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innhold Nr 120 • 2013

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Forsidebilde:

E-18 prosjektets snødekte lokalitet

Hovland 5 den 30.10.2012

(Foto: Anja Mansrud).

Jan Bill og Christian Løchsen RødsrudEn ny markeds- og produksjonsplass ved Gokstad i Vestfold 5

Sven Ahrens, Gro Bjørnstad, Kjetil Bortheim, Henrike Kiesewetter, Helene Russ, Irene Selsvold og Camilla Cecilie WennHierapolis 2012 – excavations and analyses 13

Per Persson, Gaute Reitan, Stine Melvold, Guro Fossum, Lotte Eigeland og Inger EggenSista fältsäsongen med Vestfold-baneprosjektet 23

Knut Ødegård, Linn Trude Lieng, Mari Malmer og Jo-Simon Frøshaug StokkeThe Hellenic-Norwegian Excavations at Tegea, report 2012 35

Pia Skipper LøkenKloakksanering på Romerike 41

Graeme YoungBamburgh: Fortress of the Northumbrian Kings 53

Anja MansrudFlintdepot, hustuft, ildsteder og andre nyheter fra mellommesolitikum i Larvik 63

Utgitt av arkeologistudenter ved IAKH, Universitetet i Oslo.

Redaktør: Isak Hansen-Krone RoalkvamRedaksjon: Jani Causevic, Eirik Haug Røe, Niklas Arentz Brænd, Kine Søreng Henriksen, Stine Aurora Mikkelsplass og Thea Pernille Christophersen.

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The history of the Hierapolis site and of the excavations has been outlined before (see Bortheim and Sund 2008, 2009; Ingvaldsen et al. 2008; Wenn et al. 2010; Wenn 2011). The town emerged in the 3rd century BC and while city life as such ceased somewhere in the 11th century AD, small scale settlement acti-vity continued at least until the 16th century. Italian archaeologists, architects and other specialists have been doing extensive excava-tions and restorations in the ancient city, starting in 1957. Since 2007 the University of Oslo has collaborated with the Missione Archeologica Italiana a Hierapolis di Frigia. Other foreign collaborators include conserva-tionists from Istanbul University, and an anthropologist from the University of Bordeaux.

The 2012 team consisted of project leader Rasmus Brandt (professor emeritus, IAKH),

excavation leader Sven Ahrens (post.doc., IAKH), field leaders Kjetil Bortheim (MA) and Camilla Cecilie Wenn (cand.philol., KHM), field leaders/field workers Irene Selsvold and Elisabet Janssen (both MA), field workers Anne Nyquist, Hallvard Indgjerd (both MA-students, IAKH) and Gülnaz Acar (MA, University of Antalya), illustrator/field worker Bjørn-Håkon Eketuft Rygh (cand.philol., RA), anthropologists Helene Russ (MA, KHM) and Henrike Kiesewetter (PhD, University of Tuebingen), conservationist Maria M. Jensen (fil.kand., KHM), and biolo-gist Gro Bjørnstad (post.doc., IAKH). In addition we had valuable help in our Turkish workers Bilal, Gani and Ibrahim. The project is financed by the Norwegian Research Council, with contributions also from Hans Rasmus Astrup, Stiftelsen Thomas Fearnley, Heddy og Nils Astrup, and ”småforsk”-funds at the University of Oslo.

Hierapolis 2012 - excavations and analyses

Sven Ahrens (post.doc. IAKH), Gro Bjørnstad (post.doc. IAKH), Kjetil Bortheim (MA),

Henrike Kiesewetter (PhD, University of Tuebingen), Helene Russ (MA, KHM), Irene Selsvold (MA)

and Camilla Cecilie Wenn (cand.philol., KHM)

During six weeks in August and September 2012 the Norwegian team completed their sixth campaign in Hierapolis, Turkey. After the intensive survey in 2011,

focus was returned to the excavations, with some additional surveying, and the implementation of new methodology. In the following we will give a brief overview of the

2012 excavations, of advances in photogrammetric documentation, as well as the temporary results of the various bone analyses.

