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Transcript of hindustani stumbling-blocks - Forgotten Books
HINDUSTANI STUMBLING-BLOCKS
HINDUSTANI
STUMBLING BLOCK S
BEING
DIFFICULT POINTS IN THE SYNTAX AND
IDIOM OF HINDUSTANI EXPLAINED
AND EXEMPLIFIED
LIEUT.-COLONEL D . O. PHILLOTT
SECRETARY , BOARD OF EXAM INERS , CALCUTTA ; GENERAL SECRETARY ,
ASIATIC SOC IETY OF BENGAL ; FELLOW OF THE CALCUTTA UN IVERS ITY ;AUTHOR OF
‘H INDUSTAN I STEPP ING STONES ETC.
T ranslator of the Naflmt -zd-Yaman and the
d -Ndma-
yi Ndair i
Edi tor of the Persian Translat ion of d i Bdbd and of the
Qawdnin-w-Sayydd , etc . , etc.
LONDON
CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON7 STATIONERS ’ HALL COURT , LUDGATE HILL ,
1 9 0 9
HERTFORDSTEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS LTD
8 98 4 8 1
SCHOLZE FELSTEDIENSI
HUNC LIBRUM PIETATIS CAUSA DEDICAVIT
ALUMNUS D . C . P.
INTRODUCTION
THE present little work is compiled from the recurringmistakes of candidates for the higher examinations at
Calcutta, and from certain matters that have proved, and
stil l prove , stumbling -blocks to the author himsel f . Many
of the difficulties that it is hoped this book will solve , are
either not in the ordinary grammars at all , or else are too
briefly touched upon .
In preparing the book for the press, the author has
naturally consulted all the grammars and dictionaries to
which he had access , bu t his acknowledgments are specially
due to Holroyd, Kempson , Hooper, Greaves , and Platts .
His thanks are moreover due to the efficient and continuous
help of Shams -ul -‘
Ulama-Muhammad Yusuf Ja‘
fari , Head
Maulavi , Board of Examiners, Calcutta, and to Shams -ui‘
Ulama Maulavi Naz ir Ahmad Khan Bahadur, LL.D . , who
kindly revised the troublesome sections on the present and
past participles. The Hindustani examples are largely taken
from the letters of CLhaIib, from textbooks for examinations,and from newspapers of Lahore , Delhi, and Lucknow .
Further, to the courtesy of Dr. G . A. Grierson , the
author is indebted for the following note on the derivation
of the polite imperatives , received unfortunately after the
book had gone to press : it should be read in conjunction
With, and in substitution for, the second paragraph of
XXXVIII , 1 (a)
The so -called Polite Imperatives of Hindostani , endingin - ijiyé and -iyé, are derived, through Prakrit , from the
ancient Sanskrit Precative tense . The second person Singular
of this tense ended, in Sanskrit , in -
yds ; thus, bhagas, mayst
thou be ! ’ déyds,‘
mayst thou give !’
7l ld7‘
yd8 ,‘
mayst thou kill !’
INTRODUCTION
In late Prakrit this -
y0’
i s assumed two forms. Sometimes
it became -jjahi and sometimes - iahi , so that we find forms
such as hojjahi (from bhagas) , mayst thou be !’
dejjahi ,mayst thou give as well as marinki , mayst thou kill !“From the first set are descended Hindostani forms such
as hi‘
ijiye, and dijiyé, while, from the second, we have forms
such as indriye'
.
“Those who are interested in the subj ect can refer to
page 8 30 of Pischel’
s Prakrit Grammar, where a number of
similar forms in that language will be found for each set .
”
In conclusion , to quote from honest Senhor Pedro Carolino’
s
delightful , and I would fain add immortal , work , The New
Gu ide of the Conversation in English : We expect then ,
who the little book (for the care what we wrote him and
for her typographical correction) that may be worth the
acceptation of studious persons, and especially of the Youth ,
at which we dedicate him particularly .
D . C . P .
HINDUSTANI STUMBLING -BLOCKS
I . LETTERS
1 . Note that all the letters of the alphabet are consonants.
2 . The letter i (j ) cannot commence a word, nor is it
ever doubled.
3 . Note that the letter n (v ) has two distinct pronun
ciations ; one like the English letter n , and the other nasal as
in main ,
‘
I,
’
and hain ,
‘
are fvide VIII , 6 (b) .
II . SUBSTANTIVES
1 . In Delhi and Lucknow, such words as gehnn
wheat ,’
chane gram,
’
jan barley ,
’
etc. , are plural .
Eta;‘
flour,’
is, however, Singular.
2 . Asbdb,‘
baggage,’
is treated as a singular masculine ;but as the Arabic plural of sabab,
‘
cause ,’
it is plural
masculine .
Aut (Ar. plural of wag t, in the sense of‘
times ’
,
is mascul ine plural , but in the sense of‘
livelihood’
it is
feminine singular.
3 . The Deity is singular, and all pronouns and verbs
referring to the Deity must be Singular.
4 . (a) Saldmat is properly a noun feminine , but it is now
treated as an adjective also . In A! ? saldmat mhiye, and
_K_hudd dp ko saldmat m khe, a se after saldmat is, or was,
understood. It should not be inserted.
(b) Sahib ge ld/mat is also treated as an adjective, and is
used idiomatically for the grammatical sahi li salim, whi ch,however, is not the idiom .
(c) For digg as a substantive and an adjective, r ide XVII .
5 . Log . When used in the Objective , log always requires
ho , thus :‘
He sent people to inquire,’ chand dd’m’t p itchhne
B
2 HINDUSTANI STUMBLING -BLOCKS
ke waste bhej-diye, bu t logon ho pnchhne ke waste bhej-diyd .
Vide Hindustani Stepping Stones Lesson 6 , b.
6 . (a) Bath (se) ,‘
by hand of.’
In mere hdth (se) or
mere hdthon (se) the se is better omitted.
(6) Note the following : Main ne apne nankar he hath
(not kathon) tumhdre pds chi tthi bheji thi , lekin I had sent
you a letter by my servant but Tumhdre hdthon (not
hdth) main bahu t gali l hn,d,‘
I have been disgraced on your
account .’
In the first case the idea of agency is not prominent , and
hath is practically a preposition .
III . CASES OF NOUNS
1 . Nominative. For the nominative absolute , s ide VII,
Relative Pronouns, 2 .
2 . Vocative. (a) Of the two forms of the vocative the
inflected form is the better, as Ay d B it -bi he maz dr, Oh,
tomb of Taj Bibi !
(b) In the simple repetition of grief, a fresh epithet is
usually added to each repetition ; thus the pathetic simplicityin the repetition ,
‘
O my son Absalom, my son, my son
Absalom ! would God I had died for thee , O Absalom, my
son , my son !’
(2 Sam . xviii, would in idiomatic Urdu
be rendered in some such way as Hay mere bete Abi Shd lnm,
mere p iyare Abi‘
Shalnm ! d h tere‘
iwae main martd , inert
dnkhon he tai‘e Abi Shalnm. In the Urdu Bible the translation of this passage is literal .
3 . Agent case with ne.
(a) The agent case is not used with the following verbs
Bolnd baknd bhutna
Chi lldnd ldnd sochnd2
Samajhnd2
dikhdflt dend sundfi. dend
1 i . s . M umtdz M alia”, entombed in the Taj. She was the w ife of
Shah Jahan.
2 In old Urdu these two verbs requ ired ne.
CASES or NOUNS 3
[Sdth dend ma‘
lzim dend
Ro-dend (Shed a few muskurd -dend
tears)Fahraj dend
Kisi he sai th Ito- lend Ito- lend (to be finished so- lend (to have(accompany also outright ; to call for done sleeping)to pass by) on the way)
Ro-lend (to have done baj-lenc‘
i (to strike theweeping) hour)
(b) The following may or may not take ne '
S i khnd2
janna2
Heme2
chahna
(c) The following take or omit ne according to the senseWithou t ne . With ne .
Qarar pdnd, to be decided, to take rest .
Kama, to be in the habit of, to do .
Pukdrnc‘
i , to cry out , to summon .
Pdnd , be allowed, to find, get .
(d) Some few authors make bolnci and larnd agree with
their cognate accusative , but this should not be imitated.
(e) With several nouns as subjects, ne is suffixed to the
last only : d shdh,sarddron aur sip dhiyon , sab ne p i th di
(or dikhdfl the king , the leaders, and the men all fled.
’
If, however, the subjects are pronouns, ne is sufiixed to
each Main ne aur us ne, donon ne, us ko mai d .
(f ) If there is a noun or phrase in apposition to the subject,ne comes last , as : Eh shekhsBahddur nam ne kakd ki
E h buddhe ddmi Bahddur nam (or nami ) ne kaha kiVide Apposition .
4 . Genitive. (a) Note the following significations of the
genitive : fi ndd ltd shukr,‘
thanks to God ;’
mere Matt ha
1 Sei th dend properly requ ires as .
2 In old Urdu these four verbs never took ne .
3 M ain ne chdhd , bu t merd dil chdhd .
4 HINDUSTANI STUMBLING-BLOCKS
jawab, an answer to my letter p ine hd pani , water for
drinking,’
drinking-water ; as hd (or as par) bharosd nahin,
there is no dependence on him ; rel hd safar, a journey byrail bai thne hi ijdz at, permission to sit , for sitting ; bdt
hd bard sachchd hai ,‘
he is true to his word,’
or,
‘
he keeps
his appointments ; dj hi m sad, to-day’
s rations,’
rationsfor
to -day cone hi ghari , awatch made of gold,’
a gold watch
bajri bahdr hd din,
‘
an enjoyable day bajri bahdr hi i dt ,
an enjoyable night° hd ,e hd pdni , water from the well °
babd l hd damhht, an acacia- tree ; Panjdb hd mnlh,‘
the
country of the Panjab ,’
the Panjab gnldb hd p hd l, a rose
tin frnp iya hd haprd , cloth to the value of 3 rupees .
’
(b) Hisab hi hi tdb in the sense Of‘
a book on arithmetic
is an objective genitive , but in the sense of an account book
subjective . In Tnmhdri muhabbat men with tabdh ho-
gayd ,‘
he was ruined by his love for you ,
’
tumhdri is an objective
genitive ; but in Tnmhdri mnhabbat ne as he hhardb harddld ,
your affection for him ruined him,
’
it is subjective .
5 . The p ostp osi tion ho The following remarks are to be
added to those in Hindustani Stepping Stones Lesson 6
(a) The ho of motion is idiomatically omitted, except in thePanjab , as : Wi th Lahor gayd,
‘
he has gone to Lahore,’
but
Lahor ho mwdna hd ,d or Lahorfrawdna hd ,d, he has started
for Lahore ’
IVi ih shahr gayd , he has gone to the city ,
’
but
shahrmen gayd, he entered the city Wi th Wi ldyat (not ho)gayd, he has gone to England.
’
REMARK—With pahunchnd the postposition men may be
used or omitted, as : Main Rangdn pahnnchd ,‘
I arrived at
Rangoon ,
’
but Rangdn men pahnnchd, I entered the city of
Rangoon .
’
(b) It is omitted after words used in a vague or indeter
minate sense , as : Us ne hhdne se hdth a thdyd ,‘
he stopped
eating ;’
Jahdn he paidd harne-wd le se di l lagd,0 ,‘
fix thy(the) heart on the world
’
s maker.
’
(0) X0 is necessary in such sentences as : Jo ho,i dushman
CASES OF NOUNS 5
he haqir samjhe us hi mi sal us shahhs hi hai jo thori dg ho
yan hi chhor-de, one who despises a weak enemy is like one
who neglects a little fire (i .e . the fire that is little) .
A man with a small head and a large beard reads that these
are the Signs of a fool ; he says to himself, Main sir ho bard
har-nahin-sahtd hi‘
in lehin‘
I cannot make my (the)head large , bu t
(d) . Tum jdnte ho his tarahmni gh (or mnrgh ho) halal hartehain ?
‘
do you know how fowls are slaughtered ?’
In such
sentences it is better to omit ho after simple verbs, but to
insert it after verbs compounded of averb and substantive, etc.
REMARK .—If insdn were substitu ted for margh, the he
would be necessary ; bide Lesson 6, c
(e) X0 is omitted after a cognate accusative : Hamesha hi
nind soyd ,he Slept the everlasting sleep .
’
(f ) Note the insertion and omission of ho in
Q . Pddshdh ne his he dehhd
A. Eh darvesh ho .
Q . Kaun thd jis ho pddshdh ne dehhdA. Darvesh.
(g) Kishmish ho (not tah) abhi bahut din bdqi hain,
Christmas is still a long way ofi there are many days yet
before Christmas ;’
but Kishmish he bahu t din bdqi hain,
there are many days still left of the Christmas holidays .
’
(h) Vide Log , II , 5 .
(i) Main ne ddsre ho ushe buldne ho mhhsat hiyd ,‘
I
dispatched the other to call him .
’
To avoid this uneuphonious
use of ho in two different senses in the same clause, it is better
to write n she bu ldne he liye.
( j ) If several nouns are the object of one verb, he is
added to the last only , as : Jhagron aur lard ,iyon ho (or,not so good, jhagre lard ,iyon ho) .
(h) When a phrase is added in apposit ion the ha is
placed at the end, as : I saw Zaid the Waz ir’
s son,
’
main ne
waz ir he bete Zaid ho dehhd .
6 HINDUSTAN I STUMBLING-BLOCKS
REMARK—A similar order is observed with ne ; vide III ,3 (e) .
(Z) If a participle is in apposition to a noun, the he
directly follows the noun , as Main ne eh ddmi ho soyd hu,d
dehhd,‘
I saw a man1asleep ,
’
but Main ne eh soye hu,e2
ddmi ho dehhd , I saw a sleeping man .
’
6 . (a) Men . Is men main ne bari fihr hi ,‘
I thought
a
'
great deal abo ut, concerning, this Is bdt men (or par) hydhakte ho
‘
what have you to say on this subject ?’
Mantiq
men, on Logic ; Yih tu ttu hitne men pai d ?‘
how much did
this pony cost ? Kan-hawwe men tdgd bdndho, tie the thread
to the kite p ol men (or se) m ssi bdndho or rassi men (or se)dol bdndho,
‘
tie the rope to the bucket Chor-hdnte hap re
men (or se) lag -
ga,e, burrs have stuck to the cloth .
’
(b) Wuk ghusse men (or se) bhar-
gayd , he was filled wi th
anger Wuk nasha men (or se) chur hai , he is dead drunk
(chur l it . bruised) ; M eri ghari men (not se) do bajhai‘ dasmini t hu
,e hain , by my watch it is ten past
(c) Vide 7 infra.
7 . (a) S e is sometimes used for he sdth : Mahhhan froti se
(or he sdth) hhdtd hai , he eats butter with his bread ; Us ho
mujh se (or mere sdth) dushmani hai ,‘
he is at enmity with
me ; Wuh bare sde o sdmdn se (or he sdth) dyd , he came
wi th great pomp .
’
You cou ld not, however, say Wuk us se
dyd, he came with him .
’
(b) Main ddh se dyd hi m. is modern and borrowed from the
English , for the old Urdu ddh par dyd hun .
(c) Yih is se mushdbih hai , this resembles that,’
and
Donon men mushdbahat hai , there is a resemblance between
the two,’
are correct . By a confusion of thought , however,Is se aur us se hyd mushdbahat hai is incorrectly said for
Is men aur us men hyd mushdbahat hai
1 But main ne eh shei' (W ithou t ho) soyd hd ,d dehha vide E . S . S
Lesson 6.
2 Or sote hd,e.
CASES OF N OUN S 7
(d) For se or ho after hahnd andpdchhnd, vide XX and XXX .
(e) Se is generally used wi th causals.
(f ) For omission of so after saldmat and hdth, s ide II , 4 , 6 .
(g) Men se and men hd=‘
out of’
, a portion of’
, as : Un
qaidiyon men se (or men he) do rihd har-diye ga,e,
‘
two of
those prisoners were released ; Un quaidiyon men se (or men
hd) eh main thd ; but Sab barddaron men (not men se) main
(sab se) chhotd hi m,‘
I am the youngest of (amongst) the
brothers .
’
For two postpositions following the same substantive, vide
Hindustani S tepping S tones Lesson 30 , c .
8 . (a) Par is connected w ith upar. It has many signi
fications, such as superiority , incumbency , debt , duty, etc.
Example : Main is chi z ho us par tarji li detd hun, I prefer
this to that .’
(b)‘
Because of, for.
’
Kis qusdr par, for what fault ?
Wuh chori harne par jawdb pd-
gayd , he was dismissed for
theft . ’
(0)‘
According to .
’
Mundsib taur par,‘
in , or after, a
propermanner ; Mere ma‘
mdl par,‘
according to my custom .
’
(d)‘
Notwithstanding .
’
I tu i diwdnagi par bhi wuh meri
bdt samajh-
gayd ,‘
notwithstanding his madness he understood
me Meri maujddgi par bhi wuh upni shardrat se bde
na-dyd , notwithstanding my presence he did not cease his
m ischief. ’
(e) To , for,’
and‘
at Majh bechdre par jo yug i d ,‘
what happened to un fortunate me M ere jdne par rdg i
hd ,a, he consented to my going ; Yih aur hisi (or hisi aur)
par na-hhu ld , this was revealed to none J is chi z par terd
ji chale so hhd , eat whatever you like ; Ko,i eh hos par, at
the distance of abou t a hos.
’
(f ) The par (l ike men) is often idiomatically omitted, as
Wah dam/d he hindre gayd ,‘
he has gone to the river,’
bu t
Daryd he hind re par gayd , he went to the edge of the water ;Ddsre din (par) , on the second day .
’
8 HINDUSTANI STUMBLING -BLOCKS
9 . Tah is not always a postposition ; b ide‘
Hindustani
Stepping Stones Lesson 30 , d.
IV. NUMERALS
1 . (a) After donon,
‘
both ;’
chdron, all four,’
etc. , a plural
noun is ordinarily to be preferred to the singular, as donon
darahhton men, chdron mu lhon men ; bu t the singular may
be used.
(b) If, however, some special number is always associated
with a particular noun , the singular is preferred, as : Sdthon
iqlimmen,in the seven continents of the world.
’
In p dnchon
hawdss,‘
the five senses,’
hawdss is the Arabic plural ; this
word, however, is in Urdu often treated as a singular. Chdron‘
nusar (or arba’
a‘
andsifi , the four elements .
’
(0) E h is often used for the indefinite article‘
a’
. It is,however, often emphatic, as : Wuh chor hai , he is a thief,
’
but Wuh eh chor hai , he is one thief,’
i .e .
‘
he is a regular
thief ’ Chow n men se hai , he is a thief,’
i .e . belongs to the
class of thieves but Charon men se eh wuk hai , he too is
one of the thieves (don’t make anymistake abou t the
V. ADJECTIVESENOUGH ’
AND TOO MUCH
1 . Enough’
can be rendered by bahu t, hdfi , or bas, as :
I tni shardb bahu t (or hdfi or bas) hai .2 . Too much
’
is expressed by bahu t, z iydda,bahut
z iydda, or by lidjat se z iydda, more than the requirements:Yih jutd mere pd ,on se (bahu t) bard hai , these shoes are toobig for me .
’
Vide also Hindustani Stepping S tones Lesson 2 , a.
3 . For saldmat and sahi li salamat, vide II, 4 .
VI. PRONOUNSPERSONAL , DEMONSTRATIVE , INDEF INITE , AND POSSESSIVE1 . Personal. (a) In Delhi and Lucknow, and in Behar,
the l st person plural pronoun ham, we’
or I ’
, is both in
10 HINDUSTANI STUMBLING-BLOCKS
Gentlemen of Lucknow and Delhi, however, generally speak
of themselves as main even when they address servants as tn.
2 . Demonstrative. (a) Yih means‘
he’ just as much as
wah does. Yih achchhd admi hai and wuk achchhd ddmi hai
must both be translated he is a good fellow but the former
indicates either a person present or one near the speaker,
while the latter either a person absent or one remote from the
Speaker.
(b) The demonstratives yih andwuk , preceding or followingsome interrogatives, are equ ivalent to a relative in English or
in Hindustani, as :‘
What is this dispu te that is going on
amongst the servants nauharon men yih haisd jhagra ho
rahd hai ? Who is that sawar who is riding along there
wuh haun sawdr ghOjre par jd -rahd hai wuh haun sawar
hai jo ghore par jd -rahd hai
(c) For the demonstrative before a relative pronoun vide
VII , 3 , 4 .
3 . Indefini te. The pronoun ho,i has sometimes the meaning
Of hahin , vide Hindustani Stepping S tones ,’ Lesson 4 , p . 23 .
4 . Possessive . (a) Apna does not , of course, always refer
to the grammatical or to the logical subjects of a sentence
(ride‘
Hindustani Stepping S tones’
, Lesson Note the
position of this possessive in the following , and the differences
in signification : Usne apne bdp he sath unho jangal men jdte
dehha, he saw them going with his o wn father into the
jungle ; Usne unho apne bdp he sath j'
angal men jdte dehhd ,he saw them going with their own father into the jungle .
’
(b) In Main ne unho apne ghar bhej-diyd , it is obvious
that the possessive cannot refer”
to the singular subject ; bu t
Unhon ne unho apne apne ghar bhej-diyd wou ld be ambiguous,as the possessive might refer either to the subject or the object .
(0) In Yih upni hi tdb hai ,‘
thi s is my book’
(or, in the
Panjab and in Behar, yih meri apni kitab hai) the apni is
used for emphasis.
(d) Apnd should not be inserted except for emphasis : Main
RELATIVE PRONOUN , ETC . 1 1
ne usho hdth se mdrd ,‘
I beat him with (my) hand,’
but
am hdth se mdrd ,“I beat him with my own hand,
’
i .e.
‘
I
beat him myself , no one else did’
.
REMARK .—Vide also
‘
Hindustani Stepping Stones’
, Lesson
12, c and f .
VII. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND ITS
ANTECEDENT , AND THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE
1 . For the construction of relative sentences, vide Hindu
stani Stepping Stones Lesson 16, b. The correlatives are
less used in Urdu than in Hindi, but apart from this it is
sometimes necessary to depart from the relative -correlative
construction . There is, fOr instance, a considerable difference
in meaning between Usno apne dushman ho mdr-dd ld jisho
marna usho hargiz laz im na- thd he killed his enemy , and
it was not necessary for him to do this’
, and Jis dushman ho
marna laz im na- thd usho usne mdrddld‘
he killed that
particular enemy whom he ought not to have killed Some
times the latter construction is adopted for reasons of euphony
only ; thus, Jab tah jo log hi hdfir hon is mu lh se chale na
ja,en is less euphonious than Jab tah wuh log jo hdfir hain
2 . When , in English, a noun in any case is the antecedent
of a long and explanatory relative clause, it is, in Urdu , placed
by itsel f at the commencement of the sentence as a nominative
absolute, without any verb ; but after the verb in the relative
clause, its place is taken by a pronoun in the proper case of
the antecedent, thus : The boy who came to you yesterdayhas to -day gone back to Lahore ,
’
larhd jo hal tumhdre pds
dyd thd wah dj t or wdpas gayd Some one has sent for
that boy whom you saw at my house yesterday ,
’
larhd jisho
dp ne hal mere mahdn men dehhd thd us he dj hisi ne bald
bheja hai .
NOTE—The nominative absolute construction , so common
in Persian and Arabic, is not admissible in Urdu . Such a con
struction as u m .) uni ts J ; (Ag (Ly e , the schoolmaster
12 HINDUSTANI STUMBLING-BLOCKS
has no authority over the boys’
(lit .‘
the schoolmaster
there‘
is no wool in his is foreign to the language,
except , of course, in broken colloquial .
3 . When , in English, one or more relative clauses are
coupled by‘
and’
, the succeeding relatives can , in Urdu ,
either be expressed, or their places can be taken by demon
strative pronouns ; but the latter is more idiomatic. In The
carpenter who made your table and whose wages you with
held, has come’
, jis barhd ,i ne 141) hi mez band ,i thi aur zip ne
(ushi or j t shl ) muz duri nahin di thi wuh is wagt dyd , the
u shi or jishi may optionally be omitted, as the sentence is
short and the omission causes no ambiguity ; but in The
birdcatchers whom you sent to the jungle and who caught
and brought you the bulbuls, want their recompense’
, jin
mir-shihdron ho A—p ne jangal men bheja thd aur wah (or, not
so good, jo) bu lbu l p hasa-har ld ,e the wah in‘
am chahti hain,
if the wuh (or jo) were omitted, A—p wou ld naturally be taken
as the subject Of the second clause as well as of the first .
4 . For the sake of emphasis, the antecedent of a relative
is often qualified by aisd , or, less commonly , by wuh, as
Mujh ho eh-aisd (or wah) hdg_hag chdhiye ] 28 par huchh likha
hd,d na-ho, I want paper that has not been written on in
this sentence the aisd (or wah) could be omitted, but it is
better inserted ; but in Wuh (or aisd) hdm haro jis se sdnp
bhi mare aur ld thi bhi na- td te (proverb) ,‘
act so that the snake
may be killed, but the ld thi be not broken ,
’
either wuh or
aisd must be inserted. S imilarly, in The man whom you
summoned has come’
, wuk admi fisko 141) ne buldyd thd
hdeir hai , the wah cannot be omitted, as the reference is to‘
that particular man’
; the omission of wuh in such cases is
a usual mistake amongst Europeans .
5 . The relative pronoun in Engl ish is sometimes a source
of ambiguity , as it is not always clear whether the writer uses
the pronoun restrictively or
'
conjunctively . Abbott in How
to Write clearly’
gives the following example : There .was
RELAT IVE PRONOUN , ETC. 13
a publ ic -house next door, which was a great nuisance .
’
As
which is here preceded by a comma, it is conjunctive , and
means and this fact’
. Omit the comma (also , better still ,substitute
‘
that ’
for‘
which ’
) and the meaning is‘
that
particular public -house was a great nu isance The Urdu ,
Mere mahdn he baghal men eh sharab-hhdna hai jo eh tahlifdih chi z hai , is ambiguous, as the relative jo may be either
conjunctive or restrictive . Substitute for jo either aur wuk
sharab-hhdna or else aur us hd hand , and the ambigui tydisappears .
In Wuh das hos do ghante he‘
arse men paidal qayd jo
ta‘
ajjub hi bat thi , he travel led 10 hos in the Space of two
hours , which was an extraordinary thing ,’
the relative is
simply awkward ; either substitute aur yih for the relative,or, better still , recast the sentence and write yih ta
‘
ajjub hi
bdt thi hi wuk
6 . Note the ambigu ity in the following : Main to yahdn
he rahne-walon se nahin han faisa hi tum tasawwur harte ho.
This may either mean you think I am one of the residents ’
or you think I am not’
but transfer the words nahin hi m
to the end of the sentence and the meaning is I am not one
of the residents of this place as you think I am
7 . To avoid ambiguity it is sometimes necessary to repeat
the antecedent in a new form . He said he would not even
hear me , which I confess I had expected.
’
This may either
mean I had expected he would hear me or I had expected
he would not hearme For‘
which’
write‘
a refusal that ’ or
a favour that according to the sense .
Us ne hahd hi main tumhdri bat na-sunungd aur mujh he
as se isi bdt hi tawaqqu‘
thi is ambiguous ; but write lekin
nmjhe tawaqqu‘
thi hi wuh sunegd or lekin mujhe tawaqqu‘
bhi yihi thi hi wuh na-sunegd , and the ambigu ity is removed.
8 . When the antecedent to a relative is indefinite, therelative is usually followed by the Aorist or by a Doubtful
Tense, as : Is there anyone here that kno ws Turki yahan
1 4 HINDUSTANI STUMBLING-BLOCKS
ho,i hai jo Turki jantd ho There was no one there who
could understand Engl ish ,
’
wdhan ho,i aisd shahhs na- thd jc
Angrez i samajh-sahe, but here, however, the Imperfect samajh
sahtd [thd] would be better. In Wah us am hi tarah daurd
p hirtd hai fisko muhdr na-ho, he wanders hither and thither
like a camel without a nose -string ,’
ho, and not hai , is used
because no one particular camel is intended.
9 . For the relative as both subject and object in the same
sentence , fvide Hindustani S tepping S tones Lesson 27 , j .
VIII . CONJUNCTIONS , ADVERBS , AND ADVERBIAL
PHRASES AND PARTICLES
1 . The following idiomatic use of hi was omitted from-Hindustani S tepping S tones
’
, Lesson 26 , e Tumhhud wahdn
hydn nahin jdte hi (or jo) majh ho wahdn jdne hakte ho ?
why don’ t you go yoursel f instead of sending me
2 .
‘
While ’
should sometimes be rendered by ydn to, as:
Wh i le all women are beau tiful those of Kashmir are
pecul iarly so ,’
yun to tamdm hi‘
auraten hhub-
sdrat hoti
hainllekin hhdss-har Kashmir hi
‘
anraten to nihdyat hi
hasin hoti hain .
