Heliyon - Repository - UNAIR

Review article

Secondary metabolite compounds from Sida genus and their bioactivity

NS Aminah a ER Laili a M Rafi b A Rochman c M Insanu d KNW Tun ef

a Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Komplek Kampus C Jl Mulyorejo Surabaya 60115 Indonesiab Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institut Pertanian Bogor Jalan Tanjung Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 Indonesiac Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesiad Department of Pharmaceutical Biology School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung West Java Indonesiae Postdoc Fellow Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga Komplek Kampus C Jl Mulyorejo Surabaya 60115 Indonesiaf Department of Chemistry Pathein University Pathein Myanmar

A R T I C L E I N F O

KeywordsSidaAlkaloidsFlavonoidsCoumarinAnticancerAntidiabetic

A B S T R A C T

Plants are the key source for the production of novel therapeutic products for new medicines The biologicalproperties of the plant species used world wide are mainly accountable for their secondary metabolites obtainedfrom plants The goal of this analysis is to summarize the chemical composition and biological effects of the genusSida (Malvaceae) to identify potential research opportunities This analysis draws on the literature review ofscientific journals and books from libraries and electronic sources like ScienceDirect Springer PubMedResearchGate Google Scholar and the Website Some groups of secondary metabolite compounds isolated fromthe genus Sida include alkaloids flavonoids coumarin and others Pharmacological experiments found that thereare a wide variety of biological activities in extracts and compounds isolated from the genus Sida comprisingantimalarial antiplasmodial antimicrobial analgesic antibacterial antioxidant vasorelaxant wound healingantifungal activities the inhibition of quinone reductase and mouse mammary organ culture

1 Introduction

Metabolites are the transitional products of metabolism and restrictedto small molecules Plant produces a lot of chemicals that can be catego-rized into primary metabolites and secondary metabolites Primary me-tabolites are necessary for cell function and they are omnipresentSecondary metabolites are useful for human because of their diverse ap-plications (Dufour and Rao 2011 Olivoto et al 2017 Yang et al 2018)

The genus sida has relatively 200 species scattered in every part oftropical and subtropical regions in the world (Mabberley 1997) Thegenus sida is originated in Brazil (Bovini 2015) This plant can be used astraditional medicine but no reviews have been made on the phyto-chemical toxicological and pharmacological properties of the genus SidaThe main focus of this review is phytochemistry pharmacologicalproperties botanical aspects of the herbs their experimental applicationand translational investigation of genus sida (see Table 1)

2 Botanical description

21 Sida cordifolia

Sida cordifolia is an erect perennial growing up to 50ndash200 cmhigh Leaves are oblong hair-coated and 35 cm long The trunks

are green-yellow thick long and short The cycle of flora and fruitis from October to December (Shetu et al 2019) Sida cordifoliaplants according to Khurana et al (2016) have the followingcategorization

Kingdom Plantae

Subkingdom Tracheobionta

Super division Spermatophyta

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Subclass Dilleniidae

Superorder Malvanae

Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Subfamily Malvoideae

Tribe Malveae

Genus Sida

Species S cordifolia

Scientific name S cordifolia L

Corresponding authorE-mail address nanik-s-afstunairacid (NS Aminah)

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Heliyon

journal homepage wwwcellcomheliyon

httpsdoiorg101016jheliyon2021e06682Received 17 July 2020 Received in revised form 15 November 2020 Accepted 30 March 20212405-8440copy 2021 The Author(s) Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (httpcreativecommonsorglicensesby-nc-nd40)

Heliyon 7 (2021) e06682

Table 1 Isolated compounds from Genus Sida and their biological activities

Compound name Species Biological activities References

Ψ-(peudo)-ephedrine (1) S cordifolia Ghosh and Dutta (1930)

β- phenethylamine (2) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

ephedrine (3) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

Ψ-ephedrine (4) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

S-(thorn) Nb-methyltrypto-phanmethyl ester (5) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

hypaphorine (6) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

vasicinone (7) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

vasicine(8) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

vasicinol (9) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

quindolinone (10) S acuta Quinone reductase Jang et al (2003)

cryptolepinone (11) S acuta S rhombifolia Vasorelaxant Mouse mammaryorgan culture Quinone reductase

Jang et al (2003) Chaves et al (2013)

11-methoxyquindoline (12) S acuta Quinone reductase Jang et al (2003)

N-trans-feruloyltyramine (13) S acuta Mouse mammary organ culture Jang et al (2003)

50-hydroxymethyl-10-(1239-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[21-b]quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one (14)

S cordifolia Sutradhar et al (2006)

1239-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [21-b] quinazolin-3-ylamine (15) S cordifolia Sutradhar et al (2007)

2-(10-amino-butyl) indol-3-one (16) S cordifolia Sutradhar et al (2007)

20-(3H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-butan-10-ol (17) S cordifolia Sutradhar et al (2007)

a salt of cryptolepine (18) S cordifolia Chaves et al (2013)

11-methoxy-quindoline (19) S cordifolia Chaves et al (2013)

quindoline (20) S cordifolia Chaves et al (2013)

1239-tetrahydropyrrolo[21-b]quinazolin-3-amine (21) Sida glutinosa Das et al (2011)

3456-tetrahydro-3-methyl-β-carboline-5carboxylic acid (22) Sida szechuensis Yao and Xu (2000)

cryptolepine (23) S acuta Antiplasmodial Banzouzi et al (2004)

3-(300 700-dimethyl-200 600-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol3-O-β-D-glucoside (24)


3-(300 700-dimethyl-200 600-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol3-O-β-D-glucosyl [1rarr4]-β-D-glucoside (25)


6-(300-methyl200-butene)-30-methoxyl-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol3-O-β-D-glucosyl[1rarr4]-β-D-glucoside 3 30-(300 700-Dimethyl 200600 otadiene)-8-Cβ-D-glucosylkeampferol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (26)


57-dihydroxy-3-isoprenylflavone (27) S cordifolia Sutradhar et at (2008)

5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyl Flavone (28) S cordifolia Sutradhar et at (2008)

57-dihydroxy-40-methoxyflavone (29) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2013)

kaempferol (30) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2017)

kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glycosyl-600-α-D-rhamnose (31) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2017)

Glutinoside (32) S glutinosa Das et al (2012)

Chrysin (33) S glutinosa Das et al (2012)

scopoletin (34) S acuta S rhombifolia Jang et al (2003)

scoporone (35) S rhombifolia Jang et al (2003)

20-hydroxy24-hydroxymethyl ecdysone (36) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003) Jadhav et al (2007)

20-hydroxyecdysone (37) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003) Jadhav et al (2007)

turkesterone (38) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

makisterone C (39) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

20-Hydroxyecdysone-2022-monoacetonide (40) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

24(28)-Dehydromakisterone A (41) S glutinosa Das et al (2012)

2β3β14α202122R24-heptahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (42) S szechuensis Yao and Xu (2000)

polypodine B (43) S szechuensis Yao and Xu (2000)

α-ecdysone (44) S szechuensis Yao and Xu (2000)

25-acetoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (45) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

Pterosterone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ecdysteroid (46) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

ecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (47) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (48) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (49) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

taraxast-120(30)-dien-3-one (50) S acuta Antioxidant Chen et al (2007)

taraxasterone (51) S acuta Antioxidant Chen et al (2007)

7a-methoxy-α-tocopherol (52) S acuta Antioxidant Chen et al (2007)

(continued on next page)

NS Aminah et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06682

2

22 Sida acuta

There was no literature for plant description of Sida acuta Sida acutaplants according to Mohideen et al (2002) have the followingcategorization

23 Sida rhombifolia

Sida rhombifolia is a menber of the genus Sida which belongs to theMalvaceae family Local names are called guri sidaguri saliguri(Sumatra) sadagori sidaguri otok-otok taghuri sidagori (Java)kahindu mistaken (Nusa Tenggara) and hutugamo bitumu digo sosapu(Maluku) (Dalimartha 2003) Sidaguri plants (Sida rhombifolia L) ac-cording to Sivarajan and Pradeep (1994) have the followingclassification

24 Sida spinosa

Sida spinosais recognized as Kantakinibala (prickly fanpetals) is anerect perennial shrub This plant is primarily found in the warmer parts ofIndia at the height of 4400 ft The plant is stellate with filiform leaves 30

cmndash1 m high stipules 2ndash5 mm long petiole length 2ndash20 mm 1ndash3 spinytubercles present on the stem at the base of petiole lanceolate to ovateoblong or rather orbicular round at the base acute or obtuse at the apexand serrate at the apex Moreover flowers in terminal branches axillarysolitary or 2ndash5 in fascicles 2ndash5 mm pedicel 02 cm long fruits attachedclose to the center or tip Calyx is 4ndash5 mm long and the fruits are com-pressed spherical with pubescent above Furthermore the length of thereddish brown glabrous seeds are 15 mm (Lin et al 2010) Sida spinosaplants according to Singh and Navneet (2018) have the followingclassification

25 Sida tuberculata

In an area of South America Sida tuberculata is mostly grown and is awell-known drink such as infusion or tea Sida tuberculata is an herba-ceous or subshrub plant that grows between 40 and 80 cm in length andexpands by kernels leaf blades elliptic or subrhombic to narrowly linearupper surface with stellate trichomes flowers and fruits crowded insubsessile axillary glomerules or if solitary the pedicels up to 15 mmlong calyx lobes with stellate trichomes and often with sparse simpletrichomes in addition and mericarps 6ndash8 muticous to submuticousindehiscent (Rosa et al 2015) Sida tuberculata plants according tohttpswwwearthcomearthpediaplantnosida-tuberculatahavethe following classification

Table 1 (continued )


β-tocopherol (53) S acuta Chen et al (2007)

α-tocopherol (54) S acuta Chen et al (2007)

α-tocospiro B (55) S acuta Chen et al (2007)

vomifoliol (56) S acuta Jang et al (2003)

Ioliolide (57) S acuta Jang et al (2003)

4-ketopinoresinol (58) S acuta Jang et al (2003)

evofolin-A (59) S acuta Jang et al (2003)

evofolin-B (60) S acuta Jang et al (2003)

glyceryl-1-eicosanoate (61) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

p-hydroxyphenethyl trans-ferulate (62) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

triacontane (63) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

1-eicosene (64) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

9-hydroxy-cis-11-octadecenoic acid (65) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

1-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(2S3S4R8Z)-2-[(20R)-20

-hydroxypalmito-ylamino]-8-octadecene-1340-triol (66)S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

phaeophytin A (67) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2013)

173-ethoxypheophorbide A (68) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2013)

132-hydroxy phaeophytin B (69) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2013)

173-ethoxypheophorbide B (70) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2013)

