HASHISH SMUGGLING AND PASSPORTFRAUD

The Brotherhood ofEternal Love

H EARIN GBEFORE TH E

SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE

ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY

ACTAND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWSOF TH E

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

UNITED STATES SENATEN IN ETY -THIRD C ONGRESS

FIRST SESS I ON

OC TOBER 3, 1973

Printed for the use of the C omm i ttee on the Judiciary

U .S . GOV ERN MENT PRINTING OFFICE23-538 0 WASHINGTON 1973

arehFor sale by the Superintendent ofD ocum ents , U . S . Government Print ing Office

Wash ington , D C . 20402 Pri cera l

'

y FRANKLIN PIER C E LAW C ENTERC o n c o r d , N ew H am p s h i r e 03 3 01

HASHISH SMUGGLING AND PASSPORTFRAUD

The Brotherhood ofEternal Love

H EARIN GBEFORE TH E

SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE

ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY

AOTAND OTHER INTERNAL SEOURITY LAWSOF TH E

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

UNITED STATES SENATEN IN ETY -THIRD C ONGRESS

FIRST SESS I ON

OC TOBER 3, 1973

Printed for the use of the C ommi ttee on the Judiciary

U .S . GOV ERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE23-538 0 WASHINGTON 1973

arehFor sale by the Superintendent of D ocuments , U . S . Governm ent Print ing O ffice

Wash ington, D C . 20402 Pri cera l

'

y FRANKLIN PIER C E , LAW C ENTERC o n c o r d , N ew H am p s h i r e 03 3 01

ON EFPOS ET JAN 4”

Boston Public LibraryBoston,MA 02116C OMMITTEE ON THE JU D I C IA RY

JAME S O. EA STLAN D , Mississippi , C hairman

JOH N L . MC CLELLAN, Arkansas ROMAN L. HRUSKA, N eb raska

S AM J . ERV IN, Ja North C arolina HIRAM L . FONG , H awaii

PHILIP A . H ART .Michigan HUGH SCOTT, Pennsy lvaniaEDWARD M . KENNEDY , Massachusetts STROM THURMOND ,

South C arolinaBIRCH BAYH , Indiana MARLOW W . COOK , KentuckyQ UENTIN N . BURDICK , N orth D akota CH ARLES MC C . MATHIAS , JR. , Maryland

ROBERT C . BYRD , West V irginia EDWARD J . GURNEY , FloridaJOH N V . TUNNEY, C alifornia

S UBCO M M I TT E E To I NVE S T I GAT E TH E A D M I NI S TRATI ON OF TH E I NTERNA LSECURI TY ACT A N D OTH ER I NT ERNAL S E CURI TY LAW S

JAME S O . EA S TLAN D , Mississippi , aha/M u n

JOHN L. MCCLELLAN, Arkansas STROM THURMOND , South C arolinaS AM J . ERV IN, JB. , North C arolina MARLOW W . COOK , KentuckyBIRCH BAYH , Indiana EDWARD J . GURNEY. Florida

J . G . S OU RW I NE , C hief C ounsel

RAYMO N D S I FLY , Jr.,M inori ty C ounselJOH N R. N ORPEL,

D irector ofResearch

ALFON S O L . TARABOC H I A , C hief I nvestigator

RESOLUTIONResolved

,by the Internal Security Subcomm ittee of the Senate

C omm ittee on the Judiciary , that the testimony of John R . Bartels,Jr. ,

Gene R. Haisl ip,Lloyd S inclear, and Ernest Donald Strange, all of

the Drug Enforcement Adm inistration ; and the testimony of MissFrances G . Knight

,Will iam E . Duggan

,and John O ’D owd, all of the

Passport Office, Department of State, taken in executive session on

October 3, 1973, be released from the injunction of secrecy , be printedandmade publ ic.

JAMES O . EASTLAND,C hairman .

Approved December 10,1973.

