Mixture of Hindu and Muslim culture - RevolutionsLegacy left in North India and PakistanRebellion of 1857British more intolerant under growing power of ministriesReplaced persian with EnglishCow and pig fat used to lubricate cartridgesFollowing religion, but fighting for freedom1857, British power stumbled, greatest war against imperial powerBritish corrupting traditions1857, expression of resistance is done in religious terms - British destroy religionsViolence took English by surprise - British responds by attacking Delhi, left a ruinBritish governemtn starts imposing direct rule form Britain

PODCAST

GROUP NOTES:

Basic Plot: East Indian Company “Divides and Conquers” in order to expand the business element of their empire and increase profits. After rebellion, direct British rule was imposed by the crown.

Divide and Conquer: Imploded pre established societal and governmental structures

Indian decline:Status of place in a global economy - South America-S.A became dependent on Europe, could support themselves socially noteconomically.-provide the natural materials for European industrialization, and finished products would be returned and implemented.

China:China does not want British exports, but Britain’s opium gets people in CHina addicted. Russian invasion and industrialized advanced weaponry allows for fast defeat and quick submission by China. Britaininstitutes concessions to influence [British] trade, but it soon becomes insufficient. Go back to war in 1857 and demanded more trade -later joined with French troops and burned summer palace. Conditions for Chinese peasants became worse and worse. Chinese revolt against terrible conditions, originally following pattern of previous revolts,but then leaders of rebellion cannot control it. T’ai-p’ing Rebellion costliest war in history OVER WWII.__________________________________________________________________________

3 Questions:

What is a common cause for failure among Eastern States during rebellions against British rule?

Was it a coincidence that agrarian societies a

2 Previous Connections:

o

Japan:

Opposed to immigration so xenophobiaSamurai- Shi Shi retaliationAfter retaliation more open to new ideasSamurai class control - oligarchicalViolence by conservatives

Italy:Violent explosive means of revoloution Piedmont.... Ghiribaldi??Liberal radicals, strongly nationals - red shirts hierarchy rule, control everyone no argument

Demolishing of current hierarchy!!!! Many areas

Germany:Bismark thought Germany needed wear to become unified Violence against other kingdoms was not a good strategy in the end- when Germany was unifiedAnti socialism anti Catholicism Movements to help shape acceptance of his society. Evidence of people still opposing bismark even after his efforts

US

Post civil war, north and the republicans trying to reconstruct the southAbolition of slavery, taking away hierarchical bondsEven though slavery was abolished, people still remained below white in society.

In japan la and America: got rid of legal binds of social hierarchy, but the problem was still existent just unspoken

Italian states annexed to PiedmontAmerica was top down government

Changes made to encourage equality among people resulting in separation and extensive inequality.

Agrarian societies more rural, separated, individualized

Topics:

Instability and lesser power of agrarian societiesImportance of unity and industrializationInstitution of national programs to unite people- samurai, slavery abolished

What are the centrifugal and centripetal forces impacting people and places in the 19th century?

Centrifugal: Pushing people/states apartEconomic and class divisionsSocial HierarchiesWestern Powers pushing conservatives and liberal ideologies apart [in the east]

Centripetal: Pushing together, pulling inIndustrializationUrbanizationPeople need jobsNationalism

What are the expectations of political actors in these places?

Want to gain popular supportNeeded to create a sense of a common goal (or enemy) in order to inspire and unite the peoplePush government reformsPass the impression that they were working for the peopleThey are “the hero” they are needed by Strong leader that is accepted and legitimate to the people

Compare and contrast x on a 3:1 level

Russia >>> France, Britain, Piedmont

Russia: Very Conservative, not industrialized, not open to change, villages only (pre-WWI), rural, Orthodox, decentralizedF, B, & P: Liberal Ideas, Smaller, Industrialized, centralized

U.S. >>> U.S., Italy, Japan

Utilized explosiveness in order to create unity among people; explosive because

What role are ideological perspectives playing in these narratives?

Nationalism: unifies people, unites countries togetherLiberalism: Encouraged individual rights and innovations; the importance of the individual beingCapitalism: Innovation through competition (creates compet. that leadsto innov.)

_____________________________________________________

ABUSE & UNIFICATION

-Eastern countries with western powers abusing east with industrial superioirty, -Gernmany - Bismakr wanted to unify Germany, after unification he crushed - he got to unification through abuse (bracked down on different gorups in order to limit the “state within a state” phenomenon-America - separation from north to south, in order to become unified,minority affected

Description of Emerging Abuse: Racial(USA), Ironic(after civil war point was to liberate slaves, resulted in more abuse)(USA), Necessary(Crackdown on religious rights needed to maintain national unity, violence was necessary)(Germany)

India fueling BRITAIN’S INDUSTRIALIZATIONDe-Industrialization Process - in colonial areas as part of failed unification efforts

FORCE & UNIFICATION

Italians attempted to Unify the coast through forceBismark at war with France, Austria, use of force to ensure unity

Monetary systems - where could currency come from or be backed by if not the government

If starting a new society in need of money, where does money come from???