Kingdom Plantae

Class Dicotyledoneae

Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Specie S acuta

Scientific name Sida acuta Burman f

Divisio Spermatophyta

Sub Divisio Angiospermae

Classis Dicotyledoneae

Sub classis Dialypetalae

Ordo MalvalesColumniferae

Familia Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S rhombifolia

Scientific name Sida rhombifolia L

Kingdom Plantae

Division Tracheophyta

Class Mangnoliopsida

Order Malvales

Genus Sida

Species S spinosa

Scientific name Sida spinosa

Kingdom Plantae


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S tuberculata

Scientific name Sida tuberculata


3

26 Sida cordata

Sida cordata (Burmf) a medicinal plant has been used for severalillnesses This plant belongs to the family Malvaceae which commonlygrow in India The plant is 30ndash80 cm tall Soft hairy grows in its stemspetioles and pedicels pubescent The heart-shaped leaves are 1ndash55 cmlong and one at every node The yellow flowers are produced on the axilsof the leaf Furthermore flowers are axillary solitary 8ndash10 mm indiameter Calyx 5 6 mm across campanulate 5-fid simple and somestellate-hairy outside glabrous within and around the margin while thelength of petioles is 15ndash30 mm Moreover the width of Corolla orange-yellow is 10 mm the size of petals is 6 5 mm obovate base ciliateThere are 4 3 mm schizocarps globose enclosed in persistent calyxmericarps 5 awnless The colour of the seeds is brownish black The plantis blooming and fruiting throughout the year but it is mainly producedfrom September through November The plant is also best to live in un-used lands damp and cool which needs up to one thousand and fivehundred meter of area (Ugborogho 1980) Sida cordata plants accordingto httpswwwgbiforgspecies5406739 have the followingclassification

27 Sida glutinosa

Sida glutinosa is different from other species It has a viscid dense stemwith glandular and cutaneous hair sometimes with star hair leaves 2ndash4 1ndash3 cm symmetrical concolor heart-shaped oval solitary interest inaxils or in diffuse terminal panicles calyx 45ndash50 mm unaccenteddensely covered by viscid glandular hair and mixed with simple hair andstellate obtrullate sepals 1ndash2 cm in diameter symmetrical petals retuseyellow with or without a red center stamens 12ndash20 free filamentsleading to the apex and merger 5 apical 2-spined dense thorn coveredwith antrorse hair (Baracho and Agra 2016 Abat et al 2017) Thisspecies can be found in tropical America from northwestern Mexico andthe Caribbean to Argentina and Brazil (Krapovickas 2006) Sida glutinosaplants according to httpplantamorcomspeciesinfosidaglutinosahave the following classification

28 Sida szechuensis

Sida szechuensis is a Vietnamese plant Its main uses are as an herb thepetiole and pedicle have slightly thick hair penninerved leaves axillarysolitary or in panicles calyx campanulate with 5 triangular lobes paleyellow or orange crown with pointed petals mostly more or less

obliquely staminal column ca 5 mm long with long hair ovaries withhair like a star style more than 7 the outside of the protruding proti-culately veined short-tent reniform seeds dark brown or black withwhite hair (Xuyen 2006) Sida szechuensis plants according tohttpswwwgbiforgspecies119199119 have the followingclassification

29 Methods

The documentation for this review was compiled from various datasources likes ScienceDirect Springer PubMed ResearchGate GoogleScholar and the Website

3 Chemical constituents

31 Alkaloid

Ghosh and Dutt (1930) isolated Ψ-(peudo)-ephedrine (1) from theS cordifolia From the roots of S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975) reportedβ-phenethylamine (2) ephedrine (3) Ψ-ephedrine (4) S-(thorn) Nb-me-thyltryptophanmethyl ester (5) hypaphorine (6) vasicinone (7) vasi-cine (8) and vasicinol (9) Jang et al (2003) isolated quindolinone (10)cryptolepinone (11) 11-methoxyquindoline (12) N-trans-feruloyltyr-amine (13) from the whole plants of S acuta From the aerial parts ofS cordifolia Sutradhar et al (2006) isolated a new alkaloid 50-hydrox-ymethyl-10-(1239-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [21-b] quinazolin-1-yl)-hepta-n-1-one (14) Sutradhar et al (2007) studied the aerial parts ofS cordifolia revealed the presence of four new alkaloids 1239-tetrahy-dro-pyrrolo [21-b] quinazolin-3-ylamine (15) 50-hydroxymethyl-10-(1239-tetrahydropyrrolo [2 1-b] quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one (14)2-(10-amino-butyl) indol-3-one (16) and 20-(3H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-bu-tan-10-ol (17) Chaves et al (2013) isolated cryptolepinone (11) and asalt of cryptolepine (18) From the aerial parts of S rhombifolia Chaveset al (2017) reported quindolinone (10) the cryptolepine salt (18)11-methoxy-quindoline (19) and quindoline (20) from the aerial parts ofS rhombifolia Das et al (2011) isolated 1239-tetrahydropyrrolo[21-b]quinazolin-3-amine (21) from the aerial parts of Sida glutinosa Yao andXu (2000) reported 3456-tetrahydro-3-methyl-β-carboline-5carboxylicacid was isolated from Sida szechuensis Banzouzi et al (2004) isolatedcryptolepine (23) from the ethanolic extract of S acuta Alkaloid groupcompounds in the genus Sida are presented in Figure 1

32 Flavonoid

Sutradhar et at (2007) isolated three new flavonol C-glycosides3-(300700-dimethyl-200600-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (24) 3-(300700-dimethyl-200600-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl [1rarr4]-β-D-glucoside (25) and6-(300-methyl200-butene)-30-methoxyl-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl [1rarr4]-β-D-glucoside 3 30-(300 700-Dimethyl 200600

otadiene)-8-C β-D-glucosylkeampferol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (26) from theaerial parts of S cordifolia Sutradhar et at (2008) isolated two newflavones 57-dihydroxy-3-isoprenylflavone (27) and 5-hydroxy-3-iso-prenyl Flavone (28) from the chloroform extract of S cordifolia In2013 Chaves et al isolated 57-dihydroxy-40-methoxyflavone (29) fromthe aerial parts of S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2017) also isolatedkaempferol (30) and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glycosyl-600-α-D-rhamnose (31)from the aerial parts of S rhombifolia Das et al (2012) isolated

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Tracheophyta


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S cordata

Scientific name Sida cordata (Burm f)

Kingdom Plantae


Superdivision Spermatophyta


Class Magnoliopsida


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S glutinosa

Scientific name Sida glutinosa Comm ex Cav

Kingdom Plantae

Family Malvsceae

Genus Sida

Species S szechuensis

Scientific name S szechuensis Matsuda


4

Glutinoside (32) and Chrysin (33) from the aerial parts of Sida glutinosaFigure 2 presents the reported flavonoid compounds isolated from thegenus Sida

33 Coumarins

Jang et al (2003) isolated scopoletin (34) from the whole plants ofS acuta Chaves et al (2017) reported scopoletin (34) and scoporone(35) from the aerial parts of S rhombifolia The two structures ofcoumarin compound are shown in Figure 3

34 Ecdysteroids

From the aerial parts of S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)reported five ecdysteroids 20-hydroxy24-hydroxymethyl ecdysone(36) 20-hydroxyecdysone (37) turkesterone (38) makisterone C (39)and 20-Hydroxyecdysone-2022-monoacetonide (40) Das et al (2012)reported 24(28)-Dehydromakisterone A (41) found in dried aerial partsof Sida glutinosa Yao and Xu (2000) isolated 2β3β14α202122R24-heptahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (42) polypodine B (43) andα-ecdysone (44) from Sida szechuensis Jadhav et al (2007) isolatedecdysone (36) 20-hydroxyecdysone (37) 25-acetoxy-20-hydrox-yecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (45) Pterosterone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ecdysteroid (46) ecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(47) 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (48) and20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from the whole plant of

S rhombifolia Figure 4 shows the molecular structure of the ecdysteroidgroup of compound of the genus Sida

35 Triterpenes

Chen et al (2007) reported two triterpenes including a newtaraxast-120(30)-dien-3-one (50) and taraxasterone (51) from the wholeplant of S acuta The two triterpenes structure can be seen in Figure 5

36 Tocopherols

Chen et al (2007) reported a new tocopherol derivative7a-methoxy-α-tocopherol (52) along with β-tocopherol (53) α-tocoph-erol (54) and α-tocospiro B (55) from the whole plant of S acuta Thestructure of the tocopherols derivatives is shown in Figure 6

37 Other compounds

Jang et al (2003) isolated vomifoliol (56) Ioliolide (57) 4-ketopi-noresinol (58) evofolin-A (59) and evofolin-B (60) from the wholeplants of S acuta Darwish and Reinecke (2003) reported two newcompounds namely glyceryl-1-eicosanoate (61) and p-hydrox-yphenethyl trans-ferulate (62) together with four known compoundstriacontane (63) 1-eicosene (64) 9-hydroxy-cis-11-octadecenoicacid (65) and 1-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(2S3S4R8Z)-2-[(20R)-20-hydroxypalmito-ylamino]-8-octadecene-1340-triol (66) from the aerialparts of S spinosa Chaves et al (2013) isolated phaeophytin A (67)

Figure 1 Alkaloids 1ndash23 isolated from genus Sida


5

173-ethoxypheophorbide A (68) 132-hydroxy phaeophytin B (69)173-ethoxypheophorbide B (70) from the aerial parts of S rhombifoliaThe structure of compoundss 56ndash70 is presented in Figure 7

4 Biological activities

41 Antimalarial activity

Karou et al (2003) reported that various fractions of S acuta showedthe antimalarial activity with the IC50 values in the range of 005ndash5704μgmL

42 Antiplasmodial activity

The EtOH roots extract of S acuta displayed the antiplasmodial ac-tivity with the IC50 values in the range of 39ndash54 μgmL In additioncompound 23 from S acuta also showed potent antiplasmodial activity(Banzouzi et al 2004)

43 Antimicrobial activity

Momin et al (2014) evaluated the antimicrobial activity ofS cordifolia EtOH extract using five pathogenic bacteria with standardantibiotic kanamycin The extract of S cordifolia has no antimicrobialactivity against five selected bacteria

44 Analgesic activity

Momin et al (2014) evaluated the analgesic activity S cordifoliaEtOH extract using acetic acid-induced writhing reflex model in micewith standard drug diclofenac The extract displayed a significant (P gt

0001) decrease in the writhing reflex of mice induce acetic acid at a dose

of 500 mgkg Moreover the aqueous acetone extract of S acuta andS cordifolia was reported to inhibit dose-dependent analgesic activity(Konate et al 2012)

45 Anti-inflammatory activity

Moreover aqueous leaves extract of S cordifolia was found to inhibitthe carrageenin-induced rat paw edema at a dose of 400 mgkg admin-istrated orally (Franzotti et al 2000)

46 Antibacterial activity

Islam et al (2003) studied the antibacterial activity of various ex-tracts of S rhombilolia with Gram-positive and Gram-negative test or-ganisms The results revealed that all extracts exhibited weak activityKarou et al (2005) conducted the antibacterial activity of S acuta al-kaloids fraction using agar-well diffusion assay and broth microdilutionassay The highest zone inhibition diameters were identified byGram-positive bacteria in accordance with agar-well diffusion assayFrom the broth microdilution assay the MIC and MBC values observed inthe range of 16ndash400 μgmL and 80ndash400 μgmL In 2007 Oboh et alevaluated the antibacterial activity of the 90 EtOH extract of S acutaaerial parts with agar-dilution method The results of the MIC were foundvalues in the range of 5ndash10 mgmL In other studies Assam et al (2010)evaluated antibacterial activity of the aqueous-methanol extract ofS rhombifolia (14 vv) using agar disc diffusion and agar dilutionmethods The results found that aqueous-methanol extract ofS rhombifolia displayed moderate activity Moreover Halilu et al (2016)evaluated antibacterial activity of S cordifolia ethanolic leaves extractusing cup plate method against Gram-positive and Gram-negative mi-croorganisms The results showed that the extract has potent activity onall tested organisms