1
3 . (a) Note the‘
au/r of concomitance ’
in the following :
Faqat yih chdr din hain ; in he ba‘
d ham honge aur qabr
there are only these few days of l ife ; then-I , and the grave .
(b) Aur Agar tum imtihdn‘
p ds’
ho
jd ,0ge to tumhen in
‘
dmmi legaaur agar‘
fel’
ho-jd ,0ge to saed
ya,oge, if you pass your examination you
’
ll be rewarded, but
if you fail you’
ll be punished.
’
4 . In such phrases as I do not know if I should not
wonder if agar cannot be used :‘
Ajab hyd hai hi fareb
diya ho tdhi tujh2se apna hdm nihale, I should not wonder
if he has deceived you2in order to gain his object through you .
’ 2
1 Hoti hain and not hain , vide l , g .
2 Note the posit ion of tujhe in the second clause . It cou ld followhi and be omitted in the second clause .
PARTICLES,ADVERBS , ETC . 15
5 . (a) Chdhe, hyd , M icah repeated‘
either (or whether)or Chdhe has also the same meaning, bu t can be used only
when the subject is the 2md person plural , as : Main nahin
kahta, raho chaho jam, I say nothing, remain or go as you
please ; Chdho raho chdho jd ,o ,
‘
either stay or go , as you
please .
’
Vide also Hindustani S tepping Stones’
, Lesson 16 ,
e and f .
(b) Chdhe—chdhe is al ternative ; hyd—hyd is inclusive :
Kyd amir hyd gharib sab ushi mau t par rote hain , whether
rich or poor, all lament his death to substitute chdhe for
hyd in this sentence would be incorrect and vulgar ; but Chdhe
Hindi‘
i ho chdhe Musalmanmain us se mu ldt nahin karunga,
whether he be Hindu oq uslim, I won’ t meet him.
’
NOTE—For‘
neither—nor’
rvide Negatives, Hindustani
S tepping S tones,’ Lesson 16 , d.
6 . (a) Jahdn sometimes means‘
when’
, as : Jahdn us ne
mujhe dehha jdn chhor-har bhdgd ,‘
when he saw me he fled
in haste Jahan tum bahu t baras g d ,i‘
haricliuhe ho chand
din aur sahi , when you have wasted so many years already ,
afew days more won’
t signify Jahan eh halat sd lhd -sdl tah
rahi (go wuh hdlat haisi hi‘
umda aur pasandida hydn ha-ho)hhwdh ma-hhwdh ddmi us se uhtd -jata hai ,
‘
when one state
continues without change for years (no matter how pleasant
that state) a man gets tired of it .’
(b) Jahdn, where ,’
and jahdn, the world.
’
Though spelt
alike, these two words differ in pronunciation : jahdn, where ,’
has a. nasal n , while jahdn, the world,’
has not . All the
Hindi adverbs, hahdn, yahdn, wahdn, tahdn, have a ndn -i
ghunna or nasal n .
7 . Note the use of hahdn in Ab haydt‘
umr barhdtd hai
lekin i tnd shirin hahdn hogd
8 . Kahin not only means I fear lest ’
(vide Lesson 16 , a)but never
’
, etc. , as : Kahin yih tumhdre khiyal men na-dwe
hi main us par‘
ashiq hun , do not for a moment supposethat I am in love wi th her ; Kahin diwali hi ta
‘
ti l tah
16 HINDU STANI STUMBLING -BLOCKS
naubat na-
pahunch-jd,e, I fear lest the matter be prolonged
till theD iwali holidays .
’
9 . Kubhi , ever,’
and habhi nahin or kargiz nahin, never.
’
Hargiz , however, cannot in Urdu be used for ever
10 . For jab tah,‘
until ,’
b ide‘
Hindustani S tepping StonesLessons 1 8 , b, and 31 .
1 1 . Nahin to and‘
Otherwise Though otherwise ’
is to
be translated by nahin to H. , or warna P. , still these latter
words cannot always be translated by‘
otherwise Ap hi hain
jo wa‘
don ho kamesha purd harte hain, warna dj hal wa‘
don
hi haun parwa hdrtd hai .?
‘
you alone keep your promises ;
for in these days, who cares for promises”
here warna
signifies were I to say otherwise, then tell me who
Agar dp hd qat‘
i huhm hai to main harungd warna main
ma’
z ur hun, if it is your strict order I’
ll do it , but to say the
tru th I am to be excused : warna here warna main is hdm
ho nahin hartd is liye hi main ma‘
z ur hun,
’
or some such
equivalent phrase . Jo kuchh musibat insan ho pahunchti
hai wuh us he gundhon he sabab se pahunchti hai , war na
_K_h_udd hisi par z u lm nahin hartd‘
misfortunes that befall
a man are due to his sins, for indeed God oppresses none"
warna here signifies‘
if you say otherwise, then I say that
Wa- i lla is old Urdu and has the same signification . In
poetry especially , warna, etc . , is a great stumbling-block .
12 . Bare and dhhir ho,‘
at last .’
Though bare and
dhair ho both mean‘
at last ’
, the former has a restricted
use, the latter a general : bdre can be used only when the
clause expresses something favourable . At last my brother
died’
is dhhir he (not bdre) merd bhd ,i mar-gayd ; but‘
At
last my brother recovered could be bdre, or dhhir, ho, merd
bhd ,i bimdri se achchhd ho-
gayd . Similarly , bdre (or dhhir
ho) wuk rdg i hu,a, at last he consented.
’
13 . Correlatives : as ; the more the less,’
etc
hardly ,’
scarcely ,’ ‘
almost‘
to be about to‘
no matter
how as soon as ; not only— but also ;
‘
rather than .
’
1 8 HINDUSTANI STUMBL I NG-BLOCKS
I would not do this for a friend, much less for an enemy ,
’
main dOston he liye to aisd harun -hi -gd nahin dushmanon he
liye hahdn tah harungd ? or —dushmanon he liye harnd
ma‘
liim, or —dushman ho haun puchhtd hai ?
(e) much less, to say nothing of, let alone‘
I have never even heard the name of the place, much less
seen it , to say nothing of never having seen it,’
main ne us
jaguh hd ndm bhi nahin sund hai dekhne hd hyd z ihr , or
dekhna to ma‘
lum, or dekhna to dar hindr hai us jagah hd
dekhna dar hindr main ne nam bhi nahin sund .
NOTE—For bhi in correlative sentences, ride 1 4 .
(f) Hardly ,I had barely set foot outside
the room when
He could scarcely have pro
ceeded hal f a mile when he
was attacked by a robber.
(g) Nearly, almost :
I have nearly finished.
He nearly fell off his horse ;
(lit . it was near that he
shou ld fall off his
It is nearly twelve .
scarcely ,’
etc. Vide also H.S .S Lesson 25 .
Main ne hamre se bahar qadam
na-rakha thd hi chhat gir
ga,i (or gir -
pari ) ; or main
hamre se qadam bdhar
rahhne na-
pdyd thd hi
Wah ddhd mi l nalgayd hoga
hi eh ddhd ne us par hamla
hiyd or wuh shdyad hi eh
mi l gaya hogd hi
Mere hdm men kuchh thord sd
bdqi hai or mujhe kuchh
thora sd hdm bdqi hai .
Wuh ghore par se girte girte
bach-
gayd or qarib thd
(hi) ghore par se gir-jd ,e.
Thori der men bdrah bajenge
or bdrah bajne men thori
der bdqi hai or bdrahabhi
bajenge or bdrah bajne
chdhte hain ; or bdrah bajchale.
1
1 For this use of chalnd , vide X ,I , c.
ADVERBIAL PHRASES , ETC . 19
(h) To be about to Vide also Hindustani S teppingS tones Lessons 25 and 29 , a, and XLII , 7 , and XLV, 4 .
When the old king was about Jab badshah marne-lagd
to die he
I was just going to get into Main sawar hone hi ho thd hi
the train when it started. rel chal -pari .
I was on the point of falling Main girne hi ho thd hi us ne
when he saved me . mujhe sanbhal-liyd .
(i) For‘
no matter how as soon as no sooner than ’
,
‘
not only—but also’
, and‘
rather than b ide‘
Hindustani
S tepping S tones’
, Lesson 25 , b, h, j, and h, and XLVII , 3 .
1 4 . Ni z and bhi , also .
’
(a) Bhi must immediately follow
the word it refers to ; unlike ni z , it cannot commence a
clause.
(b) Bhi is often required where in Engl ish‘
also’
cannot
be used, as : Ap ne md l se huchh faqiron ho bhi khairat haro,
give the poor (also) some of the property you possess here
bhi signifies that‘
as you possess some let the poor also
possess some Us he sath mujhe bhi bhej-do is either‘
Send
me with him’
; or if anyone else were being sent,‘
send me
also with him.
’
Bhi is often used where in English also though omitted,might be inserted, as : Ate he sath ghun bhi p istahai (proverb) ,the weevil is ground with the grain.
’
(c) It is used in boastful or pretentious phrases, as : Wuh
di l men khiyal hartd hai hi main bhi huchh hun ,
‘
he fancies
himsel f somebody ;’
Tum bhi eh‘
ajib admi ho,‘
you’
re a
wonderful person’
(generally satirically) Dunyd bhi eh‘
ajib
jagah hai ,‘
this world is a wonderful place.
’
There is no
idea of also in any of these phrases .
(d) It is also idiomatic to add it in correlative sentences ,though it can be omitted : Wuh jahdn jata hai wahdn ushd
huttd (bhi ) jdtd hai , where he goes , there goes his dog also ;Jo tum karoge main (bhi ) karunga.
20 H INDU STANI STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
(e) With a simple verb, bhi may close a sentence, as : Main
ne us hamdn ho sirf jhuhdyd hi nahin balhi tord bhi ,‘
I did
not merely bend the bow, I broke it .’
(f ) If, however, the verb be a compound (either of two verbsor of a simple verb with a substantive , or adjective, etc.) thebhi must be inserted between the compounds ; thus, if in the
previous example tor-dd ld be substituted for tord, the sentence
must run — balhi tor bhi ddld . S imilarly ,—balhi
‘
arz bhi
hiyd , and not‘
arz hiyd bhi .
NOTE— The part icle hi is also governed by Similar
rules.
(g) In correlatives or in conditional sentences bhi refers to
the emphatic word in the clause, as : Agar tummere hdn d ,oge
to main tumhdre hdn bhi d ,ungd ,
’ ‘
if you’
ll come to see me,
I’
ll go to see you ;’
Agar tum mere hdn d ,oge to main bhi
tumhdre han aninga, if you will come to see me, I’
ll go to
see you .
’
(h) For‘
he said also’
English people usually say us ne
bhi hahd ; this should be us ne yih bhi kahd, for the former
means he too , said
15 . Hi . (a) The emphatic particle hi can be added for
emphasis to any part of speech ; it is also equivalent to italics
in English or to underlining . For numerous examples of itsforce b ide Hindustani S tepping Stones Lesson 25 , m.
Further examples are Main ne hisi ka gate sund . Main hi
gdtd thd ,
‘
I heard some one singing . Yes, it was I that“
was
singing Uina hi usi qadar) , just as much ,
’
exactly as
much Main is bat ho bhul hi gaya thd , I quite forgot it ;Is z i llai hi z indagi se to, tumhdrd marna hi achekha thd,‘
why , dying would be preferable to living in such misery .
’
(b) Hi is sometimes used for bhi ,‘
even’ Wuh aisd buz urg
shahhs hai hi agar tumhen ushi hawd hi (or bhi ) lag-ja,e to
1 Speak ing t o a person jd, dngd wou ld be preferred but in writ ingd,dngd, as the person addressed is in his hou se .
PARTICLES , ETC . 21
tum admi ban-jd ,o (or jd ,oge) , so saint -like is he that even
his passing contact would make you good.
’
(0) Hi also expresses contempt : Yih kitab bhi hyd chi z hai ,what sort of a thing is this book
‘2 (surprise or admiration)
but Yih kitab chi z hi hyd hai , what worth has this wretched
book got ?
(d) When hi emphasiz es a future , it Should (unl ike bhi ) beinserted before the future suffix , as : Main is hdm ho hardn
hi -gd nahinl
(but hardngd bhi nahin) , I will never do thiS .
’
(e) In compound verbs hi follows the rule of bhi , thus :
Bhul hi gayd ,
‘
I forgot it altogether ;’ —lekin main ne
‘
arg hi
hiyd ,—but I insisted on making a petition ,
’ ‘
I did make
a petition Main ne bdhir hi walon ho dehhd , I saw onlythose outside .
’
(f ) Note the position of the emphatic particle hi in the
following : Yih hdm majh se ho -hi -gd nahin ,
‘
this business
can in no way be done by me here hi qual ifies the verb and
could occur in no other position in the sentence . Tum jante
hi the hi wuk nahin d ,ega,‘
you certainly knew that he would
not come .
’
16 . The particle‘
to’
. (a) To means‘
certainly I admit’
,
‘
Of course’
,
‘
as for’
,
‘
just’
; and like bhi it follows the word it
refers to . Examples
(1) He,I admit
, obeys me , Wuk to merd huhmmdntd hai ,
but the other servants lekin dusre naukar nahin
don’ t . mdnte .
(2) He obeys me , of course , Wuh merd huhm tomantahai ,
but not my brother. lekin mere bhd ,i hd huhm
nahin mdntd .
(3) He obeys me, of course , Wuh merd huhm manta to2
but hai , lekin
1 Kari’
mgd hi nahin inthe Panjab . S imi larly , for usi hd Panjabissay as hd hi .
3 Future , harungd to nahin, etc to cannot be inserted before the
future su ffi x , as hi can.
22 HINDU STAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
(b) If the particle would ordinarily occur as the last word
of the clause, the word sahi must be added ; thus the last
sentence could be rendered, Wuk merd huhm manta hai to
sahi , le hin
(c) To also expresses contrast , as : Qaidiyon men das to
mard hain aur bdqi‘
auraten , of the prisoners, ten are men ,
the rest women Din he to garmi parti hai aur rdt ho sardi ,
by day it is hot , but at night cool Main to jdtd hdn tum
chaho jd ,o chaho na-jd ,o,‘
as for me, I’
m going ; you may go
or not , as you please .
’
(d) To also indicates an admitted fact , as : Fu ldn shahhs
majh se jhd th bold . Wuk jhutha to hai ,‘
so -and-so lied to
me , he is known to be a l iar he is an admitted liar,’
or of
course he is a liar
(e) With the imperative , to is equ ivalent to the English
adverbial‘
j ust ’
,as : Is dawd ho hhd to lo, phir dehhnd hi
ishd hyd asar hotd hai , just take this medicine and then see
its eflects ;’
Yih z ahr nahin hai ; hhd to lo ,‘
this is not poison ;just swallow it and see .
’
(f) Interrogatively , to expresses a modicum of doubt, as :
Ap achchhe to hain ? Ap achchhe hain na‘
you are well ,
aren’ t you
‘
2 (i.s . I hope you are
(9) Similarly , to nahin u sed interrogatively also expresses
some doubt , bu t is equivalent to‘
I hope you’
re not ?’
or to
mabddd, as : Ap bimar to nahin hain ,
‘
you’
re not ill , I hope ?’
It would be incorrect to say Ap achchhe to nahin hain , for
that would imply that the speaker hoped he wasn’ t well .
(h) Note the following idioms
Not to speak of you , very Tum to tum,bare bare
’
dlim bhi
learned men even can ’ t is sawdl hd jawab de nahin
answer this. sahte (or nahin de-sahte) .Setting aside wine, why , he Sharab to sharab
,wuh tam
doesn ’t even smoke . bdhd tah nahin p i ta.
17 . The Negative. (a) The prohibitive mat is used only
NEGAT IVE PARTICLES 23
with the Imperative , in all its forms ; it either precedes or
follows the verb, as mat jd ,iye, jd ,o mat, etc. , but it generally
precedes it . Mat is only used in commands, and the modern
tendency is not to use it at all .
(b) Na and nahin can be substituted for mat with the
Imperatives, and na with the Infinitive when it is used as
a future (or politely present) Imperative ; but nahin must
follow the verb while na must precede it, as na-ja,o or jd ,
o
nahin, na-jdnd or jdnd nahin .
(c) Nahin alone, is used with the Present Tense, and with
the Infinitive employed as in‘
Hindustani S tepping S tones’
,
Lesson 15 , d (Ghora us ho hhinch nahin sahne hd) ; or
when the substantive verb is understood, as, Wuh yih hdm
habhi nahih hartd (hai or thd) or for the adverbial no
(d) In other tenses either na or nahin is used, but with the
Past Conditional and the Aorist na is preferred. Net -hartd
is Past Conditional , bu t nahin hartd is Present Indicative .
(e) Note too the difference in significationof the followingMain us ho bu ld td thd magar wuh na-dtd thd , I used to ask
him to come and see me, but he wou ld never come ; but
wuh nahin dtd thd , he used not to come .
’
(f ) After verbs of doubt and fear na is preferred to nahin,
as Main darta hun hi wuh na (or nahin) dwegd .
(g) Note the position of the negative in : Wah mar nahin
ghyd or nahin mard , but not nahin mar-
gayd . Kai tadbir
na-ban-
pari or ban-na-
pari .
(h) Nahin only , and not na, can occur as a final word in
a negative affirmative sentence , as : Jd ,iingd nahin (not na) ,
I won ’ t go .
’
(i) Na at the end of a sentence is in terrogative, as : Jd ,oge
na, you will go, won’ t you In such a sentence the voice
is elevated at the end, and therefore na is, by many natives,in such cases, written nd .
‘
Neither nor’
is expressed by na to aur na ;
or by na na ; or if there are three’
al ternatives ’
by
24 HINDU STANI STUMBL I NG -BLOCKS
na to aur na The first na can idio
matically be omitted in every case .
Ix . VERBS
1 . (a) Sometimes, though a verb has more than one form ,
only one is in use thus, chaurd h. , to widen ,
’
is in common
use, but chaurdnd is never used. Muhhi mdrnd,
‘
to strike
with the fist ,’
is correct , but muhhiydnd is colloqu ial only .
(b) After kings and governors, causal verbs are used, except
when the verb is to confiscate’
; for obvious reasons say ,
Badshah ne mdl eabt har - liyd (and not harwdyd) .
(c) A few simple verbs are formed from Persian and Arabic
roots ; thus, from Arabic , qabd lnd ,
‘
to accept badalnd , to
change from Persian , hharidnd ,‘
to buy ;’
bahhshnd ,
‘
to
forgive ; farmand , to order,’
etc .
(d) For the agent case ne before certain verbs, vide
Lesson III , 3 .
2 . Comp ound Verbs and Negatives. To the general rule
that compounds of two verbs cannot be used in the negative
(vide‘
Hindustani Stepping S tones ’
, Lesson 1 1,l) , there
are four exceptions . In conditional sentences, before balhi ,and after jab tah, and in interrogative clauses, such compounds
may be made negative : (1) Agar turn is dddh he is waqt
na-
p i-jd ,oge to bigar jd ,egd ,
‘
if you don’ t drink up the milk
now it will go bad ; but it would be incorrect to say in
a simple sentence , Wuk dadh nahin p i -jd ,egd or p i-na-jd ,egd .
(2) Main tumhdri ki tab hhd -na -jdningd balhi eh naz ar
dehh-har de-dunga,
‘
I won’ t eat your book , I
’
ll merely
glance at it and return it to you .
’
(3) Jab tah hi mainwdpas na -d -jdningd tum yahdn thahro, stay here till
I return (i .e .
‘
as long as I do not come back, stayJab tah hi main is hdm ho har na - dd ldngd mujhe chain
na-d,ega, until I do thi s'
I Shan’ t rest . ’ (4 ) Kyd tum mujhe
mdr to na-bai thoge what , are you going to beat me —you
look as if you were .
26 HINDUSTANI STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
(f ) If writing to a person to say you will go to his house,
use and , but if speaking to him use jdnd .
2 . In the following , jana IS used for chahna : Yih hdm
hd ,d-jdtd hai , tum ghabrdte hyun ho, this will soon be
finished ; why are you SO anxious hd ,d-jdid hai hd ,d
chahta hai . In this sense , however, jdnd can only be used
for an event which is desired.
3 . For dnd in compounds, vide Hindustani S teppingStones ’
, Lesson 1 1 i
4 . For rare compounds with jdnd , vide XLIX , 1 and 4 .
XI . BAJNA,BAI THNA
1 . Bajna is‘
to sound, strike’
(of bugle, bell, clock) ;’
to
be struck (song, drum) to be played upon (drums, bugle,
or any musical instrument) . Xi tue baje hain’
what o ’
clock ?
is literally how many hours have struck English people
generally think baje is a noun .
2 . For bai thnd , vide XLI, 10 , and Hindustani S teppingS tones Lesson 1 1 , g .
XII . BANNA, BANANA
1 . Bannameans to be repaired as well as to be made
but marammat hond is only to be repaired’
. Wuk bahut
banta hai he gives himsel f great airs’
. Meri us se na
banegi , he and I won’t hit it off together : bdi is
understood.
2 . Bandnd also signifies to make’
a person , as opposed to
bigdrnd , to mar him .
3 . Oh I tum mujhe banate ho ah you’
re making a fool
of me’
; Mujhe jhd td band te ho‘
do you make me out
a liar ?’
1 Bu t hitne baje (w ithou t hain) , ‘how many did the clock strike ? ’
how many has it ju st struck ?’wou ld be said by a person who heard
the clock strike but did not count . K itne baje ? is also an adverb ialphrase, at what o
’
clock ?
VERBS 27
XIII . CHAHNA,
’
TO WISH, LOVE ,
’
ETC CHUKNA,
’
TO FINISH ’
1 . For chdhnd and chdhiye, vide Hindustani SteppingStones
’
, and Lessons HI, 3 (b) , and XXXVIII , 1 .
2 . He ate his dinner and then finished his work IS , Us ne
hhdnd hhdyd aur ushe ba’
d apna hdm (para) hiyd (not dpndhdm har-chuhd) . The reason is that chuhnd can only be
used where the sentence is a simple one, or when in a com
pound sentence the action of the second verb is subsequent to
the first , as : Main hhdnd hhd -chuhd , I have finished eating ;Wuh hhdnd hhd-chuhd
,ushe ba
'd usne apnd ham (purd) hiyd .
3 . The future of chuhnd is often the equivalent of an
English Perfect , vide XXXVII, 5 .
4 . For the Preterite used ironically for a negative Future ,vide XLI , 7 , Remark .
XIV. CHHUINA AND BACHNA
1 . Chhd tnd , intr . , and chhornd , tr. , signify to be saved’
or to escape etc. , but from a danger that ha s arrived .
2 . Bachnd , intr. , and bachand , tr. , are‘
to escape from
a threatened danger
XV. DALNA AND DENA DARNA
1 . Note that for to pour the verb dd lnd is generally used.
It can be used either of liqu ids or solids. The proper word,
however, for to pour is undelnd .
2 . B end . For the Presen t and Imperfect of dend , vide
XL , 6 , and for its signification in compounds, etc. , vide
Hindustani S tepping Stones Lesson 1 1 , a—c.
3 . For rare compounds of inflected past participles with
ddlnd , dend , and lend , vide XLIX , 1—3 .
4 . For darnd and dar-lagnd , vide XLVII , 12 .
XVI . DEKHNA AND PARHNA
1 . (a) As in English , dekhna is also used of mental
perception . The interjection dehho is used to warn or to lay
28 HINDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
stress on a point to be observed as : D ehho babu he siwd
aur hisi he hath men na-dend , be careful to see you don’ t
give this to anyone but the babu.
’
NOTE —To attract attention , suno or suniye hie ! look
here is used, and not dehho .
(b) To“
read quietly to onesel f is ki tab dekhna (though
parhnd in this sense is not now absolutely wrong) ; but to
read aloud to onesel f is ki tab parhnd .
(c) For dehhiye, vide XXXVI , 10 , and XXXVIII , 1 .
2 . For studying a lesson in preparation , parhna only is
used. The primary idea of parhna is repeating aloud ; thus,namdz parhnd , to say the fixed Muslim prayers, but hisi he
l iye du’
d mdngnd (or harnd) ,‘
to pray for some one,”
and
du’
d dend ,2 ‘
to bless.
’
XVII . DIQQ AND DIQQ KARNA
As a substantive masculine, digg means the chronic fever
that usually precedes consumption ; bu t as an adjective it
means‘
bothered ’
. The idiom therefore is digg harnd ,
’
to
worry , bother,’
etc . , and not , as English people say , digg
dend : say main rdste men bahu t digg hu,d and not mujhe
bahu t digg mi ld .
XVIII . HONA AND HO-JANA
1 . Ho-
gayd more emphatically indicates change of state
than does hd ,d , as : Fatah’
Ali Shdh he marne he ba’
d, ushd
beta Muhammad Shdh bddshdh hu,d ; not ho-
gaya, which
would be wrong , as the succession was natural , or expected ;but d shdh he marne he ba
’
d ushd g_hu ldm d ur v bddshdh
ho-
gayd . In the latter sentence hii ,d could be substitu ted,but would not be so forcible .
1 But tamhar i haydt hi du‘d hartd hun, I pray for your l ife .
’
2 D n‘d dend , of men only ; bu t
‘God b lessed him Khudd ne us par
f ag l hiyd . Du‘d is cal l ing down ab lessing from Heaven . Du ‘
d parhnd
is to repeat a formu la as a charm.
VERBS 29
2 . For the Future and Future Perfect of this verb, vide
XXXVII , 7 , 8 .
3 . (a) For the difference between hai and hotd hai, vide‘
Hindustani S tepping Stones’
, Lesson 1 , g .
(b) For the forms hdn, vide L , 1 , Remark .
4 . For hohar,‘
al though,’
etc. , vide XLVI, 13 (a) , (b) ; forhote, vide XLVII , 15
XIX . JANNA AND SAMAJHNA
Jdnnd means to know’
, and also‘
to suppose or think ’
;
samajhnd means’
to understand’
, to think, suppose’
; but
not to know’
.
Jdn-jdnd and jdn- len'
d I have found out arrived at’
The conjunctive participle of both these verbs signifies‘
mistaking’
as well as‘
knowing’
; thus, main chor jdn-har
(or samajhhar) us he pi chhe daurd may mean either knowinghim to be a thief ’
or‘
mistaking him for a thief, I ran after
him’
. Vide also under XXXII , Rahhnd . For hyd jdniye and
na-jdniye, vide XXXVIII , 1 .
XX . KAHNA WITH SE’OR K0
1 . Kahnd in the sense of‘
say’
or‘
speak’
requi res se ;
but in the sense of to name a thing or‘
to order’
it requires
ho, as : Us ne mujhe bahir jane he liye (or bahir jdne ho)hahd , he ordered me to go out ; Wuh mujhho chachd hahd
hartd hai , he always calls me uncle (paternal) Us ne
mujhho be-wuquf hahd, he called me a fool .’
2 . For hyd kakiye, vide XXXVIII , 1 .
3 . For the difference in signification between bolnd and
hahnd , vide Hindustani Stepping Stones Lesson 5 , b, c .
XXI . KARNA
1 . (a) The verb harnd sometimes means to place’
, to
send to bring over etc. , as in
(1) P lace him in the rear of Us ho'ld ,in
’
he pichhe haro.
the line .
30,
HINDUSTANI STUMBL I NG -BLOCKS
(2) S end him with me .
(3) Turn your face that way .
(4 ) The pleader spoke well
and brought the jury over
to his Side .
(5) To consent ; to say‘
yes’
.
(6) The mother kept callingher son Hasan by name .
(7a) To applaud to cry
bravo
(7b) To call down a blessing Jai jai harnd .
2
on a great person .
(8 ) To adopt a son . Beta harhe pdlnd .
(b) Vide also XXXII .
2 . For the idiomatic use Of harhe, vide XLVI, 12 .
XXII . LAGNA AND SHURU’
KARNA
1 . The primary meaning of lagnd is to be in contact with
to stick to’
. To the many idiomatic meanings of this verb
illustrated in Lesson 9 of Hindustani S tepping Stones are
to be added those of sensation and seeming
This disgrace stuck to him Yih bad-nami‘
umr bhar he
all his days . liye usho lag -
ga,i .
This hat does not suit you . Yih top i tumhen buri lagli hai .
He took what I said in ill part . Meri bat usho buri lagi .
This coat suits you . Yih hurtd tumhen achchhd
lagtd hai .
It tastes bitter. Karwd lagtd hai .
Whatever I say he takes ill . M eri har bat unho harwi lag ti
hai .
1 Note force of -liyd, vide XXIII and H . S S , 11, c ( l ) and (72 Jai-jai-hdr (pukdgrnd or harnd ) (H. subs .
Usho hamaro sath haro (orhar-do) .
Munh us taraf haro .
Wahi l ne taqrir harhe ahl- i
juri’
ho apni taraf har
liyd .
l
Hdn karud (or hahnd) .Mdn ne Hasan Hasan harhe
apne bete ho puhdrd (or
puhdrti rahi ) .
Shabash harnd (or kahna) .