National Currency leads to incredible control

How do we see the GROWTH of the STATE

Currency: force people to invest in the governmentJAPAN: abolished the samurai hierarchyMilitary Draft:

1 Point:

So You Want To Unify:

Force the population to feel a common goal, common enemyOne main power or figure who leadsstandardized [national currency]Laws by CountryBe Forceful enough to take command and maintain controlGet people excite, attract themStrong armyHave allies to avoid troubleRole ModelStronger NationalismHopeful Population - Chance to reach goal; squash social hierarchies/classesHope of EqualitySupport of the MassesStable Way to get $$$Set of Values to Build New Nation UponForeign PolicyReason for change

FIVE PARTS OF UNIFICATION:

1.) Common Goal or Enemy (does industry tie into this?)

2.) A Symbol of Authority and/or Unity

3.) An Established Idea for the Future; Motivation

4.) Support from Outside Forces or Foreign Allies

5.) Industrialized Society__________________________________________________

2 3 4 - make a case (will tie into Diamond on Thursday)

1.) Italy vs. Austria & Papal StatesJapan’s fear of being conquered by western powers

2.) Bismark, Cavor, Republican Party, Hung Hsiu-C’uan

3.) US: Emancipation Proclamation - a nation as a whole, EQUALITY for all people,

JAPAN: Farmers thought they would be able to rise into higher classes,but it was just a trick

4.) France helped Italy gain unityEuropean (western) ideals had a significant impact on Japan’s Constitutional Ideals

5.) Russia wasn’t industrialized

Regardless of whether the figure of authority may be an individual or party,

Regardless of whether society is led by an individual or a group, by giving the population a common identity, whether it be a common goal,

enemy, or religion, ideas of unity prosper, for all of society’s members are ulitmately working towards the same idea.

_________________________________________________________________ (a cause that get’s more narrow)

Russia went into Crimean War, but wasn’t trying to unify

RELEVANCE____

A symbol of authority or unity

Topic Sentence: Regardless of whether a country’s leadership was made of an individual or a group, to unify their nation governments must fight on behalf of their people’s values/goals. In the United states, the Republican Party worked to

To unify a nation, governments needed to fight on behalf of their peoples desires of social mobility, regardless of whether a country’s leadership is made of an individual or a group.

TAKE OUT FILLERS

________________________________________________________________

Big Ideas:

Decision making leadership - Unification with centralized government - unification (abuse)ism’s. Garibaldi Hierarchy of settlement - connections to leadership (abuse connection)

Topic 1: Decision making

Sub-topic: Centralization of power in nation states - centralized governmentIntersection of two ideologies: Unification and Nationalism, abuse of centralized power

Two things: 1.) At first, Spanish Government in LA societies was a shared identity of unification, can relate to abuse through the imposition of taxes and regulations - results in revolution. 2.)

In any given society, where we place dividing lines may differ

←------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>Radical LIberals Moderates Conservatives

Reactionary

Radical:Change Needs to Happen(willing to do anything to get this change)(change to something completely new)(Doing anything to achieve this change)Liberal:Embracing ChangeWorking Within the SystemTypically No Violence

MODS:Both LIberal and Conservative Views

Conservative:Control the pace of change - make slowBurke - wanted to ensure tradition of monarchies and social hierarchies were maintained (that is a way to prevent revolution to keep status quo - Burke)

Reactionaries:Want to go back to previous stylesWill do whatever they have to to get thereOpposite of radicals, but similar means to motives

LincolnBismarkCavourNone fit into any one, borrow elements of each n order to achieve goalsPractitioners of realpolitik - don't fit into any categoriesMachiavelli - the ends justify the meanswon’t get caught up in value systems if you achieve goals

Realpolitik - don't have morality, don't have specific motives, do whatever necessary to make ends means.

Intersection of two ideologies - conflict between wo hat satisfies

Nationalism - Change in Normalcy of societyOne nation one state model - what does this mean? >> One sovereign place with defined borders, a common populus also a political place and economic state. 1:1

Across the world in 19th century, a multiple nation, one state system - multiethnic empires

ALso, one nation multiple states - germany, italy (wanted to unify nation) also Spanish/Latin America

Also, stateless society - Poland - if you look at a map, there is NO POLAND, Belgians had no state. One nation has no state.

How does nationalism relate to the individual: Nationalism and individualism are indirectly related, although it champions to individual, there is not more than a common identity among the entire group. Early nationalist sentiment - fused with liberal ideologyLiberals - wanted t challenge the status quo and change living institution took two shapes: wanting individual rights and guarantees of these and representation, also… Nationalist sentiment

Nationalist worked through conservative structures in order to achievetheir goals.

How can nationalism and individualism coexist.