47 Antioxidant activity

In 2003 Auddy et al (2003) assessed the antioxidant activity of EtOHextract and water infusions of S cordifolia with ABTS radical cationdecolorization assay and lipid peroxidation According to the ABTS assay

Figure 2 Flavonoids 24ndash33 isolated from genus Sida

Figure 3 Coumarins 34ndash35 isolated from genus Sida


6

the EtOH extract displayed potent activity (IC50 1607 μgmL) Chenet al (2007) studied the antioxidant activity of compounds 52ndash55 withDPPH assay and the result showed that compound 52 53 and 54 dis-played significant activities with the EC50 values of 869 682 and 709μM Momin et al (2014) evaluated the antioxidant activity of EtOHextract of S cordifolia using DPPH assay with standard ascorbic acidAccording to the results the IC50 values of the extract and standardascorbic acid was 50 and 116 μgmL In addition Kumar et al (2019)assessed the antioxidant activity of various extracts of S cordifolia usingDPPH assay with standard ascorbic acid The results found that various

Figure 4 Ecdysteroids 36ndash49 isolated from genus Sida

Figure 5 Triterpenes 50ndash51 isolated from genus Sida

Figure 6 Tocopherols 52ndash55 isolated from genus Sida


7

extracts and standard ascorbic acid displayed concentration-dependentpercent inhibition of DPPH radical

48 Vasorelaxant activity

In another study the vasorelaxant activity was detected in the rodentisolated mesenteric arteries by the compound 11 (Chaves et al 2013)

49 Wound healing activity

Pawar et al (2013) informed that the EtOH extract of S cordifoliadisplayed wound healing activity in rats Moreover Francis et al (2018)also informed that EtOH leaves extract of S rhombifolia has a prospectiveadvantage in enhancing wound healing In another study Kumar et al(2019) studied wound healing activity of various extract of S cordifoliaagainst dexamethasone-induced retardation in rats According to theresults aqueous extract of S cordifolia displayed significant activity

410 Antifungal activity

Rosa et al (2015) evaluated the antifungal activity of aqueousinfusion from S tuberculata leaves and roots using the brothmicro-dilution method against 37 clinical isolates of opportunistic yeasts

The MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) and MFC (minimal fungi-cidal concentration) were identified toward Candida krusei isolates

411 Antidiabetic activity

Ahmad et al (2014) documented that the alcoholic extract ofS cordifolia displayed antihyperglycemic action when administered tostreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

412 Toxicity

Islam et al (2003) evaluated the toxicity of various extracts ofS rhombilolia using brine shrimp bioassay with standard reference gallicacid According to the results EtOAc extract of S rhombilolia exhibitedsignificant cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 541 ppm In additionthe aqueous extract of S cordifolia has low acute toxicity in mice (Fran-zotti et al 2000)

413 Antiarthritic activity

Gupta et al (2009) assessed the antiarthritic activity of various ex-tracts of S rhombifolia According to the results EtOH and aqueous ex-tracts displayed significant activity

Figure 7 Other compounds 56ndash70 isolated from genus Sida


8

414 Quinone reductase induction assay

Jang et al (2003) evaluated quinine reductase induction activity ofcompounds (10ndash14 34 and 56ndash60)with culture mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cellThe results showed that compounds 10ndash11 have the most potent activity

415 Mouse mammary organ culture assay

Jang et al (2003) studied the prospective of compounds (10ndash14 34and 56ndash60) to inhibit the 712-dimethylbenzene (DMBA)- induced pre-neoplastic lesion in a mouse mammary organ culture According to theresults compounds 11 (833) and 13 (750) displayed the activity toinhibit 712-dimethylbenzene (DMBA)- induced preneoplastic lesion at adose of 10 μgmL

5 Conclusion

Eight species of the genus Sida have been explained and discussed inthis review article The eight species produce a variety of secondarymetabolite compounds namely alkaloids flavonoids coumarinesecdysteroids triterpenes tocopherols and other compounds The com-pounds depicted a variety of interesting biological activities So they canbe used as a reference for the researchers to develop further research orexploration

Declarations

Author contribution statement

All authors listed have significantly contributed to the developmentand the writing of this article

Funding statement

The work is supported by Universitas Airlangga (UNAIR) IPB UGMand ITB through ldquoRISET KOLABORASI INDONESIA-WCU (WORLDCLASS UNIVERSITY)rdquo (252UN314PT2020)

Data availability statement

Data included in articlesupplementary materialreferenced inarticle

Declaration of interests statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest

Additional information

No additional information is available for this paper

References

Abat JK Kumar S Mohanty A 2017 Ethnomedicinal phytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants of malvaceae used in Indiantraditional medicines a review Medicines 4 (4) 75

Ahmad M Prawez S Sultana M Raina R Pankaj NK Verma PK Rahman S2014 Anti-hyperglycemic anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant potential ofalcoholic-extract of Sida cordifolia (areal part) in streptozotocin-induced-diabetes inwistar-rats Proc Natl Acad Sci India B Biol Sci 84 397ndash405

Assam AJ Dzoyem JP Pieme CA Penlap VB 2010 In vitro antibacterial activityand acute toxicity studies of aqueous-methanol extract of Sidarhombifolia Linn(Malvaceae) BMC Compl Alternative Med 10 40

Auddy B Ferreira M Blasina F Lafon L Arredondo F Dajas F Tripathi PCSeal T Mukherjee B 2003 Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indianmedicinal plants traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerativediseases J Ethnopharmacol 84 (2-3) 131ndash138

Banzouzi J-T Prado R Menan H Valentin A Roumestan C Mallie MPelissier Y Blache Y 2004 Studies on medicinal plants of Ivory Coastinvestigation of Sida acuta for in vitro antiplasmodial activities and identification ofan active constituent Phytomedicine 11 (4) 338ndash341

Baracho GS Agra MDF 2016 A new record of Sida glutinosa (Malvaceae) a rarespecies of the Caatinga in northeastern Brazil with lectotypifications and taxonomicnotes on the allied Sida glabra Phytotaxa 282 (1) 37ndash45

Bovini MG 2015 Sida in Lista de Especies da Flora do Brasil Jardim Botanico do Rio deJaneiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Chaves OS Gomes RA Tomaz ACA Fernandes MG Mendes Junior LDGAgra MF Braga VA Souza MFV 2013 Secondary metabolites from Sidarhombifolia L (Malvaceae) and the vasorelaxant activity of cryptolepinone Molecules18 2769ndash2777

Chaves OS Teles YCF Monteiro MMDO Junior LDGM Agra MDFBraga VDA Silva TMS Souza MDFVDS 2017 Alkaloids and phenoliccompounds from Sida rhombifolia L (Malvaceae) and vasorelaxant activity of twoindoquinoline alkaloids Molecules 22 (1) 94

Chen CR Chao LH Pan MH Liao YW Chang CI 2007 Tocopherols andtriterpenoids from Sida acuta J Chin Chem Soc 54 41ndash45

Dalimartha S 2003 Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia EdisiKetiga PuspaSwara JakartaDarwish FM Reinecke MG 2003 Ecdysteroids and other constituents from Sida

spinosa L Phytochemistry 62 (8) 1179ndash1184Das N Achari B Harigaya Y Dinda B 2011 A new flavonol glucoside from the aerial

parts of Sida glutinosa J Asian Nat Prod Res 13 965ndash971Das N Nath J Dinda B 2012 Antioxidant phytochemicals from Sida glutinosa

J Pharm Res 5 4845ndash4848Dufour N Rao RP 2011 Secondary metabolites and other small molecules as

intercellular pathogenic signals FEMS Microbiol Lett 314 (1) 10ndash17Francis P Masimba P Awakigonja AR 2018 Evaluation of the wound healing

activity of formulated ointments and water preparation from Sida rhombifolia leafextract Tanzan J Health Res 20 (4) 1ndash8

Franzotti EM Santos CV Rodrigues HM Mourao RH Andrade MRAntoniolli AR 2000 Anti-inflammatory analgesic activity and acute toxicity ofSida cordifolia L (Malva-branca) J Ethnopharmacol 72 273ndash277

Ghosal S Ballav R Chauhan PS Mehta R 1975 Alkaloids from Sida cordifoliaPhytochemistry 14 830ndash832

Ghosh S Dutt A 1930 Chemical examination of Sida cordifolia Linn J Indian ChemSoc 7 825ndash829

Gupta SR Nirmal SR Patil RY Asane GS 2009 Anti-arthritic activity of variousextracts of Sida rhombifolia aerial parts Nat Prod Res 23 689ndash695

Halilu ME Muhammad I Dangoggo SM Farouq AA Ahmed AShamsuddeen AA 2016 Phytochemical and antibacterial screening of petroleumether and ethanol extracts of Sida cordifolia leaves J Chem Soc Niger 41 137ndash142

Islam ME Haque M Mosaddik MA 2003 Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity ofSida rhombifolia (Malvaceae) grown in Bangladesh Phytother Res 17 1182ndash1186

Jadhav AN Pawar RS Avula B Khan IA 2007 Ecdysteroid glycosides from SidarhombifoliaL Chem Biodivers 4 2225ndash2230

Jang DS Park EJ Kang YP Su BN Hawthorne ME Vigo JS Graham JGCabieses F Fong HHS Mehta RG Pezzuto JM Douglas Kinghorn A 2003Compounds obtained from Sida acuta with the potential to induce quinone-reductaseand to inhibit 7 12-dimethylbenz [a]-anthracene-induced prenoplastic lesions in amouse mammary organ culture model Arch Pharm Res 26 585ndash590

Karou D Dicko MH Sanon S Simpore J Traore AS 2003 Antimalarial activity ofSida acuta burm F (malvaceae) and pterocarpus erinaceus poir (Fabaceae)J Ethnopharmacol 89 (2-3) 291ndash294

Karou D Savadogo A Canini A Yameogo S Montesano C Simpore J Colizzl VTraore AS 2005 Antibacterial activity of alkaloids from Sidaacuta Afr JBiotechnol 4 (12) 1452ndash1457

Khurana N Sharma N Patil S Asmita G 2016 Phytopharmacological properties ofSida cordifolia a review of folklore use and pharmacological activities Asian JPharmaceut Clin Res 2 52ndash58

Konate K Bassole IHN Hilou A Aworet-Samseny RRR Souza A Barro NDicko MH Datte JY Batchi BM 2012 Toxicity assessment and analgesicactivity investigation of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida acuta Burn f and Sidacordifolia L (Malvaceae) medicinal plants of Burkina Faso BMC Compl AlternativeMed 12 120