VERBS 31
I feel cold. Jard lagta hai .
He seems (either from his Yih admi tumhdrd bhd ,i lagtd
appearance or from what hai .
you say) to be your brother
(also‘
he is your
He is my cousin. Merd bhd,i lagtd hai .
But
He is my brother. Merd bhd,i hai bagigi
bhd ,i or saga bhd ,i hai) .
This ointment burns, causes Yih marham bahu t lagta hai .
a burning sensation .
2 . (a) In the sense‘
of‘
to begin’
lagnd differs Slightlyfrom shuru
’
karud, the former having a wider meaning .
Shur n‘
harnd emphasiz es the commencement only of an
act, as : Main ne bolnd shurn’
hiyd thd lekin usne mujhc
roh-diyd ,
‘
I began to speak , but he stopped me ; here the
wider verb lagnd could be substituted.
(b) Lagnd also signifies to begin and to continue and is
consequently often idiomatically used in Urdu when to
begi n’
could not be used in English, as : He laughed on
seeing me , and said,’
wuk mujhe dehh-har hansd aur hahne
lagd not shuru’
hiyd, as the idea is that he began to say and
continued to say .
3 . Lagud furthermeans to begin In the sense of to make
ready for’
, as Wah jane lagd thd hi bimar ho-
gayd (or para) ,he was just going to start when he fell sick.
’
4 . Lagna,‘
to undertake "
. In this sense the Preterite isused with a Future sense, and the Pluperfect with a Preteritesense, but only for interrogatives expressing strong dissent ,as : Main wahdn hyun jane lagd , why should I go there ?
’
Main wahdn hyun jane lagd thd ,
’
why should I have gonethere
5 . Lagna after an Infinitive may supply the place of theAorist or the Future , vide XXXVII , 6 , or of the Past Conditional , vide XLIV, 3 .
32 HINDUSTANI STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
6 . As lagnd also means to cohabit Lucknow people avoidits use
'
except in the sense of‘
to begin thus a Lucknow
gentleman would say , Yih dawd harwi ma’
lum hoti hai,
instead of layti hai .
XXIII . THE VERB LENA
1 . In addition to those significations of lend mentioned in
Lesson 1 1 ,‘
Hindustani S tepping Stones,’ this verb some
times indicates‘
success after effort ’
, as : Main ne imtihdn‘
pds’
har-liyd (or‘
wi thou t efi'ort
’
,hiyd) ,
‘
I passed the
examination ; Main ne usho talash har- liyd, I found it at
last J is chi z ho main talash hartd thd dhhir p d- liyd, I at
last found what I was searching for.
’
In the last two
examples hiyd and pdyd, if substituted, would have much
the same signification ; but Main ne ayni kitab us se mdng
li mdng -har li ; whereas mangi alone would mean
asked for
2 . For the signification of lend in compounds, vide Hindu
stani Stepping Stones Lesson 1 1 , b, c .
3 . For rare compounds, XLIX , 1 , 2 .
XXIV. MANGNA AND CHAHNA
Mdngnd means to beg’
,
’
to ask for’
; it does not mean‘
to want to desire’
, which is properly expressed by chahna.
’
I want a horse’
is not main eh ghora mangta hun ,
2but
— chahta hi m; but a servant might correctly say , Sdhib eh
p iydld chd ,e mdngte hain, the Sahib wants (i .s . is asking for)a cup of tea.
’
Muslims of Bengal and also servants of Englishmen do
say , but incorrectly , main jdne mdngtd hun for main jdne
chahta hun,I want to go .
’
Avoid this vulgarism.
1 Talash h. ,
‘to search for ;
’ bu t talash har -lend ,
‘t o find after
diligent search .
’
2 This w ou ld mean I am ask ing for a horse to be brought whilemangdtd hi mwou ld mean I am send ing for a horse
34 HINDUSTANI STUMBL I NG -BLOCKS
for hand and ho-jdnd , as Qaht -sali pari (or hu,i ) , there was
a famine: Ushe di l men meri taraf se
‘
addwat par -
ga,i (or
ho he has taken an active dislike to me .
’
3 . The perfect , pard hai , sometimesmeans at your disposal’
,
as : Khelne he liye sdrd maidan pard hai , you have the whole
maiddn at your disposal to play in (i .e . we don’
t use it
4 . Parud in all its tenses may mean to lie in the way’
,
as D i lli jane men, Patna rastemen partahai ,‘
Patna lies on
one’
s way to Delhi .’
XXX . PUCHHNA
1 . Puchhnd , when it signifies‘
to ask a question ’
or to
say’
,requ ires se, as : Main ne us se ushd ndm puchhd,
‘
I asked him his name Main ne us se puchhd hi tum ho
hyd hd ,d I said to him, What has happened to you
2 . When it signifies to inquire for a person’
, it takes he ,as : Bare Sdhib dp ho puchhte the,
‘
the Bare Sdhib was
asking after you (or for
XXXI . RAHNA
1 . For hotd hai (vide Hindustani S tepping Stones’
,
Lesson 1 , g) , rahta hai is often substituted, as : Gadhe hi p i th
har wag t bojh se dabi rakti hai (or hoti hai) , the ass’
s back
is never without a load Ldli bu lbu l he wuh par jo dum he
niche rahte hain (or hote hain) ld l hote hain ,
‘
the feathers
that are under the tail of the ld li species of bulbul are red.
’
2 . Vide also Hindustani S tepping S tones’
, Lesson 1 1 , h
XXXII . RAKHNA, KARNA, AND LANA
1 . Rahhnd signifies to keep to preserve’
, as well as to
place or put’
: Wuk ghore (or ghora) rahhtd hai , he keeps
horses Agar apui‘
iz z at rahhne chdhte ho if you desire
to retain your honour (i .e . to avoid being disgraced)Consequently , in compound verbs rahhnd indicates a con
tinuation of an action , whereas harnd (and sometimes ldnd)
VERBS 35
often indicates the commencement of the action . B ushman/i
harnd is‘
to begin to be at enmity with a person’
, but
dushmani rakhna is to keep up enmity with’
. Examples
I have begun to have an Main us so muhabbat hartd
affection for him. hun .
I am fond of him (i .s . always) . Main us se muhabbat rahhtd
hdn .
I believe in the existence of Main duz ahh par iman rahhtd
hell . hdn.
The infidel believed (was con Kdfir iman ldyd .
verted) .
She began to pretend artfully . Wah nakhra ld ,i .
She is a tricky female . Wuk nahhra harti hai .
2 . Vide also XXI .
XXXIII .
1 . The verb sahnd can only be used in a compound ; it
cannot stand alone . Such sentences as‘
He can do this, but
I cannot ’
are frequently translated by Bengal is and by
servants of Europeans, Wuh is hdm ho har -sahtd hai magar
main nahin sahtd here sahtd should be har -sahtd .
2 . Vide XL , 7 .
XXXIV. THAHARNA
This verb means : (1 ) to come to a standstill’
; (2) to
remain standing still’
; (3)‘
to wait’
; (4 )’
to be proved,considered ’
; (5) to be settled,determined
’
; (6)‘
to last ,endure
’
. Examples
(1 ) The carriage came to a Gdri chalte chalte thakar-ga,i .
stands till .
(2) S tand still (remain stand Apni jayah par thaharo.
ing) where you are .
(3) Wait till he returns . Ushe dne tah yahdn thaharo .
36 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
(4 ) He was proved a liar Wuk jhutd thakara.
(also , he turned out to be
a liar) .
(5) It was settled (deter Yih bat thakar-
ga,i hi hal
mined) that I should start main yahdn se rawdna hdn.
to -morrow .
(6a) These boots won’t last Yih jutd
1bahut nahin thaha
long . regd .
(6b) Meat won’
t keep in the Garmiyon men gosht nahin
hot weather. thahartd .
XXXV. PRESENT TENSE
1 . The Present Tense indicates (1) an act now taking place,or (2) an habitual act , or (3) a universal truth , or (4 ) animmediate future, or (5) an immediate past , or (6) pasttime the effects of which still continue . It is also used for
(7) past time in a vivid narration (Historical Present) ,(8 ) as a Future to indicate certainty , and (9) as a Future
Subjunctive . Examples
(1) The sahib is now sleeping . Sahib abhi sote hain.
(2) I take awarm bath daily . Main har roe garm pani se
ghast hartd hun.
(8 ) He was such a fool that Wuk is qadr ahmaq thd hi
he did not know the sky yih tah2na-jdntd thd hi us
was (is) above hi s head. he sar par asman hai .
(4 ) All right , I’
ll let you Off. Khair, main tum ho chhor
detd hdn .
(5) The Colonel Sahib has Karnai l Sahib dp ho bu late
called you . hain (or,—ne-bu ldyd hai) .
1 In Delhi ju ti s ignifies e ither boot s or shoes, bu t in Behar jutd (m. )is a man
’
s and juti (f. ) a woman’s shoe .
1 Tah in this sense is not a postpos it ion, vide Hindustani S teppingStones Le sson 30, d.
PRESENT TENSE 37
(6) I have known him for Main us he bah/at din se jd/ntd
a long time . hdn .
(7a)When I came home late Jab main rat ho der ghar
last night I saw that your wdp as dyd , dehhd hi tum
lamp was still burning . hard chiragh jaltd hai
jaltd tha) .
(7b)As soon as I set foot in the Main ne jo ham/re he andar
room I saw a thief con qadam rakha, to hyd dehhtd
cealed under the table . hdn hi mez he niche eh chor
chipa bai tha hai .
Vide also XXXVI , 7 .
(8 ) I will come there in ,ayear
or so to see you .
(9) If I catch him I’
ll give
him his deserts .
In the following the verb is in the Present on account of
the direct narration
(10) I saw his face (by the Main ne us hd chihra dehhd
light of the lamp) and aur _K_h_udd hd shukr hiyd
returned thanks to God hi merd betanahin hai .
that it was not my son .
NOTE .-After an Historical Present , either the Direct or
the Indirect Narration may be employed, as Kyd dehhtd ha i
hi ushi (or meri ) taraf eh sher daurd d td hai .
2 . A continuous act now taking place may also be expressedby a compound with rahnd , as Abhi wuh so-rahd hai ,
‘
he is
now sleeping abhi soyahu,d hai .
Vide also‘
Hindustani S tepping Stones Lesson 11 , h
3 . Immediate intention is expressed thus : Wuk lihhne ho
hai , or lihhne-wdld hai , he is just going to write .
’
Main do eh baras men wahdn
dtd hun aur tum se muldt
hartd hdn .
Agar main use pdtd hdn , to
usho ushe hiye hd maz a
chahhdtd hdn.
38 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
4 . If the auxiliary is suppressed (in negative
the verb in the feminine plural takes an n to Show it is plural ,as : Yih
‘
anraten burd hdm nahin hartin (or nahin harti hain) .5 . In two co-ordinate sentences the auxiliary need only be
mentioned once, as : (affirmatively) Wah dtd jdtd hai ; wukkhati aur p i ti hai ; (negatively) Wuh na-dtd hai na-jata; wuk
na-khati hai na-
p i ti .
6 . In quoting an author either the Present or the Perfect
can be used, as : Sa’
di says,’
Shaikh Sa’
di farmdte hain, or
Shaikh Sa’
di ne farmdyd hai .
7 . Vide XL , 8 , and XLII , 9 .
8 . Further examples
I have known him from
infancy .
I have never had even the
appearance of comfort since
I was born .
When can such a thing be
found again ? (i .e . never) .
I will send you the sonnet
after correction .
I have had fever for amonth .
Should he be coming here
I shall be (am) delighted.
I don’
t think he intends to
sell the goshawk ; even if
he were to sell it , it is3
not worth keeping .
Main bach-
pan hi se usho
jdntd hdn .
Jab se main paida hd ,d (hun)habhi main ne dram hi surat
nahin dekhi .
Wuh hab (or hahdn) hdth dtdhai (or dne-wdld hai)(wuk hahin hdth dne-wdld
hai
Ghaz l, ba’
d islah he, bhejtd
hdn .
Mujhe ehmdh se tap ati hai .
Agar wuh yahdn d td ho , to
bari khushi hi bat hai .2
Merd hhiydl hai hi wuk bdz
nahin bechne hd jo bechta
ho tau bhi rahhne he la,iq
nahin hai .3
1 In affirmat ive sentences the au xil iary cannot be suppressedhartin (affirmat ive ) wou ld be Indefinite Tense , wou ld have done .
’
2 Hai here ind icate s certainty, W hereas he in the previous clauseind icates doubt .
3 Here the Present for the Future denotes certainty .
AOR IST 8 9
D .V. I’
ll come to you before
the end of December.
I saw in the paper that a
meeting Of the Trustees of
the Museum is to be held
(would be held) next week .
If you come, well .
I thought it (the book) wouldbe of no use to you , so
I didn’
t give it to you .
Vide also second example in
XXXVI . THE AORIST OR PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE1 . (a) As a finite verb in proverbs,
3the Aorist is generally,
perhaps always, used for the Present Indicative , as : Bandar
jane adrah hd sawad does a monkey appreciate the taste of
ginger cast not your pearls before swine) .
(b) In sayings , however, the Present Indicative is also used,as : l i donon hdthon se bajti hai , it takes two hands to
clap’
(‘
it takes two to make a quarrel ,’
or‘
don’
t be selfish ;if I help you , you must help me
(c) Khudd jane , God knows ! (an exclamation) , but
fl udd jdntd hai hi main sach boita hdn,
‘
God is witness
that I am speaking the truth .
’
2 . As a finite verb , in questions , it indi cates uncertainty or
1 Here the Prcterite is used for the Fu ture for certainty. For aur ,
vide VII I , 3 , and Hindustani Stepping S tones Lesson 25 , h.
2 D irect narrat ion.
3 Formerly the Aorist and Present were ident ical in form and as
proverbs are usually o ld , the employment of the Aorist in them maybe a survival . The Present Tense used to be considered a comb inat ion
of the part iciple and the substant ive verb .
Khudd chd he, to dhhir D isa/m
bar tah tum ho d -dehhtd
hdn Khudd chdhe Di
samba/r dyd’aur main ne
tum ho d -dehhd) .Main ne ahhbdr men dehhd
(or parhd) hi‘
aja,ib-h_l_idne
he Trastiyon’
hd jalsaagle
haf te dar pesh hai .
Agar d o to achchhd hai (hogd) .
Main ne yih samajh-har hi ,
Yih tumhare his hdm hi
hai2tumhen na-di .
XXXVI , 8 .
4 0 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
doubt , etc. , as : Kyd hardn what can I do ? The Aorist
implies a duty or doubt , the Fu ture asks abou t a fact , as
Wuk dwe‘
has he permission to come may he come ?’
but Wuh dwegd ? will he come (or won’
t he) Vide also
Future, XXXVII , 2 (b) , last two examples .
3 . It is also used in asking permission or advice, as : Kyd
main jd,un ? have I permission to go ?’
Kis ho dun ?‘
to
whom shall I (or should I) give it Yih kahan jd ,e‘
where
do you order him to go but Yih hahdn jd ,egd where does
he intend going ?’
(a simple question) : with hyd hariin and
hyd karunga, however, this distinction is not nicely observed.
4 . It expresses a wish, as : fi udd terd bhala hare, God
deal well wi th thee !’
(a blessing ; often ironical as an expression
of impatience or annoyance) .5 . It gives the missing persons of the Imperative, as
Chalen,
‘
let us go .
’ It is also used for polite commands ,vide XXXVII , 9 , and XXXVIII , 1 (a) and 5 .
6 . (a) As a subordinate verb it is used as a subjunctiveafter the conjunctives if
’
, that’
, perhaps in order to on
condition that ’
, before that’
, etc . , and it expresses hope, desire ,inclination, advice, necessity , duty , etc . , as : Jd ,o,
‘
you may
go _K_hair huchh hi do, mujhe manz ur hai , well , whatever
you may choose to give me I’
ll accept gladl y Mere pds ho,i
kitab nahin hai hi (or jo) parhun ,I have no book to read
(lit . that I should read it) ; Qarib thd hi ghore par se gir-jd ,e,
‘
he
nearly fell off his horse’
(lit . it was near that he shou ld fall) :
Ummed hai hi usho taraqqi mi le2
(or to expressmore certainty,mi legi ) ,
‘
I hope he wi ll get promotion’
(that he may get
(b) It is even used to express past time, as : Mere p ds ho,i
ki tab na-thi hi parhun (or, better, parhtd) , I had no book to
1 The Aorist is not always used after shdyad , etc . , as Shdyad hahin
p dni barasiakai jo is wagt thandi hawd chat -rahi hai.2 In addressing a person the Aorist is more po l ite than the Fu ture ,
as Ummid hi (or ummidwdr hdn hi ) dp tashrif ld, en. Af ter ummed,hai is omit ted.
4 2 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
The Present Indi cative is used after jab, only when it is
temporal , as : Jab wuh yahdn dtd hai (tab or to) mere sath
shatranj hheltd hai , whenever, on every occasion that , he
comes here, he plays chess with me .
’
In other words, jab with
the Present Indicative always means jab habhi ,‘
whenever.
’
Vide also‘
Hindustani S tepping S tones’
, Lessons 16, g,and 31 , b.
7 . (a) The Aorist is also used as an Historical Present for
the Preterite or Present Indicative, as : Kamre men jo pd ,on
rakhun (or rahhtd hun or rakha) to hyd dehhtd hun hi eh
chor mez he niche chipa bai thd hai ; but hyd dekhun here
could not be used.
(b) It is also used as an Historical Present for the Imperfect
of habitual action , as : Main jab habhi wahdn jd ,dn to hyd
dekhun hi wah sc-rahd hai , whenever I went (used to gothere) , I found him Sleeping .
’
(0) In Conditions it is sometimes interchangeable with the
Preterite Indicative ; vide XLII , 5 , and LVI , 5 (b) .
8 . The Aorist is politely used for the Future ; thus a servant
would say to his master , Ap thori der tashrif rahhiye main
gard1roti hhd if you will kindly wait a moment , sir,
I will go and get something to eat and come back’
(lit . I may
go2and but a master would say to his servant, Tum
yahdn thaharo ham hhd- har ate hain .
3
9 . The Aorist is sometimes used to express regret , some
such expression as haif hi being understood, as : Ta wahdn
ddne ddne ho tarse aur main yahdn donon wagt2
pet bharhar
1 Z ard is here merely used for po l iteness hhd hhdhar .
2 Hence Ind ians, w ish ing to speak c iv illy , frequ ent ly mak e the
m istak e in Eng l ish of saying ,I may go and get someth ing t o
eat ,’etc .
3 Present for Indicat ive Fu ture ; bu t not hhd -ate hain, vide Conj .Part ic. 11 . Here the Fu ture wou ld indicate a t ime t oo remot e , and
the Present is necessary.
‘1 Here both the verbs cou ld be in the Present Tense . D onon wag t
morn ing and even ing .
AOR IST 4 3
him/yd harun, (ah that) you shoul d be there longing for
even a grain, while I here eat my fill twice a day .
’
10 . After dehhiye let us see’
the Aorist or the Present
Tense is used, but not the Future Dehhiye hyd pesh d,e (or
dtd hai) , let us see what will happen .
’
Here, even if some
adverb signifying distant time were to be added, the Future
would be incorrect . Vide also XXXVII , 1 , 2 .
11 . The Aorist is sometimes interchangeable with the
Present Dubious vide 13 and L , 1 , andVII , 8 .
12 . For the Aorist after an Indefinite Antecedent , videVII ,Relative Pronoun, 8 .
13 . Note the idiomatic use of the Aorists in the followingJo shahhs _K; hudd hi
‘
ibddat hare (or hartd ho) wuh main hdn,I am the only one that worships God,
’
but main wuh shalmshdn jo fi udd hi
‘
ibddat hartd hai (not hare) : Main jab
chdhiin, d-jd-sahtd hdn gdri manga, unaur chal-dun ,
‘
I can
come and go as I please ; I have only to order a carriage and
start .’
This last use , however, of the Aorist is not common ; the
Preterite could be substitu ted. Us se to haho hi yih hdm hare
(or har) ,‘
you may tell him to do it (but he won’ t be able
1 4 . Lagna after an Infinitive may sometimes take the
place of a Subjunctive vide 9 , b, XLIV, 3 , and
XXXVII , 6 .
15 . Examples
(1) Have I permission to say Main huchh bolun
something(2) Shall I too go Main bhi jd ,
dn
(3) Abuse me to your heart’
s Haz dr gdli do2mujhe parwa
content ; I don’ t care . nahin.
(4 ) How can I face teacher ? Main hyd munh lehe ustdd he
(I’
m ashamed to go before pds jd ,iin
him) .1 See n . 4 on previous page .
1 Haz ar however much do is Aorist and not Imperat ive : ho, ihazdr gdl i de mujhe parwanahin.
4 4
(5) How dare I tell you that
I love you
(6) Your position does not
entitle you to be a darbari
who are you to be
a darbari said con
temptuously) .
(7) I estimate there are
abou t twenty persons.
( 8 ) God’
s curse on thee !
(9) How on earth, how the
devil , can one enjoy oneself
with a deaf mute as a
companion ?
( 10) How is it possible for
this to be the case ?
( 11) Is it impossible that Ishould take leave of you
and take service else
where ?
(12) A copy of Haji Baba
reached me before you sent
me yours.
(13) What else could I2have
done except hitting him
back
(1 4 ) Shall he do it (asks permission)
H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
Main his munh se hahdn hi
tumhen chahta hdn ?
Tumhdrd munh nahin hi lat
Sahib he darbar men jd ,o.
Athal se kahta hun hi bis eh
admi honge (not hon) ; butsha,
id bi s eh ddmi hon or
houge.
Tujh par la’
nat he 1
Eh gunge bahre he sath insan
hyd hhdh di l bahld ,e
Yih hydn-har ho—sahtd hai
(not hoYih nahin ho -sahtd
2hi main
Ap ho chhor -har hisi aur hi
nauhari harun
d i Bdbd hd eh nushhapahle
is-he hi tum bhejo (or turnwe bhejd) mere pds pahunchchuhd thd .
S iwd ,e is he aur hyd har-sahtd
thd hi main2us hi mar hd
jawab dun
Kyd wuk hare
1 Ho -sahegd is used only for a real Fu ture .
2 Chair mumhin, mumhinnahin, etc . are not used by the uneducated .
3 Note the posit ion of main in this sentence ; i t cou ld be insertedbe fore aur .
FUTURE 4 5
(15) Will he do it or not (asks Kyd wuh karega
information) ? (also T he
won’t do it , is he l ikely to
do it
(16) I have no fit book to Mere pds aisi ho,i kitab nahin
present to your Honour . hai jo qdbi l huz dr he he
(not hai) .
XXXVII . FUTURE
1 . The Future indicates an absolute or definite future, as
Wuh hal dwegd , he will come to -morrow .
’
REMARK—For the immediate future the Present Tense isused,
'
vide XXXV, 1
2 . (a) It is used presumptively with some word expressingta,hid , as : Wuh hal garur dwegd ,
‘
it is presumed he will
come to-morrow, he is certain to come to -morrow .
’
(b) After verbs of hoping , fearing , considering, certainty ,
etc. , the Future is used presumptively , as : Mujhe ummed thi
hi wah mujhe in’
am dega,‘
I hoped that he wou ld give me
a reward ; Main dard hi wuk mujhe marega (or aisd na-ho
hi wuk mujhe I feared he would hi t me ; Main
jdntd thd hi wuh d,egd , I knew that he would come.
’
Hogd , it will be so ,
’ ’
it must be so,’
or‘
it might be so
Yaqin hai hi fi udd he samne mujhe apne d’
md l hd jawab
dend paregd, I know for certain that I shall have to stand
before God and be called to accoun t for my actions ;’
but
Yaqin hai hi yih hhd ti, do din us he pahunchne se pahle
tumhdre pds pahunche (not pahunchegd) ,’
I feel sure or
I trust that this letter will reach you two days before he
does ;’
in the latter case the writer cannot assume certain
knowledge , and therefore the Aorist is necessary .
(0) Vide also XXXVI, 10 .
3 . It is used in Future Conditions with a slight idea of
1 Or —hi hahin wuh mnjhe mdre nahin, or mdr-na-baithe.
4 6 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
certainty , vide LVI . Agar huhm he to ham wahdn jd,en,
I am ready to go if you only order me,’
i .s . I am merely
waiting for your orders’
but Agar huhm he to ham wahdn
jd ,enge, I wi ll go if you order me to (but I don’t want
REMARK—For the Aorist and Future afterjab, vide XXXVI,6 (d) , and notes.
4 . In Conditions it can take the place of the PrecativeFu ture Imperative, as Agar dp yih hdm hijiyegd (or karenge)to goyd mujhe mol- li] iyegd (or le- lenge) , if you will graciously
do this you will make me your slave vide Imperatives, 1 (b) .REMARK—Note the Future here after goyd ,
‘
as though ;in literal English , it will be as though you have bought me .
’
5 . The Future of chuhnd often supplies an English Perfect ,as : When I have eaten I wi ll drink ,
’
jab main hhdnd hhd
chuhdngd tab pdni p iningd .
6 . Lagnd with the Infinitive can take the place of the
Future, as : Main us se hyun mi lne lagd ? (or mi lun) main
us se na-mi lungd .
7 . The Future of hond when a simple verb is also used
for past time : hogd ,
‘
will be,’ ‘
must be,’ ‘
might be,’
and‘
must have been’
; but ha,a hogd ,
‘
must have occurred,’
‘
must have become . The difference in these cases between
hogd and hu,d hogd is the same as that between hai and hotd
hai , vide‘
Hindustani Stepping Stones’
, Lesson 1 , g , as
Tum bachpan men bare sharir hoge (not hd ,e hoge) ,
‘
you
must have been 1very naughty in your childhood bu t Yih
bdt hd ,i hogi ,‘
this m’
ust have occurred,”
and Main ghadr
se pahle paida ha,a hunga,‘
I must have been born (become
born) before the mu tiny .
’
8 . In other cases the English Future Perfect will be
represented in Hindustani by the Simple Future when there
is no doubt in the case vide Fu ture Perfect , LIV,2 .
1 When must have been can be rendered in Eng l ish by must
hav e occurred or become it is t o be t ranslated hit d hogd , otherw iseby hogd .
FUTURE 4 7
9 . Country people , when writing, use the Future in giving
polite commands, as Merd saldm apne bhd,i ho hah-doge (for
hah-do) , but this is incorrect . In English the Future and in
modern Persian the Present Future is used in polite commands ,
but in Urdu the Aorist is so used.
10 . It may take the place of an Aorist ; vide XXXVI , 8 ,
also XLII , 7 .
11 . Examples
I will commence this when
I have leisure .
When I have finished this
business I will commence
the other.
Why Should I lie about the
matter (i .s . I have no
objection to lieas you want) .
For what reason should I lie ?
(i .e . why do you want me to
l ie abou t it
When you went there , he
must have stood up (become
standing) on seeing you .
When you went there he
must have been standing
(in a standing state) .I must have been well by the
time you came to me .
I must have recovered (become
well) by the time you
reached me .
There can never have been
such peace and quiet in
the country before .
Such an event can never have
occurred before .
Jab hdm se fursat pdningd is
men hdth ddldngd .
Jab yih hdm har-chuhdngd , to
dusrd hdm shurd’
karunga.
Main hdhe-ho jhd t bolunga ?
(ormain hahe-ho jhd t bolnelagd
Main hahe-ho jhd t bolun
Tum jab wahdn ga,e wuh
tumhen dehh-he hhard hu,d
hogd .
Tum jab wahdn ga,e wuk
hhard hogd .
Tumhdre dne hewagt tahmain
achekha hdngd .
Tumhdre ane hewagt tahmain
achekha hii ,d hungd .
Mu lh men aisa chain pahle
kabbi nahin hogd .
Aisa wdqi’
a habhi na-hd ,d
hogd .
4 8 H INDU STAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
He must be now wide awake Yih hhabar sunhe us he hdn
on hearing of this . khare honge.
He will certainly be successful Is daf’
a imtihan men g arar
in his examination this hdm-
yab hogd .
time .
When the Sahib comes I will Jab Sahib d,enge un ho hhabar
tell him. ddnga.
If the Sahib comes tell him . Jab Sahib d,en’un ho hhabar
do.
XXXVIII . IMPERATIVES
1 . Besides the ordinary form of the Imperative there are
three other forms .
(a) (Ap ) bai thiye, pl . , please sit down (now) respectful .
The negative is na-bai thiye (mat is rather imperious) .The original passive gerundial suffix in Hindi was iya, as
Kariya,i t was fi t to be done .
’
The impersonal verb chdhiye
may be a survival of this form . Kyakakiye ?‘
what should one
say what is to be said hyd janiye ? what should be
known ? ’
how does one know and na-janiye, one does not
know,
’
are said to be survivals and are used as Aorists.
(b) The precative (Ap ) hijiegd , 2nd person plural ,‘
please
do it (in the respectful , as : (Ap ) hal do-
pahar tashrifld ,iyegd , please come at noon to -morrow incorrectly and
in vulgar Delhi Hindustani tashrif la,o.