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Tomb 42/C92 (CCW)After nearly five campaigns the team finally finished the excavation of house tomb of Eutyches, 42/C92, with some amount of relief and even joy (Figure 1). Of the more outstan-ding finds in the last campaign were several bronze coins and a group of Roman period finds, including a fragmented terracotta figu-rine of a gladiator with a shield, an Eros head ring stone and a gem with Fortuna/Tyche, both in cornelian, a fragmented silver ring and a gold earring (probably the pair of the one found in 2011 [Selsvold et al. 2012:Figur 5]).

The house tomb was Roman, from late 1st or first half of the 2nd century AD, but most of the excavated material has evidenced the later Byzantine reuse between the late 9th/10th and 14th centuries. At the bottom of the tomb there were some fairly clean Roman contexts, but unfortunately the Romans (or rather their remaining bones) were in a rather abysmal state of preservation. The last campaign gave some additional evidence of the original Romans, but mainly confirmed how the tomb had been reused for many centuries after the initial Roman phase.

So, all in all, what has this tomb of Eutyches given us? In rough numbers, 2000 bags of finds have been taken from the tomb, of which 850 contain bones. In addition to the Roman finds mentioned above, the tomb contained c. 50 beads of amber, glass and stone, c. 45 frag-ments of bone implements such as hair-, clothes- and writing pins, some building mate-rials, bracelets in glass and ivory, some few terracotta figurines and lamps, a glass sigil, 15 coins, mostly in bronze, but also one in gold and possibly one in silver, three bronze crosses, and various fragments of bronze and silver. Further, roughly 480 iron objects have been

recovered, mostly small nails, c. 220 fragments of glass, mostly from unguentaria (oil bottles) and around 1000 ceramic and tile finds, mostly fragmented, but also including two complete unguentaria.

We have a sketchy idea of our Romans, but the Roman period finds, such as the glass and ceramic unguentaria, the earrings, gems and sigils, terracotta figurines, coins and so on, are items that occur quite commonly in graves of the same period, probably belonging to a rea-sonably well-off ”middle-class”, not the upper echelons of society. The Byzantine reuse will give us food for thought for quite some time.

Tomb 51/C91 (KB)Situated northeast of tomb 42, was another house tomb, nearly completely covered by a Late Roman terracing. The façade and side of the tomb has been partially freed from soil in earlier campaigns, revealing a change in ownership. It originally belonged to one Attalos the slim (Laparos), as shown by the playful inscription on the tomb’s gable, but a second inscription on the façade revealed that the tomb had been the object of a transaction, and that the new owner was one Aurelios Artemonidos.

The architecture is similar to that of tomb 42 close by (see Wenn et al. 2010:20–21), with three lower level benches in a U-shape, and one upper level bench. The door of tomb 51 is a rarely preserved feature in the east necropolis of Hierapolis. Unlike most other tombs, the ornamented limestone block is still in place, sealing the entrance to the tomb. The roof, however, was partially collapsed, and has thus given access to the interior of the tomb for many centuries.

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The excavations inside tomb 51 started in 2010 and continued throughout the 2011 campaign, during which a complex concentra-tion of bones was uncovered and to a great extent extracted from the south-western part of the tomb (see Selsvold et al. 2012:20–21 for previous campaigns). The 2012 campaign confirmed that bones were scattered throug-hout the tomb, the density diminishing towards the eastern part, with significant bone concentrations in the central and south-wes-tern parts.

Articulated skeletons have so far been rare in the tomb, though a partial one was excavated in 2011. In 2012, a second partial skeleton was found lying approximately parallel to and on the same level as the skeleton found in

2011, with the upper body towards the west wall. No cranium could be attributed to the skeleton; the remains were limited to shoul-ders, vertebrae and rib cage, left clavicle and left humerus. Of the scarce finds other than bones, especially a bronze cross was of interest (Figure 2). It has not yet been dated, but it is likely to fall in with the 11th century date of two crosses found in the tomb the previous year. The crosses and the articulated skeletons buried to face the east leave little doubt of the burials being Christian. The proximity to the martyrion and church of St Philip also hints that the bone deposit is a case of Byzantine burials close to holy grounds (for a discussion of the martyrion and burial ad sanctos, see Bortheim et al. 2010), and as such similar to tomb 42.

Figure 1. The emptied tomb 42. Upper right: Fortuna/Tyche gem, lower right: fragmented gladiator terracotta (Photos: The excavation project, UiO).