Krapovickas A 2006 Las especies argentinas Y de paiacuteses vecinos de Sida Secc Nelavaga(malvaceae Malveae) Bonplandia 15 (12) 5ndash45

Kumar S Lakshmi PK Sahi C Pawar RS 2019 Sida cordifolia accelerates woundhealing process delayed by dexamethasone in rats effect on ROS and probablemechanism of action J Ethnopharmacol 10 (235) 279ndash292

Lin HW Wang CM Tseng YH 2010 Sida spinosa L (Malvaceae) a newlynaturalized plant in Taiwan J Natl Taiwan Mus 32 1ndash6

Mabberley DJ 1997 The Plant Book A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plantssecond ed cambridge University Press cambridge

Mohideen S Sasikala E Gopal V 2002 Pharmacognostic studies on Sida acutaBurmf Anc Sci Life 22 (1) 57ndash66

Momin MA Bellah SF Rahman SM Rahman AA Murshid GM Emran TB2014 Phytopharmacological evaluation of ethanol extract of Sida cordifolia L rootsAsian Pac J Trop Biomed 4 (1) 18ndash24

Olivoto T Nardino Carvalho IR Follmann DN Szareski J Ferrari M dePelegrin AJ de Souza VQ 2017 Plant secondary metabolites and its dynamicalsystems of induction in response to environmental factors a review Afr J Agric Res12 (2) 71ndash84


9

Pawar RS Chaurasiya PK Rajak H Singour PK Toppo FA Jain A 2013 Woundhealing activity of Sida cordifolia Linn in rats Indian J Pharmacol 45 (5) 474ndash478

Rosa HS Camargo VB Camargo G Garcia CV Fuentefria AM Mendez AS2015 Ecdysteroids in Sidatuberculata RE Fries (Malvaceae) chemical compositionby LC-ESI-MS and selective anti-Candida krusei activity Food Chem 182 193ndash199

Shetu HJ Durdana N Farjana A Nuzhat Z Pritesh RD 2019 Pharmacologicaland Phytochemicalimportance of Sidacordifolia a Review pp 60ndash73

Singh A Navneet 2018 Ethnomedicinal pharmacological properties andphytochemistry of Sida spinosa Linn A mini review J Phytopharm 7 (1) 88ndash91

Sivarajan VV Pradeep AK 1994 Taxonomy of the Sida rhombifolia (Malvaceae)complex in India Contrib Bot 16 (1) 63ndash78

Sutradhar RK Rahman AK Ahmad MU Bachar SC Saha A Guha SK 2006Bioactive alkaloid from Sidacordifolia Linn With analgesic and antiinflammatoryactivities Iran J Pharmacol Ther 5 (2) 175ndash178

Sutradhar RK Rahman AKMM Ahmad MU Saha K 2007a Alkaloids of Sidacordifolia L Indian J Chem Sect B Org Chem Incl Med Chem 46 (11)1896ndash1900

Sutradhar RK Rahman AKMM Ahmad MU 2007b Three new flavonol C-glycosides from Sida cordifolia Linn J Iran Chem Soc 4 175ndash181

Sutradhar RK Rahman AK Ahmad MU Bachar SC 2008 Bioactive flavones ofSida cordifolia Phytochem Lett 1 (4) 179ndash182

Ugborogho RE 1980 The taxonomy of Sida L (Malvaceae) in Nigeria Boletin daSociedade Broteriana Ser 54 99ndash119

Xuyen DT 2006 Sida azechuensis Matuda (Malvaceae) one new species for the flora ofVietnam Vienam Acad J Biol 28 (3) 40ndash42

Yang L Wen KS Ruan X Zhao YX Wei F Wang Q 2018 Response of plantsecondary metabolites to environmental factors Molecules 23 (4) 762

Yao C Xu Y 2000 Phytoecdysone from Sidaszechuensis Yunan Zhiwu Yanjiu 22503ndash506


10

Apr 01 2021Volume 7 Issue 4Open Access

Impact of travel by walk and road on testicular hormones oxidants tracesminerals and acute phase response biomarkers of dromedary camelsRagab H Mohamed Amal M Abo El-Maaty Amal R Abd El Hameed Amal H Alie06879

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A Cell Press journalScience that inspires

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Dr Athanasios Damialis

Dr Athanasios Damialis is a multi-disciplinary scientist working for more than 20 years on the fields of plant and fungal ecologyenvironmental sciences biometeorology climate change and environmental health His particular focus lies on the reproductive biologyof plants (flowering phenology atmospheric circulation of airborne pollen) and on endophytic fungi He uses an inter-disciplinaryresearch approach with environment-environment interactions and human-environment interactions This includes mainly thoseinteractions including but not limited to the detection of bio-climatic indicators and spatiotemporal patterns of plant forest andagricultural habitats and ecosystems in relation to ongoing and simulated climate change His research goal is to comprehend theresponsive ability of organisms under stress conditions ultimately attempting to promote sustainable growth and environmental quality

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Biochemistry molecular biology and cell biology

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Prof Nicola Zambrano

Nicola Zambrano is professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Naples Federico II and group leader at CEINGE AdvancedBiotechnologies Naples Italy He holds a MSc degree in biological sciences and a PhD in biotechnologies acquired within a jointdoctoral program from the Universities of LAquila and Naples Italy He was a visiting fellow at National Cancer Institute NIH inBethesda from 1991 to 1994 and visiting scientist at EMBL in Heidelberg Germany in 1997 His academic career at the Federico IIUniversity in Naples started with an assistant professor position in biochemistry (1996) before being enrolled as an associate professor(2002) and then as a full professor in molecular biology (2010)

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Prof Jinrong Min

Professor Jinrong Min received his PhD degree in physics from the Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences in China andcarried out his post-doctoral training in chromatin structural biology at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory USA He is currently theprincipal investigator of the Chromatin Structural Biology Group at the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) University of Torontoand an associate professor in the Department of Physiology at the University of Toronto

Biology

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Business and economics

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Dr Larisa Yarovaya

Professor Larisa Yarovaya received her doctorate in finance from Northumbria University in England Currently she is a lecturer infinance Programme Director BSc Finance and deputy head of Centre for Digital Finance at the Southampton Business SchoolUniversity of Southampton Prof Yarovaya is a researcher the fields of international finance digital finance financial integration Islamic finance energyeconomics information transmission and international business She has published her research in peer-reviewed academic journalsand is an associate editor of the International Review of Financial Analysis Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions andMoney Heliyon and Data-in-Brief

Dr Pavlos Delias

Pavlos Delias is a tenured faculty member at the International Hellenic University Department of Accounting and Finance He holds ajointly supervised PhD from both Technical University of Crete and University Paris Dauphine under a cotutelle agreement Pavlos Delias has been invited as a visiting professor in several universities (national as well as international) He has contributed tonumerous research projects focusing on applying the principles of business analytics and operational research to decision supportsystems design and use He is also a member of the coordination board for the EURO working group on decision support systems Hisresearch interests are in the areas of business process analytics business analytics and operational research and multiple criteriaanalysis

Chemistry

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Dr Francesco Epifano

Prof Epifano obtained his degree in medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical technology in 1993 from the University of Perugia Italy In1998 he obtained his PhD in agricultural entomology at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Perugia Currently heis an associate professor of medicinal chemistry at the Department of Pharmacy of the University Gabriele DAnnunzio of Chieti-Pescara His recent work is concerned with synthesis and pharmacological properties of secondary metabolites from plants fungi andbacteria Dr Epifano was the recipient of the 2010 IADR Glaxo Smith Kline Innovation in Oral Care Award as the co-investigator of theproject entitled ldquoTherapeutic potential of Citrus auraptene for periodontal diseaserdquo the 2012 Apivita Award for Phytochemistry and the2017 Pierre Fabre ndash Phytochemical Society of Europe Innovation Award

Clinical research

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Dr Carolyn Mackintosh-Franklin

Dr Carolyn Mackintosh-Franklin has had an extensive career in both clinical practice and higher education working at the University ofBradford University of Liverpool University of Hull and currently working at the University of Manchester She received her first degreefrom the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne her MSc from the University of Manchester and doctorate from the University of BradfordShe is also a registered nurse specializing in the assessment and management of acute and chronic pain Her research interests arebroad ranging encompassing work on health care professionalsrsquo attitudes towards those in pain aspects of pain assessment andmanagement and pedagogic research into learning needs of mature students with a range of highly cited publications and conferencepresentations in these areas

Prof Giuseppe Musumeci

Giuseppe Musumeci received a BS MS and PhD in Human Movement and Sport Sciences from the University of Catania ItalyCurrently he works as a Professor of Sports Sciences at the Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences School ofMedicine University of Catania Italy He is also an Adjunct Professor at the Temple Universityrsquos College of Science and TechnologyPhiladelphia USA and at the Faculty of Sport Sciences Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China Prof Musumeci is the Director of theResearch Center on Motor Activities (CRAM) the Director of School of Posturology and Physical Exercise Sciences the Dean of theHuman Movement Sciences Faculty and the Head of the Movement Innovation PosturaLab at the University of Catania He is currentlyEditor-in-Chief of Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology Musumecis research interests are centered on morphologicalmolecular biochemical and clinical aspects of osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal disorders and the relative effects of diet ageing andphysical activity Other research topics of interest are tissue engineering and mechanobiology related to the musculoskeletal system inthe clinical context

Prof Graham Pawelec

Graham Pawelec received an MA in natural sciences and a PhD in transplantation immunology from the University of Cambridge UKHe is currently professor of experimental immunology in the Department of Immunology University of Tuumlbingen Tuumlbingen GermanyHe is a visiting professor at Nottingham Trent University UK and at Kings College London UK holds an honorary chair at ManchesterUniversity UK He is a member of the Cancer Solutions Program at the Health Sciences North Research Institute of Canada SudburyOntario Canada He is currently co-editor-in-chief of ldquoImmunity and Agingrdquo Grahamrsquos research interests are centred on alterations toimmunity especially T cell-mediated immunity in ageing and cancer in man and the influence these have on the outcome ofvaccination and immunomodulatory antibody therapies The impact of polypathogenicity (including multiple infections cancerAlzheimeracutes diabetes autoimmunity) as well as stress (psychological nutritional) on immune signatures reflecting individual immunestatus is of particular interest in the clinical context

Computer science

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Dr Jonathan Chan

Dr Jonathan H Chan is an associate professor of computer science and a co-founder of D-Lab at the School of InformationTechnology King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi Thailand Jonathan holds a PhD from the University of Toronto wherehe has also served as a visiting professor In addition to his role as the section editor of Heliyon Computer science Dr Chan is anaction editor of Neural Networks and a member of the editorial boards of International Journal of Machine Intelligence and SensorySignal Processing International Journal of Swarm Intelligence and Proceedings in Adaptation Learning and Optimization Dr Chan is a founding member and a current VP of the IEEE-CIS Thailand Chapter and a senior member of IEEE ACM and INNS amember of the Professional Engineers of Ontario (PEO) and a governing board member of APNNS He also holds an NVIDIA DeepLearning Institute (DLI) University Ambassadorship and is a certified DLI instructor His research interests include intelligent systemsbiomedical informatics and data science and machine learning in general

