord some of t he most sp lend id v iews to befound in any part of our var ied country - b ut when y ou h ave seen a

few m i les of its fine scenery, y ou have see n abou t al l the var iety th e

river affords t il l y ou get beyond Cinc innat i . It - is a cont inued suc

cess ion of “ b luff” and “ bottom,

” wi th here and there some th ings trange or interest ing to attrac t th e ey e .

But I have already extende d my letter to too great a lengt h . IfI

am du l ler t han travel lers usual ly are, y ou must l ay a part of it to the

fact, that I cannot'

roa’

m so far On the w ings of fancy and descript ion

‘

as they,be ing restraine d by

.

the part icular character of yourJou rnal . My nex t w i l l date from the sunny Sou th.

L’A

’

M t .

A‘RT . III .—A few Remarks upon rhe Efi ect of the Wi nter on

var iou s P lants . Communicated by Mr JOS EPH BRECK'

.

To those who are dest itu te of‘

a green- hou se,and of course confin

cd to th e cu l t ivat ion of hardy p lants alone , every'

new spec ies thatprove s hardy , w i l

'l'

be considered'

a Valuable acqu isi t ion to the ornamental department

,”Th e winter past

,though one of the most se vere we

have ever fel t,h as , notw i thstand ing , been favorab le for the preservat ion ofmany p lants

,t hat in less severe seasons , w i th less snow would

have per ished . B efore we h ad an opportun i ty to protect some of the

more tender p lants,as is our usual cu ‘

stom,the first snow storm took

u s by rprise somewhere abou t the 20th ofNovember, and contraryto theexpectat ions ofal l , remained u nt i l the first of 'Apr i l .We have h ad then,

an alp ine “

w inter,th e snows ofwh ich have af-a

forded the be st p‘

r'

otec‘t ion poss ib le for tender p lants .

T h e beaut ifu l fami ly of M imu lus have al l s urv ived and are in'

fine

cond i t ion . T he so i l in wh ich they have been kep t is '

Very we t ; th e

Only'

proper s i tuat ion,

for them ‘

; for in dry so i ls,

they are good for

noth ing . The var ie t ies or species are M roseus; r ivu larz°

s,vdrz

'

eg atu s ,

smith iz’

, gu ttatus and luteu s . We h ad the seeds of these d irect fromEngland last y ear ,

'

bu t they Were m ixed,or - th

'

e flowers sported insuCh a manner that we cou ld not diStingu ish

’

the pecu l iari t ies of al l

the d ifferent sorts .

Our best Carnations wekept in'

frames, but th ose left in the berders

EFFECTS OF w'

i NT En UPON VAR IOUS PLANTS .

have stood the w inter admirab ly . P inks have never looked betterthan they do th is spr ing .

P ensttemon difusas appears to b e perfectly hardy. P . pu lchel la

h as‘

also surv ived,bu t somewhat inju red . P .

'

atrop urpurea in low ,

wet ground h as comp le te ly fai led onhigher ground it has done better . This w i th p u lchel la shou ld '

be protected in a frame,when the y

are eas i ly preserved .

Cantua coronop ifol ia or Ip omost'

s eleg ans is ve ry su bject to dampOff, and difi cu lt to keep through the w inter . Much protection is sureto kil l

“

the p lants. It h as general ly been cons idered a tender p lantand treated as su ch . Hav ing many fine p lants, we d istr ibu ted them

in variou s exposures, in hopes to save somef We are h appy'

to statethat abou t halfofth e whole number are in fine cond i t ion . T he dri

e st so i l in the shade ofa fence seems to be the most favorab le s itu at ionfor t hem : if the ground is incl in ing to mo isture , there is b ut l i ttlechance for them so fine a plant as the Cantua deserves a p lace in

every garden . We wou ld recommend for experiment to sow the seed

in August , as perhaps , the smal l p lants wou ld endure the w inter better than l arge ones .

S a lp ig lossis p icta flourished fine ly w i th u s last'

season and seeded

abundantl y before w 1nter set in,we found young plants

, around the

old ones wh ich were taken up p laced in pots, and kep t in fine Order inth e frame .

E schscoltzz’

a Ca l ifornian h as kept very we l l general ly ; the w interbefore we lost

.

al l our p lants the dr iest so i l is the best inwh ich to

preserve them .

Our Lobel ias we thought most safe in th e frame,where they are

very eas i ly kept , or e ven in a ce l lar .

P lants ofL . fu lgens and sy p hi l itica have stood out, but the formersomewhat injured . L . cardina lz

'

s does the best also when she l tered .

Chelo'

ne barbata in wet ground is injured , b ut in dry , in good order.

P olemonz'

umMexicana h as proved hardy . S tenactz'

s sp eciosa , a new

perennial , th e seeds ofwh ich we rece ived last season,is very hardy :

not hav ing seen any descr ipt ion of i t we cannot tel l whe ther i t w il l be \

a valu ab le acqu is i t ion to th e flower garden or not ; from its spec ificname we shou ld suppose i t to b e showy .Sp ar tium scop ar ium. Sco tch Broom . This beau t ifu l shrub has

been very much injnred where not covered w i th snow. Prostratep lants are in perfect order , and w il l undoubted ly produce an abun

dance ofthe ir bri l l iant flowers . The onl y me thod by wh ich we may

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A DREAM .

w i th my day’s occupat ion,

and s ink ing into'

an easy chair,“

took upthe Transcr ipt . After read ing the news

,813 0 . I l istlessly turned '

to

the ad vert isements,andwas astonished at find ing

’

one from my in t imate fr iend M .

,nearly

ii

as fo l lows“ Mr M

“

informs'

th e young M isses and Masters who u su al ly , go out

May ing,that on Monday ,

'

the 52d ofMay , if the weather is favorable ,h is garden w i l l be opened to al l neat ly dressed and we l l

‘

d isposedchi ldren

,whe re they may gather flowe rs in moderat ion, ; and enjoy

themse l ves unt i l 8 o’

cloc-k.

/

I know not \ how i t w as,b uts l appeared to be stand ing at my

friend ’s gate ,'

the golden sun j ust bu rst ing into the clearest atmos

phere'

Ii

ever w i tnessed“

: A lready a few groups of l ive ly rosy faces

showed themse lves at'

the end Of the I walked at once intothe garden, and was u tterly surpri sed at see ing three long i rOVvS

‘

ofda'f

fod ils in fu l l splendor ; on turn ing round a corner , I came in Vl eW Of

a swe l l ing slope fi onting the Sou th , covered wi th myr iads of the

wh ite,red and b lue hepat i ca

,such as

‘

may be Seen w i ld at Moun tAu burn ; proceed ing onwards

,

'

I was stru ck w i th seven. or e ight bedsal ternate v iole ts in fu ll fragrance , and the snowy S angu 1nar1a canadensis

,wh ich are found

I

in abundance near Fresh POnd , bu t whoselazy pe tals

,l ike the eye l ids of many j

‘

w il l not Open unt i l th e sun is.

h igh . Near a smal l art ificial swamp, we re twoor. three patches oftheye l low dog ’s tooth v iole t

,whose beau t iful l y brown mottled leaves and

elegant nodd ing flowe rs,are sure to attract admirat ion ;

“

and the sur

round ing rocks ere covered w ith /that first l ittle harb inger of spr ing

,

the vernal sax ifrage , these; and a few snowdropsand crocu ses we renearly al l I can nowremember .

“

Ju st as I h ad turned to admire theexqu 1s1te b lue

'

Of the periwink’

le, wh ich cove red another large port ionof the garden

,I was overtaken by my

‘

worth y friend , whose counte

nance was rad iant . w ith that express1on ofqu ietde l ight wh ich We on'

ly

remember ob servmg in dreams . After a sl ight apology for hav ingomi tted inv i t ing me to h is breakfast party , he exp lained,

ta me the

p lan of th e entertainment,and assigned to me

,as one Ofh is guests, a

port ion of the du ty .of/

watch ing that th e happy l i ttle ramb lers d id not

overstep the bounds ofmoderat ion in the bouquets that e ach was permitted to

, gather. This d u ty never became irksome — the ch i ldrenseemed fu l l Of

‘

joy and de l ight,many of them in innocent

-

prattle ant i cipating th e p leasure the ir friends and pal ents Wou ld fee l at rece iv ingthese l i tt le tr ibutes of the com ing spr ing . For myse lf

,I was absorbed

in the reflect ion of how mu ch happ iness may be d iffused around by

A DREAM’

. 243

one good and - act i .ve heart , when xthe t ink l ing of,

a smal l be l l announcedthat the,

presence of th e ch i ldren,was

'

desired on th e

lawn infront of the house . Here we found a .we l l covered.

bre akfasttab le for twenty persons

,a nd about two hundred and fifty good s l ices

ofbre ad and bu tter w i th mugs contammg half a p int of m i lk each,

laid out on the grass for su ch of the ch i ldren as might be incl ined toe at . Each person’

s plate on the breakfast table was covered by ane legant bouque t of exot i c flowers, the contr ibu t ions of my friend

’s

and the ne igboring

’

green- houses .

'

A l l be ing assemb led,a worth y

,

min isterpoured forth a devout asp irat ion of praise and thanksgwmgto the bounteous g i ver of al l g

_

o,

od and invoked H is b less ing on th e

present assembl y . Six of our host’s vocal fr iends then commencedS ing ing that beau t ifu l p iece

Hail sm i l ing- morn,that tips the h i l ls w ith gold ,

Whose rosy fingers ope th e gates ofday , Hai l ! h ai l ! hai l !Wh o the gay face ofNatu re .doth u nfold ,A t whose b right presence darkness flies away , Hai l ! hai l . hai l !”

Never - d id musi c appear to, me more d iv-ine . After an exce l lentbreakfast

'

wh’

ieh appeared , more than any meal I h ad ever partaken, tob e tru ly the feast of re ason and the HOW of sou l , we rose and per

ambu lated the green- hou ses,l istening w ith pleasure to my fr iend

’s

h istory of the'

use

’

s and cu l tivation’

of One plant'

after another whensuddenly the burst of three hu rrahs from the young v is i tors who were

abou t to l leave,

‘

made me start and,unwe l come real ity I found

'

myse lfseated on my e asy chair, hav ing , by an unl ucky mot ion_ofmy

foot thrown down poke r, shove ] , tongs and be l lows and bu rst the

chain .of d reaming fancy,in wh ich I h ad been thus de l ightful ly spe l l

bound

MrEd itor th e cherub faces of these ch ildren h ave haunted meever s ince to su ch a degree , that 1 have de termined on break ing th evow of ce l ibacy I h ad made

,and have resol ved to get marr ied forth

w i th,if I can find any fai r damse l wh o w i l l have compass ion On a

repent ing bache lor . You rs,tru ly ,

‘

JUVENrs .

ART . V .-Extracts from GermanP eriodicals .

S I R I ’have‘

always thought that b orrowed usense

’

w‘

as more profit

ab le to i'ead than o r ig inal nonsense,and part i cu lar l y Where it is

seasoned w i th the , re l ish‘

of nove l ty : Under th is imp’

ress ion I am e

EXTRACTS FROM Ge rman PER IOD ICALS .

abou t to offer for. insert ion in you r Reg ister extracts fromsome pe

r iodical . works pub l ished in 1835 in Germany,wh ich in al l prob a

b il ity w i l l be new to“

most ofyour readers .

Hav ing rece ived rath er a large quant i ty of these shee ts, a great

portion of which i s devoted to pure botany , my purpose is to wadethrough them by degrees, and tO se le ct such informat ion as appears

tome e i ther useful or amusing to the horticulturist in th isqujarter

'

of

the g lobeNo one w i l l deny to the Germans the character ofunwearied assi

du ity , and the extreme of perseverance in the ir various pu'

rsuits ;

consequent ly the ir learned and sc ient ific; men, ,their'

natural histori anshave always ranked‘

h’

igh in Europe ; mu ch of the information I'

s‘

nal l t

Offer has been e l i c i ted at associat ions of su ch men,and

,therefore

hi s

to be considered of somewe ight. I need only, ment ion the names of

Dr VonMartins,'Dr Mohl , and P rofessor Nees Von

'

Ese-nbeck,to

insure assent to th is assertionAt one of the ir meetings, Count S ternberg offered some informa

t ion on the sprou ting and growth of grains of wheat wh ich '

h ad been

found in the cases ofEgyp t ianmumm ies . The first attempt to v iv ifythe wheat

‘

by prev ious immersi on in weak acid fai led,ow ing

,as it

appeared,to great age hav ing rendered th e ou ts ide skin of th e

'

grain

so tender,that the

_

flo\wery port ion of the

’

seed s

’

oOn'

l iq

’

u ified,and

water alOne produ c'

ed the'

same effect . T he next . tr ial was '

m‘

ade byd ipp ing the grains in

‘to Oil,

"

and then pl anti'

ng t hem pre tty deep ingarden pots p laced in a sau cer partly filled w i th water ; th is was successfu l , , and two p lantswere produced , one of wh ich was p laced inthe ope ii gro

’

und,the other rece ived th e protection Of

’

the greenhouse;OfOourse mu ch cur iosi ty was excited on the

“

quest ion of t he .

_spec ies

ofwheat common in those earl y per iods . T h e p lant exposed in'

theopen ai r was mu ch inju red by frost and h ail

,bli t late in the season

produced a'

few r ipe ears. That in the greenhouse flour ished and

produced several heads wh ich unde rwent m inu te exam inat ion,and

proved_

to b e what is now cal led Ta lavera Wheat its botanicalcharacter is Tr iticum vulg are—4 3p iea lam ,

mu tiea,a lba

, glabra .

It was .inc idental l y ment ioned that grains of Ind ian corn h ad beenfound in th e tombs of some of the Incas of Peru

,wh ich 'h ad been

brought to vege tate .

T h e conversat ion subsequent ly took a very intefesting'

turn on

’

thesubject ofthe powers of vege tat ion ofseeds

,particu larl y ofthe grassesgathered in an unripe state . Dr Kurr of S tu ttgard t stated t hat he

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n ial tothem and choose th e baked pottery wh ich i s apparen'

ou t any nu tr i t iou s ju i ces whateverIn London’s Gardener’s Magaz ine for November , 1835 , t

new method of str ik ing cu tt ings , as fo l lows Take a larg i

pot, fil l i t abou t an inch deep w ith broken b i ts ofpottery , thesmal l pot, step the hole at the bottom and . place i t ins ide tione , so that the r ims ofboth may be on a leve l , fil l the spaceth e - two wi th sand or other propagat ing so i l

,keep th e smal l

w i th water then insert th e cutt ings i n an ob l ique d ire ct ionth e end Ofthe cu tt ing u nderneath the so i l may tou ch the o

th e smal ler pot ; p lace the w hole under a hand - g lass in a sh e

and scarcel y a cu tt ing w ill fail . Th is i s ev ident ly an app l i caconfirmat ion of th e forego ing ideas

,al though it is doubt-fu l

Mr

'

Alexander'

Forsyth,th e i ngeniou s commun i cator of th is in

London ,h ad ever heard ofProfessor Raum

’s exper iments

Dr Gartner ' laid before th e‘

assemb ly an expos ition of'

h is

imentsc arried on for several years on the interest ing subject OJi z ing p lants ; T he on ly nove lty [ Observed was that th e polfi ts v irtue in fifteen minu tes aft-er leav ing the anther and tha

tes t of_

the relat ionsh ip b e tween plants of the same spec iefaci lity

'

w i th wh ich seeds are produced ‘

under th is oper at ionstanced the p ink fami ly D ianthu s , thu s,IfD IANTH US bar batu s fert i l ized by the pol l-en Of the sarr

produee 1000

Fettil i'

zed by D . supe rbus,itonly produced

D . japoii i Icus ,

$ 1 GARDENER’S WORK. 247

-

.D ari‘neri a,D . ch inens is,

“

260

At length w i th D prol ifer , he cou ld only produceHe also remarked , as h is, exper ience, that hybr ids in general lasted

through abou t six generat ions , at each“

remove.

" less fru i tfu l in,seed ,

and at . length th ey became ent ire l y lost‘

This subject ofhybr id i z ing i s we l l worthy‘

attent ion and exper iment ,as by th is operat ion we not onl y raise new and beau t ifu l variet iesofflowers

,b ut also al l the valuab le vari e ties offru i ts , and many improved

vege tab les .

One other extract w i l l suffice for th is number ; it is on the same

su bject ; be ing the exper ience of.

Mr Von of Nneuk i rchen on

th e produl

ctiOn of var iet ies ofthe h is fromseed .

From a handfu l of seed taken from Iris e te s ia, he obtained one

p lant ofIris m'

atth iol i (Tau salz) , and of Ir is floren‘

tina.

From seed of Ir is repanda,he obtained Ir is j aponica From Iris

tardiflora,Iris squalens, and so on with abou t a dozen variet ies . He

enters into m inu te de tai l of th e d ist ingu ish ing marks of each ,wh ichare e xtreme ly interesting to the

‘

real “ amateur of th is b eau tifu l and

showy fami ly ofpl ants Certainl y if these experiments are Su ccessfu l ly pursued by others , the resu l ts wil l rath er sh ake the ex ist ing fai thin the d ist inctness of var ie t iesT he val uab le recent pu b l i cat ion of Drs W igh t and Arnott , on th e

pl ants of Ind ia, h as already made a sl igh t inroad on th is fai th,by :

classmg toge ther, under th e same n ame,several p lants wh ich have

h i therto .been'

cons idered as d ifferent varieties : Mu ch h as y et to,be

e xpected dur ing the pursu it of th is . fascm ating study .

Yours,tru ly

,

J . E . TESCHEMA’

CHER.

MELON S , cucumbers, 6pm; wh ich have been prote cted by g lasses ;may now b e exposed to

“

the open air.

_

‘

I t h as b een recommended to

p lace a piece‘

of sh ing le , a _

b itofslate'

or”

of boair’

d u‘

nder'

ea

'

ch fru i t ofth e early me l ’on .to . preserve t hem from

‘

the dampness of th e earth ,wh ich wou ld otherw ise injure the ir fi

'

avor‘

. If th e season be dry , y ou-r

vegetab les, and particu larly your cucumbers, w i l l need water. Keep

VAN MoNs’THEORY .

Q?

your crops clean by hoe ing and hand weed ing . Sow cucumbers forp i ckl ing about th e last of th is month . Thin water me lons, squashes ,and pumpkins , leav ing bu t three p lants in a h i l l Attend to cab

lants,

an d if poss ib le prevent the ir_

de

in If y ou perce ive any p lants injured ,Open the

’

earth at the foot of the’

plan ts and y ou w i l l never fai l to findthewormat th e root w i th infou r inches . K i l l and y ou w il l save

not only the othe i plants i n you r garden ,b u t probablym any thousand s

in fu ture years .

’ Hoe and bu sh your late peas ; pl ant su ccessioncrops ofpotatoes

,k idney beans , peas, smal l salads, Th in Out

and earth up al l your p lants remember that frequent h oe ing i s both

rain - and manure to you r vege tab les in dry weather” P lant ce lery

inj trenches . Inspect'

grafted trees, and ascertain'

wheth er the sc ionh as United w i th th e stock . Take off th e clay and loosen th e bandages of such grafts as have su cceeded and rub off all superfluous,i rregu lar or ill p laced shoots Or su ckers .

Wri‘

consider th e account of[‘

this'

t heory contained ,in the first t

'

h ir~ ty two pages of the present No .

,as themost valuab lep

’

aper Whichthe annals of modern horticii lt

'ure have ever presented to pract i caland sc ient ific cu l t ivators of fru i t . Good frui t is not only an i nnocentluxury, b ut the most who lesome al iment wh ich Prov idence h as ever

Conferred as a reward to the enl ightened indu stry of the more c iv i lized portion of the h utrian race . Mr

_

Van Mons, by po inting ou t a

sure me t hod ofobtaining the best var ie t ies of su ch an important art icle ofhumansustenance

,w i l l b e ranked among the g

'

reatest b enefactors

“

ofmankind that ever existed and Mr Poiteau, and our exce l lent

Translator shou ld share w ith the . inventor and d iscov erer of the new

art ofmore t han fou rfol ding the valueOfthe products ofou r orchards ,

and fruit gardens . We want words to express our ob l igat ions to these'

gehtlemen, whose onl y adequate reward w i l l he found in the thankfu lne’

ss'

and grat i tude of the countl ess thou sands who w i l l -b e benefit

ted by their economi cal and sc ientific researchesand ex‘

er‘t ions.

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250 VAR IETIES O-F NEW FRU ITS .

w h ich I - have the prom ise of soon rece iv ing . Some of them haveindeed been late ly descr ibed by M . Poiteau, in a volume . e

'

nt i tled’

Th eor i'e Van Mons

,wh ich he has very re cently h ad the goodness

to send ime from Par is,the same wh ich h e h ad also s en t to Gen .

Dearborn,both brought thence '

b y .'

Mr De Wae l,who sojou

'

rne d for

a t ime in t hat cap ital , wh i le‘

on h isway from h i s nati ve country andfromVan Mons

,to ab ide in ou rs for a season . Some Of th e se

'

de

scr iptions I propose to repu b l ish here as soon as my le isu re w i l ladm i tIn Apri l of th e present year , I rece i ved a large package of sc ions

,

sen t by Dr Van Mons . These we re forwarded to me from New York,

t h ‘

r‘

ough the k indness of Mr De Wae l,who i s now sojourn ing in that

c ity . But i n consequence ofh avmg been nearl y fou r mon ths on sh ipboard, they ari ived general ly in b ad cond i t ion . But the last packagew h ich was sh ipped at Antwerp abou t

i

t'

h e first ofMarch , was re ce ivedhere

,via New York

,abou t the m idd le ofMay . This

,b y a shOrt and

t ime l y passage,and by. be ing doub ly protected by an enve lopeofstraw,

fortunately came in be tter cond i t ion than any here tofore re ce i ved .

T he sc ions of th e var ie t ies of th e app le be ing sent in . th e formerpackage , were nearly al l lost

,as were al l those of th e apr i cot and th e

peach ; b ut the . v ines of two kinds, one of t hem very

/ear ly , appear to

h ave lost none of the ir v i tal i ty .

. Agreeab le to th e in tent ions of Dr Van Mons,I have transm i tted

one half of eve ry k ind to our fr iend Mr Mann ing,be l ie v ing that by

th e aid of h is“ inte l l igence and sk i l l

,and our u n i ted exert ions

,we may

b e enab led to save one

I

specimen at least of eve ry k ind wh ich we

found'

al ive . His su c cessfu l pract i ce and manner of secur ing the

k inds being by graft ing,accord ing to the most sure and approved

modes . But my mos t su re mode in pract ice i s by inocu lat ions on

thr ifty stocks ; after the comp lete un ion of the b ud and stock h asbeen effe cted , and th e b ud h as begun to grow ,

the stock 18 headeddown .

In the l ist of pears sent th is y ear , t here are a few repe t i t ions of

some of those‘ k inds sent to u s l ast y ear , and which l ist Ifi pub l ished,

and espec ial ly of al l t hose k inds to wh ich I have st i l l preserved the

as terisk , as these were al l lost in that year '

. A l l,however

,w i th th is

mark '

i are lost to th e cou ntry,both th e renewals of th e former year

and also those wh ich h ad never bee n rece ived before,h avmg peri shed

on the passage .

VA-

a i n'r i e s on NEW FRU ITS . 1

1

VARIETJE S or NAME D FEARS R EC E IVED i'

mom M . VAN n ous , m 1836,ALL WH ICH

IT i s E X PE CTED W ILL L IVE EXC E PT THOSE MARKE D TH US t .

l i A rb re Conrhe

2 Arb re Mort3 Baird

4 Beauchamps5 *Be l le -A l l iance6 i Bergamotte B lanch e

7 Lib boten

8 tBetterave Nova9 Beurre Bronze

de Mons

_

EpineLiart

13 i* Mann ing14 i*Bezi Crassanne Tard ive15 t* de

_

Lou vain16 d u

'

Pr intemps17 i Vae t18 iBon Chretien Fondante 2 ans .

19 Bonne t20 *Bosc d ’

Eté

21 Bosch Peer

22 Rosman’

s francdu grefi

'

e

24 Boucqu ia

25“

Bra-ri des

26'

l Cadet'

de ve aux

27 Cae -n de Franc28 tCal eb asse Bauchau29

’r Marianne

30 ’r Verte

31‘Camperette

32 l Canning33 ’ Capiaumont

34'

1‘Capncine

'Vari Mons

.35 Ch ar les de Bo logna36 “Ch arlotte d ’

Anvers

37 C la ire38 tColmar de Metz 83 tMarie

39 Co lmar Epine 84 Marie Lou ise40 1 Nova 85 Marie Louise Nova41 ConstantinOpl er

42 *1‘Crommen Boom 87 Maru l is

43 Curte l 88 Meuris

44 Dearb orn 89 l Mondek‘

in

45 tDe l ices dieCharles 90 M. imploi

46 De l ices d’

Hardenpont

47 de Jodoigne

48 D e Meester49 iDesBois50 tD'

ew ez

51 tDie l ]52 D i l len

'

53 D oyenne de l a Cou r54 ’

t long55 long b ras56 Dumort-ier ‘

57 D u val- 58 F

l

ondante de Mai

59 "rGrande Bre tagne:Precoce

60 tard ive 183361 i sole i l62 i G rise de Mons

63 5‘Gros_

C olmar VanMons,on de

64 Grosse Verte6 5 iHate l

66 Heneke l

67 Henrie tte68 Imperatrice69 Inval ides

‘

70 Jean d’

Autri-ch e

71 Josephine;

72 J '

osephine Nova 1

73 Kenrick74 Lobo

75 Leon l e C lerc76 . l i eopo ld

l

'

77 L'

entin '

78 Lomb ard .

79 Longu e Verte80 Lou ise de Bologna81 *Lou ise de Pru sse

91 iNapoleon'

92 Navez

93 Nie l94 Nos“ ?

95 iNova Grosse V’

ert'e396 tS iegneur

97 Oken

98 Parent“

99 Passe d’hiver

[00 Passe long bras[01 Po ttean Nova[02

'

Princesse D’Orang

'e

[03 Que te-let

[04 j iRoi des Po ires[05 Rou sse lette 1830

[06 iRou sse le tte nova

[07 Rameau“

In al l abou t 80 named kinds'

of this l ist ,[08 Sab ine i t is expected w i l l l ive .

VARIET IE s OF P E AR S NUMB ERED,BUT UNNAMED

, RE CE IVED or M . VAN MONs

IN 1836,ALL “W H IC

'

H IT I S EXP E CTED MAY L IVE .

Nos . 88,128

, 135, 200, 28 1, 354 , 388, 399, 468, 507, 550 , 644, 660, 717, 737 , 754 ,346

,868

,880, 958, 974 , 990, 1012, 1054 , 1 103, 1279,

1575,1579, 1586, 1595 , 1609, 1629 , 1678. In al l 57

numb ered kinds apparently al ive .

VARIE TIEs Div FE AR Sl

NUMB ERED, B UT UNNAMED, R ECE IVED OF M . VAN MoNs

IN TH E SP R ING or 1835,AND ,I N TH E NE AR P REVIO US ,

'

OF W H ICH MENT ION

ONLY W AsMAD E IN T HE L I ST W H ICH W A s PUBL I SH ED IN THAT YEAR .'ALf.

TH E sE Ann B E L IEvED To"

BE L IVING BOTH W ITH ME AND W ITH . MR MANNiN‘

e .

Nos . 55,70

,89

,102, 104 154

,173, 182 , 307,

365,432

, 546,658 , 688, 698, 707, 778, 879 , 892, 896, 968, 969 , 1027, 1028,[074 , 1080 , 1154

,1190

,1218, 1242

,1274 ,

[283,1335

,1336, 1409, 1420, 1454 , 1482 , l 502,

-1530,

1636,

[638,2127.

~ In al l 61 numb ered‘

b u t u nnamed k inds rece ived in the former y e ar'

s .

Bes ides al l these,there are also th e 70 k inds to wh ich there belongs

ne i ther names or numbe rs,to wh ich Dr Van Mons al lu ded In the

letters su bjo ined,and which are al l pronounced exce l lent ; :many of

these we. hope to save.

Many valu ab le le tters h ave been rece ived from M . Van Mons in

th e former years,each ind iv id ual ly add i essed

,one par t icu larl y to Mr

Mann ing,re ce ived In th e spr ing of1833 , explains a subject to wh ich

he al ludes in those le tters wh ich are here subjoined , 1n regard to th e

temporary loss of h i s vome . Th i s was caused by the b reaking iIn the

109_Sab ine Vrai

1 10 Sain t Jean11 1 Sente le tte

112

113 ‘rSu cre Verte Nova

114 i su r Re in e115 iTrioInph e

116 Urb aniste117 Urbaniste -forme

Vacat au l iste119 {Va lch e Spre uw

120 JrVer-te au Ma r

121,Witzh umb

122 Vacat,

123 No . 163

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254 VA'

RIET IES on NEW FRU ITS .

even d istinguished by a number.

i

I have done - il l not to send y ou

some of my app les sooner . T he losses I have su stained in that spec ies offru i t , are irreparab le ; for five hundred or ig inal trees

, (p iedemeres

, ) have been e x term inated w i thou t my be ing ab le to take grafts ,and there were

‘

SOme among them wh ich su rpassed the best pears .

You w i l l th is y ear xh ave saved th e best pears I h ad , and y ou wi l l b ethe sole '

possessors of them ; for the'

grafts I h ad taken from them,

h ave perished by fou r months‘

of ardent and un interrupted drough tsand t hose wh ich I sent to Mr Po iteau have met with th e Same b ad

fate . I see that the w inter h as been long , in your : country , wh ichmakes me hope th e grafts then sent , reached y ou before the com

mencement of the season . We have h ad In su ccession two winterstwithou t frost , and two summers withou t rain. Th irty storms haveeach summer threatened to bu rst upon us, but every t ime

“

,the i r expio

s io'ns have been prevented, by the e lectr i cal cond uctors , . (paraton

none-s . ) At length th e storms have gathered in reg ions so h igh,as l to

b e beyond the contro l and influence of these condu ctors,and have

burst forth,send ing to the eart h masses of h uge hai l stones . Before

th e introduct ion of the me tal l i c rods , w e h ad in summer,at every

change of the moon ,a storm in a low reg ion ofthe atmosphere , at

tended w i th an abundance of soft warm rain these rains are no

longer known.

I am recover ing more and more from my doub le pmsomng by thevapor of arsen i c . T h e e x t inct ion of my vo ice h as gradu al l y passedaway , after hav ing lasted four monthsOur Univers ity h as been suppressed by a decree of the R epresenta

at ives x ; .a free Cathol ic Un ivers i ty is estab l ished in its p lace . I amsent to Ghen t

,twenty five leagues from here, where th e Univers i ty is

preserved . Th e gardens be long ing to th e house wh ich I inhab it,w i l l

s hare the fate of,my‘

great n ursery , they wi l l be exterminated .

Accep t , my very dear and honored friends, th e expressions of myl ive l y “ attachment. J . B . VAN MONS

D ecember l st, 1835.

MY DEAR FR IEND S — I have th is moment received,just as I am

sending my packe t to th e Dil igence , the r ich presents wh ich your af

fectionate goodness again makes me . I rece ived a letter fromMr

Kenr ick , one from Mr Manning,three journals . I see

,also a pam

phlet ofSep t . last . Your le tters are date d Oct. 26,a month and five

d ays ago ; what a rapid passage ! These journals are fal len from

VARIET IES on NEW FRU ITS . 55

heavento assist me in the composition of the H or ticu lteur B elg e,

wh ich at last , has fal len into good h ands, those of the ce lebrated Mr

Drap ier, with whom ,and Mr Borij de Saint Vincent, I have comp i led

the Anna les Genera les des Sciences P l iy sigues . There'

is,also,the

Orchard ist, and a treat ise upon S i lk and th e Mu lberry Tree . I shal l

see them al l ; I Shal l refresh my sp irit in read ing them al l,and I shal lmake amp le extracts . I h ad not suflicient t ime to read

, y 6u r le tters,and

.

mu ch less to answer them,bu t for the occas ion of transmi tting

to y ou by a safe conveyance , and one particu larl y friend l y both for y ouand for me , th e th ings wh ich accompany th is. I Shal l send to y ouagain in abouteight days, by th e

'

h ouse of Antwerp , and I shal l answer your letters by the post, if I see th at a promp t answer is necessary . With Sincere and unfe igned affect ion ,

ad ieu .

From your very mu ch attached ,and very gratefu l servant and fe llow laborer,

J ; B . VAN MONS .

T he graft of th e apricot tree is of“

extraord inary qual i ty ; Mr De“

Wae l w i l l wi l l ing l y show y dufi how to p lace it en fente. I h ad forgotten to speak of i t .

[The above le tter must have been written th e beg inning ofDecember,

MY HoNORED CORRESPOND ENTS I present y ouw i th a var iety of'

t h ings a graft‘

of a walnu t tree wh ich beg ins to vege tate amonth and

a halfafter al l others a graft of a peach tree to b e placed on a free

stock of its own spec ies by the,

crosse tte one‘

of the apr i cot treecrosse ttes of v ines raised from seed ; sc ions for graft ing from my , freestocks ofth e fifth renew ing , — e very sc ion w i l l g ive y ou an exce l lentvar ie ty .

'

l

They w i l l be you rs when I shal l no longer possess any , for

I am compe l led to remove the orig inal trees (arbres meres) w i thouthav ing any p lace to set them out in. In short

,here are grafts of al l

the k inds that “

y ou request in your le tters,and many Others that

'youdonot request. 'I make up thi s bund le on the first ofMarch .

I ough t to have begun by thank ing y ou for the preciou s journalswh ich y ou have late ly h ad

'

the goodness‘

to send me . T his packe t,

and that an ter ior ‘to the departure of Mr De Wael for you r country ,reached me in less than a

_

month I have made amp le u se of them ,in

the H or ticu l teur‘

B elg e, wh ich is now edited by Mr Drap ier , w i thw hom

,and M . Borij de Saint Vinc

‘

ent,1 have p

’

iib l ished’

the Annales

Genera les des S ciences P by siques ; . I add the first sheet of these Ari -enales , also . the continuat ion ofthe Ag r icu lture B eig e.

256 VAR IET IES . OF NEW FRUITS .

To return to Mr De,Wae l

,who, as h e set out from

,

here in Oct.last

,mu st long s ince have jo ined y ou You w i l l have h ad p leasu re in

mak ing h is acqu aintance . He h as h ad th e goodness to take.

chargeofa handle of grafts for y ou , of wh ich some are perhaps here repeat .

cd,of the repetitibn of my P omonomie B elg e, and of th e fou rth and

fifth volume ofmy Abr idgement of Chem istry . I cou ld have w ishedto add the second volume of my P omonomie, b u t i t is not fin ished ,

onl y three fifths of it are pr inted“There w i l l , perhaps , b e a th ird

vo lume,on account of the length of th e Cata l ogu e r azsonné of my

Cu l ture ofLouva in,wh ich is to b e annexed to i t . In th is Catalogue

y ou w i l l find comp le te informat ion as to al l that y ou have rece ived,

al l t hat y ou may now rece ive,and al l that y ou Shal l rece ive for th e

future . W i th e very number w i l l be gi ven the names or the figure,the s i ze

,th e qual i ty

,and the epoch ofma tu r i ty ofthe fru i t . Ifin th e

ver ificat ion ofwhat are left me,I find that in pears of th e first rank

do not speak of apples and other fru i ts, ) my losses do not exceed

from e igh t hundred to one thousand var iet ies, I'

sh al l esteem my se lftru l y happy . I am dr iven anew

’

from two of my gardens ; from thatbe long ing to my habitat ion,

and from a very large one , in wh ich,atth e des tru ct ion ofmy nursery

,I found a refuge for most of the th ings

that I °W as able to save . T he first,Wi th my dwe l l ing , has fal len to

th e Share of th e Un ivers i ty, (Cathol i c , ) wh ich h as taken the p lace of

ours . T h e other be longed to a suppressed convent,wh ich has j iist

been so ld to a cloth manufacturer. I am myse lf expe l led,and have

been ob l iged to seek an abode where I cou ld,for refuge for my fu r

niture, my pape rs and my perSon, and in th e embarrassmen t of a re

moval from \

a palace to a hou se of l im i ted d imens ions . I ams t i llProfessor at Ghent .I do not speak ofth e Superb copy“

of the se cond ed it ion of th e Ora

chard ist, w i th wh ich Mr Kenri ck h as h ad th e goodness to favor me ;This exce l lent work we l l deserves a su ccess so bri l l iant . I have alsorece ived h is treat ise on th e cu l tivationkof si lk

,and th e management

of th e mu lberry tree th is l ast w i l l b e translated and pifbl ish ed,perhaps “

at th e expense'

of the government . Likew i se the Catalogueh of

h is Nursery . My P omonomie h as also gone off rap id l y ; thanks to.

the indu lgent th ings wh ich y ou and Mr Bo i teau h ave said in regard

to me .

I also thank Mr Mann ing,for th e cont inu at ion of‘

th e intere st ingCu l t ivator of, Amer i ca

,wh ich h e h as th e goodness to

“

send me . You

overwhe lm me w i th so many benefits ; express ions fai l me to man-i

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2 58 ORNAMENTAL HARDY HERBACEOUS P LANTS .

many beaut ifu l hardy herbaceous p l ants , as we l l as many wh ich inour cl imate requ ire . the protection of the hot o r green- hou seAmong sogre at a ndmber of p l ants

,i t w il l natural l y b e suppose d

that the ir.

proper t iesi

mu st e ssent ial ly d iffer ; and th is i s the case .

Some arewholesome,and u,

sed . for food by man and beast ; some of

th e xspeCies are vaa b le for their t imber,others for th e c olor ing mat

ter that is extracted from them,or for their var iou s med i cal propert ies ,

and a few are po isonous .

This order is divided into three su b - or der s , and t hese again in totr ibes and

'

su b - tr ibes . Lupinu s is th e onl y,genu s

‘ cont aining hardyherbaceou s ornamental p lan ts ‘

in th e su b- order Pap i lionacea ,tr ibe

Ph aseoleé . A l l the spec ie s of th is su b order have'

pap i l ionaceou sfloWers , ( bu tterfly shap ed , or l ike thep ea b lossom. )

“ Lup inou s said to b e der ived from lup us , a wo lf, because th isplantdevours

,as

“i t .were,al l th e fert i l i ty of th e so i l ; b u t th is IS of a very

dou btfu l explanatiohC lass D iade lph ia

, ( stamens.

uni ted in tioo s epar ate p arcels .) Order

Decand r ia (10 stamens . ) Calyx two- l ipped ; An thers, five ob long , _

five

round ; Legu ine (p od) coriaceous ( leathery ) toru lose! ( ra ised inbunches or vein- l ike p rotu ber ances or r idg es , compressed . In thisgenu s the stamens are u n i ted in one set

,or

,monode lphou s . Leaves

of all th e spec ies w i th one or two excep t ions,are d igitate , when the

base of“

sever a l leaflets r est on the end of one p etiole .) Under the

common name of S un- d ials,

_ th e annu al Lup ins of var iou s co lors are

found inhab i t ing a lmos t e ve ry country garden,w here a dozen spec ies

may be th e e xtent of th e col le ct ion of ornamental p lants .

One

-

of th e most sp lend id acqui s i t ions to th e flower garden ofm‘

od

ern introduct ion, is(

Lup inu s poly p hy l lu s , or many leaved Lup in .

Al though i t is abou t n ine years S ince i t was figured and descr ibed inL indley/3 B otanic R eg ister , y et i t is St i l l far from be ing Commonamong u s . To Mr Doug las we are i ndebted for th is charm ing p lant

,

who d iscovered i t . on th e N . West coast ofN . Amer i ca. We rece ive dthe seed of th is fi neL upin four years s ince

,onl y one of wh ich vege

tared ; i t produ ced rad i cal leaves on l y , the first year,which were

mu ltifol iated,and borne on long pe t io les . The se cond year It was

transp lan ted w i th mu ch care into r i ch so i l,h avrng been exposed

through th e winter to al l th e r igors of th e season w ithou t protect ion .

In the month of May the flower Stalks b egan . to b e deve loped,and

produ ced in Ju ne , sp ikes of flowers,w h ich were two

_

feet ' in length ,and from three to four feet in height from : the ground . The flowers

ORNAMEN'I‘AL HARDY HERBACE OUS PLANTS . 259

are d isposed in long term inal c l usters , of a beau t ifu l azu re b lue , w i tha redd ish border , forming a k ind of whor ls

,very near each other

,

round the stem . T h e leaves are composed of from twe lve to fifteengreen, lanceo late leafle ts , ha iry on th e under s ide . T he flowersresemb le those of b lue Sophora

, (B ap tisa au str a lis,) bu t far more

e legant . Th e th ird year i t flowered abundantly,t hrowing up numer

ous flower stems so luxur iou s that many were broken by the w ind .

before they were Secu red by s talks . T h e th ird ‘ye ar the'

roots Shou ldb e d ivided

,as they become large in r i ch ground the central part fir‘st

decays,and final l y the whole root per ishes , unless th is operat ion is

performed . There is also a wh ite var iety,the

'

seeds '

of wh ich we

sowed,b ut none vege tated .

L up inu s p erenni s , i s a we l l known spec ie s,ind igenous to many

par ts ofN . Eng land , found frequentl y 1n l arge masses from a yard torods in c ircumference , occupy ing the very poorest sandy er grave l l y ,arid so i l frequently i n company w i th the pre tty S i lene p ennsy

‘

lvaniea,

or w i ld p ink , and mo re commonl y w i th Viola p edata, or b ird’s foot

v iole t,a l l of wh ich are in b loom abou t th e firs t of June . It is very

d ifli cu l t, or e ven imposs ib le, to transp lant w i th su ccess

,th is fine

perennial . T he Onl y sure way to propagate i t is by seed,

[wh i c hshou ld be gathe red before is entire ly r ipe , as it

‘isl

Scattered as soonas mature

,by th e sudden bu rst ing of th e .pod , by wh ich . th e seed

.

is

thrown to a cons ide rable d istance . Nor wil l it succeed , l ike the lastdescr ibed spec ies , on r i ch ground b u t whenever ' th e seeds are to be

sown,th e so i l Shou ld in th e first p lace b e removed , or a

'

greater :part

of i t , from a circle whose d iame ter is three or four fee t and the ho leb e fi l led up 'w i th a poor

'

gr—ave l ly or sandy so i l , and the seed sown in

th e centre .

T he flowers are found in th e w i ld '

State of‘

various‘

colors and

shades,from pu re wh ite (wh ich is rare ) t h rough all th e shades of

l ight to dark b l ue , incl in ing to pu rp le ; the marg in of the flowers are

frequ ently copper color, some t imes incl ining to red ;‘

one variety h asflowers

'

of a du l l p ink. S tems erect , hai ry . T he d ig i tate leaves arecomposed cfabou t e ight or ten leafle ts, wh ich .are lanceolate,wedgeShaped

,arranged l ike rays around the end of the pe tiole

,hairy and

pale underneathMany beau tifu l Lup ins have , wi th in a few y ears , been added to the

l ist ofherbaceou s p lants,ch iefly through the exert ions ofMr Douglas

in h is excurs ions in N . and S . Amer i ca,“

most ofwh ich were found on

the iN . W . coast , from Cal ifornia to Columb ia river , wh ich part'

ofthe

260 ORNAM ENTAL HARD-

r HE'RBACEOUS PLANTS .

world seems. to be .the central pos i t ion or head quarters of th is fami lyof p lants

,more be ing found here than in al l th e world bes ides . We

are u nab le to'

po int ou t the mo st de sirab le, ;not hav ing seen many of

t hem in fl'

ov‘

ver . We sowed th e seed of’

Lupinu s l'

i tto-ral is , L. r iv ‘

u laris ,‘

La to'

mentosus , L . mut ab i l is,L ; ) Crooksh ankia

,and oth er var ie t ies ,

th e las t season ,most , of wh ich vegetated , b u t u nfortunate l y we re

mostly"

destroyed by gru bs,that were very .destruct ive

'

du ring the

se ve re d rough t of June and Ju l y,to many young p lants . Some bota

mist'

s h ave p laced Lup inu s in the class Monade lph ia, on account oft he i r -stamens be ing

’

un i ted in one'

bund le . Lup inus vi llosu s , and

L . dif u su s are hand some b ienn ials from t h e sou th ,w ith e ntire l y

Simp le,ob long

, s i lky o r v i l lou s leaves , and produ c ing long"

showysp ike s of variegated purp le flowers .

Lathy ru s h Or obu s,

and Vi ew,contain some hand some , hardy

h erbaceou s plants , arranged in Su b -order Pap i l ionaceae, Tr ibe Viciew .

Lathyrus,from L a ; augment , and thou ros , angy th ing excl ting.

” T he

genu s h-

as '

a calyx wi t h th ’e '

two u pper segments shortest ; a flat sty le ,vill ous on its upper s ide

,and w idening

l

above .

Lathy ru s odor a tu s , is one ofth e most beau t ifu l , and also one of th e

most -fragrant of th e spec ies,and is dese rvedl y one of the most popu a

l ar'

annu als wh i ch enri ch th e flower garden. Th e var ie t ie s are,

wh ite,

’

rose,scarle t

,pu rp le

,and v ar iegated . Each var ie ty

shou ld b e sown by itse lf in ci rcles abou t a foot in d iame ter, t hree or

fou r feet from any o ther p lant . When th e young . p lants requ ire sup

port, a l ight ne at stake , or rod , shou ld be s tu ck into. th e cen tre ofth e

c ircle,to w h ich

'

they shou ld!

b e S l ightl y fastened ’

a’

s the y advance inhe ight . Some are in th e hab i t of su pport ing them w i th brush

,wh i ch

looks very uns ightly before i t is cove re d w i t h the v ines .

L a thy rus latifoliu s, or e ve rlast ing pea, is a_most beau t ifu l , large ,

d iffuse p erenni al , prod uc ing a long success ion of l arge l ight purp le or

p ink cl u sters -of e ight or ten e ach . T h e pl ant 18 su itab lefor th e

“

sh rubbery, ‘

arbors , oil

-for train ing - to a tre l l is . When sup

ported , it attains the he ight ._of s ix feet . “ I t ’ attaches and supports

i tse lf, l ike al l scandent p lants,by means of th e branch ing tendr i ls

term inat ing its s ing le pai r of broad leafle ts, and w h ich tw in ing econom ical processe s are

,in fact

,reason ing from str i ct analogy

,

-

_

the

abort ive rud iments ofother se ts of le aves,though nev-er deve loped.

A var iety h as wh ite flowers . It may be propagated by d ividmgth e roots , or more ex tens ive ly by sow ing th e '

seeds,wh ich ought to

be p lanted where the p lant 18 to stand,as i t sends down

_

a tap r oot to

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262 ORNAMENTAL HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS .

beneath the st igma ; nearl y al l are twining p lants, oflow stature,and

interesting ' to the botan ist,at

' least .[

T he species th at have comeunder our observat ion

,are pre tty , and some worthy of attent ion.

. In S ub - order,Papil ionaceze ; Tr ibe Loteae S u b- tr ibe Galegeae,

the onl y genera containing p lants under cons iderat ion ,are Tephrosia

and Ga leg a, wh ich afford a few beau t ifu l species .

Teph ros ia is from Tep hras , ash colored in al lu s ion to th e colorof th e leaves . Char acter of the g enus . Tee t h ofthe calyx subu late

,

subequal ; Stamens monode lphous ; pod compressed ,T ep hrosia v irginica . S y nom .

’

Ga leg a virg inicaf A spec ies,ind i~

genou s'

to some parts of New England , and w h ich we th ink h as beensad ly neg lected - b y those who are fond of beau t ifu l

_p lants , as We con

s ider i t one of th e finest pap i l ionaceous flowering p lants ; th is Sect ionof th e country

"

affords .

I t is found growingl

in large bunches,on the marg in ofsome 'ofour

d riest sandy woods . T he roo ts are very long , slender, and tough,

wh ich h as g iven i t the name of catgu t . Th e flowers ‘

are in a Short

term inal raceme banner ofthe corol la whi t ish ye l low,downy wingsscarle t ; kee l wh i t ish and red ; cal yx

“

wool ly,red

,wi th acu te seg

ments ; legume l inear , falcate s b ackward,compressed ; leaves alternate

p innate,wi th from e ight to ten or twe l ve pairs of oval ob long acum i

nate leaflets,w it h an odd one . T he whole p lant is covered w i th a

pale green dow’

n one foot h igh flowers in June and Ju ly . We

know not the propert ie s of th is Spe cies , b u t T . toxicar ia, a

'

spreading

shru bby p lant from Sou t h Amer i ca,h as been introd u ced and cu l t i

vated in Jamaica '

on account of its intox i cat ing qual i t ies .

“ T h e

leaves and branches wel'l pounded , , and thrown into a r iver orpond,

very soon affect the water,and intox i cate th e fish , so as to make them

float on the surface as ifdead most ofth e large ones recover after ‘

a

short t ime,

'

but th e greate st part of th e smal l fry per ish on the occas ion. T . v irginica h as been p laced b y some botanist in the genu s

Ga leg a , a name of unexp lained mean ing . T he spec ies are h andsdme b order flowers .

Ga leg a afi cina l is,Wi th b lue and a var ie ty w i th wh ite

,and G . ora

enta lis‘

wit-h'

w h ite flowers,are said to b e ornamental . Calyx w i th

subu late nearly equal tee th . Legume w i th ob l ique streaks be tweenthe . seeds . From three tofou r fee t h igh flowering in Ju ly and Au

gust

In the same d iv is ion and tribe of Leguminosae,S ub - tr ibe Astraga

-r

leae , is th e genius . Astragalus , and in S ub - tribe Ch i tor ia

'

,ge nus

ORNAMENTAL HARDY HERBACE OUS PLANTS . 263

Glycine , wh ich contain Spec ies of herbaceous p lants su i tab le for th eborder. Astragalus, from aster , star , and g a la , m i lk . The name

was gi ven by the Greek s to one of th eit legumino’

ul

s p lants,b u t i t is

not known to w h ich . The modern genus is composed of p lants , thegre ater number ofwh ich are ornamental .” Some of‘

the spec ies produce the Gum tragacanth

,of commerce .

‘

u

The genu s[

is_l arge , con

taining more than one hundred spec ies,a sma l l port ion of wh ich are

found in th e Un i ted S tates. Onl y

'

a fewof the ornamental Spec ieshave found the ir way into our gardens . Most -ofthe fam i ly have delicate p innate l eaves . T he color of th e flowers arewh ite, su lphu r ,ye l low

,p ink

,v iolet

,red or purp le .

Character of the g enu s . Calyx five toothed ; kee l of th e corol .obtu se ; legume w i th a long i tud inal halfbread th part i t ion attached toone edge , incurved at the su tu re be low . A . chr istianu s

,A . a lop ecu

roides,A . vu lp inas , A . cap itatu s , A . nar bonensis

,and A . fa lcatu s ,

w i th many other spec ies,are desirab le p l ants ,for

'

the borders .

‘t‘

Gly cine , from Gly hy s , Swee t ; th e leaves and root of one speere s

are swee t . Gly cine fru tescens , and especral l y , G,ly cine sinensis , (know

Wi star ia consequ ena ,are most beau tifu l hardy cl imb ing shru bs

,w i th

long pendu lou s. branches of blue flowers,l ike th e Laburnum .

”

Glycine ap ios,or ground n

'

u t,ind igenou s and common in /r ich ,

moi st woods and th ickets,produces flowers in ax i l lary

,crowded t a

cemes,of a b lack ish purple , and makjes a pleasin

‘

g add i t ion to th e

var ious o rnaments of the border .

f

Its roots are st rings of ob longcyl indr i c tubers , frequent ly known b y

l

the name ofP ig,or Ind ian po

tatoes; when roasted or bo i led they . are eatable , hav ing a“ flavor

approach ing the common potato, and said to'

have made an ordinary

part of th e vege tab le food of the abor igines . T h e leaves are p innated,

each cons ist ing offrom five to sev en ovate acum inate leafle ts . S temsround

,tw in ing from S ix to e ight fee t h igh , flo

’

wermg in Ju ly a nd

A u gu st . Calyx two- l ipped ; kee l of th e corol la turning back , th ebanner at the t ip ; legume many seeded .

H edy sarum. Su b - order, Papil ionaceaat Tr ibe

,Hedy sareae . S ub

tr ibe,Euh edy sareae. Hedysarum isfrom H edy s , swee t , and aroma

,

perfume o r sme l l ; some ..of the spec ies have fragrant flowers .

Cal yx five cleft ;'

keel of the corol la obtuse ;'

loment (a pod resem

b l ing a legume,b u t d iv ided by transverse part i t ions) . jointed

,the

jo ints compressed and one seeded . In th is genu s‘

is th e remarkable

_

II edy sarum gy rans , or turning Hedysarum,a green- house p lant , a

nat ive of Bengal near the Ganges. H edy sarum a lhag i , is another

264 ORNAMENTAL . HARDY Henns cnous PLANTS .

cur ious,

species, from which «is ob tained Manna it is ch iefly gathered

abou t Tau ris, where the Shru b grows p lent ifu l ly . T he genus is one

of considerab le importance in European agr i cul ture ,H edy s

'

arum onobry ch is , under th e name of. Saint- fo in,is mu ch

cu l tivated in F'

rance'

a'

rid other countries, and,cori sidered by s ome to

b e one of the most valuable herbage p lants , wh ich Providence[

h as

bes towed upon man. Most of the fam i ly are un interest ing ; bu t'a

few'

species may be se lected for th e borders .

H edy sarum coronaria,is an esteemed l border b ienn ial , w i th scar le t

flowers ; it is a nat ive of Italy,and cons idered a

’

sp lend id p lant, attaining the he igh t of four feet . Leaves p in'

n‘

ate ; leafle ts round ishe l l ipt i c ; joints of the pod round ish acu leate (be ing furn ished w i thpr ick les , ) n

‘aked .

‘

We have “

often sowed th e seeds'

of th e «FrenchHoneysuck le , as i t=is common l y c al led

,and raised a p lenty of fine

look ing-

plants‘

, and as often“

had them w inter-kil ledf It appears torequ ire the protect ion ofa frame to keep it t hrough the -Winter .

‘

I t'

is

cal led in France , Sainfoin d bouquets , and is t here much admired .

H edy sarum a lp inum,is said to b e e n e legant perennial

,a nat ive of

S iber ia, four feet h igh , produ cing purple flowers in long ax i l lary t acemes in June and Ju ly ; leaves p innate ; leafle ts, ovate lanceolate ,smooth .

H edy sar um sarcati le,w i th l igh t y e l low 'flowers

,and H . g ra

’

ndifl'

orum

with pu rp le , are al so said to b e ornamental perennials .

H edy sarum canadensi s,an indigenous perenn ial

,is an ornamental

pl ant‘su itab le for the shrubbery or back of th e border four fee t h igh

Th e flowers are purp le on ax i l lary and term inal branches,produced

abou t Ju ly . S tem erect,hairy ; l eaves ternate ; leaflets ob long l an

ceol ate stipu les fil iform 'pods rough , cons ist ing offou r or five jo ints ,wh ich are imperfectly triangu lar

,th e ir sides curved

,and the ir ang les

obtu se .

‘

Another handsome ind igenou s Spec ies is H edy sarum cup i

datum wi th large purp le flov'

VerS'

in racemes .upon the terminal andlateral branches , in Ju ly . S tem erect

,smooth leaves ternate leaf

le ts large ,'

smooth , ovate,acuminate . Loments

,orpods

,larger than

th e last , long and pendu lous, w i t h abou t six d iamond shaped j omts,wh ich

,w ith the ir peduncles

,are

‘

covered'

w ith minu te hooks,render

ing t hem adhes ive to garments wh ‘

en «brough t in contact wi th,

them.

T h e genus‘

L espedeza , named by M i chau x, in honor ofLespedes , a

governo’

r xof Flor ida, who protected that botan ist in h is botan ical researches ,

”is most ly composed ofNorth Amer ican herbaceousp lants ,

and 'hard'

l‘

y d istingu ishab le from Hedy sarum. The only essent ial dif

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p i ly and conven ient ly comb ined . Thus mere‘

sect i ons of th e same

natural order Pap i l ionacea,wou ld not

I

need b e sought for in two re

mote classes .— Nu tta l l .

Bapt is ia,fromB ap to, to

b

dye ;‘

in al lus ion to the e conomi calpropert ies of some species a b lue dy e is extracted from the leaves .

”

Calyx halffour_

to five cleft,two l ipped ; pe tals ofequ al length stan

dard reflexed at'

th e edges ; s tamens dec iduou s ; pod v entri cosestalked

,many seeded .

B aptism'

au stra l i'

s,

“

was formerl y—

“

i

sop hor a'

au str o l is,and is com

monl y cal led by that name. T h e genus S ap lzora h as been mu chal tered , and now cons ists ch iefly offine trees . I t contains , howe ver ,two spec ies of ornamental he rb aceou s p lants . S . flave scens w i thye l low flowe rs

,a

-

nat ive‘

of S iber ia,and S . alepe ch ro i

’

de s,w i th b lue

flowers , from th e Le van t ; the forme r two,the last four fee t h igh ;

is cons idered a‘

h andsome border flower of th e

e as1est cu l tu re , e'xce '

ed in‘g h ardy and ind igenou s to some parts ofN .

Ameri ca.

'

I t produ ces its b lu e flowers in terminal sp iked racemes inJune . Leaves ternate s talked ; le afle t cuneate l anceolate ; st ipu leslonger t han th e stalk

,l anceolate . A var ie ty h as w h ite flowers .

B ap tisia tinctor i‘

a,or W i ld Ind igo

,is ind igenous , and very com

mon in dry pastures and sandy woods . It h as smal l y'

e l low p‘

ea

shaped flowe rs,wh ich are borne on te rm inal racemes of two .or three

each . The p lan t is very mu ch branched,Wi th smal l,smoo th

,

f ternated subsess i le l eaves

rPods ventr icose (swol len) ped ice l lated .

‘

S'

ti

pu le se taceou s,o bsole te . Th is p l an t h as been emp loyed as a sub

stitu te for ind igo. We cannot re commend ‘th is spe cies as showy,or

worthy to be introduced on l y in l arge col lect ions .

Cass1a. S ub - order Cwsalpineae Tr ibeCassiem. Al l th e genera

w h ich we have descr ibed in Legummosem,thu s far

,h ave papil iona

ceous,or pe a

- shaped flowers ; b u t in th is sect ion of th e nat‘

ural‘

order

we find flowe rs of a d ifferent shape .

“.T he genu s Cass ia,

presents a

very anemalou s structure,h avmg a fine leaved calyx , and a spreading

or open corol la,offive nearl y equal pe tals . T he stam ina are unequ al

in length,and th e three u pper ones have b lack ish ster i le anthe rs

,

th e th ree lower have e longated or rostrat'e anth e’

rshand are seated

upon longer i'

n

’

cu r'ved fi laments . T he‘ legume is flat and

'

mem

b ranaceou s , b ut does not‘

re ad i l y ope-n . Al l‘

these p lants have pi'

n

nated leaves , w h ich remain folded at n ight ; and ye l low clustere dflowers.

”

Cassra is from A rab i c ; Katsa, to tear off. Th is l arg

‘

e

i

genu s

ORNAMENTAL HARDY HERBACEOUS P LANT S .

contains b u t one hardy herbaceous perenn ial , ou r Cassia mary landica ,a tal l plant, ,

common in many p laces by”th e road s ide s

,and inmo ist

p lace s,bear ing a profusmn of flowers in August . h is a su i tab le or

nament for th e shru bbe ry .

[T he leave s possess th e same propert ie s

as the senna of the shops,and

'

frequently u sed as a su’

b stitu te,requ ir

ing , it 18 said , a - l arger qu ant ity to p rodu ce the same effect. A num

b er of the spec ie s possess th e same propert ies,b u t C . or ienta l is is the

tru e senna ; an annu al from the Levant . C . acu tifoh’

a and C . senna

al so prod u ce th e senna ofComme rce .

'

S ub- order Mimoseae. M imosa and its al l ies have,ins tead of

th e irregu lar arrangement wh ich characte r i zes a pap i l ionaceousflower

,its parts offructification disposed w i th th e u tmost

/

sy mmetry .

”

Some botan ists'

seem to th ink that th1s and th e l as t grand d ivis ion of

Legum'

inoseae, deserve the rank of independent orders . W i th fewexcep t ions

,t he i r fru it i s legum inous , b ut t he ir flowers are very d iffer

entl y constru cted from those in'

su b - order Pap il ionaceae,wh ich

,by

th e w ay , contains abou t three fourths of th e genera in the who leorder . In the sub - order M imoseze

,we find M imosa

,Acac ia

,and a

few other genera,most ofwh ich are w ide l y separated from th e othe r

sub - orders in Linna an a rrangement,hav ing t he ir stat ion in C lass

Pol ygamia : Order Monce cia ; a class wh ich i s now general l y abolish ed

,i t being inconven ient . in practi ce

,

‘

and'

incorporate d w ithD ioec ia . T he genus Acac ia contains many -spec ies; part i cu larl y valu ab le in the green- house department

,flower ing the greater

,part of

w inter and spr ing some ofthe spe ci e s have e legant b i- p innate leaves ,and most. are beau tiful trees

\

or shrubs ; . but not'one spe c ies t hat ishardy .

Al l the species of th e e legant and cu rious M imosa,are too tender

forth e open ground . . Mz'

mosa sensitiva,S ens1t1ve P lan t

,is a we l l

known annu al from Braz il . It succeeds iri th e . border d ur ing the

summer months , if the seed 1s sown in March or Apr i l i n a'

hot bed ,

and th e p lants forwarded in pots"

,and turned out in June thu s

h eated , i t w i l l flour ish and r ipen seeds in favorab le,seasons,and grow

to a large,s ize.

This s ingu l ar p lant cal ls forth un1versal adm irat ion :[

it h as been a

pu zz le to many a ph i losopher ..T h e cause of i ts sens i t iveness h as

l ate ly been more sat isfactori l y explained ; y et i t is st ill shrouded inmystery . T h e p lant

'

is mos t irri tab le in th e greatest heat . Dr Dar

w i ll thu s ch‘aracter ises i t

Weak w ith nice sense th e chaste Mimosa stands ,From each rude tou ch w ithdraw-s hcr tender hands

ft as l igh t clou ds o’

e_

rpass th e summer g lade[armed sh e tremb les at the mov ing shade

,

nd fee l s,al iVe through a l l h er tende r form

,

.i s w h ispe r'd mu rm u rs of the gathering s torm

1u_

ts h er sw eet ey e - l ids to approach ing n ight,nd hai ls w ith fresh en ’

d ch arms th e r ising l igh t .

Leoick’s I ncomp arabl e, or Tipped D ah l ia , QC. Com

municated by J . B .

10 w ere presen t at the hort icu l tural exh ib i t ion at th eu

‘

tumn,and who ob served th e sp lend id show of Dahl ias ,

) ted ly , recol lect'

w itn ple asu re , the one of pre- em inent

d “ Levick’s Incomparab le

,

”the color of w h ich was

pe tal being regu larl y'

tipped w i th pu re w h ite . As most

3 produced by th is fine var ie ty come se lfs,or w i thou t th e

1ite,it may b e interesting

i

to some to become acqu aintederience o

'

fgrowers of th isflower, on the other s ide of the

therefore make'

th e fol low ing extracts fromHarr ison’s

1Cab ine t,pub l ished monthly in London , a work contain

actical informat ion .

I ncomp ar ab le Tipp ed D ahl ia — An anonymou s corre s

page 47 , h as made i nqu iry abou t th e me thod of treatment.1 Levick

’s Incomparab le Tipped Dah l ia

,in order tohave

pped flowers . I have a p lant of the sort grow ing‘

in‘

poor

h ad been adv ised to 'cu l t ivate i t in and al though there[ance of b loom

,an are

'

of du l l red,not a

'

s ing le t ippedeg that Mr Lev i ck

,th e raiser of the p lant

,or some cor

vhoknows the su 1tab le treatment,w i l l favor u s w i th the

ure . JOHN EMORY .

Sep t. 3 , 1832.

to M r J ohn) Emory , of'

ou the Tipped D ah l ia .

cannot be tter answer‘ you r respectab le correspondent ,

than by g i ving a short h istory of the‘

Dahl ia in quest ion,

iamed by John Ward,Esq . , the Incomparab le

,

’on ao

eccentri c i ty . I raised i t from seed gathere d from an old

here as We l ls’

s Come t,in 1827 . At first

,I though t it

esemb le'

d th e sort i t sprung - from ; b ut I observed many

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270 Le vw x’

s INCOM PARAB LE .

pre vent evaporat ion from th e d ung .