FOREIGN POLICY:

German and italian unification from the italian side as linkedWhat bismark and prussians were doing aided the italian advanceAustro-Prussian war and Franco Prussian Wars (if talking about italianunification)

Fuse what was happening in China and JapanJapanese oligarchy knew of problems in China - they didn’t want that,small group tappinginto popular sentiments in order to take action.

VIDEO CLIPS - People driving events (Japan)

Foreign Policy: any movement that angers a country that is not within yours, if you have new foreign policy with another state, it mult be directed against another entity. Can be: economics, trade, diplomatic action, intergovernmental interaction

An action that one political place takes AGAINST another political place

Any colonial policy is a foreign policy.

Slow incorporation of previous institutions into new model.

Over relationshipopportunity - terms of nationalist movement, how individual leaders tapped into popular sentitiment and forged national unification - connects to foreign policy

Italian unification: desription in ITA. RDG. Cavor developed relationship with Napoleon III, used this to start Austro-France war, convinced him it was in France’s best interest. Nap III not a good representatrive of realpolitikSome of North Italy goes to PiedmontTuscany, Parma & Medina hold vote and choose to join cavor’s new entity. Political or unification movements

Obstacles on a limitations side. Bismark oversaw and officiatied everything & US, how much influence did people really had/

Treaty of Tarin

never say always…

PHILIPPINES DISCUSSION

Someone is:

Mazzini - Nationalist

Marx - Economic Determinism (when all else is equal, economic status will impact behavior)

Doesn’t like thisStrong racism in America, disables economy inferiorityeconomic benefits

Laissez Faire Capitalist - Let things go their own way (absence of govleads to social mobility, exploitation of workers

● Impossible for certain societies to do this; savage by nature {yes they could, the self government would influence change as itwas needed}

● REACTION: (neg): people should be free to govern themselves - thelack of oppressive or over involved government allows for individuals to grow and change

● Beveridge claims God “instructed” or “meant” for America to expand into Phillipines to allow them to achieve peace, the presence of governments would negatively impact equality and peace. (mention of war to find peace)

Mill -

After Spanish American War.shifted from hegemonic - to officially hegemonicSpain has no meaningful presenceU.S. joined colonial “club” well beforeGained a lot of territory - inherited nationalist response to colonialrule.An argument for continued intervention in the Philippines - Beveridge is making a case.U.S. wants raw materialsDiminishing importance of Europe.Race to win china’s trade influenceU.S. wants to take advantage of resources in south America, so the Monroe Doctrines - telling Europe to stay out.More countries emerging in Europe***Who are colonial powers in 1800s?: England, France, China, Spain, Portugal, RussiaWho in 1900s?: England, United States, Russia, China, Germany, Japan, More competitive nations, less uninhabited or claimed land (context for urgency)less land to grab, more countries trying to do the grabbing.

Beveridge is Saying:

It is U.S.’s God given duty//superiority - America was chosenTo help the people of the Philippines

Bring self government ideas to Philippines - since they currently can't understand how to do this.You need markets for your finished productsIndustrialized societies needed raw materials and markets to sell productsEconomic DepressionPhilippines are in a strategic locationConnects Hawaii to Asia - Take control of Pacific shippingSea Lanes were the key to a country’s prosperityPhillipines would give US control of Pacific sea lanes.

Mahan - work became doctrine of US navy?

Mackinder's (Heartland Theory)::: "Who rules East Europe commands

the Heartland;

who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island;

who rules the World-Island controls the world."

(Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, p. 194)

Different countries go for different strategiesManifest Destiny -Providence is leading them westwardUltra-Nationalism - fusing this with Racism880-884Look for echoes of class convo and Beckridge

If the Phillipines aren't industrialized, why would holding them help flourish and be the hub of trade.____________________________________________

Specific way to view multipolarity VVVUrgency in respect to peer pressureSocial Racism, Darwinism

Scientific Racism - use science to prove superiorityDarwinism: Stronger species is going to crowd out. - superior species have duty/right to overrun inferior species.

Social Darwinism - Survival of the FittestSuperior Race should come and improve inferiorsCreated Pseudo-Scientific Theory that groups are inherently superior

Darwin: arguing for evolution (class based, not in control of being, theory of evolution- interrelated with heredity, would determine whichindividuals would survive and thrive/flourish within a species, adaptation will occur based on interrelationships between environment and people (The Origin of Species) [the notion of evolution] Darwin was NOT making a press for social Darwinism.

Pseudo -Scientists : took advantage and exaggerated this belief and stretched it to include whole races and nations - Describe things thatwould allegedly be inherited.

) Marx: Freud(governed by animal instincts): Nicha (there is no god)

Role of accident - motive, things that weren’t meant to [have] happened.Missionary presence dragged people into countries inadvertently and helped increase control.

Lost in the shuffle:

people who are more generally interested in bettering peoples’ lives.