Earth science

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Earth science

Prof Andrew S Hursthouse

Professor Hursthouse is a professor of environmental geochemistry at the University of the West of Scotland (UWS) and holds a PhDin environmental radioactivity from University of Glasgow and a BSc degree in geochemistry from University of Reading He holds a100 talent high-end expert fellowship at Hunan University of Science amp Technology Xiangtan PRC He has editorial roles in severalearth and environmental science journals and has worked in academic and industrial research environments

Professor Hursthousersquos areas of interest and expertise are in earth process interactions and the environmental geochemistry of metallicelements resource exploitation and implications for human health and this approach also applied to environmental pollution industrialprocesses economic development and society remediation and treatment of chemical pollution chemical and environmental hazardswaste and environmental management and regulation

Education

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Education

Prof David Gonzaacutelez-Goacutemez

Heliyon Education is led by Section Editor David Gonzaacutelez-Goacutemez PhD Dr Gonzaacutelez-Goacutemez is a Professor in the Department ofScience and Mathematics Education and the Dean of the Teaching Trainer School at the University of Extremadura (Spain) DrGonzaacutelez-Goacutemez is known internationally for work in science education science technology engineering and mathematics (STEM)active learning methodologies for teaching science affective domain in the science learning process education for the sustainabilitySDGs Currently he is an advisory council of the Science Technology and Innovation of Extremadura government in Spain

Energy

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Energy

Dr Socrates Kaplanis

Prof Socrates Kaplanis obtained his degree in physics from University Thessaloniki a MSc in nuclear reactors from Aston Universityand a PhD in radiation detection and modelling from the University Patra He has held academic positions including professor ofrenewable energy systems at the Technological Educational Institute of Patra head of the renewable energy systems laboratoryhonorary professor and doctor honoris causa at the Transylvania University in Brasov and as a visiting professor at the University ofApplied Sciences in Aachen Germany Prof Kaplanis has a research background in solar radiation prediction modelling zero and intelligent energy buildings PV systemsengineering solar thermal engineering and PV based hybrid systems He has held various posts including president of theTechnological Educational Institute of Patra president of the Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece and vice-presidentand President of the European Institutions in Higher Education (EURASHE)

Engineering

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Engineering

Dr Andrea Francesco Morabito

Professor Andrea Francesco Morabito received his PhD in computer biomedical and telecommunications engineering from theUniversity of Reggio Calabria Italy where he has also served as an assistant professor in electromagnetic fields since 2010 Hisresearch work is mainly focused on models and effective strategies for the solution of inverse problems in particular antennasynthesis phase retrieval and electromagnetic inverse scattering

Prof Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi

Professor Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi received his PhD in mechanical engineering from Tarbiat Modares University Iran He iscurrently a professor of mechanical engineering at Tongji University in Shanghai China and previously taught at Bu-Ali University inIran Prof Rashidi was named a 2018 highly cited researcher by Clarivate Analytics

Environment

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Environment

Prof Frederic Coulon

Professor Frederic Coulon holds a chair in Environmental Chemistry amp Microbiology at Cranfield University UK In addition to hisposition as section editor for Heliyon Environment Prof Coulon is an associate editor for Environment International and Science of theTotal Environment His professional interests include soil and water chemistry fate and transport of chemicals in surface andsubsurface waters water and wastewater treatment soil and sediment treatment hazardous waste site remediation energy andenvironment population and environment and public communication of environmental science and engineering His researchachievements address international priorities under the umbrella of the Water-Soil-Waste nexus across sectors and scales His work ispremised on the understanding that environmental resources are inextricably intertwined and therefore there is a need of advancing anexus approach to enable integrated and sustainable management of water soil and waste systems

Prof Christian Sonne

Professor Christian Sonne DVM PhD DScVetMed Dipl ECZM-EBVS holds a professorship in veterinary ecotoxicology and wildlifemedicine at Aarhaus University Denmark In addition to his position as section editor for Heliyon Environment Prof Sonne serves asspecial issues editor for Environmental Pollution Since 1997 Prof Sonne has specialized in the cross-field of biological effects fromexposure to environmental chemicals diseases and climate change giving him a unique insight and profile working with a broad rangeof animals including predatory mammals raptorial birds sea birds fish and humans He has a broad insight and interest in internal andreproductive organs (histopathology size and morphology) skeletal system (bone density and morphology using eg DXA scanning)immune system (intra dermal testing of lymphocyte functioning immune globulin production and cytokine and APP expressions)endocrine system (steroid and peptide hormones) PBPK modelling blood biochemistry and infectious diseases (zoonosis) ProfSonne uses his global network to obtain interdisciplinary research results Since 2015 he has applied his in-depth knowledge andunderstanding of biological processes to also include specific un-solved wildlife issues in Denmark (eider duck population declines) andhealth of raptors Recently his innovative approaches have led to the first interactions with private industry focusing on naturalresources developments and translational medicine within insulation osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome Prof Sonne alsospecializes in surgical field implantations of intra-coelomic (abdominally) and subcutaneously satellite transmitters (PTTs) in various seabird species and immobilization of deer spp

Food science and nutrition

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Food science and nutrition

Prof Lilian Mariutti

Prof Lilian R B Mariutti received her aaster and doctorate degrees in food science from the School of Food Engineering - University ofCampinas Brazil where she currently has a position as assistant professor She was a researcher fellow in the Laboratory ofVeterinary Drug Residues of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Food Supply Her research focuses on the identificationand bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and lipids and design of food ingredients from non-conventional sources

Global Health amp Infectious Disease

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Global Health amp Infectious Disease

Dr Chaisiri Angkurawaranon Public Health Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand

Chaisiri Angkurawaranon received his MD from Chiang Mai University and specialises in Family Medicine He received a Masters inMedical Statistics and a PhD in Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineHis research focuses on global health issues related to ageing and chronic conditions (both communicable and non-communicable) inprimary care

Dr Nitika Pant Pai Infectious Disease McGill University Montreal Canada

Dr Nitika Pant Pai is a tenured Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine at McGill University Her global implementationresearch program for the past twenty years is focused on point-of-care diagnostics for HIV and other sexually transmitted blood borneinfections specifically the innovation implementation and impact of digital strategies with rapid diagnostics and wearable solution Shedevelops integrated connected strategies with digital innovations Bayesian diagnostics artificial intelligence to plug health servicedelivery gaps in diagnostics in rapid diagnostics She serves to inform domestic and global policy on point-of-care diagnostics

Her research program is based in Canada India and South Africa She has led many diagnostic trials cohortcross sectional studiesmeta-analyses systematic reviews modelling studies to inform the gaps in policies to end the HIV epidemic Her research has beensupported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research the FRQS Grand Challenges Canada Bill and Melinda GatesFoundation National Institutes of Health MRC SHIP South African DST IC-IMPACTS Clinton Health Access Initiative among others

She has served on many technical working groups for national and international agencies WHO Foundation for InnovativeDiagnostics PSI The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ASLM CDC PHAC REACH among others She has advised the office ofthe US Congress on multiplex testing She has also contributed to HIV self-testing guidelines and policy guidance for HIV self-testingfor the WHO She serves the Strategic Advisory Board of the Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics and is on WHOrsquos Roster of DigitalHealth Experts She serves on the Editorial Moard for biomedical journals and regularly reviews for key international health agencies

She is an elected member of the College of New Scholars Artists amp Scientists of the Royal Society of Canada

Materials science

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Materials science

Prof Luis M Gandiacutea

Luis M Gandiacutea is a full professor of chemical engineering at the Public University of Navarre (UPNA) since 2010 Prof Gandiacuteaobtained his PhD in chemistry at the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of the Basque Country in DonostiaSan Sebastiaacuten in 1993He is a founding member of the Institute for Advanced Materials (InaMat) at UPNA He is the head of a multi-disciplinary research teammainly working on renewable resources valorization and the development of catalytic materials for environmental and energyapplications His research interests include preparation and physico-chemical characterization of heterogeneous catalysts structuredand micro-structured catalysts and chemical reactors photocatalysis biofuels and synthetic fuels hydrogen energy Li-ion batteriesmethane conversion CO valorization and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Mathematics

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Mathematics

Prof Hermann J Eberl

Dr Hermann Eberl is a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Guelph (Canada) where he isalso the director of the Biophysics Interdepartmental Graduate Program Prior to joining the University of Guelph he obtained hisgraduate degrees (DiplMath Drrernat) at the Technical University of Munich (Germany) and was a postdoctoral fellow first at the DelftUniversity of Technology (the Netherlands) and then at the GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health inOberschleissheim (Germany)

2

His research is in mathematical modelling analysis and simulation of biological systems and their interaction with their physicalenvironment This encompasses dynamical systems partial differential equations numerical analysis and scientific computing The twoprimary strands of his research in recent years were the development and application of mathematical methods in biofilm research andmathematical modelling of honeybee colonies and their diseases

Microbiology

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Microbiology

Dr Dana Stanley

Associate Professor Dana Stanley was awarded a PhD in molecular microbiology from Victoria University Melbourne in 2009 Her PhDproject ldquoGeneration and Characterisation of Ethanol-Tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mutantsrdquo investigated the molecular andmetabolic determinants of ethanol tolerance in yeast and was awarded ldquothe most outstanding PhD in 2009rdquo by the University ProfStanley held a postdoctoral position in CSIROrsquos Animal Health Laboratories (AAHL) one of the worldrsquos most sophisticated animalresearch laboratories where she researched poultry intestinal health specifically gut microbiota and genetics Currently Prof Stanleyis a leader of the molecular microbiology research cluster at Central Queensland University focusing in human and livestock intestinalhealth probiotic and next generation antibiotic development and pathogen control She is working in collaboration with worldrsquos leadingprobiotic companies on research projects aiming to improve intestinal health of agricultural animals and humans Prof Stanleyrsquos workhas been published in Nature Medicine (as the first author) Nature Communications and Nature Immunology

Neuroscience

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Neuroscience

Dr Mario Tiberi

Dr Mario Tiberi is a senior scientist at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institutersquos Neuroscience Program and associate professor at theUniversity of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine in the departments of medicine cellular and molecular medicine and psychiatry He is also amember of the University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute Dr Tiberi completed his PhD in Pharmacology (1990) on opioidreceptors at the Universiteacute de Montreacuteal under the supervision of Dr Jacques Magnan before moving on to a very successful post-doctoral training at the Howard Hughes Medical Institutes at Duke University in Dr Marc Caronrsquos laboratory It was during hispostdoctoral training that Dr Tiberi refined his area of research expertise in molecular biology and biochemistry of dopamine receptorsHis research interests focus on dopamine receptors G proteins signal transduction desensitization and phosphorylation Dr Tiberirsquoswork aims to understand complex structure and molecular relationships of dopamine receptor signaling complexes using in vitro cellularsystems and pre-clinical in vivo models with the aim of aiding in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for brain disorderssuch as Parkinsonrsquos disease stroke schizophrenia and drug addiction Dr Tiberi has published over 50 scientific papers and edited twobooks He has wide experience with undergrad and graduate student supervision as well as teaching Many of his former graduatestudents have gone on to successful independent research careers