' T he above me thod h as suc

ceeded to my utmost expectat ion“

. W ILLIAM BARRATT

Wakefield Nursery ,Nov . 6

,1833 .

NOT ICE OF ST ENAC T IS S P E C IOSA . S tenactis .Sp eciosa . Syngeme s

'

ia'

,Po l y gamia, S uperflua, Compos i tae. A hardy perenn ial , nat ive of

“

C al iforn ia,sen-t from thence by Mr .Dougl as , to th e London Horticu l

t ur al Socie ty . Th e flowe rs are very handsome and shew y . A b ed

of i t wou ld have ‘

a sp lend id appearance . I t grows two feet h igh , andflowers from Ju ly to October . A l though a perennial , seed l ings flowervery free l y the fi rst year

,and so e arly as to perfect abundance of

s eeds,and may

'thu s be tre ated‘

as an annu al . F lowe rs from one“

to

two inche s a cross ; th e co lor of th e l igu late pe tal s of th e ray are dark

v io le t,and th e disk 1s - a deep ye l low . Cu l tu re : increased by seeds

,

o r d iv i s ion of th e p lant ; so i l,r i ch loam . S tenactis

,apparentl y from

S tena, to s igh the app l i cat ion we do not know.

’- H arr ison

’3 H or

t iczl ltu r a l Ca binet.

é tenactis Sp eciosa h as already been not i ce d as'

b emg hardy , (seepage 5240 of th e present volume ) . It answers to th e above descript ion

,and wi l l prove a valu able acqu is i t ion to the flower border . I ts

flowers have already begun to expand, (June 20th ,) and g ive promise

of a l ong su ccession ; some are dou ble, b u t most ly s ing le . Its l igut l ate rays are very numerou s

,and th e flowe rs resemb le some spec ies

ofour nat ive A ster s, b u tm ucb larger . Leaves lan ceolate acum inate

u ndu late,some t imes contorted

,s‘

ess i le,marg ins c il iate

,s tem erect

g labrou s , (smooth ) . W i th me ; i t .gave no ind icat ion of flower buds

the season-

of sow ing,

’

al though th e seed was sown earl y , and we werefavored w ith a remarkab l y fine au tumn th e past season for th e perfect ion ofp lants . I th ink

,therefore

,t here mu st be some m i stake abou t

_

its produc ing flowers th e firs t season,as - I h ad more than fifty p lants .

PET UN IA’

V IOLA‘C EA .—

i

P etunia Violacea,Purp le petun ia. Pen

tandr ia. Monogyn ia. Solanem. Synonyms, Salp ig lossis iritegrifol ia.

N ierembergia phce nema .

We adop t th e first name in preference , for th e fol low ing reasons.

Sal p igloss is 1s a genus more common in th is coun try,w i th d idynamou s

stamens and an imbr i cated corol la,two h ighly important characters

,

wh ich are Wantmg i n th is p lant . Nieremberg ia is,l ike i t

,pentan

drous b ut th e pecu l iar .form. of the corol la, th e absence of tee th upon

th e d isk , and the s ingu lar lunate stigma of that genus, renders i t -im

M IS C ELLANEOUS . 71r

poss ib le to‘

place this inN ieremberg ia w i thout v io lat ing e ve ry pr incip leofgeneric d ist inct ion ; if ther e is any

.

One genus in So laneae more

natural and more pos i t ive l y defined by o bvious and impo rtan t characters than another , i t is N ie remberg ia, so cal led , w i t h wh ich th is ought ,on no account, to b e confou nded .

‘Bu t from Pe tun ia, .of wh ich th e

h ow common Pe tuma , ny ctagin iflora may be taken as th e type,th e

p lan t before u s d iffe rs in nothing whate ve r , excep t th e inflated tu beofth e corol la; and th e s i ze of its emb ryo Petun i a i s remarkab le forth e th ickened b ases

'

of its fi laments,wh ich al l arise upon the same

p lane from the m idd le Of th e tube , for its capi tate st igma, th e Obl iquel imb Of its coro lla

, (the leafy segments of its calyx

,and for its d isk

,

wh ich bears a d ist inct tooth on e ach s ide whe re i t tou ches the su tu re

of the OVrarium . Now the re is not one ‘

Of t hese h igh l y character ist i cmarks

,in wh ich th is p l ant d iffers from Pe tun ia

,to wh ich we , w i thou t

any scrup le,refer

‘

it.”—D r L indley .

1

I rece ived th e seeds Ofthe above p lant t h is spr ing from Mr George

C . Thorburn ,under the name of N ie rembe rg ia v iol ace a

,from whi ch

I have raised numerou s_p lants

,some of wh ich have b egun to shew

flowers,and proves to be th e same as Pe tun ia Phoenecia

,so un ive r~

sal l y adm ired the last season in the v i c in i ty Of Boston. I t is ve ryperp lex ing to the flor ist

,to rece iVe see

‘ds under so many d ifferentnames .

“

We Ought to obtain th e true name , as .,soou as some

'

eminent

botan ist h as dec ided'

u pon i t . This D r Lind le y h as done nearly twoye ars s ince

,and we can su re ly confide i n h im, as

'

b e ing the firs t rateau thor i ty .

Lancaster,J une 20

,1836 .

ART . IV .- l l1iscel laneous .

On the u se of Camp hor in H or ticu l tu re.

Camphor is d issolved in al cohol u nt i l the latter is satu rated ; theal cohol is then pu t into so-ft water , in th e proportion of two d rops to

“

h alfan ounce . W i thered,or apparently dead p lan ts

, put into th isl iqu id , and al lowed to remain there .from two to four hours , w i l lrevive ,

'

ifthe y h ave not been. complete l y dead .before be ing pu t in .

On the P rop ag ation of Vines .

Cu tt ings are made from one“ and a half fee t to two-

feet in length ,‘

and al l th e buds removed from them except One at the uppe r extrem

M ISCELLANEOUS .

root is then laid in the so i l , to the dep th Of six inches,

rig the b ud be ing brought up to the su rface . A v igorou se in'i tlie first year and in th e second

,y'

ear th e p lants, ifw i l l be ar fru i t .

On the P reservation of Grap es and P lums .

grape s are prese rved by cu tt ing the bunch When r ipene foot Of t he wood

,above and be low the footstalk . T h e

vood are d ipped in hot p itch , to keep in the mo istu re'

and

s then hung up in a d ry p lace . T he'

Q ue tch p l um i s

1March by the fo l low ing me t hod — Gather t hem whenand d ry pu t them ina g lass jar or bot tle , close ly tied

l ed so as to exclude the , ai r,and then bury them in dry ,

e ight fee t deep, so as to_

b e '

ou t Of the reach of any

mpe ratu re or mo isture . When taken ou t, they mu st beate l y .

On Shor tening theTap R oots of Trees.

ng princip les are laid downi ry to any one part ofap lant occas ions a change in theloper

'

nent Of th e o ther parts .

and stems are always in a certain degree reciprocal ly proeach other.

proot“

does not form ap art of e very p lant b u t,

i

where it

an e ssent ial part of that p lant .rte

’

n ing—the tap root

,one or o ther of the fol low ing couse

r e su l t tender p l ants w i l l be"

; more eas i ly des troy ed byter ; al l sorts of p lants b y dry weather, from the ir rootsdeep in the so i l th e wood Of the timber trees w i l l b et he ir trunks s horter

,and

“ their heads broader and less'

ru i t trees w i l l b lossom earl ier and more abundantly,

-

and

l l b e la rger and better flavored .

i splant t rees w i thou t inj ur ing the ir roots,is d iffi cu l t in

the age Of th e tree,and the extent Of th e roots .

usplanting ought to ’

be done when the trees are young ,y can th e troots b e cu t w i thou t injury .

the taproot descends into a bad su bso i l,i t br ings on dis

tree .

al conclus ionwhich the wri ter draws , is , that where t heves t t imbe r- trees are an Object , the seeds shou ld be sown

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274 SHIRREFF’S T OUR“

THROUGH NORTH AM ER ICA .

try is requ ired ,to cont inue the increase . W i thou t sk i l l and indu stry ,

the returns from cu l t ivat ion yearl y d imin ish, and u l t imate ly fal l shortof those from pasturage , or u nd isturbed nature; In th is case it is not

n ature b u t man

'

wh ich‘ fai ls to do h is part ; and th e decrease may

beconsideredx

aj ust re tribu t ion .

“.A reflecting m ind w i l l d iscover mu ch ev idence Of nature ’s econ

omy throughou t the universe and th e farm supp l ies famil iar. i l lustrat ions . Cows and sheep

,by consum ing grass , y ie ld bu tcher meat ,

m i lk,bu tter , cheese , and le ather . These var ied fabr i cs emanate

from th e same sou rce , and , w hen red u ced to the ir e lements,may

again '

enter into th e compos i t ion Ofgrass . T he s traw ofgrain crops,

and other vege tab le matter,after be ing eaten by

,or tramp led unde r

the feet Of animal s,decomposes

,and enters into wheat , barley , a nd

turn ip , -or any othe r p lant . In th is manner th e vegetab le and an imalk ingdoms ass ist e ach other and so perfect is th e e conomy ofnatu re,that none Of hermater ial s are lost in the intercou rse .

By jud ic ious management , the fert i l i ty Of a farm may b e main

tained , or its productions reproduced year after year ; the produ ceu sual l y d isposed Of, be ing th e reward Of cu l t ivat ion . Ifsuch produ cewere to b e consumed on the farm ,

its fert i l ity wou ld b e augmented,

and th e reproduct ive and progress ive increase ofnature , when assistedby man

,exemp l ified . But th e progress ion in fert i l i ty is Ch ecked by

excess ive l uxu r iance , wh i ch d iminishes the re tu rns . _ Thu s lav ish andn iggard l y cul t ivat ion is both pun ished , and i l lu strat ive of th e max imto u se th e things of th is l ife w i thou t abu s ing them.

Man seems to have been endowed w i th rat ional powers for supp l y ing h imse lfw i t h the means Ofsubs istence

, iw h ich he accomp l ishe s

ch iefly through th e vege tab le and animal k ingdoms . Vege tab les d irectly m in ister to h is t

wants in var ious w ays,and ind ire ctly

,th rough

domest ic animals , wh i ch are al toge ther dependent on them .

'

T h e

farm i l lu strates the d irect supp l y in the produ ct ion of,

wheat,potatoes

,

and flax ; th e ind irect suppl y in bu tcher meat,

and woo l . In farm

economy,vegetab les and an imals may be v iewed as manufacturing

mach ines , ass ist ing man and e ach o the r,and th e un i ted re su l ts of

wh ich are nece ssary to th e format ion Of ce rtain fab rics ; \

such as m ilk .

From th is sou rce man is supp l ied w ith many Of th e luxur ies,as we l las the necessar ie s ofl ife . T h e re su l ts Of th emu lberry tree

,s i lkworm,

and coch ineal insect , are un i ted‘

in some Of the lustrous cloth ing of

the fai r sex.

“ The materials entering into organi zed l ife may be var ied , and

SH IRREFF S TOUR THROUGH NORTH AM ER ICA .

part ly u nknown to man The most important e lements of them,

however, are to b e found in air and water,and may , therefore , be

said '

to pervade th e un iverse .

’

Shou ld a d ifference Of Op in ion ex istregard ing them

,it is encou raging for the farmer to know that t hey

abound every where w i th in the sphere Of h is operat ions .

‘FT he local ities for manufactur ing sustenance are almost as variedas th e mach inery Of p lants . Th e sea,

‘

air,and exte rior of e very or

ganized body are stat ions,b ut the surface of th e e art h orso i l is the

ch ief.i

The “ local it ies may b e cons idered workshops,d iffering in

merit,w i thou t general ly contr ibu t ing material s towards th e manufac

tures . S ustenance manufactured in th e sea,and on the su rface of

the earth,equal l y su stains human l ife

,and

,in ,both cases , contains

the same e lements ;Soi l is not Often regarded simply

'

as a workshop, al though no

other v iew of it accords w i th the Operat ions Ofnature and ofman . I t

does not in any case appear to contribu te material ly to the format ionOfp lants , and is only u sefu l to them by afford ing support to t he ir roots ,and hold ing the ir sustenance be ing a re cep tacle of air, water , dec

‘

omposing organ i zed bod ies , and m ineral su bstances . Soi l may b erendered ferti le or unfert i le by impart ing or w i thdraw ing whate verpromotes vege tat ion .

“ In the preparat ion Of human sustenance , then ,so i l is a work »

shop ; air, moisture , l ight, heat , and decomposmg organ i zed bod ies,raw materials ; p lants and animal s

,mach inery ; certain m ine rals and

l abors,Oil for the mach inery . In manufactu r ing produ ce

,natu re sup

p l ies air,l ight

,heat, and moisture man furn ishes organ i zed bod ies

,

mach inery and Qil , wh ich may general l y al l b e Obtained by cap i tal .The parts performed by nature and man vary according to the fabr i c

produ ced . In th e case Of pasturage,nature contr ibu tes th e greatest

sh are in cu l t ivat ion, the cap i tal , ski l l , and industry Ofman are con

spicuous . T he neg lected farm ,incapab le Of producing tu rn ips w i t h

a v is ib le bu lb , y ie lds a fu l l crop w i th a ju d ic ious app l ication Of laborand manu re . T h e united e xert ions ofnatu re and man insure success .

S he accomp l ishes mu ch when unaided by man,bu t he cannot Obtain

anyth ing w i th out the ass istance Ofnature . When she w i thholds heator mo is ture , the manufacture is suspended

,and sh e possesses the

power Ofarrest ing or al toge ther destroy ing the mach inery . Farmers

comb ine nature ’s agency under th e term cl imate ; and they are fam i l iar w i th th e general effec ts of heat , frost , drought, and moisture .

1 Ifg iven quant i t ies Of manure and labor were bestowed on equal por

ELAST IC WALKS FOR“

GARD ENS .

of soi l , s imi lar in qual ity , s i tuated in Scot land,on a leve l wi th

icean,and th e top of

'

amountain,th e d ifference Ofproduce wou l d

re effect of cl imateMan h as been doomed to e arn h is bread by th e sweat Ofh is brow .

erience confirms that the indu stry ofan ind iv idual,C losel y appl ied

e cu l t ivat ion of th e so i l in the temperate cl imes Of th e world,i s

than adequate to ‘

suppl y su stenance to h imse lf. It is a beau t ifu ltre in farming, that agr icu l tural improvements furn ish add i t ional

, increase almost '

e very ‘comfort , and ame l iorate C l imate : T he

ness ofGod .to man is thus man ifested , in prov id ing h fim’

w ith the

i s ofsubs istence,and a reward accord ing to h is ind ustry .

”

(Fromth e Gardener’s Magazine . )

VL— On a Ill ethod ofmaking elastic Walksfor Gardens .

ANY th ings’

have been invented to render th e bodyj

of man‘

e asy

comfortab le and,Of these , th e improvements wh ich der ive the ir

otages from'

e l asticity appear to be preferred the Ind ian- rubber

s,and th e water- p roof e l ast i c hats

,I th ink

,are proofs Of th is .

Object Of th is paper is to ‘

- carry the“

employment of el ast ic i ty a

farther , and to introdu ce i t into garden ing , if i t is not already inAmong the var iou s me thods Of mak ing w alks po inted out in

E ncy clop wdia of Gardening ,I can find none that accord ex

w i th those that I wou ld recommend in th is paper : name l y,

i c wa lks . The ir Object is to add p leasure to th e flowe r- garden

n many,gardens

“

th e’

walks are of such a natu re,that one wou ld

)st th ink they were intended , to make the persons walk ing on

1 do penance in th e temp le OfF lora,instead Of afford ing ease and

su re'

wh ile contemp lat ing the cu l tivaetd beau t ies of th e vege table

;dom b ut, I be l ieve , if th e p lanb e adop ted wh ich I shal l p resentl ymmend

,the fairest flowers of creat ion w i l l l inger. Wi th de l igh t

ng the ambrosial sweets of the flower garden,and walk w i th as

h softness and comfort as ifon a Brusse ls carpe t .he method I wou ld re commend to make '

e last i c walks is th isl ove th e earth one foot deep ; and

,if found necessary to have

aiu,make i t in th e cen tre or s ide of the Walk . Afte r the d rain

l iSiled , fi l l th e bottom Of th e walk w i th smal l stones to th e depth

iree inches or fou r inches then fi l l up the remain ing e ight inches

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278 GARDENER’

S W ORK FOR JULY .

From T . Lee, Esq . Lup inus Po lyphy l lus,Eschschol t z ia, Rose Irene ,

Pentstemons and Tage te s l u cid a.

A‘

meet ing Of the Hor t icu l tural Comm i ttee was holden at the SOCIe ty

’

s room th is day and Mr S . Walker chosen Chairman .

S AT URDAY, JUNE 25.

From S . W alker,Bow

’s C laud ius

,and R ob inson’

s Navar ino Pinks,both e legant ; Dou ble . Wh i te Rocke ts

,Pa onia Wh ittlej u ,

Roses,

Phloxes,In ses

,Glauc i um

,Chme se larkspu r

,SpIra as , &c. Othe l lo,

Vil lage'Maid

,Macu l atum

,and ot her fine V iolas .

From Hovey CO. ,Pze onia Wh ittlejxii , Campanu la aggregata

Ph loxes, Geramums,Pentstemons , Gai ll ard ia, also,R ivers

George the Fourth Rose , the new cr imson Boursal t, and Sp iraea be l la‘.

ART . Vl II .—Gardener

’s Work for Ju ly .

CLEANand prepare ground on wh ich y ou have raised , and from

w h ich y ou have gathered y ou r earl iest crops Of peas,sp inage , cab

‘bages,&c. &c.

,and prepare such other vacant s pots as may b e cu l

t ivated for grow ing vege tab les for your table in au tumn and w inter .

C ont inu e to,sow crops xof

‘

smal l salad ing e very e ight or ten days, b utit w i l l b e best to sow them on shady borders

,or e lse the young p lants

sh ou ld be occas ional l y shaded by mats from th e mid - day sun ; and,if

t h e season be at al l dry , t hey shou ld b e frequently watered , both before and after the ir appearance above ground . You may now p lantce lery in 'tr

’

enches,that is

,if. th e p lants are abou t from six to twe lve

inches h igh .

’

'Abou t the'

middl'

e Of Ju l y,and from that t ime '

to the

e nd of th e first week in Augu st , y ou may sow turn ip s . It may b e

we l l in sow ing turn ip seed , to use some cheap and effe ctual preventiveof the fly : It appears from a

‘tr ial of Kn ight,at the suggest ion of

S ir Humphrey Davy,that ‘l im‘

e,s laked with u r ine

,and m ixed w i th a

treb le qu ant i ty Ofsoot , ifsprink le d on the seed at the t ime ofsow ing,

w i l l protect the seeds and germs from the ravages of t h is pern i c iousinsect ; b ut th is ant idote cannot be conven iently app l ie d unless thesow ing be in d ri l ls . A st il l s impler remedy h as been recommendedby Mear

,an Eng l ish gardener

,viz : S teep th e turnip seed in su lphur

water, pu tt ing an ounce Of su lphur to a p int of water,wh ich w i l l b e

sufficient for soak ing abou t three pounds Ofseed .

” Th in and trans

NEW AND VALUAB LE F RU IT S . 279

p lant such l ett uces as were sown last‘

month,and sow more le ttu ce

seed in the beg inn ing , m idd le , and l ast week Of th is month,in orde r

to‘h'

av’

e a constant supp l y for th e tabl e . Sow l ikew i se radishes,and

,

th e last w eek in th is- 'month a good crop of s pinach may be sown for

au tumn u se it w i l l not t hen b e so l iable to run to seed as in the pre

ced ingmonth s . I t is a good pract i ce to sow early sorts Of cabbagesin th is .month

,for a supp l y Of young greens in au tumn .

“

Col le ct al lk inds of seeds as

'

th e y come to matur i ty , cu tt ing Off o r pu l l ingu p the

s tems w ith the seeds attached as they r ipen . Spread them in some

dry ai ry p lace under cover,‘

tu rning them now and then,that the

s eed s may dry , and“h arden grad u al ly

,and be carefu l not to l ay them

SO th ick as to hazard“ the ir he at ing and ferment ing. When they are

suffi c iently dry , beat ou t and clean the se eds and depos i t th em/in bags

and boxes t i l l wanted . Give water to such pl ants as requ ire i t,b u t

let th is always b e done in th e e vening that i t may b e Ofl

'

use to the

vege tab les before th e sun shal l come to e vaporate i t .You may now inocu late or b ud your fru i t trees

,and

,whe re i t can

b e done W ithou t inconven ience,i t may b e we l l

.

to l et swme run in or

chards to eat fal len and decayed fru i ts , and thu s destroy the insectswh ich

‘

su éh fru i t contains . If,howey er

,th is cannot we l l bedone , Or

y ou have not sw ine in suffi c ient “

numbers to d e vou r al l your fal lenfru i t , gather and carry it from th e ground before th e worms includedI n it

,make the ir w ay into th e earth

,and thus perpe tuate the p lague

of the ir v is i tat ions . T he best management is to gather w ind fal lenfru i t , as soon as poss ible after its lapse bo i l it

,together w ith a l it tle

Ind ian meal or some s imi lar far inaceous substance,and feed it to

swme after hav ing been cooked and thus made th e most of.

ART . IX .— New and 'Val uable F ru i ts .

MR KENR ICK ’S communi cat ion

,announcing “ Additional D ona

tions of N ew and Va lu able Var ieties of F ru i ts received fr om D r

Van Mons,

” toge the r w i th the le tters Of the Doctor, presen t ou r

readers w i th art i c les , wh i ch cannot fail to b e h ighly apprec iated .

Had Professor Van Mons made the Un i ted S tates a presen t of a

prov ince ,or a tract of country l ike that of Texas

,or one Of Bona~

parte ’s k ingdoms , h e wou ld have confe rred a less favor on mank ind,

and given less cause for thankfu lness to t hose who were the immedii

280 CATALPA SALICIFOLIA .

ate recip ients Ofthe donat ion,than he h as by the g ift Ofh is new sorts

o ffru i ts .

T he Romans transp l anted in to Italy the fig from Syr ia,the C i tron

from Med ia, the peach from Pers ia, th e pomegranate from Afri ca, th eaprico t from Ep iru s , apples , pears , and p lums fromArmen ia, cherr iesfrom Pontus

,&c. &c .

,and those patr iots who were instrumental in

in troducing,

those b less ings , were thought worthy Of th e h ighest hono rs whi ch the i r gratefu l cou ntrymen cou ld bestow . And su re l y su chph ilanthrop ists as Dr Van Mons

,and also Messrs Dearborn

,Kenr ick

,

Manning,W insh ips and othe rs

,who have been Instrumental In effe ct

ing th e benevolent pu rposes of the Profe ssor,deserve to be he ld In

honorab le remembrance,a nd to re ce ive at least th e acknowledge

ments of grat itude fromcount le ss thousand s who have been or may

be benefitted by the ir bene vo lent,exertlonS .

— [CONDUCTOR .

[Extract of a letter from TH OMA S S . PLE AS ANT S , of Beaverdam, Virg in ia , datedJune 8 , 1836, to th e Ed itor of th e Horticu ltu ral Register .]

SOM E time ago , I was requested by my _

fr iend N . Heb romont,Of

Columb ia, S . C .,to send y ou a few seeds of the Cata lpa S a licifolia ,

a - splend id flower ing tree , or rather shrub,brough t to th is country

from Mex ico by J . R . Po inse tt,ou r late m inister to that country .

Var iou s engagements have pu t i t”

out Of my m indI

; and though it isnow late , y e t ,

as th e seeds vege tate very read i ly,I have nodoub t th e

p lants w i l l do we l l . It w i l l be necessary in your cl imate to g ive i t

the prote ct ion of a conservatory dur ing w inter in fact. i t is neces

sary here b u t i t we l l deserves al l the attent ion wh ich w i l l b e prope rto keep i t in a flou r ish ing cond i t ion .

We are under great ob l igat ions to Mr P leasants for h is donat ion Of

th e'

seeds above men t ioned , and have d istribu ted them in smal l parce ls among ou r hort icu l tu ral fr iends , who w i l l pay e ve ry attent ion to

the ir propagat ion.— [COND UCTOR .

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HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS .

One of themost luxu r ia’

nt species is C . Virg zmcum, (Virgin’s

Bower) found g rowing profuse l y upon th e banks of many of our

r ivers and brooks and other we t p laces, decorat ing th e sh ru bbery to

wh ich i t attaches i tse lf by its pe t io l .,

es wh ich are g iven off at intervals inpairs , tw ining rou nd objects of support , and serv ing th e purpose of tendr i ls . Each of these opposi te pe t io les bears three hearth aped leaves var ious ly toothed and lobed .

Pedunol es ax i l lary

,bear ing cyme s

'

ofwh ite flowers,wh i ch are

dicac ious, the fer t i le flowe rs bear ing 1mperfect anthers .

The m'

oslt'

remarkab le,

appearance of th is p lant, 1s , when in fru i t ;the long feathery tail 's

'

of'

seeds“

appear ing l ike tufts of wool . Ari

arbor,th ick ly cove red w i th th is v ine

,would make as ingu lar appear:

ance near th e close of summer and th e au tumnal mon ths . Th e

flewer‘sare handsome when perfect ion 1n the begmmnfr of August .

It wi l l grow twenty or more fee t 111 a season,most of wh ich perishes ,

leav ing onl y a smal l part of the p lant shrubby .H

C’. viticel la 1s a much admired spec i es W i th b lue flowers Wh ich are

prod uced from June to Sep tember,on long ped uncles . from

"

th e ai'

of the leaves .

’

Leaves ent i re or ternate,

I

decompound , the terminalleaf frequently end ing in a tendr i l by w h ich i t sustains 1tse lf

,be ing

'

a cl imber of ‘

de l i cate hab i ts , mos t of th e plant'

s dying annual ly near

to th e ground. F lowers w i th fou r pe tals , r'

athe '

r be ll shaped and nod

d ing ; a var ie ty h as doub le flowe rs

C . j am‘

ma la,is a highly prized spec ies

,not much cu l t ivated among

u s a fine cl imb'

er,producing Wh ite fragrant flowers. Leaves p

segments smooth ent ire,or three lobed

,1ound

,

‘

oval,ob loi1g or

l inear,rat he r acu te. Of th is species

,there are fou r

”

or five Var ie tiesC".flor ida 1s another fine scandent plan-t su i table for arbor

,

’

s grow

ing from ten to twenty feet m a season,w i th wh i te flowers hav ing a

'var iety w i th do'

u b le . ones . Bes ides these enumerated, there are as

many '

as twenty spec1es of Clema tis l

w h ich are,cons ide red ornamental .

Any ,com‘

mon garden'

soil Wil l su i t them,and they are read i ly l n

creased by l ayers : '

or young cu tt ings p laced u nd er a common hand,

f

'

glass , w i l l{

foot free ly . S eed s are often ripened in abundance theyare best sown in pans, or

‘Wi’del-mou thed'

-p laced in “

a shadys i tu at ion

,where they w il l remain some t ime befo re they come up they

may then be potted off, or p lanted ou t inthe ground

, whe re they w i l lrequ i re to b e shaded a l i ttl e if th e weath er be warm

,t il l they have

takeh fresa root . 1

There-

are a few spec ies 111 th e genus ”

w i th d ifl'

erent fhi

ab its,be ing

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLA‘NT s .

erect- ia growth . A fine“

spe cies is Clematis er ecta , p rodu cing a pro

fus1on of fine wh ite pan icles i n Ju l y : from two to three fee t h ighLe aves

_p1nnate , leafle ts stalked , ovate l anceolate , segments. en t ire .

Clematis integrg'

fol ia . . Entire'

le aved i A handsome uprigh t p lanttwo fee t h igh

,produ c ing n odd ing , be l l - shaped , b lue flowers mos t of

the season Leaves entire’

,ovate lanceolate , smooth . A var iety ,

angu sl tz'

fol ia, h as narrow leaves . C . ochroleuca has l ightye l low flowers .

'

a nn2 . ANEMONE 1E

Inth i s section of the natural order , the most prominent. genus isAnemone and type of th e tr ibe

,a we l l known flo

’

rist’s flower, of

Wh ich there are h und reds of varret1esP oly andr ia p oly g y nza . Gener ic char acter .

'

- Pe tals five to fif

teen seeds numerous,naked . T h e corol i s conside red a calyx by

some .

Anen’

wne . Fror'

n Greek , s ignifying W ind becau se the flower

grows in e le vated p laces,mu ch exposed .to w ind .

Two spec1es are cu l t i vated under the .name of Anemc'

me‘

; the .A .

coronar ia or poppy , anemone . a xnative of and A . hortensr,

the star or broad leaved anemone,a nat ive of Italy , both of wh i ch

have been cu l t ivated i n Eng land for abou t two hund red and fifty ye ars .

Fromthe Catalogue of Henry Van Eden 0 0 . Flor ists, at Harlemin Hol land

,we find one hundred and . fifty var ieties , enume rated Wi th

the ir namesf arranged as fol lowsi

1

1Red or Blood co lor Rosy and wh ite flamed w i th pu rp le SkyBlue , Pu rple or Ash color — Rosy w i th Green and Wh ite Wh iteand Rosy co lor and Agathe or Agate colored “ One hundre d of

th e cho icest varie t ies are offered for fifty francs .

Very l i ttle attent ion . has been pa id to th e cu l t ivat ion of th is mos tbeau t ifu l flower , from th e fact we suppose

,that i t W i l l '

not stand our

W inte rs unle ss p l anted m a frame . Thus protected i t h as su cceeded ‘

admirably wi th some of ou r flor ists,repay ing abundantly the extra

troub le that is necessary to bestow upon i t. Ifthe roots are kep tfromdampness they w i l l do very wel l to p lant out in Apr i l and produ ce very good fl'

,owers ifgood roots have been precured . Many

'

rootsare annual l y sold at auction of inferior qu al i ty

,and frequentl y in

mouldy state , Wh ich , if they vegetate , poorly repay th e expense of

cu l t ivat ion, by wh ich a prejud ice has been gl ven not mu ch.

in favor

of the flower .

Thosewho have seen a bed of Anemones of eve ry color and h ue

HARD-

Y HERBACEOUS PLANTS .

in fu l l perfect ion, w i l l no longer th ink l ightly of the flower, and - no

dou‘

bt wou ld make an effort themse lves to cu l tivate it.The roots of Anemones are sol id flattened masses l ike those of

ginger, and l ike them are mu l t ip l ied by d iv ision . A root wh ich h asremained in th e so i l two or three years

,if i t h as no room to extend

it attains a great bread th ; but i t is s t il l , only one root ; and hencethemode of s ale by We ight,

“

and the roots are ‘d iv ided when pl anted .

”

Cr iter ion of aa fine double Anemone . The stem shou ld b e strong ,e lasti c

,and erect

,not less than n ine 1nches

'

h igh .

‘

T h e blossom ,or

corol la,shou ld be at least two inches and a ha lf i n d iameter

,cons ist

ing of“

an ex ter ior vo id of large‘su bstant ial we l l rounded pe tals or

,

guard leaves at first hori zontal l y extended , and then turning a l itt leupwards so as to form a broad shal low cup, the interior part of wh ichshou ld contain a great number of long smal l pe tals

,imbr ica‘t ing each

other,

«

and rather revert ing from the centre of th e b lossom there are

a great number of smal l slender,

stamens interm ixed w i th these pe

tals,bu t t hey are short and not eas i ly dwiscernib le Th e co lor shou ld

be clear and d ist inct when d ivers ified l n the same fl owe r, or bri l l iant

and s tr iking if_ it consists onl y of one color, as b lue , cr imson , or scar-a

let,&c. in wh ich case the bottom of th e broad exter ior‘petals i s gen

e-ral l y‘

Wh ite b u t th e beauty and contrast is considerab ly increasedwhen both the exter ior and inter ior petals are regu larly marked withal ternate bl ue and wh ite

,or p ink and wh ite , stripes , wh ich m the

‘

broad pe tals shou ld not extend qu i te to th e -marg1n

P rop ag ation. B y d iv id ing the rOots for fine sorts , andby seed for

new var ieties"

.

Soi la nd situa tions . Accord ing vto Maddock , . a fresh ,"strong , r ich,loamy so il is p referab le to .al l

,others . - Hogg recommends fre sh loam

with a cons iderable port ion-

ofrot-

ten horse or

“

cow. dung . The R ev‘

.

WEW i l l iamsonu ses a st iff - cl'

ayey lo'

am w i th a fou rth ;part of rottendung . The situationshou ld be‘

open, b’

ut

‘

not exposed to v iolentWindsor currents

'

of air . The bed shoul‘

dgber dug fromeighteen inches totwo fee t deep , and not rai sed more t han feu r inches above

-

the leve l oft he walks , to preserve the mo istu re effectual l y : at abou t five inchesb elow th e su rface shou ld be p laced a s tratum of two year old cow

dung, m ixed w i th earth , six b r e ight inches th i ck ; bu t th'

e earth aboveth is stratum ,

wh ere the roots are .to be p lanted , should. be perfectlyfree from dung, wh ich wou ld ,prove a U I

'lOLl S, rather than of benefit ,

if too near them. The fibres w i l l draw suffic ient nour ishment fromit at the depth above ment ioned bu t if th e dung were placed deeper ,

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HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS .

at the base . It’

s one of the earli est flowers,foun d i n. abundance l n

the shade of th ickets and woods .

Genu s HEPAT ICA .-Thi s ngenu s contains some beau t ifu l l i ttle dwarf

p lants, h ighly pr ized on account of the i r abundant blossoms and greatvar iety of col ors and shades . “ Hepatica is from Greek

,relating to

the l iVe i‘, the three lobes of the leave s have been compared to theth ree l obes of the l iver .”

Char acter of the genu s . Calyx t hree leaved , a l ittle /distancebe

low the core ],- en .tire '

petal s ix to n ine ; seeds w i thou t tai lsH ep atica trzloba L iver-Wor t . ‘3 Th is

l

‘

de l icate‘ l i tt le flower 1s one

of the earl l e st v isitors in springmflowe'

r ing'in sunny spots

'before the

snow ground . The flowers appear before the leaves , onhairy scapes . Calyx of three ovate , ob tu se , hairy . leaflets , s i tu atedon the scape at a d istance be low the rpetals . Petals oblong

,obtuse ,

pu rple,somet imes Wh i

'

t‘e Seeds numerou s , sess i le , ovate , acute,

h al ry , supported by the pers istent calyx . T h e l eaves are heart shapedat

‘

pase,and d iv ided into three

,rare ly five , entire lebesz

” 'It is verymuch improved by cul t ivat ion S ome Engl ish var ieties are

Splend id, espec ial ly the'

doub le red and" “double ,b l ii e , and th e Wh ite"

w ith'

red anthers . A patch of e ither of these,or ou r own indigenou s

species,wh ich d iffers very l ittle from the European

,makes a very

l ivel y appearance , b u t are qu ickly spoiled by the sun unless shaded .

The leaves of the L iver- wort have been u se d in cases of p u lmonarycomp laints . A few years smce i t was somewhat ce lebrated amongherb doc tors 2’ We

“be lieve its repu tation is somewhat on the decline . There 15 one th ing that recommends i tse l f 111 the u se of i tif it does no good , there is no 'great danger of doing harm . Therehave been some wel l au thenticated instances of its efficacy ;Genres

'

AD ON rs . P oly an'

dr ia‘

p oly gy nia'

. Adonis is said to b ethe p lant th at

/

sprang from th e blood of‘

Adoms when wou nded bythe ’boar. Handsome border flowers

,espe cial ly A

tumna lz’

s,and of the easiest cu l tu re in any garden soil .

”

Char acter qf the g enus .

“

Sepal s five,

appressed . Petal s,five t o

naked claw. Grains many , one seeded , spi ked, ovate ,pointed w i th the pe 1 s istent hardened style .

Adonis verna l is a is the only perennial species , produc ing its br i l l iant'

ye l low flowe i s w i th twelve or fifteen oblong, somewhat toothed petalsthe l ast '

of Ap-r il . Not common in ou r gardens

,but r ichly deserves

a place in everv,c ol lection

'G’enu s'

l‘

HAmc'r RU-M .

‘

q ly andrz'

a poly gy n'

i‘

a . Thal ictrum- i s

HARD -Y ' HE'ItB ACE OUS P LANT S . 287

said to be der ived fromGreek , to grow green ,from the br igh t color

of the young shoots . The species are»v igorou s grow ing p lants w i thramose roots and smooth , fine l y d iv ided

lleaves - they grow in any soi l

and s itu at ion ,and A . tu berosum

,cornu ti

,an

’

d ag-utlegz

'

falz’uhz are

’ reckoued handsome ornaments 111 a border or sh rubbery .

Character of the genu s . 1 Calyx none , pe tal s fou r or five ; seedsw i thou t ta i l sWe have m our col lec t ion T . cornu ti , wh ich makes a handsome

appearance in the back, of the border,new in b loom (Ju ly 12 about

fou r fee t h igh . FlOWC l S in corymbs , pale y el low ,the stamens or

anthers forming the most consp icuous part of the flower ; Leaves “decompound segments b luntly th ree- lobed .

T . cory-nel lu r

‘

n, is . ind igenou s

,a

_common

,tal l meadow pl ant wi th

wh ite flowers “ i ts numerou s filaments bear ing ob long‘

y e l low anthers.

Th e /only gedds in th is tribe contain ing”

handsome border flowersi s th at of R anunc

'

u lu s,in

’

wh ich as one remarkab l e’

spec1e'

s,

'

R . Asia

ticus , famou s for prod ucmg innumerab le var ie ties of flor ists’ flowers

,

who'se roots in a dry state,cons ist of l ittle tufts ’ of cyl indr1e tubers:

forming one important item of theannu al impor ts of roots and bu l bs

- R anu 7zcu lu s i s said to be so cal led Irom r ah a,a frog,becau se th e

species inhabit hum id p laces frequented by th at rept ile .

”

Character of . the 1

g enu s C alyx five lea'ved ; pe tals fiveWi th anect-a/riferous pore and smal l scales at the ir base on the ins ide ; seedswi thout tail s naked

,numerOu s P oly andr i

q

a p oly gy nia n We have

many species of th is genu s indigenous,‘

_we l l known b y x th e name“ ofbu tt

_ ,er- cups the flower s of the d ifferent spec ies hav ing a c l ose resem

bl ance to each other , be ing'

of a'

b rl l l 1ant varn l sh ed ye l low possessingin

“ some species , acr idity i n a high degree.

_

R . sce leratu s when bru ised and appl ied to the sk in produ ces b l ister s . Al l these species areweeds natural ly .

_There are some improved var iet ies w i th doubleflowers trul y beau tifu l ; as

“

R . repens flare p’

lena ,and R . acr is

‘

flare

pleno. T he only d ifficul ty w i th“ them “ i s to keep them wi th in “

du‘

e

bounds , as they have a great propens i ty to extend th emselves farth erthan 15 des irable .

R . acom’

tzfol ius IS a handsome p lant, and

“

thu s described by an

American wr i ter thirty'

y'

ears ago . T he dou ble flower ing Var iety of

of Fr ance , is greatly esteemed for the'

[ del i cate beauty of i ts numer

eral -d iv151ons,at each o f‘ wh ich there is one leaf of the same sh a

of the root leaves , d iv ided into five lanceolate lob es~each z the fos ide d lobes are upon foot- stalks coming from the s ide of “the pr incipstems , and the mi dd le one terminates i t ; they are deeply serrate , a1have several l ong itud inal ve ins . The flowers are pu re whi te

,ve

stand ing u‘

poiia s ing le foot“stalk . The root is perenni

and Composed ofmany -strong fleshy fibres , formed l ike~

that of R

huncu lu s A s iaticu s‘

or garden r ,anuncu lus and 1ncre as -

1ng 1n the‘

sa

'

n

manner I t IS a native of the A lps or E urope,and 15 Very scarce

presen t in America. This be au t ifu l plant flowers general ly 111 t ]latter end ofMay and June , and may be propagated by tak ing up tlroots now (September ) or at any time after the stems decay , separeing the offsets , tak ing _

care,at the same t ime , to preserve the orov

ofeach unhu rt , and p lanting them i n any good garden ear th . The

th ick fibres are to be spread around,and the upper par t of each to

Is to be covered abou t two inches deep, if p lanted 111 beds and bc

ders b u t if in pots,one inch wi l l be sufficient ; raise the earth

the centre of the ph t, place“

the'

root thereon s,pread ing the fib l‘t

mound and downward,then fi l l in the earth and cover as ab ov

The p ots w il l requ ire some protect ion and bu t very l ittle water durirw inter

,for no reot or p lant w il l bear as mu ch frost when i n pots

,as

p lanted in open ground ._This plant looks beau t i fu l l y in rooms

"

ar

w indows,

_when in flower

,as wel l as in borders and beds .” -We 5

l e ive th is p l ant 15 s ti l l scarce ,we saw i t in b loom at the

’

Camb ridg

BcitanicGarden this spr ing , uhder the care of M rWm . E . Ca1 ter,tl

super intendent .

R anancu lus‘

A siaticus . T h e Ranuncu lus,from a fascicu lu s

smal l tubers , sends up several b ipart ite leaves , and an ere'

ct branches tem w i th a terminating flower var iou sly col ored . I t IS a nat ive of ti

Levah t, and was cu l tivated by Gerrard ,in

“

1596 . Though rathertend erplant , innumerable and h ighly

_

beau tifu l doub le - flowered vai

‘

e ties have been raised by the -E ngl ish flor ists, fro

th e m idd le to“

the l atterend '

of the l ast’

centu ry .

”'

T he var1et1es a

more nume rous , 1t ,1s said , than any other flower . More than sevchundred var ie ties are n amed 1n the catalogue of Henry Van Eden 1

Cc.,Harlem,

Holl and,and abou t five hundred var1e t1es 111 the cat

logue of“

Henry Groom,flor ist , near London In the last , the h ighs

pi ized one is Groom’s Lady Grey , offered for th e mode1ate sum

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muncu l us produ ce two1 flowe rs al ike , or the same as the1is beau tifu l flewer h as as yet rece ived b ii t l ittle attent ion

Phose who have made the attempt and g iven it properre been we l l rewarded for the ir pains , and we hope i t w i l lgeneral ly cu ltivated .

TR IB E -4 .

'

HELe Boa emi

tion of R anuc‘

u l acee wil l be found th e “

genu s D elphirii

11 aformer number, (page and the genera Acom’

tum,d Trol liu s

feach of wh ich containsmore or les s spec1es

herbaceou s plants . The genus H el leborus, famou s in) ry for i ts d ras

’ t ici powers

,and the N ig el la , ce lebrated in

ew ifery for i ts aromati c seeds,which were u sed for pep

at art icle was”

d iscovered,

”and Gup tis tr ifolz

'

a,or Gold

11 known indigenou s plant fl found in' woods

,produ cing a

verfu l'

b itter ,“

devoid of astr ingency,and a popu lar remedy

he sore mou ths pf ch ildren)N ITUM. Polyandr ia try gy ni a. Character of theg enus .

Pe tals five , the upper vau l ted ; nectar ies two hooded ,1rved , s i l iques th ree to five .

Soc al led fromgrow ing abou t Acona, a town near Rite species “

are robust free- flowering p lants of some‘

b eau ty

ence; The stems u se from two to s ix feet in he ight,upfu rnished With ’

many d ig i tate or‘

pal-

mate leaves,and ter

panicles of l oose sp ikes of.

‘

blue or yel low flowers .”

1 napel lu s,

from napu s,a tu ru 1p

,lts‘ grumou s roots

ittle t u rn ips , is a we l l known inhab itant of the garden.e name of Monk ’s hoo'd i t shou ld be as wel l known as

rfu l poison . The follow ing account of i t,w i l l

,undou bt

h ose who cu l tl vate i t extreme ly cau tiou s‘

,as 1 to the u se

-f i t Linnmus says that i t i s fatal t o k ine and goats‘,hen they come fresh to it

,and are not acqu ainted w ith the

h at i t does no inju ry to horses , when they eat i t only dry .

tes (from the S tockholm acts) that an ignorant surgeon

HARDY 1 HERBACEOUS PLANT S . 29 1

cribed theleaves , and on the patient refus ing to take them,he

them h imse l f and d ied .

~

The ancients who ’were acquaintedchemi cal poisons, regarded the Aconi te as \ the most v iolent of

ooisons . Seme'

persons , only tak ing the efliuvia of the herb in

flower by the nostr il s,havebeen se ized w ith swooning fi ts

,and

: lost the ir s ight for two or three days . But the root is unques

ably the most powerfu l part of the plant . Matth iol u s re latesthat1m1nalwas put to death

.

by tak ing one idrachm of it.° '

Dodonaaus

s u s an instance,recent in h is t ime, of five pe rsons at Antwerp ,

ate the foot by mistake,and al l d ied . Dr Tu rner al so

'

mentions ,

some Frenchmen at - the same p lace,eating‘

the shoots “

of. th is

1t .for those of master- wort, al l d ied in the :course of two days ,apt tw

'

o pl ay ers, whoqu i ck ly evacu ated al l they h ad taken by1it. We have an account in the Ph ilosoph ical T ransactionsmf a

1 who was poisoned l n the year 1732,by eating some of th i s plant

salad,instead of ce le ry . Dr Wi l l i s , in h is work , De Anit

'

ua Bru

1111 , g ives an instance of a nian who d ied°

m a few hou rs,by eating

tender leaves of th i s p lant , also in a salad . He was se ized w i th;h e symptoms of man ia. .The ‘Aconi te

,thu s invested w i th ter

has,however, been so far su bdued , as to become a powerfu l

1edy in some of the most troublesome d isorders inc ident to the

frame .

'

Baron S to’

erck led the . way b y administer ing 1t'

in

pa1n l n the s ide and joints , i n g landu lou s sci1rh i,tumors

,

s tubercles of the b reast , &c. to . the qu ant ity of from ten to

grains m,a dose , of an extract

,the method of mak ing wh ich

rib es . Al l the species are poisono u s in ah igh degree .

species are very

'

numerou s , most of wh ich are beau t i fu l,w i th

nd afew w 1th y e l low or wh ite . Some of the finest

J ap om cum,a lbum

,verszcolor

,var iega tum, ly cocontum,

and

am.

as AQU ILEGIA . P oly andr ia'p entagy nta . Characteri— Calyx

pe tal s five ; nectar ies five , horned between the petal s ; cap

From aqu il a, an eagle: the inverted spu rs of“

thee been l ikened to the talons of 1a birdiof

,

° prey . M. vu lg ar is

inhab i tant of the flower garden : the whole p lant h as beenommended to be u sed med icinal ly

,b u t i t be longs to a su spicions

er , and L innaeu s affirms , that ch ildren have lost .

\

the ir l ives by i t .e

“ spec ies are smooth - leaved,handsome flower ing plants . A .

ina i s the handsomest species.”

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS .

A . vu lg ar is has vari e ties‘

of every'

shade of blue and pu rple,wh ite ,

var iegated and flesh col or’

,w i th s ingle , semidou ble and doub le flowers .

P ropagated from seed , or from .d iv is ions of the root :A .

-canadensz°

s,common in rocky s itu ations , flowering early

°

i n May ,

has pendu lou s scarlet flowers, w i th styles and stamens exserted ; leavesbiternated , or tw ice th ree par ted , 1nci se l y or

“deeply“toothed on the “

extremi ty ..We think th is the most elegant species, be ing much

°

1111

proved by larger roots,w i th nume rous

stemsand flowers . .It forms “one of. the

“most.

e legant ve rnal orname nts of th e season .

” We former ly had .a var iety with pale y e ll owh ave , lost 1t, and think

’

it i s.

not to be found ji'

n any 0 01

lection.

A . sibir iea . r"S iber ian columb ine . This flowered w ith u s for ,

the first time th e present season . It resembles A . vu lg arzs , exceptthat the flowers instead of be ing pendu l ou s , stand erect , _

and are of

a beau ti ful ind igo blue .

. A . formosa°

18 a beau t ifu l new species fiomKamtsch atka, wi th redand orange flowers

,notu y et introduced int-o ou r coun try . Abou t

fifteen specl es are enumerated in L'

oudon’ s Hertu s Br i t‘ann icu s , al l

ornamental and hardy , be ing mostl y natives of Siber ia and alpme

regl ons .

. G’

enu s TROLLIUS . P oly andr ia poly gy nia . Character .— Sepals

colored , five,tenor fifteen

,deciduous

,petaloid ; capsu le s

cyl indr ical , many‘seeded

Trol l ius . A name g iven to th is p lant by Conrad Gesner . I t isder ived from trol .or trol len, an old German s ignifying somethingroun al lus ion to the formof . the flowers . The

‘

speciesare showyflowers for the general b order , and of the easiest poss ible cu lT . europ wus h as yell ow flowers and grows two fee t h igh , flower ing

in May and June . T . asiatzeus is another species W 1th dark orangeflowers , in flower the same t ime , . and one foot h igh . T . amer icanu s

i s a dwarf indigenou s species , also W 1th ye l lc’

1w flowers somewhat l ike

the common ranuncu lu s , and not mu ch super ior in beau ty .

Genus HELLEBORU S . P oly andr ia p oln mm Ch aracter . r—Sepals

five, pers istent , round i sh , obtu se , large , - u sual ly green . Petal s,eight

to te n, tubu lar , nectar iferou s .’

S tigm’

as orb icu lar . Caps u les ,cor ia‘

ceou s .

H el leborus . Erom Greek words' s ignify ing

-

to ,cauSe deatlziiand

food . The dangerou s -qual i ties of He l lebo/

re are wel l known .

'Leathery leaved -

.plantsf most of wh ich'

are'

evergreen'

and flower in w1nter

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HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS

heavy rains . The var ie ties rosea and .

“

Anneslez'

have p ink flowers.Al l the varieties th r ive l n any r i

'

ch l igh t soil . “ R ipened cu ttings ,s l ipped off . and pl anted 111

“ the ground i n a shady place , w i thou t cover ,w il l r

'

oot free ly .

P raam'

a a lbaflm_

a i s a spee l es wh ich contains , neirt tomoutan, someof the most splend id ; as W PV/zitlej z

’

w i th dou ble wh i te,and H umez

'

andfr ag rans w i th dou ble red flowers , com ing 1n'

to b l oom aWeek laterthan P . ofi cz

'

na lz'

s,the common dou ble red peeony i . The s ingle var i

e ties , candida and tar tar ica (flesh col ored ) vesta lz'

sl

and si bir ica

(wh ite, ) ru beseen., (p ink and uniflora, ( 1 ed , ) have s ingle fl

‘

,owers 1

but are handsome border'

plants .'

1

Pwonia ofi cz’

nah‘

s . The double red '

paony , forms one of the mostcommon ornaments of almost every garden

,and

‘formerl y h igh lypr ized , being , when introduced 1nto Antwerp two h undred and fiftyyears ago , soldfor twelve crowns a large sumfor those days .

It is a native of Sw i tzerland,Dauphine, and -

'

other parts ofEurope , and al so of Ch ina \ and Japan .

,The roots were formerly

much used in med ic ineThe var ie ties of

_th is spec ies are P . rosea . w i th ro se,P . b landa

w ith blu sh,P . r u br a w i th red

,P . carnescens with flesh color-cd , and

P . a lb icans w i th Wh i tish flowers . P . p ar adoxa 1s a .handsome speciesfrom Levant w ith pu rple fl0wers

,hav ing two or three var ie ties . P .

tenufolz’

a 1smuch adm ired on account of i ts fine ly div ided fenne l l ikeleaves and globular , s ingle , deep red flowers: P . hy br ida , decora ,

Gr evi l lz’

i,cor a l lz

'

na,and many other spec ies , are fine border plants .

- Al l the species have fleshy , tu berous roots , and are read i ly propa

g ated b y parting ,tak ing care to preserve a bud on the c rown of each

1

ofl'

set. This operation shou ld be performed as soon as the fol iage h asdecayed ,

abou t the last cf Augu st and m 110 case shou ld it be deterred

until spring .

_

Genus Ar twa . P o’

ly andr ia’

monogy ma . Chard cter . CalyX‘four

"

leaved, .p etal s fou r , berry one cel led , many seeded , nearly 1111 11618 11

from a Greek Word , the name o f e lder, Wh ich th is p lant resembles infol iage and fru it . The berrie s of A sp icata arepoisonous , and wi thalum y ie lds a black dy e . The tube1 s of A . racemosa .are cal led snake“root

,and much u sed l n North Amer ica by self-practi tioners, and as

an ant idote against the b ite of the rattle snake

A ru bra and a l ba are ind rgenou s’

,found i

nm0 1st woods producing

spikes of handsome bern es , and l ook we l l w liere introduced into theshru bbery

i

Am . 11.—Visi t to theAnkoy Tea H i l ls.

'

IN November,1834, G. J ; Gerdon

,Esq

I

. accompan ied by M r Gu tz=

lafl‘

,v is i ted the Ankoy Tea H il ls, for the pu rpose o f obtaining some

add it ional facts relat ive to the cu l t ivat ion and preparation of that

p lant . An account of th is tour h as been commun icated by Mr Gor

don, and pu bl ished in the Jou rnal of. the As iat ic Socie ty of Bengal .Two or th ree other gentlemen bel onged to the party , w i th a companyof armed Lascars and cool ies . Of the countr l es throughwh i ch theypassed

,M r Gordon g ives the fol low ing account 1

The country th rough which we passed,swarmed w i th inhab i tants

and exh ib ited the h ighest degree of cu lt1vat10 n ,though i t . was only in

a few spots that we sawany soil wh ich wou ld be deemed in Bengaltolerab l y good r ice

,the swee t potato and sugar were the

pr1nclpal'

articl es‘

of cul ture . We h ad now to ascend a barren and

rugged mou ntain,which seemed dest ined by nature to se t the hand

ofman at defiance : yet et en here, there was n ot a spp t

I

where a vege

tab le wou ld takeroot , that was not occup ied by at least a dwarfIpiIne

p lanted for th e/ purpose o f y ield ing fire-Wood

,and a k ind of tu rpen

t ine , and w'

herever a‘

11o presented an oppor tun l ty of‘1

gaining a few ,

squ are yard s of leve l'

grou nd by~

terrac ing,no labor seems to have

been spared to redeem such spots , for the pu rpose of r ice cu l t i vation ]?

R espec t ing the d isposi ti on of th e people , he remark s1

At every v il lage the people pou red out as u sual to see us,vieing

w i th each other“ l nmarks of k indness . The day , however , becomingVery hot, we took she l ter from the sun under the roof of the boat

,to

the d isappointment of many who waded into the water to grat ifythemse lves w i th a s ight of the strangers . Coming at

_

last to a h ighba'

nk close to a popu lou s town,they actu al l y offered the boatman 400

cash i f he wou ld br ing u s kg; and on h is re fusal,the boys began pe l ty

ing the boat w i th c lods and s tones . On th i s,M r Gu tz lafl

' went ondeck to remonstrate , and Mr Ryder to int im idate w ith h i s gun Be

tw ix t both,the effect was instantaneou s

,and the seniors of the crowd

apolog ized for the rude manner in wh ich the boys h ad attemp ted toenforce thegratificat ion of the ir cur iosity . On the road , .the v i l lagespou red forth the ir popu lation as we moved al ong . At one pl ace ,they were actu ally overheard b y M r Gu tz lafl

'

th anking ou r gu ides forhav ing conducted us by that road , a nd propos ing to rai se a su b scrip

t ion to reward them. At Koe bo‘e We learned that some petty officers

5296 V1‘

s1'1' - TO THE ANKOY TEA H ILLS .

had been 1nqu iring after u s, wh ich fr ightened our gu ides,and made

us des ir‘ou s to h asten our retI

.u1: n’

The fol low ing is“

Mr Gordon ’s accou n t of the tea pl ant,as i t appears

in the field :We accord ingl y got up at day break, and proceeded to v is i t the

“spot wh ere the pl ants Were cu ltivated . wewere mu ch stru ck w i ththe var1ety of the appearance of the plan ts ; some of . the sh rubsscarce ly rose to the height of a cu b i t above the ground , and they Wereso bushy that the hand cou ld not be thru st b e low the branc

_.hes

They were al so very th ick l y covered w i th leaves , b u t these were verysmal l

,scarce ly above th ree fou rths of an inch long. In the same

bed —were other p lan ts w i th stems fou r fee t h igh,far less branchy

,and

w ith leaves from one and a hal t to two inches 111 length . The produceof great and smal l was sa id to be equ al . T he , d istance from centretocen tre of the pl ants was abou t fou r and a half fee t, and the plan tsseemed to average ab ou t two feet ln d iameter .

Though the groundwas not ter raced , i t was formed in to beds thatwere partly leve l led i. These were perfectly wel l d ressed as in gardencul t ivat ion

,and e ach l i ttle pl antat ion was su rrou nded by a low stone ‘

fence and a trench . There was no shad/e,but the p l aces se lected

for th e cu lti vation were general ly 1n the hol lows of h i l ls,where there

was a good deal of she l ter on two s ides,and theslope comparat ive l y

easy . I shou ld reckon the s ite o f th e h ighes t plan tations we v is itedto be abou t seve n hu ndred feet above the p lain

,but those we “

saw a thalf. that he ight

,and even less

,appeared more th rivin‘O'g ,

probably fromhav ing better so i l , though the best IS li ttle more th an mere .sand .

‘

I

h ave taken speclmens from three or fou r gardens . Con trary to wh atwe had been told the preceding n ight , I fou nd that each garden h adl ts l ittle nu rsery , Where the p lants were grow ing to the he igh t of fou ror five inches

,as 0 165e set as they cou ld stand : from wh ich I con

ce ive that the pl ant requ ires absolu te ly af1ee so i l , no t we t and clayeyb u t of a tex tu re that w i l l reta in mo istu re ; and the best s i te is one notso low as th at whi ch w ater is apt to spr ing from the s ides ofa h il l ,nor So h 1gh as to be exposed to the :

'

violence of stormy weathen

There 1s no u se 111 attempting tocu l t ivate the pl ant on an easterlyexposu re , though i t 1s sufii cientl y har

‘dy to bear a lmost any degree of

Another exped i t ion to the Bohea'

orW’

ooe H il l s by the same party ,was defeated m consequence of the jealou sy of the Ch inese govern

men t . It was the i r i n ten tion to have penetrated two hundred mi les

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HARDY DECIDUOUS 'AND . EVERGREEN SHRUBS .

t the same situation in the sh rubbery, and are readily propa

layers .

.ANDROMEDA .

i'

osa,and al l’ itsvarieties‘are very beau tifu l they are native s

ner ica and flower in great profu s ion , and con t inue in leaf

e whole year , al though they are not str ictly evergreen sh ru bs ;v- abou t th ree fee t h igh , and shou ld be p lan ted on the peat'i th the Aza leas . A . buzzfolz

’

a,r acemosa

,&c. are wel l

a place' in the flower garden ; they are al l propagated by

1 cu ttings .

BENTHAM! A .

zn era. This be au tiful new sh rub' is an evergreen , and1 profu s ion du ring June , Ju l y an d Augu st, and produces a

pcf l arge red mu l berry - l ike fru i t in the au tumn i ti

was

ed a few years ago from the East Ind ies . Our p lan ts growcommon l igh t soil

,and no doubt bu t they w i l l be increased

and seeds .CATALPA .

ngg'

folz'

a . Th'

is handsome flowermg shru b is deserv ing aevery sh rubbery ; it was in troduced by Catesby , who foundvicin ity of the Oh io and Miss iss ipp i . l f p lan ted in a warm

place i t wi l l flower fine ly when it h as become ten or twel veaugh the ordinary he ight i t reaches i s twen ty feet . Commonril su i ts i t very we l l , b ut if made a l i ttle r ich it growsmore

, The u su al way of propagation is by the cu ttings of thei ted u nder a hand - glass

,or by seeds, wh ich may be bought at

:he se‘ed shops .

Cm oivANTnus .

gzmca,or Fringe tree , is a fine l arge

‘

decid uou s tree , grow inget or more h igh theleaves are broad l ike those of the Mag

ndiflora . It is a n ative of N .

-Amer i ca,where it 'was found

upon the mou n ta ins,and is very hardy . A l ight loam su its

out propagat ion i s d ifficu lt budd ing and grafting 0 11 theash tree is the u su al mode practised . The seeds are a

,

long-re they vegetate after being sown

,some t imes more than two

CmMONAN'r Hus .

gr qns. This species,together w i th g randiflorus and lu teus,u s

'

u‘a-l -l

'

y considered to be green - hou se plan ts,as du ring the

nAnmr D ECIDUOUS AND EVERGRE EN snnue s . 99

wmter the ir del ightfu l fragrance and . l ive ly flowers g reatly en l iventhe appearance of -a col lection . They

,however

, grow very free lyout of doors on a warm border

,or u nde r the w al l of .a stove or green

h ouse . They are nat ives ofCh ina , and growzto s ix .or e ight feet h ighin favorable s itu ations . Any l ight so i l w i l l do for them to be p l an tedin ou t of doors

,b ut if cu l tivated in pots u se abou t equ a l pa rts of

sandy “loam and heath The mode of propagation is bylayers , wh ich mere ly require pegging down w ithou t any

, tongue ;' th is

shou ld be done in the spring, just when the plants begin to grow .

They may also be increased by cutt ings of the you ng wood,wh ich

shou ld be pl an ted in sand,and be covered w i th a be l l gl ass , and the

pots plunged in a gen tle heat .

CALYCANTHUS .

Al l th is genu s are n at ives of North Amer ica ; they . are very easyof cu l ture , grow ing freely e i ther in '

peat p r loam,or bo th .mixed . Th e

flowers are a d ark brown color,and very fragran t, resembl ing the odor

of r ipe me lons . The u sual mode of propagat ion is by l ayers , whichstr ike soonest if they are tongued and l aid

'

down j n sandy peat . Theyw i l l also grow from cu ttings

,b ut not very free l y if p la n ted u nder a

hand - glass in spr ing u nder a north wal l .

COTONEASTER .

A low,handsome deciduous

I

tree,a n ative of Nep al

,

where i t was d iscovered some years ago by Dr Wal l i‘

ch . I t“

bea rs a

profus ion of wh ite blossoms in spring, _

and is covered w i th bunchesof red berr ies in the au tumn . C . mi crop hy l la is a very d ifferen t speciesfromfr ig ida , be ing an evergreen shrub , s e ldom exceed ing a foo t inh e ight

,and bear ing sol itary wh ite flowe rs . The fol iage i s g lossy and

very handsome . It i s a n ative of Nepal . Cflaziflora . This is alow dec iduou s sh rub , inferior in beau ty to the other two, b u t possessing many good qu al i t ies to recommend it. This and the fi rs t are

propagated by layers and seeds,and w i l l grow in anycommon so i l .

The micropky l la may be propagated by cu tt ings pl an ted u nder ahand - g lass in peat earth on a warm b ut shady

’ “border in'

Augu s t,

and they w il l be ready to pot off the fol lowing May .

CRATE GUS'

To stand as sing le trees, or to be incorporated. with o thers in ash rubbery , perhaps C. heterop hy l la , ozy acant I

h -a, pum

’

cea oxc ant lza

superba and-

coccmea, y1e ld in beau ty . to scarce l y any p lan t , part ien

300 HARDY D EC IDUOUS AND EVERGREEN SHRUBs .

l arl y du r ing the mon th of May , whenthe ir leaves are l i teral ly h idfrom s ight by a profus ion

,of cr imson scarlet or wh ite flowers

,and 111

the au tumn,when they are covered by red berr ies . They wi l l grow

in ., any so i l and s i tu at ion

,and are read i ly increased by grafting on

stocks of the qumce and common thorn by layers and by seeds .

COLUTEA .

C’. Nep a lensis and P ocockiz’ are very ornamen tal when pl anted near

the fron t of the shru bbery they flower free ly,and w i l l grow in nearly

any so i l or s1tua'

tion and are re ad i ly increased by seeds,which r ipen

in abu ndance .

Cir'r rsu s .

These are so’

wel l known that l ittle need be sa id about them. TheC . pu rp ureas and nig r ican

'

s are,pretty orn amen ts on the flower

x

bor

ders,where

,tra ined to a stake

,they grow from th ree to fou r feet

high . They also look very pre tty grafted upon the labu rnum stock ,but be ing feeb le growers the stock soon des troy s them

'

the falcata ,no

'

dou b t,wou ld answer th is Way . Th ey are “read i ly increased b y

layers and seeds,wh ich r.ipen

'

free ly ,— a lso by cu ttings .