C O N TE N T S

Testimony oi

John R . Bartels Jr.,Acting Adm in istra tor, Drug Enforcemen t A d

m in istrationLloyd S inclair, group supervisor, D EAErnest Donald S trange, special agen t , D EAGene R . H aislip,

C ounsel,D EA

A FTERNOON S E S S IONTestimony o i

M is

ss Frances G . Kn ight , D irector, Passport Office Departmen t oftate

William E . Duggan ,C hief

,Legal D ivis ion ,

Passport OfficeJohn O ’

D owd a t torney-adviser Legal D ivision ,Passport OfficeAppendix

H AS H I SH SMUGGLING AND PAS SPORT FRAUD

The Brotherhood Of Eternal Love

W ED N ES D A Y , OCTOBER 3 , 1973

U .S . SENATE ,SUBCOMM ITTEE To INV ESTIGATE TH E

A DMINISTRATION OF TH E INTERNAL SECURI TY A CTA N D OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS

OF TH E C OMM ITTEE ON TH E JU D I C I ARY ,W ashing ton ,

The subcomm ittee met,pursuant to notice, at o

’clock a .m .

, inroom 1318. Dirksen Senate Office Building, Senator James O . Eastland , presiding.

Also present : J. G . Sourwine, ch ief counsel ; Dav id Martin , senioranalyst : Raymond S iflv . m inority counsel ; John R . N orpel , Jr.

,re

search director ; and A lfonso Tarabochia, chief investigator .

The C HAI RMAN . The purpose of this hearing is to look into the re

lated problems of international drug trafficking and passport fraudboth of which have a direct bearing on the internal security of our

country .

It is my understanding that the testimony this morning will focuprimarily

,but not exclusively

,on the activities of the Brotherhood

of Eternal Love , an organization founded by Dr . Timothy Learywhich has comb ined a mystical fanaticism with crim inal activiti es ,and which has been massively involved in passport fraud and in theproduction

,smuggl ing

,and distribution of various drugs , LSD, and

hashish in particular .

The Senate Subcomm ittee on Internal Security held extensive hearings last September and October

, 1972 , on the international drugtraffic and its imp act on U.S . security . The subcomm ittee appointedGen . Lewis W. Walt

,retired assistant commandant of the Marine

Corps, to head up a staff investig ation . General VV alt ’s investigation

covered some 20 countries , and the report which he made to the sub

comm ittee, I think it is fai r to say, played a major role In bringingabout certain structural improvements in our national drug controlmachinery , and his recommendations are closely reflected In some of

the legislation now pending before Congress .

Our hearings last year focused p rimarily on the heroin epidem ic.

although General Walt ’s report did deal briefly with the interrelatedproblems of cocaine. hashish , and marihuana . W e also took the testimony of Dr. Olav Braenden , the disting ished D irector of the U .N .

Narcotics Laboratory in Geneva , on the current status of cannab isresearch .

2

In today ’s hearing we shal l be deal ing with the past activ ities of

Timothy Leary ’s associates as the prime international manufacturers

and distributors of LSD , and with the role his organization , theBrotherhood of Eternal Love has played in the rapidly expandingproblems of hashish smuggl ing into the United States.

I anticipate that this hearing will prov ide us with some usefulinformation on the relationship between the increasingly widespreaduse of hashish and the e-xtenS Ive use of miarihuana—which is reallya weaker version of hashish— before the current hashish epidem ic gotunderway .

In addition to establ ishing the basic facts about the rapidly mushroom ing problem of passport fraud

,it is my hope that this hearing

will also produce certa in concrete recommendations po inting to im

provements in passport security .

The witnesses we have with us today are divided into two groups.

From the Department of Justice,we have : John R. Bartels, Acting

Adm inistrator, Drug Enforcement Adm inistration ; Gene R. Haisl ip ,counsel

,Drug Enforcement Adm inistration ; Lloyd S inclair , group

superv isor,Drug Enforcement Adm inistration ; and Ernest Donald

Strange,spec ial agent , Drug Enforcement Administration .