Part of Euro experience in Africa tied to consequence sequence of events, increased sailing ability as same time as africans getting blasted by tuaregs, pope issued edict preventing christians from beingslaves. Markets in africa move to coast - here are the portuguese. Europeans had just discovered the “new world” which coincidently was

conducive to the production of sugar. Europeans have experience running slavery in Mediterranean, Smallpox in New WOrld, kills all natives, now enslaving non christians, importing humans to new world, new emergences appearing somewhat by accident.

As the Europeans turn attention to African, what advantages did Africans have in resisting European Imperialism, and what disadvantages did they have in succumbing to European nations.

Advantages:Concentration on colonizing particular area/region - allowed for [temporary] protectionMalaria deterrent beyond the coastPre-established strong political units - empiresEuropeans needed business partners - centralized kingdoms had wealth -tradingPrior to IR, had industrial advantage with metals and alloysInnavigable River in Africa confined Europeans to the coast

Disadvantage:Fragmented - many small countries/states, not as unified.Geographically divided - easier to colonize/conquer region by region.Inferior Technology after Euro Industrialization - rifle[Tech] Europeans can find cures/solutions to problems they face in Africa.Steamship

Why didn’t Europe control a lot of territory in Africa?

Terrain and wildness of African environment - different than what Europeans were used to.Different River SystemsEarly 1500s and 1600s - average life expectancy was 9 months for Europeans

Guns Germs and Steel Clip: Look from motives and African politicsPower of Geography

first settlers in mid 1600s - cape of good hopeLatitude is very similar to Europe - similar climatesKhoisan People - Driven from landsGerms - European Immunity and African Susceptibility: Smallpox

_______________________HW:Packet: Pay attention to demographics

TIMELINE:

Dissemination of Khoisan:

Imperialism motives and reinforcement of past class discussion.

What do political systems do or frame for people?➢ Maximize Efficiency of Society➢ Protection of People; Defense➢ Determine Relationship between State and People; Social Contract➢ Unifies Area; often has a Leader➢ Creation of Laws and Regulations to live by➢ Customs*➢ Combination of People Increases Power➢ Organization of Population➢ How People Live; Economy (Taxes, Jobs, Income); Social Classes;

Living Patterns (Settlements, Types of Arrangements, Societal “Norms”)

What we’ve worked with (types of societies)

Societies in Africa:❖ Decision Making❖ Labor Systems❖ Settlements❖ Military Service❖ ---???---

ZULU - SOTHO - NDBELE - BOERS/AFRIKANERS - BRITISH - RAIDING STATE OF GAZA - XHOSA

Zulu:● People kept together by force

Sotho:● “It was not a centralised state in the style of Shaka’s Zulu; it

was more of a confederation of semi-independent chiefdoms” -- Howare these chiefdoms independent?

● [Military Service] Each chief was required to form their own army, then in battle they would join with the other small armies.Soldiers were civilians, not trained - citizen army that was raised only when needed - rotation of civilian soldiers. Only thecitizens served as army - {CONTRAST} Opposite of British who wereprofessional, voluntary, soldiers, standing army.

● [Decision Making] Individual chiefs have power over their small chiefdoms, but Moshoeshoe forces them to acknowledge his overall power by paying regular tribute. Power is in essence shared, through relationships (complex family ties) between Moshoeshoe and the individual chiefs, and therefore it is a decentralised system of government. {CONTRAST} Zulu was centralized and held together by “perpetual war”. It was a circular flow of new regiments that fight, then leave to make families, then the children became new regiments, etc. They were ruled by one person, [essentially] a dictator (Shaka). Regiments loyal to the Zulu leader went throughout controlled territories to forcefully exact tribute for Shaka. “By the middle of 1819 Shaka had

established himself as the all-powerful ruler of a single kingdomwhich dominated the region between Tugela and Pongola.”

● [Labor Systems] Chiefdoms could implement any labor systems, as long as they were able to continue supplying regiments.

● [Settlements]

Boer/Afrikaners: ● Dutch Descendants - In conflict with the British and many African

groups● Where they settled depended on surrounding people - established

African societies● Boers moving around together instead of separating● Nationalism did not play as big a role as portrayed● Ruled by Patriarchal Leaders ● Unified based on nationalist mindset, wanted a nation of their

own (disagree to above)● Nationalist Argument - Orange free state and ______ are

established as independent republics - nationalists sought a place to govern form themselves.