In (a) there is some idea of command, but (b) is precativeonly . Ap mu
’
af hijiyegd ,‘
will you please excuseme, Is more
respectful than ap ma’
af hijiye,‘
please excuse me .
’
Vide
also XXXVII , 4 .
(c) The third form is polite but not’
respectful’
, and is
generally used to inferiors ; it is singular2or plural Fu ture,
1 Not Fu ture , vide XXXVI, 6 (d) , and note .
2 Hagir hond cou ld not be subst ituted , as it is imperious.
3 According t o Plat t s, orig inally the plural of the form in iye.
50 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
XXXIX . THE INFINITIVE
For the following note I am indebted to Dr. G . A. Grierson ,
C .I .E .
1 . The so-calledHindustani infinitive in na, as in chal-na,
to go , h as a composite derivation .
Amongst the numerous derivations of a Sanskrit verbal
root , there are
(a) An abstract noun ending in-anam(or a ga in) , as in
chal-anam, the act of going .
”
(b) A future passive participle in -aniyas (or -aniyas) , withexactly the same force as, and with the same derivation as,
the Latin future passive participle in -endus, etc Thus, chal
aniyas,"
abou t to be gone,”
proper”
to be gone or (neuter)"
it is to be gone one should go Compare the Latin
(ex - )cellendus .
With the addi tion of certain terminations, both these become
na in Hindustani . So that chal-na may be either a noun
chal-anam) , the acting of going ,”
to go,”
or it may be
a participle , i .e . an adjective (chal-na, fem . chal-ui ) , meaning
fit to be gone”
, worthy to go one should go
Similarly , mdr -na is either mdr -anam, the act of striking ,
to strike , or mar-aniyas, fit to be struck ,"
worthy to be
struck ,
”
as an adjective . Kar-nais either har-anam,the act
of doing ,”
to do , or har -aniyas, fit to be done,” “
worthyt o be done , as an adjective .
2 . Examples of the infinitive or verbal noun are
jhuth bolnd burd hai , to lie is wrong ;
hhdné-men sharm hyd hai what shame is there in eating ?
marne lagd ,for marne-hé - lagd , he became attached to the
act of striking ,
”
he began to strike .
”
3 . Examples of the fu ture passive participle are
jo ham harna hai , the business which is to be done ;
yih bat harni hai , this thing is to be done ;
jo ham harne hain, the things which are to be done ;
INF I N IT IVE 51
majh-ho jana hai , as for me, it is to be gone, I must
go (mihi eundum est , word for word the same idiom
in Latin) .
Owing to the two words being identical in form, the two
are often confused, even by good writers. Though identical
in appearance they have different meanings, just as mare maymean either he may strike ”
or they were struck
4 . As an Imperative the Infinitive is less peremptory , and
is therefore more civil than the Imperative proper. It is
properly a Future Imperative, but is also used politely for a
Present Imperative . Wahan mat jd ,o is said to be a person
either actually on the move or just about to move , but wahdn
na-jdnd refers to a future action or politely to a present
action .
Thus, avoid all that leads to adul tery is better translated
by z ind he pas bhi na-jand (Future) than by z ind he pds bhi
mat jd ,o .
5 . The Passive Infinitive, if the logical subject ismentioned,is never used ; its place is in such cases taken by the Active ,as : Wuk apni man he sihhane se yih boli ,
‘
she was instructed
by her mother to say this ;’ 2Mere bap hemare-jane par merd
sdrd hhdnddn tabdh ho-
gaya,after my father was killed my
whole family was ruined.
’
XL . IMPERFECT
1 . The Imperfect denotes frequency or duration of an
action , or that a continuous action was going on at some
past time, as : Pahar bar bar guni te the, the hills gave back
the echo again and again Wuh janwar apne ho naz aron se
chupd ,e rahhtd thd lekin ushi awdz se ma’
ldm hota thd hi
wuh ho,i bard janwar hai , that animal continued to keep out
of sight, but from its cry I thought that it must be some
large beast ; Us he rone dhone se badshah hi nahmen dam
1 Sara -
yi Bani Isra, il .2 Mdn may here be regarded as the logical sub ject of sihhdne.
52’
H INDUSTANI STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
d -
gayd lehin us he chup karane hi ho,i tadbir samajh men
na-dti thi , the king was wearied by his (the slave’
s) lamen
tation , but no plan of silencing him could be thought of.’
REMARK— The progressive, not the habitual , action Of the
Imperfect may be expressed by means of rahnd, as : Main
ja- raha thd hi I was going along when vide Hindu
stani Stepping Stones Lesson 1 1 , h (1) and2 . The Imperfect also signifies that an action was a habit .
In English it is frequently represented by the Past Tense
It was his custom to take a stroll early before breakfast,’
us hi yih‘
adat thi hi roz subhho tahla’hartd (tha
’
) He did
this every night,’
wuh har shab yih ham hiya hartd thd or
hartd thd (not Preterite nor hartd-raha) but if the limits of
the time were defined the Preterite would be substituted, as
Us ne makine bhar tah har rat yih hdm hiya (or wuh yih ham
hartd -raha, but not hartd thd) .3 . The Imperfect sometimes signifies began to or
‘
to
be on the point of doing’ I went to the city and began to
look at (while I was looking at) the shops when suddenly
I heard the sound of firing ,
’
main shahr ho gayaaur, duhdnon
ha tamasha dehhtd thd hi yah-d -
yah t0p hi awdz d ,i ;
‘
The
bird was just going to settle on the tree when some one fired off
a gun ,
’
chirgadarahht par bai thachahti thi hi hisi ne banduq
fair’
hi . Sometimes it indicates a wish, as : Main wahdn
na-jata- thd magar wuh mujhe z abardasti (se) te-
gaya,‘
I,did
not want to go , but he made me he took me there by force .
’
4 . In interrogations it indicates emphatic refusal , as : Us
ho qaid-khane se rihd ,i pane hi area thi lekin wuh hab rihd ,i
patd thd‘
he hoped to be released from prison, but there was
no chance of it ; Banduq chalti na- thi ,‘
the gun would not
go off Bar zi t nami he bd’
is su lagti na- thi ,’
the powder
would not ignite on account of being damp ; Us ho ma‘
lum
1 Chihil qadami (h. ) is a l iterary word for a strol l ’.2 More idiomat ic t o omit thd in such sent ences.
IMPERFECT 53
thd hi yahdn haiga hai is liye hab dtd thd‘
he knew that
there was cholera here, so of course he did not come .
’ 1
5 . In two or more co -ordinate clauses the tha, etc. , of the
Imperfect may be expressed with the last only, as : Wuh subh
ho u th-har pahle wugn hartd , phir namaz parhtd , aur tab ho ,i
aur ham hartd thd . Vide also LXII , 3 (a) .6 . The Imperfect and Present of dena are used in the
sense of to offer as : Main ghore he liye sau rup iya detd thd ,
I offered a hundred rupees for the horse,’
but hitne ho diyd
tha for how much did he sell it ? Main sau rup iya detd
thd lehin wuh hab letd thd (or us ne gabul na-hiyd) ,‘
I offered
him a hundred rupees, but he refused.
’
7 . The Imperfect of a verb compounded with sahnd can
sometimes take the place of the conditional , as : Phir jab tah
ap hd khatt Rangun hd pattd likha hu,d na-d
,e2main dp ho
hhatt hyun-har lihh-sahtd thd or lihhta ?‘
so until I got
your letter with your address at Rangoon , how could I write ?’
Vide also VII, 8 .
8 . A Present Tense in direct narration may become an
Imperfect in indirect , as : Agar main wahdn hotd to unken
dekhla-detd hi main nu he liye hyd huchh har-sahtd (thd) ,‘
had
I been there I would have shown them what I could have
done for them ;’
in direct narration main— har -sahtd hun
or hartd hun .
9 . The Imperfect can sometimes take the place of the
Present Dubious ; vide Present Dubious, L , 3 .
10 . The Imperfect sometimes takes the place of the Aorist ;vide VII, Relative Pronoun, 8 .
1 1 . Vide XXXVI , 7 (b) , and LXII , 3 (c) .
1 Us ho ma ‘ldm hai hi yahdn kaiz u hai is liye hab dtd ha i he knows
that there is cholera here , so he w on’
t come .
’
2 Aorist or Present sub junct ive for pas t t ime , vide XXXVI , 6 (b)the Condit ional or Pas t sub junct ive dtd w ou ld s igni fy that no let terhad been received , whereas d ,e ind icates that a le t ter g iv ing the
Rangoon address has been rece ived.
54 HINDUSTAN I STUMBLING -BLOCKS
XLI . THE PERFECTThe Perfect is indefinite ; the Past or Preterite usually
definite ; it is therefore incorrect both in English and
Hindustani to say‘
I have seen him yesterday Wuh Lahor
gaya or gayd hai , he has gone to Lahore but Merd bhd ,i
Lahor gaya magar main nahin gayd : in this last example
gayd hai could not be substituted ; vide also XLIII, 1 , n . 1 ,
and 2 (b) .2 . Sometimes either the Perfect or the Past Tense may be
used according to the point of View of the speaker, as’
Longnights I wept and wailed ere God bestowed on me this child,
’
main ne kitni raten ah o z dri men gugari hain (or guearin)jab jakar
l K_ hudane mujhe yih larhd‘
atahiyd (hai) . If hai
be inserted in this last sentence, it indicates that the boy is
alive ; omit it , and he may be living or dead.
3 . The Perfect also expresses a past time, the effects of
which still continue , as : Jab se main yahdn dyd hdn usho
nahin dehhd hai , I have not seen him since I came (lit . havecome)
2here ; Main ne shddi hi hai , I have married (and
my wi fe is still living) Us ho fajr se buhhdr charhd hai
(not charha) ,‘
he has had fever since the morning (and still
has it) Us ho aj tap bharhi , the fever attacked him to-day
(and he may or may not have it still) but Us ho dj tapcharhi hai , he has fever to -day .
’
4 . The Perfect also indicates an action just completed if
the effects continue, as : Main abhi dyd hdn (or dyd) ,2
I have just come Wuh is sdl ghar gayd hai ,‘
he has gone
home this year (and is still there) vide also XLII , 3 .
REMARK— If, however, the effects Of the action do not
continue, the Preterite is used,as : Tum ne dawd hhd,i .
?’
have
1 For jab jdhar ( indicat ing a long t ime ) vide Hindustani St eppingStones
’
, Lesson 29 , d.
2 It is a common Eng l ish vulgarism t o u se the Perfect after a
t emporal since3 Ayd in reply t o a quest ion ; main abhi dyd also s ignifies
‘I’
m
coming back in a moment vide X-LII, 7 , 8 .
PERFECT 55
you swallowed the medi cine (just now) ? but Tum ne dawd
hha,i hai have yo u taken the medicine or some one else
vide 5 .
5 . In questions the Perfect indicates a certainty of the
action having been done, as : Tum ne yih ham hiyd hai
was it you who did this (or some one but Tum ne
yih hiya have you done the thing I told you to do, or not ?
(the speaker does not know) .6 . In such expressions as
’
have you ever heard that
or have you ever seen the Preterite is preferred to the
Perfect, as : Tum ne yih habhi sand (or sund hai)7 . When the English Perfect expresses time, as in such
expressions as‘
I have lived here for years’
, I have known
him since childhood’
, the Urdu idiom requ ires the Present , as :
Jab se main paida hu,d (or ha,d hdn) main hisi na-hisi
musibat men giriftdr rahtd hdn,‘
I have been unfortunate
since I“
was born’
I have for a long time seen you goingabou t barefooted,
’
bahut dinon se dehhtd hdn hi tum nange
p d ,on (se) chald harte ho. Vide XXXV, 1
8 .
‘
Where have you been the last two hours ?’
(to an
absent servant) , tum do ghante tah hahdn rahe or do ghante
se tum hahdn the vide also XLIII , 5 , last example .
9 . The Perfect also indicates mild astonishment , i .e . that
an action was not expected, especially in questions, as : Kyd
Amir Sahib Kalhatta (men) d ,e hain has the Amir come to
Calcutta ? I didn ’ t know he was coming ;’
but hyd d,e
‘
has the Amir yet arrived (I have heard he was coming) ?
vide also XLIV, 5 , example and note .
10 . (a) In bai thnd , send , parnd, hhd/rd hona, garna (and
possibly one or two more intransitive verbs) the past participlewith the substantive verb is used for theEnglish Present , thus
Bai tha (hue ) hai ,’
he is sitting,’
but bai thta hai ,’
he Sits
habitually ,’
or‘
is just going to sit down’
; Wuh hhard hai ,‘
he is standing ;’ Wuh hhard hota hai ,
‘
he stands habitually ,’
or he is just going to stand up
56 H INDUSTANI STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
(b) With sond, either the above construction or the Present
can be used, as : Wuk soyahai (or soya hu,d hai) or sota hai ,
‘
he is sleeping .
’ Wuk abhi bai thahai (or bai th-
gaya hai) ,he has jus t sat down ,
’
is Perfect ; but wuh ab- tah bai tha (or
bai tha hu,a) hai ,
‘
he is still sitting there ,’
is the participle
construction . Vide also XLIX , 7 .
1 1 . A similar construction occurs with transitive verbs,
as : Lihhd hai ,‘
it is written ,
’
for lihhd hd ,d hai ; but us ne
likha hai , he has written .
’
12 . In quoting an author either the Perfect or Present is
used ; vide Present Tense, XXXV, 6 .
XLII . PAST OR PRETERITE
1 . As stated in XLI , 1 , the Preterite , compared with the
Perfect, refers to a definite point of time , as He regrets his
marriage ,’
wuh sar p i tta hai hi‘
main ne shadi hyun hi’ 1
( lit .
’
he beats his head saying, Why did1I marry ?
”
here the Perfect cannot be substituted, though, as the effects
of the action continue, one might expect it vide XLI , 3 , also
XL , 2 .
2 . The Preterite is used in narrating past events that
closely follow on each other, and it will thus often take the
place of the English Pluperfect , as :‘
When I had rested
a little and had refreshed mysel f, I got up intending to
proceed on my way,’
jabmain ne thoradam le- liyd aur kuchh
hhd -
p i- liyd main u th hhard hd ,
d aur chdhd hi age chalun ,
here the two first verbs could not be in the Pluperfect , as in
the English .
3 . The Preterite expresses an act just completed, and some
times indicates ignorance or doubt , vide XLI , 5 , and XLIII , 2
(b) , as : Main ne tujhe bahhsh-diya agarchi mundsib na- thd,
‘
I have forgiven you (this moment) , although I ought not
to have done so Ma’
ltim ha,d hi meri dwdz achchhi nahin,
1 In modern Persian, however, the Perfect wou ld be u sed , unlessthe t ime especially referred to the day of marriage.
58 H INDU STANI STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
soon as you wi ll stand up you wi ll fall ;’
Ko,i bachcha scte
men royd aur tum bedar hu,in, (0 women) the moment
a child cries in its sleep you are awake’
(i .e . this is your
habit) ; Gdli munh se nihli aur main ne mard,‘
the abuse
was no sooner out of his mouth than I hit him (or wi ll no
sooner be ou t of his mouth than I’
ll hit
7 . It is also used for an immediate Fu ture in anticipation
of its completion ,as Main ne yih ham abhi hiyd ,
‘
I am just
going to do it .’
Similarly , a servant says ldyasahib,‘
I am
j ust bringing it dyd, I am j ust coming .
’
REMARK—The Preterite with chuhnd is used ironically and
indicates a negative fu ture, as : Main wahan jd -chuhd catch
me going’
(lit .
‘
oh yes, I’
ve gone there ironical) .
8 . The Preterite is often used for the Perfect , as : Main
abhi dyd (or dyd han) , I have just come’
(vide XLI , 2—4 )Jo baten upar lihhi ga,
in (or ga,i hain) , what has been stated
above ;’
Main ne yih masal is liye baydn hi (or hi hai) hi
tum jano hi I have cited this proverb to show you that
9 . It is rarely used for the habitual Present , as : Mujhe to
be- hari men tumhen khatt lihhne ha eh shughl hai qalam
dawat te-bai the aur do chdr sataren ghasi t-dalin,
‘
it is an
employment for me to write to you when I have nothing to
do ; I then sit down and scribble you a few lines ;’
Ushi’
adat hai (or thi ) hi har subh ho sohar u tha, munh hath
dhoyd , aur sair ho nikla, it is (or was) his habit to rise early
in the morning, wash his face and hands, and go for a walk .
’
10 . Note the following idioms Ab rahayih amr hi‘
it
now remains to be said that Sat duna chauda he char
hath lagd eh, twice seven is fourteen , four and carry one ;
Sat men se tin ga,e, bdqi rahe char, three from seven leaves
four ; Mere das rapai hharch ha,e, sirf do rah-
ga,e (or‘
bach
ga,e) , I spent 10 rupees and have only 2 left .’
1 1 . Vide also XXXVI , 6 , Remark I .
1 The Perfect cannot be u sed as a Fu ture .
PLUPERFECT 59
XLIII . PLUPERFECT
1 . The Pluperfect indicates a time anterior to the Preterite
or Perfect , as : Jo ddmi hal dyd thd (or incorrectly aya) soaj bhi aya hai , the man who came yesterday came to -day ;
’
Tumhdre dne se pahle main hhdnd hhd -chuhd thd , I had mydinner before you came .
’
2 . (a) The past time to which the Pluperfect is anterior
may be only implied, as : Us ho par sd l hawd badalne se yun
hi safa,ida hu,
d thd last year he was just slightly benefited
by a change of air ; here the Pluperfect indicates that the
benefit has disappeared.
(b) To a master returning home and asking his servant
whether the barber he had summoned has arrived or not , the
following repl ies might be made —Ayd ,
2 ‘
he has come
d -
gayd , he has just come ;’
aya hai ,’vulgar and incorrect
(as he was expected) ; dyd thd,‘
he did come , but has gone
away again .
’
Vide also XLI, 1 .
3 . It is sometimes used for the Past Conditional Tense (videConditional Sentences,LVI, as : Agar dp mujhe na -bachaie
main garur gaid ha,a thd (or hojdtd or hu,
d hotd) ,‘
had it
not been for you , sir, I should certainly have been locked up .
’
4 . It is sometimes used to indicate distant time, as : Bad
is he hi main tere sath aisi nehi hi thi,ab burd
,i kytin
harne lagiin’
having previously treated you well , why
Should I now begin to treat you ill here the Preterite could
be substitu ted, but woul d not indicate such remote time .
5 . Examples
I went to see the Khan Kat main fl an sahib hi
yesterday , but he was out , mu lat ho gayd thd ; hahin
so I didn’ t see him . bdhar tashrif le -
ga,e the , is
waste wuh mujhe na -mi le .
a
1 Ayd hai if not expected , dyd if expected .
2 Ayd , as he was expected .
2 Bu t main unse na -mild ,‘ I purpose ly did not have an interview
w ith him,
’and wah majh se na-mile, he refused me an interview .
’
60 HINDUSTANI STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
I was deaf, and now I am
blind too .
He told my servant yesterdaythat he was coming to see
me to -day2
He had fever yesterday , but
has none now.
I came to see you, sir,
yesterday afternoon (but
you were out) .I now (i .e . after the mutiny)
sent him a plain unbound
copy of the book, and
yesterday got his reply
acknowledging its receipt .
Where were you , where have Kahdn ga,e the (or hahdn the)
you been ? (to an absent
servant on return) .
XLIV. THE CONDITIONAL OR PAST CONDITIONAL
TENSE
1 . This is used in Conditional and Optative sentences, vide
LVI , 1 ,2 , 7 , 9
—13 , and 1 6 . It may refer to time past or
future , vide LVI , 1 and 7 .
2 . Its use as a Perfect Subjunctive is not , however, confined
to conditional sentences . It is generally used after chdhiye
thd, etc. ,
‘
it was necessary ,
’ though the Aorist or Present
Subjunctive may take its place
1 Perfect , b l indness no t expected, and I am st il l b l ind2 Kat means to -day as the prev ious t ense is in the pluperfect .3 The Pluperfect ind icat es that it no longer remains.
Pahle main bahra (ho gayd)thd ab andha bhi ho-
gayd
hdn (or hdn) .Us ne hal mere naukar se
hahd thd hi hal2main tere
sahib se mi lne d ,iingd .
Han,hal usho tap charhi
thi3
[understood, lehin aju targa,
i] .
Banda hal si -pahar (he wagt)hu z ur hi hhidmat men hdsir
hu,d thd .
Main ne ab eh kitab-i sdda be
j t ld un ho bheji thi ; hal
unhd hhd ti majh ho ki tab
hi rasid men mi ld .
CONDITIONAL TEN SE 61
Laz im thd hi yih harte (orharo) tum ho yih harnd
thd or turn ho yih harnd
chdhiye thd .
3 . The place of the Past Conditional may be supplied by
the Pluperfect of lagnd , as : Main wahdn hydn jane lagd
thd main wahan hyan jata .2 why should I have gone
there Vide Aorist 6 , b, and‘
Hindustani Stepping S tones
You ought to have done it .
Lesson 9 , b
4 . Sometimes a verb compounded with sahnamay take its
place ; vide XL , 7 , and VII, 8 .
5 . Examples of the Past Conditional
(1) I had no book to read
(lit . that I should have
read it) (or parhun, that
I should read
(2) I have not seen him for
the last few days, and so
could not mention your
letter (lit . that your let ter
should have been men
tioned) .
(3) I perceived no beauty in
her to make me fall in love
with her .
(4 ) I had not a farthing withme to give the begger.
(5) You should merely have
written to me that you
received the prose com
position .
(6) I got no letter at all from
you , so how could I have
answered ?
Mere pas ho,i kitab na-thi jo
parhta (or parhun) .
In dincu men us se meri
mulaqat nahin ha,i hai jo
tumhare hhatt hd g ihr dtd
(not ave) .
Main ne us men huchh hitdb
surati na-dekhi hi us par‘
ashiq hota (or ho
Mere p ds eh paisa bhi na
thajo us faqir ho detd (ordanl
Bat i tni thi hi majh ho lihh
bhejte hi nasr d ,i .
Tumhdrd ho ,i hhatt nahin dyd
jis hamai n jawab lihhtd
62 HINDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
(7) I had composed nothing Kaun si fihr-i tasa l thi hinew,
'
so how could I have tumko lihhtd
sent you anything
(8 ) How could I have had Main hi taben hahdn se chap
my books printed (as I had wata
no money)
(9) He ought to have re Ldz im thd hi us he p ds bhi
ceived the journal too, but ahhbdr pahunch-jd td ,magar
up to the present he has iswaqt tahnahinpahunchd .
2
not done so .
(10) How could I possibly Kyd imhdn thd hi jawab na
have refrained fromanswer lihhtd
ing your letter ?
(11) My description would be Merd baydnjab tumpar hhu lta
understood by you , only hi tum yahdn hote aur be
if you were here to see gamat- i g i l’
ahophirte chalte
the Begams in the Fort dehhte .
walking about .
XLV. THE VERBAL SUFFIX WALA
1 . Though -wald cannot be added to an adjective (vide
Hindustani Stepping Stones’
, Lesson 29 , a) , it is added to
prepositions and adverbs, as : Pahari hd upar-wdld mahdn ,
the house higher up on the hill ; Upar-wd ld bayan , what
has been mentioned above .
’
NOTE . It must be recollected that prepositions were
originally nouns , and that such expressions as pahar he niche
men at the bottom of the hill’
) are still used by the vulgar.
2 .-Wd la Can often be conveniently substitu ted for a
genitive, as : Usha sawari hd ghora or ushd sawari -wdld
g'
hora.
3 . It sometimes indicates habit or continuance, as : Yih
1 Fihr - i taza, tech. a new poem.
2 Not pahunchd hai, as its arrival was expected.
SUFF IX wl Ll 63
dunyd g irgi t hi tarah rang badalne-wdli hai , this world
changes every moment like a chameleon ;’
Parhne-wdla larhd,
a studious boy .
’
4 . Sometimes it indicates a past act and sometimes one in
the immediate 1 future, as : Ishd bechne-wdld ,
‘
the man who
sold it ,’ ‘
the seller ; Marne -wdld , the late,’
and also‘
abou t
to die
5 . It will be seen , therefore, that this verbal may be
ambiguous : Sone -wali bhiron ho na-jaganachdhiye for don’
t
rouse sleeping hornets (i.e . let sleeping dogs lie’
) would be
ambiguous, as it might mean‘
hornets about to sleep’
; the
idi om ,therefore, is soti i (hag) bhiron ho na-jagana chdhiye,
which admits Of no ambigu ity . Dono larne-wdle is a common
example of the ambiguous use of this participle .
XLVI . CONJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE
1 . (a) This participle is generally used when the action of
the second verb no t only takes place after the first verb bu t
also dep ends on i t, as : Wuh mujhe dehh-har rone lagd ,
‘
he
began to cry on seeingme .
’
This participle is advantageouslyused when one verb is transitive and the other neuter. He
saw me and then began to cry’
is us ne mujhe dehhd aur phir
rone lagd ; in this sentence phir could not be omitted as the
idea is that he first saw me and then after a little time began
to cry Hence us ne meri taraf muhhatib hohar hahd, he
addressed me and said,’
is more idiomatic than meri tarafmuhha
‘
t‘
ib hu,d aur bold . (Note, too, that in this sentence , as
the first verb hu,d is neuter, bold, a verb that does not requ ire
ne, is preferred to hahd . )1 In Insan marne-wdld hai the idea is that death is always present ,
and the immediate future and not the remote future is int ended.
Qiydmat dne-wati hai, because the Judgment Day is certain , that is,it is pract ically w ith us .
2 Bhir, f. hornet or wasp. In Behar birni wasp and bir nd or
hadda a hornet .
64 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
(b) However, to avoid a series of conjunctive participles,the above rule is usually broken , finite verbs being substituted ;bu t the finite verbs should be used where there are the longest
pauses in the thought or the action , as : Main ki tab baghal
men dabahar ghar se nihald, I put the book under my arm
and left the house ; but Main ne ki tab baghal men deba,i aur
chhari hath men lehar ghar se nihald, I pu t'
the book under
my arm and taking up my stick quitted the house .
’
2 . The Conj unctive Participle cannot precede the substantiveverb hai , etc. , and thd, etc.
3 . (a) When the Conjunctive Participle and the finite verb
are both negative , the negative particle is prefixed to the finite
verb only , as : Jo ho,i imtihan pas harhe ta,ip ra,i ting na
sihhegd usho is daf tar men jagah na-mi legi ,’
no one will be
employed in this office who does not pass the examination
and learn typewriting (lit . whoever having passed the
examination does not learn typewriting, no place will be
given to him in this office
(b) If the participle only is negative and if it also imp lies
a reason (i .s . if it expresses a reason and is bound up with
the finite verb , as explained in the negative particle maybe prefixed, as : Main us hi bat kuchh na- samajhhar chuphd
ho -raha, not understanding what he said I remained silent’
(i .e . because I did not understand what he said The
Conjunctive Participle with a negative always implies a reason .
With the above exception the negative cannot be prefixed
to the Conjunctive Participle . Saying not a Single word he
turned and left the room must be rendered Wuh mujhe eh
lafg bhi hahe baghair munh pher-har chald gayd (‘
withou t
saying a single word
4 . (a) The passive of the Conjunctive Participle is not
used ; its place is taken by the active , as Wuk hdth bandhhar
1 Compare the Eng l ish sentence,
‘Whoever does not pass an
exam inat ion and [does not] learn typewrit ing
66 H INDUSTAN I STUMBLINe -BLOCKS
hhdnd hkaya, I washed my hands and ate my dinner Us
ne ro-har hahd , he said with tears in his eyes ;’
Yih log
namdz bhi gd -har parkte hain, these people (a sect of Sufis)even sing their prayers.
’
(Note that gdnd is an intransitive
verb and does not admit of an object , except a cognate object,as gi t or ghaz l gdnd ; bu t not masnavi gdnd or qasida gdnd .)This participle also means
‘
after ’
(temporal) , as : Kyd
ho,i Isfahan jd -har Hindustan men wdpas d td hai .?
‘
does
anyone ever return to India after he has once seen Isfahan
i .s .
‘
is there anyone who , having once gone (or when he
has once gone) to Isfahan, afterwards returns to India Sab
mi ld -har sau eh hii ,e,‘
after adding them all together they
proved to be about a hundred .
’
(b) Logical . Us ho z ahr de-har mdr -ddld z ahr dene se
us he mar-data,‘
they killed him by poison Us ne lakriyan
bech-bech har paise jama’
hiye,‘
he collected money by con
tinually sell ing firewood ’
(by means of selling firewood) .
Here the finite verbs express the consequence Of the participles .