From the Passport Office of the Department of State,we have :

Frances G . Knight,Director , Passport Office, D e artment Of State ;

W i l l iam E . Duggan,Legal Counsel

,Passport O ce ( in charge of

investigation of passport fraud by brotherhood members ) and JohnO

’D owd

, Attorney -Advisor,Legal D ivision

,Passport Office .

I want to thank the witnesses for com ing .

In order to expedite the hearing,I would l ike to ask that you all

rise and be sworn in Simultaneously .

D o you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give thesubcomm ittee wi l l be the truth

,the whole truth

,and nothing but the

truth,so help you God

Mr. BARTELS . I do .

Mr . HAISLIP . I do .

Mr. SINCLAIR. I do .

Mr . STRANGE . I do .

MissKNIGHT. I do .

Mr. D U C C A N . I do .

Mr. O’DOWD. I do .

Mr . SOURWINE . Mr. Cha irman,we will begin , i f it is agreeable with

you , with the testimony of Mr . John R. Bartels, Jr. ,

the Acting A dministrator of the Drug Enforcement Adm inistration of the Department of Justice.

TESTIMONY OF JOH N R. BARTELS , JR ,ACTING ADMINISTRATOR ,

DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION,ACCOMPANIED BY

GENE R. H AISLIP,COUNSEL , DEA ; LLOYD S INCLAIR , GROUP

SUPERV ISOR,DEA ; AN D ERNEST D ONALD STRANGE ,

SPECIALAGENT, DEA

Mr. BA RrrEL S . Thank you , Mr . C ha irman,distinguished members of

the subcomm i ttee .

I am pleased to appear before you this mo rning in connection Wi ththis subcomm ittee’

s continuing investigation into the ill icit drug traf

3

ifc . In addition to other matters, you have asked that we inform you

of the particula rs of our investigation of a drug- oriented cult knownas the Brotherhood ofE ternal Love .

This is one of the most fascinating investigations of recent years,and I have brought with me today for the purpose of recounting I t ,

two of the officers who were responsible for its success. Thes e are the

gentlemen on my left , Mr . Lloyd S inclair,presently a group super

v isor in our Los Angeles Regional Office ; and next to him , Mr . DonaldS trange, one of the resourceful agents who worked under Mr . S inclair

’

s direction . I would also l ike at this time to recognize S pecialAgents Terry Burke, Douglas Kuehl

,Gary E l l iot , Donald Monier ,

and Wil l iam McKelvey , who also played an important role in thisinvestigation , a lthough they could not be with us today .

To avoid any subsequent confusion of term inology , let me explainfrom the outset that these gentlemen were at the time of this investigation serving within the former BN D D . This agency has since beenmerged with other units to form the new Drug Enforcement A dm inistration , or D EA ,

which I now head ; and this more current means of

identify ing the Federal Government ’s enforcement arm will be used

hereafter. '

Before Mr. S in clai r begins his narrative , I would like first to dea lwith some of the broader implications of the case about which youhave also asked to hea r . In many ways , the evolution of the drugtrafficking activities of the members of the Brotherhood of E ternalLove is a tragic illustration of the cynicism into which the youthfuldrug revolution of the m id- l 960

’s has fallen . It also underl ines the

development of new trends in the drug traffic of which the Nationw e ds to be aware .

The Brotherhood of E ternal Love was founded on the basis of

Timothy Leary ’s exhortations to “Tune in , turn on ,

and drop out

with LSD . Leary ’s preaching consisted of a comb ination of mysticism ,

the use of drugs , and the disapproval of our society expressed in thephrases of rebel l ion which particula rly appeal to youth . The noveltyof his doctrine and the growing drug rebel l ion in general , drew con

siderable attention from the press, which merely extended the num

bers of young people exposed to the message . Many thousands of

teenagers reacted to it with an ideal istic and rel igious fervo r .

Mr. SOURWINE . May I interrupt, sirMr. BARTELS . Y es

,sir.