Pharmaceutical science pharmacology and toxicology

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Pharmaceutical science pharmacology and toxicology

Prof Emilio Clementi

Emilio Clementi graduated in medicine and surgery at the University of Milano received his doctorate in pharmacotherapy at theUniversity of Brescia to move as research fellow to the University College London He is currently full professor of pharmacology anddirector of the clinical pharmacology unit of the National Health System at the University of Milano co-opted member in the executivecommittee of the International Union of basic and clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)

He has published on the pathophysiology of nitric oxide and its relevance in therapeutic perspective especially in skeletal muscle andon pharmacokinetics pharmacogenetics and pharmacoepidemiology in paediatry He is presently the editor in chief of pharmacologicalresearch

Dr Dimitrio Lamprou

Dimitrios Lamprou (PhD MBA) is a reader in pharmaceutical engineering and the MSc programme director in industrial pharmaceuticsat the School of Pharmacy in Queens University Belfast (UK) He is also the chair at United Kingdom and Ireland Controlled ReleaseSociety (UKICRS) Dr Lamprou specialises in the areas of pharmaceutical manufacturing amp emerging technologies and his researchand academic leadership have been recognised in a range of awards including the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Science Award andthe Scottish Universities Life Sciences Alliance Leaders Scheme Award His group is applying nano and microfabrication techniques inpharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing such as 3D printing amp bioprinting electrospinning and microfluidics

Dr Martin Leonard

Dr Leonard obtained his PhD in pharmacology in 2000 from University College Dublin Ireland He has over 15 yearsrsquo experience as atoxicologist focussed to developing and improving on models and methods for assessment of toxicological hazard including the use ofhigh content omics technology and iPSC in vitro models of the airway Dr Leonard is a European registered toxicologist and currentlyholds a position as principal toxicologist at Public Health England directing research into the mechanisms of allergen and particulatehazard associated with asthma and allergic airway disease Dr Leonard has published extensively in the fields of toxicology cellbiology and immunology In addition to section editor at Heliyon he is also associate editor for the journal Toxicology in Vitro

Physics

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Physics

Prof Gerald Cleaver

Gerald B Cleaver earned his PhD in early universe cosmology and string theory at Caltech He is a professor and graduate programdirector of the department of physics at Baylor University in Waco Texas He also heads the Early Universe Cosmology and StringTheory (EUCOS) division of Baylorrsquos Center for Astrophysics Space Physics and Engineering Research (CASPER) With CASPER colleagues Prof Cleaver (i) explores quantum gravity effects in the early universe and the signatures of specificquantum gravity proposals especially with regard to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) (ii) studies relativistic thermodynamicsand physics amp cosmology applications to cryptography (iii) analyzes spacetime curvatures (and their possible divergences) fortheorized spacetime wormholes and (iv) investigates advanced spacecraft propulsion systems Prof Cleaver was a member of aNASA blue-ribbon review committee for advanced propulsion system proposals He has written over 100 journal articles andconference proceedings is co-author of an elementary particle physics textbook author of six book chapters on the editorial board offour science journals and referee for nine physics journals

Psychology

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Psychology

Dr Pavica Sheldon

Dr Pavica Sheldon received her PhD in communication studies from Louisiana State University and currently serves as chair andassociate professor in the Department of Communication Arts at University of Alabama in Huntsville Dr Sheldon is an author of threebooks and over 40 journal articles studying uses and gratifications of social media and also how people communicate forgiveness ininterpersonal relationships

Quantitative biology biotechnology and bioengineering

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon quantitative biology biotechnology and bioengineering

Dr Andrea de Martino

Andrea De Martino received his PhD in theoretical physics from SISSA (Trieste Italy) He worked at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut (BerlinGermany) the Italian Institute for the Physics of Matter (Rome Italy) and Sapienza University (Rome) before joining the NationalResearch Council and more recently the Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine in Turin where he is part of the Statistical Inference ampComputational Biology Unit

Dr De Martino is generally interested in the physics of living systems across multiple scales from single cells to ecosystems He worksin broadly defined systems biology (computational amp mathematical biology genome-scale models bioinformatics etc) Dr De Martinorsquosfavorite questions revolve around the functional roles of cell-to-cell heterogeneities the interplay between physiology and geneexpression in proliferating vs quiescent cells the processing of information by biological networks and the emergence of multi-cellularand population-level behavior

Social science

Meet the full editorial team for Heliyon Social science

Prof P Vigneswara Ilavarasan

P Vigneswara Ilavarasan (PhD - IIT Kanpur) is a professor of information systems at the Dept of Management Studies Indian Instituteof Technology Delhi He researches and teaches about the interaction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) societyand business Dr Ilavarasan has been a visiting research fellow at United Nations University - School of Computing and Society (Macau) and Schoolof Management Curtin University (Perth) He is a recipient of the Outstanding Young Faculty Fellowship Award at IIT Delhi and ProfMN Srinivas Memorial Prize of the Indian Sociological Society He is also a senior research fellow at LIRNEasia a leading regionalICT policy and regulation think tank He has received large research grants from Dept of Science amp Technology (Govt of India) ICSSR(India) IDRC (Canada) Oxford Analytica (UK) IPTS (European Commission) CIPPEC (Argentina) and IdeaCorp (Philippines) Hisresearch has appeared in various leading international journals and at numerous global conferences

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Cancer Cell

Cell Chemical Biology

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Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports

Cell Reports Medicine

Cell Reports Methods

Cell Reports Physical Science

Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis

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Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands

SUBJECT AREA AND CATEGORY

Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020

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The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranksjournals by their average prestige per article It is based onthe idea that all citations are not created equal SJR is ameasure of scientic inuence of journals that accountsfor both the number of citations received by a journal andthe importance or prestige of the journals where suchcitations come from It measures the scientic inuence ofthe average article in a journal it expresses how central tothe global scientic discussion an average article of the

Total Documents

Evolution of the number of published documents All typesof documents are considered including citable and noncitable documents

Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580

Citations per document

This indicator counts the number of citations received bydocuments from a journal and divides them by the totalnumber of documents published in that journal The chartshows the evolution of the average number of timesdocuments published in a journal in the past two three andfour years have been cited in the current year The twoyears line is equivalent to journal impact factor trade(Thomson Reuters) metric

Cites per document Year ValueCites Doc (4 years) 2015 0000Cites Doc (4 years) 2016 0759Cites Doc (4 years) 2017 1405Cites Doc (4 years) 2018 1679Cites Doc (4 years) 2019 1930Cites Doc (4 years) 2020 2812Cites Doc (3 years) 2015 0000Cites Doc (3 years) 2016 0759Cites Doc (3 years) 2017 1405Cites Doc (3 years) 2018 1679

Total Cites Self-Cites

Evolution of the total number of citations and journals self-citations received by a journals published documentsduring the three previous yearsJournal Self-citation is dened as the number of citationfrom a journal citing article to articles published by thesame journal

Cites Year ValueS lf Cit 2015 0

External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc

Evolution of the number of total citation per document andexternal citation per document (ie journal self-citationsremoved) received by a journals published documentsduring the three previous years External citations arecalculated by subtracting the number of self-citations fromthe total number of citations received by the journalrsquosdocuments

Cit Y V l

International Collaboration

International Collaboration accounts for the articles thathave been produced by researchers from several countriesThe chart shows the ratio of a journals documents signed

Citable documents Non-citable documents

Not every article in a journal is considered primary researchand therefore citable this chart shows the ratio of ajournals articles including substantial research (researcharticles conference papers and reviews) in three year

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

02

04

06

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k

Cites Doc (4 years)Cites Doc (3 years)Cites Doc (2 years)

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

06

12

18

24

3

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

4k

8k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2

4

Metrics based on Scopusreg data as of April 2021

Asmaa 5 days ago

Is this journal free for Egypt

reply

Dr Md Ismail Hossain 6 days ago

APC for this journal showing USD 1750 How can I ger wave for this APC Please let me know

asap

reply

by researchers from more than one country that isincluding more than one country address

Year International Collaboration

windows vs those documents other than research articlesreviews and conference papers

Documents Year Value

Cited documents Uncited documents

Ratio of a journals items grouped in three years windowsthat have been cited at least once vs those not cited duringthe following year

Documents Year ValueUncited documents 2015 0Uncited documents 2016 14Uncited documents 2017 78Uncited documents 2018 154

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0

2k

4k

8192020 Airlangga University Mail - Confirming submission to Heliyon

httpsmailgooglecommailu0ik=c623abfa38ampview=ptampsearch=allamppermthid=thread-f3A1672468550988155524ampsimpl=msg-f3A1672468550988155hellip 11

nanik siti aminah ltnanik-s-afstunairacidgt

Confirming submission to Heliyon1 message

Heliyon ltemeditorialmanagercomgt Fri Jul 17 2020 at 751 PMReply-To Heliyon ltinfoheliyoncomgtTo Nanik Siti Aminah ltnanik-s-afstunairacidgt

CC Erlinda Rhohmatul Laili erlindarhohmatullaili-2015fstunairacid Mohamad Rafi mraipbacid AbdulRochman abdulkimfargmailcom Muhamad Insanu insanufaitbacid Khun Nay Win Tun khunnaywin-2017fstunairacid

This is an automated message

Secondary Metabolite Compounds from Sida Genus and Their Bioactivity-A review

Dear Dr Aminah

We have received the above referenced manuscript you submitted to Heliyon It has been assigned the manuscriptnumber HELIYON-D-20-05079 To track the status of your manuscript please log in as an author athttpswwweditorialmanagercomheliyon and navigate to the Submissions Being Processed folder

Thank you for submitting your work to Heliyon an open access journal that is part of the Cell Press family

Kind regards Heliyon

More information and support

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FAQ How can I reset a forgotten password httpsserviceelseviercomappanswersdetaila_id28452supporthubpublishing For further assistance please visit our customer service site httpsserviceelseviercomapphomesupporthubpublishingHere you can search for solutions on a range of topics find answers to frequently asked questions and learn moreabout Editorial Manager via interactive tutorials You can also talk 247 to our customer support team by phone and247 by live chat and email

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Decision on submission HELIYON-D-20-05079 to Heliyon 3 messages

Heliyon ltemeditorialmanagercomgt Thu Oct 8 2020 at 441 PMReply-To Heliyon ltinfoheliyoncomgtTo Nanik Siti Aminah ltnanik-s-afstunairacidgt

Manuscript Number HELIYON-D-20-05079 Title Secondary Metabolite Compounds from Sida Genus and Their Bioactivity-A review Journal Heliyon

Dear Dr Aminah

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to Heliyon

We have completed the review of your manuscript and a summary is appended below The reviewers recommendmajor revisions are required before publication can be considered

If you are able to address all reviewer comments in full I invite you to resubmit your manuscript We ask that yourespond to each reviewer comment by either outlining how the criticism was addressed in the revised manuscript or byproviding a rebuttal to the criticism This should be carried out in a point-by-point fashion as illustrated herehttpswwwcellcomheliyonguide-for-authorsRevisions