DEUTZ IA .

D . scabra . Thi s i s a nat i ve of Japan,

-

_where i t i s‘ found grow ing

upon the Fakon Mou n ta in s . It forms qu ite a small shru b of slender

growth , and may be propagated by cu ttings p l an ted u nde r a handgl ass on a w arm shady border . . It w il l agrow in any . common gardensoil .

EDWARD S IA .

E . g randij lora . This i s an a t ive of New Zea land,and

~

i s nearlyhardy ; if pl an ted on

“ a w arm bord er or under a wal l,and shel tered

wi th a mat in severe we ather in w 1nter , i t w il l flo'

wer ve’ry free ly , andproduce pl enty of seed s

,

’

l

b y wh ich and cu ttings it'

may'

be increased .

The cuttmgs‘

shou ld be p l an ted in pots of sand,covered w i th a bel l

g lass,and p laced in

'

a gen tle heat . The seedsmay be sown -ih a sl igh thot - bed

,transp l an te d when large enough

,and afterwards exposed by

degrees .EBENUS .

'

E . cr eti tas . A smal l evergreen shru b of cons iderable beautysa‘l do-m grows morethan a foot and a half h igh

,looks very pretty on

thefiflower border or rock work . It 13 a nat ive of C and ia , whence i twas introduced a -few years ago . . It produces seed freely ,

and s trikes

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302 HARDY DEC IDUO'

US AND EVERGREEN snnuns .

MAGNOL IA .

The whole of the trees in th is are h ighly orn amen tal, and very

val uab le.

I

Al l the Amer ican species, and var ie ties are hardy , b ut

those fromChina requ ire the shel ter of the green - hou se .

M g randij lora is a splend id evergreen tree , r1s1ng, 1n i ts n ativecoun try to sixty feet or more h igh , bu t wi th u s scarce ly exceed ingth irty or forty feet . The l eaves grow from e ight inches to one footlong , in

'

form no t u n l ike those of the common l au re l ; the flowers arewh i te

,of a large s i ze

,and emi t a p leasan t fragrance . The p lant is

not so hardy as some other species , and shou ld , therefore , be plantedinfa w arm s i tu ation . We h ave a pl an t grow ing exceed ing fine

,

tra ined agairi'

st a sou th wa l l . Al l th e var1e t1es belong ing to th is species

,as el l iptica, cr isp a ,

’

lanceolata,obovata , rotundz'

folz'

a,&c.

,re

qu ire s im i lar treatmen t .M . g laucai

'

This ‘is also a n ative of N . Amer ica,where it isfound

growi ng inI

low,wet

,swampy ground i t i s deciduous

,and grows to

abou t twenty feet h igh » The flowers are cream color,bordering on

l ight ye l low . In America the tree i s best known by the name of

.Pt'

ts or Swamp Laurel .” The '

b lossomsI

are de l ightfu l ly fragrant,and a recen t trave l ler s tates that on the w indward s ide the scen t maybe distingu ishedj or some mi les before reach ing th e tree. A l l the

var ieties of .this spec ies are found in s imi l ar “ s i tu ations . T he M .

g lauca is very hardy , - an_

d may be planted in almost any consp icuou ss i tuation

,where i t w i l l not be exposed to the v iolence of the cu tting

w inds .This . species i s found in simi lar s i tu ations to the

last,b ut to thr ive requ ires more shade . The leaves are very l arge

,

measu r ing , on a heal thfu l grow ing plant , nearly three fee t long and a

foot broad . The flowers,

'too,are very large , be ing a foot across

when fu l ly expanded . They are of a de l icate cream colored wh ite,

tinged w i th deep pu rp le at the base of the pe tal s . They alsoemit ap leas ing fragrance .

From the above remarks we learn that M . g lauca and its var ie tiesmay always be plan ted in s i tu at ions more exposed and mo ist than Wil lsu i t the var ieties ofM g randiflora and .flzabropky l la , wh ich ,

’

in the ir

n ative country are she ltered from cold by the extens1ve ,forests in

wh i ch they grow. The best k ind of soi l for a l l the hardy spec ies ofmagnol ia is peat ; b ut, if al l other circumstanccs agree

,they wi l l

thrive exceed ingly wel l in l igh t ‘loam,or a mixtu re of tha t .and peat .

There are two ways of propagation practise d,v i z . by layers and

HARDY DEcm uous AND EVERGRE EN snRuns . 303

by seeds. The u su al way , and prob ably the best way of increas ingthem is by l ayers , wh ich shou ld be tongued on the u pper s ide , andlayered down in March or Apr i l , and most l ike ly by the au tumn they

wi l l be ready to separate if,howeve r

,they have not made good roots

it is advisable to a l low them to rema in where they are u n ti l the‘ following spr ing

I

When the l ayers are separated , pot them in forty e igh t sized pots ,fil le d with a mixtu re of sandy loam and peat, or. peat a lo ne , p lace themm a frame

,and keep them close shu t down unti l they beg in to grow ;

then gradual ly admi t a ir, and treat the l ayers l ike green - hou se p lan ts,

pott ing as they require it u nt i l they are establ ished,and h ave grown

to a good size then p lan t them in su i table situ ations,and they w i l l

speed ily show flowei .The seeds imported from Amer ica shou ld be s own immed iately on

the ir arr ival,in pots or pans fil led w ith l ight sandy h am or pe at

,or

peat alone,cover ing the seeds very l ightly . P lace the ”pots in gentle

heat,and they w i l l soon beg in to vegetate .

‘When they are'

of suffi

cien t s i ze, pl ant

'

th'

em ou t s ix ty s i zed pots,one p lant in‘ each pot ;

replace - in the frame,and shade them un ti l they

'

h ave begun to grow .

When they have becoine establ ished,take them ou t of the frame

,

and tre at them wh ile smal l in every respect l ike green - hou se p l an tswhen they h ave grown to a good s ize,p lan t them final ly in the s i tu at ions where they are to stand perm anently .

MALACHODENDRON .

M ovata . This beau tifu l tree is a native ofNor th America,where

i t is found grow ing on moun ta ins . The flowers are c re am- coloredand of a large s1ze . It is h ardy

,b ut requires

—

a warm and she l tereds ituation

,otherw ise the u nr ipe wood is often k i l led inw in ter

,and th is

cau ses the pl an t to flower weak ly . Amixtu re of loam .and peat is

the best k ind of so i l for it ; and it’

may be increased both by l ay’ings

and cu ttings . Le t the cu ttings be made of the r ipeWood,

'

and pl antedin au tumn on a warm border u nder ah and glass in

_sand ; . or theystr ike quicke r if introduced in to a gen tle heat . The best t ime forpegg ing down the layers is early ‘

in‘ spr ing they strike

'

in less timeif they be tongued on the upper side , and the branch sl ightly tw isted .

PHILAD -ELPHUS .

P . g randiflorus . This is the hand somest of the genu s i t i s an ative of North America

,where i t is found grow ing on the banks of

r ivers . It i s perfectly hardy,and wil l-g row in a lmost any soil and sit

304 HARDY DEC IDUOUS '

AND EVERGREEN SHRUBS .

nation , forming a'

Spread ing sh rub 'abou t s ix fee t or more h igh , and iseasily

'

propagated b y lay ers .

P . kirsu tu s . T h is, shrub grows from fou r to five fee t h igh ; l ikethe last , i t is a native of North

'

Amer ica,where i t was d iscovered b y

Mr Nuttal l . It thr ives in the shrubbery in any common garden so i l,and is propagated l ike the last .P . coronar

‘z'

u s,or Common Sy ringa

,greatly resembles the other ,

g l’ ows abou t five feet high , and is de l ightfu l ly fragrant when in b loom .

It may be p ropagated l ike the last .

PRUNus .

P . candicansf This 1s,a de l ightfu l hardy deciduou s shrub

,grow ing

abou t s1x or e 1ght- feet h igh . It is very easy of cu l tivation , and in

May and June , when in fu l l flower,i s a perfect p ictu re

,the white

flowers nearly h id ing the young leaves , wh ich are beginn ing at thatt ime to cover the branches . It may e i ther be propagated by l ayers,or by budd ing and grafting on the common plum stock .

P . S ib irz'

ca scarce l y gc rows so large as

'

the cand icans,thr ives we l l

in almost any so i l and s itu ation“

,and makes a pre tty ornament when

in flower . It may be increased both by layers and budd ing , or graft~

ing on a common p lum stock .

PYRU&

P . coronar ia . This beau tiful crab tree is a n at ive ofNorth Ameri ca ; i t grows upwards of: twenty feet h igh ; in May , when i t flowers ,a “del ightfu l fragrance is emit ted , wh ich in the evening perfumes thewhole of that part of the garden . I t w il l grow in almost any

'

low

s i tu at ion and may be propagated by grafting on other crab‘ stocks ,or by l ayers . Dec iduou s .P fflor ibunda . This forms a broad spread ing b u t not very . lofty

bu sh,wh ich in spr ing 15 th ick ly covered w i th blossoms , and in au tumn

w ith purple -berr1es . It grows free ly in common garden soi l and maybe propagated by the same means as coronar ia . Deciduou s .P . sp ar z

'

a . A(

smal l deciduou s shrub , very hardy and ' easy;ofpropagation grafted upon the common stock or crab or pear stocks i tgrows very ,freely .

P . angu stz’

folz'

a . This very pre tty sh rub rarely loses al l its leaves

for al though not an evergreen ,the leaves of the prev iou s year seldom

fal l u nti l new ones are produ ced .VIt resemb les in s ize P . coronar ia ,

seldom grow ing above e ight fee t h igh . It is propagated by grafting

on the crab stock and by layers .

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306 HARDY D EC IDUOUS AND EVERGREEN SHRUBS .

s ion , and cover them w ith ab out two inches of 'so i l,and by th

ing spr ing they w il l be ready to separate .

Cu tting s of half r ipened wood p lanted u nder a hand g lasstember, on a north border, in peat earth , wi l l often str ike an

good p lan ts,but l ayers are preferable .

S ep ar ating the p lant at the roots . This i s merel y tearin

separating w i th a sharp kn ife,those branches w i th roots att

th em,

'

wh ich is the case when many branching stems spr ing 1same root .B y seed . Sow the seed on a bed of

_peat , so i l (heath 111

there IS a cons iderab le qu an ti ty , bu t if on ly a smal l port ion , 1pan or box because of the ease w i th which - the l atter can

tected by p lac i ng i t in a frame . If sown -

on a bed,she l ter tl

wh ile you ng from heavy rains,&c. by mats or hoops . Tr :

when l arge enough,into other beds

,or in to pots

,and cor.

sh ift them every two y ears , _t il l they are . large enou gh to plthe i r permanen t s i tu ations . ‘

R IBE S .

It is we l l known that of R ibes,the genu s to which the go

and cu rran t be long,many species

,ind igenous to both north'

sou thern America, do , in thei r nat ive soil , ,produce excel len t frithe same species

,wh enjtransported to an Engl ish cl imate , seh

any,or

,when . they do , the flavor is e i ther almos t in s ip id

,0

smal l degree astr ingen t. A few exceptions ihowever occu r .Among the numerou s species in trodu ced w ith in these fe

and ch iefly natives of Amer ica , few possess greater cla im.

attention as o rn amen tal sh rubs,th an the (R . sangu inea . T

in i ts natural state produ ces abu ndance of fru i t,but of so m1

unpleasant flavor,th at the berr ies con tinu e to h ang on the

throughou t the ‘

w in ter,even the b irds refus ing to make then

of the ir food . It can h ardly be e xpected to improve mate .

cu l tu re certain ly never to such a degree as may ent itle i t toof an ed ible fru i t b u t i t possesses considerable recommendanother k ind . Whether we cons ider the del icate tin t of i ts lWh ich appear in March and Apr il

,the e legance of i ts fol

facil ity w i th which i t is increased and cu l tivated , or i ts capenduring th e severest of ou r w in ters w i thou t the least prottmay be regarded as one of the finest and most interestingthat have been made to ou r shrubber ies for many years . ”

.R . sp eciosa . This belongs to the gooseberry d iv is ion of R

HARDY D EC ID UOUS AND EVERGRE EN SHRUBS . 307

though inferior in beau ty to the R . sang u inea , i t certa inl y i s veryhandsome . The flowers are a brigh t crimson

,far super ior in br i l

l iancy to t hose of R . sang u inea’

; they are pendan t , and resemb le inform those of F uchsia . The pl an t

“

,however

,does not make as con

spicuous appearance on the border as l

sangu inea , becau se i ts flowersare not so numerou s

,and are part ial ly h id among the leaves . Our

p lan ts appear very hardy,are eas i ly cu l tivated , and may be propagated

by cu ttings . Any l ight soi l appears to su i t them .

R .fragrans . Thi s a lso i s a n ative of North Amer i ca . The flowe

'

r’

s bear a resemblance to those of R . aur eum (to wh ich,

- if not thesame p lan t

,i t is very nearl y re lated . ) They are rather showy , and

del igh tfu l ly'

fragrant. The p l an t grows free ly in a lmost any so i l , andis read ily increased by layers and cu tt ings .

SYR INGA .

Thi s genu s i s remarkab ly we l l known.The var ieties of S . onl

g ar is are we l l cal cu l ated to pl ant back in l arge shrubber ies ; and theP ersica

,Ch inensis. and Josihcea ,

for smal l clumps . They are al lincreased by l ayers and suckers from the roots .

SPIRE A .

S . g randiflora is a n ative.

of Kamtschatka,is perfectly hardy

,w i l l

flour ish in any l ight loam,and i s eas i ly propagated

'

b y layers andcu tt ings . S .

atr i lobata' and chamcedr ifolia a lso requ 1re_

precise ly theSame treatmen t as g randiflora.

SYMPHORIA .

S . racemosa . This is a pretty li ttle deciduous sh ru b,a n at ive of

North Amer ica . It w i l l thr ive if p lan ted u nder the shade of o ther .

trees,

‘

in any light soi l , and may' be easi ly increased by cu ttings

p lan ted u nder a wal l in early spr ing ,Bes ides su ch as are men t ioned in the above l ist , we may n ame

wh ite and red cedars, common and P ortugal ,l au rel s

,arborv i taes

,

hol l ies,b erb erries

,sweet bays, l auristinas , and roses , both deciduou s

and evergreen for the borders ; al so, standard roses and rob in ias, forthe grass lawn

,than /Wh i0 h

,perhaps noth ing has a more gracefu l

appearance cypress and plane trees to p lan t near old ru ins, andmanyother plants wh ich are too common to need enumerat ing here .

ART . IV.— Northern Exposure to Trees ; Tarring Trees inj urious . Commun icated by Mr JOS EPH HARR INGTON .

RoxBURY,Ju ly 22, 1836.

TH OS . G. FE SSEND EN,

D ear S ir ; My own garden isan incl ined plane,facing, as w e

may say , to the Nort h West . I have found from observat ion-

du r ingfive su ccess ive years that vegetables on l and of a sou therly aspect

,

have been affected by frost , when those of the same k ind in my garden

,were u ntou ched . If the fact be t rue , I

'

wou ld ask,what philo

soph i cal pr inciple mu st be summoned to g ive an explanat ion .

I wou ld state a fact , sh owmg, as l suppose the effect of Tar uponfru i t trees my ne ighbor and I owntwo adjo in ing orchards ; the canker worms have V is ited the-

,m w i thou t mercy for e ight su ccess ive

years my ne ighbor tarred h is trees in the Usu al way , — m ine weremany of them l arge

,and tak ing into the accoun t - the expense and

trouble and chance of injury “

from the tar it self; I suffered the ins id i

“ B y th e Editor . Thefo l lowing remarks origmal l y appeared l n th e Hampsh ireGazette . Pre sident Dwight, i n h is Trave l s l n New England ,

” &c. say s . Th e

commenrOpinion th at tender plants and fru it trees ough t to be placed in a w arm

sou th ern exposure to preserve th em from frosts is erroneous . He adduces .

many facts to prove th at fruit trees shou ld be plan ted on northw estern, north e rn

orwestern decl iv itie s , w h ere'

t h ey may b e exposed to _

th e northw estern,northern

'

orwestern w inds . A w h ite frost be ing mere l y frozen“

dew ,th e nextfobj ect, sh ou ld

b e to keep th e dew fromresting on th e plants . Th is can b e effectual l y done ,onl y b y exposing th em to the fre e access of th e northwestern W inds

,th e source

of alm ost ev ery white frost. P lants from wh ich the dew IS sw ept away b y th isw ind w i l l escape ,

"

wh ile th ose , which , b y b e ing sh e l tered from its cu rrent, retainth e dew ,

w il l b e destroy ed . MajorWh ite , of Sou th Had ley , h ad an orch ard,on

th e northw estern dec‘

l iv ity of a h il l,exposed to the strong w inds th at b l ow th rough

the gap of Mou nt Tom and Mount Ho ly oke , Th ese w inds sw ept th e dew from

th is orch ard so effectual ly , th at its b lossoms regu larly escaped th e injuries of

such l ate frosts 1n th e spring as destroy ed th ose of th e surrounding country . Th e

inh ab itants of Sou th Had ley sty led such a frost Maj or Wh ite 3 Harvest, b ecause ,

in such y ears ,-h is cider commanded a Very h igh price . A Mr Ly man informed

President Dw ight th at in h is garden ,l w h ich w as exposed to th e northwest w inds

the w h ite frosts had never done any inju ry to th e vegetab les — See N . E . Farmer,

ool . V., pag e 348 .

Another advantage m a north ern exposure is ob tained b y its keeping v egetationb ack t1l l l ate l n the spring . If vege tation commences early , sub sequ ent frostscongeal the sap in its pores , and kil l th e y oung plant b y b u rsting or tearing i ts

fib res as a gl ass or earthen vessel is broken by w ater’

3 b eing frozen in it .— See

N . E Farmer , vol . V., page 260 .

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310 PRE SERVAT ION on FRUITS .

product to b e preserved of the .water con ta ined in i t in a free state,by heat ; and from

'

wh at’

h as beenObserved,i t fol lows

,th at too great

a degree of heat must not be app l ied,as

,in consequence

,the taste

and the organ i zation of the sub stancewou ld be changed by a com-4

mencement of the decompos ition of i ts consti tu en t pr inciples : thetemperatu re shou ld never be higher than from 35° to 45°

of the centigrade . ( 22 from 93° to 1 12° Fahrenhe it . )Dry ing can be performed e i ther by the heat of the sun or in stove

rooms . In the sou thern’

cl imates the hea t of the sun is sufficien tlypowerfu l to dry the greater part of the fru i ts

,and thu s to preserve

them u nal tered th e dry ing i s effected by expos ing them to the raysof the sun upon hurd les or slates,

'

where th ey"

w i l l be protected fromra in

,du st,and inju ry from an imal s . Pract ice alone is suflicient to

enable one to ju dge of the degree ,'

to which each k ind of fru i t mu stb e d r ied in order to i ts preservat ion .

When theouter sk in or rind'

of the fru i t is of a k ind to ' preven tthewater from pass ing Off freel y

,i ncis ions are made in the r ind to

facilitate its evaporation . In th is manner are prepared most of thedr ied fru i ts, wh ich form so cons iderable . an ar ti cle of commercebe tween the sou th and north .

Those fru i ts wh ich con ta in much sugar,as prunes

,figs

,musk grapes

Sec. may be prepared in the above manner , and preserve nearly al lthe ir qual ities

,b ut the acid fru i ts acqu ire a d isagreeable sharp taste

by the concen tration of thej u ices some Of them ,however

,may be

kept advan tageous ly in th is way .

In the hottest countr ies the process of dry ing ls Often commencedby 'subjecting the fru i ts to the heat of an . oven

,after which they are

exposed tothe sun ; some k inds of fru its are th rown in to a”

weak ley,

til l the ir su rface becomes w r ink led , when they are taken out, carefu l lyw ashed in cold water , and afterwards dr ied

“

in the sun : cherr ies particu l arl y are treated in th is manner . When the heat of the sun isnot sufficien tly great to ev aporate al l the water con ta ined in the pu lpOf l arge , fleshy fru i t

,they may be cu t in p ieces and then dr ied ; ln

th is manner app les and pears are prepared for keep ing .

But th is method is ne i ther speedy nor economical enough for' su ch

preparat ions as have b ut l i ttle value in commerce , and wh ich can

never supply , for domest ic pu rposes , the p lace of those '

whole fru i ts,

wh ich may be eas i ly preserved from one season to another : it i s

therefore cu stomary to perform the d ry ing e ither in stove rooms or

ovens.In the first case

,the fru its , after be ing cut, are placed upon

PRE SERVATION OF FRUITS .

hurdles arranged in rows in a chamber h eated to 112° in the secondthe fru its are pu t in to an oven , from wh ich bread has just been drawnth is is repeated if the fru i ts benot suffi c ien tly dr ied the first t ime .

Some of the. fru its rrfierred to“ above , may be dr ied w i thout b e ing

cu t : of th is k ind are the tender . pears , wh ich canno t be preservedfresh through t he w in ter su ch as .the rou sse let, the bu tter pear , thedoyenné

,the mess ire- jean

,the martlnsec, Sac. These are first peeled

and then thrown 1n to boil ing _

water,after wh ich they are pu t u pon

hu rd les into an oven heated l ess than i s requ ired for bread : after a ninterva l of three or fou r d ays the

’pears are aga in exposed to the same

degree of h eat,'

h aving been however first flattened between the palmsof the hands whence they have acqu ired the n ame ofpressed p ears .

Fru its prepared in e i the r of the above w ays are suscept ible of fermen tation upon be ing soaked in water

,~and they thu s serve to mak

‘

e acheap and u sefu l dr ink .

In thos e cou n tr ies where these fru i ts abound, the d ry i ng of them

i s commenced abou t the first of August , and th ose are made u se of,

“

wh ich then fal l from the trees in au tumn , when the harvest is gathered in

,the soundest and finest fru i t-s are - carefu l ly selected to be u sed

fresh,wh i lst the rest are d r ied . an d preserved in a p lace free from

mo i stu re,to be employed . ln mak ing dr inks .

The herbage,wh ich serves as food for domest i c animal s

,can be

preserved on ly by dry ing , and th i s in al l countries i s pract ised at thetime of cu tting . Fodder

,wh i ch is imprudently s tacked up wh i lst stil l

damp, ferments , and the heat th‘

u s produced is suffi cien t to c h angethe qu al i ty , produ ce mou ld iness , and is somet lmes even great enoughto set the wh ole on fire .

There are some fru i ts , wh ich may ,by'

a few sl ight precau tions,be

preserved th roughou t the y ear .“ The first

'

of these precau t1ons i s,

“

that of depr iv ing the1r su rface of al l moi sture before pu tt i ng themup and the second cons ists in keep ing them in dry p laces , .where '

the temperatu re w i l l constan tly, be between 50° and 54° Fahrenhe i t ;the th ird ; in separating th e fru i ts , so th at, they shal l not come in contact

,I have seen a

'

pples preserved m th is manner e ighteen month s .It i s necessary to be particular in selecting fru i t forpreservat ion th atonl y shou ld be take-n wh ich Is perfectly sou nd .

Wood and othe1 port ions of vege tab les,and var iou s an imal su b

stances are l ikew ise pre served_

b y , drying th is process inc1easesthe ir hardness and renders them less accessible to th e action of a ir

,

insects, and other destru ctive agents .

PRESERVATION OF FRU ITS .

e process of dry ing i s not confined to preserving fru i ts fromnposition i t fu rn ishes the means of secu r ing the i r ju ices u nalforthe formation of extracts of them .

.ien the juices of pl an ts can be e xtracted by pressu re alone , 1t l Snecessary to evaporatethese juices at a due degree of heat and1table vessels t il l

,be ing depr ived of al l the w ater wh ich re ta ined

in a l iqu id state, they are reduced to d ryness . Evaporat ion,if

nued‘

for a long t ime at the temperatu re of bo i l ing water , changesju ices a l ittle ; the al bumen , ;which i s con ta ined mo re or lessi antly in

'

al l sweet fru its is coagu l ated,and after th is they are

uger su sceptible of u ndergo ing the v inou s fermen tat ion .

1e mu st of grapes , operated upon in th is manner,fu rn i shes an

ct cal led rai sine’

,which i s an article of food both wholesome and

able,and wh ich

,when soaked ln water

,decays w i thout produc

110 0 110 1. The fermen tive power of th i s substance may howeve r: stored by mix ing w ith it a l i ttle of th e

]

yeast, of beer , as th isrs the loss

,which . theju ices had sustarned by he at during evap

m .

[ the ju ices obta ined from swee t fru i ts may be converted intocts and thu s furn ish agreeable .food ; the qu al ity of the extracts accord ing

x

to the qu an tity of sugar con tained in the fru it, andare taken in the Operation : When the ju ices are

\

Several timesl ed

,and ev aporationcarr ied on in a water b ath

hcare be ing taken

r the l iqu id to preven t its adher ing to the s ides , the color andof the extract or je l ly

.obta ined is far super1or to that procu red

i nt employ ing these precau tions .i e sweetest fru i ts

,however

,even th e wel l ripened grapes of the

1,con tain a portion of acid , wh ich when concen trated by evapo

(1,acts upon the copper bo i lers in wh ich the operat ion is carr ied

0 as to form ,ah acetate of coppe r : this by.producing col ics ,

d render the u se - of .the extract dangerous,espec1al l y at the

.1,where the. pr inci pal article of food for ch ildren is the raisiné.

:der to obv iate this ser ious e v il,an ancien t and general ly fol lowed

)m is observed as soon as the mu st of the grapes beg ins to boi lae coppers , a bu nch of key s is thrown in , and al lowed to rema inhe operat ion is completed : these keys attract the copper

'andme covered w i th the precip itate thu s “

formed,and nothing

tins inthe extract b ut th e acetate of i ron,wh ich is no t inju r ious .

have observed that the ju ice s of al l succu len t fru i ts m ight be'erted into extracts, and thus preserved for u se in the cou rse of

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ART . VI . —Massachusetts Horticu ltural Society .

EXH IB IT ION OF FLOW ERS .

SATURDAY,Ju l y 1 1, 1836 .

BY E . A . Story, from the establ ishment Of the Messrs . W insh ip Of

Br ighton — Achil lea montana,Acon i tum napel lu s , Anchu sa pan icu

lata,Asclep ias vimcetemcum,

Astrant ia major,A l l ium moly

,Camp

nu la azu rea,do. m ed ium

,do . med ium“ p leno

,le

‘

ph y l anth e new whi teC lematis

,in tegr i'fol ia

,do . alp ina

,Coreops is l anceol ata, do . semifol ia

,

do . vertic il lata,Cen tau re a pu rpu rea

,do. atro - pu'rpu rea

,Delphin ium

e l atum, do . grand iflorum ,do . Ch inense

,do . u rceolatum

,do . azure um

,

Ep i lob ium angu st ifol ium,D ig i ta l is pu rpu rea and lu tea m inor

,Lup inu s

poly ph ry tu s,’

Ledum och roleucum ,Lychn is ch alcedonica, do . pleno

,

Lys imachia eph emerum,do . vert ici l l ata

,do . str icta

,Lyth rum sal i car ia ,

(E noth era frazerii, Orobus n iger , P hlox carnea , do . Caro l ina , R ud

b eckia l acin iata,S ambucu s ebu lu s

,S cu te l lar ia galerical ata, Sp irae a

“

u lmar ia,do . lob u ta

,d

,o . fil ipendul a, do .

‘ sorb ifo l ia,do . aru ncu s

,do . tri

fol iata,Symphytum tuberosum,

Tha l ictrum album,Tradescan ti a v ir

gimca,Verbascum lu te a

,do . v ar . pu rpu rea , Veron ica sp icata , do .

la t ifol i ‘a,do . hybr ida

,do . teu cr ium

,P a on ias wh irleji and fragran s

,

German tamerisk and s ix var iet ies of Pentstemons,&c . &c.

By John A . Kenr ick,

of Newton . R oses,— two k inds Of Mos s

cl imb ing te a scented and several other v ar ie ties . De lph in ium s ineus is

,do . e latum

,Az al ias

, two var i et1es,Sp ire a sorb ifol ia ; Rhododen

dren max imum, D ahl ias,— S tanhOpia, Kalmi a l at ifol ia, Queen Of

Wu rtemberg , Paeony fragrans , Hume i,

From Messrs Hovey . S eedl ing'

pinks , VerOnica elegans , D ig i tal i slute a and pu rpu rea

,dou ble wh ite and scarle t Lychn is

,Astran t i a

major,Sp iraea u lmar ia

,Pen tstemon d iffusum

,Ga il lard ia p ic ta

,Cam

panu la trachel ium p leno,Delph in ium s inensi s fl . p leno

,Acon i tum

napel l us,&c.

From Col . M . P . W i lder,Of Dorchester . A bouque t

,con ta in ing

Pen tstemon d ig i tal is,do . difl

'

u su s,Paeon ia Hume i . D ah l ias

,— K ing

OfWhites, C r imson Globe , Be l ladonna , A lstromeria psittacina, Ger

anium grand iss ima , do . Sesostr is,H ib iscu s rosa s inens is

,85 0 .

A lso,a v ar iety of French R oses .

From J . Lee,Esq . of Brook l ine . Hardy cl imb ing Tea Rose

,H ie

racium incarnatum ,Calendonia grand iflora, do : speciosa , Ga i l lard ia

b icolor,Malv a alba, Rhododendron max imum and Magnol ia glauca .

HORT ICULTURAL SOC IETY . 15

MroWil l iam Ken r ick , Of Newton , and Mr .S . Sweetser,Of Cam

bridgeport, each presen ted bouqu ets .

From.

S amu e l W a lker,of Roxbu ry . Ranu ncu lu ses var . W irrem

berg,Venu s

,Ru bens

,&c. &c.

Th e specimensOf the tea scen ted h ardy cl imb ing rose exh ib i tedby Mr Lee

,and also by Mr John A . Kenr ick

,were very beau tifu l .

One of the seed l ing p inks,by the MessrsHo ‘vey

,deserves a n ame and

a p l ace amongp retty things . Col . 'W i lder ’ s roses,w ere

,as u su al

,

very fine .

'

Mr E . A . S tory ’s specimens Of Delph in ium s inensrs,Cle

mat is alp ina,Sp irae a fil ipendu l a, Z . lobata d id h im cred it ; i t wou ld

g ive u s p leasu re to see these p l an ts more extens ivel y cu l t ivated .

For the Committee ,S . WALKER

,Chairman .

SATURDAY,Ju ly 18.

By Messrs Hovey . Phlox roseum,do . carnea

,C ampanu la trache

lum fl . pleno,do . cal l ina , do . Lorrej ii, Astran t ia major Asclep ias

, _

Sp iraealobata do . u lmar i a Delph in ium s inens i s,&c. 65 0 .

By Mr Swee tser , Of C ambr idgeport . Agapan thu s umbel l atu s,Ly

ch n is ch alcedonica, alba fl . plenO, Dah l ias , K ing Of the wh ites,do .

Wil l iam'

andAdel a ide,

&c.

Robe rt T .reat‘

Paine,Esq . presen ted a specimen Of one Of the bu lbs

rece ived from B arOn von Lu dw ig acc iden t hav ing depr ived u s .Of

ou r minu tes of th is p lan t we are u n ab le to g ive parti cu l ars .By Mr W i l l iam Kenr ick

,of New ton . Pe ony fragrans

,pu rp le

striped L i l ies , Pu rp le Beech,&c. &c.

By Col . M.

'

P . W i lder , of Dorchester . v Ery th rina cr isto gal l i , Dahl ias

,Erecta , Angel ina , Globe .

'

By Mr E . A . S tory,from the Messrs W inship

,of Br ighton . Be

ton ica grand iflora, Veron ica hybr ida , Ach il lea flore p leno , Thal i ctrumcornuti

,Hemerocal’l is flava

,

'

Daturea arborea,Hoya carnosa

,C r inum

unifloro,Volkameria Japonica , Fu chs ia str iata , Pas

'

siflora a lba,L i l ium

martagon .

By S . W alker,R oxbu ry . P inks var . H awk ins’ beau ty

,Seed l ing

carnat ions,V iola

,var . Roxbu ’ry bel le

,do . Vil lagemaid, Sednum atra

tum? fPh lox,v ar . Young’ s seed l ing , very fine color and flowers l arge .

For the Comm i ttee,

S . WALKER,Cha irman .

ART . VII .— Gardener ’s Work for Aug u st.

BE very d i l igen t in keep ing you r crops free from weed s,u s ing th e

hoe where most conven ien t,and in other cases le t you r thumb and

fingers be emp loyed . Pu l l up the hau lm of peas , beans , &c. andremove i t to you r compost bed

,bu ry i t be tween row s of p lan ts

,or

throw i t to sw ine to be manufactu red in to manu re . You r du ngh il l sand compost heaps shou ld

,du r ing the

}

summer mon ths,be kep t free

from weeds,for if the seeds are permi tted to r ipen and fal l , the dung,

when carr ied in to the garden w i l l d issemin ate weeds innumerabl e .

Th is mon th as wel l as the latter par t of Ju ly is the proper season for‘

inocu l ating or budd ing . M’Mahon says Cherr ies,p lums

,or any

other fru i t trees may be budded in Augu st,if the bark parts free ly

from the stock . Pears ought to be inocu lated the early part Of themon th , or when the sap flows free ly b u t the peach

,nectar ine

,

a lmond and apple w il l su cceed any t ime be tween the fi rs t of Augu stand the twen tieth of September

,prov ided the stocks are young and

v igorou s . ”

Preserve peach , p lum,cherry

, and apr icot stones , &c. to sow for

ra is ing stocks to b ud and graft On. These may e i ther be sowedimmed iatel y , _

or be kept in common garden earth,or mo ist sand .

Bu t it w i l l be necessary to sow them before the stones Open , and thevarie ties b egin to shoot ; otherw ise , many

’

of them w i l l be broken or

torn in sow ing . Every day they are kep t out Of grou nd is an inju ryto them ; and if they rema in in a dry state ti l l spr ing , very few w i l l

vegetate t il l a year after , and the greater number not a t al l . Con tinu eto col lect and preserve seeds as d irected l ast mon th .

C ut su ch herbs as are now in flowe r , , tO d istil , or to dry for w in ter’ s

u se . Cut them when they are d ry,and spread them In a dry

,shady

p lace ; for if they are dr ied in the sun ,they w i l l sh r ink, tu rn b lack ,

and prove Of l i ttle value .

D estroy Wasp s . Hang upg l ass ph ial s fi l led w i th honey or'

sugarw ater

,in d ifferent parts among the wal l

,espal ier and standard fru i t

trees,in ~orde r to destroy wasps

,an ts

,&c. wh i ch wou ld otherw ise

infes t and devou r the cho ice frui ts by the sweetness Of the w ate rthey are tempted in to the ph ial s , and frequen tly drowned ; b ut theseshou ld be hung before the fru i t beg ins to r ipen , for then the insectswou ld be mu ch sooner tempted to the water

,than after hav ing tasted

the fru it ; wh ere a suflicient number of gl asses are pl aced in time ,and properly attended to

,and the water occ as ional ly renewed

,very

l ittle d amage is done by these insects .” —M Mahon .

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3 18 M ISCELLANEOUS MATTERS .

fu l ly of garl i ck , and whol ly escap ed , while those who absta ined fromthe use Of thi s arti cle were severe l v afflicted by the d isorder .

TH E BEE M ILLE R .—The fol low ing method of destroy ing a very

pern i c iou s insect h as been recommended and i s a t le ast worth thetr ial . To a p in t Of sweetened water (sweetened w i th sugar or honey )add h alf a g il l Of v inegar ; se t th is in an Open vesse l on the top Of the

h ive,and at n ight

, when the m i l ler comes to h is work of destructionhe w il l prefer th i s compos i t ion and

,d iv ing in to it

,immed iately drown .

IMPROVEMENT IN VE GETABLES — There Is scarce ly a vegetablewh ich we at presen t emp loy that can be found grow ing n atu ral ly.

Bufi'

on states th at .ou r wheat i s a facti tious produ ction,ra ised to i ts

presen t cond i t ion hy _ the art Of Agr icu l tu re . R ice , rye , bar ley , or

even oats are not to be found w i ld , that is to say , grow ing natu ral ly inany part Of the ear th , b u t have been al tered by the industry Of man

k ind,frOm pl an ts not now resembl ing them even in su ch a degree as

to enable us to recogn ise the re lat ions . The ac id and d isagreeableacid g r aveolens h as been thus transformed into del i ciou s celery andthe colewor t

,a p lan t Of scan ty leaves

,not we igh ing al toge ther half an

ou nce,h as been improved in to cabbage , whose leaves alone we igh

many pou nds,or in to a cau l iflower of cons iderable d imensions , be ing

on l y the embryo of a few buds , wh ich , in the natu ra l state , wou l dnot have we ighed many grains . The pota to aga in

,whose introduc

t ion has added many m i ll ions to our popul at ion , der ives its or ig infrom a smal l bi tter root wh ich grow s w i ld at Chi l i and at Montev ideo .

If any of my re aders shou ld be scep tica l upon the su bject Of su chmetamorphoses

,le t them v i si t the fa i ry bowers Of hor ticu l tu re

,and

they w i l l there perce ive th at her mag ic wand has not on ly convertedthe tough

,coriacaceou s cover ing of the almond in to the soft and mel t ing

flesh of the peach , bu t that by her spel l s , the sou r s loe has r ipenedin to the de l ic iou s plum

,an d the au stere Crab of our woods into the

golden p ipp in ; and th is , aga in , h as been made to sport in almostend less v ar iety

,emu l at ing in be au ty of form and co lor , In exu berance

of ferti l i ty,and in r i chness Of flavor

,the rare r productions Of warmer

regions and more prop i t iou s — D r P ar is on D iet .

PRE SERVAT ION OF GRAPE S — In a cask or barre l,hav ing i ts crev

i ces we l l closed , to preven t“ access of the external a i r

,p lace a l ayer of

bran,wh ich has been ‘

we l l dr ied in an Oven upon thi s p lace a l ayer

Of bunches of grapes we l l cleaned , and gathered in the' afternoon of

M ISCELLANEOUS MATTERS . 319

a dry day,before they are perfectly ripe proceed then w i th al tern ate

layers of bran and grapes t il l the bar re l is fu l l,tak ing care th a t the

grapes (10 110 12

,

tou ch each other,and to le t the l ast layer be of

,bran

then close the barre l so th at the a ir may not be able to penetrate .

Grapes thu s packed w i l l keep for a twe l vemon th . TO re store the i rfreshness

,cut the end Of e ach bunch , and pu t that of wh ite grapes

in to wh ite w ine,and th at

l

of bl ack grapes into red wine, as flowersare put in to water to keep them fresh .

TO IMPROVE DR IED F1‘

e s .- These fru its , when they are brough t

to table,are commo n l y covered w i th a scu rf, composed of a meal v,

sugary substance,very d isagreeab le to the tee th .

"

The w ay to ge tr id Of the scu rf

,and render the figs as plump and C lear sk inned as

when the y are new l y gathered from the t ree,is

,first to keep them in

a cool and rathe r moist cel l ar for twen tyfou r hours before u sing ; andsecond ly , just before presen ting them a t tab le

,to pu t them in to a

rece iver,and exh au st the a i r . After rema in ing there two minu tes ,

they shou ld be taken ou t and gen tly brushed when they w i l l be fou ndperfectl y plump and clear sk inned .

PRES ERV ING STRAW B ERR ! E S .— We igh the

-

strawberr ies after y ouh ave p icked Off the stems . To each pound of fru i t a l low a pou nd ofloaf sugar wh ich mu st be powdered . S trew half Of the sugar overthe strawberries

,and le t them stand in a co ld pl ace two or th ree

hou rs . Then put them in a preserv ing kettle ove r a slow fire , andby degrees strew on the rest Of t he sugar . Bo i l them fifteen or twen tyminu tes

,and sk im them we l l .

P ut them in w ide mou thed bottles , and when cold , seal the corks .If y ou w ish to do them whole

,take them carefu l ly out of the s irup

one at a t ime,wh ile bo il ing . Spread them to cool on l arg e d ishes ,

not letting the strawberr ies touch each other,and when cool

,re turn

them to the syrup,and bo i l them a l ittle longer . R epea t th is seve ra l

t imes .Keep the bottles in dry sand , in a pl ace that is coo l and not

"d amp .

Gooseberr ies , cu rran ts , raspberr ies , cherr ies and grapes _

may bed one in the same manner. The stones mu st be taken from the cherr ies

,wh ich shou ld be more l las

, or the l argest and b es t red cherr ies ,and the seeds shou ld be extracted from th e grapes w i th the Sharppo in t Of a penkn ife . Gooseb errIes

,grapes and cherr ies requ ire lon

ger bo i l ing than strawberr ies , raspberr ies , or cu rran ts .

320 M ISCELLANEOUS MATTERS .

R ASPBERRY JAM — Al low a pound Of sugar to a pound of fru it . “Mash the raspberr ies and pu t them w i th the sugar in to you r preser v ingkettle . Boi l i t slowly for an hou r

,sk imm ing i t we l l . Tie it up with

brandy paper . A l l jams are made in the same man ner .

PREVENTIVE AGA INST MOTHS .— Cal amu e

,or swee t flag root cu t in

th in sl i ces and scattered among wool lens Of any k ind w il l effectu al lyrepe l the assau l t Of th is destru ct ive insect .

SE LECT ION OF PLUMS .- TO those persons who fee l lost in the lab

y rinth of a modern catalogue of fru its , th e fol low ing se lection of

plums , of first rate exce l lence, for a smal l garden , may not be u nac

ceptab le .

Yel low F ru ited . Green F ru ited .

“Washington, Green Gage

,

Coe ’s Golden drop,

Imper ia l do .

Drap d ’OIt, Flush ing do .

Yel low Gage, Lu scOmb’s Non su ch .

B lue or P urp le Fr u ited .

R e ine C l aude V iole tte,or Pu rpleGage

,

B lue Impe ratr i ce, Nectar ine

,

K irk ’s , R ed Gage .

Imper ial Diade rn,

The R e ine C laude V iol ette,or Pu r‘p le Gage

,is one of the most

de l i ciou s Of p lums . The B lue Imperatr ice ls excel lent,and keeps

a long time after r ipen ing . Coe ’s Garden Drop and the Washingtonare very l arge and l u sciou s fru i t ; and the Nectar ine and K irk

’s p lumare very beau tifu l

, Of l arge s i ze , and fine flavored . The Azu re Ha

t ive may , in add It ion to the above , be recommended , as. a very earlyv ar iety

,and the White M agnum Bonum

,or egg pl an t

,as be ing su i

table for preserv ing — C . (S' A . J . D owning

TRANSPLANTING EvERGRE ENs .— The u nfad ing verdu re Of

‘ theres inou s trees forms a pleasan t re l ief to the eye amid the desol atefields and snow- crowned h il l s Of w in ter . These beau t ifu l inmates Ofthe northern forests

,are pecu l iarly in tractable to the sk il l of cu l t iva

t ion . The spru ce and the fi r,when removed from the cold and b leak

sol itu des where they best love to fix the ir roots and send up the ir tal lpyr amids of green , to a more gen ial s i tu ation , w i ther and perish .

These beau t ifu l and stately pl an ts are des irable as the orn aments ofthe garden or the groves of cu l t ivated scenery . The Engl ish book srecommend that they be removed in the d epth Ofwin ter w ith frozenmasses Of earth around the ir roots

,to holes dug for the i r reception

du ring the preced ing au tumn .

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322 WATE'RLOO CE SAREAN E VERGRE EN CABBAGE .

I am particu lar in gIvin'

g ail the i nformation I can collect on th issubject because I had _ lost s ight of i t u nt i l reca l led to my m ind bythe rece ipt of th e fol low ing ex traord inary and almost incred ible notIceamongst my

'

l ast accoun ts from London .

WAT ERL’

OO'

EVERGR E EN CJE SAREAN Cow"

CABBAGE

T his singu la r and extraord inary spec ies of cabbage,a lmost I'Irr=r

known In Eng land u n t il in trodu ced by the persever ing efforts of Mr

Fu l lard , three y ears Since , grows to the he igh t /

o f twe lve feet, and

from fifteen to twenty fee t In cIrcumference.

“ Five o f these stupendou s Cabbages now ra ised tothe greatest perfection both of qu al i ty as wel l as s i ze

,h ave been . fou nd by proper

man agemen t an ample al lowance of food ‘

for one

"

hundr ed sheep , orten cows per day .

”

The nu tr i tion suppl ied by th is de l ic iou s vege table , w i l l speed i lyproduce the most surprISIng improveme n t in th e growth and u til ity of

every descr ipt ion of cattle .

It is stated,as an evidence

‘

of the benefic ial tendency of‘

feedi ngsheep on this cabbage

,

“

that they have been fou nd to produce'

wool of

a finest s'

ilken'

textu re twentyfi ve Inches long , a“ci rcums tance w hich ,

if general ly re al i zed,cannot fa i l

-

to

'

attract the u tmost atten t ion .

The ce lebrated agr i cu l tu r ist,Mr Coke of Hol kam ,

Englandf isa id to h ave pronounced th e highest e ncom iums on th is cabbage .

Mr Fu l lard , Or h is agen t’s advert isemen t of th is new _ articl e , Savors

a l ittle of pufi'

ery , u n less , as he affi rms , i t is str ict ly the tru th and

'then,indeed, l angu age can hard ly say enough on i ts importance .

The agen t(

for the sale of the seed,the pr ice of whi ch Is twenty

“ sh il lings ster l ing (abou t $5) for a packet contaimng twen ty seeds ,_

i s Mr Brown, No. 46 Ch eapsId'

e'

,L ondon who say s tha t in order to

ob'

viate'

seepticism,and to afl

'

or'

d the h igh est sat isfaction andg confi

dance as to the perfect r‘ectitu de of th is statemen t , agricu l-turists

,

graz iers , and al l w ho fee l an“ in terest In th is species of produce , are

requ ested to appl y to h im“

as above,wh ere he w il l exh ib i t .) specimens

of.

the cabbage and al so of. the wool taken from the sheep'

fed w i th,i t .

The.packets of" cou rse con ta in the requ is i te d irect ions for i ts su ccess

fulgcu l tivation ,and-

V

th e seed i s stated never to“

fa i l ; T he names lof

the K ing , the D uke ofWe l l ington,and a host ofothers are g iven. as

h av ing pu rchased the seed to. make the experimen tIn the cl imate ofEngl and it seems to be a perfectly h ardy evergreen ,

th at Is,to retain its l eaves du r ing the w in ter . , If such shou ld

v

b e the

W A T E KL U U b A tfi l fi-A‘

N L V L N U R E E N C A B B A G E .

case here ,‘i t wou ld be an invalu ab le w in ter food for cattle

,as i ts

heig ht of n ine - to twe lve fe‘e t wou ld keep it - above the snow,and

render i t approachable— of th is,however

,I fear we can h ard ly flat

ter ou rse lves .Wi th the same not ice is anoth er as

'

fol low s , wh ich I g ive as Irece ived ,

‘ be ing very des irou s th a t"

every th ing new ,part icu l arl y when

u sefu l , - shou ld be introduced here w i thou t de l ay .

alsog

suppl’

ied MrBrown ,No. 46 Cheaps ide

,w i th

a‘

portion of the or ig in al and most perfect qu al i ty of the Z ealand

This species of tu rn ip , as attainab le by Mr Fu l l ard’s seed on l y

,

w il l be fou nd the most d el i c ious and u sefu l of any ever in troduced in tothe cou ntry . This

,produced In su ch great perfection , Is ye t compar f

ative ly l i ttle known In England , b ut its : val ue ov-ar al l - othe rs is immense

,and - the propr ie tor of th is seed can , therefore, w ith i pleasu re

and confi den ce guaran tee to every -

, farmer—and grazier the u tmostsatisfact ion w ith a s ingle tr ial .

Seed wheat and oats tru ly s1ngu l ar and extraord inary in the irnatu re and u t il i ty

,ofMr Fu l l ard

’s cu l tivat ion

,may al so be purchased

as above .

”

I w ish to be clearly understood that I‘

have'

noth ing wh atever to doth any of th e

_parties con cerned in the sale of. thi s produ ce,th at I

g ive th e informat ion as‘

I rece ived i t ; b ut,

th at I sh oul dn ot h ave sen t Itto y ou :for pu bl icationif I d id not myse lf think that c redit m ight b e .

attached tb j the statemen t .

REMARKS BY THE , COND, IJCTQR . We h ave‘

here tofore pu bl ished Inth e

i

New Engl and Farmer,not ices of th is C

i

owC abbage whi ch seemsrev ived and coming forw ard u nder new au sp ices . In the N . E . Farmer

,vol . :v i i i . page 326

,are

_ publ ished the ar t icles given“abovefrom

London ’ 5 M agaz ine for October, 1828,and for Febru ary

,1829

,

toge ther w i th a cu t represen t ing the gigan t i c vegetable In ful l grow th .

In page 342 of the some volume of the N . E . F armer, i s .a comma

n icat ion from Dr Th acher —of P lymou th , Mass . , a gentleman whosezeal

,i ndu stry

,and talents have g iven h im a h igh s tanding in the

scien tific wor ld . In th is ar ti cle Dr Thacher mentionsl h aving rece iveda parce l of the seeds of the

'

Cow C abbage”recen tly

,

imported fromFr ance

,from Dr James

'

Mease, of Ph i ladelph ia . Dr.

Thacher -ob

served th a t the'p lants in

, th is town (Pl ymou th ) , the l ast summer ,

[1829]“

from the seeds sent b y Dr Mease , di scovered a very rap id

324 WATERLOO cmsm m n EVERGREEN CABBAGE.

growt h , and atta ined the he ight of from four to five fee t beforechecked by the frost ; L ittle. care was take -

n of them,and a l l that

were exposed w i thou t defence were k i l led by the w inter frost, thoughthey y ielded not t il l near the close of w in ter . Fortunatel y one of

my ne ighbors, from a curiosity k

to ascerta in the ir worth,took up h is

p l an ts in au tumn and put them into . h is ce ll ar . They '

floui ish ed we l l ,and hecu t the leaves and young sprou ts

.

several times in the w inter ,and found them exce l len t for tab le greens . _ Vege tation in the p lantsw as not checked wh il‘e in th e cel l ar, and in Apr i l he tran splan tedth em . into h is garden , where they have flou r ished luxu ri an tly , throw ingou t new sprou ts in great abu nd ance

,wh ich he ou t severa l t imes ,

One of the p lants i s now s ix feet h ig h, and. its sprou ts to the verysummit, are covered Wi th y e l low blossoms from which a large quantityofseed w il l be produced .

'

Th is'

p lan t a ppears to’

be ’

endowed w i th

surpri smg pfol ific powers , and from'

the exper imen t just rel ated , ou r

farmer s h ave ample encou ragement to cu l t ivate th is art i cle ;” Ge o .

All th is 15 we l l , but In an ar ti cle pu bl ish ed In N . E . Farmer,vol . x i i i .

p . 14, dated Jul y 18th , 1884 , Dr Thacher stated as fol lows . I t Is

not a very . pleasan t duty to~

comply w i th'

you r reques t in the - l astFarmer respecting the Cow C abbage concern, I have merely to sayth at the p l an t has proved to be a Worth less article . I " d istri bu ted -

a

very cons iderable .qu an t i ty of the seed produ ced the fi rst year, and-I

bel ieve In every i nstance in New "E ng land it degenerated to s uch adegree as to d isappo in t expectation , and i ts cu l t ivat ion was re li nqu ished . Bu t the le tter wh ich I pu bl ished on the su bject ga ined for me

qu i te a flatter ing notor iety . It was noti ced in v ar iou s parts of th e

Un ited States , and I soon found myse lf involved in an“exte ns ive cor

respondence which I bel ieve h owever was productive of l i ttle profitto e i ther . party . some of the ”

letters “ came post paid,others not .

When I sen t seed to the wes tern and sou thern s tates , I requested tobe informed of th e resu l t of the tr ials In those cl imates , b ut theyd isappo in ted me in every Instance . T he _

last letter wh ich I rece ivedcame to me at twenty five cen ts post-age , the wr iter stated that he hadseated h imself on a new pl an tation

,and h av ing heard mu ch In favor

of Cow C abbage for wi n ter - fodder,

'

h e wou ld be glad if the‘

Doctorwou ld send h im some ‘seed for tri al, b u t i t might be sen t part of thedistance by w ater and he wou ld pay the expense . Upon the whole

,

Mr. Ed itor,the Cow C abbage concern has been one of my poorest

specu l ations .”

It is poss ible , however, that the correct cu l tivation of the Cow

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BOTAN ICAL EXCURS ION .

geology , make the attempt . The h il ls are al l trap,presen ting the

characteristi c featu res of that' cl ass of rocks , such as sh arp brokenr idges ,

“ h igh -

peaks , and nearl y perpend icu l ar s ides , traversed b y deepravmes~ an d chasms

,down wh ich the moun tain streams tumbl e w i th

noisy impe tuos i ty . The sh e lv ing. an d less s teepfi anks of these h il lsare covered

'

w ith a loose red ’ and very fertile soi l,formed partly of

decayed vegetab le matter . These sh el ves and slopes are densel yclothed w i th a vegetat ion high ly v ar ied

,and b f tru l y trop i cal . luxu ri

ance,the Whole presen t ing to

'

the v iew a m ixtu re of de li cate verdure ,d ark forests

,and b l ack

,almost

, perpendicu l arf'

naked cl iffs, form ing ~

together a rare comb ination'

of beau ty and grandeu r . The narrowg len

,along wh ich the pr incipal stre am pu rsu es i ts rap id cou rse , look s

almost as if excavate d from the sol id rocks , as i ts s ides at some p l aces are close to the w ater ’s edge and near ly perpendicu lar

' at others ,howeve r , they Open

‘

in to smal l amph itheatres covered w ith deep andvery fert ile so i l . On these favored spots are cu l t iv ated some of themost e steemed vegetable produ cts of' the E as t

,su ch as C innamon ,

Nu tmegs,Coffee

,&c. ; the two l ast are of exce l len t qual i ty and i n

considerable qu an tity . T h e'

woods one i ther si de which she l ter thesegardens are general ly composed ofh ue

-

l arge trees,mixed w ith smal ler

ones,bound toge ther

”

by '

a profus ion of tw in ing sh rub s . Underthe sh ade , grow a var i ety of S

‘

ataminew,among wh ich C ardamons

,

Ar’row Root

,Ginger and“ Tumer ic- may be ment ioned, several species

of_

,Pepper and th ree or fou r (if Peperomi a ; some cu r iou s Urticeou sa species of Dorsten ia , fou r or five B ignon ias‘

,that very cu r iou s p lan t

Bragan t ia (or T rimereza), many Orch ideee,ASphode leaa, Aroid

’

eae

and .of Ferns In great profus ion . Among the trees I fou nd severa lAnnonacew, a large arboreou s Phoberos , several arborescen t Leguminosa , a number ofR ub iaceae

,one of the most interesting of wh ich

I cons idered t h e Mor inda umbel lata,cl imb ing

'i

as i t does to the topsof the highest trees . Two spec ies of My riotica (nu tmeg) I was en

abl ed to d istingu ish hy‘

the mace on ly,the trees be ing so l arge that I

cou ld no t obta in specimens .\ Men ispermacea3 abou nd . Here I sawfor the first time , Coccu lu s macfocarpu s , a powerfu l tv

‘

viner . Thestems and large r branches are at th is seasoim covered w i th loads offru i t, h ang ing In l arge cl u sters , v iemg In s i ze W i tt apes

,and most

en tic ing to look at, be ing covered w ith a fine wh ite bloom. I al sofound what appears to me a new

\

specIes of Clypea, the male p l a'n t

on l y -

.the flowers are col lected into “

flat dense heads,somewhat ré

semb l ing a Dorsten ia , hence the temporary name I have g iven i t,

BOTAN ICAL EXCURS ION . 327

u n til the d iscovery'

of the female flowers sh al l determ ine whether i ti s new or not . I h ave no room to say more concern ing the inexh au sti‘ble treasu res of th is matchless g len , for if I do, I fear there w i l l bel i ttle space left for an accou n t of the excu rsIon

'

to Bo tany Peak,the

main Object of my letter , and were I to _fil l th ree other sheets In ex

patiating on i ts F lora , I shou ld sti l l fal l short In adequately por tr ay ingi ts mer i ts a s a botan i ca l garden , for su ch I cons ider i ts most appro

priate des ignation . The h il l occupy mg the sou theast po in t of therecess of Cou rtal lum is the loftiest of th is par t

’

of t he r ange,th e

h ighest peak Of wh ich my compamons humorou sl y des ignated , In

honor Of the col lections of the day , Botany Peak . I t i s d istan t abou tth ree mi les from the hou ses Of the Europeans . Abou t 6 A . M .

t

we

left home,and rode to the foot of i

_ ;t at 7 we commenced the ascen t ,carrying a barometer

,prov is ions for the day , two l arge botan ical boxes

and su ndry qu i res of paper . The Eu ropeans,three In number

,were

armed w i th dou b le barre l led fow l ing- p ieces,loaded .w i th bal l in case

Of acc iden ts,as i t w as rumored th at there was an e leph an t in the

way . Thi s we ‘

d id not bel ieve , b u t we were afterwards conv inced of

th e tru th Of th is report by see ing h is foot m arks, though not the animal himself: Abou t 9 we "arr ived on the bank of a small s tream,

halfway up , and t h i s be ing

-

the on ly one we'

had tO‘

cross in the ascen t,

we stopped and“

breakfasted . T h eref

I fou nd several p l ants new tome, and saw grow ing

,for the fi rst time ,

”

th e R hus decipiens . It i s atal l handsome “tree : one I measu red was nearl y . forty fee t long

"

; i t

had been blown down , b u t not so as to stop'

its growth,and was not

at th is time in flower . The P lan ta in w as al so growing w i ld,along

w i th a specIes of Mar an ta ,’

\arrow root . ) I l ikew ise fou nd a Lab iatep l an t

,apparen tly of the genu s Lamium . A few other pl ants were

fou nd at th is pl ace , and added to the cons iderable number gatheredin the prev iou s ascen t. Hav ing refreshed and rested ou rse lves

,we

pu shed on w i th al l poss ible speed , to leave Ourse lves more t ime to accom'pl ish the steeper an d more d ifficul t part of the ascen t wh ich wasst il l before u s. For nearl y a qu ar ter Of a m i le from the s tre am we

p assed over a p iece Of cleared l and , where some of the common Cere al ia are cu l t ivated and wh ich at th is t ime was covered w i th Paspa

l uIn frumentaceum,among wh ich I found

’

two species of Torenia,T .

as i‘atica, and another very h andsome , l arge flowered species al so a

m agn ificen t Lobe l ia , apparen tly in termed iate between L . n icot ianafol ia , and L. exce lsa , b ut not in a good state for preservat ion . on

leav ing th is green spot we en tered a deep and d ark wood , formi ng a

328 BOTAN ICAL Exee‘nswn .

be l t of uncertain length , b u t near ly a m ile in bread th , composed ofa

gre at v ar iety of state ly t rees , m ixed w i th many smal ler ones'

and un

der'

sh ru bs_of every d escript ion . Among

'

the.

herbaceou s pl ant s

grow ihg u nd er the shade , is the Cardamon and several other speciesOf Scitamenem,

a great v ar ie ty ofArums , some of t hem ve ry hand-a

some ,_

two on th ree specIes of Didy mocarpeaa, and many h igh ly cu r i- f

ou s

'

Orch idew ,one of wh ich grows l ike a moss on th e moist rock s , a

“

sh rubby Chlor a’

n thus' in great abu nd ance ,'and .several Ferns. The

trees I am not _so well prep ared to

_

specify , as - they w ere d ifficu l tto ge t at

,and requ ired more t ime than "

cou ld be spa red but I obta ined specImens of one or two Annonaceae and a v ar ie ty of sh ru bbywe l l . as her I p i cked up One or two Of the fru i t

of a very l arge Nu tmeg tree , much rresembl ing ( in fru i t ) the aromaticnu tmegs , both ,

in s ize and in the k ind Of m ace w hi ch cove rs th efru i t . To have got specimens of the tree

,we mu st have cu t it down

wh ich wou ld h ave been a w eek ’s work .

I protr acted my - stay in this forest to the utmost,both In ascend ing

and descend ing, and then left i t w ith regret , w ish ing that I cou ldhave devoted a month to the eXam inatio

l

n of the pl an ts grow ing onth is spot

,and sat isfied that I

_

shou ld still have left mu ch for fu tu re Ina

vestigators . On qu itting the“

forest the h il

l lp

b eca-me very steep and so

th ick ly covered w i th bamboo s th at we h ad the g reatest d ifficu l ty in

mak ing ou r w ay th rough them,though mu ch more pl iab le and inuoc

uous th an those of the pl a in . A bout 712 we re ached the fi rst h al tingp l ace, fam i l iarl y known -b y the name of Hatfie ld"s Peak

,from a genf

tieman of . that name who h ad formerly v isited i t . Here we rested,

set up the barometer wh ich ind icated a he igh t of about 3600 fee tabove the se a

,and made some rou gh tr igonome tr ical exper imen ts to

d etermine the heigh ts Of ne ighbor ing peaks In the mean time Ioccup ied my se lf In examInIng th e Flora, and v

'

vas so fortunate as toadd a fewgood pl ants to my col lections , among the mos t in teresting

of wh ich w as one agree ing in h ab i t w i th C rassu l a, b u t d iffer i ng In

flower; a Euphorb'

iaceou s'

sh ru b,apparently a new. genu s ; a mos t

beau t ifu l Ph il lyrea , b ut not in fru it and an Ac'

acIa, Certain ly new to

me , b ut neither in flower nor fru i t . A t th is he igh t we me t w i th many

y ou ng plan ts of Car'

yota u rens,b ut none of cons iderable s i ze

,w h ich

su rpr ised me. Here the Bentinekia abounds, setting at defiance the

almost hu rr icane. b l asts thatfsweep theh il ls at th is sea-son , r is ing above

al l the' pl an ts by wh i ch - i t i s sur rou nded, and produc ing - and r ipen-ing

its: panic les-

of sh in ing b laek des irable look ing,

'

but most aus tere

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330 BOTAN ICAL EXCURS ION.

among them,b ut whether an alp ine v ar iety of O . sensitiv a or a dISa

tinct species remai ns ye t to be determ ined . It d iffers gre atly inh ab i t in hav ing a

_

long bran ched s tem,each br anch being termin ated

by a tuft of leaves and floWers , l ike those of O . sens i tiva,b ut it is

less sens it ive , wh ich may beow ing to the lower temperatu re of its

p lace of grow th . Th e bamboo among wh ich it grows Is pecu l iar ,and so far as I have been able to d iscove r a nondescr ip t species ,wh ich , however , I cannot adequa te ly descr ibe , for -w an t of the parts

of fructification . It is'

a ta l l,straight nearly branchles s

,reed- l ike

p lan t,atta in ing in shel tered s itu at ions

,a he ight of be tween twen ty

and th irty fee t, with a slender, smooth , hol low stem,

very firm andl igneou s below ; th .e . leaves l anceol ate

,she ath ing

,confined to the

extremi t ies of the shoots , and furn ished w ith a short , bu t d ist inctpetiole ; in_

s ize these leaves greatly exceed those'

of al l the otherbamboos I have seen in

_

- th is cou ntry,the larger ones be ing from e ight

to . ten inches long and from two to th ree broad,tapering at

_

both ends.