Mr. SOURWINE . I s that perhaps a very conservative estimate ? D o

you think it would be an exaggeration to suggest that at the height ofhis influence Leary may have had as many as a m i ll ion of our youngpeople paying attention to his rantings in one way or another ?Mr . BARTELS . N o ; I think that is qu ite right . That is qu ite possible.

Mr . SOURWINE . Go ahead , sir.

Mr. BARTELS . Soon . Cal ifornia became the mecca for the new

counter—culture ; and in October 1966, Leary , with many of his

youthfu l fol lowers, establ ished the Brotherhood of Eternal Love as

a tax - exempt rel igious corporation under the laws of that State . A l

though many thousands of young drug abusers were in the Berkeleyarea at this time

,the brotherhood was an exclusive organization to

which not all were admitted . High echelon brotherhood members werealready engaged in the manufacture and distribution of LSD ,

al

4

though consideration of profits was probably a secondary motive inthe beginning. In time

,the drug activities of the brotherhood ex

panded and evo lved new patterns of i ll ici t traffic. By the time thatour investigation reached its peak in the spring of 1973, no less than750 of its members had been positively identified as participants incrim inal activities that spanned the globe .

Mr . SOURWINE . D o you have a figure or a good estimate as to justhow many active members of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love therewere at the peak ?Mr . BARTELS . If I may , I would refer you to Mr . S incla ir but Ibel ieve it is around or so .

Mr. SINCLAIR . That is correct,Sir .

Mr . SOURWINE . GO ahead , Sir .

Mr. BARTELS . During the late l 960’s when the abuse of LSD began

to peak , brotherhood leaders undertook the development of an en

tirely new trade in hashish . This is one of the stronger forms of

marihuana— normal ly about 10 times more potent than that smuggledinto the country from Mexico for the manufacture of the typicalmarihuana cigarette . Earl ier . in the debate on the legal ization of

marihuana,Federal drug enforcement authorities warned that the

marihuana question cou ld not be considered from the standpo int ofonly the m i lder form s of the drug then predom inating the traffic . Theypredicted that a brisk trade in hashish was bound to develop fromthe increased demands for cannab is products . The activ ities of the

brotherhood were,in large part , responsible for proving the accuracy

of this prediction . In 1968, shortly after it was founded , Federal authorities seized no more than 534 pounds of hashish . By 1972, thishad increased to a figure of pounds .

Mr . SOURWINE . C an I ask a question here ?Mr . BARTELS . Y es , sir.

Mr. SOURWINE . D o y ou think that was because you were getting a

higher proportion of the total traffic or was the traffic increasing inthe same or greater proportion to your seizures ?Mr . BARTELS . I think the traffic was increasing in greater proportion

rather thanMr . SOURWI NE . It was outrunning your enforcement efforts .

Mr . BARTELS . That is right . I would l ike to think that we were seizing more but I think a more real istic appraisal is that that traffic wasgrowing tremendously .

Mr . SOURWINE . Go ahead . Go ahead,sir.

Mr . BARTELS . At some point late in 1967 or early 1968, members ofthe brotherhood developed their most important foreign contact forhashish . According to subsequent indictment , this was the Tokhibrothers who res ide in Afghanistan on the outskirts of Kabul

,its

capital city . Brotherhood smugglers developed elaborate and success

ful means of getting the hashish into the United States . One of thei rearl ier techniques was to hide quantities Of 15 to 20pounds of the drugwithin the interiors of fiberglass surfboards which they manufactured .

This was soon considered too smal l a quantity , however, and they graduated to special ly designed trap s in Volkswagen campers or other vehieles which could hold up to pounds in a single Shipment .Thei r mode of operation placed heavy rel iance on the use of false

passports ; and with thei r financial resources and false documents,they

5

achieved complete international mob il ity . D uring the period of theirsuccesses, we have estimated on the basis of hard intel l igence thatapproximately 24 tons of hashish was smuggled into this country .