To allow the editors and reviewers to easily assess your revised manuscript we also ask that you upload a version ofyour manuscript highlighting any revisions made You may wish to use Microsoft Words Track Changes tool or forLaTeX files the latexdiff Perl script (httpsctanorgpkglatexdiff)

To submit your revised manuscript please log in as an author at httpswwweditorialmanagercomheliyon andnavigate to the Submissions Needing Revision folder Your revision due date is Nov 17 2020

We understand that the global COVID-19 situation may well be causing disruption for you and your colleagues If thatis the case for you and it has an impact on your ability to make revisions to address the concerns that came up in thereview process please let us know so we can discuss with you potential revision deadline extensions Please alsonote that Heliyon focuses on technically correct science and so you are only expected to include revisions that arenecessary to ensure that the content and the conclusions of the research are technically correct

I look forward to receiving your revised manuscript

Kind regards Salvatore Genovese Associate Editor - Chemistry Heliyon

Editor and Reviewer comments

Reviewer 1 MethodsIn the abstract the authors didnot talked about the meaning of secomdary metabolite of sidaand also the family name of sida why did the authors choose to research on the secondary metabolites of sida Theauthors spoke about some pharmacological activities but did not made it clear whether the crude of sida or purecompounds (secondary metabolites) that exhibited those activities The authors have to do a lot of proofreading andcorrect all the spelling mistakes

ResultsI would expect the authors to differentiate clearly between the specie name and scientific name in theirbotanical description for all the speices of the genus SidaThere should be a sub heading Pharmacological activites orpropertied for the authors to tell the reader what are the types of extracts how the secondary metabolite compoundsare extracted and how the bioactivities are done Authors also need to proofread for correction

InterpretationThe conclusions are good and relevant assuming the above modifications are made in order to properlyjustify them In summary its the basis for a really interesting and relevant review article on a timely and importantsubject but unfortunately Im afraid it needs a bit of work before publication if it is to be properly useful to the reader

Other commentsThe authors have no recommendations and this is important in every review paper

The conclusions are good and relevant assuming the above modifications are made in order to properly justify themIn summary its the basis for a really interesting and relevant review article on a timely and important subject butunfortunately Im afraid it needs a bit of work before publication if it is to be properly useful to the reader

Reviewer 2 Methods The methods used to search for evaluation resources are not mentioned it is important to mention the searchenginesdatabases used in addition to the criteria used to determine the inclusion of the article in this review For example -A literature search on PubMed was conducted to gather articles in this study using the MeSH terms -The following criteria were used to determine article inclusion in this review (1) original research articles written inEnglish (2) randomized trial helliphellip

Results 1-You did not devote a specific section to the results It is very important to highlight the results that you obtainedthrough your research on this topic in the previous literature and your presentation of these results must be clear andappropriate 2- is necessary for such type of research that you represent the results you obtained from previous studies or yourconclusions with tables and figures that make it easy for the reader to reach the largest amount of information easilyand quickly

Interpretation 1-The discussion of the findings was not critical but rather a descriptive summary of the topic There is a lot ofcontradictory research in this area you should include an element of debate and present both sides of the argumentYou must use this review paper to resolve the conflict between contradictory studies

2-You did not adopt any hypothesis the review article should be based on the adoption of a theory by the author and itshould take into account different approaches then the authors hypothesis against the prevailing opinion against theundisputed facts is precisely determined

Other comments

Dear authors I thank you for all your efforts Dear Sirs it is no secret to you that the literature review is a comprehensive and broad set of facts related to thesubject of study and it serves as the backbone of successful biomedical research Ideal selection of related topics isthe first step towards an educational review The benefit of this type of writing is that it contains detailed information onprogress made in past years with an emphasis on future prospects The progress of science depends on thedevelopment of an agreed version of the current scientific facts This compliance is created and modified by variousactivities including the creation peer review and publishing of review papers A good review paper can clarify thestate of knowledge explain obvious contradictions define the research needed and even create a consensus wherethere was no consensus before

From here it becomes clear that the review is not a collection of some information and merely listing it Rather thescientific review must be based on main pillars unfortunately the review that you submitted did not meet theseconditions and we will summarize that with the following axes

1- Abstract

-The main purpose of this review is not sufficiently clarified -The lack of clarity of the findings of this reference study in addition to neglecting to mention the methods used tocollect the results viewpoints of previous research and the conclusions obtained

2-Introduction -Your presentation of the topic should be beginning with a general view give some contexts and the necessaryreasons must be explained that led you to review this topic Define the research question clearly and providesufficient justification for it -There is no indications that your article will contribute something new to the field -It is very important to define the scope of your review so that it is manageable not too lengthy or too small It isnecessary to focus on recent developments if the field is well established3-Methodology The methods used to search for evaluation resources are not mentioned it is important to mention the searchenginesdatabases used in addition to the criteria used to determine the inclusion of the article in this review

For example A literature search on PubMed was conducted to gather articles in this study using the MeSH terms The following criteria were used to determine article inclusion in this review (1) original research articles written

in English (2) randomized trial helliphellip

4-Results -You did not devote a specific section to the results It is very important to highlight the results that you obtainedthrough your research on this topic in the previous literature and your presentation of these results must be clear andappropriate - is necessary for such type of research that you represent the results you obtained from previous studies or yourconclusions with tables and figures that make it easy for the reader to reach the largest amount of information easilyand quickly 5-Discussion and Conclusions The discussion of the findings was not critical but rather a descriptive summary of the topic There is a lot ofcontradictory research in this area you should include an element of debate and present both sides of the argumentYou must use this review paper to resolve the conflict between contradictory studies

You did not adopt any hypothesis the review article should be based on the adoption of a theory by the author and itshould take into account different approaches then the authors hypothesis against the prevailing opinion against theundisputed facts is precisely determined

The main message for this review is unclear 1- It is not easy even for an expert to know what the authors are trying to say or what they are trying to reach 2- In fact the authors do not say anything at all Rather this review is an account of the results of previous researchonly without discussion or analysis

OthersThere are many errors which include not mentioning the references in the list of references especially since thesereferences are mentioned in the text and we remind you to pay attention to formulating the phrases in a properlanguage and bypassing some spelling mistakes I will give you some examples Sutradhar et at (2007) Chaves et al (2013) mentioned in the text and not mentioned in the list of references Krapovickas 2006 Branda J L et al 2017 (Xuyen Do Thi 2006) Ghosh and Dutta (1930)

Dalimarta S 2003 The authors name is incorrect

Ethnomedisinal Wrongly written

Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments


FAQ How do I revise my submission in Editorial Manager httpsserviceelseviercomappanswersdetaila_id28463supporthubpublishing


FAQ How can I reset a forgotten password


Decision on submission HELIYON-D-20-05079R2 to Heliyon 1 message

Heliyon ltemeditorialmanagercomgt Thu Mar 4 2021 at 1246 PMReply-To Heliyon ltinfoheliyoncomgtTo Nanik Siti Aminah ltnanik-s-afstunairacidgt

Ms No HELIYON-D-20-05079R2 Title Secondary Metabolite Compounds from Sida Genus and Their Bioactivity Journal Heliyon

Dear Dr Aminah


We have now received all of the editor and reviewer comments on your recent submission to Heliyon Your paper willbecome acceptable for publication after implementation of minor formatting andor administrative changes outlinedbelow

To submit your revised manuscript please log in as an author at httpswwweditorialmanagercomheliyon andnavigate to the Submissions Needing Revision folder under the Author Main Menu When submitting your revisedmanuscript please ensure that you upload your most recent document with the Revised manuscript file - highlightingrevisions made item type

Kind regards

Like Wang Editorial Assistant Heliyon

Embargo Embargos are not automatically set for papers published in Heliyon Papers appear online a few days afteracceptance To request a media embargo andor publication on a specific date please reach out to the Heliyon team(infoheliyoncom) as soon as possible and we will do our best to accommodate your request


Editorial Office

Please make sure all figures are numbered in sequence

Please make sure that all of the figures are referenced in the text of manuscript

All images included in your manuscript must be either original images or if published images are being reused writtenapproval from the copyright holder must be provided More information on the reuse of images and how to requestpermission can be found here httpswwwelseviercomaboutpoliciescopyrightpermissions As part of figures 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 have been previously published please either provide written consent from the copyright holder toreuse the image when resubmitting or replace with a previously unpublished image

Please confirm the following funding statement is correct Alternatively if this is incorrect please provide a correctedstatement Dr Nanik Siti Aminah was supported by Hibah Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia 2020 (10RKIThp-I2020)

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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References

Table 1 Isolated compounds from Genus Sida and their biological activities


Ψ-(peudo)-ephedrine (1) S cordifolia Ghosh and Dutta (1930)

β- phenethylamine (2) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

ephedrine (3) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

Ψ-ephedrine (4) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

S-(thorn) Nb-methyltrypto-phanmethyl ester (5) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

hypaphorine (6) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

vasicinone (7) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

vasicine(8) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

vasicinol (9) S cordifolia Ghosal et al (1975)

quindolinone (10) S acuta Quinone reductase Jang et al (2003)

cryptolepinone (11) S acuta S rhombifolia Vasorelaxant Mouse mammaryorgan culture Quinone reductase

Jang et al (2003) Chaves et al (2013)

11-methoxyquindoline (12) S acuta Quinone reductase Jang et al (2003)

N-trans-feruloyltyramine (13) S acuta Mouse mammary organ culture Jang et al (2003)

50-hydroxymethyl-10-(1239-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[21-b]quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one (14)


1239-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [21-b] quinazolin-3-ylamine (15) S cordifolia Sutradhar et al (2007)

2-(10-amino-butyl) indol-3-one (16) S cordifolia Sutradhar et al (2007)

20-(3H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-butan-10-ol (17) S cordifolia Sutradhar et al (2007)

a salt of cryptolepine (18) S cordifolia Chaves et al (2013)

11-methoxy-quindoline (19) S cordifolia Chaves et al (2013)

quindoline (20) S cordifolia Chaves et al (2013)

1239-tetrahydropyrrolo[21-b]quinazolin-3-amine (21) Sida glutinosa Das et al (2011)

3456-tetrahydro-3-methyl-β-carboline-5carboxylic acid (22) Sida szechuensis Yao and Xu (2000)

cryptolepine (23) S acuta Antiplasmodial Banzouzi et al (2004)

3-(300 700-dimethyl-200 600-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol3-O-β-D-glucoside (24)


3-(300 700-dimethyl-200 600-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol3-O-β-D-glucosyl [1rarr4]-β-D-glucoside (25)


6-(300-methyl200-butene)-30-methoxyl-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol3-O-β-D-glucosyl[1rarr4]-β-D-glucoside 3 30-(300 700-Dimethyl 200600 otadiene)-8-Cβ-D-glucosylkeampferol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (26)


57-dihydroxy-3-isoprenylflavone (27) S cordifolia Sutradhar et at (2008)

5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyl Flavone (28) S cordifolia Sutradhar et at (2008)