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So far, we have only encountered Byzantine bones and objects, but as the 2012 campaign was about to end, so did the Byzantine bone deposit. Just above the lower benches there was a layer of silty sand thoroughly void of any finds, sealing any earlier, presumably Roman, contexts from the deposit. An empty context, a sealed tomb and a metre of soil left to exca-vate allows for careful excitement of what lies beneath.

Tomb 322 (IS)With tomb 322 we started excavations in a new area of the necropolis, northwest of the previously investigated tombs. The layout of tomb 322 before excavation was quite similar to that of cist graves. In plan the structure was

slightly trapezoid, measuring c. 2.7 x 1.0 m, and reaching a depth of 1.3 m, mostly subter-ranean and thus much deeper than the com-mon cist graves in Hierapolis (Figure 3). The walls consisted of large stone blocks, with the upper 20 cm built up of smaller stone slabs and bricks. On top of these were flat rectangu-lar stone slabs that supported the four large blocks covering the tomb. The walls were coated with mortar. In the east end of the tomb there were distinct wave and spiral pat-terns in the mortar, probably resulting from the plastering technique rather than being decorative. The purpose of the mortar was most likely practical, to avoid the intrusion of moisture. The floor was made from large stone slabs and smaller tile fragments.

Figure 2. Irene Selsvold and Helene Russ carefully brushing out bones in tomb 51. The door of the tomb can be seen at the back; to the back right is tomb 42 and sarcophagus 62. Upper left: bronze cross (Photos: The excavation project, UiO).

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Figure 3. Tomb 322; unguentarium and coin (Photos: The excavation project, UiO).

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The fill of tomb 322 was to some degree dis-turbed, especially in the eastern part where it was fairly loose and contained no finds or skeletal remains. In the western part a layer of fist sized rocks had protected part of the buri-al. In addition to skeletal remains of at least four people and some fragmented grave goods, a complete unguentarium was recovered, data-ble to the late 1st to the first half of the 2nd century AD. Around the unguentarium there were 85 small iron nails, probably from the fittings and/or décor of a small wooden chest originally containing the unguentarium. Last but not least we were treated with a well-pre-served bronze coin on the floor of the tomb, providing us with a terminus ad quem/post quem for the burials. The coin, with the Egyptian deities Serapis and Isis and the text IΕΡAΠOΛEITΩN, is a well-established Hierapolitan coin. It can be dated within the Trajanic to Severan periods (c. AD 98–217; for comparison see e.g. Travaglini and Camilleri 2010:Cat.nos. 206–211). The coin and the unguentarium provide a probable time frame of use to the 2nd century AD. The tomb was possibly the burial place for a small family, perhaps with some connection to the neighbouring tomb 321, with a similar archi-tectural layout. There were no indications of later reuse of the tomb.

Photogrammetric documentation of tomb monuments (SA) Photogrammetry is the technique of measur-ing objects on photographic images and is as old as photography itself. Many techniques have been developed to avoid lens distortion and to rectify perspective, usually involving expensive metric or stereoscopic optical devi-ces. Huge progress in the development of software in the last two decades has made close range photogrammetry a method available to

anyone with a digital camera, software and a high-performance computer. We decided to apply photogrammetry for the documentation of architecture in Hierapolis, to drastically reduce fieldwork and to increase accuracy. We have also modelled object finds and excavation situations with excellent results.

The software selected was Agisoft Photoscan, which has already been successfully tested for archaeological documentation, e.g. by the University of Tromsø since 2011. The soft-ware locates overlapping points on at least three pictures, forming a point cloud, and calculates the camera positions. In a second step a mesh of polygons is constructed and can be visualized as wireframe, solid or shaded model or displayed with a texture extracted from the photographs. The models do not present an interpretation of the object, as mea-surements with total station or manual draw-ings do, rather they are a measurable 3D scan of the object that can be brought home to fellow researchers, and so on. Any interpreta-tion is done in sketches and descriptions.