Although most of this drug came from their deal ings within A fghanistan ,

we also know that sh ipments were brought in from bothLebanon and India .

Mr . SOURWINE . D o you mean that statement to be exclusive , tha tis , that the only places it came from were Afghanistan , Lebanon and

others or were there other m inor sources ?Mr. BARTELS . There may have been other sources of which we. have

no kn owledge .

Mr. SOURWINE . Thank you .

Mr . BARTELS . Moreover , the brotherhood was not content merelyto smuggle and market hashish . Under the guidance of one of its chiefchem ists , the brotherhood developed the manu facture of an even morepotent product cal led marihuana or hashish oil . In the course of our

investigation , six such hashish oil laboratories were seized .

Mr. SOURWINE . I s that the same commodity that is sometimes re

ferred to on the street as pot oil ?Mr . BARTELS . Y es, sir.

The marihuana product resulting from their operation in some

casesmay have achieved a THC content ofup to 90percent .Mr. SOURWINE . W as thatrMr. BARTELS . Tetrahydrocannabinol . That is the percent of the

active product within marihuana which gives theMr . SOURWINE . That is the hallucinitory drug is it not ?Mr. BARTELS . That is right, and in normal marihuana it would run

2 to 3 to 5 percent .Mr . SOURWINE . Ninety percent purity is extremely high , is it not ?Mr. BARTELS . That is right .Mr. SOU RW INE . A s an oil , you cannot get it much higher, can you ?Mr. BARTELS . I do not bel ieve so . W e have never seen it any higher .A typical laboratory such as that seized at Escanaba , Mich . , could

produce approximately quarts of hashish oil per day. Normally ,a single drop placed within a regular cigarette would constitute one

dose , and approximately doses could be derived in this wayfrom 1 quart .Marihuana—o r hashish—O il was first encountered in February 1972.

S ince then the number of exhib its received has increased and so has

the potency as measured by the percentage of tetrahydrocannab inol(TH C ) present . During fiscal year 1973, pounds of the drug wereseized with an average THC content of 46 percent . This is a highlypotent and concentrated hallucinogenic substance which can be manufactured with relatively simple equ ipment . A s such , it must be regarded as a novel and threatening shift in marihuana abuse which shouldgive those who advocate its legal ization cause to re- think thei r posit lon .

In the meantime, they continued their manufacture and distributionof LSD under the trade name of “Orange Sunshine .

”Until the recentenforcement successes

,this product , which has now disappeared en

tirely , was found in quantity all over the world .

The first concentrated effort to elim inate this clandestine LS D operation resulted in the seizure of a mob i le laboratory faci l ity concealed

6

inside a truck in Denver in 1967 and the arrest of Nicholas Sand .

Reportedly , this was the mos t productive LS D laboratory in the western United S tates . Unfortunately

,the arrest was found to have been

legal ly inade uate ; and therefore , the case against Sand had to bedropped . U n er the exclusionary rule of ev idence

,the seized labo ra

tory equipment could not be placed in ev idence and, in fact , was re

turned to Sand .

Almost 6 years later,some of the same laboratory equ ipment , sti ll

bearing the ev idential labels applied by Federal agents,was again

seized when Sand ’s laboratory was discovered by St . Lou is pol ice in

a warehouse wh ich had been leased for the manu facture of LS D . Sandhad moved to St . Lou is because of the mounting pol ice pressure beingbrought to bear on the brotherhood in Cal ifornia at that time .

There are several lessons to be gained from this investigation , andI should l ike to mention them briefly

,although not necessari ly in

order of importance.

Fi rst,this case has taught us the necessity of being flexible in our

enforcement strategy and mode of operation . For many years,the

concept of organized crime in drugs has always meant the Mafia, orthe Cosa Nostra , or the Union Corse— traditional and reasonably wel lidentified crimi nal groups with specific ethnic connotations . The

Brotherhood of Eternal Love represents one of the new recentlyemerged forms of organized crime total ly different from our pastnotions in terms Of membership, motivations

,l i festyles

,and drugs of

preference .