(c) Adverbial . Kan lagd-har suno, listen attentively
’
(having appl ied your ear, or when you have appl ied your
ear, listen attentively) ; yaqin har -he jano yaqin jano,know assuredly ; hhass har -he, especially ; barh-har,
‘
more ;’
wah p et bhar-har be-wuqaf hai ,
‘
he is an u tter
fool wuh der lagd-har dyd , he came late ; le de-he,
‘
in
all ; marp i t har, with great labour or difficulty ; usl
larke
no siwa,e ro-har hhdnd mangne he, aur huchh na-hiyd ,
‘
the
Child did nothing but tearfu lly call for food.
’
8 . In Hindustani Stepping Stones Lesson 9 , 0 , reference
was made to the‘
misrelated participle’
. A study Of the
following idiomatically correct examples wi ll reveal the fact
that though grammatically the finite verb and the participle
have not the same subject , logically they Often have .
I couldn’
t help laughing when Tumhdrd hhatt parh har
I read your letter. mujhe hdnsi d ,i .
CONJUNCT IVE PART IC IPLE 67
I got fever on reaching home .
I was very glad to read your
letter.
The culprit was arrested and
brought here .
If they are compared, the
difference between them
will be proved to be slight .
If I shou ld come across any
pamphlet (on the subject) ,it will be bought and sent
to you .
The court order having been Ra ba hdr tikh har hukm
written , the decision was hu a
given out .
A letter to the following _Khatt men lihh-har dyd hi
purport was received.
9 . The Participle may refer to the direct object of a verb ,as Wuk M ir Sarfaraz Husain hi , sharma-har, ankhen niche
harni aur musharand, Ehudd habhi majh ho bhi wuh siirat
dihhd ,e, I do wish I could get a sight of Mir Sarfaraz Husain
shyly casting down his eyes l ike that and smiling .
’
10 . (a) The following example from Platts is difficult to
explain
1 Kar -he hiyd jdhar , which is not idiom . The grammat ical subjectof a pass ive verb is the log ical object of the act ion,
vide Hindustan iS tepping Stones
’
, Lesson 23, c hence this sentence they havingarrested the cu lprit brought him
2 Here the Pass ive is used for poli teness t o avo id the use of I3 Here , though the part iciple and finite verb refer t o different
persons , they are regarded as the same party , i . e . members of the
court .
Majh ho ghar ja-he bukhar
dyd .
Tumhdrd hhatt parh-har merd
di l bahu t hhush hd ,d .
Mujrim girif tdr har-hellayd
gaya= mujrim giriftdr ho
har dyd .
Agar dono n eh diisre se mi ld
har dehhe-jd ,en , to nu men
bahu t hi ham farq naz ar
d ,ega.
Agar ho,i risala d -jd ,egd to
wuh mol- lehar Midmat men
bhej-diyd jd,ega.
2
68 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
At last , having made me Ahhir wa’
da nu chiz on ho
promise and swear that I pahunchd har mere l p hir
would return after leavmg ane ha le-har, aur qasam
those things (at home) , he hhi la-har,ruhhsat hiyd .
let me go .
(b) The danger of imitating the above construction is
illustrated by the following : Hindu,on ho eh na
,i
‘
arg i p esh
harhe jawab- i hhushh o sdf mild , the Hindus, on presentinga fresh petition , received a rebu ff this is wrong, as it
would signify that the petition was given to the Hindus . In
Mujhe ghar jahe bulghar ha,a there can be no ambiguity as
there is only one person . Similarly , Jab tah tum ho imtihdn
p ds harhe hisi bare‘
uhde par muqarrar hote hu,e na-dehh
lenge until I see you pass your examination and appointed
to a good post I cannot , owing to the position of tum ho,
be misunderstood, bu t Jab tah imtihdn pds harhe tum ho hisi
bare‘
uhdeparmuqarar hote hu,e na-dehh- lenge
— is ambiguous,
as the Conjunctive Participle might refer either to the subject
or the Object of the finite verb .
1 1 . In orders, requests, and answers to requests the
termination he or har of this participle is preferably dropped,as : Roti hhd -d
,o,
‘
go and eat and then come back ;’
Kya
main roti hhd -d ,iin ?‘
may I go and get my food and then
come back (Host) Ap roti hhd -d,iye,
‘
please go now and
get something to eat and then come back ; (Guest) Achekhamain roti hhd -dtd hdn ,
‘
all right, I will (vide also Aorist 8
and notes) .
12 . The following is an idiomatic use of harhe : Main
tumben hyd harhe lihhan—Munshi , Mau lavi , Mufti , _K_hwaja
yd Shaikh how am I to style you in the address—Munshi,
1 M ere shou ld come before pahunchd -har , and p hir dne hamay be
tak en as an equ ivalent of a fin ite verb t o the first clau se of a compoundsentence . Amended ,
the sent ence runs : Ak_hir majh se yih wa‘da
lehar aur qasam hhild -har (hi main un chiz on ho pahunchd har phir
d , ii n) ruhhsat hiyd .
PRESENT PART IC IPLE 69
Maulavi, etc. , or Shaikh ?’ Bare fl udd Khudd harhe merd
safar tamam hii ,d ,‘
at last with great difficulty (or somehowor other) my j ourney was finished ;
’
Main‘
Ali‘
Ali harhe
us daryd men had-
para, calling on‘
Ali I jumped into the
river.
’
Eh eh harhe, one by one but In ddmiyon ho eh eh
harhe mar-dalo is idiomatically kill these men to a man
REMARK .—Occasionally harhe is pleonastic , as : Asl men
merd ndm Muhammad Bahhsh hai lehin Mammd harhe
mash,hiir hun (or Mammu Mammii mash,hiir hdn) ,
‘
in realitymy name is Muhammad Bakhsh , but I am known as
Mammu ; Auron hi nisbat harhe, compared with others.
’
13 . (a) The participle ho-har sometimes has the force of
although’
, as : d shdh ho -har boriyd par soyd hartd thd ,
although a king he habitually slept on a mat ; TumMusal
man ho-har sharab p i te ho ?’
do you , a Muslim, drink ?’
although you are a Muslim you still drink Tum ho i tne
bare ho-har sharm nahin d ti ?‘
at your age and not
ashamed ?’
(b) Note the difference in meaning in the followingI will go to Bombay via Main Jabalp zir se hohar
Jubblepore , or Bamba,i janingd .
I will hal t a day or so in
Jubblepore on my way to
Bombay .
I will go to Bombay via Main Jabalp iir hohar (wi thJubblepore withou t halting . out se) Bamba,i janingd .
I will halt a day or so in Main Jabalp dr (se) hotd hd ,d
Jubblepore on my way to Bamba,i ja,unga.
Bombay .
XLVII . THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
1 . The Present (girta or girtd hd ,d and hartd or harta
hd ,d) and the Past (gird or gird hd ,
d and hiyd or hiya hag )
1 Eh dasre he ba‘d mar -dale , k ill them one by one .
’
70 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
Participles are used as (1 ) nouns , (2) verbal nouns, (3)adjectives, (4 ) adverbs, (5) participles with the force of verbs,
and (6) compounds with other verbs . Their proper use when
participles is rather intricate and pu z z ling even to natives,who not infrequently use them improperly . The grammars,
too , are not always correct . The participles are perhaps
correctly used only in Delhi and Lucknow .
2 . The Present Participle is used as a noun or a verbal
noun . If a preposition be added, hu,d must be omitted.
Examples—Sate se,
‘
from sleep , from sleeping din
charhte charhte din charhne he wagt , abou t 7 or 8 O ’clock ’
(i .s . while the sun was on its upward course and not crossingthe sky din dabte dribte, before sunset sunte he sath
sante hi sunne he sath, immediately on hearing this ;’
mere hote while I am here,’
or while I am l iving’
5
mere rahte (not hzi ,e) tah,‘
as long as I am here ;’
hdth
pd ,on he hote (or rahic) , whilst in the possession of hands
and feet . ’
REMARK—In such sentences as Marta (hu,d) hyd na
hartd ?‘
what will not a dying man try ?’
marta is an
adjective , agreeing with admi ,‘
understood ; you cannot say
marte ne hahd the idiom is marne-wale ne hahd .
3 . (a) The inflected present participle with hi , indicatingsimultaneity , is sometimes called the adverbial participle .
It may have the same or a different subject from the finite
verb, and may itsel f be either a substantive or a verb, as :
Huhm mi lte hi main rawdna ha,a, I started as soon as I got
the o rder ; Mere2
hukm dete hi wuk chald-
gayd , as soon as
I gave the order he went away Mujhe, sunte hi , yih hhiydl
dyd hi as soon as I heard this, this thought came into
my mind that Mere jagte hi pdni hhu l-gaya,‘
as soon
as I awoke the rain stopped ;’
Mere (usho) dehhte hi wuh
1 Compare do bajie bajte, by the t ime it is 2 and not after that .
’
2 Th is might also mean as soon as he gave me the order he went
away In mujhe huhm dete hi there is no amb igu ity.
PRESENT PART IC IPLE 71
u th-bai tha, as soon as I saw him he sat up Mujhe’dehhte
hi chor bhag-
ga,e, as soon as the thieves saw me they fled.
’
(b) The hi is sometimes omitted, as Main ne usho dehhte
(hi ) hahd hi yih admi bad -mu’
ash hai , as soon as I saw him
I said he was a blackguard.
’
(c) This adverbial participle with the Future Tense signifies
gradually as : Yih bimari jdte hi jd,egi , this disease will
go away gradually jdte jdte jd ,egi .
(d) Chhutte hi is an idiom for all of a sudden
(e) In the following similar idioms the hi does not express
simul taneity : Mere dehhte hi dehhte wuk paida bhi hu,d,
jawan bhi hii ,d , au lad -wala bhi hd ,d, aur mard bhi , during
my memory he was born , grew up , became a father, and died
dehhte hi dehhte expresses continu ity .
REMARK .
—The emphatic particle hi can of course follow
the present participle when used as an ordinary adjective in
apposition, etc. , as : Usho sotahi chhor do, leave him just as
he is, asleep .
’
4 . When the present participle is a qualify ing adjective
and precedes its noun (not when it is in apposition to a no .in
or expresses state) , it agrees with its noun in gender and
number. Hd,d can be added, except in certain idiomatic
phrases. Chaltd (hd ,d) hdr-hhdna, a thriving business
bhdg t i (hai ) fauj,‘
a fleeing army bolti hii ,i toti, a
talking parrot ; martc dam tah, till my dying breath, till
I die .
’
REMARK . Sometimes the substantive is understood, as
rah-chaltd , a wayfarer,’
for rah chalta hu,d admi : Larton
he p i chhe bhdg ton he age (of a coward) ,‘
in the rear of the
fighters , in the van of the fleers, a laggard in fighting, a leader
in flight vide Remark to 2 .
5 . With transitive verbs always, and with intransitive
sometimes, the noun of agency takes the place of the present
participle when used as a no un, as : Mere ihsan harm -wale1 M ujhe is the ob ject of dehhte.
72 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL I NG-BLOCKS
dost ne y ih majh se hahd thd‘
my kind friend said to
me Us jdne-wd le admi se paekho hi hahdn jatd hai ,
ask that passer-by where he is going to .
’
REMARK .— Mami e -wd ld (Rdjd) idiomatically means the
late , deceased (Raja, etc .) bu t jan ba- lab Raja or Rdjd jo
gor men pd ,on lathd
,e hzi ,e hai ,
‘
the dying Raja,’
or vulgarly
wah Raja jo dam tor-rahd hai or jo marne hindre (or marne
he hindre) hai .
6 . As adverbs‘ Hate hote, gradually subh hote (or hote
hi ) ,‘
at dawn,
’
as soon as it was morning or dawn .
’
7 . Up to the present this participle has presented l ittle
difficulty . The difficu lty of the participles, past and present ,lies in their participial use when they express the state of the
subject or Object and have the force Of verbs . In‘
that
Singing woman’
,
‘
singing’
is an adjective ; but in that
woman, singing as she went ’
, or that woman departed
singing the participle singing’
has all the force of a verb.
8 . (a) When the present participle is repeated for emphasis,etc . , it is inflected, i .s . constructed adverbially or absolutely,and ha
,e cannot be added, as : Darte darte p ds gayd (or darta
hii,d p ds gaya) ,
‘
I approached, fearing the while S hikar
hhelte hhelte thah-
gayd , I got tired with continuous hunting ,s
‘
hooting ,’
etc Koshish harte harte thah-
gayd,‘
I became
wearied with my continuous efforts ; bu t Koshish har har he
thah-
gaya,
‘
I became wearied by my continual efforts (ondifferent occasions) Mere sdrd -e Yd S in parkte hi parkte
ushd dam nihal gayd , while I was still repeating the chapter
Yd S in he died.
’
(b) Sometimes a verb is used w ith a cognate participle
present repeated, as Main pahdr hi chanti tah charte charte‘
chark -
gaya, going on ascending I at last reached the hill
summit ;’ Kishti dubte; dubte dub-
ga,i,
‘
the ship sank by
degrees .
’
1 ‘ Laughing ly’and ‘d istrac ted ly
’are examples
.
of part icipleadverbs in Eng lish,
7 4 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
refers to the agent or to the Object . If the participle refers
to the agen t it is better to place it be fore the agent , and hd ,e
must be added. If it refers to the object it should follow the
Object , and hzi ,e may be om itted.
‘
Aard t ne chalte1ha,
e
hahd hi the woman said on departure (bu t Chalti
hd ,i2 ‘
aurat ne hahd‘
the moving2woman , the woman
moving abou t , said In the preceding there can be no
ambigu ity , but Chalte hd ,e
‘
aard t ne mujh se hahd may mean
either the woman said on her or‘
on my departure’
;‘
Aurat
ne chalte ha,e majh se hahd would generally mean
‘
the woman
as she was departing said to me
Main ne jagte hu,e dehhd may mean (1) I saw him while
I was awake’
, (2) I saw him while he was awake’
, (3) I sawhim waking up but main ne jagte dehhd can have the last
two meanings only . In main ne us he daurte (ha,e) dehhd the
position of the participle shows that it refers to the Object ,but main ne daarte ha,
e us ho dehhd is ambiguous , as the
participle may refer to either the agent or the object , but in
daarte hd ,e main no us he dehha the participle can refer onlyto the agent .
1 1 . If the part iciple can agree neither with the subject nor
the direct Object it is constructed absolutely , as : Mujhe is
ghar men rakle (hd ,e) (or d ,
e hd,e) do sdl gugre, I have been
in this house now two years ;’
Mujhe sdrd din talash harte
gugrd , I spent the whole day looking for it ;’
Mujh ho hhdnd
pakate eh ghanta ha,a (or gugra) , I have been cooking the
meal for an hour past ; Ap ho kamesha shikar hhelte rahna
achekha nahin hai , you should not spend all your time in
sport .’
12 . (a) The inflected present participle before darnd is
idiomatically u sed for the Infinitive in Engl ish, as : Jate
(ha,e) dartd hdn,I am afraid to go there .
’
1 ‘Aurat ne cha lte hahd wou ld mean‘aurat ne chalte hi hahd .
2 Id iomat ically , however, chaltd hind means‘art fu l ’, ‘
cunning’
,
and not mov ing
PRESENT PART IC IPLE 75
(b) With sharm and,
‘
to be ashamed,’
and dar lagnd ,‘
to
be afraid,’
the participle may have two significations, as
Mujhe wahdn jate (hn,e) dar lagtd hai ,
‘
I am afraid to go
there,’
or I fear while or when going there’
13 . The fol lowing are idioms : Yih hdm hotd nagar nahin
d td , this is not likely to be done Mujhe yihi hahte (ha,e)ban-dtd hai hi wuh d il i
‘
t hd patthdlhai
,
‘
I cannot helpsaying he
’
s an ass (lit . a young owl
1 4 . For the idiomatic uses of the Present Participle prefixed
to jdna, vide verbs compounded with participles, XLIX , 8 .
15 . Examples7
(1) You came home while I Merejdgte (hu,e) men tumghar
was awake . d,e.
(2) After lying awake a Jagte jagte dhhir so-
gayd .
long time I at last fell
asleep .
(3) Fatima returned by way Fatima 2baz dr (se) hoti ha,
i
of the baz ar. wdpas d ,i .
(4 ) I saw the woman in the Main ne‘
aurat hojagte dehhd .
act Of waking up (or I
saw the woman awake , not
asleep) .
(5) She was afraid to say Yih hahte (hii ,e) dari .thi s.
(6) She ran OII while saying Wuh yih hahti hu,i bhagi .
this.
(7) While I’
m still living Mere rahte tum hyun ddsron
(or am here) why should he dast -nigar ho ne lage ?
you look for others’ favours
(or be dependent onothers)
1 Fatiha, m . , and patthi , f. , g enerally the young of pigeons and
fow ls squab, pu l let .2 Fatta is a corrupt ion for Fatah M uhammad or Fatima. In the
Panjab the lat ter is somet imes Face
76 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
(8 ) I am afraid to tell you .
(9) I saw a flock Of cranes
graz ing in a field.
(10) I saw a jackal run into
that sugar-cane hhet .
(11) I saw a jackal runningabou t in the sugar
-cane .
(12) I saw a singing woman
dancing , Singing, and playing a guitar.
(13) He has never seen a
horse shod.
(14 ) Don’ t you feel ashamed
to do this
(15) Are you not afraid to
go up in a ball oon ? (alsoare you not afraid while
up in a
(16) As far as I know . Merejante-bhar (vulg .) or'
mere
jdnte men .
(17) As far as I am able . Mere bhar -sah5
(vulg . for apne
maqdiir bhar) :
1 B aarta ha i wou ld s ignify daurd-
phir td hai,‘running hither and
thither.
’
2 D omni also means a woman of the D om t r ibe , an aborig inalHindu t ribe someth ing l ike the gypsies . The M usl im D oms are
s ingers .
3 No te that w ith several part iciples , ha,d or ha,e, if added , is added
to the last only.
4 If bandlwe (ha,e) is used hisi he is understood, bu t w ith bandhte(hd, e) t here is no om iss ion .
5 M ere sahte bhar appears to be .obsolete or local .
Kahte (hd ,e) dartd hdn .
Main ne eh hu lang ha ghol
hhet men aha/rte (hd ,e )dehhd .
Main ne eh gidar ho us ganne
he hhet men daur-har jate
(ha,e) dehhd .
Main ne dehhd hi eh gidar us
ganne he hhet men daura
jd -raha hai . l
Main ne domni2ho nachte
gate aur tdrd bajdte (kit e)dehhd .
Us ne habhi ghore hd na’
l
bandhte (hu,e) (or bandhte)
2
nahin dehhd hai .
Tum ho yih hdm harte (hu,e)
sharm nahin ati
Tum ho ghubdre par urte dar
nahin lagtd
PAST PART IC IPLE 77
(18 ) Come to me to -morrow Kal bdrah baje men (or vulg .
at ten minu tes to 12 . kc) das minat’rahte hu,e
mere pas a,o .
(19) The weakness will go Z‘
uf jate hi ja,egd (or jdte
away gradually . jate jd ,egd) .
(20) Though in the possession Anhhon he2hote (or rahte)
of eyes you were blind (or tum andhe ban-
ga,e .
else you pretended to be
blind) .
XLVIII . PAST PARTICIPLE
1 . It is used as
(a) A noun : Kahe se, by order ; jawan hu,e par,‘
On
growing up ;’
munh laga,e se wuk is qadr shok_h hd ,d ,
‘
he
has become so impertinent through your familiarity ,
’ ‘
through
your being so familiar with him ;’
mange ha tattu ,
‘
a
borrowed pony .
REMARK .
—Mu,d
‘
dead,’
is an adjective agreeing
with admi , understood : Soya aur ma,d barabar hotd hai ,‘
a sleeping and a dead man are alike .
’
M ii ,d is only a
substantive when used by women as a term of abuse, as
Us ma,e se haho hi yahdn se dar
’dafa
’
ho-jd ,e,
‘
tell that
blackguard to quit .’
(b) With the prepositions be, baghair , and bin, withou t,
’
the inflected past participle (with or without hii ,e) is used
withou t he, as : Baghair maria ho dehha or mari z ho
dehhe (hii ,e) baghair maria ho dekhne he baghair) , without
seeing the patient .’
(c) It will be seen that the Infinitive can, in such cases, be
1 In the Panjab das minat ham bdrah baje.
2 Or Ankhen hote.
3 M dnga hi nd is not the idiom.
‘1 Hence the vu lgar verb durdurdna,‘to say dar ho Main
wahdn gayd lehin as-ne mujhe durdurd -diya, for dhatd batdnd or
dhulhar dena.
7 8 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
substituted for the participle : Adhi rat guere tah,‘
till mid
night , Is the same as adhi rat he gugarne tah.
REMARK—When the past participle takes the place of an
infinitive, ha,e cannot be added, except after or before baghair,
etc. In mujhe (not mere’
) d ,e hii ,e eh ghanta hu,d the
participle is not a noun .
2 . (a) AS an adjective, qualifying or predicative : Dabe
pd ,on (se) , with silent footfall ; dabi eaban (se) , with bated
breath,’
i .e .
‘
fearfully u lte pa,on (se) p hira,‘
he retraced
his steps ; d,e din hd hdm, the work that comes every day ,
’
daily work ;’
dastar -hhwdn2bichha (hua) thd , the table
cloth was spread sahn men bahu t se patte pare (ha,e) hain,
the courtyard is full of leaves .
’
(b) As a rule hua can be added (except in adverbial phraseslike the above) , as : Ddbti (hii ,i ) kishti ,
’
the sinking ship ;’
anhhon (hi’
) dekhi (hii ,i ) bat ,‘
an eye-witnessed matter.
’
3 . (a) When the past participle of a transi tive verb
expresses state, it is always constructed absolu tely, with or
without hu,e, as : Kurti pakue (hu,e) d ,i ,’
she came wearing
a jacket ; Mujhe roti kha,e (hii ,e) tin din gugre, I have not
eaten for three days Wah bahdna hiye hu,e thd , he was
pretending all that time ;’ Wah hathkuri
"
pahne ha,e (or
pahnd ,e hd ,e"
) p esh hiyd gaya, he was produced handcufi'ed.
’
(b) The conjunctive participle indicates that an act was
completed, as Kurti pahin-har d ,i , she first put on a jacket
and then came ;’
but the past participle indicates a state,
1 M ere d ,e ha,e, though somet imes used, is incorrect .
2 Dastar -hhwdn in Urdu is an ordinary tab lecloth, but in Persiansufra is an ordinary tab lecloth.
3 A ft er dnhhen, hi or se . is understood . Anhhon, dekhne-wale hd
baydn, the report of an eye-w itness Aukkon dekhi bhat pare, main
ne hanon suni thi ,‘eye
-w itness be d—d , I’ve heard it
’
(said of
a credu lous man ) .1 For compound verbs of this descript ion vide XLIX, 7.
5 Or hathhariydn.
3 Causal , hav ing been made t o wear.
’
PAST PART IC IPLE 79
as : Kurti pakue hu,c d ,i , she came in a state of wearing
a jacket ; but Kurti pahinti hd ,i d
,i, she came while in the
act Of putting on her jacket .’
Sometimes the conjunctive
and the past participles are interchangeable , as Pa,on
p hai la-har send or pa,on phaila,
e (hn,e) send ,
‘
to sleep at ease.
’
REMARK — Ih will have been noticed that the uninflected
past participles of transitive verbs have sometimes a passive
sense , as : Merd hiyd‘
what has been done by me ;
us hd banaya (hua) ,‘
made by him but liye hii ,e, trans ,
taking .
’
4 . (a) When the past participle of an intransitive verb is
repeated for it may be inflected as in the case
of the present participle, or may not be : Main dhup men
bai the bai the (or bai tha bai tha) gamnd -
gayd ,lI sat in the
sun till I became warm .
’
(b) The following are idioms : Tum do baras he ga,e ga,e
dj mujh se milne d ,e ho, after having absented yoursel f two
years you have to -day come to see me ; but Main do baras
ha gayd gayd (not ga,e ga,e) hal is shahr men dyd hdn . Yih‘
auraten do baras hi ga,i ga,
i It will be noticed that in
these examples gayd is not used in its literal sense .
5 . If the subject of a finite intransitive verb and of a past
participle is the same , the participle with or withou t hu,d
agrees with the subject , as : Wah larhd apne naukar he handke
par bai tha (hd ,d) dyd, the boy was brought mounted on his
servant’
s shoulder ; Larhi chdr-pa,i par le ti (hd ,i2
) la,i ga,i ,the girl was brought stretched on a charpa,e .
’
6 . If an intransitive past participle refers to the agent with
ne, it is inflected, and hii ,e must be added, as : Main ne lete
hd,e tum ho yih hha'tnt. lihhd main ne lete lete yih hhatt tum
ho lihhd .
REMARK — The past participles of transitive verbs are
always inflected, vide 3 .
1 Carmana bet ter than garm hand for the sun .
2 Bett er t o insert has.
8 0 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBLING -BLOCKS
7 . (a) If the participle is intransitive and refers to an Object
with the postposition ho, it follows the rule of adjectives and
is in the masculine uninflected form, and ha,a may be added
or omitted, as Main ne us ghore ho mard (ha,a) pdyd ,
I found the horse dead.
’
(b) If the object is withou t he the participle will agree withits noun as in the case of ordinary adjectives, as : Main ne eh
chirga mari hd ,i dekhi ,‘
I saw a bird dead ; Main ne eh
do-anni pari (hd ,i ) pa,i ,
‘
I found a two -anna bit lying on
the ground.
’
REMARK—If the participle is transitive it will be con
structed absolutely , vide 3 , as : Main ne usho hurti pahne
(hu,e) dehha;dekhi .
8 . Examples
(1) Withou t going upstairs .
(2) Withou t going on the
roof of the mosque , you
won’t be able to see the
new moon .
(3) He is not under my
control .
(4 ) You had only left a
short time when my house
caught fire .
(5) His deeds will one day
rise up and oppose him .
(6) In time of needing , when
he has anything to gain
by it , he will become
friendly .
(7) Why do you want to go
home so early in the day ?
main ne eh larhi wah hurti pahne ha,e
Be upar ga,e
Be masjid hi chhat par ga,e
tum chdnd na-dehh
sahoge .
Wuhmere kahe (or hahne) mennahin hai .
Tumhen ga,e (ha,e) (or tum
hare jdte) der na-hd ,e thi hi
mere mahan men dg lagi .
Ushd hiydlushe age d ,ega.
Wag t pare par , wuk dost
ban -jd ,egd .
I tne din rahe tum hyun ghar
jana chdhte ho
1 Not u sed in plural .
8 2 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
(18 ) The doctor left without Marie he dehhe (he) ba-
gha'
seeing the patient . daktar chald -
gayd .
(19) He left without saying Wuk majh se be kahe sune l
good-bye (or asking per chald -
gaya.
mission to go) .
(20) Unless I come that can Be mere d ,e (hii-,e2
) wuh hamnot be managed. na-ho-sahegd .
(21) He has become imper~ Tumhdre munh lagd ,e se wuk
tinent by your being so bahu t shoh_h ho-
gayahai .
familiar with him.
(22) Why have you come so I tui rat ga,e (par) hyiin d ,e
late at night ?
9 . By the rules given explain the following four sentences,which are all correct and have the same meaning
(1) Ham usho apne sdth lete
d,e hain.
(2) Ham usho apne sath liye
(hu,e) d ,e hain.
(3) Main usho apne sd th letd
dyd hdn .
(4 ) Main usho apne sath liye
hu,e dyd hrin .
For, We are on the point of Ham halah hu,e jate hain
perishing .
’
(vide X ,
XLIX . COMPOUND VERBS (WITH PARTICIPLES)
1 . There is another class of not very common compound2
verbs formed by prefixing an inflected past participle of
a transitive verb (withou t hd ,e) to dend ,lend , dalna, and jand .
1 Sand , p. p . of sunnd .
2 Ha,e can b e added t o the pas t part iciple of e ither t ransit ive or
intrans it ive verbs when be or ba-
ghair precedes the part iciple.
3 Most of these compounds are not used at all in Bengal , and theiru se is perhaps confined to Hindustan, i . e . the Un ited Prov inces.
COMPOUND VERBS 8 3
2 . With past participles of transitive verbs prefixed to dena
or lend , the usual signification is to be on the point of doinga thing , as : Khand ld ,e detd hdn ,
‘
I am now just going to
bring dinner,’
but K hdna ld -detd hdn, I’
ll go and get the
dinner ; Jo bdten wahan hd ,i hain, main tum se hahe -detd
hun, I will now just tell you what happened there ,’
but
Main tum se hah detd hdn hi ushi dosti par bharosa na
harna, I tell you once for all not to trust his friendship .
’
3 . With past participles of transitive verbs prefixed to
dd lnd , the signification or the meaning is either to be on the
point of doing or sometimes to be continually doing , as
Ghora rassi tore-daltd hai ,‘
the horse threatens every moment
to break its rope .