To prepare the photo-sessions in the field, the tombs were thoroughly cleaned of vegetation (Figure 4). Markers were glued to the walls of the tombs and levelled with a rotation laser in order to provide a horizontal line for the final drawings. Because of the lack of a total station, the distances between the markers were mea-sured manually with measuring tape as accu-rately as possible to get a scale for the final model and to control its accuracy. The photos have to be taken according to basic photo-grammetric rules, e.g. exactly identical focal length on all pictures (fix the lens position with tape), each element of the object must be visible on at least three photographs, the photo graphs must have a minimum of 60 %

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Figure 4. The photogrammetric stages (Illustration by S. Ahrens).

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overlap and be taken more or less parallel to each other, in homogeneous light conditions (no flash), etc.

We usually took sets of 100–200 or more pictures of a tomb monument, as rapidly as possible to avoid any significant change of the light. While manual drawing of these monu-ments might take several days, fieldwork was now reduced to about one hour per tomb. The computational processing to model the object might take hours or even days, but as the soft-ware is fully automated, our models were usually processed at night when we were sound asleep. Fair drafting has been done after the return from field work. For that purpose ortophotos are exported from the models, forming the basis for plan, profile, cut and façade view drawings in Photoshop and Illustrator. Our architectural drawings will be reviewed on site in the 2013 campaign, adding another hour to the fieldwork.

Photogrammetry will certainly change the way we document in the field the next few years. In addition to the excellent applicability of the method in field documentation, photogram-metric 3D models give the possibility to take the object home, send it to a colleague via internet, present it in an exhibition or print it with a 3D printer. The great challenge will be to tailor methods for the different applications (objects, 3D printing, field documentation etc.), train staff, evaluate when and how the method should substitute manual field dra-wings and GIS measurements, and last but not least: Complex 3D models may easily be hun-dreds of MB or even several GB in size, depen-ding on the quality of the model. How and where do we store these gigantic files for the future?

Osteological analyses (HK, HR)In addition to the excavations, there has been a huge effort to go through the excavated skeletal material. Altogether we estimate that we have 370–500 kg of bones. So far 92 kg and 40,500 fragments of bone have been weighed and counted. The preservation of the bone material is fairly bad, reflected by the average piece of bone weighing 2.4 g. Still it is possible to find valuable information buried among these bones. In the 2012 campaign we doubled our effort with two osteologists at work. We studied 89 different individuals, concentrating on the crania. In these individu-als we looked at sex, age, nutritional deficien-cies, dentition, non-metric traits and cranio-metrics, as well as registering any injuries and/or pathology.

In tomb 42 there were at least 54 individuals, of which 26 males or probable males and 19 females or probable females. Nine individuals were indeterminate mainly because of young age. In tomb 51 we have so far identified 25 individuals, and expect to find many more.

In tomb 322 the MNI (minimum number of individuals) was four, one female and one male between 25 to 50 years old, and two children 10–13 years and 3–6 months. Sarcophagus 63 also had a MNI of four, one female aged 50–60, one male aged 30–40 and two children of 5–6 and 11–13 years old. In sarcophagus 62 the MNI was two, but as the material was very poorly preserved we were only able to estimate the age of these individu-als. One was adult, 20–60 years old, and the other a sub-adult 10–18 years old.

So far only three individuals in the infans cate-gory (0–1 year) have been identified. We expect this number to increase during the next

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campaign as we study the material further. Due to our focus on the best-preserved crania, the less intact skulls of children and infants were not examined in detail.

Most of the examined individuals came from tomb 42, and a majority of them have been found in Byzantine contexts (79 %). Mixed Roman/Byzantine contexts contained 16 % and Roman contexts 5 % of the individuals. One cranium in particular gave surprising information. The skull of a man who died at an age of about 30 to 40 years showed a frac-ture on the left side (Figure 5). The injury was caused by a sharp edged weapon, most likely in a face-to-face fight with a right-handed opponent. Incomplete healing of the wound proves that the man did not live for a long time beyond that event.

Isotope and DNA analyses - a status update (GB)Small variations in the mass of the chemical elements, isotopes, are present in nature, and their profiles could provide insight into vari-ous aspects of the life span of the deceased. Isotope values of teeth represent the time of formation while bones continue to regenerate through life and therefore the isotope values provide information about the last years before death. The ratio of strontium isotopes reflects geographical origin, and isotope values of car-bon and nitrogen rely on diet composition. Thus, analysing both bones and teeth would provide knowledge about geographical locati-on and diet during early childhood and later in adult life, and it may also give an approximate time of death. Genetic analyses could further provide information about family relationship

Figure 5. Cranium with fracture (Photo: The excavation project, UiO).