Mr. SOURWI NE . Y ou mentioned the Mafia , the Cosa N ostra and

Union Corse. I s one of those the same as the Unione S icil iano ?Mr . BARTELS . I do not kn ow . I get frankly confused , Mr . Chai rman ,

over the extent to which the S ici l iano group form in with the Mafiaor Ital ian organized crim e . They overlap and the history of itMr . SOURWINE . It is our understanding— I would l ike to be cor

rected i f this is wrong S O that the record would so reflect— that theMafia or Cosa Nostra which are interchangeable names is control led ,supposedly

,at least by the Unione S iciliano or the Union Corse is a

Corsican branch or S im ilar Corsican organization which is smal lerand some people say tougher .

Mr. BARTELS . That is right . I think there are changes now withinorganized crime from the total control that the S ici l ian group had inits ori gins in Italy and S icily as opposed to the people who have nowt

S

aken over some of these fam il ies and have been born in the Unitedtates.

Mr. SOURW INE . Go ahead , sir.

Mr . BARTELS . Increasingly , this new form of organized drug trafficking activity is assum ing a greater role in the enforcement problemswe face . In the end, we see that the m isgu ided ideal ism on which thebrotherhood was first conceived final ly gave way to the usual crim inalmotivations of b ig money for l ittle labor. And , although thei r drugactivity centered at first around LSD ,

they later branched out to in

clude hashish and final ly cocaine . In its last hour of activity , thehard narcotics were final ly se ized upon as offering the biggest profitfor the least effort .Mr. SOURWINE . Pardon me for continual ly interrupting. I want to

make these po ints as they occur. Y ou say“ in its last hour of activi ty”.

Y ou mean this entire Leary fam ily group is out of business now ?

Mr. BARTELS . I wil l let Mr. S inclair comment on that. I think sub

stantially it is out of business, is that not correct ?Mr. SOURWINE . It is good news i f i t is true. W e did not think that

was true.

Mr. SINCLAIR . Severely crippled .

Mr. SOURWINE . Go ahead , sir.

Mr. BARTELS . A second aspect with important lessons for our tacticalapproach to the drug traffic is the rapidity with which the brotherhood became an international operation capable of tapping and developing ill icit drug suppl ies in a country as remote as Afghanistan . Theease with which false passports may be obtained coupled with the greatcash resources which the group possessed and the ava ilabil ity of mod

ern jet travel made it not only possible,but l ikely

,that the efl

'

ort wouldbe made.

For the last several years,we have concentrated developing our

attack on the i l l icit drug traffic at its traditional foreign sources inTurkey

,in France, and in Mexico . The events in Southeast Asia

demonst rated the potential dangers from that particular area ; and theinvestigation of the brotherhood activities proves no drug producingarea , however remote

,can be ignored in our international effort . What

the brotherhood was able to accomplish in Afghanistan with regard

£0 hashish cou ld as easily be accomplished with regard to opium and

erom .

Without the assistance which our foreign offices can offer, and without a mob i l ity and flexib il ity on our part at least equal to that of criminal organizations , we could not even learn of the crim inal activ ities ofsuch groups much less successful ly cope with them . In the instant case,our agent in Kabul played a major role in coordinating the investigation with the Cal i fornia -based task force. Our offices around the worldmust be able to develop and exchange intell igence information rapidlyso as to identify v iolators andmake them targets of pol ice activ ity . Our

agents must further have the capab il ity of using this information andmov ing rapidly throughout the world to put it to use. For example, inpursuit of the brotherhood investigation , DEA agents traveled toParis, Kabul , Costa Rica , Mexico C ity , Belgium ,

and Honduras as

wel l as travel ing extensively with in the United States .

One of the particulars in which DEA will differ from its predecessoragencies is in the increased emphasis which we intend to place on

the development of intel l igence as the second Operational arm of our

enforcement efforts .