A l together th ey“

are so l ike those u sed by the Chinese?

in pack ing tea,

excep t in (be ing less cor iaceou s , that I am Incl ined to cons ider ourp l an t

,if not essen t ial , a very nearly

/

al l ied'

speCIes , perhaps . var iety,

the d ifference depend ing on s itu at ion ,Hav ing at length accompl ished the mam object Of our jou rney , we

commence d the descen t ; the fi rst part of wh ich was performed asrap id l y as the close growth of the b amboo

, or reeds, as they are u sual l y cal led , a nd the b roken n atu re of the grou nd wou ld permi t .A l though much

'

B'

Otaniz'

mg was out of the question ,I got a few pl an ts

which I h ad overlooked in the ascen t ; b u t on re- en ter ing the forestI took the l iberty of dropp ing beh ind my compan ions , who were notbotan ists

,and enjoyed su ch an hou r’ s herbor i z ing as r arely fal l s

to the .lot of even the m os t enthu si astIc ind iv idu al s ; to the d ismay ,however, of my fr iends, who at length

”

fancy ing th at I h ad lost “

my

way , or been attacked by wi ld beasts,

[

or'

a score '

of other th ingsequ al ly near

_the tru th ,“ se t us uch a shou ting as to leave me no

al ternat ive bu t to rej o in them, ,wh ich I d id with great regret ; I had ,however

,aga in fi l led my boxes and .formed

_

a large parce l be s ides . I

Cou ld not b u t lamen t my inab i l i ty to spend .severa l day s in that noble “

forest , , not at one se ason , b u t at every season in the year , if thecl imate wou ld perm i t it . _To go there forone day on ly is extreme lytan tal iz ing, as one is lost and [perplexed ( by the end less var ie ty of

forms'

at once presen ted to the eye . From the t ime of our leav ingthe

/

wood the—

Pdescent was so very rap id , that we h ad a l l remou -n-ted

BOTAc L EXCURS ION. 331

our horses before five o’clock,and in a l i ttle more than half an hou r

We were enjoy ing ou rsel ves in a'

shower bath . I mu st now endeavorto give y ou some - idea of t h e r ichness

'

of the F lora of these h il l s,

deduced from the observ ations of th i s excu rsIon on ly , as i t wou ldtake too mu ch t ime to go over my herbar ium to arr ive at a more satisfactory resu l t . My v is i t to Cou r tal l am wa s a p rofession al one ,

andextended to e igh t d ays on l y , those of my arr ival and departu re included . In th a t time I made five excu rs ions

,none exceed ing one

fou rth of .the d istance of that Wh ich I h ave a bove descr ibed,and

retu rned to Pal amcottah wi th spec ies belong ing to about e ighty Nat

ural Orders,exclu s ive of ab ou t

_f1fty species sti

-l l u ndet ermined,and

of a great number of pl an ts lost in“

th e drying ‘

from having run. shor tOf paper . The number

-

“

of species of'

wh ich I h ave actu al l y spec imens

, cons iderably exceeds: th ree hu ndred I cannot say how manywere lost . Bes ides these“

,no spec imen s were g athered of a l arge

propor tion of h igh trees,w h ich

“

we‘

had t ime nei ther to cu t down “

nor

cl imb b u t several'

oft hem were ascerta ined from the fal len fru i t tobe new .

- T he more common pl an ts , of wh ich I h ad al re ady spec imens

,or cou ld e asi ly obtain at any .Other t ime

,were al toge ther

rejected , mak ing a total of probabl y not fewe r th an five hundredspeci es seen in flower or fru i t in the shor t space of five d ays

,

‘

a'

nd ~at arather u nfavorab le seasoniof the “

y ear . 5These —numbers afford da ta,

from which I th ink'

we may safel y infer, that a very s.

mal'l port ion ofthese h i l ls, say twen ty mi les squ are , possesses a F lora of prob abl yl ittle ~

shorti

of fifteen h und red species of‘vascu l ar pl ants ,

“ includ ing"Ferns in th e

:

wide-

r

'

sense of the'

term and if"

the_

fie l d be extendedto th e . h igh er b il ls to the_

north and sou th -West,I bq

aven o dou b t th atfive hu ndred more may f

'

be added . I say five h undred, for the h il lsal luded? to r i se mOre th an fift

’

een ' h undred feet above the one we

ascended a heigh t a t wh ich an almost newF lora presen ts ifself. ‘

If

there is any tru th in th is cal cu lat ion,

“ i t fol lows th azt '

on th i s m'e'respeck of grou nd , th ere

'

is a F lora exceed ing the p‘

h a nogamou s Floraof the whole British Islands, and n earl y

'

equ al l ing in amou n t thenumber of spec ies descr ibed in Roxb urgh

’sF lora Ind ica . Su re ly ifever a coun try

“

deserved ‘ the scru tin izing search of an ab le and

d i l igen t Bota'

n ist , it 'i s th i s ; so sat isfied am I on thi s po in t,

.-

'

th at I

have now th ree n ative col lectors employed here . It i s true I do notexpect mu ch from the ir exert ions

,as nat i ves are alway s t im id explor

ers of the jungl_ ,e u nlessled by a Eu ropean

,when they w i l l cheerfu l ly

fol low ; b ut as the fiel d In i tself Is one of the r i chest I know,I send

332 BOTAN ICAL nxCUnsION.

them to i t,as one from wh i ch I have the . best chance of procu r ing

val u able add itions to my al re ady extens ive col lections , and one wh ich

my other occupat ions do not perm i t me to investigate b y m y own

exertions . As th is letter greatl y exceed s i ts an t ic ipated l imi ts,I

mu st Con clude w i th the hope that my u nfavorable expectation s respecting the success

“of -my col lectors , may not be real i zed .

S E PT . 4,1835

P . S . There be ing no ships about to sai l wh en I fin ished the p recedeing commu n icat ion

,I kept i t open ih - case any th ing add i t ional shou ld

occu r to be added . And i t so h appened tha t my ,serv ices be ing

required a second t ime at Cou rtal lam,I ava il ed my se lf' of the oppor

tunity to make several excu rs‘

ions, lb

'

y wh ich I h ave nearly dou bledmy col lections , and adde d a great many new pl an ts . Among them

may be men tioned several Annonaceae , five or s ix h andsome Bal sams ,one so very cu r iou s and d istinct that I propose to const itu te i t anewgenu s

,u nder some such name as Kory anth us , in all u s ion to

'

thehelme t formed by the two upper sepal s . Two or three very remarkable Me lastomacea

‘

w i l l form,I be l ieve

,-a nove l and very d istinct

genu s . I h ave also a very fine new Ce rOpegia ; two u ndescr i'bedspec ies Of D idy mocarpeaa, one of them,

I t hink, const itu t ing a d'

t inct genu s,al l ied toth e W u l fenia of-W al lach ’s Tent. F l .

great var iety of Or’

ch ideze t; a number of Aroidea,among w h ich

an enormou s Pothos, and two or three genera qu i te new to me . _Of

th 'e - Bamboos,I fou nd

.

flower ing spec imens,b u t not in a good sta te

,

and severa l C ar i ces wh ich I have not. seen before ; and l astly , a verycu r iou s specie s of Ph al lu s ”decorated w i th a w ide loose ly pendu lou snet h ang ing from the

.

ins ide - of the hood,re ach ing to the grou nd and

cover ing the stem l ike a ve i l, (P. Daemonum) H ook. B ut. of B eech .

Voy . vol . 1, p . 78 , 120 . The . resul t of this second ! excu rs ion moreth an confirms my prev iou s cal cu lation pf the r i ch es of \ these h il l s

,

in d ist inct vegetab leforms .

I am now disposed to th ink tha t two thousand species may be foundw i th in the l imi ts ass igned above t o fifteen hundred . I have come toth i s conclu‘s ion from .h aving extended my excu rs ion on o ne occas ionto a more d istan t part of the h ills , and found many

- more new p lan tsthan ona ny former day . H i therto I h ad exp lored on ly the northernslopes ; b u t

'

on th is last occas ion I examined the sou thern s ide; andcerta in ly pa id for my temer i ty by hav ing to stay in the jungle al l

n ight,hav ing gone too far and lost my way in retu rning home . I

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334 D ISCR IM INAT ION or son s.

mean t the so i l of a garden or field,but th at pecu l iar pale

,yel lowish

,

or amber -colored so i l , wh ich nu r‘

serymen pu rchaseat sufficien tly h ighterms , abou t the ne ighborhood of Hampstead ,—a so i l wh ich wou ldsu i t n"earl y e very species and var iety of stove or greenhou se exotics ,e ither alone .or blended w i th cer ta i n proport ions of bog earth .

”

Now thi s loam, as fa? as‘

our recol lection'

serves u s,was soft or

u nctuou s In textu re , not gritty , capab le of some adhesion ofparti cles,

yet so l igh t,that if a portion

'

in a med ium mo ist cond ition was pressedinth e h and

,i t wou ld become a mass ; ye t if suffered tofal l from “

th e

he ight of two or th ree fee t upona hard su rface , Wou ld'

. crumb le andfal l apar t . There are few gardeners , remote - from London

,wh o Can

obtain such’

a cho ice mater ial ; and if indeed , any pe rson possesswhat he bel ieves to b e a l igh t r i ch loam,

he may be d isappo in ted ini ts appl i cation .

I

I t is in Inqu l rres concern ing the natu re‘

of so i l s,that

chem istry can afford an effi cient a id and,therefore we would

recommend every gardener to cu l t ivate it to an extent that may ena

b le h im to an al yse h is leam ‘

so far as to‘ be a ble to determ ine i ts chief

constituents . To do th is,he w i l l requ i re a bottle of good mu r iatic

acid, (sp ir it of sal t as i t used to be cal led ) another ofs u lphur i c acid ,

wh ich ough t to be d i lu ted"

w i th th ree t imes i ts we igh t in rain waterand a th ird of solu t ion of potassa ; th at Is, a l iquor produ ced b y d issol v ing one ou nce of sal t of tar tar in two or th ree ou nces of ra inwater . Two drachms

,by w e ight

, of any l

soil,dr ied. on the stock or

hob of a s i tting room grate,and powdered In a mortar

,niay be tested

by add ing two drachms of mu r i at i c ac id,miried w i th an equ al qu an

t ity of pu re w ater . If any sens ible efferves'cen ce

,or h iss ing ar ise

,

the earth con ta ins chalk or l imestone ; and , after stand ing togetherfou r or five hou rs, the l iquor may be stra ined th rough b lott ing pape r ,w ashed t il l sweet

,and then dr ied in

,

the same heat ofthe grate . T h e

loss of we igh -t w il l prove‘

th e'

qu antity of chalk n atu ral ly exi sting . inth e so i l . In 120 gra ins, from five to ten grains may b e found

]; and

to th at exten t it w il l prove‘

u sefu'

l,as i t tends to add fi rmness of textu re

and moderate adhes iveness . Beyond te_

n gra ins in 120, i t might notbe appl i cable to many greenhou se and a

stove exot i cs .After the abstract ion of the ch alk

,and of the rema in ing ac id

,by

the frequen t w ash ing. w ith soft w ater,

'

th e so i l mu st be aga in .dr iedand w e ighed , and fou r times i ts we igh t of th e d i lu ted su lphu r i c acidadded . The whole mu st then be bo iled In a glass vesse l for one hou r.The bo i l ing can frequen tly be effected in a sh or t ph ia l of th in glass,or a F lorence flask

,

‘

placed upon the cheek of a common fire - grate,

first at a d istance from the fire . A smal l p iece of paper shou ld be

pu t under the ph ia l ; and , as the l iquor becomes hot, the ves se l may

be safe ly made to approach the fire t il l the heat i s fou nd sufficien t tocreate ebu l l i t ions .

’

When th at is perce ived , the bo il ing shou ld bema in ta ined for one comp le te hou r .The su lphu r i c acid w il l . take up i ron from the so i l , and

'

al so thealumen

,or pu re clay wh ich i t may con ta in . The i ron wou ld be

abstracted w ithou t heat ; b ut the aid of bo i l ing is requ ired to effectthe solu t ion of. the alumen .

W hen the l iqu id has become cold , the con tents of the ph ia l are tobe pou red upon a paper fi lter , prev iou sly we ighed , and every gra inrema in ing” in the vesse l mu st be carefu l ly washed out by repeatedr ins ings of pu re water

,al l the Wash ings be ing '

.pou red in to the fi l ter .More water i s to be added t i ll the drainings come away free fromacid taste

,after wh ich

,the fi l ter and its con tents are to be dr ied

,fi rst

by absorp tion on a p i ece of 'ch alk,and final ly on the grate or other

hot su rface , t il l they become comp le te ly d ry . Be ing then we ighed,

and the we ight of the paper su bstracted , the ne t produ ct w i l l be th eamou n t of 'iron and alumen .

'

.A good loam wil l‘

lose,perhaps , ten gra ins ou t of the one hundred

and we w il l suppose to have been the'

we igh t of theso ils ubmitted to the test of su lphu r i c ac id ; and - of these

,fou r w i l l be

iroh , and the remaInIng-s ix a lumen or pu re '

clay ._Th e su bstance

u pon th e fi l ter may we igh from n inety -fou r to one hundred grams, or

nearl y so0 ; i t w i l l cons ist ch iefly of s i l iceou s orflinty earth .

The proport ions addu ced approximate to the resu l ts of actu a l ex

pe r iments ; and we . know tha t the loam so tested was most admirable .

Some l ati tude mu st be permi tted , and some so ils may con ta in somefew gram s more or less , of Iron

,_ch alk, and clay . But as a gene r al

rule In anal y s is i t may be stated , fi rst , tha t In one hund red and twen ty

g ra ins of _ a r i ch l ight loam, from n inety to one hu ndred ough t tocons ist of flinty inso luble ear th ; second , that the so luble portio nough t to con ta in from s ix to ten gra ins o f cl ay

,and perh ap s nearly as

mu ch chalkand Iron . The l ater ingred ien t var ies mu ch in so i l s ofd ifferen t color . Those of the gry aish brown , or umber tin t, appearto ba th e best, the Iron be ing In that pecu l iar state of chemi cal ox id at ion wh ich i s most prop i t iou s to the heal th of p l an ts . If a loam bevery deficien t in chalk , or

.

the matter of pu re cl ay,

_ as the we l lconducted exper imen ts of analy s i s w i l l demons trate , - the chemica lhort icu l tu r ist can amend i t . C au t ion and precis ion,both of wh ichw il l be attainded by practice, w i l l be of cou rse requ ired ; b ut if a so i l

336 D ISCR IM INATION or sou s .

be found so deficien t in clay that one h imdred and twen ty gr ainscon ta in '

b ut two gra ins, discoverab le‘

b y the te st of su lphu r i c acid , itw i l l be very easy to add three

,fou r

,or five gra in s of cl ay

,dr ied an d

redu ced to fine powder ; or of p ipe clay two,‘ three

, or fou r gra ins ;the same m ay b e said of ch alk . If

, on the con tra ry , a so i l b e fou ndto cons ist chiefly of coarse gravel ly sand

,i t w i ll not be d ifficu l t to

sepa r ate a port ion of that predominan t qu al i ty b y w ash ing ofl'

someof the soi l

,and add ing those fine separ ab le m atters to the bu lk . Thu s

one th ird of a barrow of h arsh so i l shou ld be washed In two or th reew aters ; the matters that float , or r ather that are not depos i ted wi th inth e per iod ofa second or two of time in water b e ing pou red overl th erema in ing two th irds , and the whole in termixed as the water of l ixiciation dries off. Thus the heavy sharp sand of one th ird wou ld beabstracted

,and the mass become proport ion abl y amel iorated . A.

you ng active chem ist, al ive to the ch arms ofhorticu l tu re , cou ld effec twonders w i th h is so i ls . We

,of cou rse

,speak of those intended for

pot cu l tu re , where in a barrow ,w i th the a id of v '

e ge t‘ab le so ils, doc.

goes a“

gre at way s

The qu an t i ty of vege table matter wh ich ex ists in any ,so i l may b e

pretty accu rately determined b y ; bu rn ing ; that i s, by keep ing aknown we ight of i t at a red h eat, ,

til l it' retain no b l ackness u pon,

becoming cold . Vegetable matter Is essen t ial to the fert il ity of theso il ; and , therefore , if a loam wh ich is found to con tai n the stapleearth s above men t ioned in fa i r proportIon ,

and i s of a free work ingtex tu re , be very deficient In decomposable matter , i t mu st be enr i chedby leaf mou ld , decayed vege table mould , or comp le tely redu cedmanu re .

The best su bstitu te fora perfect natural loam ,i s the reduced grass

tu rf of .a meadow or - common . Vege tab le matters,i t is probab le

,are

resol vab le by decay in earth very s im i lar in qu al i ty to that upon whichthey grow and when shor t grass tu rf is cut in to th in l ayers

,i t w il l

in a short t ime become a fine mou ld . The tu rf,not th icker at first

th an an inch and a h alf,shou ld be p iled in a heap

,the grass face

downwaI d,and be kept so two or th ree mdnth s . They shou ld then

bechopped to p ieces,tu rned

,and thoroughly incorporated ; and these

processes are to be repeated,at in tervals

,t il l the whole become a

mass,reple te w ith tende r vege table fibres . S u ch

‘

a soi l,at the end of

a year,w i l l form a v alu able substi tu te for

'

good n at ive loam,and b e

available for'

every purpose of the gardener . A stock ought to beprepared every

'

y ear .

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338 D I SCR IM INATION or some.

the term peat and peat- earth ; they are -no t on ly indefin i te , b ut u tterlyv agu e and inappropriate . , Peat

,str ic tly speak ing ,

i s the b lackd ecay ~

ed ve getab le matter d ug o u t of b'ogs or tu b aries ; i t i s to most plan ts

iner t and usele ss ; b u t to a few i t affords an al imen t of great power ;we may men tion as examples Th y nberg z

'

a andAmary l lz'

des ; not however

,to dwe l l u pon a su bject wh ich

_is now i rre levan t,we sh al l on ly

observe tha t,by the

hte rm . p eat, w r iters of the day

,

me an to expressheath- so i l

,the bog- earth of the l ast cen tu ry ; hence we ‘

read of sandypeat

,tu rfy peat

,bl ack peat , &c. A l l these terms are appl i cable on l y

to h eathinrou ld,and they express the ~ vary ing tex tu re oft h atmater ial ,

wh ich certa in ly adm i ts of mu ch var iation In the p roport ions of itsingred ients. -The sandy heath so i l -of Bagshot is o f a grey ish blackt in t

,i t con ta ins a very great proportion of pu re wh ite sand , w i th per

haps scarcely one ten th part of black , decayed vege tab le matter .The bes t heath so i l con tains mu ch fibrou s ma tter

,and IS e i ther black

or of a brown ish h ue , wh ich depends upon the pecu l iar n atu re of thevegetable matter . A l l these soi l s abound w i th pu re wh i te sand

,

hence the .pecu l iar appl icab i l i ty to p lan ts whose roots are very fibrou s,

tender and de l i cate . Heath mou ld and loam In d ifferen t proport ion sa re the - staple soils of the gardener

,and with . them he can effec t

a lmost every species of cu l tu re .

PEAT,pu re peat , or the earth of tu rfbogs , con tains - ve ry l i ttle sand ;

i t i s a heavy,dead so i l

,formIng, when bu rn t , a r i ch manu re for cold

inert l and ; b u t in mest instances i t i s adverse to the - gardener.We earnestly ad v ise ou r hort icu l tu ral re aders to des ist from t he u se

of the term p ea t, u n less they real ly mean to express th e su bstanced ug ou t ofbogs Hand peat-mosses,and whenever th is may be the ca se ,to sty le i t p u re ‘p eizt .

W hen the so i l of he ath s i s u nderstood,we ~ recommend the in v a

r iab le adopt ion of the term heath mou l d,and to qu al ify i t by add ing

th e descr iptive words s andy,tu rfy , or , the l ike

,as occas ion may

d icta teWe shal l close our remark s by referr ing to another vagu e and

u nsatisfactory title wh ich i s g iven to an"

ear

'

t lr of a st il l more com

pou nd natu re than any_

ive h ave hitherto noti ced . In descr ip tivecata logues and hort icu ltu ral per iod ica l s

,we con tinual ly mee t w ith

the word r ick mou ld : Now,we ask

,w hat can any one u nderstand

by the terms , fo r noth ing can be more gene ral and ind iscr im inate .

Good garden so i l Is a r i ch mou ld , so is a compost of loam and vegotable or

,

an ima l manu res . We cannot detect the exact mean ing of

NEW vantn'r rns OF FRUITS . 339

the wr i ters ; b u t that we may in some degree g ive to mere emptysound a loca l hab i tat ion and name ,

”we sha l l ven tu re to desc ribe a

so i l o r compost, wh ich , in our op in ion,may me r i t the name of r ich

mou ld,and be found su i tab le to the pu rpose of the gardener in potcu l tu re . Le t ‘

one par t (say a handfu l ) of pu re ma iden loam ,or the

earth of decayed cou ch , h arrowed from a loamy fie ld,be thoroughly

blended w i th equa l qu an ti ties of the so i l from dec ayed leaves of twoyears o ld

,and perfectly reduced horse or

“ sh eep d ung ; le t these betu rned three or fou r t imes d u r ing th e w in te r mon th s

,and they w i l l

fo rm a u n iform homogeneous mass ; the practised gardener w i l l

read i ly render th i s compost more‘ ‘

or less l igh t by the add i tions of al i ttle more l oam

,or of pu re _

s ilver sand .

In ou r fu tu re art i cles upon the propagation of plantsh we propose .

to ab ide b y the op in ions which are expressed above , and“ a lways to

employ those terms that we recommend to others thu s we shal l havemade the attempt a t leas t to remove d iffi cu l tie s , and to in troduces imp l ic i ty and u n ifo rmi ty of exp ress ion

,fo r noth ing ' tend s more

d irectly to confuse and mis lead than the adopt ion of words,wh ich

,to

say the best o f them,convey a do’ubtfu l me an ing .

— P azton’s Mag .

ART . IV.—D escr

_

z°

p tion of some New and Va luable Vari eti es ofF ru its . Commun i cate d by W ILL IAM KENItICK.

THE following are the d esc r ipt ion s of the new var1e ties of Pearsw h ich were sen t to Par is by Professor van Mons of,Lou

_ _

vain W i th

the except ion o n ly of the two first,I h ave extracted them from a very

recen t work,l ate ly sen t me from France, and from that c i ty , by the

ce lebrated au thor , M . Po ite au, en titled Tlteor t

'

e Van Mons. Nearlya l l the descr ipt lons wh ich I now sha l l offer are . new ,

and have neverbeen seen in o ur coun try before . A good proport ion of the fru i tshere d escr ibed have prece ded the descript ions

,h av ing been sen t to

Amer ica duri_

ng"

the l ast two y ears .

W ILH‘

ELM INE . Form‘

e of the Doyenné ,'

sk in po in ted w i th gray inthe shade — l aved w i th red next

'

the sun— flesh yel low ish “

white,

beu rre— j u ice abundan t, sugary , perfumed . Fe b .

‘

and March .

B an J ar-dinierfoi' 1836 .

Fon'w un's . The fruit is large , roundish , flesh beu rre ; me l ting,

340 new VAmen u s on . FRU ITS .

del i ciou s . This fru i t keeps til l Ju ly , and is fthe ‘ best of al l pears, .

accord ing to M .

'Parment ier of Engh ien , who has or ig inated thi sfru it or brought i t into noti ce . _ B an J ardim

’

erfor 1836 .

V . M . T h e tre e d oes not resemble th at of our

Doy ennes . It owes i ts name tothe form of i ts -fru i t, which i s tu rb inate , -

and two inches. m he igh t ; th e eye Is smal l , stalk thi ck , short .

and fleshy at'

i ts insertion sk in clear ye l low,shin ing

,marked w i th .

smal l red po ints in the shade , and” some times sl ightl y

'

w ashed a nd‘

spotted wi th red nex t'

the sun the flesh wh ite,me l t ing ; the j u 1ce

very abundan t,sugary

,sl ightly acid - and good ; ripe , end of

'Ju ly and

beg inn ing of“

August; and the best pear of the season .

MAR IE Loui se Nova ,V . M . Or iginated by Van Mons in 182 1

or 1822 . The form ohtu-sely . con ical,swo l n toward s the base , the

h eigh t th ree inches ; the sk in speck led and spotted w i th red,and

s l ightly w ashed w i th red nex t the sun,ch anging from green to clear

y el low at matu r ity flesh whi te “

,mel ting ; j u ice abund ant, sacchar ine ,

h igh flavored . This ve ry fine fru i t r ipens ear l y i n; Sept .M . Poiteau who - b y permIssron of Van Mons wa-

s au thor i zed ,to

aflix a name to some of the unn ame d k inds w h ich were sen t to h imat Par is , h as .ren amed th isfru i t “

VanD onkelaar,w h ich name I omit ,

as Van Mons had prev iou sl y. bestowed the same name u pon ano therfru i t . M. Poiteau seemed al so aw are of th i s . ci rcumstance. I re ta inon ly the ortginal . Fearsh ad been en terta ined by h im , lest th is n amesho u ld be confou n ‘ded wi th the Mar ie Lou ise .of

'

former y earst .

BEURRE W l T i -

HUMB , V._

M . O ri g inated in'

18 1 1.'

Very beau tiful

,oblong , obtus e ; the he ight th ree Inc-hes and an half

,b y th ree

Inches in‘

i ts transverse d iameter ; the eye midd l ing“ l arge

,a

“ l ittlesunken ; the sk in cove red with smal l po in ts and spot s or sta ins ofred

,becomes of .a beau tifu l ye l low atm atu rity ; the flesh is very white

,

l ike our Doyenné ; apparentl y , _

i ts season “

when mature i s soon past,

s ince we were u nable to. se i ze on th e su itab le t ime properly to j udgeoffi

'

ts mer i ts ; b ut , judg ingfrom'

the n ame of the ce lebrated amateu rwh ich M. Van Mon

-

s has affi xed to th is fru i t,we must be l ieve i t to be

n atu ral ly -excel len t . Th is“

magn ificen t fru i t r ipens -in the former partof Sept :S unm sm n. Or ig inated by M . Van Mons m 1828. The fru i t 15

oval , swoln or tu rb inate , two inches and a h alf In he ight,the. same

in i ts tran sverse d iameter th e stalk an inch In l ength,_

and fleshy a tIts Insertion ; the e y e s l ightly

“

su nk in a regu l ar . cav i ty ; the sk in

poin ted with red, becoming of a clear ye l low at matur i ty flesh wh i te ,

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NEW VARIETIE S ori‘EaurTs .

half; s talk fifteenl ine s , .ob l ique l y inserted ; the eye in a narrow cav ity ;sk in a beau tiful yel low

,very fine ly marked w ith red

,and tou ched

w i th spots of the same color ; flesh wh ite,me l tmg ; q ce a bund an t ,

sugary , h igh flavored , de lm ou s . Thi s exce l len t pear r ipens th e

beg inn ing of S eptember . This pear i s cons idered to he a synonymeof

'

L a. B el le de F lander s or F lemish B eau ty (if the Eng l ish , or L e

B r i l l iant.

Lo u sS E m: Pnns s’

E (550 , V. M. ) o r ig inated in S i ze andform of the S t Germa in l i ttle swoln

’

and'

not so th ick near the stalk ,w

'

h ich'

is ob l iquely inserted ; eye equ al ly l arge , in a sl ight and regu larcav i ty ;

‘ sk in green'

a l ittle rough , sl ightly pointed with red and

y e l low at matu r i ty j u ice abund an t , sacchar ine , agreeable . R ipe thecommencement of September .FRED ER IC

"

D E,

WURTEMB ERG . Or ig inated b y'

Van Mons ih '

18 12

or I sl-

3 ; Fru i t sw-o lu t oward s th e midd le of‘

its he ight , which isthree inches and a fou rth

,and nearly three Inches - ih i t

'

s transversed iameter ; con ical towards the stalk , wh ich is th ick towards the base ,and an inch long ; ,

e'

y e large ; sk in smooth , somewh at marbled or

po inted w i th red , becom ing of a beau tifu l bright red nex t“

the sun,

and changing to y e l low'

at matu rity in’

the shade ; flesh very wh ite,

fine,beu rre ; j u ice abundant , sugary , de l i c ious. R i

’pe the end of

S eptember and beg inn ing of Octobe r .Thisfine '

fru it,wh ich Dr Van Mons has l atel y sen t to Amerrca

,Is

'

ev iden tly the same fru i t wh ich was former ly sen t to Mr Lowe l l by Mr

Kn ight,as the Cap iaumont . Judg ing by the hab its of the tree

,and

the pecu l iar i ty of its"

l eaf and wood and grow th,all circumstances

comb ined , we are perfectly sa tisfied that the fru i t described in thePomological Magaz ine as the Cap iaumont , wh ich is ev idently identical w i th that w h ich . was heretofore known by the same name w ith u s

,

i s no other than the Freder i c de Wu‘

rtembe rg.

’

Late ly'

we have alsorece ived from the London Hort . Soc. and from Dr Van Mons

,another

k ind as_the true Cap iaumo

i

u t ; both specim ens be ing m agreemen t.Both k ind s we have al so “rece ived from other sou rces . Mr De Wae lfu l l y confi rms al l I have now stated .

Gnoss n CALE BASS E , V . M . This i s w i thou t a'

doubt the samefru i t which Dr Van Mons has lately sen t to Amen ca as the Ca lebasseMonstreu se. The fru i t

,w hich is wonderf'tl for i ts length . 15 111 form

of a co n i cal ca labash he ight five inches and an half,and three

inches and an h a’lf‘

in i ts transverse d iameter,wh ich is greatest near

the base ; stal k large , e ight or te n l ines in leng th ey e ofmidd le size

PLANTS ADAPTED son PLANTING IN ma sse s . 343

for a fru i t so large , round , i ts d iv is ions large and d iverging ; sk insmooth , rather sh in ing , of a br ight green , chang ing to ye l low a t mara r ity , and covered for the most part w i th grizl y red next the sun ,

and marbled or spotted w ith the same co lor in the shade flesh wh iteand mode rately fine gra ined

,me l t ing ; j u ice very abundan t , sugary ,

suffic ien tly h igh flavored . A l though not h ighly perfumed,the qu al ity

i s good ; and the Horticu l tu ral Socie t y of Par is have a l so decidedth at the qual i ty of the fru it is ve ry good , a recommend ation,

indepen

den t of i ts very extraord inary form and s ize .

(To b e continued .)

ART . V . On P lants wh ich are p ecu l iar ly adap ted lfor p lant»

ing in B eds in Masses ;'

each h ind being showy and p rofuse in

F lower ing . By FLORAI

E schschol t'

zz'

a ca lt'

fornz'

ca,yel low .

—Grows two fee t h igh bloomsfrom June to September . The seed shou ld be sown in pots in spr ing ,and p laced in a hotbed ; when the p lan ts are large enough , they may

be transplan ted in to a bed of r ich deep so i l , where they w i l l beg in tob loom abou t the fi rst of Ju ly ; t hey w il l endu re the cold of w in terve ry wel l

,ifplanted i n a bed that has a d ry su bstratum,

or if the_be d

be ra ised a few inches h igher than the su rrou nd ing grou nd . I t i sessen t ial to the i r end u rance of w in ter , th at the roots h ave a d ry so i l .The p lan ts w i l l bloom stil l more free ly .the second year . If requ i red ,th ey may be p

’arted a t the roots ; and an Increase of pl an ts be eas i lyobta ined and by th is means they may be pe rpetu ated frOm year toyear . The t ime w hen I d iv ide them i s abou t the fi rst week

-

in Apr i l .’

S carce ly any p l an t produces a greater degree of splendor thanthiswhen the fu l l sun is upon i t , i t makes a complete bl aze of color. I t

i s a most su i table p lan t for produc ing a d istan t\

efl’

ect. W hen i t i sp l an ted ou t in a bed , i t requ i res a cons iderab le number of sticks forsupport , or the weak branches w il l be l iable to l ie close to the ground ,and then the bloom is not so fi ne . If pl an ted in s ingle patches , the yshou ld have severa l sti cks pl aced round

,and a st r ing

,

fastened,so as

to keep the flower- stalks tolerably erect ; by this attention a neat andh andsome effect w il l . be g iven . I adop t the use of c ross s trings , _

as

we l l as a c ircu lar one, by which mean s I h ave the shoots reg u lar ly

d isposed .

344 PLANTS A'DAP'I‘ED FOR PLANTING rN mass es .

Ca land r im’

a g rand iflora .—Grows two fee t high ; bloom from June

to October . ‘ The seed shou ld be sown in pots e arly m spr ing,and

pl aced In a hotbed . When the pl ants are large enough to tran spl an t,

they shou ld be plan ted ofl'

m to smal l~s ized pots,wh ich shou ld be we l l

d ra ined w i th potsherds , as th is plan t is ve ry su sceptible of inju ry fromdamp . The so i l shou ld be a r ich loam

,w i th a portion of san d ; i t

sh ou ld not be s ifted fine,b u t be '

we l l brokenw i th the spade . The

pl an ts s hou ld be placed in a frame,or other - s i tu ation where. th -

ey‘

é an

b e forwarded . Abou t the first week in May , a b ed of r ich so i l , mixedw i th sand , shou ld

'

be prepared . C are mu st be taken to h ave the bede levated , s o that .the su rface be fou r or s ix inches above the leve l ofthe adjo ining grou nd and the su rface shou ld be sl ightly rou nded soas to al low any excess of w ater

,from heavy showers

,to pass away .

Un less th is precau tion be attended to,the pl an ts w il l most probably

per ish , u n less an awnmg of can vas cover ing be u sed to preven t i t.The p l an ts shou ld be tu rned ou t of the pots w i th bal l s en ti re

,and

pl aced a foot or more apart . If i t be w ished th at the i r flower- stemsshou ld r ise to the ir h ighest exten t

, (v i z . two fee t they may be p laceda foot apar t ; b ut when i t i s des ired to keep them lower , they shou ldbe pl an ted more d istan t

,i n propor tion to the ir prostration . The plan t

is very wel l adapted for cover ing a bed on ly a few inches h igh,the

branches n atural ly incl in ing to grow horIzontal l y , or even pendu lou s .Cons iderable care , is requ ired to keep them we l l secu red

,by ty ing

,

&c., in consequence of the shoots be ing succulen t, and very br ittle .

When'

wate ring is requ ired ,none shou ld be g iven to the heart of . the

p lan t,bu t i t shou ld be pou red over the su rface of th e bed . Tp pro

v ide against accidents that may ar ise , It Is adv isable to h ave a fewp lan ts kept in pots

,i n order to repl ace deficIencIes . If a bed is re

qu ired to bloom profusely at a l ate per iod of the summer , or even inau tumn

,seed shou ld be sown at the end of May , or ear ly in June ,

and the pl ants tre ated in every respect as above d irected]

The pl an tprodu ces seeds in abundance , b u t i t . requ i res some atten tion to ge t i tbefore the c apsu le bu rsts . The p lan ts may be taken up and preservedd u r ing w in ter in a cool , d ry frame . In spr ing

,they may be increased

by p ick ing off the lead ing shoots,thereby cau smg the produ ct ion of

l ateral s,wh ich be ing carefu l ly taken off, may be stru ck ; or the ma in ,

stem,down to the root

,may be d iv ided , so as to have a s hoo t to each

part . To get them to s trike w,

e l l a hotbed frame,or stove heat, w il l

be found u sefu l . W hen the fine rosy l ilac flowers of th is very beaut ifu l p lan t are fu l ly expanded

,be ing produced In vast profu s ion , and

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346 PLANTS ADAPTED FOR PLANT ING 1N ,MAssns .

subsequen tly , however , w hen there i s an abundance of shoots, no

ty Ing w i l l be requ ired , b ut the st icks are necessary, in order to preven tstrong w inds frOm blow ing th e p lants ou t of proper form . This plan tis also admirably wel l adapted for tra in ing aga inst a w all , or fo r cov

crIng a fence d u r ing summe r : of cou rse proportionabl y s i zed pl an tsmust be u sed to su i t the pu rposes . The flower of the or iginal spec ieshas a dark- colored tu be , b u t a var ie ty h as been ra ised wi th a l il actu be : th e fo rmer is now commonl y cal led N . p hoenicea ,

and the l atterN . p hcem cea var. p a l l ida .

Ma lop e .g r and i/lorum. Monadelph ia , Pol y andr ia . Mal vacea .

This very showy pl an t is of the Mal low t r ibe grow s two fee t to twofee t s ix inches h igh . The flowers are produced in great abu nd ance ,and be ing of a fine rosy cr imson,

make a very gay appearance , r ender ing i t a d e s irable p l an t for g iv ing a d istan t at tract ing effect . It

blooms from Ju ne to the end of October,u n les s cu t off by fros t .

S eed shou ld be sown in pots, early in March , and' be ra ised in a hot

bed ; or may be sow n upon' a hotbed,unde r a frame or h ann l

'

ass .

The pl an ts may b e se t ou t i h'

the open border: by the m idd le of May .

I find i t best to rai se th emu n pots,as I can d iv ide the p lan ts w ithou t

inju ry to th e roots,and thu s re ta in al l the fibrou s ones ; th is i s essen

tial for the i r str ik ing again .

I

P lan ts t hat are

'

raised dpon a hotbed ,and h ave the pr iv i lege of extend ing the i r roots to any des irable leug . h

,

run to a great ex ten t . The fibrou s roots be ing very d istan t from thestem of the pl ant

,are

,in tak ing up , genera ll y broken off

,and i t is

d ifficu l t to ge t the p l an ts to grow aga in ; if they su rv ive at al l , theyare general ly very weakly : so th at

,i f rai sed on a hotbed

,grea t care

mu s t be g i ven to get al l - the fibrou s roots . The p l an t blooms mos tprofusel y in a good loamy so i l

,m ixed w i th a l i ttle man u re or leaf

mou ld . If the soill

b e very r ich,the p l an t w il l be l iable to grow too

v igorousl y,and produ ce a vast profu sion of fol iage

,wh ich w i l l rather

concea l the flowers ; b u t if moderate l y enr iched , it w il l prod uce one

mass of bloom . I find i t profitable to g ive al l my flower- beds an ad

d i tion of fresh so i l every w in ter , general ly add ing abou t two Or threeinc h es deep : I f the Malope g r and iflo ra i s not ’des i red to come intob loom before th e beg inning of Aug u st , th e seed may be sown in

March , in the open border where i t is des ired the pl an ts shal l b lossom.

The p l an t prod uces seed in abundance,

- wh ich r ipens we l l from p lant sthat b loom ea rly in th e -summer .

B ouvardia ir ip hy l la . Tetrandr ia,Monogyn ia . R ub iacea . Thereare th ree var ie ties of th is species

,v i z .

”

J’

acqu irri , gl abra , and pubes

PLANTS AD APTED FOR PLANTING IN MASS ES .

cens,al l of wh ich k inds a re very h andsome flower ing pl an ts . The

flowers are of a fine scarle t,and in shape l ike the T rumpet Honey

suck le , and the blossoms are prod uced in cl u sters of from s ix to '

twenty in e ach head and some p l an ts wh ich I h ave a bed of,pro

d uced th is se ason th irty five clu ste rs or head s of flowers u pon each .

The pl an t is a nat ive ofMex i co,and is u su al ly kept in the greenhouse

i n“ th is cou nt ry,b u t I am of op in ion that i t may b e

~found as hardy asthe old F u chs i a cocc inea

,and stand our w in ters in th is p ar t of the "

world . It w i l l,howeve r, be necessary to h ave

“ i t plan ted where i tw i l l h ave a very d ry su bso il

,

- and l ikew ise to h ave pro tect ion,in w in te r

over the roots,by me ans of leaves

,.ta'n ,

or someth ing of th is n atu re .

I pufpose try ing my bed of -p lan ts the com ing w int er,and the resu l t

shal l be forwarded y ou next summer . I have emp loy ed th is p lan t fora bed for the l as t three years , and pu rch ased in th e first instance

,two

dozen pl ants at

l

l s . 8d . each . I had prev iou sly grown th i s p l an t,from whi ch I propagated young ones w ith fac il ity , b u t I found that i trequ i red two or three years ’ growth before they become bu shy enoughto make show fi t for a bed . I therefore ; resol ved on ge tting finepl ant-s cal cu lated to answer the pu rpose at once ; and these I obtainedof a Nu rseryman

,at -the above n amed reason able ch arge . The same

p l an ts w i l l successively answer for the length of an ,age,and in each

se ason increase i n s 1ze and be au ty . The p l an I adop t in the cu l tu reof th is p l an t is t he fol low ing _ The so i l of the bed is composed of

good r ich loam,we l l manu red w i th rotten leaves

,a port ion ofo ld hot

b ed d ung,and charcoal d ust

,w i th an add i t ion of r iver sand . Prev i

ous to l ay ing i n the compost , I h ad the bottom of the bed cove red tothedepth of three inches w ith some smal l gra—ve l

_stones‘

,upon wh ich

I had the compost abou t e ight inches deep , t he su rface b e ing r a i sedabove the w alk and grass verge , fou r inch es .

~

On or abou t the twentie th of May e ach year , I tu rned ou t the? plan ts w i th bal ls en tire ,except a c arefu l loosen ing of the ou ter fibres . I‘ placed them in thebed

,a round one , the tal le s t in the cen tre , and lowes t at the ou ter

row ,and so close th at the plan ts fu rn ish a cover ing to the bed , an d

when in b loom”'

appear a mass of flowers . I p lace the pl an t so low inthe so i l that the top of th e bal l i s abou t an inch below the su rface ofth e bed . After pl an ting and before w ater ing

,I pl aced from fou r to

s ix st icks round each,and to them secu red the bran ches then w ater

them freely . The w ater ing w as repeated frequen tly d u r ing the sum

mer se ason,

'

more part icu larly the presen t one ,and the p lan ts have

most amp ly repa id for the “ atten tion , noth ing exceed ing the de l icate

348 PLANTS ADAPTED FOR PLANT ING IN MASSES .

Splend id appearance of the flowers,and which cont inu e from June to

October . The pl an t in the greenhou se attains the he ight of two fee tor upv

'

vards,b ut. in the open bed i t does not exceed more than e igh

teen inches (general ly tw e l ve ) ; the pl an t be ing al lowed to root orspread w i thou t obstruction , becomes bu shy i nstead of be ing drawnup weak ly . Abou t the m idd le of October

,I u su al l y take up the

pl an ts from the bed,and repot them in to the same k ind of so il , wel l

dra in ing the pots,and be ing carefu l to have fine so i l to shake in

among the fibrou s roots . I h ave a lso kep t the pl an ts th rough w inte rby hav ing them p l an ted in a M ignone tte box , closely together . In

both instances,I kep t them in w in ter in a cool frame , su nk below the

su rface of the su rrou nd ing grou nd,in w hi ch for the l as t two win ters

the y h ave kept we l l . C u ttings str ike free ly in loam and sand , pl acedin a hotbed frame . S u ckers are read i ly obtained

,many of them ‘

rooted,whi ch grow re adily .

S enecz'

o eleg ans , R agwort , -or Double Groundse l . Syngenes ia,Superflua . . Jacob eze . There a re four k ind s of th is plan t , v i z . dou blered , d ou ble cr imson , doub le wh ite

,and doub le flesh - colored . E ach

of these k inds w i l l make a most handsome bed . The plan t is verypre tty in i ts fol iage

,grows freel y , and most profuse ly ; scarce ly any

th ing su rpass ing i t for a neat and handsome show . It w il l growabou t18 inches h igh

,and con tinue in

’ b loom from June to the end of theseason . Th e so i l I

.

grow i t in very su ccessfu l ly is fresh loam mixedw i th leaf mou ld

,and abou t e ight inches deep

,upon a d ry su bsoil . I

find that w hen the so il is much enr iched,the p lan t has a tendency

to produce too much fol iage ; b u t, grown in tu rf, loam ,&c.

,as above

stated,an amaz ing prod uction of bloom i s th e resu l t . The p lan t is

read i ly increased by sl ips,scarce ly one in a hu ndred fa il ing to grow .

I raise them in pots,or u nder hand gl asses

,in fine s ifted loam . T hey

requ ire w inter protect ion in a d ry , cool frame , ,

or green - hou se .

‘ I

u su al ly take off sl ips in S eptember,and keep them i n the cu tt ing

pots t il l March,then s eparate them ,

and p ot in to smal l pots . I t urnthem ou t ent ire

,abou t the m idd le of May , in to the beds .

(To b e continu ed . )

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350 CULTURE OF STRAWBERR IES .

S ep tember . The grou nd shou ld be we l l manu red and d ug, a mon thbefore transpl an ting . The ch ief care requ ired when the work is

done in au tumn,is to gu ard aga inst the p lants be ing th rown ou t by

frost , which is bes t effected by tread ing the so i l close ly abou t theroots .Cu l tu re. The d istance of the pl ants asunder

,where the so i l i s

rendered sufi cient ly fer ti le, shou ld be , for.

the l arge r var ie ties (su chas Methven and Keen ’ s seed l ing

, ) twenty inches from row to row andfifteen inches in the row ; the smal ler v ar ie ties may be a l i ttle nearertoge ther . .This distance may seem too great

,b u t i t is mu ch be tte r

than c rowd ing the plants too closely , wh ich i s the more commonerror. It is on ly by afford ing suffi cient room for the plan ts to rece ivethe benefi t of sun,

a ir,and of cu l tu re

,that the fru i t w i l l r ipen early

,

and acqu i re a good S i ze and agreeable flavor . Keen,of Isleworth in‘

England , a most su ccessfu l cu l tivator of th is . fru i t,and who ra ised

the celebrated Keen ’s seedl ing,says

,in speak ing of the large d is

tances he adop ted in p lan ting,

these d istances I find ne cessary,

for the '

tru sses of fr u i t in my garden grou nd are frequen tly a footlong .

” The fol low ing is h is_

method of cu l tu re,in h is own wo rds

After the beds are p lan ted,I alway s keep them as clear of weed s

as poss ib le , and on no accoun t al low any crop to be pl an ted be twe enthe rows . Upon the grow ing of the ru nners

,I have them ou t

,when

necessary ; th is - is ‘

usu al ly th ree t imes in e ach seasonfi“ In au tumn Ialway s h ave the rows d ug be tween for I find i t refreshes the plantsmater ial ly ; ,

and I recommend to those persons to whom i t may beconven ien t

,to scatte r in the spr ing

,very l ightly

,some loose straw or

long d ung between the rows . I t serves to keep the ground mo ist,

enr iches the strawberry,and forms a clean bed for the tru sses offru i t

to l ie on ; and thu s ,‘

by a l i ttle ex tra trou ble and cost,a more abun

dan t c rop may be obta ined . A short time before the fru i t r ipens,I

alway s cut off the ru nners, to strengthen the root ; and after the fru i ti s gathered

,I have what fresh ru nners h ave -b een made taken off w ith

-Lir1d ley say s , in speak ing of th e A lp ine straw b erries , “ If th e runners are

p l anted ou t in A ugust o r th e b eginni ng of Septemb e r , the b ed s w il l b e coveredw ith ru nners b y spr1ng ; th e se s hou l d no t b e removed as d irected for th e oth e rcl asses , b ecause th e first and s trongest of th em w i l l prod uce fru it d uring th eau tumn ,

and continu e in s uccession to a l ate pe riod of th e season . Bu t a s uc

cessi on offiner fru it than th e se i s p roduced b y cu tting off al l th e flow e r stemsas soon as th ey b egin to b lossom ,

from th e ir comme ncemen t in Sp ring til l th eend of dune . By th is means a mos t ab undant supply of the very finest fruit is

produced from th e end of .fu ly til l frost se ts in .

”

HEATrNG BY HOT W ATE R . 351

a reap ing -hook , together w i th the ou ts ide le aves around the mainp lan t

,after wh ich I rake. the beds

,then - 'hoe them

,and rake them

aga in . In the au tumn,u n le s s '

the p lan ts appear very strong,I have

some d ung d ug in be tween the row s , b ut i f they are very l uxu r ian tthe d ung is not requ ired ; for i n some r ich so i ls i t wou ld cau se thep lan ts to tu rn nearly al l to l eaf. I also h ave to remark , that th e 'd ung

u sed for manu re shou ld no t be too far spen t ; fresh du ng from thes tab le 'door

,i s preferable to sp i t- dung , wh i ch many persons are so

fond of.”

In thu s re commend ing a thorough method of cu l tu re,We wou ld by

no means w ish to d iscou rage those w ho have not ye t attempted ra is ingth is excel len t fru i t

,and who th ink they cannot afford to

'

adopt su chc u l tur e

,from attempt ing it a l toge ther ; indeed , ifproper v ar iet ies are

obta ined,good crops may be had w i th l ittle or no care after tran s

p lan ting ; we h ave k nown b eds almos t u n tou ched . for years to y ie ldp len tifu l l y . Neverthe les s

,we consider the ch eap est me thod , u l ti

mately,of ra is ing th is fru it

,is

“by thorough cu l tu re ; that the greatestamoun t of fru i t is obta ined in th is “way for .th e care and l abor expended , and .th at the qu al i ty i s so mu ch super ior to th at ob ta ined froms l ight c u l tu re

,as to g ive the former

-

pract i ce very dec ided advan tages .W hen the beds h ave mu ch d imin ished i n th e ir p rodu ct , ne w/plan

tations mu st be made to suppl y the i r p lace . Th is gene ral ly takesp lace in fou r or five y ears . Genesee F a rmer .

ART . VIL— Notices of H eatingb y Hbt Water . By the CON

D U C TOR .

TH E Amer i can Gardener ’ s Magazme forJu l y, 1836 , con tains a

D escr ip tive N otice of Mr H ogg’s new Met/zod

‘

of H eating by H ot

W a ter . By A . .I . Down ing,Botan i c Garden and Nu rsery

,Newark

,

N . Y .

” I t cons ists of a st rong,i ron - bou nd wooden

]

cask,a i r t ight

,

except through th e ‘

tu b es‘

in wh ich th e hot water i s ci rcu lated . Th isc ask conta ins the fu rn ace

,and serves as the b oilef.

'

W i th in thebo iler i s a

'

con ical cast- i ron fu rn ace for bu rn ing anth rac ite coal,w i th

a grate and ash p i t be low-

as u su a l .The great improvemen t

,

” i t i s stated in the arti cle al luded to,

“ in the presen t apparatu s cons ists in_pl ac.ing v

th e fu rn ace in tbemidst

HORT ICULTURAL SOC ! ETY.

of the body of water,which completel y su rrounds i t

,It is

stated al so that the apparatu s has been tr ied w i th s iJccess,and added

,

We bel ieve Mr Hogg,Jun ior

,is abou t paten ting h is excel len t inven

t ion‘

,and We cannot refrain from express ing our conv iction th at i t wi l l

(join tly w i th other systems for heating by hot water ) , in a measu re , ifnot en tire ly , supersede the common br i ck flues

,so d ry ing to

'

theatmosphere of p lan t- houses

,and so de le ter iou s in the escap ing smoke

to the p lan t themse l ves .”

There is‘ingenu ity and p l au s ib i li ty inMr Hogg’s inven tion,b u twi th

regard to it's “novel ty and the u t il i ty of su r rou nd ing the fu rnace W i thw ater in contact w i th the metal , we have seme doubts . T redgold,aneminen t Engl ish engiriee r , 1n

“ A Tr eatise on I/Varming and Venti

la ting R ooni‘s,

”

p age h as the fol low ing passages : Some h aveimag ined a great effect wou ld be ga ined by h av ing the fi re w ith in’

t h‘

e

bo iler . It 1s a very o ld scheme (see B irch’s H istory R oya l Society

,

vo l . I,p . Smeaton adopted i t in h is experimen tal eng ine

,R e

ports , _vol . l , _ p . 225 ,

and T revithw ick for h is h igh l pre ssu re eng ine .

Bu t the pl an is riot so good as m igh t be supposed,bec au se the gene

r ation of steam takes the he at too rap id ly from the fue l for perfectcombu st ion to take p lace .

In order an th racite to advan tage,i t i s necessary to g ive i t

a very ho t fi re w h i ch cannot'b e obta ined if the pot or vesse l in

wh ich the’

coa l aced for combustion “

is su rrounde d by water ; forhot water w i l l l y pu t out fire

,b u t cool red hot i ron to many

d egrees below a d h eat .

ART . V I .

S ATURDAY , Ju lyT HE fo l lowmg

'R eport wasmade by th e Pres iden t of the Society .

I h ave the pleasu re to l ay before the Socie ty two commu n ications

from M . Emi l ien de W ae l . This gen tleman , i t w i l l be recol lected ,w as the b e are r ’

of letters to th e Society from Dr Van Mons and M .

A . Po iteau ,accompany ing a donation of books

,rece ived a short time

s ince. Mr de Wael i s an amateu r cu l t ivator , and the Secre tary of

the Hort icu l tu ral Society of An twerp ; he i s now on a tou r of the

T h is work is in th e Boston A theneum .

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354 HORTICULTURAL socmTr .

It has been s ince stated to me in a letter from Bata v ia , ( isl an d ofJava that this mode of cu l tu re 1s mu ch‘ in u se near Man i l l a and In

Ch ina,not on accou n t of the cold , b u t In order to keep the Moru s In

a sh rubby state wh ich affords greater fac il ity for gath erIng the leavesin theseason when des ired. There the mu lberry seems to be p l antedin fields as Ind ian corn is here , —in the ,

fal l of the year th e p lan ts‘are depr ived of the ir branches , the n umber of wh ich is con t inu al lyincreas ing, and grow ing in one se ason from five to e igh t fee t wh ichgrow th 15 fu l ly equ al led by our own I wou ld ad v i se a S imilar expe rimcn t in th is S tate ; i t m igh t perhaps, answer we l l .

Most respectfu l ly , you r Ob’t servan t ,EMILIEN DE WAEL .

To HON . EL IJAH VOS E , P res . Mass . H or t. S ociety ,

A commu n i cat ion was al so rece ived from M Sou lange Bodin , ofthe garden

‘

at Fremont .

EXHIB IT ION OF FRU ITS .

Pears,by Mr Downer A branch loaded w i th Pe ti t Mu scat pears

,

an e arl y b u t ou other accoun ts not a very des irable var1ety .

Gooseberr ies , by Mr W alke r— R oaring L ion,Hopley ’ s Globe

,

C rown Bob,V iper

,Lancaster Lad

,Go lden L ion

,W h itesmith , Bank

of Eng land,and a S eed l ing of a dark green color— al l fine specr

By John H ovey,R oxbu ry Wh itesmith

,Pr incess R oyal , HOpley

’s

Globe and R ed L ion— l arge and fine .

By Mr J .

'

L. L . F. Warren,Br ighton R oar ing L ion,very l arge .

C u rran ts,by Mr W alker A specimen of a Red S eed l ing of fine

p romise , the fol iage very large and of a deep green co lor, w i th longclu sters of fru i t— the berr ies of good s ize .

Me lons and Squ ashes— Two Mu sk Melons and one Squ ash , wereexh ib ited by Mr Warren .

For the Commi ttee,E . M. R ICHARDS .

S ATURDAY , A ug . 13.

The con tribu tors were Messrs Wi lder , Breck , Mason , W insh ip ,Sweet

'

se r and S .

'

Walker .'

Among th e new th ings w as a seed l ing Dahl ia from Messrs Hovey,

ra ised from seed.

of the Lord L ive rpool,resembl ing a good specimen

ofBarrett’ s S u sannah . Mr Breck,a very large and very dou ble seed

HORT IOULT URAL socIET r .

l ing . Mr B reck’

has about two hu ndred seedl ings'

wh ic’

h he expectswi l l b loOm th is season.

By Mr Thomas Mason —a fine bouque t .By Mr E . A . S tory

,fromMessrs Winsh ip— A l arge col lect ionof

herbaceou s , and other flowers .From Mr Denn is Mu rphy Dahl ia , var . , ane iriOneflOra rose a .

By Col . M . P . W i lder— Dahl ias, var ., (beau tifu l ) Me tropol i tan ,

C edo Nii l l i, fine,Denn is ’ Queen ofWh ites , Wel ls

’ Paragon/

Be l l adonna

,Br i tish Queen

,E recta , superb color , Dutchess of Bedford

,

extr a fine scar le t .By Mr Samue l Swee tser— Dahl ias

,var . ,KingOfYe llows, (.Brewer

’ s )Dennissi

,Coccinnea

,Lau ra

,Lady Sefton

,Pu rple Globe , Lady Camp

bel l,Foster’ s Prem ier

,Othe l lo

,fine

,Gran ta , Lass Of R i chmond H i l l

Chance l lor,Ye llow Turban

,K ing ofWhites , C assm a

, Cr im son Globe ,Queen Dahl ias

,Bel ladonn a

,March ioness Lothain , Du chess ofBed

ford . Some of the above were extra fine flowers .From Hovey Oz. Co .

— And rOmeda, Amand a , Agr ippma,Rubr i

cund a formosa,Dutchess of Bedford , Emperor of the Yel lows , S til

ph urea perfecta , Beau ty of S heffield , A lb ion , Jaune Insu rmou n table ,Barrett’ s S u sann ah

,fine

,Spr ingfie ld R ival

,splend id spec1n1 ens ,/Para

gon ofPerfection,Lord L iverpool

,W idnal l ’s R is ing S un

,do . Perfec

tion,do . Enchan ter

,Brewer ’s Riy al

'

King, Lord L iverpool seed l ing ,

By S amue l W alker— Dah l ias , var . , Groombridge ’s Matchless,

Fanny Kemble,Queen of Be lg ium,

Atropu rpurea, Globe flower ing ,w i th bouquets .

For the Commi ttee ,S . WALKER .

S ATURDAY,A ug/20 .

The d ispl ay of F lowers"

was very fine to- day ; ou r tab les werec rowded w i th Dahl ias and other p

’r’

etty th ings frOm .Mr W i l l iam E“

.

Carter of the Botan i c Garden, C ambridge , Messrs Hovey of Boston

,

Mr S . Sweetser of C ambr idgepor t,Mr O . Evere tt

,Jr. of Boston ; Mr

John son and Mr Mason of Charlestown , and S amue l Wa lker of

R oxbu ry .

Among the seed l ings th is day presented,we . noticed two Dahl ia

'

sby Mr Mason , one cal led “ Bunker H i l l” and the othe r the Br i t is hC rown we . sh al l say noth ing abou t ”

e i ther Of these unt il we s’

ee fur

ther specimens .

356 nORT IOULTURAL socIE'

Tv .

The seed l ing Lobe l ia card in al is v ar . alba,by Mr C arter , we wou ld

recommend to the atten tion of our fr iends and the lovers of new and

pre tty th ings . We u nderstood Mr C . to say th at a pl an t of the L .

card inal is var . a lba,was brought to the Botan ic garden , C ambr idge ,

some few years ago, wh ich was propagated and se n t ou t to app l ican tsas Often as a dup l icate pl an t cou ld be Obta ined , and so great was Mr

C arter’ s des ire to accommodate and grat ify the adm irers of F loraw i th a p lan t of h is new comer” that he left h imself w ith so smal l ap lan t

,or rather w i th a p i ece of a pl an t , th at i t d ied , notw i thstand ing

i t was u nder h is care .

Mr C . consoled h imse lf for the loss of h is favor i te , as he h ad saved

some seeds, wh ich he h ad recou rse to , and fu l ly expected to be ableto renew the v ar ie ty in h is own garden, b u t in thi s he h as .

for yearsbeen doomed to d isappo in tment. The pl an ts from year to year have

,

showed some of the or ig ina l propert ies Of the mother p lan t ,—v i z .

the stems an d le aves,

of the p l an ts were of a mu ch l ighter color th anthe common v ar . of L . c ard inal is . We men t ion these facts th atothers may hope w ith perseverance l ike that of Mr C arter tobe successfu l

Mr C ar ter also presen ted three new seed l ing var ie ties of Phlox ,wh ich w i th on l y one excep tion we con s ider are equ a l if not super ior to any th ing in th i s coun try . Magnol ia grand iflora, Hedych ium

gardenarium,Dah l ias v ar .

,Teu cer

,Augu sta

,Miss Pe lh am

,Daphne

,

Amanda , Le Br il l ian t, Queen of Dahl i as , fine Paph ilia, W il l iam IV . ,

Atropu rpu rea, Queen of W irtemb u rg , seed l ing of W irtemburg .

From-

0 . Everett,Jr . Bos ton Dahl ias var.

,R ose d ’

Amour , Dan ie lO

’Conne l l , Levick

’s Commander in Ch ief, Agr ipp ina, Shannon .

From Mr Johnso n— Dahl ias v ar .,Gran ta

,Ange l ine

,Harr is’s

fu lginus.

From Mr S . Sweetser— Dahl ias var .,Lovely ’ s E ar l Grey

,Lady

S efton , Gran ta , Foster’ s Prem ie r

,l arge and fine

,Calypso

,Lady Grey ,

K ing of Yel lows , Denn is’ Queen of the W h ites

,Jason

,Negro Boy

,

Spr ingfie ld r ival,K ing of the W h ites

,Paragon of

‘Perfection,Duke

of Devonsh ire , Coun tess of L iverpool,

‘Emperor of the Yel lows,

W idnal l ’s flora,do . Ph il l is

,do . Ch ance l lor .

From Mr Mason— Dahl ias vai . T,ranscendan t

,K ing Of the Ye l

lows , Spr ingfie ld R ival , Coun tessOf Liverpool , K ing of the Whites ,Bonny Dee , Wh ite tea- sen ted rose

,V iol a pu rpu re a and a lba

,C arn a

t ions , &c. &.c.

By Messrs Hovey f dc Co .- Dahl ias

,var . Hermione

,very fine

,Cedo

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358 ri oRTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Apr icots, handsome specimens , bel ieved to be from the MessrsHovey .

Grapes . Handsome r ipe spec1mens , both of B lack Hambu rg and

Chassel as, by Mr Mason of the Char lestown v iney ard .

For the Committee, WILLIAM KENRICK .

SATUR D AY , Au g . 27 .

Pears, by Mr Mann i ng—Sh irtless, or S ans Peau , a smal l , produc »

t ive,

fine ol d fru i t ; S ummer Me l t ing , a fru i t sh cal led , the or ig ina ln ame be ing lost ; a good s i zed fru it, b u t somewh at mealy ; anotherfru i t wh ich was rece ived from Bu r l ington

, _N .

'

J .,

.

as the Be l l issim-e

d’

Eté , an ol d and Very ind ifferen t fru i t, compared w i th many othersof mode rn L

date .

Apples,by Mr Vose

,Pres iden t of the Soc ie ty— Earl y R ed Ju ne

ating,al so Shropsh irevine or Sop s - of- w ine and E arly Harvest

,al l

handsome .

By Mr

'

R ich ards— R ed Juneat ing, Cu rt is

’Ea rly S tr iped

,S hrop

sh irevine or Sops—of-wine,E arly Harvest

,

" afi di a k ind w i thout name ,a smal l

,p le asant

,str iped fru it ; also Early Bow, ,

a fine,

known,sweet fru it .

By James E u st is of Sou th R ead ing— The S imonds Swee t ing,a

fru i t.By Mr Mann ing—f R ed Astrachan

,C alvil le Rouge D ’

E te,S ummer

Rose , a han dsome wh ite fru i t w i th a pale bl u sh , of good flavor.P lums

,by Mr Pond Corse ’ s Nota Bena

,C atalon i an P lum

,Pon'd ’ s

Seed l ing , large and handsome b u t not matu re ; Apr icot P lum,r ipe

and very fine ; Duanes Purple P l um,very l arge and fine .

By Mr Mann ing Ital ian Damask,a fru i t here tofore spoken of as

always produ ctive , l arge and excel len t .Green flesh Pers ian Melon

,presented by

_

Mr - Ha-

ggerston , fromBe lmont , and the splend id con servatory of Mr Ca sh ing . The fru it ofdel i c iou s qu al ity . The seeds of th is super ior me lon were d istr ibu ted .

For the Comm i ttee,

W ILLIAM KENR ICK .

SATURDAY , Aug . 27.

The con tr ibu t ions of flowers“ were'

very large,and the spec imen s

u nusu al l y'

fine . The praises'

b estowed by the v i s i ters general l y , onthe rare specimen s “

of p lan ts from the conservatory Of J . P . Cash ing ,

Esq . ofW atertown , are in themse lves suffi cien t to show in wh at h ighe stimation su ch fine flowers are he ld ; and i t is b u t d ue to Mr Hag

gerstori , w ho presen ted the spec imens , and who has the ch arge of

Mr Cush ing ’s garden , to state , that , the flowers spoke in a langu age

GARDENE R’S w onx . 359

much more powerfu l and e loqu en t th an we c an. do in words,th at he

is not on ly a master in h is profess ion, b u t th at he i s a lover , an attent ive lover of those be au ties of natu re whi ch h ave been comm i tted toh is

,care. Several spec imens presen ted by Mr Haggerston , were in

the highest state of perfection , among wh ich we noti ced C ombre tumpu rpu reum ; Passifl

‘

ora qu adrangu l ar is ; H ib iscus rosa s inens is ; Ne

rium Oleande r ; do . pleno ; Ge rber a th ereta ; and a doub le flower ingA l thaea from Ch Ina. Dahl i a’s var . Barrett’ s Su sannah Gr an ta ;Qu een of the Dahl ias (fine ) Spr ingfield r ival (fine) Dennisii ;

W’

idnal l’

s Adon is ; Passiflora al ba Rose d ’ amou r ; and Harr ie t Mar

t ineau .

From S . Swee tser , of C ambr idgeport,n ine teen var iet ies of Dah

l ias.

From Col . M . P . Wilder,of Dorchester , twen tye igh t var ie ties ; of

Dah l ias .From Hovey dz. Co . twen tye igh t var 1e ties of Dahl ias .By Mr J

:Locke

,of Andover , a fine Specimen of A l cea n igra .