’
4 . With past participles of transitive verbs prefixed to
jdna,’the sense is properly continuous action, as : Jab tah
tum yahdn bai the-raho’ho,i na-ho,i kitab parhe jd ,o parkte
raho, vide 8 ) but parhte jd ,o, continually read,’
i .s . while
you remain here keep yoursel f continually amused by reading
something Is kitab ho parhd haro read this book often,
continually ,
’
but Is ki tab ho parhe-jd ,o, or parkte raho, read
this book continuously , withou t a break Is dawd ho do daf’
a
roz p i layd haro, give this medicine twice daily (every dayas a habit) , but Adhe ddhe ghante par dawd p ila,
e jd ,o,
‘
keep
on giving this medicine every half -hour’
(perhaps only for
one day) .REMARK .
—It will thus be seen that parhe-jand and parkte
jana differ slightly , but that parhe-jdnd and parkte-rahnd are
the same . In p ila,e-jdnd it is obvious that the meaning
cannot be giving to drink wi thout any break’
, so the verb
means in quick succession ’
5 . The Past Participle of rahna, with or withou t ha,a or
hd ,e, may be added to transitive or intransitive verbs ; but
with transitive verbs the participle is inflected and with
1 This compound is common everywhere .
8 4 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBLINe -BLOCKS
intransitive not inflected (except in the plural , as : Jab
tah main lau t na-dyd wah mere ghore hi lagam pahare (or
pahare ha,e) rahd , he continued holding my horse’
s bridle
till I returned ; Wah mere inti z ar men do ghante tah bai tha
(or bai tha hd ,d raha) ,
‘
he remained waiting for me two
hours.
’
6 . Similarly , to rahhna (the transitive of rahnd) , whenused as a servile verb , an inflected past participle, with or
withou t hzi ,e, may be prefixed, as : Bohe-rakhna or rohe hd ,e
rakhna,’
to continue to keep in control ’
(of one already incontrol) , but rahe -rahnd or rohe ha,
e rahnd , fto check ,’ ‘
keep
in check ’
(one who may or may not already be under control) ,and roh-rakhna, to stop ,
’ ‘
not to allow to go .
’
7 . Bahhe-rahna (or rahhe hzi ,e rahnd) ,‘
to continue to
keep ,’
is transitive , but rahhd -rahna (or rahhd-hii ,d rahnd) ,to remain continually ,
’
is intransitive .
REMARK .—The past participle can also be prefixed to the
substantive verb to indicate continued state ; if the verb is
transitive the participle is inflected, if intransitive it is
uninflected, as : Wah hath men eh ki tab liye hu,e thi ,‘
She
had a book in her hand,’ ‘
she was in a state of carryinga book ; Main soyd hind thd ,
‘
I was in a state of sleeping
the Imperfect in one of its senses only Wah‘
durat so,i ha,i
thi . AS samajhna is both transitive and intransitive, main
samjha hzi ,d thd and main samjhe hii ,e thd ,etc. , are both
correct .
8 . The~ present participle prefixed to jand signifies
(1) continually doing , doing on and off (2) or, in the
Imperative , beginning to do, of a number ; (3) or, it gives the
force of the Conjunctive Participle, as : (1) Jab tah buhhdrrahe , do do ghante par yih dawd p ilate jd ,o, as long as the
fever lasts continue to give this medicine every two hours ;
(2) Ab hhdnd khate jd ,o,‘
now all of you begin to eat ;’
(3) Daftar jate ha,e majh se mi lte (or mi lhar) ja,o, see me,
call on me , on your way to office .
’
COMPOUND VERBS 8 5
It indicates either progressive increase or the concomitance
of two acts . You cannot say , Yih ki tab har wagt parhte-jabfor parkte-jd ,o substitute parkte-rahd But it would, how
ever, be right to say , Kitab parhte-jd ,o jab tah Vide
also Hindustani S tepping S tones ’
, Lesson 12 , b, and
Lesson 14 , b.
Before jdnd and rahnd the present participle of a transitive
verb is inflected, but of an intransitive uninflected, as
Khi late -jdna or hhilate - rahna,‘
go on feeding at stated
intervals,’
i .s . with breaks (but usually the di fference between
jand and rahnd in such verbs is that the former signifies
continual action with’
breaks, but the latter generally con
tinuous action withou t a break ; in such a verb, however,
as hhilate-rahnd it is obvious that the latter meaning is
inadmissible) .
Sota-jana and sotd -rahna, to continue sleeping .
’
Chala-jana is to go away but chale-jdnd ,‘
to go along
with .
’ Chale-jd ,o may be imperative of either of these two
verbs . Char chdr gbante tah barabar chale-jdnd asan nahin
hai ,‘
to keep on travelling for hours at a stretch is no easy
matter,’
but Tum ho yahdn se chald -jdnd chabiye, you must
go away from here .
’
REMARK—AS the Infinitive when used for an Imperative is
polite, it is considered a plural ; thus , chale-
Janawould in this
case be used for either.
9 . Vide also XLI , 10 , 1 1 .
10 . Examples
(1) This anxiety threatens Is bat hi fihr mujhe mare
to kill me . dalti hai .
(2) This house threatens to Yih ghar mujhe hate - khata
overwhelm me with gloom hai .
(lit . threatens to bite me) .
(3) He r dead memo ry Us hi ydd mujhe mare-dalti
threatens to kill me. hai .
8 6 HINDUSTAN I
(4 ) I am just about to erase
this word now in your
presence .
(5) The stabbing pain in myswollen foot is nearly
driving me mad.
(6) I’
m just going to give it
to him .
(7) I’
m just going to take it
from him.
(8 ) I’
m just going to eat it .
(9) My book remained lying
on the table for two days.
(10) He kept his hand placed
on the table .
(1 1) Keep your finger, with
ou t removing it , on this
Spot , on the vein .
(12) Please begin to come
inside (to a number of
guests) .
STUMBLING-BLOCKS
Is lafz ho chhi le-detd hdn .
Bahw he warm hi tis hosh
ura,e-deti hai .
Main y ih chi z use abhi diye
detd hdn .
Us se liye-letd hdn.
Is he abhi hhd,e - letd hdn .
Meri kitab do din tah mez
par rahhi -rahi .
Wuh apna hdth mez par
rakhe-raha.
Tum upni angli is jagah rag
par rakhe’-rah0 .
Ab ap log andar ate-ja,iye .
1 1 . Another class of compounds is formed by prefixing the
unin'
flected past participle of an intransitive verb to a servile
intransitive verb . In some cases ha,a can be added to the
participle and in some cases not , and the past participle has
the signification of an English presen t participle, but this
form of compound is not always admissible .
12 . Verbs with parna as a servile, and the following, do
not admit of hd ,d being added. Parna, with an uninflected
part iciple, is intransitive and has the same signification as the
transitive ddlnawith the inflected participle, vide 3 .
1 Rahhe is not here inflected as a plural to agree w ith turn, as it
wou ld be in the case of an int rans it ive verb : tum so, e raho, pl . ,‘sleep on t'd soyd rah, sing .
COMPOUND VEnDs 8 7
To run abou t , wander about Daurd -
phirna.
running .
To go away . Chala-jdnd .
To come along . Chald -dna.
TO wander aimlessly . Mara-
p hirnd .
To fly round, fly abou t , circle Urd -
phirnd .
in the air.
To threaten to fall .
To threaten to jump .
To threaten to overflow or
Spill (not to boil over) .The river is rising up , in a Darya charhd -dtd hai .
state1of flood.
My heart is overflowing , in Merd dil umda-atd hai .
a state1of overflowing .
13 . Mdrd -
parna,‘
to be ruined, undone,’
is an exception ;the participle is from a transitive verb, and parna gives some
idea of threatening . Para-rakhna,‘
to keep in a lying down
state,’
is also an exception .
1 4 . The uninflected past participle (hii ,d not admissible)sometimes gives the idea of continuance , as Main is bojh se
daba-jdtd hdn,
‘
I am being slowly crushed by this load ;Merd dil na-ummedi se bai tha-jata hai , my heart is sinkingfrom despair .
’ Compare jand in 4 and 8 .
15 . With another class of compounds hu,d may be
added, as
To run (willingly) . Daurd (hua) jana.
To run (unwillingly) . Da/urta-jdnd .
To go running (merely indi Daur-har jand .
cates state) .A dog is running (willingly) Eh admi he p ichhe eh huttd
after a man . daurd -jata hai .
1 In daurd -and , Vide 5 , and gives the idea not of state but of coming .
8 8 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
A man was chasing (un E h admi eh chhate hine ghore
willingly) a loose horse . he p ichhe daurtd -jdtd thd .
To come running , to run Daura-dnd .
towards one .
To remain stuck , remain Lagdl
(hind) rahnd .
engaged in .
To remain turned. Phird (hind) rahnd .
To remain Open. Khu ld (hind) rahnd .
To remain in a fallen state . Gird (hind) rahna.
To remain sitt ing or seated. Bai tha (hind) rahnd .
16 . With some compounds either the present or the past
participle can be used, with others not , as
To remain sleeping, to Sleep Soyd -rahnd or sotd -rahnd .
Bahta-rahna (but not bahd
rahna) .To remain safe , to be kept in Bacha-rahna, but
reserve, bu t
TO avoid or shun always. Bachta-rahna.
Avoid S inning . Gundh se bachte-raho.
A hundred rupees is always _K_hiz dnemen sau rzip iya bachd
kept in the chest in reserve . rahtd hai .
To get at stated intervals. M i ltajdnd or mi ld -jdna.
L . THE PRESENT POTENTIAL (PLATTS) , OR
THE PRESENT DUBIOUS (HOLROYD)
1 . Girtd ho, may be falling .
’
The Present Dubious is
formed by substituting the Aorist of hand for the substant ive
verb of the Present Indicative, as : Girtd ho,’
he may be
falling .
’
This tense indicates doubt or the Subjunctive
Mood, and is used only in dependent clauses . Sometimes
1 Lagd -rahhnd ,‘employ in now ,
’ ‘ t o k eep applied to beforehand, ’
i s for lagd-har -rakhna. Wuh har wagt baton m‘en lagd-rahtd hai, he
is always talk ing .
’
90 HINDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
(5) Though theseapesmay not
possess the gift of human
speech, still they must be
able to communicate their
wants to each other by somemeans or other.
(6) He may be going to Paris,but I don ’ t think so .
(7) I didn’ t find him at home ;
perhaps he was playing
cricket in the maidan .
(8 ) Two hours ago there wasa cool breez e ; probably it
was then raining , or it mayhave then been raining .
LI . THE FUTURE IMPERFECT (PLATTS) , OR THE
PRESENT DUBIOUS , SECOND FORM (HOLROYD)
1 . Girta hoga,’
must be falling .
’
This tense has much
the same force as the Present Dubious, but it can be used in
the principal clause , as : Tumhdrd bhd ,i raste men dtd hogd
(not ata ho) , your brother must be on his way here,’
your
brother must be coming along the road here ,’
bu t Ta’
ajjub
nahin hi tumhdrd bhd,i raste men ata he (not dtd hoga) ,
your brother may be on his way here , may be coming along
the road here ;’ Wah is wag t sotd hogd , he must be now
sleep ing Shdyad2wuh is wag t sotd ho .
1 Here hoti he is bet t er than ho, as it ind icates a general t ru th, videH. S . S . , 1 , g .
2 Qar ina,
‘ l ik el ihood ,conte xt symmet ry , order ;
’
qar ine se baithe,
sit up ,’
sit properly (t o a loung ing schoolboy ) .3 The u se of the Imperfect here is colloqu ial and not qu ite corr ect
vide Fu ture Imperfect , LI, 2, R emark .
‘1 Shdyad mumhin ha i hi and therefore corresponds t o a principalclau se .
In bandaron men agarchi
insan hi tarah bolne hi
quvvat na-hoti hollekin di l
hi baten eh dasre par hisi
na hisi tarah z ariir z ahir
harte honge .
Shdyad Paris jata ho lekin
mujhe to qarina2nahin .
Main ne us ho ghar men na
payd , Shdyad wuh maidan
men uswag t hirhi thheltd ho .
Do ghante hii ,e thandi hawdchalti thi
, ta‘
ajjub nahin us
wag t hahin pani barsta he
(or hahinpani barastd
SECOND PRESENT DUBIOU S 91
2 . Like the Present Dubious, w ith which it is in sub
ordinate clauses interchangeable , it can be used for past ,
present , or fu ture time ; vide Present Dubious , 3 . It can
also sometimes take the place of the Imperfect Indicative,as : D o ghante hine thandi hawd chatti thi , shayad us wagt
hahin pani barastd hogd (or ho) or barastd thd .
REMARK—After ta‘
ajjnb nahin the tense should be barastd
ho and not barastd hogd , but after shdyad it may be (1)barastd ha or (2) barastd hogd , or (3) barastd thd . After
Shdyad,NOS . (1) and (2) are identical , and NO . (3) expresses
more certainty . If shayad be omittedr the only tense that
can be used with the same meaning is NO .
3 . Examples
(1 ) What sort of a man can Wah haisd admi hogd jo
he be that refuses to eat namah nahin hhdtd ho ? (or
sal t ? (indef . , no special hogd) .
man intended) .But
(2) What sort of a man is he Wuk haisd admi hai jo namah
(referring to a special nahin hhdtd hai ?
man) who refuses to eat
salt
(3) I could not tell from his Qiydfe se ushe yih ihtimd l na
face that he was in the thd hi wuh fareb detd hogd
habit of deceiving people . (but wah mnjhe fareb degd ,that he would deceive
LII . THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS , SUB
JUNCTIVE (PLATTS) ; OR THE PAST CON
DITIONAL,FIRST FORM (HOLROYD)
Girtd hota,’
had he been falling .
’
This tense refers to
time either past or present , bu t not future, and is Often
interchangeable with the Past Conditional , but with a slight
change of meaning (vide XLIV)
92 HINDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
Had he drunk wine he would Agar wuh sharab p i ta to tum
have given you some (or ho bhi pi lata.
were he to drink wine he
would give you some) .Had he been drinking wine Agar wuh sharab p i ta hotd to
he would have given you tum ho bhi p i lata (or p i latasome (or he would have hotd) .been giving you some) .
Had he been selling (i .s . will Agar wuh ghora bechtd hotd
ing to sell) the horse he to ear zir mujhe khabar detd
would certainly have in (not detd hotd) .formed me .
Were he to sell the horse he Agar wuh ghora bechta to
would certainly tell me (or z arur mujhe hhabar deta.
had he sold the horse he
would certainly have told
me) .I ought to have thought ,before borrowing , Of how
I could repay the loan .
My Object would have been
fulfilled (i .e . I would have
thanked God) if instead of
a daughter a son had been
born to you (would havebeen born) .
LIII . THE PAST POTENTIAL (PLATTS) , OR THE
PAST DUBIOUS , FIRST FORM (HOLROYD)
1 . Wah gird ho,‘
he may have fallen .
’
This tense is
interchangeable with the Future Perfect of Platts, the Past
Dubious, second form , of Holroyd ; i .e . with wuh gird hogd ,
‘
he will or shall have fallen ,
’
when it refers to past time .
1 M ain ne understood after to.
Qarz lene he pahle yih tol
sonchd hotd hi hahdn se add
harnngd .
Meri murad to tabki bar ati
hi jab tumhdre ghar men
beti he badle betapaidahind
hotd .
9 4 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL I NG -BLOCKS
by December next year I shall have been married two
months,’
might be said by a man not married, but who was
about to be married ; if, however, he were already married he
would say , Agle sd l he D isambar men meri shadi hu ,e do
baras ho-jd,enge .
3 . Examples
I must have lost it .
My foot must have sl ipped.
The boat must have reached
by now.
By the breaking of such and
such a bank many people
musthave sufferedgreat loss .
When you went there (lit .
when you must have gone
there) he must have risen
to his feet on seeing you .
I shall be dead by the time
you arrive .
ByDecember next year I shall
have been2in this house ten
years.
I strongly suspect thathe alsowas mixed up with you in
this dacoity .
Vide also XXXVII , 7 , 8 .
Ham se gum ho -
gayd hogd1
(or ham se hho-
gayahogd) .Merd panw phisal-gayd hogd .
Ab tah jahdz wahdn pahunch
gaya hogd .
Fu lane‘
banh’
ghar he diwdla
nihalne se bahu t logon ha2
nuqsdn hind hogd .
3
Jab (or agar) tum wahdn ga,e
hoge1wah tumhen dehh-har
hhard hind hoga.
Jab tah tum d,oge main us
wag t tahmar-
gaya hungd .
Agle sal he D isambar men
mujhe is ghar men rahte
hu,e pi tre das sdl ho
jd ,enge2
(not hc-
ga,e konge) .
Mujhe guman -i ghalib hai hi
wuh bhi is dahe men terd
shdmi l-i hal hind hogd (orthe) .
1 Gnm-jdnd is Calcu t ta Hindustani .2 K d more idiomat ic than ha3 Here hind hogd and not hogd , as the Speaker is stat ing apresumpt ion‘1 Here the Fu ture Perfect ind icat es doubt about the go ing ; if there
were no doub t the Pluperfect wou ld be u sed, as : Jab (or agar ) tum
wahdn ga,e the wnh
5 S imple Fu ture in Hindustan i and not Fu ture Perfect , as the ow ner
is already liv ing in the house and the statement is a cert ainty vide 2 .
SECOND PAST COND ITIONAL 95
He could not have gone five Pdnch chha qadam na-
qayd
or six paces when hogd hi
Perhaps I (may) have for Shdyad main bhd ld hdngd (or
gotten(or —have forgotten) . —bh12ld hdn) .
LV. THE PAST PERFECT, SUBJUNCTIVE (PLATTS) .
THE PAST CONDITIONAL , SECOND FORM (HOLROYD)
Agar wah g ird hold ,
‘
had he fallen .
’
This tense only
refers to past time. W ith transitive verbs it requires ne . It
is always interchangeable with the Past Conditional (girtd)when the latter refers to past time . Vide also ConditionalSentences, LVI .
Had he come in time I should Agar wuh wag t par dyd hold
not have been annoyed. (or dtd) to main na-rdz,na
hind hotd (or na-hotd) .
LVI . OPTATIVE , CONDITIONAL , CONCESSIONAL ,
AND ASYNDETIC SENTENCES
1 . The tense girtd or hartd (called by Forbes and Holroyd
the Indefinite’
and by Platts and by Kempson the Past
Condi tional or Optative may refer to time past , present , or
future, but is rarely used for anything but past time ; it is
on ly used for a future when it is assumed the event wi ll not
take p lace.
2 . Optative clauses are introduced by hdsh or hdshhe,
would that ,’
or by some such phrase as God grant that or
how nice if as d h wuh manjdd ho, I wish he were
present ,’
or hdsh wah mauj'dd hotd ,
‘
I wish he had been
present , or were present now .
’
3 . The prostasis, or if-clause, of conditional sentences is
introduced by if’
(jo or agar) or‘
when (jab) , and the
consequent proposition or main clause, the apodosis, is
usually preceded by the correlative to .
96 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
4 . Conditional sentencesmay conveniently be classed underthree heads possible conditions, i .e . those that may berealiz ed, or those that may have been realiz ed ; also those in
which the p rostasis only is hypothetical ; (2) impossible, orthose that were not realiz ed ; (3) conditions in which the
apodosis or ii -clause is understood ; these belong partly to
(1) and partly toREMARK — The if is sometimes idiomatically understood,
vide‘
Hindustani S tepping Stones’
, Lesson 29 , e. Oftenthe correlative to may also be omitted.
5 . (a) First , No . (1) or possible conditions . In thep rostasis
usually the Aorist or Present Subjunctive, or the Future isused, or sometimes the Present , etc. , Indicative , as : Agar
tajhe apni jdn‘
az i z hai to meri bdt sun, if you value your
life (as of course you do) , then listen to me ;’
Agar lajha
apni jdn‘
az i z ho to wahdn na-jd ,if you value your life (as
you don’
t) , orwere you to value your life , then don’ t go there ;
Agar sand chdhe to main apni sar-
gaz asht haydn hardn,
’
ii you w ish , I will now ,let me now , relate to you my
adventures for hardn substitute hardngd , and the meaning
is‘
I will at some future time relate ’
country people ,
however, use hardngd in both cases . After ammedwdr hdn
hi I hope that you will it is usual to use the Future,as it is more polite than the Aorist ; vide example below .
Sometimes the condition is assumed to have been
realiz ed, and in this case the Past or Preterite Tense is used,
as Agar (or jo) tam ne merd hahnd na-mdnd to main tumhen
sasd dilngd , if you don’ t listen to what I say I
’
ll punish you .
’
REMARK—After jis wag t the Preterite can be similarly
used in a future sense, but not after jab Wah jis wag t (not
jab) dyd main asi wag t chald -jdfi ngd,‘
I will go as soon as
he arrives .
’
(c) In Agar bhit l se gasicr hind ho ammeclwdr hi muse mu
farmd,o (or, better, farmd,oge) the meaning is if I have by
any chance committed a fault I hope you will pardon me
9 8 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL I NG-BLOCKS
(6) If sanction for my leave
arrive as late “
even as the
end of next month , I can ,
or could, still start in the
Calcutta
(7 ) Were the village head
inan here (as he is not)he would certainly _pro
Cure coolies (or had the
lambardar been here he
would certainly have pro
cured cool ies) .
(8 ) I wish it may be so !
(9) God grant my brother
w ill soon come to see me !
( 10) God grant I may soon
findmy (lost) brother !
(1 1) I wish thou wouldst
inquire what is the matter
with me (said by a sighing
lover) .
(12) I wish he would come
(or I w ish he had come) .
(13) I wish he had come .
JO agle mahine he dkhir tah
bhi r uhhsat hi mangari pa
kunchti to main‘
Kalhatta’
ndm kishti par rawdna ho
sahid .
Agar lambar -ddr yahdn hotd
to z ar ar qnli paidd hartd .
d h yih bd i ho
fl add hare merd bhd ,i jald
majh se mi l -jd ,e
Kfiudd hare merd bhd,i jald
mnjhe mi l -jd ,e
d h pdchho hi tard hdl hyd
hai .
d h d td .
d h dyd hold .
8 . Conditional sentences in which the p rostasis only is
hypothetical present l ittle difficulty . An Imperative mayoccur in _the ap odosis. The following examples should be
studied
(1) If he is sleeping (as he pro
bably is) don’
twake him up .
(2) Should he happen to be
sleeping (I don’ t know
whether he is or not) don’t
wake him up .
Agar wuh sotd hai to (usho)na-jagd ,0 .
Agar wuk sotd hO to usho na
g’
agdp .
COND ITIONAL SENTENCES , ETC . 99
(3) If he w ishes to come (ashe probably does) let him
come .
(4 ) If he was desirous of
going , why didn’
t you stophim
(5) If I find him reading
(when I get there future
time) I won’
t speak with
him .
(6) If he has committed thisfault (as I think he has)I will punish him .
(7) If he has done this fault
(an Open question) I will
punish h im .
(8 ) If he had2 committed
this fault why did you not
punish him
(9) If he did call you a fool
what harm did he do
(10) If you order me I’
ll go
I am merely waiting for
the order to start) .
(11) If it is your order, well ,I
’
ll go .
( 12) If I get the order (but
I don’ t know whether I
shall get it or not) I’
ll go .
Agar wah dnd chdhtd ha i to
due (10 .
Agar wah jdnd chdhtd thd to
tam naus ho hyan na -rohd ?
Agar wuh pa/rhtd hogd'to
main us se huchh na
boldngd .
Agar us ne g ih qusdr hiyd
hai to use saz d ddngd .
Agar us ne yih qus'dr hiyd
hogd to use saed ddngd .
Agar huhm hai main jdfllflgd
(not jdnin) .Agar lzuhm hogd to main
jd ,dngd .
1 Hog/d , s imple cond it ion , leaves the mat ter Open ho cou ld not be
u sed , as t he apodos is is fu t ure (and no t Imperat ive ) ; p arlaré hos ignifies shou ld be reading now
7 Here the Indefinit e hartd cou ld no t be used , as the apodos is is no thypo the t ical .
3 Jd ,i mgd ind icates less read iness than jd , i m.
Agar us ne yih qusur hiyd
thd2to turn ne use saz d
hg-dn na-di
Agar us ne tujhe be-wuqufkahd to hyd burd hiyd
Agar huhm ho main jdfi n (or
jdflngd
100 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
(13) It would be better for Agar d ,o to achchhd hai l
you to come . hogd) .
(14 ) Warm a little water for Thord p dni garmharo to main
me if you warm some nahd ,iln.
water for me) , I’
ll bathe .
(15) Promise and then I’
ll Wa’
da haro jahhi main
go if you promise , I’
ll jd ,iingd .
then go) .
(16) If (or when) I find any Agar (or jab) tarjame men
mistake in the translation main ho,i ghalati p d td hdn
I correct it . to us ho durust har-detd hi m.
9 . As stated in 1 , the’
Indefinite’
Tense may refer to any
time : Agar dj ghord wahdn pahunchtd to hyd hhiib hold maymean either if the horse has already arrived there to -day
2
or if it arrives to -day later on’
but Agar dj ghord pahunche
to hyd hhd !) ho, or hogd ,if the horse arrives to -day later on
Agar main tamhari jar/ah hold if I were you or had
I been you (as I am or was not) .
10 . Precat ive or Optative clauses can sometimes be
expressed as conditional clauses and vice versa, as : K gd Lil ith
ho hi (or agar) barsdt shurd’
ho, or hyd hhub hotd hi (or agar)barsdt shuru
’
hoti ,‘
how nice if the rains have commenced
now ;’
but d h barsdt shuru’
ho , or hoti ,‘
would that , if
only , the rains would commence ’
(as they have not commenced,
and it is not the time for them to commence) .1 1 . In the second class, i .e . the impossible or unrealiz ed
conditions, the Indefinite Tense (girtd) or its two allied forms
(gird hotd or girtd hotd , might have been falling’
) may besubstituted ; but while the first and third forms may refer to
past or future time (vide XLIV and LII , the second can
refer only to past (vide LV) .
1 The Present Tense , to ind icate certainty ; it is Often so used for
the Fu ture .
2 And it is not expect ed to arrive , vide l in colloqu ial , however,this dist inct ion is Often neg lect ed .
H INDUSTAN I STUMBL I NG -BLOCKS
(3) Had we lived within our
means we would not have
fallen on these evil days .
If I had had the power I
would not have allowed
him todo so .
(5) I could have sunk into
the earth from shame (lit .
if the earth had opened
I would gladly have been
contained in it) .
(6) He kept on saying , l‘
Would God I had died
for thee .
’
(7) Had you , Sahib , not come
to my assistance I was a
dead man .
Wuh
Agar ham apni bisdt he ma
wdfiq chalte (or apnemaqdurhe muwdfiq hharch harte) to
y ih burd din dehhnd na
parid .
Merd bas chaltd to u s he aisd
harne na-detd .
Agar z amin phat—ga,i hoti tomain as men samd -jdid .
y ih kahid gayd (or-rahd) ,
‘
d hmain tujhpar
fidd hO-jdid .
’
Agar dp meri madad ho na-dte
to us ne mujhemdr -ddld thd
mdr ddltd) .
17 . Class 3 , in which the prostasis or ii—clause is suppressed,is pu z z ling even to natives.
to the sequence of tenses .
Special attention must be paid
(1) I am so hungry that I Main aisd bhdhd hi m hi jau
would p refer2a single grain
Of corn to this pearl (saidby a starving man that
lights upon a pearl in the
wilderness) .
he eh ddne ho3is moti par
tarjih detd hi m.
’
1 Bu tud or rat -lagdnd is an id iom for t o k eep on say ing the same
thing’
Us hi rat se mera dimdghp hir-
gayd ,‘I
’
m qu i te g iddy from his
ceaseless repet it ion .
2 Some such phrase as ‘ if I had the cho ice is underst ood .
3 No te t he he always hisi chiz hO—par tarj ihdend .
4 Here the Present Tense hi m is necessary after ‘ I am so hung rythat
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES , ETC . 103
(2) A youth met us with Eh jawdn dyd 3 18 hi dwdz aisia voice so sweet that he suri li thi hi par
-indon ho
might have called down l hawd se u tdrtd (or uldr
the birds from the sky . sahtd thd) .(3) Hell itsel f would be Main ne to wah hdm hiyd hi
shockedat something I did. do zakh bhi majh se pandh
mdngtd (or main rte—hiydhai hi mdnge, or mdn
read) .
(4 ) I would not give even one Main to is he liye eh rup iya.
rupee for it . bhi na-detd (or na-dun , or
na
(5) The faqir had nothing to Faq ir he pds huchh na- thd jo
od’
er (lit . that he should peshkash hartd (or hare) .have Offered it , or that he
should offer it) .
(6) I would risk my life to Main dp hi hh idmat -gugdri
serve you . men jdn lard -di mgd .
1 8 . (a) Concessional clauses are allied to conditional . They
are introduced by agarchi , harchand, and go or go-hi
,
al though ;’
and mdnd2hi , admitted that , granted or
bd -wujude-hi, notwithstanding ,
’ ‘
albeit . ’ The correlat ives
are lekin ,magar, but and tau bhi , td ham,
8and phir bhi ,
‘
yet ,’
still ,’
nevertheless .