Mr. SOURWINE . One more interruption,i f I may. This mob il ity

and ab il ity to act is going to require agreements for cooperation witha great many other governments

,is it not ?

Mr . BARTELS . Y es, it will .Mr. SOURWINE . The work of negotiating those agreements is under

way now ?

Mr. BARTELS . Y es , it is .

Mr . SOURW INE . That is real ly another subject . I do not want topush you into it but I thought we needed some mention of it here .

Mr. BARTELS . I think you are 100 percent right . W e now wil l have65 foreign offices in 49 countries which is a tremendous growth rateover the past several yea rs .

8

Mr. SOURWINE . I also had one other question at this po int . Y oumentioned the ease with which false passports may be secured . Y ou

are referring to U .S . passports ?Mr . BARTELS . Y es, sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . When you say false passports , do you mean out

right forgeries or do you mean actual passports wh ich are obtainedby persons under false names or through false pretenses ?Mr . BARTELS . The latter .

Mr. SOURW INE . When you say false passports you do not meanforgeries . Y ou mean U.S . passports issued to peo ple other than thosethey purpo rt to cover .

Mr . BARTELS . Y es,sir. That is what

Mr . SOURWINE . Or obtained by an actua l person through falsepretenses .

Mr . BARTELS . Y es.

Mr . SOURWINE . Go ahead .

0

Mr. BARTELS . Final ly , this case i llustrates the inadequacies of ex1sting crim inal justi ce procedures I n coping with contemporary h igh - leveldrug violators . Of the top 12 organi zers of the brotherhood ’

s activities ,six continue to be fugitives from justice l iv ing on thei r ill

-gotten wealthin foreign countries where additional enterpri ses can be pl .anned Worstof all , two of these were successful ly arrested but were able to p ostbonds, whereupon they promptly fled the jurisdiction . Another brotherhood member was rearrested on three subsequent occasions and final lyfled after forfeiting bonds total ing $125,000.

In themore l im ited case of heroin trafficking , we have asked the C ong ress to consider imposition of new restraints on the granting of bai l .W e recogni ze the caution wh ich must be exercised to safeg uard con

stituti onal rights, but we have offered new formulas for pretrial detention which we feel strike a balance between the necessity to protect thepubl ic and the rights of accused persons . This law was introduced bythe chai rman of this subcomm ittee and other d istinguished membersof the Judiciary Comm ittee, and we recommend it as an appropriatestarting po int from which to consider the p .roblemI would l ike to turn now to Mr . Lloy d S inclai r who will prov ide you

with an account of the particulars of this investigation . I hOpe that youwill keep in m ind throughout his account ,

'

-that the successes he de

scribes were not those of DEA alone, but were the results of the effortsof many State and local officers and Federal agencies , part icularlythe Department of State which cooperated in numerous false passport investigations of brotherhood members . W e shal l then be p leasedto respond to whatever questions you may have . Special Agent DonaldS trange wil l also assist In answeri ng any detai led questions concernIng the conduct of the investigation .

Mr. SOURWINE . S ir, before Mr . S inclair beg ins his statement I havea number of questions I want to ask . I have no reason to insist thatyou answer them . but may I ask you while you are here ?Mr. BARTELS . Certainly .

Mr. SOURWINE . If you want to field them , do so ; and i f you want topass them to one of your experts, do so .

I ’Vhen you speak of the Department of State cooperating in nu

merous false passport investigations, what div ision or branch of the

9

State Department were you referring to ? D o you mean the PassportOffice ?Mr. SINCLAIR . Security .

Mr. SOURWINE . Y ou mean the Bureau of S ecurity ?Mr . SINCLAIR . N o , no . Within the Department. of State .

Mr . SOURWINE . The Oflice of S ecurity ?Mr . SINC LAIR . Right.Mr. SOURW INE . Within the Department of State .

Mr . SINCLAIR . Y es .

Mr. SOURWINE .Who heads that ?Mr. SINCLAIR . I do not know .