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within grave houses, genetic diseases, infecti-ous plague agents and, on a larger scale, pro-vide information on regional population structure.

After the bones from the tombs in the east necropolis had been examined anthropologi-cally, samples were extracted by removing molar 1 and 3 (where possible) and a piece of the cranium for chemical and biological analy-ses. In collaboration with Caroline Laforest at University of Bordeaux, we collected skeletal material from two other sites in Hierapolis, a Roman tomb of the north necropolis, inter-preted as a Jewish family grave, and from gra-ves located under the Byzantine church with the embedded tomb of Saint Philip in the east

necropolis. In collaboration with the Austrian Archaeological Institute, we also obtained samples from Ephesus, from graves dated both to the Roman and the Ottoman period. The Hierapolis samples collected in previous years have proven to be challenging, both for radio-carbon dating and for obtaining isotope and genetic profiles. Preservation is unfortunately generally poor, whereas the biological and chemical preservation of skeletal elements is better in Ephesus. Analyses are, however, in progress for both sites, and we aim to obtain profiles of a selection of samples from the ancient populations. A comparison of the sites would provide a novel insight into life in the golden days of these ancient cities.

L I T T E R A T U R

Bortheim, K. and E. M. Sund2008 Hierapolis 2008. Inntrykk frå norske utgravingar i italiensk regi på tyrkisk jord. Klassisk forum 2008 (2):96–103.2009 Norske utgravninger i Hierapolis, Tyrkia 2008. Nicolay Arkeologisk Tidsskrift 108:27–31.

Bortheim, K., C. C. Wenn, and E. M. Sund2010 Hierapolis - Frygiens hellige by. Sfinx 33(3):134–137.

Ingvaldsen, H., S. Ahrens, and J. R. Brandt2008 Utgravninger i Tyrkia 2002–2007. Nicolay Arkeologisk Tidsskrift 105:57–65.

Selsvold, I., L. Solli, and C. C. Wenn2012 Surveys and Saints - Hierapolis 2011. Nicolay Arkeologisk Tidsskrift 117:13–22.

Travaglini, A. and V. G. Camilleri (eds.)2010 Hierapolis di Frigia: le monete - campagne di scavo 1957–2004. Hierapolis di Frigia IV. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul.

Wenn, C. C.2011 A Necropolis through the Centuries - Roman and Byzantine Tombs in the East Necropolis of Hierapolis, Turkey. Nicolay Arkeologisk Tidsskrift 114:13–20.

Wenn, C. C., E. M. Sund, and K. Bortheim2010 Excavating a reused tomb - challenges and methods. Tomb 42, East Necropolis of Hierapolis, Turkey. Nicolay Arkeologisk Tidsskrift 111:19–26.

Suggestions for further reading regarding Photoscan (available on www.academia.edu):

De Reu, J., G. Plets, G. Verhoeven, P. De Smedt, M. Bats, B. Cherretté, W. De Maeyer, J. Deconynck, D. Herremans, P. Laloo, M. Van Meirvenne, and W. De Clercq2013, Towards a three-dimensional cost-effective registration of the archaeological Heritage. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:1108–1121.

Doneus, M., G. Verhoeven, M. Fera, Ch. Briese, M. Kucera, and W. Neubauer2011. From deposit to point cloud - A study of low-cost computer vision approaches for the straightforward documentation of archaeological excavations. Geoinformatics 6 (XXIIIrd International CIPA Symposium):81–88.

Kjellman, E. 2012 From 2D to 3D: a photogrammetric revolution in archaeology? Unpublished MA-thesis, Department of Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Tromsø.

Reinhard, J. 2012 Things on strings and complex computer algorithms: Kite Aerial Photography and Structure from Motion Photogrammetry at the Tulul adh-Dhahab, Jordan. AARGnews 45:37–41.

NUMMER 121, 3/2013Tema: Eksperimentell arkeologi. Innleveringsfrist 1. september.

NUMMER 122, 1/2014Tema: Metall. Innleveringsfrist 1. desember.

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