’
(b) Hdl-da-hi (or yd ab, vide‘
Hindustani S tepping S tones’
,
Lesson 26 , d) ,‘
whereas’
and though introduces a
concessional’ clause generally when it follows the principal
clause .
(0) For‘
even though’
vide Hindustani S tepping S tones
Lesson 25 , c.
1 Had he t ried ,
’
or had he sung understoo d.1 From mdnnd , main ne understo od .
3 Td ham is Hindustan i only , and is not understood by Persiansit is apparent ly a Persian t ranslat ion of tau bhi .
Hdl -da-hi is an adversat ive as we l l as a concessional conjunct ion.
10 4 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
19 . Examples Of concessional clauses
(1) Although I reasoned with Har chand main ne us ho
him, nay , even abused bahu t samjhdyd balhi burd
him, (still) he remained bhald bhi kahd , (tau bhi )obstinate . wuh apu i eidd se bde na-dyd .
(2) Although you have dis Go hi (or bd -wuji ide-hi) tum
guised yourself as a faqir, ne apne dp ho faqiro n he
still I recogniz e you . bhes (or libds) men rahhd
hai (td ham, etc.) main ne
tum ho pahehdn- liyd .
(3) Admitting that the world Mdn- liyd hi dunyd chip ti hai
is flat , still td ham
(4 ) You indulge in wine to Tum shardb par marte ho hdl
excess though it is for da-hi Isldmmen hardm hai .
hidden by Musl im law .
(5) The mother is devoted to Mdn ape bare bete par fidd
her eldest boy . hai .
20 . A form of compound sentence that requ ires notice is
the asyndet ic . Urdu , be ing a dramatic language, naturallyemploys asyndeton .
‘The omission of the joints and hinges
Of language g ives to a sentence force and hurrying rapidity .
Examples
(1) Say‘
sir’
to others and J i haho ji hahld ,o (proverb) .
sir’
w ill be said to you
‘ (be respectful and you’
ll
be treated with respect) .
(2) Let alone seeing him,I Main ne to us hd ndm bhi
have never even heard his na-sund ,dehhnd dar hindr
name . (or dehhnd to ma’
lum) ; or
dehhnd to dehhnd ,main
ne us hd ndm bhi nahin
sand .
1 Asynde ton is a figure of speech (a figure Of syn tax ) by wh ichconnect ives are Om it t ed . Macau lay
’s style is hab itually asyndet ic.
H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
The pleasure I enjoyed,how can I describe it
(6) Where is his'
father
Emphasis on bdp .
(7) The child, the Raja’
s,
has died.
(8 ) Such a rarity , even if
my brothers traversed the
whole world, could never
be obtained by them.
Jo maz a majh ho mi ld hyd
bayan hari m
d ashd hahdn hai
Larhd , Rdjd hd , mar -
gayd .
Aisi chi z - i nddir karg iz mere
bhd ,iyon ho, go tamdm‘
d lam
(men) phiren, muyassar na
hogi .
Here the stress is on the concessional clause .
(9) His treatment , as regards
me , is good.
S tress on mere sdth.
(10) Well has he treated me ?
Stress on achchhd .
How well he has treated
me ! (lit . or ironical) .NO stress .
(11) That man is brave who
keepshimself under control .
Brave is he who controls
himself .
(12) There isa treasureburiedunderneath the tree beneath
which you are standing .
Ditto .
Ushd,mere sdth
,su liihachchhd
hai .
Kgd us ne achchhd mere sdth
su li ih hiyd
Kyd achchhd us ne mere sdth
suli ih hiyd .
Wuh ddmi jawdn mard hai jo
apne di l ho qdbd men rahhe.
Jawdn mard wuh hai -jo
Jis darahh t he niche in hhard
hai wahdn eh daf ina hai .
Wuk darahht jis he niche iii
khard hai wahdn eh daf ina
hai .
No difference in signification in the last two , but wahdn in
both is incorrect ; omit wahdn in the first . The second
should be reconstructed, since if the incorrect wahdn were
Omitted the sentence would then run apne niche eh daf ina
INTERROC ATIVES 107
rahhtd hai ; but as ( Zara/fli t is not a living being , this isunidiomatic .
‘
(13) O f his being absent in Apud ,sair safar men masrzif
travel , he had written to hand , likka thd ; pas main
me so where could I have ushe hhd ti hd jawdb hahdnsent a reply to his letter bhejtd
Apnd emphat ic, agrees w ith masrfif hand .
(1 4 ) Poor folk amongstwhom Gharib ddmi yin men parda
there is no parda, their hd rawdj nahin, nu hi bahu
daughters in law and betigdn mardon he bardbur
daughters2work in the hheton men hdm harti hain .
fields like men .
(15) As for mere writing , Lihh to main bhi sahtd hdn,
I can write but not as magar tumhdri tarahMush
beautifully as you . hhd ti nahin.
(16) Vide example in XXXVI , 15
3 . For the position of ne, vide agent case , III , 8 (e) .4 . For remarks On ho , vide cases Of nouns , III , 5 (j) , (k) , (l) .5 . For relative construction , r ide VII , l , 2 .
6 . For position of ni z and bhi , r ide VIII , 1 4 (a) , (e) , (f) .
7 . For the position of hi , v ide VIII , 15 (d) (e) , (f) .For the position of the negat ives , r ide III , 17 (a) , (b) ,
(d)
8
(9) (it) (i )9 . For posit ion of interrogat ives , vide next section .
LVIII . INTERROGATIVES (DIRECT NARRATION)
1 . It w ill be noticed that all the Hindi interrogatives begin
with h. Ko,i and huchh, however, are also Hindi, but are
not interrogatives .
2 . It is a general rule that the interrogative should not
commence a sentence : thus , Tum haun ho ? not Kaun tum
1 In Old Urdu , however, such sentences do occur.
These be ing the younger female members of the fami ly, the parda
rule shou ld especial ly apply t o them .
108 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
ho ? If , however, the personal pronoun be omitted, theinterrogative necessarily stands first , as Kaun ho3 . Kahdn, however, where it is idiomatically used to
express dissimilarity , generally comes first to indicate an
unusual use, as : Kahdn Rdjd Bhojh,hahdn Gangd teli ?
(proverb) ,‘
what comparison is there between Raja Bhojh
and Ganga the Oilman ?’
Kahdn main,hahdn tum
‘
thereis no comparison between you and me
’
; but Phir main
hahdn tum hahdn, God knows where we may be ,’
i .e . we
may never meet again (to a dying man or to a traveller
just starting) .4 . The particles hyd and dyd that introduce an interrogative
sentence, stand first in the sentence .
5 . For an interrogative with a demonstrative pronoun, as
a substitute for a relative , vide VI, 2 (b) .
LIX.
‘
WHETHER OR NOT’
, AND INDIRECT
QUESTIONS
The yd nahin or hi nahin ,— Or not ,
’ cannot always be
omitted at the end of indirect questions . After p iiehhnd ,
hahnd, and batdnd , however, these words may be Omitted ;
but after other verbs they must be inserted, as : Puchho hi
wuh dj shdm ho d ,egd (yd nahin) ,
‘
ask him if (or whether)he will come this evening (or In Mere di l men pas
o p esh thd hi wahdn jd ,an yd nahin , I was doubtful whether
to go there or not ,’
the yd nahin could not be omitted.
LX . APPOSITION
1 . (a) Apposition is Often a useful means of condensation .
Ghd lib, in his letters, uses apposition largely . Example
Burhd ,ap dhaj, purd bahrd ,
adhd andhd , z indagi se nd ldn,
mau t hd hhwdhdn,din rd t pard rahtd hdn ,
‘
I , old, crippled,
wholly deaf , half blind, complaining of l ife , longing for death ,
day and night lie on my helpless bed.
’
(b) The following , however, from Ghd lib is incorrect , as
1 10 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
Bahr ne meri ta‘
aim hi, my servants Zaid,
‘
Amr, and Bakrmade reverence to me Ill ere nauhar (or nauharon) Bahdduraur D i ldwar ho huhm do hi wuh hdz ir hon
,
‘
order my
servants Bahadur and Dilawar to come here .
’
(b) If the noun follows the proper names , the words ndm,
name ,’
or ndmi , named,’
must be introduced ’and the noun
must be inflected, as : Gobind, Sundar , aur Ratan ndm (orndmi ) qaidiyon ho rihd haro,
‘
release the prisoners named
Gobind, Sundar, and Ratan .
’
4 . Us ne mug'
he betd harhe pd ld hai‘
he has brought me
up as his son .
’
Vide also III , 3 (e) , (f ) , and 5 (j) , (h) , (l) .
LXI . REPETITION
1 . To the numerous and varying examples of the force of
repeating a word, given in‘
Hindustani S tepping S tones’
,
Lesson 24, the following may be added : Agar wah is
hhatt hd jawdb de to de, warna hhd li hdth wdpas d ,o,
‘
if he
gives a reply to this letter, well and good, otherwise come
back empty -handed ; Yih bimdri aisi sahht hai hi Khudd hiusho achchhd hare to hare,
‘
such a terrible disease is this that
no one but God can make him well ;’
Main ne usho bu ld
bhejd hai ; ab wuh d,e d
,e, na-d ,e na-d
,e ,
‘
I have sent
some one to call him, but I am not certain if he will
come ; or, if he comes he comes , if he doesn’
t he doesn’
t ,’
i .e . I don’t care
2 . The Conjunctive Participle repeated signifies continual ,and the Present Participle continuous action vide XLVI , 6 ,and XLVII , 8 (a) , (b) .
LXII . ELLIPSIS , OMISSION,AND INSERTION
1 . If two or more verbs, or participles with verbs, have the
same Object , the Object should be stated but once ; it should
1 If there were on ly one name ment ioned ,the word ndm or ndmi
m ight be om it ted in colloqu ial lang uage preferab ly so .
EL L IPS IS , ETC . 111
not be repeated in the form of a pronoun as in English POI/is
wd le Zaid ho girif tdr harhe ld ,e,
’
the police captured Zaidand brought (him) to the magistrate ;
’
Main naeh rup iyajeb sen ihd lhar Zaid ho de-diyd , I took a rupee out of my pocket
and gave (it) to Zaid.
’
S imilarly , Char samajh-har main
Z aid he p ichhe daurd is better than Zaid ho chor samajhhar main ushe p ichhe daurd ,
‘
mistaking Zaid for a thie f I ran
after (him) , I mistook Zaid for a thief and gave chase .
’
Vide also Hindustani S tepping S tones’
, Lesson 19 , c.
2 . (a) To a great extent this rule holds good with the
subject also , as : Jab Hasan gir-pard fwuh] rone layd ,
when Hasan fell he began to cry ,
’
Hasan fell and began tocry ;
’
here wuh must be omitted, otherwise it would refer
to a second person . If , however, both subjects are the same
pronoun , the pronoun may be repeated, but is preferably not
so , as : Jab wuh gir~
pard (wuh) rone lagd .
(b) If , however, one verb requires the agent case with ne,
and the other does not , it is better to repeat the subject in the
form of a pronoun , as : Chor ghar men. dyd aur asue mere
rupai chard- liye, the thief entered my house and stole my
money ;’
here , as the first verb requires a subject in the
nominative and the second one in the agent case , it is better
to insert us ne , though us ne might be omitted.
(e) If , however, the subjects of both verbs be pronouns it is
better to omit the second, as : Wuh gahdu dyd aur (asue)mujhe gd li di .
3 . (a) When two or more verbs are in the Imperfect ,Perfect , or Pluperfect , the substantive verb need be mentioned
only once , as : Main pahle hitdb parhtd (thd) tab hhdnd
hhdtd thd , or Main pahle hitdb parhtd thd tab hhdnd hhd td
(thd) in such sentences the thd may be repeated, but it is
better to omit it .
Non a— In affirmative and negative (but not interrogative)
sentences the thd of the Imperfect can be omitted altogether,
vide Imperfect Tense .
1 12 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
(b) Vide XXXV, 5 , for the omission of the auxiliary in
co -ordinate sentences .
(C) If the feminine plural thin or hain of the Imperfect
or Present Tenses be omitted, a plural feminine n must
be added to the verb , as : Wah d iin nahin,
‘
they (women)won
’
t come ;’
here there is nothing to distingu ish d tin
from the Past Condi tional . Panjabis, however, omit then from the Imperfect and Present , bu t add it to the Past
Conditional .Note the following Wah larhiydn lihhti aur parhti thin
Wah larhiydn d ii thin aur apu i maz e maz e hi bd ton se merd
dil bahldtin. Vide also XXXV, 5 , and 9 , d.
4 . When one verb has two or more subjects , the subject is
better repeated in the form of a numeral , or of sab, all .’
In
Main aur merd betd dononwahdnpahunche idiom and euphony
require the insertion of donon , otherwise merd betd , an
obvious singular in alif , would precede a plural verb . In
Zaid‘
Amr aur Bahr (tinon or sab) dye it is better to insert
the tinon or sub. But in Zaid‘
Amr aur Bahr dye magar
Ehd lid na-ayd neither tinon nor sab could be inserted, though
yih tinon could the reason is obvious .
5 . For the insertion and omission of no, se, and ho, vide III,3 and 5 .
6 . For the insertion and omission of pronouns, vide
Pronouns.
LXIII . NARRATION
1‘ Bflat ,v
’wl- i se
e -Le J Ol-JU n
i/! 5) he.
o f"j" “A? 5) 6 3
"fig d uy
lpl jhw
'
ji b!
é us e" Jac l (fie U
S“ ) a? half. a
, g el;£5 ;
Tum se : this may refer to either the son , i .e . the addressee ,
or to the grandmother ; if direct narration ,to the latter, but
1 M ain ne, i . e . the w rit er t lib, who is writ-ing to h is son.
1 14 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
2 . An alternative for haisd hi hyun na-ho is hhwdh (orchdhe) haisd hi ho, as : _Kh_ wdh tum ushe sdth hi tni hi bhald ,
i
haro (or hyun na-haro) lekin .wuk tumhdre sdth burd ,i se
p esh d ,egd .
LXV. IDIOMS FOR TIME
Bdrah par tin baje three o’clock This idiom can only
be used when the hands of the clock make less than two right
angles . Thus , bdrah par p dnch baje is correct for five
O ’clock but hdrah par chha baje is not correct .
LXVI . WAYS OF EXPRESSING‘
TO HAVE’
1 . For the various ways of expressing to have vide’
Hindustani Stepping S tones’
, Lesson 10 , h
2 . Note the following :
(1) I have two children .
(2) I have two p up i ls .
(3) I have two slaves .
(4 ) I have two daughters .
LXVII . APPENDIX
Translate the following and then compare your translation
with that given at the end
(1) If you ask me I should say he was a fool . (Directnarration .)
(2) Though in the possession of eyes you behaved like a
blind person . (Use present participle for
(3) He chuckled aloud ; laughed audibly . (Use conjunctive
participle .)
Mere [hdn] do larhe hain .
Mere pds do larhe hain .
Mere pds do ghu ldm hain .
Mere [kdul do betiydn hain
is better than
meri do betiydn hain .
APPENDIX 1 16
Whatever I said he kept writing down.
Until I go t your letter from Rangoon (with youraddress) how could I write to you (What tenseafter jab tah What tense in the jaz dI have no book fi t to offer you .
He had not sufficient sagacity to unders tand this hint .
(Write where had he sufficient sagacity that he
Can you hear (Sund ,i dend .)There is a strong rumour that the Governor will come
here well , let us see when he will come .
I was afraid the gate might be shut . (Mujhe hhaufthe ki
I was afraid he would not come.
I was afraid he would come .
I am glad you have come .
I regret having come. (Direct narration.)Ask if this is true. (Not agar )It is my custom to do this daily .
I thought Of doing so .
He is coming from the Opposite direction.
I am fortunate in seeing you .
I am at a loss how to act I do not know how
to act .
I regret having given him leave. (Direct narration.)He said he was expecting you .
They agreed to go together. (Direct narration .)I entreat you to forgive me . (Resp . Imper.)I wonder why he is so late .
Thinking that it would be of no use to you I didn’
t
give it to you . (Direct narration.)Everyone will be given whatever he wants. (VideH.S .S Lesson 27 , j .)
There is no such verse in the Quran as you describe .
As soon as you came I left . (Infinitive and the aur
of concomitance
1 16 H INDUSTANI STUMBLING ~BLOCKS
(8 0) I don’t know who he is ; but stay , I think I have seen
him somewhere .
(31) Let alone drinking wine, I have never even seen any .
(32) Set aside threatening my boy , you are at liberty to
beat him .
TRANSLATION
(1) Agar majh se p uchhiye to main to yihi hahimgd hi
wuh ahmaq hai .
(2) Anhhon he hote (or dnhhen hole) tum andhe ban-
ga,e .
(8 ) Wuh hhi lhhild -har hans-
pard .
(4 ) JO main kahid -
gayd wuh likhid -
gayd .
(5) Jab tah dp hd hhatt Rangi mse na-d ,e (not dyd , nor
dtd) main dp ho hyi m-har lihh-sahtd (or lihhtd)
(6) Mere pds aisi ho,i hi tdb nahin hai jo qdbi l Hueur he
ho (not hai) .
(7) Us ho i tui firdsat hahdn thi hi is imd ho samajh-letd ?
(8 ) Tum ho sund ,i detd hai
(9) Hdhim he dne hi khabar garm hai , dehhiye hab d ,e
(or dtd hai , but not d ,egd , vide XXXVI ,
(10) Mujhe hhauf thd p hdtah band na-ho.
(11) Mujhe hhauf thd hi aisd na-ho hi wuh na-d,e (or
—thd hi wah na(12) Mujhe dar thd hi aisd na-ho hi wu h d -jd ,e (or —thd
hi wuh d
(13) Main hhush hdn jo tum d ,e (not d ,e ho) .
(1 4 ) Paehtdtd hun hi , Main hyun dyd
(15) Puchho hi (or dyd) yih sach hai yd nahin .
(16) Meri yih’
ddat hai hi roz roz yih hartd hun.
(17) Mere dil men fi iydl dyd hi aisd hariin (not Future) .
(18 ) Wuh udhar se (or sdmne se) d -rahd hai .
(19) Mere achchhe nasi b hain jo’dp ho dehhd (but —dp
ho dehhtd hdn I see you alive
(20) Hairdn hdn hi hyd hari m.
1 Bet ter to om it main ne, vide LXII , 1—2.
IN DEX
‘HINDC STANI STEPP ING
Abou t , to be abou t to , p. 19 .
Adh, co lloq . for ddhd , 4,
g , and n. 3 .
Adject ives , p. 8 ; not always inagreement w ith noun ,
15 , g , and 27 , d ; pron. adj. ,16 , c ; Ar . ad js. wi th gen.
some adjs . and ad vs .=preps .
bdt hd sachchd , 28 , i ; gd js. as
advs . a ee ing w ith a cognate
infin . uni t s , 31 , c.
Admit , admi t ted , and to, p. 22 .
Adverbs and adverb ial phrases ,p . 14 ; adverb ial phrases ; adjs .
as advs . exs. postpos it ionsadded to , 31 , c.
Affirmat ive and negat ive sen
tenoes , omiss ion of thd , p . 11 1.
Afraid, t o be , p. 75 .
Agar , p. 14 ; agar and jab idiomat ically omitt ed ,
H . S . S .
25 , m, and n. 3 (p . and
29 e.
Agarchi , p. 103 ; corre lat ives of,104
Agency ,noun of, vide Noun.
Agent case , pp. 2 , 11 1.
Agree , to , id iom, p. 171.
Ahwdl , s ing . or pl . , 10, c
(p. 4 9 and n .
Aied , before an ante cedent , p. 12
aisd and waisd cont r. for yih-ed ,
etc . , 13, f ; aisd and
pron. adjs. and inte rrs . aisd
for aisd maiad , 16 , c.
A-jdnd , general ly to come nu
expectedly, 17, g (p. 93
and n. l ).Akhir ho and bdre, d ifferencebe tween, p. 16.
A lbe it , p. 103 .
Almost , p . 18 .
Already, expressed by chuhnd ,
v ide Chahud .
Al so , pp. 19—20 : not only—hutalso , vide Only.
Although , p . 103 corre lat ivesto , p. 104 ; though, even though,p. 103 ; v ide Hokar and t h.
Amusing , id iom, H. S . S . , Appeng
dix B (p.
And , compared w i th jand , p . 25 ;
jdnd and cha lnd , id iomat ic use
and differences, p . 25—6 in
compounds , 1 1, i .
Ante cedent to re lat ive , pp. 11- 14
qualified by aisd , p. 12 .
Any kind , vide However.
Aorist , for imperf. , pp . 13- 14
aor. or pres. subj . , pp. 39—4 5as finite verb , etc . , and in
quest ions, pp . 39- 4 0 ; as subord .
verb and for past t ime , 4 0—1after qabl is -he, etc . in d irectnarrat ion ; afte r condi t ionaljab, p . 4 1.
Ap , p . 9 . honorific in De lhiused for 2nd pers . pl. , H. S . S . ,
14 , d .
Apd , H. S . S . , 12 , e.
Apud , pp . 10—11 ; use ofW and
acc. , H. S . S . , 12 , c ; omiss ion of
ap ud , 17, g (p. 92 and n.
Apodosis, usually preceded by to ,p. 95 plup . in , p. 101.
Appendix , id iomat ic exs. Engpp . 114—16 ; Hindu , 116—17 .
Apposit ion, pp. 108 10 con
dousing and ex . , correc t and
incorrect ; repe t it ion in a summary of subj . or Obj. in. longsente nces , pp. 108 - 10 ; nouns
of quant ity and fract ions ; a
pl . noun and pro
kpor name ;
adm or ndmi °
rhe as ,
p. 1 10 meaning less apposit ive ,24 , c, and appos it ion,
120
As , as by degrees, p . 17 ; vide
Because .
A sbdb, sing . m. and pl . m . , p . 1 .
Asyndet ic sentences , pp. 104 - 5 .
Asyndeton ,p . 104 , n . 1 .
A id , s ing . , p . 1 .
A t last , p. 16 .
Aut ,pl . 111 . and sing . f. , p . 1 .
Aur , of concomitance , p . 14
aur z bu t , p. 14 ; e l lips is of,p. 105 ; as pron . adj. ,2 , b pleonast ic and e ll ipt ical ,16 , d and h (p. 8 7 and II .
express ing cont rast , surprise ,s imu ltane ity , and id ioms w ith,
20 , c.
Auxil iary of present tense suppressed in negat ive sent ences ,
_p . 38 .
Ayd and hyd , pos it ion of, p . 108 .
Bachd rahnd , backs-rahnd , bach
rahnd , H. S .S . , 14 , a. (p . 72 and
n .
Bachd -rakkad , to save ,
Append ix B (p.
Bachd nd and bachnd , v ideC’hhdt
Badan, unders , pp. 4 5
and n. 3 , 51, 124 and n . 2 .
Bahut , fo llowed by sing . or pl .noun , 2
,d .
Ed ithe-bithd ,e, adv . H. S . S . p . 130
and n . 2 .
Baithnd , p . 26 : past part . of,p . 55 ; in compounds ,1 1, g .
Bajnd , p. 26 .
Baj -lend ,no ne , p . 3 .
Bahnd ,no ne
, p . 2 .
Bald , id iom w ith, vide Terrib le .
Bathi , hi as subst itu te for, H. S . S .
26 , e and note ; enhansive
and not except ive alwaysfo llows a neg . means ‘insteadof 30, e ; vide also Bu t .
Ban-dud , id iom w ith pres. part .
of another verb , p. 75 .
Bandad and bannd ,idiomat ic
meanings of, p . 26 .
Bdr, vide M ar taba.
Bdre and dhhir ho,d ifference
between, p . 16 .
H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
Barely , vide Hardly .
Bas , d e bas hi, 26 , a—c.
Edt , u nders . and exs. , B . S .Spp. 7 1, 98 and n . 1 , 103 andII. 2 , 14 7 and n . 2 .
Batdnd , vu lg . for dihhdnd ,H. S .Sp. 120 , n . 1
Be and bin, pos it ion of w i thou the, p . 158 and II . 1 .
Because , v ide Chi mki.Beg in, v ide Lagud .
Bes ides , vide Except .Be t t er—than , videRather—than .
Bhar , adj. , 7, f .
Bhar -sah, p . 76 and note .
Bhi , pp . 19—20 ; v ide N iz .
Bhilla se, for bhiil se, H. S . S . , 2 , e.
Bhidnd , no ne, p . 2 .
B in, prep . , v ide Be.
Botad , no ne, p . 2 ; agree ing w ithcognate acc. , p . 3 ; vide alsoKahnd .
But , when t o be rendered bybalhi, pp . 28 and II . 1 ,30 and n . 2 ; vide also Balhi
and Rather.
W
Case s of nouns , p . 2 .
Causals , requ ire se, p. 7 .
Cent . , per cent . , H. S . S . , 22 , e.
Chdhe, p. 15 ; chdhe—chdhe and
hyd—hyd , d ifference between ,
p . 15 ; chdhe , p. 15 ; chdhe,hhwdh, andhaied hi ho al te rnat ives for hyun na -ho, p. 1 14 .
Vide Ye t .
Chdhiye, chdhiyen, and chdhiye
thd , 15 , b.
Chdhnd, ne Opt ional , t o wish , to
love , p . 27 ; to want , d iffersfrom mdngnd , p . 32 ; with or
w ithou t ne, 10, d ;preceded by infin. inflected or
o therwise , e to love and to
like , f .
Chdhe , p. 15 .
Chald -jdnd and chale-jdnd , p. 8 5 .
Chal -dend , no ng, p. 3 .
Chalnd , v ide And ; chaltd hua ,
art fu l , p . 74 , note ; idiom of
19 , b.
Chaltd hind art fu l , p. 74 , note .
1 22 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
B ehbud and pa rhnd , t o read ,pp. 27—8 .
D ehho , interj . , pp . 27—8 .
D ehh-
pdnd , p . 33 .
D ehh-
parud ,vide Parud .
D end , some compounds w ithou te, .p 3 ; pres . and imperf. of,
g) . 53 ; rare compounds w ith In
ectedpas t part . ,p . 8 3 : significa
t ion in compounds ,H . S . S .
D en“
,vu lg . for der ,
p. 114 and n . l .Dhatd batdnd , p . 77 and not e .
Die , t o , v ide M arud .
D ihhd ,i dend , no ne, p. 2 .
Diqq, diq, subst . and adj. , p . 28
d iqq h. , id iom of, p . 28 .
Dub iou s tense s, pp. 8 8 , 90 , 92 , 96 .
D urdurdnd , p . 77 and note .
E ither , p. 15 ; vide also Yd .
Eh, def. art . , or emphat ic , p . 8 ;inde f . art . and also ‘
abou t
4 , e.
E ll ips is , Om iss ion , and Insert ion ,
pp. 110—12 ; of obj. , p . 110 ;of sub j . , p. 110 of subst .
v erb , pp. 53, 11 1 , and
9 , d , and 15 , d of n ofpl . subst .
verb , p . 112 ; of as,ho, and se,
pp . 3—7 ofdemons . pron. , p . 10
of poss . pron . , pp . 10—11 of
conjunct ions , of aur , pp. 103—5 .
Emphasis , vide Col locat ion .
woughEpithet , fresh, in repe t it ion of
grief , p . 2
Euphemisms , pp . 168—70 ,and p . 179,
‘son .
’
Even though , p . 103 , and
25 , c ; vide also bhi and tah,H. S . S . , 29 , b, and 30 , d.
Ev er and never , p . 16 .
Everywhere , p . 8 7, n. 1 .
Except and besides , 30 , b.
Eye , catch the eye of, id iom,
p. 26 .
Farmdnd , u se of, H . S . S . 22 , a (2 ) .Fract ions , in appos it ion, p . 109 ;W hen not repeatedw ith numeral ,
p. 127 and n. 2 .
Fu t ure Tense (simple ), pp. 4 5—8indicates def. fu t . used afterverbs of hoping , fearing , cer
tainty , etc . p . 4 5 in cond it ions,pp. 4 5—6 ; after goyd ; fut . of
chuhnd ; lagnd ,w ith an infin.
for fut . of hond for past t ime ,
p . 4 6 for Eng . fu t . perf. ,pp. 4 6, 93—4 ; in commandspp . 4 6—7 subst itu te of aor.
p . 4 7 subst itute of pret . p . 58
fu ture of immed iate intent ion ,
p . 37.
Fu ture Imperfect , vide Present
Dub ious , 2md Form , p . 90 .
Fu ture Perfect , videPast Dub iou s ,2nd Form ; of hond , and Eng .
fu t . pe rf. , rendered by simplefu t . , pp . 4 6 , 93
—4
Gdnd , is intrans . , admits of
cognate ob ject , p . 66 .
Gdrnd , past part . of, p . 55 .
Gehfln, pl . , p. 1.
Gender, masc . more worthy than
fem . , R . S . S 10, j , 28 , b.