From Mr Denn i s Murphy , ofRoxbury , a var iety of cho i ce flowers .From Mr Thomas Mason

,of Char lestown

,a very splend id bouque t

wh ich w as mu ch admired . Dahl ias,var. K ing of the Ye llo'ws ; K ing

of the Wh ites ; Deum en ; Globe ; Magne t ; P icta formOS ISSIma ;

Coun tess of L iverpool ; Bonny Dee T ranscenden t ; R ose Constan =

t ine,and Seed l ings Bunker H il l and Br i t ish C rown .

By S amu e l W alker,of

_

_

R oxbu ry . Bouque ts , V iol as , Dahl ias , v a r .Lord Liverpool ; Agr1pp1na ; Bel ladonna ; Queen Of the . Ye l lows ,and Globe flowe r i ng.

For the Committee .

Chairman .

ART . lX .—Gardener

’s Work for Sep temb er .

EARTH up celery as i t adv ances in growth , b ut be carefu l in al lcases t o avo id cover ing the h earts of the ,pl an ts . Perform th i swork

_ia a d ry d ay

,and be carefu l not to b

‘

rmse the sta lk s , wh ichwoul d cau se them to rot . S elec t the r ipest and best seeds from su chp lan ts as, are mos t forward '

and v igorou s, and y ou w il l improve you rbreed of vegetables in a manner simi lar to th at by which the

‘

breeds

GARDENER’S woRx.

of ca ttle are improved b y the celebrated Eu ropean breeders of c at s

tle . New and improved sorts of w heat andi

Ind ian corn as We l l as

of peas , beans , &c. &c. h ave been in trodu ced , by ob servm g amonggrow ing crops some ind iv id ual stalks , pods , e ars , dcc. d istingu ishablefrom the rest by a gre ate r degree of lux u r i an ce , productiveness , e arl iness

,or some other pecu l iar i ty , gath erl ng and preserv ing them ex

cl usivel y for seed t il l suffi c ien tly mu l tip l ied for propagation on a l argescale .

Tu rnip/p lants . The time for the fi rst hoe ing

,

of turn ips is whenthe leaves as they l ie Spread “

on the grou nd are abou t the s i ze of t heh and . Bu t if the w eeds a re n umerou s and growrap id ly they shou ldbe cu t or pu l led O

'

u t'

before the p l an ts a rr ive to that s i ze,lest they

shou ld be drawn up slender , and acqu ire a feeble and s ick ly hab i t .It i s sa id in London’

s Encycloped i a of Agr icu l tu re,that dusting

rows of tu rn ip p l an ts , when they are in the seed leaf i s effectu al inp revent ing the depred ations of the fly . A bu she l of qu ick l ime

,”accord ing to that work

,is suffi c ien t to d ust over an acre of dril led

turn ips, and a boy may be soon taug ht to lay i t on almost as fast ashe can wa lk along the dr i l ls . If the semina l leaves are powdered inthe s l ightest degree it i s sufficien t

,b u t shou ld the rain wash the l ime

off,before the tu rn ips are in the rough leaf i t may be necessary to

repeat the operat ion if the fly beg ins to make its appearan ce.

”

Pu l l and preserve ‘you r r ipe on ions .’

_

To pre serve on ions th roughthe w inter they may be tied together, forming what are call ed ropesor bunches of on ions

,and kep t in a dry and cool ce l lor. Mo istu re

rots and warmth cau se s them to vege tate . A cons iderable degree of

co ld w i l l not inj ure them,for they res is t

'

frost in consequence of asp ir i tuous substance of wh ich they are in par t composed . S ear ingthe ir fibrou s roots w i th a hot i ron w i l l preven t them from sprou ting .

F ru it Trees . If, in look ing over you r orchard , y ou perce ive any

l imbs overbu r thened w i th fru i t, y ou w i l l do we l l to p i ck off a part

,or

put props under the l imbs , or perh aps do bo th . In most cases whent ime can be spared i t w i l l' be adv isable to p ick off the supernumeraryapples

,peaches

,&c. No error

,

” says Mr Coxe,i s more un iver

sal than an anx iety for e arly produ ctiveness in an orchard . It is general ly obtained at the expense of much even tu al profit and of a greatd im inu t ion of th e s i ze and v igor of the trees . Be l ieving early fecun

d i ty to be inj u r iou s to the v igor and perfect ion of pl ants,I am a lways

atten t ive to p luck from the trees these ev idences of early matu r i ty inthe fi rs t stages of the ir ex istence .

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362 ON THE CULTURE on THE TULIP .

tu rned abou t once a mon th,b u t in frosty weather more frequently , in

order to a l low the frost we l l to penetrate i t,as i t mu st not on

' any ao

cou n t b e applied to the Tu l ip b ed u n ti l i t has become comp le te lypu lver ised

,and formed pos i t ive ly in to a substance as fine as mou ld ,

when i t i s en t i re l y freed from every pern ic iou s or inju r ious property ,and» the ex1stence

'

of insects i s nearly'

or'

w ho l ly ann ih i l ated . Thenthe appl ication ’

o‘

f one - th i rd par t of su ch manu re to two- thi rd parts ofloam as above dae scrib ed,

'

w il l -I_

speak from the most certa in resu l tsof exper ience and adopt ion — ‘

b e found h ighly beneficia l in produc inga fine fu l l green fol iage

,a strong u pr ight

'stem, and a v1gorou s and

perfect b‘l oo’

m.

The B ed shoul d b e abou t 4'

feet w ide,of a length proport ionate

to the -red to be p lan ted,v ary ing from 12 to 15 fee t . in

l ength , p lan t ing seven in a row ,- the ou ter root to be abou t 3 inches

from the - edge . The box,as i t is termed

, to be composed of_

strongwood , not less than one inch and a q u ar ter th ick, and rai sed 10 or

12 inches from the su rface of- the grou nd, below wh ich the so i l shou ldbe complete

-l y removed for a t ‘Ieast one foot,fi l l ing up ,

abou t one- half

of the,

space so dug ou t w i th -some rather l arge cinder ashe s, or cl inkers

, or br ick rubb i sh , or any substance wh ich w il l not a dhere closely ,in order to admi t of a good drainage u nder th e bed ; then over thatfi l l up the rema in ing space u pon a leve l w ith the r egul ar su rface , orbottom edge of the board ing or boxof the bed , w i th a good dry me lt

low loam,which has been exposed some mon th s to the a ir ; and then

proceed to fi l l iteb e box w i th the compos i tion above descr ibed , i t be ingfi rst we l l m ixed eg d u n i ted together , to wi th in abou t an inch of

,the

edge on each side, and raised gradu ally from e ach s ide towards thecen tre

,so th at th e mi dd le . row w i ll be some inches h igher

_

in thegrou nd than the ou ts ide rows , al though plan ted the same depth , be ingcarefu l to p l an t th e l argest and tal lest grow ing roots in the centre , andthe next s i ze in proportion in

’

each of the other th ree rows, the smal le 'st or shortest be ing ou ts ide . Rou nd my bed , when th is arranged ,I pu t a .neat

_,l ightly constructed , open green fence , made of one foot

s ingle lath s,

.not too close toge ther , and pa in ted green , so that i t stand s

just one foot h igh above the u pper edge of the box of the bed , gives

a neat , fin ished and ornamental appearance to the bed , and forms. amaterial

’

protection to the growth and bloom of the plan ts . When ,

the Tu l ip stage is. then erected over, and properl y covered in theb looming aseason

,thebed assumes a regu lar and handsome appear

ance, and forms no inconsiderable scene of attract ion.

ON'

THT. CULTUR E on THE TUL I P . 363

P lanting .

‘

-

'

The t ime to "b’

e selected 1for thi s p u rpose'is from the

latter end of October to about the 12th ofNovember,choosmg during

th a t pe r iod the most open , d ry weat',

her ' as tha t desc ription of soi lwhich i s u sed for the growth of the Tu l ip cannot be d istu rbed w i th

facil i ty except when at least mode rate ly,if net nearly fdry indepen

dent of whi ch,i t m u st be found mere i-nconvenient 'to plant (as very

many persons do ) a bed of sever al hu nd red roots i n ‘wet,heavy

we ather . I judge i t‘,therefore

,of mu ch advan tage ”to av a il . mysel f of

the . ear l ies t t ime - above stated,if the ~weath e

D ibb le,or

\

D ibber,a s i t

,is Ttermed . The b est that} {I h ave : eve r

seen or h eard of i s one w h ich several friends '

an-d”;my 'se lf"make Iuse‘

of,wh ich is '

m ade of blo ck tin,abou t fi ’

inches in depth , 3 inches -

‘in

theato'

p, narrow ing to th e bottom -to’ “

abou t 2 "inc -hes,

w i th‘a ma rk or piece . of solder ' ou ts ide“

4 inches-upwards- ffrorn the”

bot

tom . This "

has a Strong hand le projecting'ove r. ’

t h e top , suflic’

iehtlyc i rcu l ar and large tobe conv eni en t to the h and

,and

: each ex tremi tyseld

‘

ered ’we l l ( in t he outs ide , near'

the top ..or u ppe r rirrr i of '

th'

e‘diib b le'

.

-T heh

rna -teria‘

l“advantage derivable from th i s

'

di‘

b -b -le - is tat' once explainedand eas i ly and qu ickly comprehended } inasmuch as by this ime

’

thdd“ th e bed (be ing wel l se ttled and prepared for p lan t ing , and markedou t for th e number of rows i n tended ) 18 not at: all c -ompressed and

d istu rbed,becau se by gen tly pressing and tu rning th is d

'ibbl‘e rou ndu n til " the mark above described reaches-

the surface of the bed:,every

h ole ismade the precise and equ al depth inches) th ro iighout th e

bed, sufficien tly l arge at top to admit of t he h and to p l hce the root

regularly -

at the bottom ; the d ib’

ble,as descr ibed

,being smal ler -at

“ bottom than top , re ta ins the ear th , wh ich 15 quick ly t urned ou t into‘

l arge garden pots , o'

r on a bed or‘borde r close at and then after‘

w ard s the roots , when 1'

n,can tb e covered

,and the h oles fi l led wi th

the same so i l as was taken'

out,

“rak ing the bed over l ightly and regul arl y w i th a fine rake or spade, to settle

“

the . , earth firmly and properly .

This is,b y

'

al l who have seen and u sed it,

‘

adm’

-lited - to b e t he:

mos tperfect and conven ient system; ’It is

_

also an add i t ional advan tage todib the holes a week previous -to plan ting, by wh ich inean

'

s tth‘

e' so i l {i s

wel l exposed and'

sweetened,and the bu lbs afe

'

aft’

erivards bless - l iableto the'

attack off‘

ins‘

ects . Prev ious te -p'

ut ting‘

inthe roots,i t is‘ a " great

advan tage,and u n iversal ly adOpted

'b y t hose in i t iated in t he trea tmen tof Tu l ips ,jto

'

pu t a tabl e- spoonfu l'

of "‘wsh arp the"

hol‘

e . T h isis the su rest p

'

reveniive of"

th e tattack'

of the -

”

earthworm, or" any " insect

wh atever,and preserves many

'a sickl -y'

or'daihaged bu'

lib ifro'

m

364 on THE CULTURE or THE TUL1P .

From the time .the Tu l ip is p lan ted u nt i l the latter end of Marchor

’

b éginning of Apr i l, l ittle or no atten t ion 1s requ 1red , wh ere the bedi s constru cted on the pr1nc1ple above descr ibed

“b u t at th at t ime,as

the buds advance in grow th,the y are more

_

or less su scept ible of in

ju ry. from frost and particu larly a s uperabu nd ance of wet. W i th abed of cho ice Tu lips, then , i t is highly adv isable , ifnot ind ispensablethat a temporary awn ing or cove r ing , by means of l arge hoops andc anvas, shou ld be th rown occas ional ly over - the bed, to protect i t, ,asmu ch as

'

p r acti cable , from heavy ‘ ra ins,ha il- storms sh arp cu tt ing

nofl

rth - eafs terly , &c. w inds,and the ch an ce of sharp’

frosty n ights ,wh ich not unfreqnently occu r at th is season . There are m any beds

,

however , in wh ich th e achoice st v ar ietie s .are cu l t ivated,that have “ no

s uch temporary prote ction afforded them ,

’

b u t by be ing properly raw

e d and dra ined as above descr ibed , the root is kep t in a a xvigorou s ,

h eal thy state ,and the buds . su sta in in general but l ittle injury .from

s u ch misch ances .B loom. In th e beginning of May , when the buds become sud i

cientl y matu red , and beg in to d isp lay the ir var iou s str ipes and , t in ts,

i t is t ime to prepare -xto ,place .th e upper or ma in awn ing over the bed ,wh ich on e regu l ar stage i s so constru cted a s to admi t of b e ing drawnup at pleasu re b y means of a rol ler w i th pul leys on each slope, .so that

sun and .aircanzb e admitted or excluded as occas ion requ ires, w i thou twh ich conven ience the bloom can never be re ta ined so long or in somu ch perfectionpo b set v ing always to g ive the advan tage, ifp oss ible ,of very earl y morn ing sun

,u nt i l the flowers are al l in fu l l bloom, and

b y al l means the. refreshing a i r after su nset, i f not _ too cold ; b ut theflowers to be whol ly protected from the weather

,

" and part i cu larly theOperat ion of the sun and w ind

,w ith those except ions . If the season

h as been dry , and the weather be hot, the p l an ts whe n in ful l bloom,

w il l probabl y exh ib i t sy mptems o f droop ing it'

w i l l the n be necess aryto app ly w ate r moderatel y and cau tiou sly between the rows , by meansof a fine rose water ing pot .W hen 'the bloomiscomp letel y over

,let the cover ing be whol ly

removed , be the weather wh at i t may , and the plants fu l ly exposed .

When the fol iage and stem h ave become suffi ciently brown a nd w ith ,

e re d , wh ich w i l l be abou t the 25th of June , by wh ich time th e rootmatu res - and becomes in a state of. rest, . take up the roots

'

cau t iou slyw i th a rou nded trowel , strong , be ing carefu l not to touch or cu t the

bu lbs separa te the l argest offsets,and p lace them in a ‘d ry

,room or

shed, where the a ir has free access constantly , but total ly away from

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By the Author of the Domestic Gardener’s Manu al ,” C . M . H . S .

AN

l

a'

nnu'

al pl ant is supposed by mb et pe rson s to produ ce i ts flowersand fru i t ( the seeds ), and t

‘

hen to per ish ”

au d i t is treated accord ingl y .

The seeds are '

u su-al‘ly soWn in the borders du r i ng the mon thscf'

March

or Apr i l , and. n ine- ten ths of the you ng pl an ts per ish by gru bs andworms , or by the acerb ity of the ever- v ary ing season . They who

have th e good fortu ne to possess sor-ne erection where a l ittle extr aheat can be fu rn ished , frequ en tly produ ce early pl ants ; and th ese are

p l aced inth e ir‘

h llOtted s i tu ations b y tran spl anting , and thu s fu lfi l theor ig ina l intent ions of the gardener . Thingsmu st remal n pretty

"

much

as they have alw ays ex isted ; and“as long as u ndergrou nd enemies

con t inue to l ive and propagate , we mu st be conten t to su bmi t to losse sand y exat

'

ions .

‘

There is a way , h'

owever,of counterplott ing the

attacksof every common enemy , by strik ing, du r ing . the month s.

of

September and October , such choice annual pl an ts as: it '

is des irab leto preserve throughou t thefw

'

inter , and to reta in'

for the product ion of

seed or of cu tt ings_ very

'

early in the ensuing summer. I h ave provedthat Balsams can b e struck in the au tumn , and be made to flower in a

short t ime ; th e cu tt ings may’

b e taken Off any j om t j u st'below the

leaves,and of any length ; they str ike a lmost immed iately in_

cOmrnon

sci l . Bal sams,however

,can scarcel y be re ta ined du r ing the win ter ,

o'

w i‘ng to the absence of l ight . S ch i zanthu s wi l l str ike by cu tt ings

s ix inches lOng , and flower . I h ave one by ’

me now,that I cau se d '

to

take root in Augu st, in loam and sandy peat,w i thou t the“ a id ‘

of agl ass i t produ ced bloom inOctober and November

,b ut fai l ing to

bear seeds,i t rema ins a stou t and heal thy p l ant

,wi th two ’i branch es .

C lark ia can be struck and preserved , so can C al l iopsis (late Gorcops is)

'

o'

f several Species .

‘

I ,mentiOn afew onl y‘

of the many beautifu lannu al s

—

that can thu s ‘be preserved“

,even '

- ln a wel l protected"

c'

oldframe of tu rf, with a good glazed

‘

l ight.‘

The obj ect 1s not one perhaps of much importance ; and the su bjects themse l ves do not appearvery ornamental du r ing the dead month s , b ut they may prove ve ryu seful e ven to the -

g ardener and to l ad ies,and to y oung people of

taste,the prac t ice of ra is ing

, or of t ry ing to ra1se , p lan ts by th is process

,a fund of rational en ter ta inmen t and some 1nstruction ,

.may‘ be

procured .- Of b ienn ial and herbaceou s subjects, su ch as C al ceol ar ia

integr ifol ia, angu’st ifol ia

,rugosa

,- ! alv ia ofmany kinds , Wal lflowe rs ,

some S tocks , &c. &c.,numbers may b e struck , and kept in heal th for

VALLOTA PURPUREA . 67

0

ear ly transp lan tat ion . A cold frame , .a green - hou se , or even a sittingroom w indow,

w i l l afford to many . pl an ts ampl e protection,wh ich

wou ld a l l be lost u n less they were annu al ly renewed by seeds .The soi l fo-

r'

such cu ttings may , in genera l , be good border earth ,or ma iden loam and decayed vegetablematter b lended in ne ar ly equ alproport ions . If s ingle p lan ts be ra ised , a smal l pot shou ld be fi l ledthu s

,above a good str atum of d ra in age , - and then a hole be ing made

two . inches deep in the centre of the mou ld , w i th a rou nd st i ck , sil versand

,to the depth of half an inch,i s to be p ou red in to the hole upon

th is, p l ace the base of the cu tting , keep i t i n the midd le of the hole

,

and fi l l that up w ith the same sand shade th e p lan ts t il l they appearto have adapted themse lves to the ir s i tu at ion

,and stand firm and erect ,

or cover them - with smal l glasse s'

. In r ais ing a stock ofp l an ts , Mr

Mearns’ method may be tr ied . Pu t the so i l'

in to a broad and rath erdeep pot , so deep on l y , that the cu ttings, when p l an ted , shal l

.

not qui tereach i ts rim ; then make as many ho les as there are cu ttings appl ysand as above : d irected , and fina lly cover the

"

top of the pot with asu i table p iece of‘ flat g l ass . A gen tle spr ink ling may at first be givenover the su rface of the so i l

,and th is shou ld be kep t rathermo ist

,b u t

not wet ; a i r ought to be freely g iven when the p lants appear . firm .

As the roots emerge , they read i l y - reach the soi l, wh ich circumstance

I th ink , is mo re condu cive to the ir safety , than [the removal _wou ld “ be .

from a bed of pu re sand in to separate pots of so i l . If these few looseh in ts for

,such on ly they are , — lead to any inqu iry

,I shal l be happy

to fu rnish every k ind of informat1on w i th in my power .— F lor icu ltura l f

Cabinet.

ART . III .—Noticé of Val lota P u rp

‘

urea . Wi th ‘

sdme Renidrks'

on

the Genera l Cu ltivation of the Amary l l ideaz. Commu n icated .b y

X IOPE .

PERHAPS no genu s of pl an ts affords to the botanis t) and the florist

,

“

a

more sp lend id grou p of favor i te ind iv idu al s, than the old L innaean Am

ary l l is , wh ich in later t imes has been so ,proper l y and remark abl y

su bd iv ided into a great many d istinct genera . Whe ther . we glan ceat the antiqu ated Narcissu s pseudo narcissu s plenus , wi th i ts mon

strou s and d istended y e l low pe tal s; wh ich with a dar ing hard i hoodexpands even

“

from beneath the snow under - some ‘

warm exposu re,1n

VALLOTA PURPUREA .

ct

some old fash ion garden,a fit compan ion to the venerated paeony or

stop to admire the poet’sn arcissus of pu rest wh ite a nd w i th c r imson

t ipped” nectary,or pass hast ily by these humble ind iv idual s to gaze

w i th u nfe igned admiration on the gorgeous d ispl ay from trop ical 'spec ies

, nowstruck w i th the un iquebeau ty _

of Ner ia radiata,the e le

gance of Amary l l is bel ladonna , the magn ificen ce of the Brunovigiae ,

the s ingu lar i ty of the Haemanth i,the grandeu r of C r inum in its

spec1es, amabile ; or t ired . w i th these,recu r to the few spec ies

of our own country , p leased w i th the pretty Z ephy ran thes sta

masco, (the flower of the west w ind ) or w i th the pur i ty of the fine

Pancr atium rotatum,both of the Sou th from the early nodd ing

snow drop (Gal an thu s) and i ts s ister , the l ater summer snow flake

(Leucopium) of the garden , to those more tender and costly var ie t iesw h ich floricul tu re has produced 1n almost end less profu s ion , there 1sthe same fee l ing of del ightfu l in terest man ifested ln the ir s ingu l arlybeau t ifu l economy . The l i l ies of the fie ld” convey to our mindspleas ing emotions . They are clothed w i th that magn ificence andbeau ty wh ich noth ing can exceed . General ly inh ab i tants of thetrop ics

,they serve a great end in add ing to the floral l uxu r iance of

n atu re,wh ich i s then especial ly d isp l ayed .

‘ Thr iving accord ing tothe ir hab i ts

,

in almost every species of so il,they adorn the r ich hum id

shades ofa lmost impenetrable forests , or the dry ar id w aste .

,Agr

'

eeab le to a correct and pr‘a iseworthy taste for the r i ches - of

F lora , the in t rodu ction of some of the finest Amary l l idem,in to our

pr ivate greenhou ses an d conservator ies in th is v i cin i ty i s becomingqu ite prevalen t . R are and noble species are now th r iv ing w ith thatsuccess,wh ich ev inces a thorough knowledge of their worth andmethodof cu l t ivat ion . T hough we do not expect to c re ate a thorough reformin the taste of ou r floricu l tu ral fr iends, nor were it even poss iblewou ld we , a t le ast to the extent of our own

,ye t we cou ld w ish to see

more r ea l sp ecies and less created var ieties,and a sti l l greater number

ofgenera . Thu s Ner ine sarniensis i s by no means so common as i tshou ld be, and as i ts real beau ty recommends i ts adoption the Hae

manth i are comparat ively scarce pl ants ; Leu cop ium verna le and a u

tumna le arel

sel dom seen wh ile the gaudy and v iv id var iet ies whichColv i l le and other em inen t cu l t ivators h ave in troduced into fash ionable not ice , are be tter known than the more sol id and attract ive or ig in al species from wh ich they spru ng .

A beau t ifu l and very eas i ly cu l t ivated spec1es is the rather commonVa l lota p u rpu rea , herb . Its specific is a poor descr ip tion of its real

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3 70 ON WATERING'

caret

-

y ou water no r plants w ith standing stink ing d itch water, nor no

,w_ater . that atiriketh ; ,fo

‘

rfswee t water, ( not too clear ) and fresh mou ld

l ated per-s ons .

very g ood if not too long ke.pt.

,-

.b u-t_

j. if -

y our.vesse l be

Large a'

ndxnavigabl e ri vers, that rece ive much soil b y washings tre'

ets

and them any s inks that run into it, and wh ich by its own motion do th. cleanse ..1tself from that Wh ich i s .n0xious, .hoth toman and “

p lante, , is

,T he l arge -r th eJponds be , .t he b e tter-.thewate ri s forp l ants , theopen;the s un th e

T

hetter, the.more motion ahjey h ave, try -horseslwash ingi n

.

sw imming , itis : som uch zth'

e be tte r .

not toomuch a t a . time‘

ni too fierce ly , lest .y ou unocve -r .thzem.

For iflowers and p lan ts wh ose l eaves l ie on the grou nd , water than

at some di s tance,by mak ing a hol low ci rc‘le about th e pl an t and pour.

ing Water ; into iit , by iwh 1ch means you avoid annoyi ng the leaves byd iscoloring Water

, (

or ch il l ing t he rop ts by too s u dden coldnessUse not any .e ith er n atu ral ly hot as sp1r1ts; or

ar tific ial ly made so by .h eatinglover the fire .

In summer t ime or a ll w arms easons'

,

'

the even ing is best for w atering,

«b e cau se,

_,thewater w i ll h ave time ,to , ,sink _ in to

‘

thefl

xe arth ; and ,t he

plant, atti act’

s l it,‘heat . ih w inter ,or

cold weather- . the morning as the p roper t ime ,mo istu re may b e e vapp rated zer

'

ei th-

e cold nigh tuové rtake , y ou ,and ch ill

perhaps kill a. tenderzpl an t .'Azp lant ithat del igh ts in ;moisturefl ore

-a d roopingp lant , th at

water cwillyprememe - zmay- be watered by rfiltration , set - an earthen

or ywoode‘i ’

n vzves se l pnn . a -

‘bri ck —fu l.l ofw ater near '

y ou r p lan t , th at , al l

.be zh igher than .th e e arth ; wet. a thick ;Wool len l i'st , pu t one

end w i th a stone or h it of lead to i t interth e wa ter , that . it .may : keepto theibottorng; sl ay t—he vot

'

her i endp n the ; ground . near . the root .

"

of the

'wi ll'jdistil Ou tbl

-f, th e b'

owl .or pot th rough ( the l ist ,becauserth a

‘

t p'artr‘pf it ou t ofethe pot of water, hangs lower .than. tha t

[Al l sorts :of' fib rou s roots -are .assu r—cd .ih -

zthe ir; growth by conven ien twatermg , ; bu t for ubn lborus a nd . tu b erou s roots

,the h and

ON‘

F'

rfowia‘

rim‘

e DUTI'

CHI

BUL BS . 37h

In thé ‘

a‘

li

ove‘ extract nomen t ion is’ made '

of“Vvat

'

e'

rin‘

g over" the foi

l iege.

"‘

To fie‘

wly removed plants‘

it v certaih ly'

i‘

s‘

rnost beneficial?and“

;

ing or sy ri'ngin

'

g' over the leaves

,in dry weathe r; c leanses them‘

from‘

soarand du '

st, and en ab les th em to perform the ir” proper funct ion‘

s'

p l ants in'

I

T he-

"

on ly p lants: that _

_I

a'

n e‘

xcep t’ ion to this. rule are the Ch inese Ch rysan themum the fol iageofwh ich i s

“ very much“ benefited b y

I

b e ing“

w atered m‘

the blaz ing sun.

In dry weather I2a lways remove pl an ts i n theevening; and water them

”

wel l overhead,

“

and Wh i ch II

continii e to do, ,at the same

’

gier iod so longas appears n

'

ecessary .

or Glasses By . Mr SnMLl AP-PLEBX ,Doncaster.

Hmmfi’rirss "in ;poI

tSLfi'omlth

f

e‘

flatter‘

end'

offComb at

whitez

or’

r1ver Sand,and the'

remaining?two

‘

fth irds‘I

e‘

quafl

I

' proportions

b e bepla'

eeedii r'

i 'the c’e

-

u'

tra“

be‘

rem'

oved into i

rootéid’b efore the

“

t0ps shoot'

up Mire-H

'

Iight is-

th i’

st

period "

; indeed , _

th is depr ivationdI

‘

l i‘

I

ght’

cairses : ‘

therri'

tolro

l

ot‘

mofre‘

qu ickl y th an they Wou ld otherwise“ do. For”

the’ first “

fo rtmgh t or

three weeks after potting , they]may be placed upon a she lf ina shed“

or a cellar , or in any other conven ient plL i ttle water is al sorefquisite

'

; once"

wa’

roots arep lanted , be ing suffici en t if the situ ation i s tolerab ly“ d amp

"

where the pots are p laced .

If’

the stockof bulbous root'

s,such as Hy acl nth s Narc issu s

"

,Eai l y'

Tu l ips, Sec.

“ be large enough? to occupy a “ smal l the pots

372 on FLOW ERING DUTCH BULBS .

few inches deep w i th rotten tan , or any other l igh t material . The

pots w i l l soonbecoI

me we l l fi l led wi th roots,and the shoots produced

by bul bs previously -we l l rooted w il l be stronger, and the flowers l arge rthan if

_ they had been pu t in akwarm and l ight situ at1on . W hen they

are roo ted , a fewmay be in troduced occas ion al ly in to th e room Win

dow or on the mante l - p iece, if there be suffic ien t , l ight . L ight isqu i te essen t ia l when the tOpsbeg in to grow . By th is mean s a succe ss ion of :

'

flowers may be h ad du ri ng the greater part of the sp r ing .

If i t is w ished to b loom Hyac inths 1n wa ter gl asses, — the g lassesshou ld be fi l led up w i th w ater , b u t not so h igh a s to come in con tactw i th the bu lb . Too much mo istu re before the roots protrude migh t .

cau se the bul b to decay . The glasses may be pu t in a l ight, b ut cools i tu at ion, u n t il the roots a re grown half the length of the gl ass , atleast . The longer the roots are before be ing forced in to flower , thefiner the flowers w i l l be and when rooted they may b e kept warm or

cool , as flowers’

are requ ired in su ccess ion . T he flowers Vvil lI

not pu t

forth evenw hen ’th e g l asses are fil led w ith roots,if they are kep t in a

cold p l ace . The water shou ld be'

changed abou t twice every week ,and ra i n or t 1ver Water i s be tter . than

I

spring wa ter . Although thepractice of grow ing bu lbou s rdots in water is . common

,i t 13

,by no

means preferable to growmg them in earth .

_ Ther e are many fa ilu reswhen bu l bs are - grown in iwater,w h ich are ch iefly caused from the irbe ing more l iable to rot before they begin

I

to emit roots than whengrown i n so i l .“ Keep ing the bu lbs qu ite clear ofth e , water is a part ialb ut on ly a part ia l preven tive “ Another cau se is

, that when the rootshave atta ined some

'

length they frequen tl y decay,and the loss of the

flowers i s the consequence . S hou ld su ccess attend the grow ing andb looming of th e greater par t of those p l aced 1n water- glasses , thebulbs w i l l be good for noth ing afterwa rds , b u t those grown 1n potsmigh t be p lanted th e year fol low ing in the garden

,.and they wou ld

make pre tty border flowers for seve ral years .S imi lar treatmen t to that now descr ibed 1s requ i red for th e large

,

rooted Narc1ssu s whether 1n pots or gl asse s .-To force e arly T ul ips 111 pots, they shou ld be p laced abou t th ree or

fou r in each pot , ju st w i th inthe ear th , wh ich may be of the same sort ,and the man agemen t of the same as recommended for Hy acin th s andNarcissu s .Crocu ses w i l l

“

: force we l l . They shou ld be pl an ted near together,

say from ten to twen ty in a pot , a ccord ing to i ts s i ze . Le t themToo tnatu ral ly afte r plan ting , before they are forced in to flower . They re

quire s imi lar treatmen t to the preced ing .

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plan t and increases l hy‘

fdi'

vision,or

-b y cut-r”

tin'

g‘

s'

of the'

y oun'

g close ~to Wood,and“ stru ck

111 -heat th ey root‘

free ly , . I t -‘

is‘

alnative fof Mexi co; al so ofN’

e‘

w - Spain,

the openborder dur ing summ er . at‘t—lie'

endi'

of‘Apriili

,

ina Bed of r i ch le afm‘

oul'

d'

and5 10 11111; ' It

and continues‘

to tl1'

e'>end of the sé

’

a'

som I". then’ take up:

'

the pl ants,

"

and preserve them 111 pots or boxes in th e greenh ou se , or cool'

fr‘aineu

th rough win ter . A bed of th is l ovely p lan t ; growing near th e following named species , makes a very p leas ing con trast .

Mo'

nOgy n Lab ia té T h is very splend id flofweringS alv ia was first

ra ised in“ th is “

count ry , 111 the garde 11_: o£ the Ear l of Egremon t; P etwor th Heu '

se,Su ssex

,from seed reCe i'lved fromBraz il and in conse

quence o f its extreme beau ty , fre e flbW‘

ering, ease o f‘ propagat ion ,

and itsi

h ardy habi t,“

fewp lants have‘

spread‘

more rap idl y and extensively through the country than thi s ; H is a mo 'st valuablfe add itionto the “

Orn amental plants of a flow'er garden, or pleasu re ground“

,and

w i l l keep 1n b loom fromJune to -November, . or eVen'l ater ; T he p lant

i s readi ly increased tak ing off th e w'

h eh

ab’ou t six ofl’ c lose -

"

tn the mother b ranch é

they w i ll root ve ry“ "

eas il y'

at any period'

of the year,b y pl acing then!

”

inmoist heat . T he cu tt ings shou ld b e'

inserted as soonafter-

be ing

taken fromthe ol d pfan-t as possible , for if kept out of water or Sci ] 11short ti11’1e

,th

‘ey wither and

“

do not often recover ._The pl an I pursue

W ith th is p lant i s as fol lows. S trong pl ant s wi l l usu al ly grow abou t :

five:

feet high ; I therefore" select “ a b ed of

‘ tolerab lecorrespond w ith . the he ight of the pl ant . I

'

ta‘k'ethe old p l ants for the cen tre of thebed , and young pl an ts stru ck"

e i ther in au tumn or early spr ing,for th e ou ter portion of i .

‘

r These ‘

latter p l an ts feather down clb se to~ the edge of the wh ich g ivesthe whole a Very str iki ngappearance

”

. The so il 1s. composed of one

half5fresh turfy loy

am,We l l 'e nr

'

ich ed,and 111 order'

to give th is add itiénto th e

'

b ed'

I remove some of the old so i l ." Fresh so i l'

is

as there w il l be a mu ch greater profu s ion of flov'

versl

wnh'

it th‘

an“

oth”

erwise, i t amply repays for th e extra trou bl e .

'

At'

th e‘

end of the sea

son ,I take off a

_lot of cu tt ings, and str ike them in a“

frame . T he“

young plan ts a t the side of the bed , I take up and p lace them closelytoge ther in large garden pots , or a box, leav ing the plants about half

“

ON PLANT S ADAPTED ,r on PLANT ING m .MAS SES . 375

a .yard , or two ffeeth igh ; ,these I p reserve in a cool frame, or if room

in a col .d,part of the greenhouse . I p lantedo uta h ed of th is pl an t

,

and pegged th em down , a t . the t ime -

of p lan t ing ou t . earl y .in May .

The po ints of the s hoots .took an erect pos it 1on , and formed flower ing

spikes a bou t'

a foot h igh . :T he b ending of the stems ch ecked the

g row th of the cau sed them.,to flower . ln '

so dwa rf .a .man

.ner . -I adopted th is method, . in order to rh ave ,the ,plan t low enough

to ,co rrespond wi th con t iguous h e’

n o

'

f d warf plants , 'and it fu lly'

an

swered my expectat ion . some th ree or four gy ears’ old

;plants in to .m ade bu shes of six feet. .h igh f and th e same i n d iameterf T hese -h ave s tood .the two l ast .w in

tersy sin the (open a ir, .and.bloom : profu se ly e ach summer ; b ut the

spikes of flowers . are not so l uxu riant '

a-s are produced on the y ou nger

,p l ants, wh ich I use

”

for t he 'cen tre.of the bed in the flower garden .

._Verbena chamcedrz

'

fo‘

l ia , Ge rmtander- leafved . Synonym,V . Me l in

dres, S car let-flowered Vervi in . D idyn am ia,Angiospermia. Ver

1b .enacea. This p l an t is a native of a enos A y re s, g row ing through

-a ve ry ex tens ive tract of.th at cou ntry ._The daz zl ing , b ril l iant, . scarlet

fl owers -cannot .b e ..e

-xceede,d by any. oth er p lant y et in troduced . in to

th is fcountry . .And b loomingfrom Apri l to November, in . the,open

air i t one,of .them ost des irable p l an ts in .cu l tiv-atiOn .

I t i s found to su rv ive the two las t W inters inm th is,cbu ntry , b ut ] fe ar

w il l not besuffic ien tly hardy for a severe w in ter . It h as .bee n foundd ifli u lt of keepmg th rough th e w in ter ; eve n pro tected in a p i tgreenhou se ; I find that o ld p l an ts take n up and potted , general l ysuffer from the operat ion and d ie ; and that if runners are potted off

in to sma l l po ts, asl ate as October , they rarel y su rv ive th e W inter.

By .the fo l low ing me thod

‘

I have,however

,su cceeded admi rably , both

in cul t iva ting :and keeping i t th rough the W 1nter, both in doors andthe open a i r .

\The .p l ant requ ired a fresh-

so i l,we l l enrich ed w ith

vege tab le manu re , or rotted hotbed du ng . In the cen tre .of'

«a

‘

smal l

flower g arden, I had a py ramid of tu rfy loam and dung, ra ised six

fee t h igh ; -and at the end,of Apr i l I pl an-ted i t Wi th the Verbena, one

smal l p l ant every s ix inches , and gave them agood wa ter ing .at the

t ime,in o rd er to se ttle the soil at the roots. Th e p lants flou r ished

amaz ing l y , -

.and th roughou l. the summer I h'

ad_

l

scarlet py ramid . Very l ittle water Was ever requ ired,e ven i n thedrought of theprese nt summer I had them in fulFfloWer .

_

Where there is an

u ns ightly Wal l, .and i t » is -w ished to conceal i t , noth ing cou ld do th is

more p leasingly and efl’

ectual ly than throwing up .a slop ing bank,of

COLLECTIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS

so i l , and planting the Verbena . From the «su ccess ofmy py ram‘

i'

d‘

I

am confident -it would be a p le as ing and“

str ik ing-

o bject"

In a flat'

b ed

of th is pl an t , I find i t does not flower very free l‘y du r ing summe r , un-s

less the bed h av e a su bs tratum of drainage made of broken potsstones

,&c. an d i t is imposs ible to keep i t th roug h a mil d W 1nter 111

th e open“a i r

,w i thou t agood d ra inage , the cold d amp of the so i l des

troy ing the tender roots . I find th at the p l an ts su rv ive the open an

on the sunny s ide of my py ramid remark ably wel l , and some pl antswh ich h ad grown on a rockw ork also en dured the w in ter W i thou t anyinju ry Wh atever . F rom the se ci rcumstances , I am persu aded

,it re

qu i res a d ry situ ation for- the roots th rough Win ter

,and if th is’ be

attended to it w il l answer . W ith a smal l flat bed I had, I p l aced 11

W i l low h urd le,_(an ol d hamper l id abou t s ix in ches below th e surface

at th e time of p lant ing , and at the end of October , I took up thep l an ts and soi l en t ire upon the hurd'

,le and p laced it in a cool par t of

my greenhou se , and i t con tinu ed to fl0 u rish th rough w inter . Early

in March,I took off acons iderable quan tity of s ide shoots . and rooted

runners , potted them-

“

into smal l pots and pu t them in to a‘hot

‘bed

for a fortn igh t ; they stru ck in to the soi l immed iatel y , and fu rn ishedme With an abu ndant supp ly for pl an t ing ou t of door s 1n Apr i l .

'

I

tr ied to keep“ young p lants th rough w in ter 111 smal l pots , bu t could not

succ eed w i th an y th at were taken off the old p lant later than the lastweek ia ugu st .

’

ART . Vl l é —Z- Col lec’

tzons dnd Recol lections.

bu lbs and tubers , n atu re teaches a st ate of a preservat lon

of vita l energ l es as most conduc ive“ to futu re Vigorous developmen t ,

exper ienced in thecu l t ivat ion of the tu lip , the ‘ hyac in th , and manyothers . In th e

'

Whole of vege tation ,the

-

important agencies of h eatand mo istu re are we l l known ,

the former Working'

ch iefly by expand

l ug, the latter floats the nu tr itiou s matter in to“ the m inu test ramificaé

t ib ns; Thu s,the end of a creepmg rose - shoot in troduced in to‘ a hot

h ou se , w i l l grow several inches wh ile not a’

b ud moves on the p lan tou t-side . . In its owri moreferv id cl imate , Yu cca g lor iosa d isplays i tshonors from th e e levat ion of a stem : whi le 1n th e open an in th i scoun try , the stem rema ins l aten t 11

'

i ~ a bu lb . Thu s,the ir conjoined

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C

378 COLLECTIONS AND RECOLLECT IONS .

- Sp o‘

ntaneous .Movenzen'

ts of P lantsJ—‘

In Meg acl inium fu lcatum,the l abel lum,

which i s connected ‘

very

-

sl ightly w i th the columna , isalmost con t inu a l ly in motion ; in a spec ie s of P ter osty l is , there i s ak ind of convulsw e action of the l ab

‘e l lum ; the fi lamen ts of Osci l laa»

tor ias are con t in u al ly writhing l ike worms in pa i n ; several other confervas exh ib i t spon taneou s movements ; b u t themos t s ingu l ar case ofthe .k ind is that of H edy sarum gy r ans . Th i s p lan t h as ternateleaves ; the term in al leafle t, wh ich is l arger than those at the s ide

,

does not move , except to sleep ; b u t the latera l ones , espec ial ly in

w a rm weather are in con tinu a l mot ion,both d ay and n ight

,even

when the term i nal leafle t i s asleep . Externa l st imu l i prod uce noeffect ; the mot ions are very irregu lar , the leaflets r ise or fal l more orless qu ick ly , and reta in the i r pos i tion for u ncer tain per iod s . Coldwater pou red upon i t stops the mot ion

,b u t i t is immed iate ly renewed

by warm vapor . L indl . B ot .

Cepha lotu s._ The mos t str ik ing pecu l iar i ty of Cep ha loz

’

u s con

s ists in the convers ion of a port ion of 1ts rad i cal leaves in to ascid i aor p itchers. But as asc id ia in al l c ases are man ifestly formedfrom or belong to leaves , an d as the v ariou s parts of the flower in

pha nogamous p lan ts are now general ly regarded as modifications of

the same organs,the quest ion i s n atu ral ly suggested , how far th e form

and arrangemen t of the parts of fructification agree in those,pl ants

whose leaves are capab le of produ cing asc id ia or p itchers . The fou rpr incipal

,and indeed the on ly genera in wh ich p i tchers occu r

,are

N ep entlzes , Cep ha lotus,S arace'

n’

ia and D i sch id ia,and the few othe r

somewhat analogou s cases , cons isting of the convers ion of b racteae orflora l leaves in to open cu cu l l i , are found in Mar cg r aavia ,

and two

other g enera of th ei

same n atu ral fam ily . T heon ly t h ing common toal l these p l ants , is , that they are D icoty ledonou s . It may al so be re

marked that in those genera in wh ich the'

ascid ia have an opercu lumn ame l y, N ep enthes , Cep ha lotus and S a racenia, they ex ist in

every known speci es of each genu s , and the stru ctu re of those generais so pecu l iar th at they form three d istinct n atu ra l famil ies

'

wh ile i n

D isch idia , whose pitchers are formed w i thou t operc‘

u la,these organs

are ne i ther fou nd in every species of the genu s,nor in any othe r genu s

of the ex tensi ve n atu r al order to wh ich i t be longs. P h i losoph ica l"

J ourna l .

F lora l P henomenon. A t the green - hou se of MrWm. H'

. Gardnerin th is town , arranged among numerou s members of th e Cactus fam

COLLECT IONS AND 1111 COLLECT IONS . 379

ily , is a fine spec imen of the Grandiflora, or n igh t - bloom ing Cereu sThis very cu riou s pl an t

,i t is we l l known

,is exceed ingly economi ca l

in the prod uction of i ts b lossoms,and not less modes t and coy in the ir

exh ibi t ion . It rere ly produces in the cou rse of any one season , moretha n a s ing le flower

,never

,we are told , more than two or th ree ; and

genera l ly , after a season of u nusua l fecu nd i ty , i t remams en t ire ly barren d u rmga per iod of th ree or fou r “

y ears . This infrequency of

bloom has led some persons u nacqu ain ted w i th the r espective p l an ts,

to confou nd i t w ith the flower ing A loe or cen tu ry p lan t,to wh ich it

has no man ner of phy s ica l resembl ance,and wh ich i s sa id to blossom

b u t once in a h u ndred years . On the even ing of the 218 t inst . theon ly flower u pon the spe c imen above men tioned began s lowl y to um

fold ; at midn ight it was fu l ly expanded“

; at five , on

morn ing i t began to con tract,and at

"

seven h ad closed i tself, neve r

aga in to open . At the greates t d i la tion,i t measured 2 1 inches in

c ircumference,and 5 inches in depth

'

; the cal yx was a splend idgold co lor, and th e pe tal s perfectly wh ite. It

'

em i tted a‘ fragrances im i l ar to

.the odor" arising e

from the“

preparat ion cal led T u rl ington’s

balsam,

'

w i th perhaps a somewh at swee te r scen t. The appearance ofso r ich and beau tifu l a flower, spr ing i ng Wi thou t a leafof any descript ion

,d irectly from a n aked

,thorny stalk

,forb idd ing and almost h ide

ous in i ts aspect and structu re , is wh at consti tutes a port ion of thes ingu larity

'

of th is u n ique vege table ; i ts proper ty of b loommg in ‘

then igh t is another pecu l iar i ty .

A reflect ive m ind may gather su ndry moral lesson s , an d profitahlew i thal fromthe strange contrasts th u s d ispl ayed , how tha t objectsboth an imate and an ima te , may sometimes e xh ibi t the h umbles t, ru( l e st

,most unpromis ing exter ior , and ye t possess inheren t qu al it ies

capable of r ipen i ng 1n to glor iou s resu l ts how that m isfortune,infirm

i ty,affl iction , may even tuate in comparat ive prosper i ty and h appmess

Swee t are the u ses of Adversity ,Wh ich , l ike th e triad , ug ly and venomus

,

Bears y et a. precious j ewe l in c i ts h ead”

h ow that those v irtues wh ich shun exposu re to the broad glare ofday ,are most apt to command the world ’s admiration and that the brightest deeds are often sh rouded in volu n tary obscu r i ty there being sti l lon ear th some glor iou s sp ir i ts, who

Do good by b l ush to find it fame .

380 HORTICULTURE IN MA INE .

On the occas ion ju st not iced,in common w ith many gratified v isie

ters , We had an opportun i ty 'to observe the progress ‘ of the phenome -o

non,nowoccu rr ing for

'

the fi rst t ime in th i s pl ace and wou ld addthat Mr G. i s alway s happy to we l come h is friends

,to a “ v iew of h is

ex ten s ive col lection of floral rar i t ie s,h i s garden and grou nd s be ing

access ible at al l t imes . _

—Nantuclcet‘

Inq .

ART . VIII . Horticu ltu refin 'Maine .

WE are a lway s pleased w ith the p rogress of Hort icu l tu re , i n wh at«

ever section of th e coun try it may appear .1

It g ives su re ev idence ofa corresponden t improvement -and refinement of taste in the ind ivi dual or comm-unity who cher ish and cu l t ivate th is in terest ing pu rsu i t .A s we have recen tly v is i ted the c it ies and some of the flou r ish ingv i l lages of Maine , we presen t to ou r readers -a few hast’y sketches of

what fel l u nder ou r observation , and more part icu larly stru ck our

atten tion .

The approach to th e city of Por tland by water , i s h ighly pictu r

esque and beau tifu l . Natu re h as done everyth ing for the place . Itss i tu ation on a promontory is we l l known. Its appearance~ as We passthe for t

,is perhaps equ al in beau ty

,to any other ci ty in the Un ion .

Nor are ou r expectation s d isappo in ted as we perambu l ate i ts stree tsmany of them are profu se ly adorned w i th sh ade trees , wh ic h appearto b e

' an object of‘some importance to“

the inhab i tants if we may

j udge from the number that h ave been pu t-

ou t w i th in a few years .A ttached to many of the res idences, are neat gardens , though not

extens ive ; some of them we had the p leasu re of v is it ing .

T he garden of M . . P . sawyer , Esq. con ta ins the on ly green - hou seof any note in the c ity or v i cin i ty . This we v is ited , and found Mr

Mi lne ,"

who h as ch arge of i t , a man wel l sk il led in h is profess ion,

and an arden t admire r of flowers . There . are two hou ses upon_

it.

The fi rst a co ld hou se for pe aches an d grape s ,"

fifty th ree feet long .

The trees and‘

v ines were p l an ted in i t abou t the‘

20 th June,1835 .

The pe ach and some other trees are tr a ined to the wa l l in a fine manner

,and w il l prob ab ly

‘

produce fru i t another season . The v in es werein a h ighly heal thy and luxu r ian t state , and though they were so re

cently pl an ted , ye t they w ere loaded - w ith fru i t, mostly the S vueetw ater and Chasse las. ‘

Mr M i lne states that he h ad made l iberal useof l iqu id manu re , appl ied to the roots .

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HORT ICULTzURE IN MAINE

as ye t . Near the _,c ity is an extens ive

,and one of the finest groves

of oaks we have ever seen . There are some fine res iden ces andwel l cu l tivated garden s abou t Portl and

,b u t as a general th ing they are

mu ch below our expectations,and fal l farashort

,m po in t of cu l tiva tion“

of the e nv i ron s of ou r own c ity . W i th the exception of app les wesaw b u t l ittle fru i t in Westb rook horticu l tu re a ppe ars to be rather inthe back ground here

,as w el l as in . oth er town s abou t the c ity ; b u t

from smal l beginn ings we w i tnessed in ma ny pla ces , we feel confiden tthat i t w i l l assume that importance in the . mind s of the commun itythat i t des erives . The country from

'

Portl and to NewGlou ceste r '

i snot very

,

interest ing there are,however

,some fine orchard s of apple .

T he p rematu re frost wh ich had taken pl ace a few -

n ights prev iou s hadcast a gloom upon every th ing , destroy ing upon low and l

'

eve lf place s

corn,beans

,v ines

,&c. The b il ls were in a gre atmeasu re preserved

from its de stroy ing. effects.

In New Glou cester there is a su ccess ion of fine orch ards of th riftyapple trees

,in terspersed w ith a few - plums

,and pears

,and here and

there an effort to ra ise a peach .

‘

Between thi s pl ace and Danv i lle wepassed a l arge tract of l and , where there had been a prod ig iou s wasteof t imber and wood . For a number of m iles

,the l and on e i ther s ide

of the road .was covered w i th huge logs,par tly bu rned

,l y ing in

every d irec tion, hav ing the appearance of an attemp t to c u l ti vate a

few years s ince, b u t abandoned and left~to grow up to a th ick bru shwood or second grow th . In some pl aces attempts were mak ing tosu bdue , recl a im ,

and convert i t into fru itfu l fie lds , and was u ndergo ingthe pro cess of bur n ing , p il ing logs , extractingTo those w ho are accu stomed to al l the refinements and l uxu r ies of

modern horti cu l tu re the prospect is a cheerless'

one of conver tingnatu re ’ s w i lds into bloominggardens and ,

luxurian t orchard s . _ We

saw in operation a stump extracter , an excel len t instrumen t for rais ingand mov ing stumps . In a w ild coun try they mu st be of gre at importance to t he agr icu l tu r ist . Where there i s a scarc ity of stones ,stumps are mu ch u sed for fences

,and when properly l a id

,make not

on ly a fence w h ich man or beast cannot have mu ch incl ination topass

,b u t du rabl e

,and i n ou r estimation not unp leasan t to the s ight .

Danv i l le is s i tu ated 0 11 the And roscogg in r iver , oppos ite to Lew iston . Here is an immense w ater power , suflicient i t is sa id for s ixtyl arge cotton mi l l s

,of Lowe l l d imens ions . What a few years ago was

a lonely w ild , _

is now g row ing up in to a l ively flou r ish ing v i l lage ; thesou nd of the hammer is h eard in every d i rection

,g iv ing ev idence of

i ts increas ing prospe r i ty , and importance . Amid a l l the bustle at

.non-T rcum u'

nn IN M AINE .

'

383

teudant upon the rap id r ise of a new v i l l age , i t gave u s pleasu re thati t does no t engross the wh o le m ind of some men

,-wh o are most d eep

l y interested in the p lan ; b ut th at- some atten t ion h as been paid to the

in trod uction of fine fru i ts . We were shown a fine col lect ion ofpear s,

cherry and plum tree s from"

the Messrs W insh ip’

s n u rse r ies,p lan ted

the presen t season,most of wh ich were in a flourish ing cond i tion ;

a l so fifty rod s or more of h aw thor n hedge , p lan ted at the same t ime .

The pear w he n properly atte nded to in th is cou n try prod uce s abu nd au tly ; We were . told by a gentleman in th is p lace that he h ad purchased in a ne igh bor ing town

,S t M ichae l pears at the low . pr ice of

se venty five cen ts per bu shel . He fu rther stated that th is old andh ighly esteemed v ar iety had not de te r iorated as i t h as done in thev ic in ity ofBoston 4 b u t was show ing some symp toms ofdecay . We

wou ld recommend to the lovers of fine scene ry th e inspect ion of

Lew iston fall s,

'

wh ich whe n the r iver is no t too low,forms an im

pos ing and grand s ight .On the rou te from Lew i ston to Augu sta we passed many fine or

ch ard s,the trees be nd ing w i th fru i t . In no par t of Massachu se tts do

we see a greater qu an t i ty of appl es,than are to be fou nd

.in th i s re

g ion,especial ly in

'

the town s of -Monmou th “and W in throp th e q ual

i ty of them is no t so good , a: grea te r proportion be ing n atu ral l ru it.Very l it tle atten t ion appears to havebeen paid to the more de l i c iou sfru i ts . We saw a '

few fine look ing pear trees,

'

s"

ome plums,

‘ b ut no

cherr ie s , The on l y fru it in A ugu sta marke t of any conse que nce ,w as apples

,and these not of the b est qu al ity . - T he . country , for

twen ty mi les west~of the Kennebec r iver , i s very fine . We passed

numerou s exce ll en t farms , whose p rop-rie to r'

s we shoul d infer from ou t

vVard appearan ce , are men of independence . The R u ta Baga is cu l

t ivated by m any of the more th riv ing look ing farme rs,and bet te r

c r0 ps we ,never saw . T he ’town ofW in throp ls adorn ed w i th a 'num

ber or l arg e and beau tifu l ponds . We no t iced that these p onds hadp rotected . the corn from the ravages of .the

'

frost . i n one p l ace inpa rt i cu la r we observed th at ori . th e - west s ide of a . l arge pond , corn ,potatoes

,we re as g reen as ever , w h ile on the oppos ite s ide , every

th ing was seared . A t fi rst, th is appe ared u n accou n table , un ti l welearned that the w ind on the n ight of the frost b lew from the east .A ugusta

,

’

Hal lowe'l l and Gard iner are v i l l ages of importance , p leantl y s itu ated on the Ke‘nnebec

,~ and p l aces of cons iderable b u s iness .

A ugu sta,the seat of governmen t , appears to b e the most flou r ish ing .

S ome taste i s exh ib ited in m any of the courts and gardens , and in

384 non'r rcvrxrvnn IN MA INE .

some we'

saw the Dahl i a in perfection . There are no g arden s of anygreat exten t in the p l ace .

The vege table garden of Mr J . C . S teward,attracted our atten t ion .

He informed u s h is le i su re hou rs - only h ad been devoted to i t,and

wh i le i t has been a re laxat ion an d sou rce of pleasu re , i t has al soafforded h im cons iderable profit from the sale of early cu cumbers an do ther prod uct ions , for Wh ich a ready marke t was found

’

at the ne ighb or ing hote l s . _We w ere shown a few Isabe l la and Swee twatergrape v ines

,w i th fru i t in good cond it ion , and toma toes tra ined to the

garden fence ; c abbages , and other vegetab les‘

very fine . We , werep leased w ith the taste and ind u stry of the propr ietor

,as exh ib i ted in

the perfect order and neatness of the garden and we cou ld w ishth at h is example was

-more genera lly fol lowed by ou r mechani cs“ andt radesmen ; we th ink i t wou ld conduce much to the ir heal th andcomfort, shou ld a few of th e spare momen ts u nder the contro l of

every one,be d irected to the cu l tivation of the u sefu l an d orn amen tal

in thefew rpds of ground they may have in possess i on . The h ou rsspent in the garden seemed no t to have i n terfe red w i th h is professionin

“

h i s shop . We do not recol lect of ever hav ing seen a barber ’ s shopneater or in be tter sty le ; in stead of the u su al u ncou th and vu lgarpr in ts

,

“

wh ich too often d isfi'

gu re t h e wal ls we found h ere a we l l se lected assortmen t of maps , wh ich to the trave l ler are much more in terest ing and profi table and as to other accommodat ion s . we can on lyrecommend the pass ing stranger to cal l and see for h imself. Ou r

s tay w as so shor t a t Hal lowe l l and Gard ine r , that we h ad b u t l i ttle

t ime for obse rvation , and were somewhat d isappo inted in not be ingable to vis i t the garden and green - h ou se ofR obe r t H . Gard iner

,Esq .

of the latter pl‘

aee,who

,we u nders tand , takes the lead in horticu l tu re

in th is v ic in i ty .

We spe n t an hou r at the damnow bu i ld ing ac ross the Kennebec,

h alf a mi le above Augu sta ' br idge , as the greatest cu rios i ty,of the

pl ace;On accoun t of the severe d rought , the p resen t t ime i s -very

favorab le for i ts constru ction . I t is sa id of the r ivers gene ral ly inMaine , that they were never know n .to be so low as they are now . I t

w as an in teresting s igh t to look down from the h igh banks of th er ive r upon the numerou s workmen

,to the number of s ix or se ve n

h undr ed , on th e d am and the bed of the r iver be low . The banks o fthe r iver are faced up w i th sol id masonry. The w a ter i s to be takenou t on e ither s ide of the r iver in canal s and

'

carried down i n to thebanks wh ich wil l supply water pdwer for a great number of mil ls .

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386 Hoar rcum unn rN MA INE .

the subject, from that wh ich too general ly exist-s , no t only there‘

,but

in our who le coun try .

The most extens ive and bes t ga rdenwe saw in th is p lace , Was tha t

of Dr Barstow ,two or three mi les from the c ity , con ta in ing abou t six

acres . Two acres of th is was devoted to the cu l t ivat ion of R u taBaga

,and a finer field we never saw . This g en tleman informed us

th a t he ra ised the last year a t the rate of 900 bu she l s to the acreT he c r0 p w il l probably exceed that the presen t season .

~ H is cab bav

ges and many othe r vegetab les were in great perfection He h ad a

br i l l ian t d isp lay of annu al flowers , some of rare sorts . H is Dahl iash ave done rather poor ly th is year . Last

‘

season they flowered ab uns

d and y .

The erection of a green - hou se is con templ ated th is fal l upon hisgrou nds

,wh ich , in connex ion w i th h is garden and the Mount Hope

cemetery con t iguou s , w il l form a po in t of attraction and p l ace of résort for those who are fond of re t ir ing from the bu sy h aun ts ofcare .

”

Moun t Hope ceme tery is inim i tat ion of Mou n t A u bu rn,and was

consecra ted the presen t season. It con ta ins th irteen acres mostly ona steep, conica l h il l , ornamen ted b y natu re vii i-t-h evergreen and othe rtrees . The avenues and walks havebeen l a id ou t u nde r the d irection

of Dr Barstow and are e i ther comple ted or in a state of forwardness .At the foot of the h il l i s a smal l run or brook , across wh ich ad am has been bu i l t an d a pond ra ised . Pass ing th is b y a neatb ridge

,we en ter another lot of ten . ac res

,wh ich has been pu r

chased by the city for a pub l i c bu r ia l ground , and the'

whole is abou tto be’

inclosed by a substan t ial fence in one piece A sale of lotstook p lace not long s ince

,and if we “ remember r ight

,from s ixty to

seventy lots were sold,the m i n imum pr ice be ing twen ty dol l ars 'per

lot,and the amou n t of cho ice money ar is ing from the sales exceed

seven teen hu nd red dol la rs . Another,

s ale is soon" to take place , andi t

.

was ant ic ipated the re su l ts wou ld be equ a lly successfu l . Fromthe top of the h il l

,there i s a fine viewof Penobscot rive r near by ,

th e su rround ing cou ntry,and par t of

'

the‘

ci-ty of Bangor.'

There are many other smal l gardens, Wi th an abu ndance of vegatables ornamented wi th flowers ; but no great atten t ion appears as

y et to h ave been pa id to'

fru i t . Th e only k ind"we sa w exposed for

sale in the mrrket was apples of" an infer ior sort .

We? sawfine‘

Dah l ias insome of the gardens ; they ; appear to sacs

ceed wel l in th is climate .

An'r . IX ." Massachusetts Horticu ltural Society .

Satu rday , Sept . 3, 1836.nxnrnr'r roN or rnu r'r s

TH E exh ibit ion of fru its was very a ttractive an d i t was greatlyindebted to the l ibera l con tr ibu tion of Messrs C . A .

“ J . Down ingof the Botan i c Garden and Nurser i es

,Newbu rgh

,N . Y.

By Hon . E. Vose, Pres iden t of the Society Ear ly R ed Ju ne ating

,

Lady Haley ’s Nonsu ch an d Sh ropsh irevine Apples —'

Corse”s NotaBena , Green Gage and Imper ia l or Wh i te Gage

'

Pl ums.

By Judge Jackson,Brookl itne , severa l beaut ifu l clusters of B lack

Prince, French Pu rple and B l anque t-te Grapes .

By Mes srs C.

A . J . Down ing , New-burgh , N. Y . a seed ling

(from the Wash ington P lum) two inches in length and two and a h alfin ches in d iame ter

, of a pre tty regu l ar and ova l form ; skingreen ishy e l low ,

”

speck led w i th_

minu te l igh t ye l low dots .

'

FleSh yel low ishgreen , remark abl y firm,

ju i cy,h igh flavored and s eparate from th e

s tone,wh ich 18 long and much compressed . R ipe from the midd le

to the l ast of Augu st . The committee h ave n amed th i s var ietyDowning Seedl ing

” Pl um al so presented b y the same, Red Gage ,Pu rple Gage( supposed to ;be the Re ine Claude V iolet of the Pom.

Mag . ) .C ru ger’ s Seed ling S carle tGage , Viole t P erdr igon,Kirko’ s, and

Fl u sh ing Gage (wh ich appear to be the s ame as our Imper i al Gage)P lums .By Edward .Cru'ft, Esq. Boston, a beautiful spec imen of

,Boljmer

’s

Wash ington Plum.

By S amue l Down er , Esq. Wi ll iams ’ Favor i te , R iver, Ye l low .0 1'

Amber Siberi an Crab , l arge S iber ian do ., smal l S ibe riando .

,Apples,

al l zvery fine,al so «an u nnamed var iety of Pears .

“

By R . Mann ing, Esq .

—Or leans,Drap d

’Or, (and a v

‘

ariety rece iv

ed as the ) Precoce d ’-Tou rs ’ P lums al so Bloodg ood Pears, a good

b earer , a n t.i is considered ,b y l

one of the first Pomolog ists f‘to be th e

bes t of the se ason i t is sa id to be new and a n at ive of Long Is land ,

By Mr ~

_

C . Cowmg , Roxbury —W i l l iams’ Favor i te-

Apple'

s.

By Capt . W i l l iam Clapp, Dorchester C lapp Pears , grown on theor ig in al tree

,th is k ind greatl y resembles the old C athar ine pear .

By Mr Samuel Ph ipps , a plum,the name of wh ich i s not asoer

tained .

MASSACHUSETTS Horr'rrb um unAL soci e r r .

By‘Mr James Leonard

,T auntou - Engl ish Red Cheek the tree

i s heal thy , v igorou s and a great“and constant b earer, _ b ut the fru i t,

excep t forb ak ing, l S h ard ly second rate.

By Mr S amu e l Pond Pond ’ s Seed l ing,W hi te Gage , Duane

’s

Pu rple Corse ’s Nota Bena Plums,also Sk in less Pear s .

By E . M . Ri ch ards_

old C athar ine” Pears , very l arge specimensth is old v ar ie ty is probably of E u rope an or ig in , the name ofwh ich

w as lost— known m the marke t for many ye ars as th e latten” or

Katren pear .5

For the Comm i ttee , E . M . RICHARDS .

EXH IB IT ION or FLOW ERS .

M essrs Johnson , Sweetser , Hovey .

,Mason and S . W alker

,were

the con tr ibu tors of. Dahl ias ; we shal l not g ive a li st of al l the va r iet ies wh ich were exh ib ited

,b u t name su ch on ly as we th ink were in

the h ighest state of perfectlon.