● Uitlanders

British:

Term List:Migrant Labor: @ Kimberley for diamonds; @Johannesburg for goldDe Beers (Cecil Rhodes)ColonialismProtective Annexation/Protectorate: Germany declared protectorate overSouth West Africa (Namibia); British annexed Bechuanaland - they had wanted British Protection for years.Monopoly (De Beers/Cecil Rhodes @ Kimberley; Cecil’s Overconsolidated Goldfields @ WitwatersrandUitlandersWhite Domination - Aggressive White Colonialism (concept)Black Workers - Kimberley, KrugerCapitalismDeep-Ground MiningNatural Resources

Big List:

Cape ColonyKhoisanAfrikaners/BoersXhosaBritish Liberal LegislationShakaMoshoeshoeMfecaneHottentot CodesGreat TrekOFS/TransvaalBoer War2Ninth Xhosa War

Different African Politial Systems (Contrasts):

{Freedom vs. Coercion} Zulu (Shaka made all decisions, centralized) vs. Sotho (decentralized, family run/patriarchal)

{Military} British: Standing, Professional Army Civilians

(EXPAND) - British brought in half a million troops during Boer Wars after Early defeats _______ this led to the British presence in South Africa/response to initial defeats

Boers could now - with their gold wealth - raise a standing army

Gold increased stakes for British - Began to give Boers more powerUitlanders taxed, represents new hardship imposed on BritishBoers had gone on Great Trek to avoid governmental control - thereforethey try to limit or deny rights to uitlanders

More than a BRitish Afrikaner Conflict

Inability to find other income - working conditionsAfrikaners worked for whites in order to get guns and money - this allowed them to fight back in later conflicts

White on White subjugation

British in 6th War

Imperial MotivesEmergence strategy for Britain was to have a north south connection - they are trying to collect their holdings in a north/south fashionGerman are trying to connect holdings in east/west strategy.

WHAT ARE THE TRANSFORMATIVE MOMENTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY SOUTHERN AFRICAN HISTORY? WHY?

Introduction of Cash economy tied to wage labor (increase people’s motives, pay rent, go to work, get paid, give a portion of, repeat)

MOST IMPORTANT MOMENTS:

British monopoly on diamonds and natural resources - allowed Africans to work and obtain weapons; industrialized Southern Africa.

British landing at cape - first time Africans were influenced by Europeans; Europeans subjected them to hard labor

British Seized control of Cape colony from Dutch, from here they began to change the markets and abolish slavery.

German Intervention in Southern Africa, catalyst for British movement towards controlling Boer republic

Introduction of Mining Industry, armed kingdoms in new way, changed economy

These kingdoms would not have existed if not for the stuff because conflicts over regions before the mineral rev. The conflicts between societies and regions was most important.

Abolition of Slave TradeActive Legislation or Political/Environmental EventBattle of Blood River.

_____________________________

Mfecane & The Great Trek

Mfecane determined where Boers settledWhite settlement patterns in the region

Hottentot Codes and Uitlanders - connection between the two

Combination of specific moments to establish a kind of transformative moment

p & f - Amounts of people and land fertility

LMH - low moderate high

HpHf: plantations for agricultural resourcesLMpHMf: install settlersHpLMf: use for migrant labor** Mining in resource rich areas where it was commercially feasible** Infrastructures within colonies designed to facilitate these actions

How the Great Trek explains Population DecreasesPopulation in Cape Town decreased due to:-Disease from Europe-This disease caused an apparent decrease in Pop. prompting the Dutch to come and colonize- Mining operations wherever possible- Land use dictating majority of interaction between Europeans and Africans-

________________________________________________________

10/23/14

How can we contrast different political systems operating in Southern Africa?What were the transformative moments in Southern African history?Where do we see presence or absence of agency in southern + central AfricaWas Imperialism in Southern and Central Africa a planned or haphazard process?

Key Themes?

Increased Value and Demand for rubber

Leopold gaining control of Congo - approval of his control; creation of his oppressive systemAlso, when Leopold was forced to give up his personal control to the Belgian GovernmentStanley’s exploration into central CongoWilliam Shepard: his missionary work explained the cruelty to outsidersCompetition for rubber - Latin American farms were not yet activeDevelopment of plantations in LA and Asia, increased urgency

Notes:

-Leopold: Belgian King-Congo was not ruled by Belgium as country, it was owned and ruled by Leopold. His own private property [personal playground], when he went bankrupt, Congo went bankrupt- Stanley moving down river to gain contracts and treaties with chiefs-David Livingston, working to eradicate slavery; trying to do good by others-Britain says no to Stanley

- Leopold sent Stanley back to sign contracts and rights of the Africans

- Germany brings all Euro powers together in Berlin to find out was inAfrica- Leopold presents contracts to conference in Berlin, Congo given to Leopold as long as it remained open for trade. There is a pledge to work towards the end of slavery, didn’t really work out.- In order for a European power to have legitimate claim of ownership of land, it must occupy and have useful doings/make use of the land (must occupy and develop land)-Bismark thought this would slow development in Africa, it actually sped it up. <<< THIS IS THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA - Mad rush for territory to fulfil land deal from the conference.-Leopold was able to convince europeans because he worked through African organizations that seemed to legitimize humanitarian rights -

pretended to do missionary work in the Congo, while he was actually abusing it for economic power.

Questions:

Who is committing the atrocities: Regular Armies and Militia ArmiesWas there opposition? Yes, rebels against BelgiumStanley + Majimbo : Contradictions/Truth/Bias? Many types and examplesin both typesWhat did Stanley do for Leopold?If countries traditionally held power over colonies, how did Leopold gain complete power?Quota System, taxation, were/how were people compensated?