Genit ive , pp. 3—4 ; id iomat icallynot inflect ed, ex . , R . S . S 26 , e
and II . 5 ; after some adjs . ,
28 , i ; vide also "
,make p . 175 ;of prons. , vide Pronoun .
G_ha; ab, id iom of, vide Terrib le .
Go , go-hi
,p . correlat ive of,
103 .PGradually , p . 71 ; hote hote, pGrierson , Dr. p. 50, and I
pntro
duct ion .
Gum-jdnd , p . 94 and n . 1 for
gum v ide Pasand.
Hai and boid hai , d ifference between , H. S . S . , 1 , g ; vide alsoHota hai .
d at : pr ison, p. 8 1 ,u . 1 .
Hdl -dn-hz'
, adversat ive or con
cessional , p . 103 , n . 4 ; when
u sed, p . 103 ; 26 , d .
Half, ‘half apiece , ’ id iom , H. S . S
p . 127 and n . 2 .
Ham, always masc. , pp . 8—9 ;speak ing , p. 9 .
INDEX
Hans-dead, p . 3 .
Harchand , p. 103 corre lat ive o f,
p. 103.
Hardly, p. 18 ° hardly , barely ,
not qu it e , H. S . S . ,
Hdrnd , as 0 t ional , p .
Hdth (se) an hdtho n (se ) , se be t tcromi t ted , p. 2 .
Have , to , various wa s of express
ing , p. 114 ; H. S . , 10 , h.
Hawdss, Ar . pl . andUr. s ing . p. 8 .
Hazdr although ,v ide t h.
Hagir and maujdd , d ifference between , 4 , f .
Hi, pp. 20—1 denot ing simu ltaneity , p . 70 ; omiss ion of
w ith fut . g radually ; chi‘
titahi
,idiom, p . 7 1 ; encl it ic and
emphat ic hi , 25 , l , m ;
jabhi and tabki , p. 157 and n . 3 .
Hi e p . 28 .
Hayd , vide Chdhiye.
Ho-jdnd ,v ide Hand .
Hahar , although , pp . 29 , 69
id ioms w i th , p . 69 .
Ha lend ,no ne, p . 3 .
Hand and ha-jdnd , d ifference between , p. 28 ; fu t . and fu t .
perf. of hand , pp . 29 , 4 6
fu t . of, for past t ime , p . 4 6 ;past part . of, p . 55 ; hohar ,‘although ,
’and idioms w ith ,
p . 69 hotd, idioms , p . 75
l st pe rs. sing . aor. , ident icalw i th subst . verb , p . 8 9 ; hold ,
cond it ional , for thd , p. 101.
Hatd,id iom, p. 75 ; cond it ional ,
for th d, p . 101.
Hold hai and haz , d ifference between , v ide hai , H. S . s. ,
Hate, p . 29 ; hole hb te, g rad ually, ’72 .
n ,no mat t er how , p . 19 .
However, whate ver, and anykind ,
and d ifficu l t idioms , p . 113.
Hd ,d , hd , e, om iss ion of,w ith
parts , vide Part ic iples .
Han, forms of, p. 8 9 .
Id ioms for however, whatever,any kind, p . 113 ; for t ime ,p . 114 . Vide Appendi x .
128
If, p. 14 ; idiomat ically omit ted ,
96 when no t to be rendered
y agar , 26 , d and
n . 2 .
Imperat ives , respect fu l , po lite ,
precat ive , fut ure , pp. 4 8 —9for 2nd pers. pl . Aor. or Fu t
used impersonal ly ; expressedby 3rd pers. pl . aor. p. 4 9 ;Inf. for Imper. , pp. 5 1, 8 5 ,Remark .
Imperfect Tense , pp. 5 1—3 ;denotes frequency, durat ion,
cont inuat ion, p. 5 1 prog ress iveact ion, p . 52 ; denote s habit ,commencement or intent ion ,
w ish , p. 50 emphat ic refusal ,pp . 52- 3 om ission of thd , etc . ,
in imperf. of dend ; of verb
compounded w ith sahnd , p . 53 ,
imperf. in ind irect becomingpres. in d irect narrat ion , p . 53 ;for Present Dub ious , p. 8 9 ;for Aor. pp. 13—14 ; ineorrect
col loqu ial use of, p . 90 and
In , inasmuch as , H. S . S . 26 , c.
Indefinite tense , pp . 60 , 95 , 100—1 .
Infinit ive , pp. 50- 1 derivat ion ;as a fut . pass. part . as averbai
noun , p. 50 as a Fut . Imper. ,
pp . 5 1, 8 5 ; Pass . Inf. , p . 5 1 ;for Past Part . , pp. 77—8 ; Inf.for Imper. is pl . , p. 8 5 ; as a
Fut . Imper. , 10, h,n . 1 , 15 , c, 27 , f ; inflected w i thhd , 15 , d as verb and subst . ,
27 a—e ; t rans. used for int rans.
or pass , 27 , c ; a ree
ment w ith noun , b ; w it ha
noun of agency, 9 ; idiomsw ith , used for Aor. and noun
of agency , h (and g ) ° inflec tedbe fore verbs of mot ion, etc . , i ;log ical sub ject of, l (p. 14 7 and
n 3 )Insert ibn, vide Ellips is.
Instead, instead of, and but , vide
I ntens ives, vide Verbs .
Intent ion, immed iate , how ex
pressed , pp. 37, 52 .
124 H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING-BLOCKS
Interro at ives , pp . 107—8 beg inw ith not first in sent ence ;except ions ; on hyd or dyd ;wi th demons. pron . as subst i
t ut e for rel . , p . 108 ; ind irectquest ions, p . 108 ; 3 ,a—h as subj . and obj. in samesent ence , vide pron. rel . vide
also Quest ions.
Invers ion, vide Co llocat ion.
Jab, w i th Aor. , p . 4 1 w ith Pres .
Ind ic . , p . 4 2 ; Pret . w ith jiswaqt , bu t not w ith jab ; as
Cond it . part icle , p . 97 and n . 3
jab and agar id iomat icallyomit ted , 25 , m, and
n. 3 ; hi and not jab, 28 , j ,and n . l , 29 , e ; jab for lab
and jab jdhar , 29 , d , 5 , f , n . 2
(p. jahhi therefore ,p. 157 ; jab (and jab tah) notfollowed by a past te nse , 3 1 ,b ; jab w i th se, 31 c and
n . 3 ; jab jab jab habhi ,p . 128 , n l ; vide also W hen ;jab se s ince , videS ince .
Jab tah, p . 16 ; no t follow ed bya pas t tense , 3 1, b ;w ith neg . verb , 18 , b.
J ahdn = w hen , p . 15 ; n,nasal
or o therw ise , p. 15 .
J aise jaise, p ._ 17 .
Jdnd ,vide And : id ioms of past
part , p . 79 ; jdnd and rahn d
in compounds, 1 1 , h, 12 , b.
Jdn -jdnd and jdn - lend , v ideJdnnd .
Jdnn d, na opt ional , p . 3 ; jdnndand samajhnd , ditference be
tween ; Conj . Part . jdniye, etc . ,
jdn-jdnd and jdn-lend , p . 29 .
J did -rd hnd , H. S . S 12 , b
Jan, pl . , p. l .J is-waqi , Pret . after it , bu t not
aft er jab, p . 96 .
J itnd , ne opt ional , p . 3.
J o-hi , v ide Chfinhi.J o ja, p . 17.
Jan jan or fyan jyon, p . 17.
Jajr i two of the same sex ,
H. S S , 10, c, and n. 4 .
J ump , to , verb for, p . 108 ,mu . 2 , 3 .
Just to, p . 22 .
Kab, v ide Kahdn.
Kubhi, p .
Kahd
l
= hyd , 3, h, and
Kahdl
n _ no t , p. 15 ; posit ion insentence and e xcept ions , p . 108 ;s tress on hahdn and hab al tersmeaning , 3 (p. 16 andn . hahdn of cont rast , 18 ,d ; u sed in d irect and ind irectquest ions, 3, c.
Kahin , p . 10 I fear lest ’
and‘never
’
, p . 15 ; for ho, i ,4 (p. 23 and not e ) .
Kahnd, w ith 8 6 or ha ; how differs
from bolnd ; hahiye, p. 29 ; ydnahin or hi nahin omit ted afte r,p. 108 hahnd and baind ,
d ifference between , 5 ,a—c ; v ul ar u se of balad
, d ;compoungs of
, and bolnd w ithas or ha, 12 , d.
Kaisd hi , haisd hi ha, hitnd hi , andhuchh hi , p . 1 14 .
Karhe, id iomat ic use of, pp. 68 - 9as
’ p. 110.
Karnd , w i th and w ithou t na, p . 3
t o place , send , cal l , etc . ,
pp. 29—30 ; harhe, id iomat icuses of, pp. 6 8—9 ; comparedw ith rahhnd , p . 34 ; for hab itand for cont inued act ion w ithout ne wuh hiyd hiyd not
id iom, 10, g .
d h, hdshhe, pp. 95 , 98 , 101.Kaun and hyd , d ifference between used in both d irectand ind irect quest ions ; hydbalhi haunw ith 3d uninflectedhyd ind icate s surprise and hyi mmerely queries , 3
haun as a rel . pron. , 26 , e ( l ),n . l .
K c sdth and se,p. 6 .
Khub-jdnd ,lit . and met . ,
p . 93, n . 2 .
Q uai l -W , formerly adj. , H. S . S . ,
p . 73 and n. 1 .
126 H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL I NG -BLOCKS
M aujdd and hd g ir , v ide Hdg ir .
M en, pp. 4 , 6 , 7 ; men hd and
men se, p. 7 ; pecu l iar u se of
men and se, 19 , d .
M ildnd and milna, w ith haand se,p. 33 vide also M ilnd .
M iind ,m istaken for pass ive , p. 65
vide also M ddnd wi th se and
ha, 13 , h.
M iydn,v ide Sdhib.
fif alnd , used in Calcu t ta,
p . 35 and n . 1 .
M ore, the more , and how much
the more , p . 17 ; the more
the less , and how much themore , 25 , d , e.
M d ,d , v ide M arnd .
Much the more , much the less,vide More , Less , and Bahia.
M ushdbahat , p. 6 .
M ushdbih, p . 6 .
M ushurd -dend ,no ne, p. 3 .
N , let ter, pp . 1 , 5 ; omission and
insert ion in pl . verb , p . 1 12 .
Nd , p. 23—4 ; w ith compoundverbs, p. 24 ; vulg . for ‘
no’
,
p . 26 and n . 1 ; in qu es
t ions ind icat es surprise , 20, b.
Nahin to and o therw ise , p . 16 ;nahin and na w ith compoundverbs, p. 24 posit ion w ithsahnd , 8 , c.
Ndm or ndmi , in apposit ion ,
p. 110 ;Name , vide Noun.
Narrat ion , direct or indirect , mayfol low Hist . Pres , p . 37 ; d irect ,p . 107 g eneral of st ories ,p. 113 ; d irect or ind irect aft ercertain verbs, 17, b—dexample , 9 .
N e, use and om iss ion before
cert ain verbs , pp. 2—3 posit ionw ith several subject s and in
apposit ion, p . 3 .
Nearly , p . 18 ; how expressed,
14 , e.
Negat ives , pp. 16 , 22- 4 hahdn
not , p . 15 nahin or na, H.
15, b na repeated , and re
dundant aur , 16 , d .
Ne i ther—nor, pp. 23—4 H. S . S . ,
16 , d ; p . 8 8 , n . 2 .
Never, hahin, p . 15 ; never andever, p . 16 .
N i z and bhi , pos i t ion and use ,
p . 19 ; 29 , b.
No mat ter how , 25 , bvide also Nat .
No matter how ,p. 19 .
No sooner than , pp . 19 , 70.
Nominat ive , p . 2 ; nominat ive ahsolu te , pp . 11—12 , H. S . S . , 3 1, e.
No t , expressed by kabda, p . 15 .
No th ing , to say nothing of, id iom,
18p .
No twithstanding , pp. 7, 104 .
Noun, cases of nouns, p . 2 nouns
o fquant ity inapposit ion,p . 110
pl. noun in appos it ion to propername , p . 110 ; noun of agency,
v ide Wdld ; s ing . or pl . afterbahut , 2 , d secondonly of two nouns inflected , 2 , e
(p. 3 1 , d ; g ender of compound nouns and except ion,
10 , j , 18 , e, n. 2 ; number
after numeral , 15 , f , 28 , h ;pr0 p . name subst itu ted for
amb iguous pron . , 17, e two
nouns coupled by awr Eng .
subst . and adj. , 24 , d ; classnoun , masc . or fem . , 29 , f , andn . 2 ; nounsof number,measure ,
etc . , in appos it ion , 31 , f .
Numerals ,p . 8 ; as summar of sub
jects , p . 1 12 ; fol lowed y s ing .
or pl . noun, 28 , g-h.
N da-i ghanna , pp. 1 , 5 .
Object and sub ject , repet it ion or
summary o f, p . 109 ; obj. and
sub j . to be stated bu t once , videEl lips is, p 1 10—12 ; interr . and
rel . as su j . and obj. in same
sentence , 27, j ( l ) , (2 )vide also Subject and Re lat ive .
Of and hi, 26 , e
Offer, t o , express by dend, p . 53.
Omiss ion, of thd of the imperfp . 53 vide E ll ipsis of [car of
conj . part . , p. 130 and
n . 1 , p . 131 , n. 2 .
INDEX
Only , not only- bu t also , H.
, J .
Oppos ite , sdmne and dmus admire ,p . 132 , n . 1.
Optat ive Tense , pp. 95 , 60
Pas t Opt . , how rendered , p. 10 1
( 12 ) Optat ive clauses, introduced by hdsh, p. 95 ; exs . of,p. 98 ; can be converted into
cond it ions , pp. 100—1 ; te nsesused in Optat ive clauses , 9510 1
Or, p. 15 ; ki=or, 26 , e
O rder of words , vide Co llocat ion.
O therw ise , p. 16 .
Paley-d d deud , no ne, p . 3 .
Pdad , w ith and w ithout ne, i) . 3 ;dehh-
pdad and sun-
pdad , p. 33.
Par , p . 7 .
Pard -m hhnd , an except ion , p. 8 7 .
Parhdnd , w ith ac or ho, E . S . S
2 1 , d.
Farhud , v ide Dehhnd ; parhnd
or sihhnd , to learn , study,
p. 111 and u . 1 .
Par -jdnd , v ide Parnd .
Parud , in compounds, p. 33 ;
parud and par-jdnd , subst it utes
for hand and ho-jdnd , pp. 33- 4
idiomat ic use of perf. , p . 34 ;past part . , p . 55 si nificat ion
in compounds , H. S . 11, d ;
u sed met . and except ions, mand nu . 3 , 4 id ioms w ith, 13 ,i ; paregd ,
hogd , and chdhiye,w ith dat . , 15 , b.
Part iciples : Conj . Par t . pp . 63—9rule for use and except ion,
pp . 63- 4 ; no t used be foresubst . verb ; use in negat iveclauses , p. 64 pass . not u sed ,
pp . 64—5 ; w ith neu t . finite verb ;wi th milad ; how repeated ,
p. 65 ; is temporal , log ical , or
adverb ial , pp. 65—6 misrelated part . , pp. 66- 7 ; mayrefer to direct ob ject , 67
amb iguous and diflicu lt usages ,p . 68 idi omat ic harhe, pp. 68—9idiomat ic hohar , p . 69 ; com
Dared w ithPas t Part . pp. 78—9
127
Conj . Part . , har no t repeated ,
24 , e p. 130 , n. l ,131 , n. 2 ) ba rk/gar and h_hd,9shar , advs . , 9 , 0 .
Present Part . , pp . 69- 77used as subst . , adj. , etc . ,
p. 70 ; adverb ial part . w ithhi , pp. 70 1 ; as qual . adj. ,p. 7 1 ; noun of agency ,pp . 71- 2 ; as adv . expre ssin
state of subj . or obj. repeatefland inflected ; w ith cognateverb , p . 72 ; inflected or not
inflected , w ith or w ithouthd ,d , hu,e, when amb ig uous ,pp. 73—4 ; id iom w ith darnd ,
p . 74 ; w i th sharm dad and
dar lagud , id ioms , p . 75 ; idiomsand examples , pp . 75- 7 verbscompounded w i th a presentpart . , pp. 8 4—6 , 8 8 ; presentpart . of rahnd , 14 , b.
Past Par t . and Perfect Tenseof certain verbs , pp. 55—6 ; assubst . adj. w i th preps . for
Inf. , pp. 77- 8 ; constr. absolut ely , p . 78 ; compared with
Conj . Part . , pp . 78—9 ; of act .
t rans . verbs , used pass ive ly ;
inflected and uninflected ,
pp. 79—8 0 ; id ioms , p. 79 ;examples, 8 0 - 2 ; mdrd -
parmiand pard
-rahhnd , except ions ,p . 8 7 ; w i th ideaof cont inuance ,uninflected and w i thout hd ,d ,
p . 8 7 ; w ith some compoundshd ,d may be added , pp. 8 7- 8verbs compounded w ith a pas tpart . , pp. 8 2—8 .
Fui .Part.. expressed by noun
of agency , 29 , a.
Part icles , p. 14 .
Pds, of mot ion towards living10, i .
cont r. of pasandida ,
23 , b.
Pas t Tense , vide Pre te rite ; Pas tCondit ional , vide Condi t ionalPastDubious , l st Farm,
pp.92—3 ,
when interchangeable w ith 2mdForm , p. 92 ; used only in
dependent clauses ; examples
128
p . 93 ; Past D ubious , 2nd Farm,
pp. 93—5 ; used e ither in aubord .
or prin. clause ; when subst i
t u ted for l st Form ; indicat esdoubt , p . 93 examples, pp. 94 - 5
Past P erf ect , Subjunctive, vide
Condit ional Past , 2md Form,
95 ; Past Perfect , Con
t inuous , Sub junct ive , vide Condit ional Past , l st Form ,
p. 9 1 .
Perfect Tense , pp . 54—6 is Indef. ;somet imes Perf . and Pret . int erchangeab le expresses pas t t imew ith effects cont inu ing ; for an
act ion just completed,p. 5 4 in
quest ions indicates cert aintyand as ton ishment ; subst it ut edfor Eng . Perf . , p . 55 Perf. or
Past Part . of certain v erbs and
of t rans . verbs, pp . 55—6 ; in
quot ing au thor, 56 comparedw ith Pret . and Plup . , p. 59 .
Persons , l st pers. more wort hythan 2md , etc . , 14 , c ;
r ide also Pronouns .
Plupe rfect Tense , pp . 59—60 ;anterior t o Pret . and Perf . ,stated or implied ; comparedw ith Pref. and Pret . ; for Past
Cond . indicates d istant t ime,
p . 59 ; exs . , pp. 56- 60 .
Plural or singu lar after numerals ,p . 8 .
Postpo sit ion, two after one subst . ,
30 , c ; tah not alwaysa post . , d post . added to adv . ,
31 , c
Potent ial , Present Po te nt ial , videPresent Dub ious , p. 8 8 Past
Potent ial , vide Past Dub iou s ,l st Form , p . 92 .
Pou r to ,Vide Ddlnd .
Precat ive clauses, vide Optat ive.
Predicat e , 28 , g .
Prepos it ions orig inally nouns ,
p . 62 .
Present Tense , significat ions of,pp . 36- 9 ; quot ing an author
Pres. or Perf. u sed ; aux i1. ,when suppressed ,
and n of
pl . , p . 38 Pres. Indie . and
Aor. in say ings , p . 39 ; after
H I NDUSTAN I STUMBL I NG -BLOCKS
jab, p . 4 2 for Eng . Perf. ,p . 55 ; Pres . Tense or PastPart . of sand , p . 56 : P resent
S ubjunctive, t ideAorist : P resent
D ubious , I st Farm, pp. 8 8—90used only in dep . clauses , p . 8 8
for Aor. and for Fu t . Imperf.or 2md Pres. Dub . refers t ot ime , pas t , pres , or fut . aft erindef . ant ecedent s, p . 8 9 ; exs .
,
pp . 8 9—90 : P resent D ubious,2ud Farm, pp . 90- 1 ; can beused in prin . clause , p . 90 for
t ime past , pres , or fu t . can
take place of Imperf . Indie .
ex .
, p . 91 .
Pret erit e Tense , pp. 56- 8 ; is
definite ; in a series of e vent s
and for Eng . Plup . , p . 56 an
act just complet ed ind icat esdoubt or ignorance , pp . 56- 7 ; infut . cond it ions forAor . , p . 57in simu ltane ity , pp. 57- 8 ; forimmed iate fu t . of chuhnd
sub st itu ted for Perf. for
hab itual present ; idioms, p . 58 ;compared w ith Perf. and Plup .
p . 59 ; in cond it ions , p. 96 ;u sed aft er jis waqt , but not
after jab, p . 96 used aft erba ‘d as-he, p. 4 1 .
Progress ive act ion , v ide Rahnd .
Pronoun , pp . 8 - 14 personal ,pp . 8 - 10 : indefin ite , possess ive ,p . 10 : demons , pp. 10 , 12 ;om ission of, vide E l lipsis,pp . 110- 12 : for
,relat ive pro
nouns, vide Re lat ive : use of
merd , hamdrd , et c in Lucknowand Delhi ,H. S . S . , l , j , and n . 2
for otherpass. p ron. v ide Ap nd
demons . and p ers. , pl . of, 3 , 9aisd and waisd , cont raes. ,
13,f ,
true gen it ives of pers. prons . ,
13 , g ; pron . and prop. name ,
17 , e ; omi t ted, 19 , b ; rel . pron.
as sub j . and obj. in same
sentence ; place supplied byrel . adv . , (3) vide alsoKaunand K i , 26 , d, and n . 1 , 27,
j (2 ) interrogat ives, vide In ter
rogat ives , an 26 , d, n . 1 , 27 , j .
1 8 0
Son , idioms for, p . 179
Sand , past part . of pp . 55, 56 ;
pres . t ense of, p . 56 .
Soon,as soon as , no sooner than ,
e tc. , pp . 19 , 70 ; and
25,h, 27 , h.
S to ries of professional storyt ellers , vide Narrat ion.
S t udy , to ,v ide Parhnd .
Sub ject and ob jec t , repet i t ionor summary of, in a long sen
te nce , 109 ; sub j . and obj.stated at once , vide E ll ips is ,pp. 110 - 12 ; sab as summary ,
p . 112 ; subj . and obj. when
no t repeat ed , 19 , c ;
sub j . of pass . v erb in acc.,23
,c
g ram . subj . om it t ed in affirm .
sent ences, d and Remark rel .
and inte rr. pron .,e tc . ,
as sub j .and obj. in same sentence , 27 , j ;log ical sub j . of Inf. l , p . 14 7
and n . 3 s ing . sub j . w i th a pl .predicat ing noun
,28 , g .
Subjunct ive M ood,vide Aor ist ,
p . 39 Pres . Dub .,p. 8 8 l st
Pas t Condi t .
,p . 9 1 2nd Past
Cond ., p . 95 .
S ubstant ive , vide Noun.
S ubstant ive verb ,vide Verb .
S uddenly chd ite hi , p . 71.
S nnd , i dend , no ne, p . 2 .
Saniye, or suno , int erj . , p . 2 8 .
S un -
p dnd , p . 33 .
Suppose and adm i t , vide part iclesahi .
Ta‘ajjnb nahin, t ense aft er, p . 91 .
Tab and tabhi , v ide Jab.
Td ham, p . 103 and n . 1 .
Tahdn,old corr. of jahdn,
16 , a (p. 8 3 , n . i (p . 8 7 , n .
Tain ne and lain hi ne, vu lg .,
25 , l (p . 137 and n .
Taisd , raise taise, p . 17 taisd , obs ,
16 , a (p . 8 3 and n .
Tah, p . 8‘even not a post
posit ion ,30, d .
Tanga ,
‘defile ,
’ ‘pass , ’ u sed on
N.W . Front ier, 2 8, d
(p . 14 9 and n .
H INDUSTAN I STUMBL ING -BLOCKS
Verb , general , pp . 24 —5 ; specialverbs , pp. 25- 36 ; t enses of,pp . 36- 95 ; verbs comp oundedwith parts , pp . 8 2- 8 ; dend ,
lend , ddlnd , jdnd , rahnd , rahhnd
q at, unders , 11, m
(p . 6 1 and n . l ) .Tasl im or shuhr , v ide Thank s.
Tau bhi , p . 103 and n . 3 .
T each , t o , v ide Samajhnd .
Tenses , sequence of, w ith sup
pressed prostasis, pp . 102—3.
Terrib le,id iom for
, 7, h
(p . 34 and n . 9 , f (p . 4 6 and
14, f (2
Thd for haid , p . 101.
_Thaharnd , idiomat ic mean ings,pp . 35- 6 .
Than,rather than and hi,
26 , e
Thank s , idiom of shuhr andtaslim, 15 , e.
That , v ide hi ‘ in that ,’
26 , e
Though , ev en though ,vide
A lthough and Even thou h .
T ime, id ioms for
,p . 114 ;
3 1 , g (p . 165 and n . day of
Hindu s and Musl ims, how
compu t ed , App . A , a (p .
T in and terah, id iom,
20, d (p . 108,n.
To , part icle , p . 2 1 to nahin
p . 22 ; as correlat ive , p . 95 ,
unders,p . 96 ; 29
,b,
g (p . 155 , n .
Too much , p . 8 , and 2,a .
Topic , unpleasant , how int roduced , App . A , b
Tarnd , v ide Tuind .
Tum,in address , p . 9 .
Taind and tarnd,
change of t,H. S . S . , 9 , a (p .
Unt il, v ide Jab tah.
Upai° up ar z direet , 24
,
f (p . 131 and n .
Uthd rahhnd , v ide Uihnd .
Uihnd , significat ion in com
pounds , 1 1 , e ; uihd »
rahhnd ,1 1, e, l (p . 61 and n .
INDEX
(rahhe -rahnd ) , w ith past part . ,
pp. 8 3—5 ; past part . , prefixedto subst . verb , p. 8 4 ; and ex
amples of, pp. 8 5- 6 past part .
an int rans. servi le verb ,p. 8 6 ; compounded w it h parud ,
p hirnd , etc . , p. 8 6- 7 ; omiss iono f verb su st . in Imperf. ,Perf. , Plup. , pp. 53 111
omission and insert ion of
n of pl . , p. 112 ; l st pers . Aor.
ofhand and subst . verb ident ical ,p . 8 9, Remark ; thd for hotd ,10 1 compound verbs ,
l l , a- h ; simple verb
in neg . and proh. sentences , 1
verbs o f see ing ,ask ing ,
’e tc . ,
d irect or indirect narrat ion,
17 , b—d t rans . verbs signi fyingon purpose , int rans. by accident , f ; causal , trans , and
int rans. verbs ; parhd n d w ithas and ha, 2 1 , d- e ; verbs
compounded w ith a subst . adj.etc . , 22 , a—b ; const r. in act .
and pass. may be different , c.
Vocat ive , two forms , p . 2 ; in
repe t it ion of grie f, p . 2 ; voc.
sing . followed by e ither s ing .
or pl . verb , 7 , g .
lVahdn, incorrect use of, p . 106 .
Wa -illd , p . 16 .
li’aise waise, p. 17.
Wald , suflix , pp . 62- 3 ; added
t o preps . and advs . , not to
adje. ; subst itute for geni t ive ,
STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS , LTD . , PR INTERS , HBBTFORD .
18 1
p. 62 ; indicates hab it or con
t inuance , and an no t past or inimmediate future ; is amb ig uous , p. 63 ; marne -wdld
late , p . 72 , and 29 ,
g ; 29 , a.
Warna, p. 16 .
s ie, v ide Liye.
Whatever, vide However.
!Vhen and jahdn, p. 15 ; Aor.
or Fu t . after jab, H. S . S16 , g ; jab and jab tah not
fol lowed by a past tense , 31, b.
Vide also Jab for hi of sudden
ness v ide K i.W here and the world p. 15 .
Whereas , p . 104 yd whereas ,16 , c ; hdl -dn-hi
, 26 , d .
Whether, p . 15 whether or no t ,p . 108 whe ther—or, v ide Yd ;whether if, 26 , e (4 )and n . 2 .
While , whi lst , p. 14 ; hi whi le ,26 , e vide also
Jab tah.
Wah, be , p . 10 ; equ iv . to Eng .
rel . pron. , p . 10.
Yd ab, v ide hdl -a’
n-hi ; yd nahin
or hi nahin, omit ted or not ,p . 108 ; H.S .S 16,
Yahdn, is jagah he pds or yakdase nazdih, but not yakdahe pds ,H. S .S . (p. 13 and n.
Yih, he , p. 10 ; Eng . rel. pron. ,
10pYi n to while , p. 14 .
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[ z x8,09]
LO NDON : PRINT ED BY W ILLIAM CLOWE S A ND SONS , LIM IT ED , DUK E ST . , ST AMFORD ST . , S J ?»