Mr John son ’s spec imen s of C edo Nu l l i,w ere“ the be st “

we haveSeen of th is v ar ie ty

, thi s se ason .

Mr Swee tser ’s Gra’n tawas an extra fine flower .

T h e specimens,by Messrs Hovey

,_

of the King of the"

Dah l ias ,Dougl as

‘

s’s Crite r ion

hHe rm l on

‘

e,Alb ion“ and th e

B eau ty of Shefli e ld,w ere splend id ; Met ropoli tan C alypso , and W id

n al l ’ s Apol lo,are great b eau t l es ; we never saw better spec imens or.

more superb flowers:Mr Mason

’s

l

Village Maid , and Denn1ss1- w

'

ere good specimens .“

Two Seed l ing s , ra ised by Mr John R ichardson o'

fD orch este r, pre

ented by S amu e l W alker, possess many of the properties wh ich con

sti tu ted ‘a good floy‘

ver_

we wou ld not,

" however,u nt i l we have seen

fu rther specimens “cl ass themwith the best,ye t we shal l h az ard l i ttl e

by say ing th at th ree fou rth s of the var ie ties of B ahh as 1mported yearl y , w i th long and h igh sound ing names , are not so good . Desdemo

na, Lady M il ton , and S atropa“

were fine .

Mr S . Sweetser and Messrs Hovey “exhib ited some choice spec imen sof the Chin a A ster

Forfth e Commi t tee

,

Satu rday , Sept . 10,—

1836 .

E XH IB ITION or FLOW E RS .

Pears by Mr Manmng—“

An unknown var iety,medmm Si ze

,and

br ight ru sse t color , the flavor somewhat resemb l ing that of a Melon

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MASSACnu sETTs SOCIETY.

t i es among them th e Be au ty ofCambr idge, also, two specimens o?

Mr Jno . R ichard-son’s seed l ing . This flower'

bid s fair'

to r i val - al l theseed l ings produ ced in th is coun try,

“

The color is fl

not equ al i to the

parent (W idna l l’s Perfection) but the form and size we th ink are im

proved . Anoth er season , and after Mr'

Rich ardson has - g iven i t,a

n ame we shal l be abl e to pu t in its proper place , thus far we p ut it“

w ith and ca ll’

i t one of the number ones

For the Commit-tee,

Saturday , Sept . I7.

‘

EXHIB IT ION -

Q1? FRUITS .

Pears . F rom Mr Mann ing S u rpasse' S t Germa i n (Bue l and

W i lson ’s Ge t ) an exce l lent pear about th e'

size of'

the "Old St Ge r

ma in and r ich and beau t ifu l in appearance. J ulie nne, Vale e Franche’

,

S ummer Rose and Summer F ran c R e al,— t

’

h e l atter r ich and deli ;

cions and w il l rank among the very best summer pears.

From Mr R ich ard’s— Grisse B’

onn'

e (Cox) , GreatMOn and Har

v ard .

Apples . From Mr F re nch —Du_

tch Codl -in,Garden Royal , Gide

on ( a native swee t apple ) and ,

Porter ’s , very fine .

From Mr R i chard s - O range Se ed l ing (good ) and Beno-ui .

By M r W . Kenr ick,fromDr Fo rd

,.of A l na

,Me; ” the fol low ing

v ar iet ies of apples , Pomr’

ne de Roi , E arly Harvest , _Lewis ’ E arly ,Roxbu ry R u sse t

,Hink ley S weeting

,H a ley Appl es.

names , among them w as th e Porter and P umpk in Sw eeting.

P lums . F rom Mr Man n ing - fine spec imens of the GermanPrune , w hich has the v al ua ble property of h a-r-iging on th e tree t i l l d ry .

From Mr Van Dyne,of. C ambridge Wh ite Gage and Sniith ’s

O rleans .From Hovey C o . Pe aches , cu l t iv ated in pots . A lso, a spec i

med ofW alker’s Long Green Cucumber, measu r ing twen ty inchesin length .

“

Mr Mason of Ch.ar1 exh ib ited a '

b asket .of Brugnon Ne ctarines,the finest ofr th at var iety we h ave ever not iced.

For th e 'Comnn ttee,

P . B. HOVEY,JR .

SATURDAY , S ept. 24, 1836.

Th e annu al exh ib it ion of the Massachu setts Horticu l tu ra l Soc ie tytook place 'b n S aturday , 24th inst . and the p lace selected for the dayand th e occas ion wa s th e A r ti sts’ spaciou s 'Hal l s i tu ated i n

Summer Street ;”

T he exhi b i tion of Fru its ‘

an'd ‘

of con

Mnssxcnnse'r 'r s'

HORTIO'

ULTURAI. SOC IETY. i

'sidering the many new an d rare-

v ariet ies, and splend id spec imens,“wh i ch were th is day shewn, fu l ly su sta ined the ch aracter wh ich it

h as continue d to aCQu ire , du r ing the fo rme r ,years .

EXH IB I T ION OF F RU ITS .

F ruits were sen t for the exhi b i t ion by th e fo‘l lowi ng gen tl emen —a

By Mr Cow an,from th e con se rv atory ofCol . Perk ins in Brook l i

‘

ne,

b eau t ifu l specimen s of Broomiie ld Nectar ines, Mu r ray ’s do . ; Peach'

e s, No bl esse and New-Ro yal George ; Grapes, Black Hamb u rg , S t.Peter‘s

, Frankendale , B lack Fron tignac , Griz l y Fron tignac, Wh ite

S yr ia n or Hambu rg , Wh ite .

‘Chasse las , Wh i te Mu scat of A lexandr ia ,'

a'

l’

l remarkabl y fine and beau t iful .

By Jacob T id'

d of Rexbu i‘y , Grizl y Tokay , a bunch weigh ing - l

ponnd 5 ou nces , and four cl us ters of B l ack Hamb urg wh ich respec‘

t ively w‘

e lghe d'

2 pou nds 1 ounce , 1 pou nd 15 ounce s, 1 pound 13o unces an d 1 pou nd 10 ou nces. A lso one very extraord inary{b unch of R egner de N i ce Grape s wh ich we ighed 6 pounds 5 ounces ,and

'

five o thers wh ich respectfu l ly we ighed 4 pou nds 13“

o u nces,3

pou nds 7 ounces,2 pounds 8 ou nces

,2 'pou nds .

By e Hagge rston'

from Belmon t and the sp lend id conservatory; ofJ . P . Cu sh ing , Esq .

,some very extraord inary spe c ime ns of W i l l iams’

Bon Ch retien and a l arge“

baske t ‘

Of v ariou s fine k inds of Grapes ,o f _very h andsome appe arance and Al so a large

pot con ta in ing a l iv ing vi ne co il ed an d l oaded w i th fine r ipe clusterso f the B l ack Hambu rg

,the whole beau tifu l l y decorated w ith flowers .

By MrHathorne ofsalem,Pears

,n ame u nknown”l arge very swee t .

Ey Gen . 1 0 552111 Newh al l o ffl

Ly nn—

fie ld,Porter—Apples , also fine

S pecimens‘

of the favorite and beaut ifu l frui t d esc r ibed in th e'

Pomo

logic al M agaz ine as th e Cap iaumbnt and sen t h ither by Mr Kn ight ,u nder the s ame name

,b u t Ii ow sat i sfactor i ly ascerta ined to be the

R o i de Wu r tembu rg . Another Pear l arge and very oblong , w ithou t

n ame,b ut to appe ar an ce the Bou rgmestre or the k in d hereto fore so

cal led w ith u s.

By B . V . French, from h i s estate in Br a in tree, Pears ,

’

name nu

known , al so var iet ies of appl es, incl ud ing Dutch Cod l in , Monstrou sBel l F lowe r , Gravenste in , and R uggles . A n at ive fru it

,l arge red

and handsome, au stere in taste ,b u t fine for cook ing a great bearer.

A l so a fru it rece ived by h im_as th e Me l a C ar la .

By Jonath an Warren ,'

ofWes ton ,'

War ren’ s S eed l ing Apples,a

fru i t r ai sed by h im ,smal l

,red , offine fiavor and a great b ea1 e r . Ano th

e r called th e Amer ican Nonp ar ei l , a new,large , red , be au t ifu l Pear,

892 f MASSACHUSETTS HORT ICULTURAL SOCTE’fi E

’

.

the s ize, s hape and color of_

_ a l_

arge Baldw in,and now r ipe , very

tender, of a fine, pleasan t , acid flavor Th is fru i t which is high ly

deserv ing and a. great b earer , or ig in ated on th e farm of the . R e v. DrPuffer of Berl in

,Mass . and the tree

J

first' bore fru i t in 1828 . A lso

specimens -o i th e Por-te

B y Denn is Murphy,.from . h is garden in R oxbu ry, ICh e lmsforcl

Pea rs, otherw ise Cal led Mogu l S umner .

By E . Vose, P res iden t of the Society , Pears , the Bartle tt Or. W il

l iams ’ Bon Ch reti-,

en ROi de W u r tembe rg {C -apiaumontfl ] Napol eon ,

-

1e or Mou il le Bouche,

‘

And rews,

“ Urbaniste . Peaches

,Gross M ignOnne

.

By Enoch Bartlett, V i ce Pres iden t Of the Society“

,Pears

,Caprau

“

mon t as h eretofme so cal led,And rew s

, Cash ing, S y lvanche Verte ,C u lotte de

'

Sw iss, Marie Lou i se

,Napoleon Appl es,

Haw thornd‘ean, Porter , and a very l arge v ar ie ty of a greencolor call ed

the Mogu l ;

By George Newh al l Esq . ofDorchester Porter Apples ,“ two baskets .

By_

Mr Mann ing, abou t seven ty v ar ie t i e s of

“Pears as fol lowsAu tumn S uperb

,Be l le Lu c rative

,Bel le e t Bonne

,Beu rre D ie l

l

and

Colmar, Sou vera in'

, the last two k in’ds -M‘

rM . is confiden t are iden tica l ,th e last n ame we be l ieve i s not found

“

on the l ists of Fl anders ; EasterBew re orPen tecote

, Bez i Va

-

e t,B lack Pear“

of Worcester , or Iron\

Pear, B leecker’S Meadow ,W i l l iams’ Bon C h re tien

,Bufl

'

un-1,Capiau

mon t of Pom . Mag . or W -u rtemb u rg, Cat il lac, Bez i de C h aumontel le ,

Cush ing,Del ices D ’

Hardenpont, Doyen ne Gr is , Doyenne B l anc or S tM i ch ael

, Ech assery , Glou t Morceau S u cre Vert,Sy lvanch e Verte ,

Henry IV.,J alous ie

,Lou ise Bonne ,Mar ie Lou ise , Napo leon , Verte

Longue,Naumkeag

,New tow n V irg al ieu ,

Orange d ’H ive r

,Passe Co l

m ar,Pope ’ s Q u aker

,Pr in cess D ’

Orange,R aymond

,Rou sse let de

R he ims,S tGh isl a in

,Verte S ummer Thorn,S

'

tyr ian,

LaBonne Mal ino ise,

Be urre’

de Bol lw i l ler , Beu rre Bose , Fu l ton , Colmar ,S ab ine of th e

“French'

F igu e d'

eNaples,Remsen’s,Green Pear of Y‘ a ir

,Thomson ’s

(Amer i c an , ) B‘eu rre Von Marum

,Hol l and Green

,Ganse l

’s Bergamotte

,

C apsheaf,Coffin

’s V i rgal ieu,Saunders’ Beu rre . Also some Unnamed

k inds . The above k inds of fru i t are of the d ifferen t seasons,Of

cou rse b ut few were.

now in eating , and are therefore for re - examm a

- tion at some fu ture'

day . The apples exh ib i ted by Mr Mann ing weretheKing o f the P ipp ins , Fal l Harvey and Rambou r

'

Gr'osor Franc.

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394 MASSACHUSETTS H-ORT ICULTURAL S OCIETY .

degree very u nfavorab le . The co ld aqueous vapor wh ich 15 so eop iously exh aled from these r ivers by day ,

“

descend ing _

by night . on t heh i l ls,r ol l s downward b y i ts super ior dens i ty and grav ity , rest ing and

condens ing“

on a l l the low p l a ins and val leys,thu s render ing them

doubly exposed to the destru ct ive frosts of w inter and of summer . .

Moreove r , thew inds , which unobstru cted , fol low almost invar iably'the long i tu d inal cou rse of the v al leys of those rivers br ing down a l termate ly from h igher reg ions and from h igh northern l atitudes , and fromother cl imes

,a degree of col d dur ing w in ter th e mos t intense and

destructive . On the best author ity we are assured , that the Pear sand part icu larly the Peach ,

’

and the Cher ry , h ave du r ing th e lasts

win

ter suffered part ia l destru ct ion in the v al ley of the Conne cticu t asfar sou th as the count ry around the city of Hartford ,

and even stillfurther downwards and towards the sea; Even far be low the ci ty of

A l bany on the Hudson or “

North R iver the Cherry t ree part icu l arly ,and many other trees wh ich are equ al ly as hardy

,and especial ly dur ing

al l the“

per iod of thei r- you nger years, are , we are c red ibly assu red,

ex tremely l iable to suffer death du r ing w inter from th e same destruot ive cl imate and cau ses . T he fine exh ib i tion of fru its and the sp len e

d id v arIetie s of flowers and othe r prod uctions which was w i tnessedth i s d ay affords new ev idence that we» have abundant cause of gr

-at i-v

tu‘de . For the . Commi ttee

,

W ILLIAM KENR ICK.

E XH IB IT ION OF FLOW E RS .

JTh is day ~the

,Massach u Setts Horticu l tu ral Society he ld the ir Annu

al meet ing, at the A rt ists’ Gal lery , Summer- stree t , and notw ith stand o

ing the season has been u nu su al ly cold and u nprosperou s for thecu l t ivation offlowers, y et, by th e generou s contr ib u tions ofou r fr iends ,and the a id and ass istance g i ven by many of ou r me mbe rs

,th e com

mittee W ere enabled - to decorate the1r e xh ib it ion rooms w i th , much

th at w as

'

choice and rare . The flOwers g ener al ly , part i cu l arly th e,

Dahl ias w e re in the highes t state of perfection ; and W hat was l ack .»

ing in q uanti ty ,compared w i th forme r seasons , w as In a great meas

are made up in q u a l ity .-The con tribu tion of J . P . Cush ing

,Esq.

ofW atertow n , by h is gardener Mr Dav id Haggerston,W as magnifi

cen t . The po-t of Bl ack Hambu rg Grapes r ich ly decorated w i th

Dahl ias and other flowers , thu s b lend ing and u n it ing the h andma ids

of F lor a and Pomona , was ‘

h appil-y'

conce ived and finel y execu ted byMr Haggers-ton.

“The spec imens ofCombretum pu rpureum'

,C r inum

MAS SACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOC IETY . 395

amabel la, Phaseolu s corocol la,Ner ium sp lendens, and

‘

Amaryll isBel ladonna were very sp lend id .

Thomas Lee,Esq . presen ted th ree v ases of cut flowers

,some of

wh ich w ere fine spec imens .A fine bouquet from W i l l iam Pratt, Esq . ofW ater town .

Handsome b ouquets of cut flow ers from the g arden of the Pre s id en t of the Society , and from the garden of the Orator of the day .

By Col Marsha] P . W i lder of Dorchester , tw en tys ix specimensofseed l ing Pans ies of grea t beau ty . A lso, Glox in ia macul ata and o the r

greenhou se p l an ts , and e igh ty six specimens of the Dahl ia, amongw h ich w e noti ced a p lan t of Ange l in a tran sferred in to a pot wi ths ixteen fine flow

'

ers grow ing thereon ; th is spec imen made a very impos ing appearance . We al so noticed in Mr Wi lder’s col lection

,

W idnal l ’s R is ing S un,Br ide of Abydos Jup iter

,You ng ’s B l ack

Aj ax,C ross’ s ye l low Hermione ; Inw ood s Ar ie l , Douglass

’s Glory ,

E recta,We l ls ’ P aragon

,You ng ’s fine CrimSori and “

Dennissi .

-By Mr S amue l R . Johnson of Char lestow n,a fine col lection of

Dahl ias, in clud ing“extr a fine flow ers of Ced i Nu l l i

,Gu ido

,and Lady

Fo'

rdv‘

vich .

From the garden ofMr S . Sweetser of C ambr idgeport , bouquet sand one hundred and th -

ree'

specimens of the Dahl ias,con tain ing,

most of the cho ice var ie ties . Wew ere mu ch pleased w i th h is specimen s -of Gran ta

,Spr ingfield Ri val

,Queen of Dahl ias, Duke of De

vonsh ire and Exeter .Messrs Hovey do Co. presen ted sever al sp lend id . bouqu e ts and

s ixty e igh t fine spec imens of.Dahl ias . “ In the ir col lect ion w e noticed

Hermione,Z arah

,Br ide of Abydos , Uran ia , _

W idnal l ’s Venus , do .

Par i s,and beau ty

“

of C ambe rwe‘ll .

By Mr W i l l i am E . C arter , of th e Botan i c Garden , Cambr idge ,s everal bou qu ets and one hu ndred and five spe cimens of the Dahl ia .

Mr C arte r shew h is Dahl ias on a new p l an, th ey met the eye a t once

and w i th great force .

'

We noti ced fine ’

specimens of SatrOpa, Granta

,M iss Pel ham

,

‘

Ophe l ia,and the Du tchess of Bedford .

By Mr,

Mason of Charlestown , e igh ty six spec imens -oi Dahl ias andseveral fine bouquets . MrMason shew two seed l ingDahl ias toge the rw i th some fine - specimens of Gran ta , V i l lage Ma id

“ Denmssr'

and

'l'ranscendent .

M essrs John R ich ardson of Dorchester, W i l l iam and John A .

Kenr ick of New ton ,W i l l iamW ales ofDorchester, and S . Wal ker of

R oxbu ry , each presented'

cu tfflowers , bouqu ets , &c.

For the Commi ttee, S . WALKER ,Chairman.

396 GARDE NERS" WGRK FOR‘ OCTOBER .

N0 TE .— A . box con tain ing some fine “

_

Seed l ing Dahl ias , amongw h ich the Beau ty of Por tland and M iss Ne i l appeared most beau t ifu l ,Ch in a Asters , dou b le , from s ingle ones last year , an d Pans ies w ererece ived from

“

R ober t Milne,Gardene r to M . P . S awyer , Esq . ofPort

l an d,Me . b u t - too l a te for exh ib i t ion . We

'

regret that ou r Portl andfriend cou ld not have forw arded h is flow ers in season to h ave take na stand w i th some

'

Of Boston cu l t ivat ion ; they m igh t not h ave suf»

fered in -compa rison .

ART . X .— Gardeners

’ Work for October .

DO not su spend you r weed ing operat ions too e arly'

in the season ,b u t g ive a general hoemg and weed ing to al l you r crops and c arry theweeds out of th e garden . Toward s the end Of th is - mon th

,if the

stalks Of asparagu s tu rn yel low cut them “close to the earth clear thebeds and al ley s from weeds

,and c arry them together W i th the stalks

Off the grou nd . I t wil l then be wel l to cover the beds Of asparaguswi th manu r e

,an d noth ing is be tter and more su i tab le for them than

the dung Of Old hotbeds ; b ut if that is not to'

b e had , wel l rottedstable manure w il l answer ; le t i t be l aid equ al ly .Over th e beds one or

two inches deep .

Th e seed l ing asparagussown l ast spr ing shou ld now,l ikew ise , have

a sl ight dress ing . The bed Shou ld be cleared from weeds and thenspread an , inch or two in d epth of dry rotten dung

‘

over i t to defendthe c rown of the pl an ts from . frost .Secu re potatoes and other roots . It was remark ed by. the ed i tor of

th e A lbany Cu l t iv ator , and the Op in ion h as been confi rmed by o thersacqu a in ted w i th the su bject, th at i t were better that the sun nevershou ld sh ine on potatoes , and that they shou ld be hou sed w i th al l thed irt tha t adheres to them— th at i t is beneficia l to add more d ir t in theb in or cask to exclu de external a i r as mu ch as poss ible . And thatthe ir su rface shou ld be kept moi st

,and the atmosphere wh ich sur

rounds them as l it tle above - the freez ing po in t as poss ible .

Po tatoes may be kept‘ du r ing w inter i n a cel lar free from frost

,or

in p its or caves in the field . In the l atter case they mu st be so s itua ted on a dry knol l , or the sides of a h il l , as to be secu red from theposs ib i l ity of the p its . be ing pervaded by w ater ; and they mu stbe so covered , fi rst w ith straw

, and then w i th loam as to preven t the

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899 MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES .

u n iversal ly adopted b y the most exper ienced And by th is mode theapples u nder favorable ci rcumstances are frequent ly preserved in a

sou nd state,or not one in fifty defective , for . a period Of seven or

e ight mon ths ._

The fru i t is suffered to hang on the’ tree to as late a

per iod as poss ible ln October,or t il l hard frosts h ave loosened the

stalks,and they are in d anger ofbe ing b lown down by h igh w inds

su ch as h ave al re ady fal len and carefu l ly gathered and inspe; ,cted

and the best are pu t up for w in ter use . They are carefu l ly gatheredfrom the

_tree by hand , and as carefu l ly pu t in to baskets . New, l ight,

we l l seasoned flou r barre l s from the baker ies are u su al ly preferred the

barrel s , be ing qu i te fi lled are gently shaken,and the head is pressed

dow n to its’ place and secu red . It i s Observed th at th is pressu re“

nevercau ses them to rot next the head , and is necessary , as th ev are neveral lowed to ra ttle 1n mov ing . NO soft straw or shav ings are admi tted

“

at the ends, i t cau ses mu stiness and decay . They are nex t carefu l lyp laced 1n w agon s and removed on th e b i lge

,and la id in cou rses in a

cool a iry s i tu ation,on the north s ide of a bu i ld ing, near the cel

'

,l ar '

protected by a cover ing on the top of boards,SO p l aced as to defend

them from the sun and ra in, whi le the a ir is not ex clude d at the s ides

5

A ch i l l does not inju re them i t is ofno d isserv ice , b u t '

When extremecold weather comes on

,an d they are in imminen t d anger. of be ing

frozen , whether by n ight or by 'day , ‘

they are ’ carefu ll y rol led in to acoo l

‘

ai ry' dry ce l lar ; w i th an open ing on the north s ide that the 1 coldair may h ave, free access they are la id in t iers

,and the cel lar is in

d ue t ime c losed and rendered secu re from frost ."

The barre l s are

never tumbled orplaced on the head . App les keep best when grownin d ry ,

seasons,

\

and on d ry soi ls . If fru i t i s gath ered l ate,

_

and ac;

cord ing to the above d irections,repack ingfl i s' u nnecessary ; i t is even

ru inou s,and shou ld on no accou n t be pract ised t il l the barre l is Openedfor ,use . It h as been ful ly tr ied .

P ITT ING TURNI PS .— AS th e tu rn ip har ve s t i s approaching

,we take

the l iberty Of suggest in g to those who cu l t ivate the Swedes, ou r me th=

Od for p i tt ing them for w in ter . The p its are l imi ted to two feet inw id th

,and of an indefin i te length

,and are dug in a dry S ituation

,

seldom more than two fee t deep . When the p i t or hole is fi l led w ithroots as h igh as the su rface Of th e grou nd

,the tu rn ips are la1d b y

hand,the tops cut and slop ing to the cen tre

,u nt il they termmate in a

r idge wh ich Is general ly abou t two fee t above the ground . The wholeare

,

then covered . w i th . straw and th en'

with earth . The 1mpO-rtant

M ISCE LLANEOUS ART ICLEs ; 9

poin t fol lows : the crown of the r idge i s then p1erced w ith an iro nbar

,a t in terval s of a yard , and the ear th pre ssed ou t so as to leave an

e nt- ire aper tu re i n to the tu rn ips ,“

and in to e ach of these aper tu res aw isp of str aw i s loosel y inser ted . The roots w i ll pee l u n less the .r ar ih ed a ir is permi tted to escape , t he tu rn ips are apt

‘

t-O rot . 'The openings perm i t i ts escape ' w ithou t danger of the frost ’s do ing inj u ry .

W ith th i s precau t ionwe hav e not lost o rie'

b u sh e l in a thousand . T h e

s ame cour se Wou l d no doub t be benefic ia l in preserv ing mong rel

wur tzel'

. Goodal l’s F armer .

HORTICULTURAL INST 1TUT ION‘

1‘

N HAL I FAX . In the Novascotian

of Thursday l ast,an able repor t of the su b - comm i ttee upon th e expe

d iency of_

foundmg a publ i c garden inHal ifax,h as made i ts appear

ance,b u t

‘

we fear i t is too e l aborate to meet the presen t v iews Of theh or ticu l tu r ist in th is young cou ntry We therefore Onl y noti ce su ch

par t Of i t as appears to u s to come-

wi th in the compass of the meansand in te l l igence we at presen t possess , to pu t so pra iseworthy anobject in to immed iate and effectu al operat ion . A l luding to'. the s i temost su i table for a

p pub l ic ga rden and a comparat ive ou tlay that wou ldben ecessary

,t he R eport states

Th at an Op in ion , nearly universa l , preva i ls, th at th e bes t s itewh ich could be se lected , is some portion

-

of the vac ant space now

forming par t Of the common and government grou nds in the rear Of

Fort Masse,s i tu ate between the Spr ing Gardens and the northern

w al l of the Hon . Enos Col l l ns . It i s of l arge extent. The so i l i sfit for cu l t ivation . It is finely var i ed in i ts surface . I t h as the bens h t ofa flow ing

l

stream and affords Opportum ty for“

cu l tivating theaqu ati c plants and grasses .AS the t i tleOf part of i t is vested in thetown al re ady , to appropr iate it

'

for this new pu rpose an act of.

the le

g isl atu re only i s requ ired ; The consen t of the .C rown may be ex

pooted as a matter of cou rse . The s i te is refe rred to on l y by way

Of suggestion and the subject , of cou rse , before any defin ite p lan i s

a rranged , wi l l be fu l ly d i scu ssed and con s idered at a pub l i c meet ingof the Soc iety .

The Commutee are not prepared . to recommend the cul t ivat ion ofth e whole Of i t in th e first inst an ce the ir ope rat ions wou ld be confined to the erect ion Of a p icke t fence , the mak ing

'

Of roads , the

pl an t ing of trees and sh rubs,the cu l t iv ation of two or ”th ree acres

o n ly , for the recept ion of p lan ts , espec ial l y su ch as may be presen ted

to the Soc1ety , and are v alu able by re a son Of their nove l ty The

400 M I SGELLANEOUS ARTZb‘

LE S .

improvement may‘

b e cond ucted on economical terms by the sale of

the stones and the emp loymen t of cheap l abor .i‘An outl ay of not more than c£ 300 or £ 400 wou ld be requ ired in

the first instan ce for the Comrmttee are ‘

not prepared to embark inthe en terpr ise to any great extent , u nt i l the favor-able d ispositmn of

the commu n i ty has been tested by partial success . The botani ca lcol lectioncou ld e as i ly be obta ined , by condu ct ing exch anges w i tht he . ce lebrated Horti cu l tu ral Soc iet ies estab l ished in E u rope andAmer ica for as these are supported pure ly» from a love of sc ience ,th e y a re an imated w i th the generou s des1re of extend ing the benefi tsof the ir researches to al l who seek for them.

“

. Th e Commi ttee'

wou ld"

deri ve essen t ial ass istance in this branch of the irexertions, from thepractica l know ledge of the Bot-any of the Prov ince , in possesmon of

Mr Titu s Smi th . They have been al ready a ided -b y a p lan of the“

publ i c grounds al luded to,comple ted by Mr James Iron s . They

expect to rece ive the necessary funds from don at ions and perhaps bya modera te gran t from the Leg isl ature for they w ish to conduct i tso tha t i t may promote th e prosper ity of the Prov ince , and be in \factan en terpr ise supported by the comb ined in te l l igence and pu bl i c sp iri tof the country . The annu al expence of supporting it_ would b e contr ibu ted by subscriptions , as in the great Cit ies of the Old World .

Th 1s sum wou ld not beextravagan t , - a-s _ i t would be l im ited to_

'

thesuppor t .of a Garden

,and the expence of cu l t ivat ing a

‘

_smal l exten t

of grou nd . N0 bu i ld ing wou ld be requ ired , excep t a too lhou s’

e androoms for the res idence of the Gardener and h is fam i ly

,wh ich cou ld

be e rected,after those e legan t and edonoml cal mode ls of cottages so

fu l lyr descr ibe d 1n London’5 Ency clOpaed ias of Cottage A rch itectu re

and Garden ing , both of w h ich .are now to be found in the Hal ifaxL ibrary .

1

The society a ided by su ch a Garden , wou ld very soon be able , i tis hoped ,

_to improve the cu l tivat ion of fru its and vegetables . Th e

same'

spirit wh ich gu ides - theiril abors 1n one br anch , wou ld exercise ah appy and aus p icious influence

_

u pon the Prov incial agr icu l ture ; andwh ile they thu s e ndeavor to embel l ish th e cap i tal , and to add -

‘

to i tsin te l lectu al resou rces“

,they humbl y hepe to be instrumen tal in prome ting those other objects wh ich are the most afli uent sou rces of

nat ional prosper i ty and happ iness. Acadian R ecorder of S ep t 10 .

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. h .

,

men t'

mu st be made w i th care and del i cacy,to

'

insu re success .attempts w h ich branches and roots

,wh ich

b

b ear leaf buds,m

re ach the l ight,when secluded from i ts presence m a dark ce l l

very u nusual e longations,are fami l iar to al l .

Nor do the leaves alone exh ib i t a decided partial ityfor a pe

mploy ment of l ight in the ir organ ic structu res and necess i t ies .flower in almost every instance seeks i ts influence T h e noc

spec ies are indeed striking exceptions w hile very many of tlu rn a-l

,are as impat ien t of the absence of l ight

,as are the former

presence . The unsu rpassed beauty of Cer eus g r andzfloru s , an

lovely t ints of the humbler and de l i cate Anaga l lz'

s,serve in th 1

panded flowers as commonl

il lustrations of both these assertionsThe old and singu l ar not ion that the H el ianthu s was so part i

'

e

fond of the su n ’srays as to cou rt h i s presence'

by turn ingi ts ish is d iu rn al cou rse i s not whol ly abandoned to this d ay .

"The 1

langu age of Girard so long agoas 1597 ,informs u s that “ the

of the S unne is cal led in Latine Flos S ol is tak ing that namethose that h ave reported i t to tu rne w ith the su nne , the which I

never observe, a lthough I h ave endeavou red to finde ’

ou t the tri t,b u t

,I rather th inke i t w as so cal led b icau se it

_doth resemb l

rad iant beames of the sunne,whereupon some have cal le

'

d i t C

S ol is ; and S ol I nd ianas , the Ind ian sunne , flower i-n'

Engl i:

flower of the -sunne,or the sunne hflower .

”

\

A very beau tifu l i'

nstance'

of‘

th is tendency for the su n ’s l ight is\

momen t before me . A flower scape ofP ol iantkesitu berosa desin i ts

,d iurn al movements a very . cons iderable a rc and

,

actu al ly tin each t elv e hours of day l ight th e d istance of-more than t

in ches . The w indow in wh ich the p lan t s tands is toward'

s

'

the

east . It is eviden t that 1t ga1ns its upr ight (ver ti cal ) positionn ight

,after h av ing been incl ined first towards the east in the rm

and then tow ard s the west as the su n decl ines . I have sooften 1ed i ts movemen ts , that - there can be . no decept ion in its .ap-

r

course .

ART . l I . Cause of the D ecoy of'

P eaoh Trees . By S OLOMONJ . S COTT , M . D .

DEAR S IR,

In pu rsu ance of my prom ise , I now offer the d iscove ry I h ave made , re l ative to the decay of peach trees .The peach tree is cau sed to decay by the ravages ofa worm ,

wh ich

o r ig inates from the egg of a l arge fly,that bears some resemb l ance to

a wasp ,Thisfly p ierces the ou ter bark of the tree

,above ground

,

and depos i tes an egg in the inner or green part of the bark as soonas the worm is hatched

,i t makes i ts way d ow nwards , be tween the

bark an d the wood of the tree .

These facts are shown by an exam i nat ion of the tree,for where

the Worm began,the hole 18 smal l , and gradu al ly en l arges , u n t il y ou

come to the worm, or the pl ace where i t made i ts ex it ; thu s corres

pond ing w i th what i s observable in the progress of all wood worms .If the worm beg in r

a few inches above gth e grou nd , the frost , somet imes comes on before i t gets far enough below the ground , and, de

s troy s i t ; b u t if‘

the ground a bou t the roots of the tree be coveredw i th snow du r ing the severe frosts wh ich preven ts the -ground fromfreez ing deep

,the worm in th is c ase

,w i l l su rv ive the coldest Winter .

In the spring the worm commences i ts rav ages anew and now is thetime i t does the most m isch ief for as soon as the sap begins tomove

,i t

'

oozes ou t 1n the form of gum and w ater from the freshwou nds made by the tee th of the Worm

,u n t i l i t is grow n,when i t

volu n tar ily leaves the tree , w h ich it does about the last of June,or

first of Ju ly . Half a dozen worms abou t the roots of a commons i zed tree

,w il l destroy the whole tree ; b u t if the worms are on ly on

one s ide of the tree , then on ly one s ide or perhaps a few l imbs of t hetree w i l l be fou nd dy ing .

7 The effects of the worms extend from oneh alf to an inch on each s ide of i ts track

,or h ole t in the bark

,as I

h ave alw ays observed the bark to be dead for th at di stance ; so that aworm

'

for every inch and a h alf round a tree k il l s i t al l b ut the roots,

and sometimes even these; b ut if the w orms are scattered so as toleave spaces oftwo or more inches

,the tree w i l l be observed to rev ive

after the fi rst of Ju l y, or near that time ; bu t if the succeed ing w in

ter is favorable to the l ife of the worms or the egg,the next spr ing

the ravages are commenced ’anew by another genera tion, a nd the l ifeofthe tree is destroyed .

,Abou t th reeyears ago my atten tion was d rawn to this subject from

CAUSE OF D ECAY OF PEACH TREES .

the a lmost un iversal decay ofpeach trees,in my ne ighborhood . You

w i l l recol lect that the w i n ter was severe ly cold ,yet in the coldest

weather then,the ground w as covered w i th snow . A l l my ne ighbors

attr ibuted», the decay of the peach trees , the fol low ing spr ing,to the

severe frosts b ut I fe l t doubtful,as I knew that peach trees thr ive

w e l l in al l parts of C anada,where i t is mu ch colder than here .

On examin ing some t rees that were decay ing, I found” a qu an tity

of gum on the ground , by the roots, and on'scrapmg the earth from

th em,I foun d that the gum h ad oozed ou t (part of it, ) u nder the

/

surface of the earth “ I then began to scrape away th e

l

ou tside ba rk ,and soon came to the Worm

,and was at once conv inced

,from the

effects I saw,that these w ere the cause of the tree’ s decay 1

; and fromthat t ime I have carefu l ly observed i ts progress ,The w orm i s white

,s imilar in s i ze

'

,shape and color

,to the common

W hite,flat headed wood worm . Its mou th is black

,or perhaps,nearer

to a mahogany color , and its'

progre ss is u n iforml y downw ards ; it'

some t imes beg ins from th ree to s ix 1nch es above ground,b u t general ly

near the su rface , and is se ldom found deeper than s ix inches be lowthe ground . 1

I have been thu s parti cu l ar to induce farmers to examine the irtrees . Wherever gum

'

is found at the root,there the worm

,or traces

of itsi

ravages w i l l b e found . And h av ing observed that where a fewtrees have been stand ing in a yard

,and the

'

ashes of the firep lacehave been thrown abou t the i r roots, or where they were overflowedw i th w ater the trees are not affected and are a l ive .

On observ ing these facts, I adv ised several farmers . of my acqu a iatance

,to have ashes th rown abou t the roots of the peach trees , every

spr ing at least ; and in' al l cases

,the exper imen t suoceeded not a

s ingle instance of a worm,orde ath of a tree

,except from externa l

v iol ence,has occu rred among those that have been so treated .

I w i l l now offer a few remarks as to the proper mothed of cu l tivat

i ng the peach tree , Wi th success for bear ing fru itx to perfection .

I .

“

The you ng trees or sets“

,shou ld never ‘ be tr immed or

'

prunednear the ground ; and - if the seed l ing ”sends forth '

many branchesfrom the root , they shou ld be carefu l ly kep t to the root , and set ou taga in (when transplanted , ) in a cl uster , as they come up or branchedou t from seeds ,

'and suffered to grow as they w i l l .

2 . The fpeach , of al l others , requ ires an open pl ace , clear of sh ade/

and in a w arm soil , and a so i l that i s tolerably dry . I have alwaysremarked that trees bear earl iest when the ground about them is , tol

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HARDY DECl DUOUS AND EVERGREEN SHRUBS t

The p roper seasonfor p lanting As soon .

.as the leave s b egin tofal l in October; deciduou s trees may h b e p l anted w i th safety and although this plan ting -c on tinues u n ti l the ) trees beg in to swe l l th e ir budsaga in 1n

- the springr y et those plants have invar iably su cceeded bestw i th u s wh ich were sh ifted in October

,November

,February and

March,and those the worst that were planted in December , Janu ary

and Apr il .Evergree

-ns in general , if taken up carefu l l y , may be p lanted w i th

success in any season of the year , prov ided du l l and dr ipp ing weatherbe taken advan tage of for that pu rpose . There are particu l ar seasons

,however

,when th ey w i l l th r ive w i th mu ch greater freedom than

at other s . If the s i tuation be d ry and the so i l l ight and sandy theyshou ld be planted (w i th the exception of hol l ies ) in Novembe r andDecember

,if the weather be mild ; on theother h and , if the s i tu ation

be low and the so il retent ive of mo isture , they should be pl an ted in

May . In both cases i t is ind ispensable that al l large trees and shrubsbe removed w ith - good bal l s

,and that the roots be un inj ured . Hol l ies

shou ld be removed . from the end of May to the endof June .

In plan ting evergreens,I perfectly agree w i th Mr that

whe ther i t be done in a du l l day,

- a wet day , or a d ry day , i t i s very '

necessary to keep in v iew the exped iency -of keep i ng the.

pl an ts foras short a t ime out of the grou nd as poss ible ifon ly a few minutes ,so much the better ; and in '

al l cases where i t can be done , wh en greatnumbers are to be plan ted , we shou ld, if poss ible , h ave some menstat ioned to take up the

' p lants , others to carry them,and a third to

se t them in to the ground .

In.

al l seasons, si tu at ions , and soi ls the pl an ts shou ld be we l l

soaked w ith w ater as s oon as the ear th is put about th e roots . Wherethe w ater i s. not at hand , so that i t may not be eas ily carr ied or wheel

ed' by men ,a horse w i th a water barre l on wheels - should be u sed

,

As soon as the p l an t has b een pu t into i ts p lace the ear th shou ld befil led in

,leav ing a suffi cien t hol low round the stem,

and as far as theroots bxtend

,to hold w ater

,wh ich shou ld then be pou red on in sufli

cien t quantity ‘to soak the'

gro'

und down to the lowest part of the roots ;in short

,the whole shou ld be made l ike a

'

k ind of pudd le“ By th is practice w h ich is particu l arly necessary in spr i ng and

autumn p l an ting, the earth is carr ied dovi'n by the water , and‘ every

,

crev ice among the troots is fi l led. Care mu st always be taken to have !

as mu ch earth above the roots of the p lants as w i l l preven t the ir be

ingexposed when the water h as subsided . The best plan is to take

HARDY DEC IDUOUS AND EVERGREEN snnus s. 407

an old b irch broom, or any th ing s im i lar , and laying“

it’ down near the

root,pour the water upon i t th is breaks the'

j fal lf of the Water , andpreven ts the roots from be ing l

washed b are of such earth as may ad

h ere to them in th is way t ime iss -aved,for the water may be pou red

ou t in a fu l l stream fromi

thepail,a water ing pot , or evenfrom‘

a ‘s-

p’ou t

or p ipe in the .water cart,or b arrel

,

‘

Wh en the s ituation“ "is such thatth is can be brought up to the pl an t .

After the first .water ing has dr ied! up, the earth should be le'

velile'

d

round the stem of the p lan t , an d as far ou t as the w ater has been pu ton , b ut not trod if th e p lants . are

h

l arge‘ asecond Wateri ng i s

“

some?

times necessary , b ut in ord in ary s ized plant‘s'

One wate r ing l S qu itesuffic ien t and afte r rema in ing twentyfour hours" more"

or less “

,ao

cord ing to the nature of- the soil,

. th e earth abou t the stem and Overthe roots

,shou ld be trod as firm as poss ible, and , after tre ad ing should

be dressed-

w ith a . rake ”

2 . Th e si tuations in wh ich_

the p lants wi l l thr ive._ W i th regard

to the s itu ation in which each sh rub should be p lan ted,l i ttle can be

said here ; to ferm a correct . judgmen t ofl

th is , —a know ledge of thenatural hab its of each i s required ;

“ th is knew l‘

edge may be eas ily ohtained by referr ing to a botan ica l catalogue

,and other works treatmg

on the subject . Some shrub s love a dry and e levated s i tuat ion,and

w i l l not th rive - crowded w i th others,

some are rather tende r . and

mu st “have -w arm. and shel tered p_

l aces,— others are very" hardy and

w i l l , th r ive p lan ted any wh ere ;'others'aga in w i l l not growfreely unless

they are placed in low,damp ground ,

'

and'

otl iers do net flou ris h ifmii ch

‘

exposed to the rays of the sun3? Thekind of soi l best su itedfor them. With respect to soi l

,

hardy shrubsmay be d iv ided in to two k inds , v i z : first, sh rubs requ1r

ing commo n so i l ; and second , those shrubs conStith ting t'he Amencan

garden . A r ich,l ight

,haze l loam u ndou btedly. sui ts' the .greater part

of th e first class of p l an ts,al though’

many of the stronger .g rewi'ng'

k inds w i l l make fine b -

‘

ash 'es on almost an'

v kind of soil . The Amer

th‘

e finest pl ant s and th e best show if they are planted'in

'

a" s

'

o il com

posed for the most part of sandy peat ; but in the absence of th is; avery good compost may be made for t hem of l ight hazel ly loam,

r iversand

,and vegetabl e :or: leafmou ld equal part s, or a l ittle peat earth

mixed w i th it . After h av ing taken ou t the or ig ina l so i l_

-frbm the

proposed border to“

abou t a: foot"and'

a h al fi de‘

ep, ;uhstitute the abovemixture in its place.

408 sELEc'r roNs .

4 . To encourag e the g rowth of the Shrubs after being p lanted .-r

W.h ilst,the plan ts are smal l , constan tly keep dow-

h al l rank grow ingweeds, and clear ~

off al l rubbish that wou ld otherw i se re tard the ir

growth ; .al so they rece ive mu ch benefit by the su rface of the groundbe ing often st irred w i th a Dutch hoe

,as i t preven ts the su rface bak

ing h ard in dryW ater i ng shrubs

,except in pecul iar s itu ations,du r ing dry

'

summers,

appears -to be of very li ttle,ii

'

any benefit ; on the other hand , i t takesup mu ch time , and is the means of the grou nd bak ing h ard whendried

'

by'

the sun aga in . When they have advanced“

to a large si zeal l the care required i s to cut off the overhang ing branches

,so as h ot to

al low themto: smother each other, or the

I

s tems of tho se overhung w il lbecome naked and uns ightly . Mechanic and F armer .

ART : IV. S elections .

HYBR IDS. - D oes the stockproduce any influenceup on,the seed of

the g raft to a lter its char acter .7

.

Ih othe r words ,wi l l the seed of the g raft p ar take of the char acter.

of the tree onwhich theg raftg r ows Here is a pear graftt d 0 11 aqu ince stock we plan t th e seed '

of that pear,

wi l l th is seed produce a finit wh ich is ne i ther a

,pe ar nor a qu ince

,b ut a hy br id , par

tak ing of the character of both ? We propose the que,

ry,

- not b ecausewe have any doubts on th is su bject , b utfor the pu rpose of not icing thefol lowing statement , made in . a commun icat ion of Dav id S . Porter

,in

the S ilk Cu l tur ist for Augu st, in rel at ion to graft ing the Ch inese mu l

berry on the other species,as the native and w h ite Independen t

of the ir be ing no advantage as to hard iness , there wi l l ar ise a disadvantage when the grafted trees come to bear seed . The tree wi l l be

hy br ided, and will not of-

coursep roduce trees likei tselffr om: theseed ;

and thu s we shal l get ou rmu lberry trees mixed toge ther , un til l ike'

th e

peach , apple , &c.,we shal l not be able to te l l what seed the tree wi l l

produce .

We know of no way in wh ich hy br ids are produced b u t by the

commun icat ion .of the pol len dust of th e flower .

'

of one spec ies to

the flower of another . Perhaps we do not apprehend the mean ing

of the wr i ter . If he means that by grafting the Ch inese into the topof the native mu lberry, among i ts branches, where i ts flowers came

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410 S E LECTIONS .

great . He pu ts abou t a peek of l ime to each tree ; he th inks it u se

fu l as a preserva tive aga ins t the insect so fatal to these trees . We

havethen two app l i cation s recommended , u n leached ashes and l ime ,and from our own. e xper ience, are enable d to recommend both . We

are not su re wh ich has the p reference . The l ime and th e ‘ ashesshou ld both

‘

be dug in,

' every spr ing.

\

A fr iend suggests, that hek i l led hi s you ng peach trees by l ime .

"

C au t ion i s - need‘ed in the ap*

pl ication . a Mass . Ag . R epos .

A CUaE FOR THE R ED ANTS . T he ev i ls ofth is l it tle v is itant, arewe l l known to perhaps every hou se w ife

,ahd perhaps noth ing Twou ld

more exhilarate the domestic c ircle than the d iscovery of a remedyfor the red an ts . S uch d iscovery I have

/

made and w ish y ou to commun icate to the public

[

through y our . u sefu l paper . Comm-on sal t is acomple te. barrier to the approach of the red an t . Let the sal t be sop laced tha t th ey can no t approach t he p lace from wh ich y ou w ish toexclude them w i thou t passmg over it , and the remedy is comp le te .

For in stance , if y ou w ish to exclude them from - the. ce l l ar ‘ cupboa'

rdor any m

‘

ov able cupboard,if i t has no

_

legs make art ific ial legs toyou r cupb oard , then prov ide some th ing su i tab le to hold for each legof the cupboard

,a p in t or a qu ar t o f salt , in wh ich p l ace the legs of

the cupboard,and se t i t free from every th ing e lse so that noth ing

'

can creep on"

to i t w ithou t pass ing over the salt, and the

' remedycomplete . Hav ing tested this remedy for two seasons I have ne

‘

hes

1tat10 n l n recommend ing i t as a comp lete cu re . W orcester E g is .

FAGTS won'r i i

'

KNow rN e .— In New England

,

'

in the days of my

grandmother they used to preserve the ir r i pe Watermelons and GreenCorn

,so as to h ave them fre sh in w inter and spr ing , by p l ac ing them,

t il l u sed,u nder the ir haystacks . This practice m ight perhaps be ap

p l ied Usefu l ly to some other fru its and Vegetab les .‘Farmers too

,might eas i ly save the flesh of horses and cows

,and

confer a k indness on the i r an imals,in preven ting the u su a l annoyance

of fl ies by s impl y oi l ing the parts most exposed . F l ies w i l l not al ighta momen t on the spot

,over wh ich an o iled sponge or cloth h as been

pressed . Probab ly ei ther fish or flaxseed oil wou ld answer ; b ut whatI h ave know n w i th su ccess was the Tanner’s o il . Ever y man wh o 18

compass ionate to h is beast , ought to know this s imp le remedy , and.every l ivery stable and coun try inn ought to have a supply at hand

for the us e'

of travel lers .

SELECTIONS . 411

FRU IT TRE E S . When farmers r a ise the ir own fru it trees from

the seed (as they w i l l in t ime if they r1gh tly comprehend the ir ownin terest ) i t i s never wor th wh ile to graft them in the nursery . Le tthem grow t i l l y ou can ascerta in what sor t of fru i t they w il l

'

natu ral l y

produce . The famou s Baldw in , or Pecker app le w as a come - b y- ch ance .

Had the or ig inal tree been cu t off and grafted near the grou nd', ao

cord ing to the u sual proceed ing in nu rseries , th e pub l i c cou ld neverh ave been benefited by that valu able fru i t. Mr Upham of New ton ,gave u s an app le w h ich grew on a tree spon taneously produ ced on

h is premi ses,wh ich has as fine a flavor as any app le we have tasted

th is season . An exper ienced nu rseryman assu res us that the bestway to manage w i th app le seeds in tended for sow ing is to keep them

in thefru it th rough the,

w1hter, -and sow them in the spr ing .

FLOWER Po'r s FOR R ooms . At a meeting of the Hort icu l turalSocie ty

,a paper was read u pon the manner of cu l t ivat ing pl an ts in

pots fil led w i th moss on ly and no t moul d . It appeared that the me thed to be pu rsued

,w as to fi l l a pot w ith coarse mess of any k ind , in

the'

same manner as i t would be fi l led with e arth , and to p lace a cu t

t ing or a seed in th is moss . T he secre tary w as u nderstood to say ,th at

.

he w as wel l acqu a in ted w ith the practice,and that i t succeeded

admi rab ly,especial ly w i th pl an ts destined to orn amen t a draw ing

room . In su ch a s itu ation p l an ts grown in moss , w ere stated to thrivebetter than if they were in garden mou ld

,and to possess the very great

advan tage of not caus ing d ir t,b y the ear th

’s w ash ing out of themwhenw atered . For tran spor tat ion

,p l an ts rooted in mos

-

s ,were sa idto

'

b e better adapted, on accoun t of the ir l ightness . In shor t

,the

method was decl ared to be in al l w ays excel lent . T h e/exp lanation of

the practice seems to be th is : th at moss rammed in to a pot , and sub

jected to continual w ater ing is soon brought in to a sta te of decompo

s i t iou,when i t becomes a pu re vege table mould and i t is wel l known

th at pu re vege table mou ld i s the_

most proper of al l mater ial s , for thegrowth of a lmost al l k inds of plan ts ; The moss wou ld also not re

ta in more mo istu re , than'

precise ly the qu ant ity best adapted to theabsorben t powers of the root a cond i tion wh ich can scarce ly beobtained w i th any certain ty by the use of the earth . London News

of Li terature.

PRESERVATION OF PLUMS PEAcHEs,&c. An Engl ish publ icat ion

states th at plums and peaches may be preserved sweet th rough th e

S ELECTIONS .

year by the fol lowing process i Beat we l l up toge ther equ al qu an tities of honey and spr1ng water pou r in to an

‘

earth en vessel , put inthe fru its al l freshly gathered and cover them qu i te close .

'

When anyof the frui t is taken out

,wash i t in cold water, and i t is fit for imme

d iate use .

”

PRE SERVAT ION OF S EEDS .- If seeds are intended to b e

‘

sent agreat distance , or i t is wished to preserve them a long t ime they shouldbe wrapped In absorbent, paper , and su rrounded by mo ist brown .

sugar.

LEAVE S OF TREES FODDER FOR CATTLE . A remarkable featurein the Agr icu l tu re of France , and of most warm countrIes

,Is the u se

of leaves of trees as food for cattle. Not on ly are mu lberry , ol ive’

,

pop lar,v ine

,and other leaves gathered in au tumn , whenthey beg in

to change color,and acqu ire a sweetness of taste ; b ut spray 18

‘cut

green in 'Ju ly , d r ied in the sun m i n the shade of trees in woods , fagOted , and stocked for w in ter u se . Dur ing that season th ey

’

are g ivento sheep and cattle l ike h ay ; and somet imes , boi led w ith gra in or

bran, to cows . The astr ingency of some sorts of le aves , as the oak,i s esteemedmed i c in al , especial ly for sheep .

FASH IONS IN FLOW ERS .— Ther8 is a fashion in everyth ing . Th ere

have b een'

fash ions in med iu m,edu cation

,the fine arts

,d ie t

,noth ing

h as escaped th is irresIS tib le invader . Art and natu re both have beenmade to y ie ld to i ts sway

,and whenever fashion d i cta tes

,i t is su rpr is

ing how soon al l the pr inc iples of beau ty and'

of taste conform to i tsru les .

'

There h as been among other fash ions a fash ion in flowers . Amongthe leaders in i ts circles of'

taste and refinemen t, some one flower h asa lway s been predominan t for - a t ime , i ts possess ion sought , and its cu ltivation promoted .

The tu l ip has had i ts d ay of glory . In th e d ay of i ts ascendancyth ousands

‘

of pounds ’

were g iven for a single flower of a rare var iety,

“and the man ia of pu rchas ing tu l ips was equ al to the man ia of pu rchas ing lands wh ich pervades Our times . The Hyacin th had i ts dayand h as always been a qu iet family favorite . The Rose

,the charm.

Ing ,vol uptuous fragran t rose , claimed the sceptre , and governed“for a

t ime,the idol ized queen of every bosom. A monarch of so much

grace and lovel iness it was found diflicu l t to depose, and thou sands

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SE LECTIONS .

Is to them comple tely closed ; a sense , wh ich to others i s the source

of mu ch p leasu re,is den ied“ them ; the l ight of beau ty rad iating from

each b lossom,is shu t out from the ir m inds for

,though the form and

substance Of creation be admi t ted , i ts sou l - its expression , never

reaches them .

Su ch cla im to be our matte-r- of- fact'

men u ti l itar ians— the mos tu sefu l members of soc i ety ; they be l ieve that they have great du ties-to d isch arg e , and h ave no t ime

“

t o spare to examIne matters of

sma l l momen t;i

F lowers , the y adm i t, are p retty th ing s , fitted to pleasethe id le pretty t hings , indeed , but mere toys for the young and to

n1an tie— they,forsooth , have occupations of more importance than

tomu l t iply and increase su ch trifles ; and from the ir em inence they'

look down w i th con temp t updn thegrown - up man who wastes h is ~

v alu able t ime in the cu l tivation of these ins ign ificant objec ts .

They forget th at . th is world i s not a mere matter- Of- fact w or ld ;they over look the truth that the Dei ty

,in prov id ing fru i t and gram ,

h as not been unmindfu—l of the b lossoms and the fol iage .

"He stayednot h is hand at

'

mere u til i ty as regards an imal l ife ; he bounded - noth is creat ive powe r to the pr odu ction Of food and ra imen t ; he mim stered'not mere ly to the actu al w an ts of l ife , bu t cl ad the fie lds in verd an t green

,t inged the fru it w i th i ts golden h ue and added a su rpass

ing be au ty to fol i age a nd flowe r:Sha l l we eat and dr ink and forget

H is min istrat ion to ou r moral taste ?

NO one was ever in tended for a mere bu s iness man to trave l , asin a b ark -mil l

,in one du l l , dreary

"

rou nd day In and day ou t

mon th ii

n—and mon th out— year in and year ou t — to exer t everyfacu l ty

,in th e bu s iness of l ife . Men ~ are , not created a s mach ines ,

forthe produ ction of a requ ired - amount Of u sefu l-

commod ity . Theyh ave more to do

,than to earn the ir bread

,and to eat i t ; more to ac

compl ish , th an to str ive for a high stat ion , and to fi l l ii. Man h as amoral natu re

'

to be strengthened and ed ucated he has a susceptib il i tyofsou l to be tou ched and excited and al l th is i s most qu ick ly and ea?

s i ly accompl ished , by an atten t ion and constan t reference to the WorksOf Him w ho h as left , wherever h is hands have wrought , the marksand types of those attribu tes

,whi ch warm and pu rify and exal t the

hear t . 7-W i thou t thismoral cu l tu re

,man 18 an an imal on ly

,- as unl ike

the be ing he shou ld be , ‘as th e mere gra in of wheat

,fi tted to su sta in

l ife,is un l ike the wav ing corn , in al l i ts r ichness and love l iness, as itcovers the mou nta in s ide .

W hy i s it, that those who en ter upon the examinat ion of the works

S ELECT IONS . 4 15

of nature , in any of her varIOus chan ne ls an d departments, becomeso en thu s iast ic in the research ? Why does the ir ardor constan tlyand regu l ar l y increase w ith the i nc rease of the i r knowledge ? R eadthe l ives of em inen t n atu ral ists , look to the z eal man ifested arou nd

y ou by al l who h ave en tered into suCh stud ie s . It does not ar ise frommere increase of in te l lectual pow er , as afford ing v alu able resu l ts tosoc ie ty ; for d uty here i s often d isch arged from a sense of du ty , w i thou t any ardor Of feel ing . I t is not the mere force of h ab i t for h abi t is morel ike the ch a in wh ich b inds one to a gi ven cou rse , than w ingsto fly w i th to objects ‘

we love . It is becau se theic i s natu ra l taste ine very man

,wh ich

,when gratified

,i s: strengthened and qu i ckened

a taste for the magn ificen t and beau t ifu l objects in . creat ion , wh ichc an never be

'

sa

‘

tiated , b u t wh ich Carr ies u s onward in our researchesan appet ite wh ich grows w i th th at i t feeds u pon .

It matters no t wh at depar tmen t of n ature we explore i t mattersnot whet he r we examine the ear th , look to the mons ter of the deep ,or seek the shel l s of the beach ; whe ther we look to the an imal l ifeor the vege tative process . The heavy mammoth , the insect float ingi n the ai r

,the rugged mou n ta in , the br ight

,

crystal of i ts bosom,the

lofty tree , and the Simp le flower a t i ts feet, afford the same resu l t ;they e ach read to u s the same lesson .

r

I-

‘he path s open before us are

numerou s,ye t they al l lead to the presence Of a God

,su sta in ing and

beau tify ing the cre ation he h as formed ; and the flor ist In thepath hehas chosen

,w i ll find at e ach step of h is progress

,d istinct traces of

the goodness of God,in thu s prov id ing so bou n t ifu l ly for the taste he

has imp arted for no t a flower expand s i tse lf, not a b lossom open s i tsleaves :b u t speak to h im in l angu age , wh i ch , if atten ded to , w i l l makeh im a -be tter and

_

h appier man . P or tsmou th P aper .

A In a late Paris Jou rn al i s found the follow ing accou n t Of a new manufactu re , w h ich h as al ready a cqu ired a

“

cons iderable su ccess and premises to be of“

great Impor tance .

On the borders Of the streams and In the v al leys of New Zeal and,

there grow s a plant wh ich resemb les at th e same t ime th e corn flagand the aloes

‘

. This p l an t , to wh ich n atu ral ists h ave given the“ n ame

Of P h o‘

rmium tenace,is the hemp of ‘

the nat ives . T h ey'

b réak i t w ith

l arge mu scle she l ls , and then separate w ith the ir n a i ls the hemp fromthe flax. They w eave i t afterward in to a sortJ of net , l ike l ace , wh ichthey ble ach in the dew .

‘

The beau ty or th is fabr i c has aston i shedn av igators . Cook

,Foster

,and Dumon t d ’

Urvil le have spoken of i t .

SELECTIONS .

Messrs . Lisson and Richard descr ibed i t in‘

the ir b otan ical workfonAustral ia . S ince 1827,several Eng l ish merchan ts h ave attemptedto make u se of th is p lan t ; cap i tal , mechan ical . power

,noth ing was

spared Bu t they d id not su cceed in r idding i t of the resmous gumW h ich it d ist il s , and soften ing i t enough for weav ing An i ngen iou scou n tryman Ofou r own ,

M . L ienard,has j ust regu l ated and brought to

perfect ion the attemp ts whi ch so far had rema ined stationary amongthe Eng l ish . He . h as establ ished at Pent R emy a manufactory of

the P hormz’

um tenax. The cloth s that Were shown at the pu b l i c expos it ion appeared to u s as beautifu l

,b u t more su bstan t ial , more p l ia

b le,and l igh ter

'

th an l inen‘

cloth . They seemed to be appropr iate forsai l s and for the covermg of carr iages . Amateurs have made and

renewed demands for it.(

Oneof the great properties of the Phorm i um IS

, that i t .can rema in u nder water five,s ix or seven months

w ithou t be ing inju red . Numerou s exper imen ts- on ropes and cablesle ave nol doub t in th is respect . The factory of -M . L ienard , s itu atedat Pon t R emy

,employs more than na thou sand workmen . Before

many mon th s we are assu red that the great increase of this fabr i cw i l l cause the number to amount to th ree thou sand . Beforebe ingbrough t to the weav ing state th is pl an t goes th rough seven operat ions ,wh ich are so l ittle costly that al l in cl uded , even to the comb ing , doesnot amoun t to s ix francs the qu in tal We repeat that th i s fact 18 veryimpor tan t . At the momen t w hen the cloth manufactu re h as fal lenin France , ‘

when we cannot in any market ma in ta in a r iv alsh ip wi thEngl and

,Hol land and Be lg ium

,here is a fabr i c

,wh ich can and

ought to take - the p lace of co tton . Th is is perhaps a great sou rce ofweal th to come into France . Marshal C l au se l has introdu ced thecu l tu re of the l rmz

'

um in to A lg l ers . The governmen t w i l l understand the economy of itsu se in the Navy . In Engl and , Where asye t they on l y make cab les of the P hormium

,i t i s preferred to any

o ther k ind of cable . But shal l th is manufactu re be left to a caprrceof r ival ship ? Cannot Engl and shu t up

‘

New Zealand from 1is ? Wi l lnot

,

the S tate protect a French establ ishmen t on th is isl and ?

A PLA'

NT P OSSESS l NG THE PROPERTIES OF SPONTANEOUS COM

BUST ION . A very ) interestmg paper was recen tly read by Mr Mor

n ay,bef0 1 e theLondon

'L innean Socie ty

,descr ib ing a shru b wh ich

grows on the r ivers of Brazil , and wh ich is cal led the Euphorb iaPhosphorescens Where th is Euphorb ia forms l arge en tang led , impenatt able masses, covering perhaps , a qu arter of an acre of ground , and

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NATURAL ORDER FUNG I .

The fig tree in trop ical cl imates h asa'

constant success ion Ofcrops .InGeorgia , i t y ields three c rops , and in New Engl and , in good seasons, it w ill produ ce two . When the figs are half, or two- th ird s grown ,they cease grow ing and present every . appearance of not coming to

matu r ity . To facil i tate the ir r ipen ing a d rop of ol ive oil is pu t uponthe ir blossom ends

,which

,[ in e ight or ten day s , produces an extraord i

nary effect. In th is time they'

ob tain the ir fu l l s ize , assume a l i vercolor , and in. de l i cacy of

'

flavor as mu ch exceed preserved figs as freshpeaches do those that are d r ied in the common man ner . S i lk Cu l

tur ist.

Art'

r V.— D etcr ip ti

‘

ou, P roper ties and Uses of some Species of

P lanta in'

the'

Natural Order Fuhg i .’

T in s order includes P lan ts in the lowest,stat ion of vege tab le exis

tence,some o f wh ich are eatable , others, are a deadly p0 1soi1, some

are'

med icinal, l and the species Amanita musear ia p roduces intox i ca

t ion. They grow w i th a degree ofr apid ity unknown in other p l an ts ,acqu ir ing the

’volume of many inches in the space of a n ight , and arefrequen tly meteor ic , that is, spr ing up after storms , or on ly l n -

particue

l ar states of the atmosphe re . The Mushroom,Ag aricus campest r is .

is highly esteemed by many , and u sed in a var ie ty ofways . The

sauce known by the n ame of Ketchup is made from i ts ju ice,w i th

the add it ions of sal t and sp ices . They are also eaten fresh wh enfried

, ,stewed or bo i led ; or as a p ick le . As there h ave fatal acciden tsoccu rred

,by u s ing th rough m istake

,those species possess ing delete

rions qu al i t ies , i t i s importan t that those who gather and use them,

shou ld be enabled to d ist ingu ish the true Mu shroom from\1the spu r i

ou s . It is . thu s descr ibed , f‘The g i l ls are loose , ofa pinky red, cha n

ging to l iver color , in contact b ut -not un1ted w i th the stem ; very thickset

,some forked next to the stem ,

some next the edge of the cap,

some at both ends , and general ly in that case exclud ing the intermed iate smal ler g il l s . Cap s , wh ite chang ing to brown , when old , andbecoming scu rfy , fleshy

,and regu l arly convex , bu t wi th age flat

,and

l iqu ify ing in decay flesh -wh ite d iameter common ly from one inchto three or somet imes fou r or more . S tem

"

. sol id ,'one to three 1nches

h igh,and almost half an inch in d iameter .”

To depend upon those gathered in the field 15 rather u ncerta i n , and

it is said that the ir flavor 18 not so good as those cu l t ivated in garden s .