Tiers of control appearingCongo free State was anything but freeWays to terrorize populations, how to gain complianceDocumented kills - bullets are expensive, so hands show that bullet was spent widelyHow do hands fit into the quota system? If the Africans did not go andget the necessary quota, they would be killed,

Why did Britain say “No” to Stanley

Preoccupied with other colonies: Will stretch Great Britain’s Resources

Vs. Zulus in South Africa - Instablility in SAfricaVs. India - rebellions in India vs. British Rule; New DIRECT govt. ruleVs. China - Taiping Rebellion; they wanted concessions and helped the Chinese government maintain power over the rebels. Vs.

TEST THURSDAYTest:⅓: Mostly fill in the blank, some multiple choice - 1 PointMotive for imperia control, what those motive looks like in practice comparing southern and central africa and other african; back to beveridge to look at general motives for imperial control; what he argues for and why is same arguments as other powers

2/3 : 2 writing prompts - each 1 paragraph long - each 1 Point

each paragraph is slightly different (Each MUST HAVE 3 SPECIFIC [SPARK] DETAILS)

1 is looking at events across time and place (cross sectional, more general)1 is about events in a particular moment/place (very specific)

KNOW:IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA - ALL MOTIVES, STRATEGIC CONCERNS INVESTMENT TIES, INCREASED RESOURCES, RELATION BETWEEN HOW INDUSTRIALISM RELATES TO AFRICA, LEGITIMATE CONTROL OF AFRICA, ETC.

Boer Wars, Xhosa Wars, Regular Armies, Concentraiton [British] Camps, Guerilla Warfare,

Video Notes:

If Stanley succeeded he would open up the Congo (pre berlin conference)London epicenter of colonization in 19th centuryRomania?Also wanted to propagate Christianity - personallyLeopold acted by the “african cake”Stanley has reputaion of a peaemaker constructor - but he actually broke shattered and destoyed what was in africa, he made a new thing so he did construct, a new thing to replace what he had eradicatd.Stanley built railway, steamships, etc.Leopold changing his african charity changing into business for financial gainMust keep secret of true goals of organizationKing wanted official treaties saying the COngo belonged to themContracts claimed white men had all power, even over sunLeopold was clever, he manipulated people and tricked them into signing contracts that took away their control.Leopold convinced people he should have the COngo through the utilization of his contracts. by 1884, powers held conference in berlin and duscussed the Congo - porpoertyLeopold was not present in berlin, conference gave him everything he wanted - he tricked them into giving him the Congo as a personal landGreat powers had barely recognized the congo before All vacant lands in the congo belonged to the states, then later all produce and goods belonges to the state and natives could only grow them for the state. Natives had been stripped of everythingSovereign king raised army with automatic weaponsJoseph Conrad - “they grabbed what they could get for the sake of whatcould be got”

Africans were unable to fight the europeans - they had more people andbetter weaponsFear was integral part of kings plans of making congo profitableHaving garrison to coerce them into paying revenueTHIS IS THE HIGH POINT OF SCIENTIFIC RACISMWont work for fundamental compensation/etc. THey were somewhat savage by natureLeoplold promised ot Christianize africans and open africa for trade -actually the opposite“the dream becomes a nightmare”_______________________________________________Who has agency in central africa? Who does not?

Who does?

Leopold (before his power is taken away) Certain tribes in South Africa (ninth Xhosa war)Tribes in Southern Africa had more resourcesThe Missionaries: William Sheppard was a missionary, “William Sheppard’s outspolenness would eventually bring down the wrath of the authorities and one day Vanderveldw. an attorney, would find himself…. (165)

Who does not?

Native people forced to collect rubber (fear used to coerce)(right hands)(Hostage House-instructions)(family threats)Tribes in Congo - fear imposed by Leopold, cutting of hands, Hostage Houses, no resources to resist, cycle of purposefule compenstation to benefict force laborForce PubliqueMilitia and Concession companies

Leopold has 20000 troops, hard to controlcompanies who want rubber and gain from Leopold’s control would offer troops and resources to Leopold. (163)

Every company had a militia that was used to fight to maintain and improve their resource flow, privitized military was freed from moralsand regulations that large state armies might have.

In CEntral Africa, natives had to be confined to specific sites, and were also physically restrained. (forced work) (weren’t given choice to work, forced into labor)

In South Africa, natives came and search for work

★ LABOR SYSTEMS *****

Was imperialism organized or haphazard:

H: scatter for land among different powers solely trying to get landH: Leopold: Berlin conference just gave leopold the congo, no plans onwhat to do*O: christian missionary thing was a fake, Leopold was planning the who system*H: Discovery of rubber is way to show how spontaneous Leopold was; itwas not plannedH: Discovery was Hap. but execution of planO: Belgium had a planned system that was to be imposed on the CongoO: Leopold got signatures from people giving him control of land; he was planning for systemO: Urgency started hap. but once resources were discovered, leaders had to think strategically in order to maintain or gain power in a given areaO: Restriction of native land

Uitlanders rights’ were taken away; weren’t allowed to own land and were not part of free economy (foreigners taxed more heavily than afrikaners) Blacks were restricted from owning land and laying claim to resource rich land - whites were taxed more, but had no right restrictions. Maybe it’s the execution that was well planned out.