57-dihydroxy-40-methoxyflavone (29) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2013)

kaempferol (30) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2017)

kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glycosyl-600-α-D-rhamnose (31) S rhombifolia Chaves et al (2017)

Glutinoside (32) S glutinosa Das et al (2012)

Chrysin (33) S glutinosa Das et al (2012)

scopoletin (34) S acuta S rhombifolia Jang et al (2003)

scoporone (35) S rhombifolia Jang et al (2003)

20-hydroxy24-hydroxymethyl ecdysone (36) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003) Jadhav et al (2007)

20-hydroxyecdysone (37) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003) Jadhav et al (2007)

turkesterone (38) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

makisterone C (39) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

20-Hydroxyecdysone-2022-monoacetonide (40) S spinosa Darwish and Reinecke (2003)

24(28)-Dehydromakisterone A (41) S glutinosa Das et al (2012)

2β3β14α202122R24-heptahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (42) S szechuensis Yao and Xu (2000)

polypodine B (43) S szechuensis Yao and Xu (2000)

α-ecdysone (44) S szechuensis Yao and Xu (2000)

25-acetoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (45) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

Pterosterone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ecdysteroid (46) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

ecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (47) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (48) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (49) S rhombifolia Jadhav et al (2007)

taraxast-120(30)-dien-3-one (50) S acuta Antioxidant Chen et al (2007)

taraxasterone (51) S acuta Antioxidant Chen et al (2007)

7a-methoxy-α-tocopherol (52) S acuta Antioxidant Chen et al (2007)

(continued on next page)


2

22 Sida acuta


23 Sida rhombifolia


24 Sida spinosa



25 Sida tuberculata























Kingdom Plantae


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Specie S acuta







Familia Malvaceae

Genus Sida



Kingdom Plantae



Order Malvales

Genus Sida

Species S spinosa


Kingdom Plantae


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida




3

26 Sida cordata


27 Sida glutinosa


28 Sida szechuensis



29 Methods



31 Alkaloid


32 Flavonoid



Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Tracheophyta


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S cordata


Kingdom Plantae




Class Magnoliopsida


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S glutinosa


Kingdom Plantae

Family Malvsceae

Genus Sida




4


33 Coumarins


34 Ecdysteroids



35 Triterpenes


36 Tocopherols


37 Other compounds




5






















6






7











412 Toxicity






8





5 Conclusion


Declarations



Funding statement








References





































9















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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References

22 Sida acuta


23 Sida rhombifolia


24 Sida spinosa



25 Sida tuberculata























Kingdom Plantae


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Specie S acuta







Familia Malvaceae

Genus Sida



Kingdom Plantae



Order Malvales

Genus Sida

Species S spinosa


Kingdom Plantae


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida




3

26 Sida cordata


27 Sida glutinosa


28 Sida szechuensis



29 Methods



31 Alkaloid


32 Flavonoid



Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Tracheophyta


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S cordata


Kingdom Plantae




Class Magnoliopsida


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S glutinosa


Kingdom Plantae

Family Malvsceae

Genus Sida




4


33 Coumarins


34 Ecdysteroids



35 Triterpenes


36 Tocopherols


37 Other compounds




5






















6






7











412 Toxicity






8





5 Conclusion


Declarations



Funding statement








References





































9















10




Research article

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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References

26 Sida cordata


27 Sida glutinosa


28 Sida szechuensis



29 Methods



31 Alkaloid


32 Flavonoid



Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Tracheophyta


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S cordata


Kingdom Plantae




Class Magnoliopsida


Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Sida

Species S glutinosa


Kingdom Plantae

Family Malvsceae

Genus Sida




4


33 Coumarins


34 Ecdysteroids



35 Triterpenes


36 Tocopherols


37 Other compounds




5






















6






7











412 Toxicity






8





5 Conclusion


Declarations



Funding statement








References





































9















10




Research article

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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References


33 Coumarins


34 Ecdysteroids



35 Triterpenes


36 Tocopherols


37 Other compounds




5






















6






7











412 Toxicity






8





5 Conclusion


Declarations



Funding statement








References





































9















10




Research article

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HLY6682html 19K




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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References






















6






7











412 Toxicity






8





5 Conclusion


Declarations



Funding statement








References





































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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References






7











412 Toxicity






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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References











412 Toxicity






8





5 Conclusion


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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References





5 Conclusion


Declarations



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References





































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Psychology


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Dear Asmaa





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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References















10




Research article

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Environment



















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Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


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Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


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RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

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Dear Asmaa





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HLY6682html 19K




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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References




Research article

Export Citations

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Materials science




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2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

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Dear Asmaa





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Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References






















Corrigendum

Review article












































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Dr Dana Stanley


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Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


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RESEARCH JOURNALS

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HLY6682html 19K




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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References









































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Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







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Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







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RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

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Dear Dr Aminah



















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Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References



Erratum

Case report













In Memoriam







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Biology




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Engineering






Environment



















Materials science




Mathematics




2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




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Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

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PUBLICATION TYPE

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2015-2020



molatv OPEN

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Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









Cit Y V l





2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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OPENAds by


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Dear Asmaa





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Dear Dr Aminah



















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Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




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Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




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Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References



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Education




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Environment



















Materials science




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2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

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Dear Asmaa





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Dear Dr Aminah



















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Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

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Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




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Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References

Heliyon editors


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Log in

Prof Jinrong Min


Biology




Dr Larisa Yarovaya


Dr Pavlos Delias


Chemistry




Clinical research






Prof Graham Pawelec


Computer science


Dr Jonathan Chan


Earth science





Education




Energy




Engineering






Environment



















Materials science




Mathematics




2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


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Cell Reports




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Heliyon

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Dear Asmaa





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Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References

Prof Jinrong Min


Biology




Dr Larisa Yarovaya


Dr Pavlos Delias


Chemistry




Clinical research






Prof Graham Pawelec


Computer science


Dr Jonathan Chan


Earth science





Education




Energy




Engineering






Environment



















Materials science




Mathematics




2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

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OPEN

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04

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Dear Asmaa





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Dear Dr Aminah



















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1- Abstract











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Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References





Prof Graham Pawelec


Computer science


Dr Jonathan Chan


Earth science





Education




Energy




Engineering






Environment



















Materials science




Mathematics




2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

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Dear Asmaa





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Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References




Education




Energy




Engineering






Environment



















Materials science




Mathematics




2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

Ads by



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OPEN

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Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









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OPENAds by


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Dear Asmaa





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MSCImago Team

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Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References



Environment



















Materials science




Mathematics




2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

Ads by



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OPEN

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Open



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CASETiFY

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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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OPENAds by


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Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

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Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References








Materials science




Mathematics




2


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

Ads by



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OPEN

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Open



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Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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Asmaa 5 days ago


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OPENAds by


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Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

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MSCImago Team

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Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References


Microbiology


Dr Dana Stanley


Neuroscience


Dr Mario Tiberi







Dr Dimitrio Lamprou


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

Ads by



Multidisciplinary




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OPEN

Ads by



Ads by


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Open



Ads by


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CASETiFY

Ads by



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2Scientic African

NLD

51similarity


50similarity


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SJR


Total Documents


Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









Cit Y V l





2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

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Asmaa 5 days ago


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OPENAds by


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Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

D





MSCImago Team

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35

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Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References


Dr Martin Leonard


Physics


Prof Gerald Cleaver


Psychology


Dr Pavica Sheldon







Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

Ads by



Multidisciplinary




reviewercreditscom

OPEN

Ads by



Ads by


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Open



Ads by


Quartiles



CASETiFY

Ads by



53similarity

2Scientic African

NLD

51similarity


50similarity


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SJR


Total Documents


Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









Cit Y V l





2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

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Asmaa 5 days ago


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OPENAds by


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Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

D





MSCImago Team

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4k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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2k

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Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References


Social science




RESEARCH JOURNALS

Cell

Cancer Cell


Cell Genomics


Cell Metabolism

Cell Reports




Cell Stem Cell

Cell Systems

Chem

Chem Catalysis




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

Ads by



Multidisciplinary




reviewercreditscom

OPEN

Ads by



Ads by


SCOPE




Open



Ads by


Quartiles



CASETiFY

Ads by



53similarity

2Scientic African

NLD

51similarity


50similarity


4sim

SJR


Total Documents


Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









Cit Y V l





2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

02

04

06

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k


2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

06

12

18

24

3

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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2

4


Asmaa 5 days ago


reply



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reply












OPENAds by


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Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

D





MSCImago Team

30

35

2k

4k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k









Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References




Heliyon

COUNTRY

Netherlands


Multidisciplinary

PUBLISHER

ElsevierBV

PUBLICATION TYPE

Journals

ISSN

24058440

COVERAGE

2015-2020



molatv OPEN

Ads by



Multidisciplinary




reviewercreditscom

OPEN

Ads by



Ads by


SCOPE




Open



Ads by


Quartiles



CASETiFY

Ads by



53similarity

2Scientic African

NLD

51similarity


50similarity


4sim

SJR


Total Documents


Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









Cit Y V l





2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

02

04

06

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

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12

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3

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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2

4


Asmaa 5 days ago


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OPENAds by


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Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

D





MSCImago Team

30

35

2k

4k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k









Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References

SCOPE




Open



Ads by


Quartiles



CASETiFY

Ads by



53similarity

2Scientic African

NLD

51similarity


50similarity


4sim

SJR


Total Documents


Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









Cit Y V l





2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

02

04

06

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k


2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

06

12

18

24

3

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

4k

8k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2

4


Asmaa 5 days ago


reply



asap

reply












OPENAds by


A


Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

D





MSCImago Team

30

35

2k

4k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k









Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








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1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References


CASETiFY

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53similarity

2Scientic African

NLD

51similarity


50similarity


4sim

SJR


Total Documents


Year Documents2015 292016 1562017 2642018 580









Cit Y V l





2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

02

04

06

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k


2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

06

12

18

24

3

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

4k

8k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2

4


Asmaa 5 days ago


reply



asap

reply












OPENAds by


A


Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

D





MSCImago Team

30

35

2k

4k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k









Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References


Asmaa 5 days ago


reply



asap

reply












OPENAds by


A


Dear Asmaa





MSCImago Team

D





MSCImago Team

30

35

2k

4k

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0

2k

4k









Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References









Dear Dr Aminah












Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References





Dear Dr Aminah



















Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References






Other comments



1- Abstract











Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References









Reviewer 3 Methods

Results

Interpretation

Other comments









Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References





Dear Dr Aminah




Kind regards




Editorial Office









Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References




Dear Dr Aminah








HLY6682html 19K




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References




Track your article

Dear Dr Aminah











1 Introduction


21 Sida cordifolia

22 Sida acuta

23 Sida rhombifolia

24 Sida spinosa

25 Sida tuberculata

26 Sida cordata

27 Sida glutinosa

28 Sida szechuensis

29 Methods


31 Alkaloid

32 Flavonoid

33 Coumarins

34 Ecdysteroids

35 Triterpenes

36 Tocopherols

37 Other compounds













412 Toxicity




5 Conclusion

Declarations


Funding statement




References

Heliyon - Repository - UNAIR

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Transcript of Heliyon - Repository - UNAIR