NAT URAL ORDE R FUNG I . 19

As the spawn is eas il y obta ined , and the ir cu l t ivat ion not d ifficu l t , wewou ld recommend to those who are part icu larly fond of the [Mushroomto tu rn their atten t ion to the su bject .

If the Mush room be left for a t ime on a p l ate ofglass , a powderw il l be found depos i ted of a wh iti sh ,

co lor , wh ich i s the spore,or or

ganic germs . That these are capable ofgerminat ion , l ike the prol ificspore of the Ferns

,is ev iden t to those cu lt iv ators who now form ar

t ificial Mu shroom beds by strew ing . the decayed pl an ts on ,prepared

banks of manu re .

”

To ascerta inwhether what appears to be Mush rooms are so o r

not,a l i ttle sal t shou ld be spr ink led on the i nner or sponge part if

in a short time afterwards they tu rn ye l low,they are the po i sonou s

k ind offungus ; b ut if bl ack, they may be considered genu ine Mu shrooms . They shou ld never be eaten W i thou t th is test

,as

“the bestjudges may be occas ional ly dece ived .

”

The fol low ing exce l len t commun ication on the Mu sh room we findin the 8th vol . Of'the N . E Farmer , page 254 , whi ch , as i t seemsappropr iate , and may noth ave been read or perhaps forgotten bymos t ofou r re aders

,we give it entire .

MUSHROOMS .

Mn FES S ENDEN,I. am not aware that. much atten tion has b een

d evoted to the cu l tivat ion of the vegetable named“ at the head of t h i s

article , al though some attempts have been made in one or more of

the Sou thern S tates,b ut w ith what success I am not informed

The mode of co'nstructing beds , the col lection Of spawn , or . ,or ig i

'nating

/

it,

- and of propagatingfrom i t a re. descr ib ed wi th much partieu larify by - Loudon

,in h is En cycloped i a Of in Fessen

d en ’ s New Ame r i can Gardener, as we l l'

as by McMahon, in h is trea~

t i se upon the same subje ct .“

It was my in ten t-ion to h ave transc r ibed from these . works,some of

the’

directions in re lation .to the cu l tu re Of the Mushroom,

,for the bene

’

fit of those who might b e d isposed to attempt it .But to do justice to the subject

,and to pl ace before your readers

)

al lthe d irections needful to a complete: u nderstand ing of the manner ofprepar ing the material s

,t o the format ion and spav

‘

vning zof the beds ,

or of or ig inating the spaw n , I .find wou ld occupy ing»

.much time . and

labor'

that may be d ispensed wi th , and y ou can make . su ch se lect ionsfrom these works as y ou may deem r equ isi te , and thereby confer apart icu lar favor u pon the pub l ic a t large , and the wr i ter in particular .

'

My'

at'

tention has recen tly been d irected to th is ,su bject by, a h ighly

420 NATURAL ORDER FU’

NGi .

respectab le and'

accompl ished amateu r Hort icul tur ist,whose cu l t iva

ted taste ‘

whose affluent c ircumstances afford h im themeans Ofextend ing Horticu l tu re . In a l etter rece ived by h im b e t e

marks, There is one produ ction of the Garden,

"

w h ich i s mu ch,I

“

may say , whol ly neglected here, (New York , ) and I hOpe y ou havesucce ssfu l ly

'

attempted i t to stimu late'

u s .

' I mean the Mushroom. I

made the'

attempt th is fall , b ut I cou ld procu re no spawn that. wasgood from

'

t h enu rsery men‘h ere,and the p r ivate gardens are desti tute

Of i t . The same d isappoin tmen t I met w i th in Phil adelph ia . Thisluxury has become very common in Eu rope

,and arecommendatioh in

theNewEngland Farmer , as on a l l occas ions,wou ld be '

wel l rece ivedhere ”

Mushroomsmay be produ ced w ithou t pl an t ing the spawn ,~or, as i tis termed , w i th ou t spawn ing the - beds .The Pres iden t ofthe Massachu setts Hort icu l tural Society cau sed a

b ed tobe prepared and p lan ted w ith asparagu s roots . It was com

posed ofhorse manu re , that had l a in two or three years.

in heaps,the

bed'

was made as such u sual l y'

are'for such a pu rpose . One s ingle

shoot of asparagu s on ly appeared to rew ard h is'

labor,b u t in the au

tumu the w ho le surface of the bed was covered with mushrooms , andthe supply

-

was abundan t - for'

the whole season .

The me thod recommended by Lou don'

,.for ‘ ra ising th i s vegetable

w i thou t p l an ting the spawn,is more simp le th an i s

'

th e preparat ionof the

'

bed for the'

ra is ing'

of the a sparagu s . He observes , “ after'

h aving‘

l aid a floor upon the su rface of the ground,

. of‘ chip ‘s

,grave l or brick b ats , so as to keep the grou nd qu ite dry and

‘

fre e from under damp , lay a cou rse of horse d ropp ings , new from thestable

,s ix inches th ick . The y mu st not be broken

,and the dr ier

they are the be tter . They may be co l lected every day if you r stabled oe s not fu rn ish enough at once to comple te the .first l ayer Of the

a bove thickness . But they mu st not be al lowed to ferment or heat .The bed shou ld be exposed to the a ir as mu ch as poss ible wh ile making up, b ut carefu l l y defended from wet iffout of doors , or i t may bei n a cel lar or under a shed.

-When t h e first cou rse is qu ite dry , andsupposed to be past a state of fermen tation , cover i t with two inchesof l ight d ry e arth : If sandy so mu ch the better . It is immater ialwhe ther it be r ich or not , the on ly . u se of the earth

rbe ing for the

spawn to run en masse in . Then lay another cou rse of dropp ingsand e arth 'Over

'

as before , when i t h as'

fermented . Then a th ird in

l ike'mann er

,

- and the bed i s completed. It shou ld be a l i ttle rounded

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422 NATURAL ORD ER FUNG I .

Ye t stil l,these almost amorphou s masses are subject i to l ife and death ,

exper ience grow th and g ive or igin , as paren ts to a renewed progeThe escu len t More l in the genu s Phal lus

,is also an

' article of

food , sa id to be found in th e__sh ady forests of Pennsylvan ia , and on

the banks of the M iss is s ippi and Missou r i .In descr ib ing the properties Of, the n atu ral order F ungi , ,

Dr L indleyremarks , It is ne cessary to e xercise the u tmost care .ia emp loyingFungi , the natu re of wh ich is not perfectly ascer ta ined , t in

,_cou se

quence of the resemblance of po isonou s and wholesome species , an dthe d readfu l . effects that have fol lowed the i r incautiou s u se . It i strue tha t many k inds are named by Pal l as

,as be ing common ly u sed

by the Russ ians,wh ich are plent ifu l

-

“

in cou n tr ies W here they are not

e mployed for food ; b u t, in the fi rst pl ace , i t is not perhaps q'

u i te'

cer~

ta in that po isonou s and" tvholesome species are not. confou nded underthe same n ame ; m the next p lace, cl imate may make a d ifferenceand lastly , much depends upon the mode inwh ich they are

'cooked .

Upon th is subject De l ile '

ob se rves,that i t was ascer tained by Paulet,

in 1776 , that sal t and v inegar removed every de leter ious pr inc iplefrom that most po isonou s p lan t the Agar icus bu lbosu s that. it is theu n iversal practice in R u ss i a to sal t the Fung i , and that th is may be'

the cause p f the i r h armlessne'

ss,j ust as the p ick l ing ‘and subsequen t

Wash ingof the poisonou s Agar i c of the Ol ive rende rs it eatabl e i n

the Cevennes ; b u t tha t neverthe less it is mu ch w i ser to'

run no r iskw i th u nknown

'

F ungi , even tak ing su ch precau t ions ; a remark to

w h ich he was led by the l amen tab le death of a French Officer and h isw ife

,in consequence . Of breakfast

’

ing Off some‘

poisOnOii s Agarics‘

,

which w ere never the less e aten by other persons in the same hOusew i th impun i ty . It was probable that in that case a d ifference , in thecook ing was the cause of the d ifference in ‘

the effect of the Fung ib u t it

'

was asuffi cien t ground for d istru st ing al l Fungi excepting the,

cu l t iv ated ones .SO strongly d id the Professor L . C . Richard fee l the pru dence of

th is,that al though no one was better acqua in ted wi th the d istinct ion s

of. F ungi , he wou ld never eat any e xcep t su ch as h ad“

b een raised ingardens in mu shroom beds. One of the most po isonou s of our Fung ii s the Amam

’

ta mu scar ia,so cal led from the power of k il l ing fl ies

when steeped in mi lk . E ven thi s is eaten in Kamséhatka,w i th no

o t her than in tox icatingeffects

,accord ing to the follow ing accoun t by

Dr Langsdorff, as trans lated b y Dr Grev i l le , from whom I borrow it .Thi s variety of, Amdnita muscarza 18 u sed by the inhab i tan ts of

NATURAL oa r-

1 1511 FUNG I . '23

the northeastern parts Of As i a in the same manne r as w ine,brandy

,

arrack ; Op i-

u‘

m ,&c .

' is by other n at ions . Those Fungi ,are found

most'

pl entifu l ly abou tW isch na,Kamsch atka and W i lkowa Derecona,

and are ivery abundan t in some seasons,and scarce in others . They

are col lected in. the hottest month s,and h ung

’

up by a str ing in theair to dry some d ry of themse lves on the grou nd ; and a re said to befar more n arcoti c than. those art ificial ly p r eserved . Smal l 'deep colored spec imens

,th ick ly covered w i th war-ts

,are also said to be more

powerfu l than those of a l arger s i ze and paler color . The u su almode of tak ing the F ungus is , to rol l i t up l ike a bol us , and swal lowi t w i thou t ch ewmg , wh ich. th e Kamsch a—tkadales 'say

,wou ld d isorder

the s tomach .

‘ I t is some t imes eaten fresh i n soups and sau ces,and

then loses mu ch Of its in tox ic at ing property wh en steeped in t heju ice of the berr ies ofVaccim

'

um u lz'

gu inosum,i ts effects are those of

strong w ine . One l arge or two"

smal l Fung i is a common dose to

produce a p leasan t in tox icat ion for a whole day , part icu larl y if w aterhe d rank after - it

,wh ich augmen ts the The de

s ired effect come s ou from one to two hou rs after tak ing the Fungu s .Gidd iness and drunkenness resu l t in the same manner as from -w ineor spi ri ts ; cheerfu l emotions of the mind are first prod uced ; th e .

cou n tenance becomes flushed involun tary words and actions fol low,

and some times at least an en tire loss of consciou sness .It renders some remarkably active , and proves h ighly st imu lan t to

mu scu lar exertion : by too l arge a dose , v iolen t spasmod i c effects areproduced . SO very exc iting to many ind iv iduals , i s th is Fungus , thatthe effects are very lud icrou s . If a pe rson under i ts infliu-e nce

, W ishes to ' step over a straw or Sma l l st ick , he takes a str ide or jumps sufficien t to clear the trunk Ofa tree ; a talkat ive person cannot keepsi lence or secre ts ; and one fond Of

'

mu s1c i s p erpe tual ly s ing ing .

Of paras i tical Fungi ,“ the

_most, . important are those w h ich are

cal led d ry rot ; such as polyporu s ,destructor . Mer‘

ul iu s l acrymand vastator

,&c. w h ich are the pest of wooden constru ctions ; next

to these come the b l igh t i n com, occas ioned by Puccin ia graminis ,

the smut and ergot , if they are real ly anyth ing mo 1e than the d ise asedand d isorgan i zed t issue Of the pl an ts effected the resu l t

,wh ich 13

ow ing to the ravages Of ‘

fEcid iums ; and final ly in. thi s class i s to b eincluded w hat w e - cal l m i ldew

,.minu te

,s imp le, art i cu l ated Mucors ,

Mucedos,and Byssi. The genu s Rh izomorph a, w hich vege tates

'

in

d ark m ines far from the l igh t ofd ay i s remarkab le for i ts pho'

spho’re s

centpropert ies . In the coal mines near Dresden , the spec ies are de

1124 MANAGE MENT OF PLANTS .

scribed as g ivi ng these p laces the a ir Of '

an enchan ted castle ; th eroofs“

,wa -md p i l lars are ent irely - cove red wi th them,

the ir beau tifu ll ight almost dazz l ing the eye . T he

'

l ight is fou nd to increase w ith th etemperature of the m ines . It is -

amo st. remark able c ircumstance,and

One Which d eserves parti cu l ar inquiry,that the growth { of .miun-u te

Fungi, which cons titutefwh at is cal led mou ldiness , is‘ effectu al ly pre

v‘en ted by any k ind of’ perfume . It i s known that .books i w il l . not be :

come in-Ou ldy'

in . the ne ighborhood -OfR uss ia leather,nor any sub

stan ce if pl aced—

With in the influence of some essent ial 'Oil .” 4

It is supposed by some,that th is n atu ral o rder forms '

a

'

connect ingl ink w ith th e m ineral k ingdom b u t we l see a d ist inct l ine . of dema rcation

,as the respect ive par ti cles of the m ineral or ina n imate kin-

g

dom have no l imi ted t ie Of ex istence,and rema in u nal terable and v

inert,be ing alone su bject to the law s of ch emi cal re lation , ’

whereas,

theFung i a re produ ced fi om the spore Or seed

,and exper ience grow th

and are sub ject to decay and death l ike al l other vegetab les . In a fut u ren umber w e may g ive some fu rthe r d irections for the cu l tivat ion Of

Mush rooms, in ' the mean time ‘

we hope to he ar from some of'

our'cor

“

respondents and fr iends,:wh at progress h as been m-ad-e

‘

in the i r cu ltu

‘re inth is V i c i n i ty .

ART . VI. On th e“Manag ement of th e P lants, b elonging to th e

Genus Ci tru s , in the Garden of - Edward Mi l ler l l’l undy , Esq.

BY MR R I CHARD AYR E S .

MY green hou se is forty nine feet long , and seven teen feet w idea gl azed sashed roof

,slop ing to the -

;sou th the back and s ide s areso l id w al ls ; the fron t i s n ine fee t and a h alf high , and has s ix gl azed

fold ing doors , the in terv al s between wh ich are . fi l led w ith fixed gl azedsashes

.The floor 18 a stone pavement , and the hou se 15 w armed by a

flue bu il t on arches , and carr ied u nder “ the pavemen t near to the fron t

glasls , th ehe ated a ir be ing adm itted intothe hou se th rough vent ila

tors from a narrow a ir ch amber adjoin ing to the flue . The back w al l

on th e i nside , is 'e ighteen feet h igh, and that , as w el l as th e s ides'

Of

the house,are covered w ith

”

atre l l is,the Openings Of ‘

wh ich are s ix

inches 'Adjoin ing the. back w al l , a t even d istances from e ach

other , are s ixh oles in the pavement , each two feet squ are in these

are grow ing trees .in the .fol lo'

w ing order z'

I , a Lemon 2,

1 a Ch ina

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426 MANAGEMENT‘

OF PLANTS .

fastened to‘them

, the others are tied to stakes p l aced irregu l arly ind ifferen t parts of the b order

,b ut ch iefly at the back ; by these means

the branches are spread’ even ly over th e whole exten t of the border,are

’i

we l l exposed to the sun and l ight,

'

and also produ ce a beau tifu l effect, whether i n blossom or i n fru i t

,the stakes hav ing more the ap

pearance Of supports than of be ing pl aced for the pu rpose of fastening the branches to them. The trees in the fron t border are tra inedflat on a hor izon ta l trel l is in the manner of peach trees in a house ,the trel l is rbe ing two fee t from the grou nd . The borders both in

i

the

greenhou se and conservatory were fil led,a t the time the fru it trees

were pl an ted,w i th a

'

compOst made - as fol low sito twe l ve barrows fu l l

of strong turf loam,s ix Of good rotten dung - and th ree of vegetable

mou ld were added ; these were properl y incorporated s ix mon th s previous to be ingu sed , and then pu t into the borders . After I had pl an ted both the hou se

,h avmg a few old trees in tubs and pots whi ch were

no t in good heal th,I was induced to try on them the effect of a r ich

e r compost,and I al so appl ied to them water ings of a compounded

l iqu id m anu re. These s ick l y trees were restored to good heal th intwe lve month s

,and as they made fine fru i tfu l wood

,I was so sat isfied

of the advan tage ofmy new compost and o f the compos i t ion w ater,

that I determined in futt1re to u se them w i th al l'

m y'

oth er pl an ts , wh ether in the borders or in tubsand pots . ‘

I h ave appl ied , th em j n the

manner hereafter detai led,and the beneficial effects resu l ting from

the ir u se have exceeded my expectations , not on ly inthe v igor and

richness Of the wood and fol iage , b ut in the abu ndance , s i ze and flavor Of the “

fru it .Th e compost is formed often parts (a wheelbarrow ful l is my u su a l

integral qu an t ity ) Of strong tu rf loam,seven Of p igeon ’s d ilag"

,seven

Of garbageeither from the dog- kenne l or bu tcher’ s yard,seven Of

sheep’s dung,seven of good . rotten horse

-

dung , and ten ofold vege table moul d ; they mu st be m ixed together twelve (mon th s prev iou s tou se

,that t ime be ing necessary to br ing the ingred ien ts into a prope r

state ofpu l verization . The compos i t ion water is prepared as fol lows ;three whee l barrows ful l of cow du ng fresh from a pasture field

,two

wheel barrows fu l l of fresh sheep ’s d ung , and two pecks Of qu ick l imeare th rown into one h-Ogsh ead Of soft water ; the mixtu re is frequentlyst irred foi ‘ a week or ten d ay s before i t is u sed , and when app l ied to

the pl an ts, ough t'

tor be abou t the - consi stence Ofc ream. Prev iou s to

descr ib ing my method Of cu l tivating the pl ants, I cannot avoid Ob serv ing that in theu sual managemen t Of Oranges and other trees of the

MANAGEMENT~

OF PLANTS . 427

s ame desc r ipt ion in greenhou ses , however fine the p lan ts,they on ly

se rve the purpose of orn amen t , and areOtherw ise u seless , never p roducing any frui t fi t for the table . The fa i lu re ar ises from the commonpractice w i th most gardeners of tak ing these i trees Oht Of the greenhou se when they put o u t the common greenhou se p l an ts for the summer months whereas

,the proper cou rse wh ich they ought to fol low ,

is to keep them in the house through.

the whole season , and to ava i lthemsel ves of the removal of the other p l an ts to app ly the pecu l iartreatmen t n ecessary to b ring them into proper bear ing . From theexper ience wh ich my practi ce has g iven me , I , do not th ink thatOr ange and other s imi lar trees requ ire much w armth in the w in ter

mon ths‘

I therefore never suffer my hou se to be heated above 50 de

gree s by fi re . heat un ti l the end of Febru ary , or the beg inn ing Of

March,when

,the trees

,if in good heal th , w il l beg in to show b los

som ; the fire - heat shou ld then -b e _ increased to 55 degrees ; b ut thehou ses ough t not to be warmed

'

above 65‘ degrees at th is t ime by sun

h eat,the excess of wh ich mu st be checked by the admiss ion Of a ir ;

and indeed th e more a ir thex

tfees h ave. du ring the t ime . Of b lossoming , the more cer tain w il l be ithe c rop of fru it . My ti

‘ees are w ashed

wi th a hand syr inge about twice a"

week in the w in ter mon th s, adrant age be ing taken Of the middle of the d ay for that work in cold

’

weath

e r ; in summer they are w ashed in the morn ing,and i t i s then donee very day . Duri ng the t ime the trees are ‘ in b lossom

,they requ ire

more care in respect to water ing, I therefore then use a sy r inge witha top, the holes of wh ich are so smal l th at they w i l l not admi t a fineneed le to p ass th rough them. C lean soft w ater from the cistern inthe

,

conservatory is u sed for al l these pu rposes. As soon as the fru i tis se t I

‘

b egin to water the trees l a t the ir roots w i th the'

compos it ionw ater above descr ibed , g iv ing more or less accord ing to d iscre t ionthe trees h aving no other sor t of water 'd uring the summer mon th s ,e xcept what l ittle fal l s from the ir leaves when they are syr i nged eachmorn i ng .

In the early’ part of June the greenhou se p lants are taken ou t forthe summer , and I then begin to force the tree s ,

“ by keeping the heatin the h ou se up a s near as poss ible to for I do not cons ider thate i ther C itron

'

s,Oranges , Lemons , ~or L imes can be grown fine an d

good w i th less heat . Wh ilst the forcing is gomg on , particu lar at tent ion is paid to the water ings above descr ibed . In June I also g ivethe trees

,whether in the borders or in tub s and pots, a top d ress ing

of the rich compost before ment ioned , th is i s of the greatest advan

428 MANAGEMENT OF PLANTS .

tage in swel l ing the fru i t,and it” is done in the fol low ing manner .

The earth above the roots is moved w i th a smal l hand fork , tak ingcare not to d istu rb any part of the roots ; al l the loose earth is thenremoved clear to the roots

,and replaced w i th the compost. This op

e ration I h ave performed for the l ast s ix .years,on the trees in the

borders , and to i t I pr incipal ly attr ibu te my success in producingsu ch fine and abundan t c rops . . W i th respect to prun ing the trees , Ido not know - that regu lar d irections can be g iven forthe work , bu t Iw i l l s tate in What manner - the trees at -S hipley are treate d . Earl y inFebruary they are looked over at that t ime i t

_

i s apparen t wha t woodi s l ikely to be fru itfu l , and as a certa in qu an t ity ofOld branches areyear ly

'

cu t away I take out those wh ich seem least promis ing,and so

make room for . the younger and more produ ctive wood . If the treesafterward s grow very strong , the shoots are shortened accord ing tothe ir strength , in the same way as Peach trees are shortened . Thu sth e

'

branches pru ned are not on l y fru i tfu l , bu t they“ are rest rained to

any shape desired , for not sort ( , f fru it trees bear the kn ife more pat iently than those I am treating of. There is some n ice ty requ i redin th inn ing and a r rang ing the crop . When the fru i ts are abou t thes i ze of Green Gages, it i s proper to th in them. Two fru its shou ldnever beleft‘ toge ther

,for they wou ld ne i ther be fine nor w el l formed

the quan tity left to r ipe n must also depend on the age and strength ofthe tree . The th inn ings have no pu lp when of the size above mentiohed

,and are much esteemed by the confectioner

,mak ing exce l len t

preserves .

The frui t wh ich I exhib i ted to the Soc iety was part of the produceof 18 18 ,

wh ich was parti cu l arly great in' that year,n ineteen o f the

older trees y ie lded two hu ndred and seventy e igh t dozen of r ip'

e frui t ,be ing nearly fifteen dozen on an aver-age to each tree . This qu an tity w as thus produced the C itron tre e in the greenhou se bore e ightdozen

,e ach C itron me asu ring fromfou rteen inches and a h alf‘to s ix

teen inches and a half in c ircumferen ce ; three Ch in a Orange trees ,viz one in a greenhouse

,and two in the conserv atory

,had 60 dozen

of fru it , some of wh ich measu red th irteen inches round S ix Sev i ll eOrange trees v i z .

,one in the greenhouse , three in the conservatory ,

and two in t ubs , bore one hu ndred and forty dozen Offru i t ; sevenLemon trees , v i z .

,th ree in the conservatory , three

“

in the greenhou se ,and one in a tub , had fifty dozen Of fru i t ; and from two

“L ime trees,

wh ich were then'ih tubs , bu t wh ich are now in the border, as abovementioned , twen ty dozen of fru it were Obtained . The c rop was not

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REMARKS ON THE DAHL IA .

flowers , b ut les s , in s ize , come in for a se cond or a th ird pr ize . I

h ave seen al so, that , in the priz es of the d ifferen t cl asses , the samesort of arrangemen t has beenmade

,and W i lmot’ s S uperb , has been

placed firs t , wh ilst Spr ingfie ld R ival comes in as a fou r th , al thoughthe bloom was perfection itse lf in form and odor. In fact

,I h ave

some times concluded,that in the op1mon of some , i t mat tered not

how ugly “the flower m igh t be,even if d isfigu red w i th an eye , i t w as

s u re to ga in a pri ze if i t were bu t suffi cien tly l arge . I ven tu re to

men tion for the gu ide of those grow ing l arge flowers,the societ ies a t

Lynn,Ma idstone

,Hertford and W akefie ld . If one of the commit

tee,or the secre tary of a society wou ld take the troub le to attend the

nex t Dahl ia exh ib i t ion of the Me tropol i tan Society ,of F lor ists andAmateurs on Augu st 1 1

,or S eptember 8th

,he m igh t then h ave a

good idea of deserved ly award ing pr i z’ es . Or'

even take the ru les Ih ave before al luded to as a “cr iter ion; We shou ld not then see su chmonstrou s b roomh -ead ’ flowers

,u tterly vo id of good form,

tak ing thefirst

,or

l

any pr i ze at al l,in an exh ib i tion ! The stands wou ld no

longer be d isgraced w i th the broomhead s i ze,and more u n ique 1n

form wou ld be su bst ituted in l ieu thereof.It 1s su rpr is ing to observe th e d ifferen t constitu tions of the Dah l ia ,

some k inds produce the most perfect b looms when a lmost impoverished

,when on the other hand , if they ‘

are groWni

l uxurian-tlyfal l theb looms come w ith an eye

,or otherw ise imperfect . Whereas some

kinds_ifnot grown in fresh good so i l

,produce some h alf

.doub le blooms,and du r ing the whole season , not a good

" bloom,from the p l an t so

grown can be produced . The season and s i tuat ion,l ikewise

,h ave a

great effect upon some of the k inds , as w e l l asextens ive propagation .

T his was the case w ith the New i ck R ival last season,to the d isap

po intmen t and vexation of many , wh ich Messrs Young and Pennyso extens ively propagated

,and scarce ly a s ingle pl an t produced a

b loomtha t might be cal led good , on ly w i th the excep tion of thefi rstfew cu ttings taken off before the paren t rootWas too mu ch exhau stedand i t is to be feared some of o ur h ighly described flowers w il l d isappo in t several,merely becau se they h ave

'

been so mu ch propagated .

Persons ra ising seed l ing Dahl ias,shou ld not d ispose of them u nti l

they possess a suffi cien t qu an t ity of roots of each,so th at on ly a few

w i l l b e'

requ ired from each ind iv idual root .1

1 am persu aded if' th ismethod was adopted

,

'

our new flowers'

wou ld ‘answer more to the description g iven of them in the catalogues .The greatest al tera tion general ly takes place with seed l ings . Some

MASAACHUS ETTS HOR'I‘I CULTURAL SOC IETY .

kinds when g rown in t he seed- beds in poor so i ls appear “ very beau t ifu l , b ut, when propagated the fol low ing season and bloomed

,they

prove every thing b u t perfect an d good , and disappomt the“expecta

t ion prev iou sl y formed of them.

‘ I have seen instances where ther a iser of seed l ings

,p l ants them ou t w i th al l the care he takes w ith

h is general col lection,1n fresh r ich so i l

,doc. th ink ing

,probably

,tha t

if they proved good w ith that treatmen t, he migh t rely Upon the irappear ing so eve r afterwards— b ut in th is

,d isappo in tmen t general l y

occu rs,for when the s i tu at ion i s changed , the numbers of p lants are

d ispersed amongs t The Fancy,

” some may produ ce fine good flow~

ers,whil st others are u tterly worthless. The '

most sure way of

Judg ing of the mer i ts of a seed l ing i s,to grow i t two years in s ituaa

t ions as oppos i te to e ach other as poss ible . If th is were practisedmore general ly

,d isappoin tmen t , wh ich lead s people to th ink that

they are imposed u pon,wou ld no t be so pre v alen t , as is the case at

presen t . F lor icu ltu ra l Cabinet .

ART . VIII .-Massachusetts Horticu l tu ra l Society .

AT the Ann iversary of.

the Massachu se tts Horti cul tu ral Socie ty onS aturd ay the 24th u l t.

,the fol low ing gen tlemen were e lected offi cers

for the ensu ing year .P r esident.— EL IJAH Vosn, Dorchester .Vice P residentSA—E . Bartlett

,R oxbu ry

,Jonathan W insh ip

,Brigh

ton , S amu e l A . Shu rtleff,Boston

,John Pr ince

,Roxbu ry

.

.

Treasu r er .—;W i11iam Worth ington

,Dorchester .

Cor r esp onding S ecr etary .— R obert' T re at Pa ine

,Boston .

R ecording S ecr etary— E z ra W eston

,Jr.

,Bos ton .

Counsel lor s .- Theodore Boston

,Augirstu s

‘

iAspinwal l ,

Brookl

l ine, Thomas Brewer, Roxbury , Hen ry A Breed

,Lynn

,M . P .

S awyer , Por tland , Ma ine , Nath an ie l'

iDavenport , S alem,Thomas

Wh itmarsh , Brook l ine ,‘ J. M . Gou rgas

, Weston , Ol iver F i ske, Wor

oester, W i l l iam Pratt , Jr.

,Boston

,S amu el Jaques , Char les town

,

Joseph G. Joy , Boston , W i l l iam Kenr ick, Newton , John Lemist ,

R oxbu ry , Benj amin Rodman,New Be dford , Thos . G. Fessenden

,

Boston, Jacob Tidd , Roxbu ry , Jon ath an W inship , Br ighton,AaronD . W i l l iams , Roxbu ry, J . W . Webster

,Cambr idge

,Geo . W . Br im

mer, Boston , Dav id Haggerston, Watertown , Char les Lawrence ,

Sa lem.

n assacu USETTs HORTICULTURAL SOC IETY .

P rofessor of B otany and Veg etable P hy siolog y .- Rev. John L

R usse l l .P rofessor of E ntomolog y .

— T . W . Harr is , M . D .

P rofessor of Hor ticu ltural Ch emistry .— J . W . Webster

,M . D .

STAND ING COMM ITTE ES .

Committee on F ruflsé - Wm . Kenr ick , C hairman ,~RObert Manning

,

Benj . V . French,Edward M . R i chard s , John A . Kenr i ck

,John M .

Ives, S alem,S amue l A . Shu rtlefl

'

,S amu e l Downer

,S amue l Pond ,

P .

(B . Hovey,L . P . Grosvenor .

Committee on P roducts of Kitchen Garden—D . Chand ler,Cha ir

man,Jacob Tidd

,Nathan ie l Davenport

,A aron D .W i ll iams

,Leonard

S tone,Ru fu s Howe .

Commi ttee on F lowers , S hrubs , (Sm —Samuel walker , Chairman ,G. M . Hovey

,Joseph Breck

,S . Sweetser

,D . Haggerston ,

S amuel , R .

Johnson , M . P . W il der .Committee on the L ibrary .

~—E l ij ah Vose,Ch a irman

,Jacob B ige

low, T . W . Harr is

,Robert T . Pa ine

,J . E . Teschemacher

, s ra

Vi eston,Jr .

,Chas . M. Hovey .

Committee on Sy nony ms of F r uit .— John Lowel l, _

Chairman ,Robert Man n ing

,W i l l iam Kenrick

,S amu e l Downer .

E xecutive Committee— El ij ah Vose , Cha irman , Cheever Newhal l ,Benj am in V . French

,Joseph T . Buck ing ham,

L . P . Grosvenor .Committee on F inance.

—E l ij ah Vose,Cha irman , Benj amin V .

French,Cheever Newhal l .

Voted,Th at the thanks of the Society be presen ted to Ez ra Wes

ton,Jr.

,Esq. for h is h ighly in tere st ing and instructive Address de

l ivered before them on the ir E ighth Ann iversary , and that he berespectfu l ly requested to fu rn ish a copy thereoffor pu bl icat ion .

Voted,That MessrsWalker , Pa ine , and French be a Comrm ttee

to presen t the above vote '

to Mr Weston,and to super in tend the pub

l ication of the Address .Voted

,That the thanks of the Society be presen ted to Samuel

Walker,Esq. the Cha irman , and to the Committee ofArrangemen ts ,

for the ir acceptable serv ices in prepar ing for the Exhibi t ion on Satu rday l ast .

S aturday , Oct . 1 , 1836.

EXH IB IT ION OF FRUITS .

Pearl

s,by S amu el Ph ilbr ick , from h is Estate in Brook l ine Heath

'

cot, and Duchesse D’

Angou leme .

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MASSACHUS ETTS HORT ICULTURAL S OC IETY .

Ju l ienne,Johonnot,

‘

Fu l ton,

‘and a specimen ofPears not in eating;from S amue l Pond

,Cambr idgeport .

Semian a P lums,from S . Pond .

S huftlefl’s Seedl ing Grapes

,from S . A . Sh urtlefl

'

.

F ine Specimens (ou t door cu l tu re ) of Wh ite Chasse las and B lackHambu rg Grapes from

'

S .~R . Johnson

,Char lestown .

For the Committee,

E . M. RICHARDS .

Saturday , Oct. 22, 1836.

EXH IB IT ION OF FRUITS .

’From R . Mann ing St Gh isl ain , S au nder’ s Beu rre

,Belle

'

Luc‘

rap

tive and Capsheafpears ; fine specimens . A l so,Ital ian Prunes

,very

fine .

From E . Vose Be l le Lu crative,Secke l , Lew is , Broca

’s Bergamot,Heathcét

,and Urban iste . Pears .

From S . Downer Urban iste,Secke l

,Du chess de Angou leme ,

Passe Co lmar,Au tumn Beu rre

,Beu rre D ie]

,Fu l ton and Cumberl and

Pears,the l atter a very beau tifu l looking fru i t . Al so

,Snow Apples .

From S . Pond Fu l ton,Ju l ienne (

“

Coxe \Johonnot Pears a nd ak ind the name u nknown .

Por te r Apples from G. Parsons, Esq;P rom'l . C lapp — P l ate’s Bergamot Pears and two k inds '

ofApples.

From J . E u stis, , of Sou th Read ing

, ;York Ru sse t Apples , Bu rnetPears

,from Dr Joe l Burne t of Sou thborough

,a n at ive

,very

'

fine ,

l arge; but not so large as former years,ow ing to the u nfavorable

s eason . For the Committee,

S . POND.

ART . IX .— Exhibition of Dah lias, at New York ; by Georg e

C . Thor bu rn.

A SPLEND ID exh ib i t ion of Dah l ias t ook pl ace in the gal lery of theseed store of' Mr George C . Thorbu rn

,,New York

,on the 7th and

8th ofOctober , pr incipal ly of'

h is’

own grow ing,from roots

,many of

wh ich were imported the past season , embrac i ng some of the“

mostcho i ce new v ar ie ties , wh ich cou ld be obta ined in England , raised,

by

W idnal l ,‘

We l ls , and other celebrated Dahl ia growers . We wereh ighly grat ified in w i tness ing th is r are d ispl ay ofbeauty , and presen t

to our re aders a few notes taken at the t ime . Many fine variet ies exh ib ited are al re ady in some ofour col lections in the v ic in ity ofBoston .

Probabl y not less than 150 or 200 var ieties were on the stand . We

shal l not ice su ch as particu l arl y s truck ou r fancy , and su ch’ as wewou ld recommend to the ama teu r cu l t ivator .T u rrant

’s Inv inc ible

,

‘

a_fine

‘

_

l arge var ie ty ; very mu ch admired ;color

,sh aded salmon ; qu i te u n iqu e . B lack Aj ax : fine d ark . A

seed l ing from W idnal l , w i thou t n ame ; u n iversal ly admired ; wh i te ,w i th a fine Cherry borde r . Inwood ’s A r ie l sh aded l i l ac and wh ite ;beau t ifu l . Dougl ass

’s Glory ; extra fine

, scar le t ; cupped ' petals .M iss Wortley ; su lphu r t ipped w ith l il ac ; _

a smal l flower bu t fine .C r i ter ion fine shape ; wh ite edged , l ight pu rp le . We l l s ’ Marpessa ;v a r iousl y t in ted w i th p ink

,centre nearly wh ite

,exter ior pe tal s fine

p ink,very fu l l , one of the finest . V i l l age Ma id ; a d ifferen t flower

a l toge the r from the one of that name w i th u s,more del icateand good

sh ape . We l l s ’ P indaru s ; extra fine,pale ye l low

,edged o

’

r tippedw i th rosy red . Mrs Gen . Grosv enor ’

; .wh ite, edged w ith rose p ink ,cen tre petal s cupped

,super ior . Ju l iu s Ce sar ; fine cr imson . W il

mot’s superb fine pu rp le . We l ls ’ Queen ofS heba; fine ye l low, sa idtobe good

,b u t a bad spec imen . Widnal l ’s Venus wh ite edged w i th

rose p ink. Br ide'

of Abydos pu re wh ite,very good , b u t not equ al

to i ts recommend ation . Cedo nu l l i ; yel low ,petals marg ined w i th

b r ight ye llow,good . We l ls’ Sy l vestra l arge wh ite. Exemp lar ; oneof the finest on th e stand , wh ite t in ted w i th straw color , Cou n tess ofL iverpool s hape . Mrs W i lk inson ; finewh ite . We l l s’, Paragon ; su l

.phu r , with wh ite edge,

fi rs t rate . Ne‘

wi ck R ival ; ~

the finest rosecolor exh ib i ted

,petal cupped . W idnal l ’s Par is rosy pu rp le, cupped

pe tals . Au r an t ia perfecta ; the finest orange co lor on the stand , l a‘

rge

flower.J

Hermione ; Wh ite de l i cate ly edged w ith pu rple,fine . Wid

n al‘l ’s Salmonia ; salmon color ,'

w ith a pu rpl ish shade qu i te uniqu e .

A lba purpuriata ; whi te w ith pale pu rple edge , peta ls del i cate l y mar

gined . C icero ; fine scarletf Primeana ; ye l low ,t ipped Wi th red .

Br i t ish Queen ; good.

rose color . Corone t ; fine l arge pu rp le .Pratt’ s C l io ; buff shaded or tipped w ith pu rple , s1ngu lar. Duke ofBraganz a ; wh ite and l i lacbeau tiful ly marg ined w ith red . Brown ’ sM idas ; fine yel low . Gu ido

,white and rose

,p ink e dge

,sma l l and

fine . Ange l in a ; white edged wi th l i l ac ;l

~very fine . Metropol i tan.

Calypso ; de l i cate rose : e legan t . Jup iter,fine scarlet . Widnal l ’s

Agamemnon ; scarle t cupped petal s ; fine . We l ls’ Cassandria ; del icate rose color ; h ighly spoken of

,b u t the spec imens exh ib i ted not

436 EXH IB IT ION OF DAHLIAS .

good .

‘

I

'

Niob e ; b lush , marg ined w ith‘

red ; good . Wel l s’ lMedusa ;

wh ite w i th p ink edge ; very fine . We l ls’ D ictator ; orange scar le t ;

color. fine , bu t shows agreen cen tre . W el l s ’ Cassal ia ; w h iteshadedw i th l ilac . Pothecary ’ s Lord Ne lson white w i th pu rple edge pe tal scupped super ior . W idnal l ’s Cl io ; fine rosy .or ru by color .

’

We l l s’

Encha’

n tress ; wh ite t ipped w ith l i lac ; fine . Brown ’ s Desdemona ;Wh ite w i th rose p ink edge fine . W idnal l ’s Emperor ; pu rple str ipedw i th cr imson . C amel l ia flore albo ; fine wh ite . Hard ing ’ s Br ide ;pu re wh ite . Beau ty of Cambr idge wh ite w i th rosy pu rple edge .

There were many other beau tifu l flowers; some of wh ich , perhaps ,wou ld be cons idered - as fine as those named . The room was fau cifii lly orn amen ted w ith Dahl ias w rought in the shape of heart s , stars ,&c. a l arge globe su spended from the ce i l ing

,was covered w ith the

pe tals of Dahl ias , of d ifferen t colors , and h ad a p leasing effect. Mr

Thorbu rn has a fine col lection of pictu re s , th at l ine the wall s of thegal lery

,wh ich

,togethe r w i th h is l arge av iary con tain ing numerou s

canary and other b ird s ; g lo bes of gold fish ; v ases of art ific ial flowers and many other cu r ios i t ies

,in connex ion w i th the show of flow

e rs , gave mu ch interest to the scene and attracted crowds of admir ingspectators . It is su rpr is ing to see the end less var iations wh ich h ave .

t aken p l ace in th is beau tifu l flower s ince i t was first in trodu ced fromi ts n atural h ab i tat, the table land of Mex ico . It i s b u t a

‘

few yearss ince i t was first known among u s , and on ly a few

' var iet ies of wha t

we shou ld now cal l worth less flowers were cu l t ivated ; b ut these werecons idered m’

agnificent . Every year numerou s Old v ariet ies areth rown as ide

,to g ive p l ace to a super ior improved generation . We

have now arr ived a t the Acme of Perfection,

”Or at l east we shou ld

th ink so from the name of a new Dahl ia , figu red i n one of the”

l astEngl ish per iod icals; b u t probably th is and most ofWhat we now

cons ider so elegan t , w i l l soon be ecl ipsed by those stil l more e legant ,and we c annot se t any bou nd s to the improvemen ts which can be

made w ith th i s popu lar flowe r .

We have now al l the sh ades of red , ye l low ,pu rple

,and from

,pu re

wh ite to almost black b u t as ye t we have seen none that approaches;to a blue . We have seen the figu re of a b lu e and v iole t colored '

Dahli a in anEngl ish w ork,b u t dou bt its ex istence . M . Decandol le

observes,th at i t may be inferred w ith a degree of probab il i ty—ap

proach ing to certa inty , that no blu e v ar ie ty of Dahl ia wil l e ver befou nd , because blue

'

and y el low be ing the pr imitive colors of flowers,and alway s exclu s ive of each other no blue flOwers can ch ange toye l low

,nor ye l low to blue .

” J . B .

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438 CULTURE OF THE PANSY .

and the l arger the better the edges of the pe tal s not to be fringedor u ndu l ated at al l

,b u t even and regu lar . In a flower

,shaped as .

above descr ibed,the smal l angles wh ich are seen in many pans ies

where the‘petals in tersect each other , are whol ly done away w ith ;

th e eye shou ld be rather smal l,and th e st igma to fi l l the same .

P rop ag ation . New var iet ies are read i ly obtained from seeds .Some care is necessary in col lecting the seeds , as the capsu le (seedvessel ) u ndergoes b u t l i ttle change after i t is fo,rmed

,very soon bu rst

ing . When the seeds are r ipe,however

,th e capsu le , wh ich before

was pendu lou s,now becomes erect , and in a few hou rs afterwards, if

the d ay be sunny,the seeds w i l l be d ispersed .

If the seed s be gathered any t ime from May to September, i t shou ldb e sown immed iatel y after be ing col lected

,b ut if after September i t

is better to defer the sow ing t il l SpI ing.

If the seed be sown in the Open b order,a shady . s i tu ation is the

best,the so i l not be ing so l iable to become drough ty . If in boxes

they can be pl aced in any s itu at ion des irab le . Sow the seeds in r ichl ight so i l

,le t the su rface be made fine and smooth

,cover w i th fine

s ifted soil abou t one e ighth of an in ch deep,and gen tly

,w ith a flat

b oa rd , press the soi l to the seed . Never al low the so i l to become drytil l the p l an ts are up. When the seed-l ing pl an ts are abou t an inchh igh

,they may be tran spl an ted abou t fou r inches apar t, in to.

a bed ofl igh t r i ch so i l . If the s itu ation be a l i ttle shady it w i l l be the be tterfor the pl an ts if the season be d ry

,occas ion al w ater ing Will be ne

cessary .

( The p l an ts w i l l bloom the same season if sown e arl y inthe year

,and

,if l ater

,they w il l b loom the fol low ing spring the best

w il l eas i ly remove to another s i tu at ion .

B y Cu ttings . Cu ttmgs w i l l read ily'

s trike root at any t ime fromthe first of April to the end ofS eptember

,if the cu ttings b e se lected

from you ng shoots,the old shoots at the end of summer be ing

“

hollow

,and su ch se ldom pu sh rOots . The ends of the shoots, abou t two

inches lOng , are su itable for the pu rpose , cu tt ing th rough , close u nde ra jo in t ; they shou ld be. inserted In a fine so i l of sand and loam, bewatered wel l

,an d shaded for a few days . At the end of summer i t

i s bes t to insert cu tt ings in pots or boxes,so

'

that they can be p laced‘

in a frame to be ass isted in str ik ing.

B y S l ip s or Of sets. - The plan ts w i ll Often h ave a qu an ti ty of

shoots that w i l l have struck root,these sl ips may be taken Off at any

t ime by remov ing a por tion of the so il,and cu tting the sl ips or offsets

off w i th a portionof roots to each .

GARD ENERS ’ WORK. 9

B y Lay er s . There are a few k inds wh ich I h ave found d ifficu l tto increase by cu ttings

,nor cou ld I ge t the shoots to rest when earth

ed up, in order to encou rage them to strike roots in to the so i l ; su ch ,I have l ayered the same as carn ations , us ing a fine ly s ifted so i l

,and

cover ing the incised part w ith i t I d id not need a hooked peg . This

mode i s very eas i ly done , at any time from the end of'

March to thee ar ly part Of October , and wi th certa in success .In order to h ave fine b looming p l an ts , i t is necessary to h ave a

stock ra ised every y ear . Su ch as are r aised ear ly in the presen tyear

,bloom fine from Apr i l to Ju ly

,and

‘

those raised later in th e pre“

sent’ year , bloom from J il ly to the en d of the season . One year old

p l an ts are the best b looming ones,make th e neatest patches, and look

the-

h andsomest . When mu ch older theymake l ong and s traggl ingshoots

, produ c ing smal l blossoms . Be ing so easy of propagatIOn and

cu l ture , a con tinu ance of bloom may b e secu red n ine mon th s in, aye ar .

_

I find that Pans ies grow n on the e lev ated beds,be ing d rier

th an theord inary b orders of th e garden , stand we l l th rough the severest w i ‘n ters . Those pl an ts I cu l t ivate iii the u su a l beds and borders

o f my garden , I cover the so i l close up to the pl an ts w ith some rottentanner ’ s bark

,or mu l ch y manu re from an old mu sh room bed

,to the

dep th of two or th ree inches, w h i ch fu l ly answers the pu rpose of preserv ing them from inconven ience . If th ere be conven ience

,young

p l an ts of a sort,may be potted Off at the end of

,Septemb er , and be

kept in a cool frame or_

cool greenhou se t il l March fol low i ng . I h avedone both . Cab inet.

A RT . XI . Gardeners’ Workfor November .

PRE S ERVE YOUR CABBAGE S . These vege tables w i l l bear considcrable frost , b u t c annot be taken up and prese rved too soon ,

after theI st of November . T ake them up in a d ry

'

d ay ; tu rn the i r topsdow nw ards , and suffer them

'

to remal n so for a few hou rs,to dra in off

any w ater , which may have lodged be tween th e leaves,t h en make

choice of a r idge of dry ear th in a

'

we l l she l tered w arm exposu re,

and plan t them down to the ir head s thereon,close to one ano ther

,

h av ing prev iousl y taken off some Of'

the loose h ang ing leaves Ima

med iate l y erect over them a low temporary shed of any k ind tha t w i l l

440 eAnnnNERs’WORK.

keep them perfectly free from wet,wh ich is to be open at both ends

to admit a cu rren t of ai r in m i ld dry weather . These ends are to beclosed w i th straw w hen the weathe r IS very severe . I n th is s i tu ationyour cabbages w i l l keep in 'a h igh state ofpreservat ion t il l spr ing ;for be ing kept perfectly free from we t

,as we l l as from the action of

the sun,the frost. w i l l h ave l ittle or no effect upon them. In su ch a

p l ace the heads may be cu t off as wan ted , and iffrozen soak them inspr ing , we l l or pump w ater , for a few hou rs prev iou s to the ir be ingcooked

,wh ich w i l l d issol ve the frost and extract any d isagreeab le

taste occasioned thereby .

\ The pr incipal gardener in th e Sh aker estab l ishmen t in New Lebanon

,Columb ia coun ty

,N . Y . gave the follow ing d irections for pre

serv ing cabbages in au tumn . Do not pu l l them up t ill there IS d an o

ger of the ir freezing too fast to be s tar ted . If there happens an ear l ysnow i t w il l

i

not inju re th em. When they are removed fromthe garden they shou ld b e se t ou t again in a trench dug in the bottom of acel l ar . If the cel l ar is pretty cool i t w il l be the better .”

Mr Derby,of S alem

,Mass . states h is mode of preserv ing cab b a

ges as fol low s I have selected one of the most a iry s i tu at ions on thefarm

,spread a few leaves on the g round to keep them clean

,and

p l aced them u ps ide down,close to each o ther, and shook among them

l eaves suffic ien t to cover them,le av ing part of the roo t perfectly out,

then throw on j u st enough se aweed to preven t the leaves from blow ingaw ay .

” M ass . Ag r . R ep . Vol . VI I . p . 57.

PRE SE RVE YOUR CE LERY . On the approach of up'

a

p art of the cr0 p and l ay it u nder sand for w inter u se . Those p lan tswh ich are left in

'

b eds may be covered wi th l itter to be removed inm i ld weather . In Cabbett’s Amer ican Gardener

,i t i s d irected to

preserve ce lery i n beds as fol lows : “I

Two boards a foot Wide each,

the ir edges on one s ide la id u pon the earth_of the r idge , formed in to

a roof o ver the po in t of the r idge , the u pper edge of one board go ingan inch ove r the upper edge of the other

,and the board s fastened

we l l w ith pegs,w i l l do the bu s iness completely ; for it i s no t the

frosts b u t the occas ional thaws,th at y ou h ave to fear

,and the wet

and rot wh ich they produce .

” Those cabbage and cau l iflower plan tswh ich

_ y ou mean sh al l stand th rough the w in ter in frames,shou ld

,

’

du r ing the con t inu ance of mild weather,be al l owed every advan tage

of free a ir , to inu re them by degrees to be ar cold . T ake'

the g l assesoff enti re ly in the w arm par t of the day

,bu t plaCe them on aga in at

n ight , and in wet or cold weather . If you r beets,turn ips , parsn ips ,

am. are not secu red , take them up and proceed asd irected .

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442 USE or sou s .

the seed,and to produce that system of Operat ions necessary to the

fu tu re ex isten ce of the ind iv idu al , is ma in ly observab le in the u ndueproport ion of these organs over the other and su bserv ien t . The c rop

,

e i ther of natu ral or ar tific ial grow th , bears al l the ev idences of thecond it ion of the so i l . It breathes and imb ibes a po isonou s atmos

phere . The fewand remaining essential s to i ts increase and exis

tence,are tain ted w i th the deadly and destructive preponderan t qu a l

i t ies of the s i tu ation : nor w i l l theso il bear a heal thy and v igorou s

growth , u n ti l i t i s renewed and ch anged 1 by the ord inary means of

Natu re , or by art .L igh t and mo istu re seem essential to most vege tables W i thou t

these,w ith on ly a few exceptions, no pl an ts can su rv ive . W i th these

two s imp le prov is ions,many of the

‘

most important functions , are carr ied on and completed ; A Hyacin th w i l l produ ce strong

,v igorous

fol iage,br i l l ian t and fragran t flow ers

,

'l arge and h eal thy fibres,if sup

p l ied w i th s imple water and br igh t l ight . It exh au sts i tse lf,however

,

by sou nn atu ral a situat l on and manner of deve lopemen t. S eeds w i l lvege tate on an imal , vegetable or m inera l ibod ies, if supp l ied w i th moistu re . Many p l an ts thrive in s i tu at ions scarce l y d iffer ing m an apparen t degree from the w ater cu ltivationof 'the hyacin th .

~‘

Some'

of thefinest

:

orch idezeof our own' coun try

‘are thus found in sph-

agnou s

swamps , th r iv ing as’ i t were on ly on the tvater~~absorb ed

'

b y Sphagnum

p alustrw,and other mosses .

It is ev iden t, h owever , on fu rther- cons iderat ion , th at th i s apparen tcond it ion i s not the real m ? M inu te an d high l y fnutritive i Sub stancesarecon tinual ly ;flowing i n to these sw amps ,and su ch local i t ies wheretheseaqu ati c mosses grow,

wh ich c‘on tr ibu te in a very_

great degree'

to'

th e

h eal-thy cond i tion of these p lan ts .T hu -s a lmost

‘

any pl an t not decided ly r

'

appropriate to ar id and des’s i

cated’

situations, as sandy p l ains and rocks, -may ‘be made toaecommodate themselves -to ‘ the s imple im

l

b ib it'

ion ofwater,ifthe roots“ are

prov ided wi th some s pongy body into ‘

wh'

ich to insinuate themse lves .Hence the fact that“ coarse moss‘of any k ind packed t ight in‘ a

potmay be su bst itu ted for so i l' in parlor cu l t ivation . Our exper imen tsh ave proved it a miserably poor su bst itu te . The slow tendency

'to

decay in the moss , serves to preserve the'

roots,wh ich otherw ise wou ld

rot in “so u nnatu ral a s i tu at ion . A few flowers may be prod uced ,'

b ut

they wil l not equ al those in whose produ ction good sbil has been‘em

ploy ed. Th is remark may not however apply a l toge ther to such aquat

CULTUR E on CAPE BULBS . 443

ics as Cal la E th iopica, bu t we su rmise that even th is decided ly waterp l an t

,wou ld ampl y rep

l

ay the al low ance of a stronger stimu lu s .W i th u s Mimu lu s r ivu l ar i s v ar . Smitkiz', bare l y su rvived two mon th sof su ch treatmen t . For the manner of su 'ch cu l tivation

,we refe r to

the extract on page 4 11,of November No . of th is R eg ister . We

recommend a few experimen ts of the theory to the lovers of new

things,and to the promoters offloricu ltural science .

ART . II . On the Oulture of'

Cape B u lbs .

THE Glad iol u s -

1 Ix ia Watson ia,

and ' many other bu lbou sp l an ts included under the n atu ra l orderIrid iaa, may

- b e su ccessfu l l ycu l t iv ated ih

i

theopen a ir,if p l an ted in a l igh t sandy soi l

,under

'

th e

protect ionof a w al l or fence , h av ing a sou thern aspect . Mr Swee trecommends p l an t ing them“

from five to e igh t inches' deep

,in beds

composed ofequal propor tion s of r i ch loam,peat and sand

,and in se

vere weather _ they may be covered wi th old tan or dry'

l itter, or, pro

teated by a mat ; by th is treatmen t they wi l l flower mu ch stronge rthan if grown in pots , and may be read i ly i ncre ased by ofl

'

se’

ts fromth e bu lbs

,or by seeds .

Bu lbs th at are grown in g l asses,shou ld be p l aced du r ing the mon th

of November, the glasses fi l led w i th water,wh ich w i l l require to

b e changed every th ree or

'

fou r d ay s, and the bu l bs should be p l acedin as l ight and as a iry a s i tu ation as poss ible, that

'i

th ey

i

may not b e

d rawn up we ak lyThe Amary l l idea

'

e are a beau t ifu l and interest ing . t r ibe of pl an ts ,and add gre atly to theattract ions ofthe stove and green- hou se dur ingthe w in ter and spr ingmonth s . Mr W il l iam N icol

,o'

f New ick Park ,a very succes sfu l cu l t ivatorof bu lbou s p lan ts

,h as kindly furnished us

w ith the follow ing de ta ils ofh is practiceAl though the var iet ies of the Amaryl l is are very numerou s

,the h y

b rids are in many instances to be prefer red,as they often su rpass th e

or ig inal s in beau ty , and are found to flower more freel y I have succeeded in ob tain ing beau t ifu l hybrids from the fol lowing var ie ties, bytran sferri ng the pol len from

Amaryll is ru tila to Amaryl l is Johnsoni .crocata min iata .

444 CULTURE OF C‘AP E BULBS“

.

v i ttata'

reg inaeJoh nsoni

re'

g inae .

Joh nsoni ;

v ittata .

m in iata Johnson i

equestris.

Johnsoni re ti cu l ata . .

v i ttata.

Johnsoni .

equestris .

psitta'cih a reticu lota.

Th e seed shou ld be col lected as soon as r ipe , sown in pots, and placed“

?

in a hot- bed. W hen the pl an ts have produced two leaves,. th ey shou ld”

:

be potted s ingl y intoi

th e sma l lest s i zed pots,taking care not to pot

them too deep,b u t to leave the young bu lbs on a leve l w i th the sur~

face ofthe mou ld . They shou ld be w atered,and kept shaded m the

hot- bed frame for a few d ays,and as soon as the bu lbs recede from ,

the surface,they shou ld be repotted in to l arge s ix ties

,and occas1on

al ly sh ifted. du r ing the summer, u nt i l the p lan ts are we l l . rooted in

twen tyfou r s i zed pots . By thi s treatmen t many of the you ng plan ts

wi l l flower the fol lowi ng spr i ng .

The establ ished p lants I treat in the fol low ing manner as soonas they begin to shew flower

, . I stir the su rface of the mou ld , and g iveas mu ch water . as w i l l

"

penetrate to the bettomb fth e pots . I then .

pl ace them in the stove, and w ater. them occas ional ly , as the plan ts

may requ ire . In a few day s the flower stems advance cons iderablyin he ight

,the leaves shortly after make the i r appearance and ina few

week s the p l an ts are in flow er .W hen the flowers beg in to fade , the flower stems shou ld not be cut

off,b u t be al lowed to d ie down , for if cu t wh ile 111 a green state , i t

wi l l cau se the coats of the bul bs to decay . After the leaves h ave at

tained the ir grow th , wh ich may be known by the ir droppmg down tothe s ides of the po ts , and by the .t ips of the le aves beg inn ing to tu rn

y ellow,the plan ts shou ld be repotted ,. tak ing care to d istu rb the roots :

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446 TU’

RN IP’ ROOTED CABB‘AGE'

.

ance“ It s was quarterl

edfand s tr ipped of

'

i ts th ick fibrou s rind, ; ,and

bo i led"

eu- hou r

‘

and a half and seasoned with bu tter“ and sal t . Its taste

i s s imilar . to a fine turnip, : b u t much superior . M iraMann'

though t i tresemb led .t

'

h e fi avor of the he art of a S avoy cabbage . We can confi~

de-ntl y recommend th is“ vegetable for “

1 general u se , which though -

un- r

common he re , i s wel l'

knovvn in some parts of Eu rope , and is sy nonymou s wi th Tu rn ip Cabbage , or Tu rn ip rooted Cab b ageu MTMahon

thu s descr ibes i tT he Turn ip Cabbage prod uces i ts bu lb or protuberance, wh ich

appproaches to roun dness, on th e stem above grou nd,immed iatel y

u nder the leaves I t 1s eatab le when you ng , and abou t t he s i ze . of. atolerab l y large garden‘ . turn ip . Th e bu l b -

“

or protu be rance must. ) b e

fi rst str ipped of i ts th i'

ck fib rou s r ind,and t hen i t may be t re ated and

used as_

a tu rn ip. Some ofth e ir b u l b s grow: to tWenty th -

ree i nches inc1rcumfer

‘

ence‘

,and ,We igh

‘

upwards of twel ve pou nds .‘

Th e seed smay be sown , and the p lants afterwards . tre ated,

as cabb age ,onl y

t th at in earth ing up the pl an ts , when grown . to a good size , y ou

mu st be ‘cau tiou s not to cover the g lobu la r part, whi ch is to .b e“eaten .

They are mu ch 'more hardy than tu rn ips , and in Eu rope are cu ltiva~

ted for the feed ing of cow s and sheep , as Wel l as for tab le u se irr

e i the r case they tre at them: as they do cabbages , or sow them . l iketu rn ips, and afterw ards hoe them. out to proper d istances .

”

From vol . v i i . of the N . E . Fe rmer,page 62

,we tran scr ibe . the fol

low ing accou n t Mr Cornel ius Cow ing of R oxbu ry,

-has left a tthe New E ngl and Farmer Office a root of the A rab ianKohl R ab i , orT u rmp R ooted C abbage , wh ich has a bulb , inches in - circu rn

ference .

This cu r iou s var ie ty of cabb age is a - na~t iv‘

e -

of Germany,where 1t

i s much cu l tivated . They take i t up before w inter sets i n,and pro

tee t i t l ike potatoes or tu rn ips , for w in ter use . The produ ce 1s nearlythe same as Swed ish turn ips , and the so i l th at su its the one , i s equ al

l y good for the other . It may be e i ther sown in dr il ls , or raised l n

beds,and transp lan ted l ike cabbages : in th is case the beds ,

requ ireto be

‘

m ade and sown in the pre ced ing au tumn . Two pound s ofseed w i l l prove a

'sufficrency of p l an-ts fo r one acre of ground . The

stem i s swol len l ike a bu lb,and when d ivested of the leaves , may

-

ea

s i l yv

be m istaken for one . Har-e s, are so. fond of it, that on farms wherethese an imal s abou nd , the cu l tu re ofth is pl ant is found limpracticab le .

Sir Thomas Ty rwh itt first introduced Kohl rabi from Germany .

IMPROVEMENTS m C ULT IVATION . 447

“

Messrs Gib‘bs'

& Co . seedsmen to the ' board ofAgr icu l ture,ra ised in

one y ear , one ton '

and'

a. quarter'of the seed

,and cont inu e to supp ly

th e de inands'

of the pub l ic for i t, and for al l othe r agr i cu l tu r al seedsof the best qu al i ty . 64 dr . of the

“

bulbs ofKohl rab i 'atford 105 gra in sof nutr i t ive matter .It is sometimes cal led Tu rn ip cabbage above grou nd to di st ingu ish

it from '

anoth'

er spec ies'

Wh ich'

produces i ts bu l b below the su rface,or

Tu rn ip ‘R ooted Cabbage be low ground . T he l ast ~Spec1es 15 thu s descr ibed : It

‘

has an ob long thick root‘ pretty mu ch of the formof thewinter rad ish , bu t very l arge , and is a v aluable art icle to

'

cu l t ivate forcattle ; as i t produces w i th proper care , from twe -nty five to th irty ton s

per aor e.'

It i s ex tremel y h ardy , and very se ldom inju red by frost,

'

and’

would be an " exce l lent sheep food in Apr i l,w hen

"

the frosts arenot

‘

ove'

r desper ate . I t mer i ts a tten t ion from the farmer,and i s ‘

fre

quently u sed “

for cu l inary pu rposes ,“

in th e '

same manner as the T ur

nip Cabbage . The top and sprou ts make del i c iou s ‘greens in t hespring .

”

ART. IV. Imp rovements in Cul tivation .

Th e fol low ing passages are ex tracted from an exce l len t Address" before the Midd lesex Agr icu l tu ral S ocie ty , by ALBERT H . NE LS ON of

Con cord , pub l ishe d in the N . E . Farmer of the l 6th u l t . ‘ «Most ofthe

’

remarks here quoted , appl y as w e l l to Hor ti cu l ture as to Agricu l~

tu re,1a

'

nd'

deserve a p l ace in every pub l icat1on'

wh ich has improvemen tT . G. F .

W é i may learn the pr1nc1ples bf Fa‘rming [or

'

Garde-nlngl th en, bys tudy

,

‘ and wh y in the name of comm on sense may we'

not studybooks ? Why s hou ld we be obl iged to

f

grope'

along,to stumble on in

the thi ck d arkness wh ich our ancestors exerted themse lves success»

ful ly to“

we may walk'

firml y and su re ly ,would"

We b ut

open ou r eyes . To il lu strate my mean ing . A y oungman comes in topossess ion of a farmz

composed en tirely of l ight sandy so il . H is pre ,dee

’

e ssors h av e y ear by year, - ra i s'ed " by d in t of: rriuch l abor, a smal lc rop of burn t u p h ay , a sma l l crop ofpotatoes , and a small e r crop of

s tin ted corn . Now shal l he toi l on al l h is days , p lough ing , sow ing ,and cropping the same fields in the same way , and w ith the same

448 I MPROVEMENTS m CULT IVATION .

su l ts, as d id his ancest ors ? Or

,w ou ld i t not be far better for h im to

farm a l ittle by book ’

! the natu re of calcareous and s i l ic ions so i ls

,to learn the d ifferen t effects and qu al i t ies ofmanu re , to

‘

in trodu ce the tu ru 1p - and clover cu l tu re, and a rotat ion of cr0 ps and

thu s,by the a id of

-

a l i ttle science,dou ble h is produ ce and the value

ofh is land at the same t ime ? Shal l be con tinue to cu l t ivate certa i nart icles w ithou t any regard to the ir adaptat ion to h is soi l, or sh al l hestudy the natu re ,of the so i l somewhat ? C an there be a doubt as towh at shou ld be done ? Ou r farmers work w ith the ir eyes w ide open ,I al low. They adop t improvements as fast as they are made 1n the irne ighborhood

,so that they can see them ; bu t they adopt only . when

they can see them. New modes of cu l t ivat ion , and new‘

articles ofcu l tu re

,are in th is way gradu al ly in trodu ced . But they are intre

d uced too slowl y . The -work does not go on fast enough . They do.

not keep up w i th the improvemen ts of the age . There is mu ch hes itation and dou bt

,after the t ime for hes i tat ion and dou bt has passed .