Agency?

Men, minimal agency and although some work was “voluntary,” it was required at harsh levels in order to sustain lifeWomen, in a sense forced to take action to increase their work, and were pushed to levels that were after almost impossible

DId people have agency over their lives?

British Territories in Ghana - African farmers taking initiative to produce cash crops. (cocoa)

European Powers and various African Groups

Europeans have power - went into African Societies, took over, and uses people and land to increase their own profit.

Some people resist and/or fight while others decide that any resistance would be futile

Zulus continued fighting become giving up would be advantageous - thisdecision process was also present inside societies as well as across them

Primary Sources:

Vocabulary List:Respect that Africans must show towards whitesOutting Africans in impossible situations and using the inability to do actions as reason to ....Connection to SCI racism - using insufficient evidence to prove things, but not enough to disprove it“Do everything properly” - the European way is proper, so the Africansare unable to do anything correctlyAfrican non-compliance fabricated justification for

Imperialism Impo

1859-1869 - Dates during which suez canal was being built by a french company (efficiency incoroporation to world trade, Britain was using it more than anybody else

1874-1875 - Egyptian Government forced to sell their shares, British bought them and now had shares and interest in Suez. (This might be why Britain said no to Stanley, they had other purchases in mind.)

British interest in buying Suez canal increased incredibly,

Congo and Leopoldan system relates to Egyptian labor in the Suez canal

Suez gave chance to Egypt to profit and get money from operation of canal, didnt work.

British wanted a direct route from Britain to Indian ports

CONNECTION TO READINGS FROM LAST NIGHT - REVERSE HIGHLIGHT #1

Pick a paragraph from the reading and prepare topics and ideas that you can rewrite tomorrow

Look for specifics for portions of strayer

896: “That success brought many new problems in its wake…… (near bottom of highlighted section: could expand/unpack to discuss more regarding labor reform/forced labor/labor systems.

SPARC DETAILS:

Pages 893-902:Unpaid LaborCash CropsMigrationGender DifferencesDevastated Groups

Pages 902-911:ReligionCommunity IdentityImpact of Race or ‘Tribe’Language

Group Paragraph:

The gold and diamond mines of South Africa likewise set in motiona huge pattern of labor migrations, accelerating native oppression by European colonizers. Despite incredible variance between white mens’ salaries and the wages of African laborers, the diamond mines at Kimberley employed up to 50,000 black workers in a year (Shillington),many of whom worked to gain access to guns and other manufactured goods, as well as cash economies which promoted Western-style consumerism. Furthermore, they were recruited on 6 month contracts, lived in all-male prison-like barracks that were often surrounded by barbed wire, being seen as inferiors and objects of labor. Similarly in East Africa, natives were expected to treat the Europeans with respect. This was evident in the European-written guide, where Africans were taught to refer to Europeans as "Sir" when the Europeanscommunicated with them.

Connections between…

Mahan >>> Cape Colony >>> Quinine

Britihs incentive to take over Cape colony allowed for trade from eastern europe to africa and asia. All action done by water (mahan)

Uitlanders >>> Hostage Houses >>> Borders drawn at Berlin(Repression and Incentives)

Leopold had to get signatures, LO bengula had to sign contractLeopold got land despite no african presence in BerlinStanley’s contracts helped produce hostage housesMain Motives for EU: Getting Resources, Competition, Trading and Routes, Strategy

Natural Selection >>> Moshoeshoe >>> Lo Bengula

NS connects to social Darwinism - ties into Lobengula because they took advantage of and manipulated him in order to get access to resourcesMoshoeshoe was head of Sotho - LoBengula was the king of ___________

(Africans pushed out of the way by Europeans in order to gain control of resources)

Mining Restrictions >>> Shaka’s Regimental Towns >>> Mackinder

Restrictions put on africans by europeans in SA, took complete controlover natural resorces and put restrictions on it in order to extract every possible profit.Mining connects to Shaka because Shaka could place both rules and ____on people in order to get what he wanted: Male and female were involved (259) with production of state for Shaka, raising king’s cattle and women________. Mackinder and Shaka - You need a military and you need landVersion of Mackinders

INITIALLY TREAT CARTOONS LIKE A VISUAL METAPHOR - BUT THE ASSIGNMENT IS NOT A VISUAL METAPHOR, IT IS A PARAGRAPH THAT WILL TRANSLATE MESSAGE OF CARTOON INTO REGULAR HISTORY PARAGRAPH; CONNECTING DIFFERENT DETAILS

SHOULD NOT REFERENCE THE CARTOON IN OUR PARAGRAPHS, CARTOON WILL GIVE AN IDEA, THE PICTURE WOULD ILLUSTRATE THE IDEA, THEN THOSE IDEAS CAN EXPAND TO BECOME A PARAGRAPH.