The good old way , w ith all i ts imperfectiohs, 1s adhered to in preference to a newer and better

,mere ly becau se the one i s old, and the

other new . Ou r farmers have a thorough con temp t for new th ings,and especial ly if promu lgated by a book farmer

,and in th is way lose

great advan tages. Il lu st rat ions of th is fact are abundan t . How mu chw rit ing , and argume n t , and persu as ion i t h as cost to ob ta in for themu lberry , and the mak ing of

“

s il kfthe ir presen t partial and l imi tedconfidence . How slow ly

'

has '

th e'

cu l tia ation of R uta —Baga been pro ,

gress ing and how mu ch more slow ly . th e ra is ing of lu cerne . How

h ard i t is for peop le to g ive up. keep ing a i l ittle'mountain of so i l rou nd

e ach h il l of corn : how hard to u se the rol ler and cu l t ivator : howh ard to g ive up cross plough ing ! or to

—

i l lu strate th is same fee l ing ina d ifferen t - way , i t was,

forty y earsl

afte r S p inach w as in trodu ced intothe gardens of . the Opu len t

,before i t cou ld be bough t in Boston mar

ket : and I doubt not bu t th at there are t hose presen t who now hearthe name for the fi rst t ime . Th e R hu barb was twenty years in com

ing into favor : the T omato, th e

'

b est of al l'

summer vegetables , near lyas long and the S al s ify i s now h ard ly a regu lar marke table vegetable . Wh ile the Sea Kale ofGreat Br ita in has not been able to temp ta s ing le cu l t ivator , Head Lettuce as we l l known as 1t IS , IS se ldomr a ised in the coun try

, _

and the cau l iflower more seldom stil l . But

the d isgrace of be ing slow to rece 1ve valu able nove l t l es,15 not con

fined to our‘

farmers and gardeners alone . The Med ical Facul ty of

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450 IMPROVEMENTS IN cuLT IVATron.

that to treat farming as a science,to adopt the l ate improvemen ts , or

at least many of them,ca l ls for a cons iderable ou tl ay ofmoney . Bu t

the investmen t is su re : the re tu rns mu st be enormou s for the amou n texpended and they w i l l themse lves fu rn ish the means offurther improvemen t . There are mu l t i tudes of examp les ofwhat may be donein th is way . Mr Coke ofNorfolk

,England

, fu rn ishes the most i l lustr ions instance . Some forty years ago , he inher i ted .a vast landedestate

,the increase ofwh ich w as then , $8000 per annum. Be ing an

active and inte l l igen t man,he in troduced the Tu l l ian system

,which

cons ists in a frequent rotat ion of crops, and in sow ing in dr i l ls , andin h is l ife t ime

,by the p lough and a proper su ccess ion ofpl an ts alone ,

he increased the income of h is e state to or,m other

words b e increased i ts v alue 24 t imes . Ofh im i t was'

sa id,that “

.he

d isda ined to h ide h is head bene ath a coronet .” Something l ike th i severy man may do . Ifw e have not thou sands to dou ble every fewyears

,we h ave hundreds or tens ; and the smal ler the sum,

the morethe need ofth is resu l t. The means are inevery man ’ s hands . Therei s no necromancy in the case ; no pecu l iar sk i l l is needed . D i l igen t] y u se the facu l ties God has g iven u s

,and the advan tages wh ich ou r

inst1tut10 ns secu re , and the whole is accompl ished .

We in New Engl and have al ready done mu ch . Our h il ls are roughand rocky and ster i le ; ou r w in ters are long and tempestuou s ; ourcl imate is inclement and u nfavorable b u t ou r arms have been nervou s and ou r hearts strong ,

and the rough ster i le fie lds have becomegardens. The l ines fel l in rough spots to our fathers

,b ut they have

been made very p leasan t homes . The founders ofNewEngland h add ifficu l t ies to contend against

,b u t they have been overcome . Ju st

two hundred year s ago , in 1836, a gen tleman w r i ting to England of

the so i l of th is coun try says , after five or s ix years i t grow s barrenbeyond bel ief; and

‘

wh ereas after , the l and in Engl and proves fertile

for grass , th is yields none at al l , b u t l ike the l and abou t Dunstable,

pu ts on the face ofw inter in the time of summer .” a it i“ Forthe presen t we make a shift to l ive—

I

- b u t hereafter when ou r num

bers do i ncrease , and the fertil ity of the so i l doth decrease , if Godd iscovers not means to enr ich the l and , what shal l become of u s

,I

w i l l not de term ine bu t i t is probab le w e mu st e ither d isband our

se lves,l ike beasts stra itened in the ir pastu re , and so be l iable to des

truction from t he natives (I mean the Pequods , ) or el se con t inu ing together be made the subject of some fearfu l famine and the misery

THE ROSE BUSH . 451

that accompanieth i t . How great the change ! Two hundred yearsago

,the inhabitan ts ofNew Eng land feared a famine Now

more than two and a halfmi l l ions are supported in the same country,

and the energ ies of the l and are not deve loped to the h undred th part !We apprehend no famine now : we fear not the ster i l i ty of the so ilwe war not w ith the Pequods : ou r m idn ight s lumbers are not d isturbed by the how l ings of r avenou s w i ld- beasts . Peace

,prosper ity

,

and plen ty is in our land . The l i ttle h andfu l has grown to a m ightyhost. Our efforts h ave been prospered

,and the earth h as smi led .

And now instead of fears for the issue , and prayers for su ccor , weconfiden tly an tic ipate the time when in agr i cu l ture , as in everyth ingel se

,we sha l l stand pre - eminen t before the whole world . Tru ly may

we say there has been a change ! And shal l i t stop ? or sh al l i t goon ? Shal l we rest satisfied w i th what has been done

,now

"

that ou renerg ies are j ust beg inn ing to be deve loped , and now tha t we haveinducements greater than eve r to press onw ard ? By y ou ,

Gen tlemen

, and su ch as y ou ,is the question to be solved . By d irect ing to

the ' science the same men tal power,that y ou devote to anything

e lse,and the same u nwear ied d il igence

,everyth ing des irable w i l l be

a tta ined . Tru e, we have not the great stap les , the sunny cl ime,/th e

fert ile so i l of . the sou th b u t we h ave not'

sl avery . True,w e h ave

not the lu xu r ian t pra ir ies and mighty r ivers of the West : b ut weh ave what is w an t ing in those p lace s

,the good ol d fash ioned New

Eng land hab i ts ofeconomy and indu stry . We h ave not the bless ingsof many other l ands ; bu t at the same t ime we have not the cu rsesthat are entai led upon them. We h ave every th ing that is needed toindu ce our su rpass ing al l other l ands in th i s science ; and i t restsw i th

'

y ou ,Gen tlemen , and you r

'

fe l low workers in this cause,to say

whether or not these resu l ts shal l be atta ined .

ART . V.— The Rose B ush .

Flora D omestica,or the P or tab le Flower Garden

,w ith D irections

for the Treatment of P lants in P ots ; and I l lu strations fi om th e

Works of the P oets,

” is the title of an Engl ish work in our possess ionwe l l des igned for the instruction and amu semen t of those who areconfined to the cu l tivation of plan ts in pots

,as w el l as . cu l t ivators at

THE'

ROSE BUSH .

l arge not on ly for the information i t g ives rel ative to the h is tory and

cu l tivation of the d ifferent p l ants i t treats upon , b ut also for the in

teresting or poe tical associations w i th the ir h istory .

The au thor says, “ In the be l ief that lovers of natu re are most frequen tly adm irers of beau ty 1n any form

,su ch ane cdotes or poetical

passage s are added,re latingto the p l an ts men tioned , as appeared l ike »

l y to inte‘

rest them.

”

ROSE BUSH . ROSA . ROSAOJE . (Icosand ria Pol y gnia . )French

, is roster , flowers,la rose : in has Breton , ros .

— Ital 1an ,rosa- r

j o, rosa : in Bresc ian, larrosa .

It i s not in tended to set down here a catalogu e of the variou s k ind sof Roses

,b u t to speak of a few of the most eminen t

,and particu

larly such as , are best adapted forl

th e presen t pu rpose . Unfortunate lyi t happens w i th man-

y of them as w i th some other val u able p l an ts of"

wh ich the Lau rustinu s i s one , that they w i l l“

. not thr ive wel l in the

v1c1n1ty of Lo ndon .

The S ingle “ ye l low Rose i s a nat ive of Germany , Italy and‘ theSou th of France . The Austr ian Rose 15 considered a var iety of

"

th is i t is of a su lphu r color ou ts ide,and

'

a br igh t scarlet w ith in . T he

Doub le ye l low Rose is fu l l and large , as the Provms Rose : i t is anat ive of the Levan t .Thes e k inds are pr incipal ly men t ioned for the i r var iety b eing

some of those which w i l l not grow ne ar Lon-don .

The C innamon Rose — F rench,r ose -cand le 15 one of the smal l- r

est and ear l iest of the dou ble garden roses ; i t is supposed to be namedfrom t he scen t of. theleaves , some say of th e flowers . Mr Martynsays he can d iscover noth ing in

,the scen t of e i ther , at al l resemb l ing

th at Sp i ce .

The Dog-Rose is wel l known as the blossom of the Common Br iars

,grow ing w i ld in almost every par t Of Eu rope: here cal led the

hip- tree,hep- tree

,and in Devonsh ire

,canker and canker- rose th e

n ame Of dog- rose probably a r ises fro-m‘

the h eps Or fru i t be ing eatenb y dogs , whence the Tartars cal l th e heps by a name s ign ify ing dogfru i t. In French

,these roses are ca l led ros ier s-auvag e, w i ld rose

bu sh ; rosier des haies, hedge rose'

bu sh ; r'

o'

se cle ch ien,dog rose ;

r ose cochoniere,swine rose ; eg lanti

-

er,egl an tine ; in Ital ian

,they

are cal led rosa sa lvation ; rosa canina .

Montgomery, _hud ing

’

one of these roses l ate in the mon th of Octo

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454 THE ROSE BUSH .

plan t the flowers are deeply colored,and the r ich moss iness which

su r rou nds them g ives them a luxu r ian t appearance not eas i l y described ; b ut i t is fami l iar to every one . It is a fragran t flower its

coun try is not know n to u s,and we know it on l y as a double flower .

The or igin Of i ts mossy vest has been expla ined to by a German

Th e angel of th e flow ers one day

Beneath a rose - tree s l eeping l ay

That spirit , to wh ose ch arge is givenTo b ath e y oung b uds in dews from h eavenAw aking from h is l igh t repose ,Th e ange l w h i spered to th e rose

0 fondest object of my care ,

S til l fairest fou nd wh ere al l are fair,

For th e sweet sh ade th ou’

st given to me,

A sk Wh at th ou w il t,’

tis granted th ee .

’

‘Then,

’

said th e rose,w ith deepened glow ,

On me anoth er grace b estow

Th e spirit pau sed in s il ent though t.W h at grace was th ere that flow er h ad not’

Twas b u t a moment ; o’

er the rose

A ve il of moss the ange l throws ,And rob ed in natu re ’

s simples t weed ,

Cou ld th ere a flowe r, that rose exceed

The R ed P rovm s rose is smal ler than the Common Prov ins,and

deeper colored th ere‘

is al so a B lush and a Wh ite Prov ins .The Damask rose is

.

a pale red ; i t is not very double , bu t is sweetscented and extreme ly handsome .

'

I t is a n ative of the sou th of

France : there are many v ar ieties , the Mon thly , the str iped Mon thly ,whi ch is red and blush colored , and the York and Lancaster , so cal ledbecau se i t is str iped w i th both red and wh ite . M i l ler bel ieves this

Rose to h ave been brought or ig inal ly from As ia : a sy rup is prepared

from i t .The Fr ankfort rose is ful l and handsome, b ut scen tless . This and

the Damask rose grow s abou t the same he ight as the Prov ins .The Mon thly Roses do not thr ive wel l near London , b ut are not

'

so

peremptory in this po in t as the Yel low Roses, wh ich it is sa id w i l l

not flower w i th in ten m i les of it . Of the other k inds whi ch havebeen men t ioned , the dead wood shou ld be cu t out every year , and thesu ckers taken off ; th is shou ld be

'

done in au tumn .

The R ed Rose is l arge , b u t not very doub le i t i s of a r ich c r im

son color , and particu larly fragran t . Parkinson cal ls this the Engl ish

THE ROS E BUSH . 455

Rose,becau se the first known in th is cou ntry

,and more cu l t ivated

here than elsewhere ; and becau se i t w as assumed by some of ou r

k ings as a Symbol of royal ty . There is a var iety of th is k ind w ith

white and red str ipes . This rose i s u sed for conserves,infus ions

,ho

neys,syrups , &c. and was mu ch valued

'

b y the Arab ian phys ic ians .Gerarde says

,that in Ley lande fields

,in Lancash ire

,the Garden

rose doth grow w i ld in the p loughed field s among the corn'

in suchabu ndance

,th at many bu she l s of them may be gathered there , equ al

w i th the bes t Garden roses in every respect ; bu t wh at is ye t moresu rpr is ing

,

” con t inues he,

“ is that in , one of the_

fie lds cal led Glover ’ sfield

,every year that i t is p loughed for corn

,i t w i l l be spread over w i th

roses b u t when not ploughed , then there sh al l be b ut, few roses gathered and th is he h as by the relation of a cu r iou s gen tleman theredwel l ing .

”

I g ive th is improbab le tale,says Mr Martyn

,after quoting th is

passage,

as an instance of the dependence that is to be pl aced u ponthe informat ion of cu r ious

—

g en tlemen .

” Johnson has se t i t r ight byinforming u s

,he has he ard that the roses whi ch grow in su ch p len ty

in Glover ’s field,are no other th an the Corn rose

,or Red poppy .

The Hundred - leaved Rose is a n at ive of Ch ina“

: they are verydouble

,deepl y colored

,w i th l i ttle scent . This i s a most beau tifu l

species ; the v ar iet ies are numerou s ; i t is often confounded w ith theDamask rose

,from v

'

vh ich i t is qu i te d istinct . This rose is Used inmed i c ine

,and a fire d isti l led w ater of an exqu is ite perfume

,is pre

pared from i t ; b u t the o i l or rather bu tter , that sw ims on the wate rhas no scent . The w ater wh ich is p repared from the common Dogrose

,is

_

b y many cons idered as more fragran t , than when d istil ledfrom any of the garden R oses . The le aves , too , of th is wi ld k ind areu sed as a substitu te for tea ; and the fruit when r ipe and me l lowedby the frost

,is often eaten , and thought very agreeable ; i t is a great

d el i cacy to some k ind s of b irds , to pheasan ts in par ticu lar ; i t is a lsomixed w i th sugar

,and sold u nder the n ame ofconserve of heps

,and

forms a good veh icle for many nau seous med ic ines .

The Evergreen rose is a n ative of the sou th ofEu rope : i t is wh ite,

s ingle,b ut very swee t in appear ance i t mu ch resemb les o ur Eglan

t ine . It is th is rose that y ields the fine scen ted o il cal led attar of ro

ses,which is imported from the Barbary coast,Egypt and the East

Ind ies : a few drops of th is oil ” d issol ved in sp ir i t of w ine,forms the

456 THE ROSE BUSH .

espr it de rose'

of the perfumers and the same d issolved in fineo i l

,the ir lru i le antique de rose.

The Egl an t ine , or Swee t rose , cal led by the Ital ians R osa

(Pearl Rose , ) is a nat ive of al l Eu rope , in woods , th ickets , h&c.

,ch iefly in a grave l ly so il . The var ie ties wi th doubl e flow

very elegan t shrubs .The Mu sk rose is common in every hedge in Tun is ; i t i s

smel l s strong ofmu sk,and blows in August ; there are s ing

double var iet ies . This Rose requ ires plen ty ofroom.

The Red Ch in a Rose i s semi- double i t is admi red for its fircr imson color

,and for its fragrance . It blows in successii

the year,b u t more spar ingl y in the w in ter mon th s . There IS

B lu sh,and a Pale Chin a Rose .

Lu can tel l s u s that, when Caesar was en terta ined b y Ptole rrC leopatr a

W ith w reath es ofnaid the gu ests th eir templesbind ,And b looming roses ofimmortal k ind .

”Rown

’

s LUCAN.

The White Rose is a n ative ofCh ina and most parts ofEurogrows to a he ight of mu e feet , is very fu l l ofblossoms , and extrbeau tiful

,b u t has l ittle or no smel l .

Roses in general del ight in an open free a ir, and w i l l bear th i

wel l : bu t when in pots,i t is better to place them in doors dur it

w inter , parti cu larly su ch as flower at that season . The earth 5

be always kept moderatel y mo ist .The Rose is pre - eminen tly the flower ofLove and Poetry

,thc

perfection of floral real it ies . Imag in ation may have flattered lthat her power cou ld form a more perfect beau ty ; b u t i t 1s sai lnever ye t d iscovered su ch to mortal eyes . This

,however

,she

persu ade u s to be a mere matter ofde l i cacy , and that she had t]thority ofApol lo for her secret ‘

success

No mortal ey e can reach th e flowers,

And’

tis righ t j u st, for we l l Apol lo know s ,’

Tw ou l d make th e poet qu arre l w ith th e rose .

It is however determined , that unti l the cl aims of such ve i led b e

or beau t ies , shal l rest upon the better fou nd ation , the R ose sha‘

be considered as the u nr ival led Q ueen'

ofF lowers .

I saw th e swee test flow er w i ld Nature y i e lds ,A fresh b lown Musk Rose .

”

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458 THE nos n BUSH .

Poetry is lav ish“

of roses ; i t heap’

s

'

them 1nto beds , weaves them iato crowns, tw ines them in to arbours

,forges them .

in to chains,adorns

w ith themthe goble t u sed in the fest ival s of Bacchus,p lan ts them in

the bosom ofbeau ty .— Nay , not on ly de l ights to br ing the rose i tse lf

u pon every occas ion , b ut se i zes each part icu lar beau ty it possessesas an object ofcompar1son wi th the love l iest work s of natu re ; i t tssoft as a Rose leaf; as sweet as a Rose Rosy clouds Rosy cheeks ;Rosy l ips

'

; Rosy Blushes ; Ros y dawns , &c. &c.

ABT . VI. On the Cu lture of the Tuberose.

Pol 1anth es tu berosa,

'

or common wh ite Tuberose,is a n at ive of It

al y and “

the East Ind ies , first imported .in to Great'

Britain in the year1829

,and is

'

now become a great traffic between Dutch and Engli shnu rserymen . T he gener i c n ame was g iven i t by Linnmus, takenfrom polys many , an thos a flow er

,ow ing to th e abundance of blos

soms i t produces . The specific,by W i ldenow

,taken from the roo l

cons1sting offleshy bod ies. connected by slender fibres . . It belongs tothe 6 ib cl ass and I st order . Hexand r ia (hex 6, aner a man, ormale

organ . ) Monogyn ia (monos 1 : gy ni , a woman , or female organ) of

the L inne an cl ass ification , and to the order Hemeroc'al l'ide a m th e

Jussieue'

an,or natu ra l arrangemen t ofplants . Its continen tal names

are La T u be 1e 1’

1se,Fr . Die Tuberose , Ger . ; Tub eroos , Dutch ; and

T ub eros , Swed i sh . There are two species and one var iety of th isgenu s - v i z : P . tuberos a

,P . tube rosa

' flora plen a (the subject of th e

presen t paper, and P . graci l is , or s lender- leaved Tuberose . t

In the au tumn.

prov ide a qu ant ity of compost,composed of the fo l

low ing mater ial s two whee lbarrows fu l l of l igh t maiden loam, ,one

d i tto of decomposed hot- bed dung,and a l ittle wh ite sand

,wel l chop

ped and mixed together at d ifferen t times du r ing the fol low ing:

win

ter , for the frost to ame l iorate and decompose’

it. In the. mon th-cfFebruary

,prepare the bu lbs by tak ing off a l l the loose rind

,and

i

m

pérfluous, offse ts , or side bu lbs , be ing'

carefu l not to injure the pr1nc1pal one . Then prov ide a sufli cient qu an tity ofpots (the s ize shouldbe 7 13 in . b y 6 1

- 4'

We l l. dra ined w i th broken potsherds ; they

THE nose BUSH. 459

must be fil ledwith the above compost , and we l l shaken down,b ut not

pressed wi th the hands . A l i ttle wh ite sand must be p laced inthemidd le of the top of the compost, "and the bu l b must be pressed gen tly

,

though firmly,down ‘

the sand , to w ith in a quarter of an inch of thetop ofthe bu l b . Some cu l tivators use fine ly - pounded stone

,common

l y cal led gr i t ln this cou n ty (Cheshire , ) instead of sand,which an

swers the pu rpose very ,wel l .

After the bu lbs are potted , plunge them m a strong hot- bed , wherethey mu st rema in t i l l they h ave grown to the he igh t of three or fou rinches ; they mu st be kept 'qu i te close t il l they beg in to vege tate

,when

a l i ttle a ir may be admi tted sh aded when the sun is powerful,and cor

ered up w i th mats a t n ight ; w ater mu st be suppl ied very spar inglywhile t hey are here, for the steam ar is ing from the bed answers

,in a

great measu re,the purpose of w ater. When they have grown to the

he ight above stated,take themto the stove

,al low ing them a plent ifu l

supply of a i r and water,setting them. in a p lace -where they w i l l ge t

p len ty of l ight,or they w il l beapt to d raw up we akly . A s they ad

v ance in growth,t ie them

‘

careful ly up to green st icks 6 or'7 fee t long

wel l rounded at the bottom; care must be taken'

not to tie them too

t ight,or e lse the ir stemsw il l become i l l - shapen and c rooked , and, they

wil l flower weak ly . Here le t them rema in ti l l they are in flow er,

when they mu s t be moved to the conservatory ; and when Se t amongo ther exot ics

,they w i l l

,by the ir

‘

b eau ty f add to the ga ie ty and grandeu r of the hou se,and shed around the i r fragran t odou rs , eve ry evenand mom when the hou se i s closed , sech that cannot

'

be conce ived b utb y those whosefortune i t is to grow them wel l .I h ave thu s endeavored to

’ pen down my precess in as plam andbrief a manner as possible ,’ humbl y hop ing that th ese few remark s may

prove of some u til ity to some of you r numerou s readers ; assu ringthem them th at they are not mere theoret ical op inions

,b ut the method“

d e ta ile d i s the resu l t of some years ’ experience,whi ch ind uces me to

commun icate them.

LOUD ON, in h is Encyclopaed i a of P lan ts , page255 , informs us thatit is R . A . SALtSBURY

’s op in ion , that we

'

migh t growour own bu lbsby pl an ting the “offsets in ‘

such a s i tuation as wou ld obtain for them asu ffi cient d egree of heat in summer

,

'

to bring the ir leaves ou t to the irful l magn itude , and the i r b u lbs to the i r p roper s i ze . The theory ,h e adds , Wh ich I wou ld recommend , is to keep the offsets grow ingas freely as possibl e

,from M ay to October , b ut in a comple te rest

and drought for the remainder of the ye ar .

460 THE ROSE a n.

ART . VII. On the History ofI

the P

'

olianthes Tuberose.

The fol low ing is'

an'

extract from the T r‘

ansact1ons of the LondonHorticu l tu ral Soc iety . It is a part of a v alu able paper commun icatedby R . A . SAL ISBURY

,Esq.,

The fi rst accoun t th at I find of the Tu berose, is in L’Ecluse ’s

H istory ofP lants , Where i t appears th at on the l stl

of December ,1594, he received a specimen of i t , in very bad cond i tion , fromBe rn ard Paludanus, a ph y sician

'

a t Rome , to whom it was sen t by ,

the

ce lebrated S imon de Tovar , of Sev i l le . It certain l y had not thenb een many years in Eu rope , and L inne , in h is Hor tu s Cl ifortianus,on th is head refers u s to Plumier ’s Genera P lantaram,

p . 35,who

says i t was first brought by Father M inu ti,from the East Ind ies , in to

the sen ator. Peiresc’s garden at Boisgencier , near Tou lon . It i s much

more probable , however, that i t was in troduced at an earl ier per iod ,and from Amer i ca

,for no au thor describes it aswild 1n the East In

d ies Lou re iro on ly found it cu l tivated ln the gardens ofCoch in Ch ina and Rumph says i t was u nknown 1n the island Ambo ina , til l theDu tch

”

carried i t there from Batav ia,in 1674 . On the con trary , Ka~

mel informs us , that i t was brought to the Island ofLu zone by theSpan iards

,from Mex ico and Park inson, in

'

1656, tel ls us, that thep l an ts

,wh ich he descr ibes as two species, -both grow natu ral ly in

the West Ind ies , from whence be ing brought , in to Spa in ,have from

thence been d ispersed u n to d ivers lovers ofplan ts . T he senator Pe iresc, as may be learn t from Gassend i, was on ly fourteen years ol d in1594 , when S imon de Tovar had al ready cu l t ivated it at Sev i l le , andaccord ing to R edou te

,i t was not p l an ted in his garden as Boisgen

cier,by Father Minu ti

,til l 1652

,whom th a t anthormakes

'

to ha vebrought i t from Pers ia : I on l y infer , how ever , that he travel led fromH indostan over l and . R edou te moreover asserts , th at the au thors ofF lora P eruviana fou nd i t w i ld in America, b ut in the work , itsel

“

f,

they say,cu l t ivated in . gardens . Hernandez’ ev idence however , I

think,takes away a l l doub t about thematter : he says

, provenit in

frigidis et temperatis regionib us, veteri incogn ita mu ndo, and as theAgave towh ich the Tuberose

'

18 more immed iately al l ied,is also a

native ofMex ico,I am ful ly ofop inion that i t is ind igenou s there .

The descr iption g iven by the venerab le L’Ecluse .ofh is spec1men,

halfdried , and battered by the Jou rney , with on ly the lowest flowe r of"

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462 ronns'r scanner .

never saw the .first, though he ovVns some do doubt that they are not

two plan ts several as of'

greater and lesse r , b u t that the greatness iscaused by the fert il i ty of the so il h is figu res are w-

‘

retch ed ly cop iedfrom Swertius , and by h is cal l ing i t the Ind ian knobbed Jacin th , i t

appe ars not to h ave been known h ere then by its modern name . Gas-v

per Bauh in,w ith h is u sual care lessness

,a lso takes i t up as two species

from Swertius,and even the learned R ay seems to haveknown as l i t

tle abou t i t in 1693, add ing , however , to h i s second species , the t i tle

of Tuberose .

I mee t w ith noth ing more of any consequence respecting i t , til lPh il ip M i l ler , the pr ide of e very Br i tish gardener, pu bl ished the first

ed i tion ofh is D ictionary in 1731'

He makes‘

it a d istinct genus fromthe Hyac in thu s , and descr ibes the var ie ty w i th double flowers

,novr '

so common , b u t then on ly to be seen i n M . de la Cou rt’s garden,

“

ne arLeyden

,whos e memory is most justly cons igned to infamy by our eu

thor,for destroying many

’

hundreds of the roots,r athe r than part

wi th a s ing le one to any person ; an instance ofnarrowness of m indand i l l- n atu re , he adds , too common among the lovers of gardening .

I tru st no one who be longs to th is Society w i l l ever deserve a s imi larreproach . At. th is per iod we find the roots were annu al ly imported

in to England , along w i th Orange T rees and My rtles from Genoa;and to the d irections there g iven for b lowing them so as to h ave a

su ccess ion of flowers from Ju ne to October,nothing can be adde d .

”

ART . V III . Notes on the F orest Scenery in Nor th America .

Made by Mr J ames M ’N ab

fi

iof t he B othm’

c Garden, E dinburg h ,

and Mr R . B rown,late of P er th

,dar ing a Jou rney taken for the

exp r ess purp ose of ob ser ving the Characters of Trees in their Nat

u ra l Woods .

EVERY ind iv id ual who h as been accu stomed , d ur ing h is home trav er

e ls ,to pay” any attention to the Forest scenery in h is n at ive coun try

,

mu st b e astoni shed. at the great d ifference which afore lgn l and pre-

a

sen ts .In trop i cal

.

regions ,“

the whole aspect of a cou n try is changed byth e total al teration in h ab i t , and the luxu r ian cy of the forests , eomw

pared w ith those seen in tempe rate

or NORTH 11111 1311 10 11 . 463

In North Amer ica the forest scenery is sub l ime,and upon a very

e xtens ive scale . When looked upon by the inexper ienced observe r,

it may no t seem to afford forms d ifferen t from wha t he has been ao

cu stomed to w i tness in other coun tr ies ; b ut the practica l eye mu st a tonce perce ive the wonderfu l d ifference of form w h ich the Amer icantrees . presen t .Before l and ing upon the shores at New York

,the head l ands ap

pear to the stranger from the old coun try,ofa .very d ark and d i smal

h ue,from the qu an ti ty ofp ines and redcedars (J unip erus Virg imana )

wh ich seem to be the ch ief inhab i tan ts of the so i ls around : b ut on

l and ing,the whole’ c ity and ne ighborhood seems l ike a v ast garden ,

from the number of beau tiful trees , wh ich e ither grow spon taneou sly ,or h ave been introduced in to the avenues of the city , frommore sou thern

‘

cl imes . 7

I t i s here that the observ ing stranger is firs t impressed w i th thegreat d ivers i ty ofform

,and the var ie ty offol iage fu rn ished by Amer i

can trees : b ut it is not to be expected that throughou t the coun try ,th is d ivers i ty of form is everywhere to be seen . It i s mu ch the contrary . Near“ the l arge cities none of the natural forests rema in , norcan they be expected , t il l we penetrate beyond the reach of intern a lcommun ication of r ivers and lakes for the demand of wood

,as fue l

and otherw ise,in the ne ighborhood of su ch p l aces is ve ry great .

Abou t Hoboken,in New Jersey , many very ornamen ta l fores t trees

ofgreat s i ze are seen , and frequen tly covered to . the summ i t w i th w i ldv ines . Of these the P lanta l is occidental is (bu tton - wood or fa lse sy camore . ) Lir z

'

odendron tu l ip ifera , (white wood or tu l ip tree , ) Liqu idamber sty raerzflu a , (swee t gum , ) w i th some splend id oaks , chestnu ts ,l imes , and honey locu sts , (Gled i l seh ia tr iacanthos , ) are pre- em inen t .There are al so many magn ificen t Catalpa trees (Cata lp a sy r ing i

fol ia , ) w i th a great numbe r offine old weep ing w i l lows and Lombardy pop lars .

'

These last appear to be u n iversal favor ites,for they are

every where to be seen,and are indeed a lmost the on ly exotic fores t

trees wh ich t he Amer icans th ink of pl ant ing . T h e Lombardy poplars, from the ir great abu ndance , g ive to a p lace a very cu r ious b utby no means a p icturesque appearance .

A l l over the northern parts of New Jersey,the so i l is good

,and

the vege tation very ‘

var iou s . In the Sou thern parts,however

,the

so i ls are poor, and covered ch iefly with p ines, red cedars , and scru boaks; The swampy grounds aboupd w i th white cedars , (Cnpressus

464 FOREST summ e r

thy oides , ) and around th e borders of the swamps , th e M’agnolia g len

-v

ca,Kalmia latifol ia ,

R hododendron maximum,w ith many other va

rieties of Azalea v iscosa, A ndromedas, &c.

,are seen 1n great abun

dance . .

Proceed ing from New York by steamboat up the Hudson R iver,towards A lbany , the scenery is roman t ic and var ied , both from theirregu l ar i ty of su rface

,and from the orn amen ta l nature of the trees ,

wh ich in many parts grace i ts banks . Leav ing the ci ty upon‘

our

r ight,we dash along as if on the su rface o f a lake , no ou tlet be ing

seen,from the innumerab le

'

twists and turns which the.

r iver takes .The banks , form any miles up, are covered wi th brus

’hwood,the l ar

ger trees h av ing been mostly cu t down . On the left , which is the

New Jersey s ide , the land for many mi les is very bold, hav ing she lv

ing rocks,tower ing th ree hundred fee t above the r iver

,and clothed

w i th red cedars .At Tappan S ea , twenty five mi les up , the r iver atta ins cons iderable

bread th .

’

On'

the r ight, the l and i s la id out in fie lds for the'

cu l tiva

tion ofgra in . Many apple and pear orchard s are mingled w i th t hesefields

,and produce a cu r ious effect from the trees be ing pl aced at reg

u l ar d istances,and hav ing l arge tufted rou nd tops .

Passmg West P oint,fifty mi les frOm New York

,the scenery as

sumes qu ite a H ighland appearance the h ill s are seen e levated h ighabove the wa ters

,and the ir round summits densel y studded w i th ce

dars ; two m iles fu rther'

up, the scenery is changed from a h ighlandto that ofalow l and descr iption and many cu l tivated farms are aga inseen extend ing back into .the coun try on

“ both s ides . On the mostworthless spots by the r1ve r si de , for the l as t forty m i les , red . cedarswere predominent and where so i l ex isted in any quantity , oaks Werein terspersed .

Abou t H amp ton,~

s ixty seven mi les up, we got into a great l imestone .

coun try , and the change from the dark h ue of the red cedar, to the'

fine l ive ly green ofthe Arborv i tae, ( Th uj a occidenta l is

, ) is at once th emust str ik ing. These trees are self- sown over the su rface of the rocksand along the water edge ; in general they are finely shaped py ram ida l spec imens, varying from one to twen ty fee t in he ight .At Poughkeeps ie , stil l further up on the r ight, a d ifference beg ins

to shew i tse lf,the ground

,be ing new ornamen ted w i th a few exoti c

trees,or m ixed w ith ind igenou s ones

,are seen the . Hunti-ngdon and

weepmg wil lows , with Lombardy , poplars ; al l much‘

pl an ted by the

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465 NEW,AND Rene Peri-Nee.

th e forests presented the . same appear ance as they diid=

where"

we fi rsten tered upon the Lake

,with the add i t ion of the AB-ies ba lsamea

, (or‘

Ba lm of Gileadfir , ) and the eng ar mapl e,which is here in greater‘

quanti ties and l arger than we .had h itherto seen . Notwi thstand ingthe great mu ti lat ion wh ich the trees ar e su bject-ed

'

to ime arly spr ing ,for thei r ju ices in the manufacture of sugar , they appear al l in themo st pe rfect s tate ofhea l th .

Pass ing onwards to L ap raire, on th e S t. Lawrence r iver , the o nl ytree observed of any in terest , and; de serving of notice , was the Canoe

Several dense masses of these trees occupied th e lower g rou nd b u t;

from,the ir closene ss

,non e had attaine d a greate

‘

s-ize

'

. ; Ti l l reach ingthis po in t, b irches were by no.means p lentifu l .

l ’ . ACACI A Cu nningh am’s Acacia . (Pa ir. Mag . of Bot . )

Linn-man Cl ass,Polygamia ; Order , Monorcia Natural: Ordet egu

-r

m i-nosae . This very profuse and h andsome fiowering spe cies was inr

troduced i i i - 1820 , from New Holiiandrb y Mr Cunn ingh ame . It‘ is“

a h ighly ornamental pl an t the flowers are‘

produrced dn‘ immense?

numbers upon pendant racemo se spi kes, - h alfa; foot long; they are ofa fine br igh t ye l low co lor, and the p l an t when in b loom. resemb les. a;

y e l low py ramid , be ing in r i ch masse s, rel ie ved by a spr inkl ing ofdarkgreen fol iage . Th e pian t groivs to th e he ight of six fee t, and? deservesa si tu ation in every conse rvatory and greenhouse i t b l-ooms ' frouxApr i l to June. This, spe ci es may be

'

proe u red lat mos t of1 the princin

pal nu rse r ies. The p lan t flou r ishes we l l' in a mixture o f r ich loamand pea t and to have plenty ofpot- room, as jit g rows rap id ly it wil l‘

requ 1re frequen t repotting ; this is requ i site with'

al l? the Aca-

c-ias .

A cacia from ahazo to sh arpen , some ofthe species be ing very thorny .

2 .

'APTOSI-MUM‘

DEPRE S SUM , The depressed . (Bot. Reg. Sy-f

nony m,Ru

-

ei‘

l ia diepressa . Oh lendorfia proonmbens . D idynamia An

giospermia. Scroph ralarinm. A very pretty flowering'

plant'

,a nat ive

ofthe Cape_

of Good Hope , from whence seeds Were brought by ’MrEcktOn. The pl ant has bloomed’ w ith Dr Le ehmann

,at Hamburgh .

It is a greenhouse undershrub‘

, l aying. prostrate ; and producing. a: prov

NEW AND RARE PLANTS. 67

dusion offlowers ; they are funnel shaped, more than an inch long , ofe. pretty b lue color , h av ing each of the five d iv is ions of the mou th of

t he coroll a stre aked w i th black , and the upper part of the throat’

b e ing wh ite . Mr Eckton. found . the pl an t growing on the shores ofth e ‘

great F ish R iver , and the re b loom ing from Octobe r to December .Mr Ben tham says

,th is plan t assimi l ates very closely to S alpigloss is

prostata . He ‘ al so enumerate s six other spec ie s w ith wh ich he isacqu a inted

,name ly

,A. ab ietinum,A - erio¢eph alum, A. depressum,

A .

ind ivisum, A . tragacanthoides , A . v i scosum. Also he remarks upon

li ve spec ies of a new genu s from the Cape,closel y a l l ied to Salpiglos

s is , n amely, Pe l iostomum l eucorrh izum,P . or ig ano ides , P . scoparim,

P . v irgatum, and P . v iscosum.

The Apt‘

osimurn is a very desirable pl ant , and we hope wil l soon bein the possess ion ofthe nu rserymen in th is coun try . Ap tosimum,

froma, pr iv ative and p tosz

’

mos,deciduou s .

3 .

-

C RATJEGUS TANACET IFOL IA,Tansy- leaved Hawthorn . (Bot .

Reg. Synonym,Mesp i lu s orien tal is . Another very ornamen

‘

tal species of th is in terest ing tr ibe of pl an ts; and wh ich deserves a

p lace in every pleasu re ground. The en tire fami ly ofHawthorn s areat once so highly orn amen tal and odor iferous, that wherever the i r int roduction i s practicable we st rongly recommend i t . The beau ty ofthe ir blossoms , the ir fragrance , and the successive profu s ion offru ite f v ar ious hues and s izes

,we th ink

,g ive them more than ord in ary

charms . A l ist and descr ipt ion of cons iderable extent w i l l be g i venin our nex t number . The presen t species i s a nat ive of the highermountains of Greece the flowers are l arge , wh ite, powerfu l ly fra

g rant ; the berr ies are produ ced sol i tary , as l arge as a . May DukeC herry

,yel low

,and h as the scen t ofan apple ; i t is al so sweet . Cra

ftceg zrs , from Kr e tas, s trength , in reference to the wood .

4 . Cau cas u s ODORATIS S IMA,‘

Sweetesb scented Hawthorn . (Bot.Reg. Synonym

,C . orien tal is. It is a n at ive ofthe h il ls near

th e B lack S ea. In th is coun try i t produces itsvery del i c iously perfumed flowers in profus ion, su ccee ded b y p

c’

l usters of rich red fru i t of"

cons iderable S iz e and beau ty .

5 . DOUGLAoSS IA‘ m u ms, S now Douglassia. (Bot . Reg.

P en tandr ia Monogyn i a. Primu lacem. T he l ate Mr Dougl as col lecte d seeds of th is pre tty p l an t in Cal iforn ia

,and i t has bloomed in the

g arden ,of the London Hort icu l tur a l Soc iety . When Mr Dougla s

was trave lling across the Rocky moun tains, in April 1827, at an ele

468 New ANT) RARE PLANTS.

vat ion of twel ve thousand fee t above the leve l cf the sea , 1w ith su rprise w i th a l arge patch of bri l l ian t pu rp le

,su

snow wh ich , on a near approach , he found to be blos

pre tty

'

flowe ring p l ant .'

I t very mu ch resemb les the S ansitifol ia. The p lant forms a th ick tu rf

,wi th branches rie

ches h igh , clothed w ith smal l flowers of a vivid'

purpletwo pl an ts ra ised in the Society ’ s Garden

,have been cu lt

greenhou se,b u t? i t is probable i t w i l l flou r ish better W'

he

alpine plants‘

u su al ly are . Another spec ies , D“

. arctica,

shores ofthe Arctic“

S ea by Dr R ichardson , 'is in the 1Dr Hooker . .D aug lassz

'

a,in comp l imen t to Mr Douglz

6 . E P ID ENDRUM SKINNER II,Mr Sk inner’s Epidenl

Reg . Gynandr ia Mon andr ia . Orch idaceae.

teresting species was sen t from Gau ter’

nala,in1835

,by

ner, Esq . to James Bateman,Esq. Kn'

y persley Hal l , Congire . In th e r ich co l lect ion at th at p l ace - i t h as b loomevery sk i lfu l managemen t of Mr Don . The species is ab loomer

,producing a sp ike offlowers u pon every shoot .

stem grows erect,prod ucing a sp ike ofbl ossom s several

flowers pale pu rple,an inch and a h alf across . The p l

p l ace in every col lection“

. Ep idendrum, from Ep i , upo

dron,a tree

,n at ive hab itation.

7 . H i nrs cu s S PLEND ENS,Splend id - flowering. (Pax.

Monau de lph i‘

a,Po l y and ra. Malvacem. A

,very fine flow

whi ch we find to grow audi

b loorn'

freel y in the greenhor

in trodu ced from New Ho l land in 1830 ,by Mr Frazer

,wh

about i t , said‘

,

“ I consider t his pl an t th e K ing of a l l th lp lants

,I

"

have seen i t twen tytwo fee t h igh The flOWl

son were n ine inches across , l iteral ly‘

covering the p lat

of a br igh t rose color . .The p lan-t flou r is hes in a “

m ixtu reand peat

,requ ir ing plen ty ofpot room most ofthe pub

men possess pl an ts of i t . It wou ld make a fine show ifconservatory . H ibiscu s from hibiscus , the name wh ich

g ive to ‘Mal low .

' 8 . LAS IOP US s oncnom s s, Sonchu s- l ike . (Bri t . Flo

S y ngenesiaz'

. Polygamia cequ al is: It i s a na tive of Amgrow ing in th e Che lsea Botan ic Gardens . The flowers nb le those , of the w ild Hawkweed

,of a pale ye l low colo

from last-0 3,ha iry and p om ,a foot.

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470 MR We sTON’s ADDRESS ,

(Br it . Flow . Gard . ) Synonym, V. S'

ab rnra. This pre tt y floWerigng'

v ariety di ffers from V . erinoides in be ing smal ler , closer m i ts growth ,and of more gl abrou s .hab it

,and r ich pu rple flowers . I t was in tro-=r

duced in 1833 , from Ch il i , and is now in most general c ol le ct ions .The pl ant is qu ite h ardy , and blooms from May to November.

ART . X .—An A ddress del i vered b efore the Massachusetts

H or ticu ltura l S ociety ,at their E ig hth Anniver sary , S ep t. 17,

1836 By EZRA WE STON,Jr . Boston : Tnttle weeks Den

nett .

Mn WE STON in h is -Address on ‘

th is occas ion h as depart-cd from th e

u su al cou rse ; and instead of occupy ing .th e ‘ whole space w i th an

enumerat ion of the b enefits to himse lfand to commun i ty of the l abors

of the horticultu r ist, h as i l lustrated , in a plain» and fami li ar manne r,a top ic of general interest . In th is he has done ' w isel y , and ,

set a

good example for h is su ccessors . The fact is , we h ave heard enough

of the advan tages of th is pu rsu i t to conv ince any one who i s w il l ingto be conv inced . Every th ink ing man i s al ready aware of i ts int imateconnex ion w ith th e progress of refinemen t and inte l lectual cu l t ivat ionamong u s

,and our aim shou ld be

,now that we have become al ive .to

i ts importance , to carry it forward to i ts greatest perfection to effect,

so far as is in our power , the aim of al l improvements, the . greatest

good to the greatest number ; and th i s is to be produ ced by the d is«

seminat ion of a k nowledge ofsu ch su bjects as forms the ma in topic ofth is Address . We shou ld be glad to transfer the whole of

“ i t to ourpages

,b u t mu st con ten t ou rselves w i th extracts .

After noti cing the fine week ly exhibi t ions of the past season , - ac~’

coun ts of wh ich are on record in ou r preced ing numbers, Mr

'

W eston con tinues“ I fee l tempted to say someth ing of these exh ib i t ions ; of their

effect , not alone upon those who contribu te , b ut upon those who flew

quent as casu al spectators .‘They have a good mora l effect

,and tie-3

serve on that accoun t to be we l l supported and attended . Th ere l are '

few th ings more refresh ing to the man of bus iness,or to any man

,

that wil l so recru i t the se nses and“ charm the sp iri ts as to step aside

a momen t from the confusion andanxie ty ofthe stree t, and look upon

mn wns'r on’s Annnnss . 71

the beau ty and boun ty ofn ature , upon the'

sple'nd id array of ming led

b lossoms . ’ It is l ike the bree ze th at mee ts the wave - tost s ai lor , upon

th e Ind i an Oce an ,when

Off at sea north east W i nds b l ow

Sabe an odors from the spi cy shore

O‘f Arab y the b l est.’

T o th e man of le isu re and taste , what more pu re pleasu re cou ld catchh is taste than a rare and choice exh ib i t ion of flowers — w ith the irwonderfu l economy

,textu re and colors perhaps in the cou rse of h i s

s earch for amu semen t he may find none th at ‘sh al l so rouse and cheerh is langu id atten tion . Wha t more gracefu l and de l i cate s ight can

mee t the e yes of th e young— in what schoo l of the ph ilosophers,in

wh at gal lery of art c an they ‘

learn more of that wh ich amel iorates andrefines ? I shou l d therefore w i sh th at in al l c it ies, b ut more especial lyin ours

,a ha l l of geod proport ions and accommod at ion , no t remote

from the path s of b u s iness , might be open , where the publ ic cou ldweekl y v is i t an exhi bi t ion of flower s an d fru i ts . I bel ieve it wou ldh ave an e levat ing effect upon the pub l i c mind

,and be as at tract ive

and worthy of su ppor t as’ a gal lery of st atu ary or p ain t ings .”

The rema inder of the Add ress is pr inc ipal ly occup ied with an ao

coun t of the Theory of Van M'

ons,

”an abl e and in teresting :t-ran s

tation of w hich froml

th e or ig inal French work h as been p resen ted too ur re ade rs b y -Hon ; H ; . A . S . Dearborn

,-in n fermer number . We

quote Mr Weston ’s in troduction to the h i story of the theory,w i th

Wh ich we mu s t close our extracts . We t ru st some of our zealou sh ort icu l tu rists wi l l

, put th is the ory to the te st in this cou n try , and thusadvance not on ly the ir own interests , b u t t hat of the i r fell ow k l abore-rs

in thi s good c au se .

Dur ing the .past y e ar , the S ocie ty h as r ece ived an access ion in thenumber s ofi ts members both subscr iption and honorary ; b ut perhapst here is no name upon the catalogue that is more worthy of a pl ace“

t here , th an th at o f the ag ed and e minent Dr Van Mons, ofBelg ium.

I shal l occupy the few moments I may cal l m ine here , in p resen tings ome remarks upon h is se rv ices and theory

,at the r i sk of s tat ing

s ome th ings al ready we l l‘known and of add ing but l i ttle or nothing

“

t o the k nowledge of .some presen t .The cau ses of the decay of fru it trees has ‘

for a long t ime occu

p ied .the atten tion of horticul tu ri sts, and it h as been allmbed that di sc

472 MR wns r on’s ADDRESS.

ease , the consequence of ol d age , has cau sed and does cau se th is dec ay , and w i l l gradual l y work the ext inction of some of the best v ar ie ties .

Some ofthe var ie ties offru i t that were formerly in high repu tation ,

h ave now become so de ter iorated as scarce to be worth propagat ion,

and others are fast hasten ing to the same fate,though they stand upon

the cata logues,and are oftener pu rchased ; perhaps oftener pu rchased

and cu l t ivated by those who are ignoran t of th is character istic , thana newer var iety .

The graft is b u t an extension of the paren t stock,and th erefore

l iab le to al l the d iseases,and defects of i ts or ig inal

,and when we con

s ider that most of our fru i ts have been propagated in th is manne rmany years , we may we l l des i re, th at some certa in me thod might bed iscovered by wh ich new v ar ie ties

,and those of a de l i c iou s and if

poss ible improv ing stamp,might take the pl ace of the old and fa il ing .

Practi ca l and sk ilfu l hort icu l tu r ists recommended th at th e seedsshou ld bep lan ted

,and that then we wou ld be suppl ied w i th a d iffer

en t var iety of fru it,b ut w i th a heal thy tree and perhap s betterfru it .

“ Those who thought that by sow ing the seed they might obtainmore hea lthy trees and more improved var ie ties were correct in the irOp in ion

,for in the seed is the ge rm ofimprovement bu t i t was neces

sary to observe otherfacts,and d ive deeper in to the laws of n ature

before i t cou ld be taken advan tage of.“ It h as been therefore a des irable th ing to d iscove r the law by

wh ich to obta in new good var ie ties . The ce le brated Mr Kn ight, ofvery extens ive exper ience in the propagation offru it trees

,attempted ,

though as we may bel ieve on a very l imited scale , to produce new va

r ieties of the pear by in troducing the pol len of one v ar iety into theprepared blossom of another and rais ing trees from the seeds of thefru i t thu s obta ined . But the method i s compl i cated , and he neverappears to have carr ied the exper iment to much length , and i t i s ‘

a method somewhat u ncerta in . It is sti l l by means of the wonderfu lv irtue th at i s con ta ined in the seed by w h ich a new var iety i s to beprod u ced .

“ The best fru its i t w as we l l know n were those ra ised from thestone or the seed . A t the v il lage ofMon treu il , near Par is , a s i t i ss tated by S ir 1 . Banks

,where former ly the whole inhab itan ts were

mainta ined by the ra is ing of peaches , the be st fru i ts were n ever b ud

ded or grafted , but alway s reared from thestone .

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ON PROPAGA‘T ING PLANTS .

might be obta ined , b u t the process m ight prove one of

Id d isappo in tmen t instead of p leasu re or profit . ”

d resses , by the way , form an excel lan t add ition ot thee horticu l tu r is t, emanating as they do from men who arevorkingmen in th is matter . Dearborn

, Cook , R u ssel l,

ren us the i r exper ience on v ariou s parts of the science,

ch minds i t is imposs ible b ut that many val uable and“is shou ld be produced . L"

AM i . '

On P rop ag ating P lants b y Grafting ,B udding

hing . By Mr CHAR-LE S TAYLOR,E lam Hal l

,Dorsetsh ire .

nts are propagated by one or the other of these means ;wever , om it notic ing a very ingen iou s mode of grafting ,

'

M. Oscar Leclerc,of

'

the Jard in dui

Roi, Par is , in aionto the ed itor of the Gardener’s Magaz ine

,and sa id to

tion of Mr Blaike,an eminen t

[

Br i t ish gardener,w ho

in France,and who may be cons idered as the fou nder

ardening in‘

that coun try . Thi s mode of grafting ,

”

Leclerc, wh ich

"

I sh al l henceforth c al l the Graf t:eeds in most p laces , both of the hot- hou se and open a irpart i cu larl y we l l cal cu l ated for

l

th e propagation of inerts and trees. The success wh ich attends i t

'

on del icatean ts , and particu larly on those wh ich are hard - wooded

,i s

' to be atta ined by any o ther means . Du r ing the t imeis in fu l l activ i ty , the scion mu st be proc ured

,if poss i~

tl y the same - d iameter as the stock onwh ich it is to be

ke two l ateral obl ique i nci sw ns , exactly s imi l ar , the one

from above to be low,the other on the scion from be low

1 both slop ing. from w i thout towards the cen tre or inter iorThe tongues are then cu t in the form of a .long w edge

them of the i r bark .

‘ The cu t parts are then reun i ted ,re

,as u su al

,to make them co inc ide as exactly as poss i

: ion be ingbound by l igatu res to the stock in the ord inarynferior part of the scion

,that is

,

’ the lower , is p lunged inater . It Wi l l

,however

,be necessary to remove the we .

ON PROPAGATING PLANTS . 475

ter from t ime to t ime , and to renew the base of the su bmerged scionby cutting off i ts ext rem i ty .

Th e stock i s some times headed down immed iate ly after the operation

, _

in wh ich case,part icu lar care mu st be taken to leave a had or

a shoo t above the l nC l S IOI’ l , in order/

to attract the sap to the place wherethe Operation was ‘

performed Somet imes,however

,the stock i s no t

headed down til l after i ts u n ion w i th th’

é’

scion is comp leted .

When the pl an t “operated on is smal l , and the scion of a del icatespec ies

,the p lan t shou ld be covered w ith a bel l - glass to preven t too

great transpi rat ion of the leaves . The a i r ii i the inter ior mu st beoccas ional ly renewed

,as

,w ithou t th is atten t ion , i t wou ld , by the

evaporation of the water , be rendered too humid . If the d iameterof

.

the scion be less than that of the stock , the . Operat ion must of

cou rse be d ifferen t from the preced ing . In such a case , the incis ionsmust be l imited s impl y totwo long i tud inal ones of“ equ al d imens ions ,one on the scion , the other e nfthe stock . This is the eas iest and themost nat ur'a l mode

,and al so the most favorable for g iv ing sol id ity to

the graft . ’

Thi s mode of grafting i s,we th ink

,part icu larl y appl icab le to oran

ges,lemons

,&c.

,and th ese p lants

,engra

'

fted by any’

of the ord inarymethods

,that w il l admi t

,a port ion Of the

'

scions b e ing left long enoughto be inserted in to a ph ial or cupof w ate r , w i l l fac il itate the operat ion . Some cu l tivators practise th is mode of engraft ing' in

.

th iscou n try and a var iety of i t may be not iced as practised by thatinte l l igen t and

'

indefatigab le botan ist , Mr Murray,ofGlasgow ,

who

su bst i tu tes for the w ater a potato or tu rn ip , into w h ich he inserts thebottom end of the sc ion . . Some propagators

.have recommended

insert ing th e lower end of the scion in to the mou ld,of a pot, kept a t

a proper degree Of heat and moistu re ; and in some cases where i th as been practi sed , the scion h as rooted in the “

mould,and where

su ch h as occu rred , the part below t he union of the graft h as beencu t off, and has consequen tly produ ced a perfect p l an t , g iv ing thu s

two pl an ts in stead of one . Instances h ave al so occu rred of thesc ion root i ng in to the Water

,and i n l ike manner produc ing a pl an t .

I t may be men tioned as a necessary precau t ion in the above me thodof grafting

,th at to preven t too rapid evaporat ion , produ ced e ither by

the sun or w inds , a cap of stou t paper or parchmen t has been'

recom

men ded ,“

wh ich may be fixed a l i ttle below the part Operated . on , and

so contrived as to enclose the whole of .the upper part -Of the stock.

476 MisceLLANEous ARTICLES .

This precau tion becomes particu l arly necessary when the operat ion15 performed in the Open a ir

,and part icu l arly in the case of res inous

or gummy trees.Of the plan ts w h ich belong to those ’

departments, wh ich are propagated by these methods, may b e enumerated the fami l ies of Cd

mel l ia and Ci trus,the var iet ies of whi ch are general ly propagated by

the two l atter methods,as are some species of D ap hne, B er ber i s fa

sicu lar is,

b

and' v ar iou s others . Somet imes grafting is performed on

the roots of some rare'

plants,as is_ the case of P aenz'

a p‘ap

'

aver icia

wh ich is often grafted on p ieces of the roots OffP ozm'

a mou t'

an .

Exper ienced Operators propagate plan ts by these mean s w i th muchsuccess

,and indeed the idea of inc reas ing the s i ze of a Camel l ia

,

for example , to an almost u n l im i ted exten t , by m arch ing very l argebranches

, or, in some cases , en tire p l an ts upon others of greater s izeappears to be perfectly practicable . As the S i ze of these p lan ts addsto the i r value

,and as they are several years before they acqu ire a

l arge s i ze,however well they

“

may be cu l tivated , th is mode of increaSing them certainl y

'

deserve s to be more general ly adopted . [p ossessa pl an t wh ich has above th irty d ifferen t v ar ie ties grow ing upon

'

i t .

Large spec imens of Camell ias,and of several other plan ts

,are more

l ike ly to be qu ick ly atta ined by a process of th is ki nd th an b y anyother . The prec ise season of perform ing - the above opera t ions on

exot ic pl ants,w i l l a lways be governed by the state of the wood on

the p lants,and by no s tated per iod of the season . When the wood or

buds are in a fi t state , then , the operat ion shou ld he proceeded w ith .

ART . XII .- Mi scel laneous A rticles .

PRESERVATION or PEACH TR EE S — D ifferen t writers recommenda v ariety of-methods ofprese rv ingpeach trees against aninsect, a fly ,techn ical ly cal led n er ia exitivz

’

a . This fly wh ich is blu e, and re

sembles a w asp , attacks peach trees the fore par t ofJu l y , and con t inu es i ts depredations til l the m idd le ofSep tember . H . B . of Dray ton ,Ohio

,in a

'

commun icat ion for the Amer ican Farmer , in recommending a remedy against the ravages of th is in'sect , states as fo l lows

Early in the mon th of Ju ly , w ith a hoe , I clean away the earth

from about:my trees , in size and shape l ike a common wash bow l .

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.SNUT .— The fol low ing method of propagating th is

was commun i cated for the N . E . Farmer , vOl . V1] . p ;

F i sk e, of Worcester .

i rs I took variou s means to obtain the vegetation of

thou t s ucce ss . The l ast parce l I p l an ted w ithou t1On the grass u n til I was ready to inst i tute some othe rSS . In p lan ting them I acc idental ly and very fortuIt Was in leaf when I firs t d iscovered i t . ‘By acare

i favorable so i l i t has become a fine bear ing tree . A l l

d'

as here tofore . S ince th is d iscove ry I have no td ifficu l ty

,I endeavor to im i tate natu re in her pl an t

.f the forest .e nu ts are gathe red

,nOt al lowmg them to become d ry ,

excav at ion by the s ide of some bank in my garden ,in in

,'leve l ing them

‘ nearly w i th the su rface. Carel to l ay the s ide from whence the root issues nex t . tois postu re g ives the root a more speedy access

'

to nou rcil i

l

tates the exi t of the stem . I the n Cover them w i th

l ight rubb ish,and repl ace as mu ch earth as is neces‘

cover ing in p lace . By th e time the ground i s readyinthe spri ng

,I find them sprou ted w i thou t the l oss

ind red . To d isengage them from the earth,a fter

ive rin-

g I pass a stable- fork u nder the mass,and gent l y

k ing ou t the nu ts s ingl y an d carefu l ly,to prevent

.ng tender root , and t ranspl ant them in trenches . Innake the ‘holes

'

w i th a trowe l deeper th an the exten t ofr part ial l y fi l l ing them w ith l ight earth

,I draw up the

aou t an inch of the su rface , leav ing i t ju st bu r ied bei e ral ly take them up the second year and cut off theicy may be removed w i th more ease and safety whenbe transpl an ted from the nu rsery .

)ecul iar in i ts process , tax ing the pat ien ce of the cu l'l y stages . The ann ual growth i s fin ished abou t thei en other trees are in th e irm ost vigorou sp rogress. Inthe stature i s dou bled . At this per iod i t grow s w ithipid ity of other trees .

S UB STANC ES OFFENS IVE T o INS ECTS .— It i s sa id ‘

u mint strewed among gra in as it i s mowed away in the

GARDENER’ S W ORK. 479

b arn wil l preserve i t from be ing inju red from vermin . C amphorwhen kept among bed clothes

,w i l l keep away bed bugs and fleas .

From these circumstances , together w i th the fact that we do not tecol lect of h av ing seen p lan ts strong ly odor iferou s inj u red by insectswe are led to conclude that farmers might be benefitted by turn ingthe ir atten tion to the subject . - N . Y. Farmer .

ART . X l Il . Gardener’s Work for D ecemb er .

SHOULD the season permi t, y ou may perform any of the operat ions

d irected for last mon t h,wh ich are not comple ted . C arry out and

spread manu re,and trench th e i

grou'

nd if no t too h ard frozen,wh i-ch

is i n tended for 'early c rops,and - if the so i l be of a heavy and st iff

na ture,lay it

'

i'

Jp in r idges to rece ive the benefi ts of the w in te r frosts .Prov ide from the .wood s

,&c. pea

- sti cks and bean - poles of su i tablelength s and S i zes ; d ress and poin t them tha t they may be in com

pleta read iness when w an ted ; col lect al l your old st i cks and pales,

w h ich are ye t fit for u se,and l ay them w i th the new ones under the

p rotection of some shed,to preven t th e ir be coming rotten by we t

weather . Be carefu l to shu t frost out of the apartmen ts i n wh ich

y ou have stored you r fru i t for w in ter and spr i ng u se . Exam ine th efru i t

,wh ich y ou h ave on she lves in ce l lars , once every ten day s and

take away Such'

as are‘ ta inted . R epa ir decayed tre ll ises , espal iers ,&c. Early in th is mon th , if not done before , pl a

i

ce long d ung , strawor long l i tter of some k ind over such Ch inese mul berry p lan ts , andother t rees and sh rubs as might othorwise be inju red or destroyed bythe w in ter’s frosts . Some k inds of sh rubs ,

” says McMahon,and

young t rees may requ i re to h ave th e ir'

tops matted round , or each tobe comp le te ly en veloped in a coat of long straw , re ach ing from thegrou nd to the top of the p lan t

,and terminating there in a poin t

,the

whole assuming the farm“

Of a sugar loaf. The straw is to be sup

por ted by p lacing slender sticks in the ear th rou nd the sh rub,the

tops of wh ich are to be tied toge ther over i t ; a few w il low tw igsshou ld be worked in between these st icks to preven t the straw from

fal l ing i n,which

,when l a id on

,is to be bound rou nd by hay bands

w il lows , or the l ike .

ART . XIV. Close of the S econd Volume of the Horticu ltural

R eg ister .

THE second volume of the HORTICULTURAL R EGISTER'

terminating

wi th the presen t number , the CONDUCTORS beg leave to s tate b r ieflythe ir s i tu ation and prospects as regards th is Per iod ical . Our expec

tations at the commencemen t of the work were not of a sangu inenature ; we merely ventu red to hOpe that the R eg ister , in conjunctionw i th othe r pu rsu its of a less pleas ing , b ut more profi tab le descr ipt ion ,might be worth the e xpense of time and money necessary to ‘conductand c ircu l ate a Work of th i s d escr iption. In th is h ope

,we have not

b ee ii d isappo in ted , and have'

der ived from two ye ars’ expeiience , sufficient confidence in the eventu al

'

success of our u ndertak ing to

ind uce u s to persevere w i th renewed exertions,to make

'

Our worku sefu l as we l l as accep table to the publ i c in general , as we l l as thatcl ass in th e commu n ity who are practical ly engaged in the occupat ion of Hor t icu l tu re .

Our su ccess,however

,mu st in a great measu re

,if not al together,

depend on the aid wh ich may be afforded u s by corresponden ts , whoare as wel l. conno isseu rs as amateu rs in the sc ience and ar t to wh ich

our publ i cat ion i s devoted . Our pages mu st be meeting p laces ofmany m inds

,or they W il l soon be dest i tu te of tha t var ie ty

,wh ich

al one can g ive them e i ther interest or u t il ity . To those who h avehere tofore ob l iged u s w i th" commu n i cat ions for our Hor ticu ltu ra l

R eg ister , We wou ld now beg leave to tender - our most gratefu l ac

know ledgments , and wou ld earnes tly sol ici t the cont inu ance of the i rfavors . Those who h ave not , b ut can Commu n icate anything re lat ingto Garden i ng , Husbahd ry , or R ural Economy , wh i ch may be of u se

to mank ind in genera l , or cu l t ivators in part icu lar , are respectfu llyrequested to forward the i r con tr ibut ions for the -Hor ticu l tu ra l R eg

i ster,to THOMAS G. FES SEND EN

,

JOS EPH BRECK.

An Index to the second vol ume of the H or ticu ltur a l R eg ister ,

w i l l be pr inted and forwarded to subscr ibers , &c. wi th our nex t No.