HEIGHTENED LEVELS OF COERCION BECAUSE OF DIFF MOTIVES

44 FILL IN THE BLANK - 20-25 minutes (five sections- motives, SA, CA, Misc Facts, Put all of this together [synthesis] section) Two ways to get point, show good knowledge in all, or “crush it” in three.writing happens first

Suez Canal - not dominant but can be very useful for writingSuez in SA and CA abuse of natives through forced labor in creation ofSuez

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TERM 2 - A New Beginning_______________________________________________________

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Paragraph 1:-Japan had disadvantages regarding land and resources-On the edge of “the world”-Lack of resources forced Japan to Industrialize

Paragraphs 4-6:

Feudalism appears to be a disadvantage, but is actually going to be advantageous

WHAT DO WE KNOW?

China:

● China was in the middle of the “world”; involved with world economies and foreign policy

● More Unity - everyone was mostly loyal to the emperor● Less environmental strain (but still some)

● Better endowed with resources● More hegemony - influence outside of own borders● Better equipped for foreign encounters - more resources,

equipment, (Para 8)● In theory, China should have become the superpower in Asia, and

they should have overshadowed Japan (had they monopolized on their resources and opportunity, they could have become more influential

● Rigidity from being @ the center of civilization● Less nationalism present in China● Fewer voices to move towards nationalism; less elite support for

change● (Page 46) Among Chinese officials there were also individuals of

vision who correctly read the facts of life. But they were few and scattered.” (not enough people)

Japan: (SEEMING TO BE DISADVANTAGES)

● Japan is secluded and isolated from experience with outside nations

● Feudal System, levels of power - multiple loyalties● Japan has “two centuries of seclusion” - unprepared to deal with

foreign encounters● (Page 42, P2) Japan was a blend of different cultures, while

China was strictly Confucian● (Page 42) Japanese government was more pluralistic -

regionalized; many different influences that fueled one another● (Page 45) Everyone was going for a nationalist country; clarity

and purpose to reform● (Page 45) All of the upper classes bought into the idea of

change, joined together in order to establish a new governmental system (Elites are a driver of change)

● (Page 50) “Initiative at the top soon began to elicit a widening response…”

● Crisis in action everywhere, but it was in Japan where it had thepotential to become revolutionary

Japan’s qualities that were thought to be disadvantages were actually advantageousParallel examples to China from JapanConnections to Lockewood & Reading(s) Discussion

-A lot of corruption from people acting out of greed-In trials that were citizen v. government; the government always won-Effects of environmental deprivation: Tax on silver coins only, silvehad high rate, low exchange rates in china. Farmers ended up impoverished and unable to support themselves. Appointed people had tocollect at least 70% of amount due, or risk being fired or further punished.

Video Points:

Government taking stuff from British in walled off cities - picture of a gov that has this overarching control of all tradeMissionaries tried to open China up to world tradeHan MerchantsChina had resources that Britain wanted - tea, fireworks, etc.Attempts to trade with China ended in British economic depreciationAmericans established a Turkish opium trade, and acted as middlemen for BritainsSmuggling of opium into China was not dangerous for the foreign merchantsGrowing profitability of opium trade in China - These two (< and ^) setting up for Opium War

COnsequences of Opium War:

After Opium War:China paid back about half of their total silver to Britain after first opium warTreaty of Nanking: the opening of at least 5 ports, leading to decrease in labor and unemployment

Agricultural boom is stalling, more opium addiction, tons of people put out of work, it’s no accident of where the rebellion started

What happened after the Taiping?Japan began to modernize and generated constitution

relating to sovereignty or global economy

Come up with an alternate story that you can use to explain historicalevents

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Taiping: Captain Obvious: it is a rebellion

Our Story:

Conflict between elites and the remaining population, where elites promote conservative ideals to maintain their status and power,and all others see the need for complete social reform, creating a liberal, industrialized and modernized society that could keep up withthe other western powers.

Complete Social Reform: Christianity and Confucianism (Confucianism was norm, CHristianity was a no no), Equalizing society for elites and genders,

REFORM or LACK THEREOF:

!!!!!!!!!! -In order to become an elite, you must pass an exam. A group of scholars attempted to reform in commerce, gov and military; the empress was afraid it would threaten the Manchu power, so she locked up the leader and executed the other scholars !!!!!!!!!!

-Chinese and Manchu officials obstructed the influence of Westernscience, military, or anything from the “West”

-Boxer Uprising???

-Weak central government

-Getting rid of foreigners

-Shift in IR status

-Elites in population & CONSERVATISM

-Japan’s imperial ambitions

Homework: Go back into previous readings, and look at the pages from the textbook specifically, in order to get a perfect overview on any topic you need support in.