Mr. STRANGE . Mr. Hibbard Lamkin was the spec ial agent in chargein Los Angeles, whom we worked through initial ly . H e has S ince re

tired .

Mr. SOURWINE . Y ou are talking about cooperation at the local levelrather than at theWashington level .Mr. STRANGE . Y es

,sir, but at one po int in time we cal led direct to

the State Department in Washington when we had reason to bel ievethat one of the brotherhood members was using a fraudulent passport .Mr. SOURWINE .W ho did you talk with there ?Mr . STRANGE . I do not recal l . It was primarily another agent’s re

sponsib i l ity . H e maintained l iaison with a member of the State D epartment In Washing ton . H e spoke with him almost on a day to daybasis .

Mr . SOURWINE . Over qu ite a period of time ?

Mr. STRANGE . Y es , sir.

Mr. SOURW INE . D id you get the information you were telephoningfor over a period of time ?

Mr . STRANGE . Y es , sir. When documents that were obta ined in eithera search or through informant information gave us the idea that possibly one of these brotherhood members was using an assumed name,

we would run that name through the passport section and see i f theyhad an appl ication on file for the member under that name

,and quite

often they did .

Mr . SOURWINE . N ow , it may be that I am here anticipating some

thing that one of your men plans to cover,and i f so , I have no objec

ti on to deferring the question . But let us run through these and thengo ahead wi th the director

’s statement .

Dr . Leary had a rather openhanded acceptance by the media or certa in areas of our media of publ ic information , did he not ?

Mr. BARTELS . Y es , he did .

Mr. SOURWINE . I remember two ma jor interviews with Leary inPlayboy magazine, for instance . W as th is access to the press and to a

somewhat lesser but still substantial degree the ai rwaves, of anysubstantial or even critical importance in enabl ing Leary to increasehis influence ?Mr. BARTELS . In my opinion

,it was

,and I would ask Mr . S inclai r

i f he would not confirm that .Mr. SINCLAI R . Y es , abso lutely .

(IMr.H

Q

S OU RW I N E W as Leary himsel f ever arres ted for trafficking In

rugs .

10

Mr. BARTELS . Y es, he was .

D o you know his record ? I know he was in Texas once.

Mr . SINCLAIR . Y es, that was Customs .

Mr . SOURWINE . D o you plan to cover that ?Mr. SINCLAIR . N ot the Texas incident, but we do plan to cover an

other aspects of hisMr. SOURWINE . Would it be out of order to tel l us about the Texas

incident now ?Mr. SINCLAIR . I am not specifical ly fam i l iar with it . I recal l he

crossed the border at Texas,I bel ieve

,with his daughter

,and they

were arrested at that time .

Mr . SOURWINE .When—may I ask you cover the Texas incident ful lywhen you correct the record either at this point or any other placeyou th ink it will fit best .Mr . SINCLAIR .W e would be happy to.

[The material referred to fol lows

D r. Timothy Leary was arrested by a U .S . C ustoms ofi cial in possession of a

smal l quanti ty of marihuana at Laredo ,Tex on December 22 , 1965 . The facts

of the case are as followsD r. Timothy Leary left N ew York on December 20, 1965, by automobile,

accompanied by his two ch i ldren , Susan , age 18, and John , age 16 , and two

other persons. Their destination was Yucatan , Mexico , and the a lleged purposeof the trip was a C hristmas vacation for the Leary ch ildren and to provi deD r. Leary the opportunity to wri te a book and to prepare for a summersession to be conducted wi th a research group at his home in M illbrook , N ewYork . On December 22, 1965 , D r. Leary and the four passengers drove across the

international bounda ry at Laredo, Texas , into the Republic of Mexico. stoppedat the Mexican immigra tion sta tion for severa l m inutes , and turned backtoward the U ni ted S tates . At approxima tely p m , they arrived at the

secondary inspect ion area , Laredo Interna tional Bridge . Laredo , Texas . D r. Leary ,

the driver of the veh icle , told a U . S . C ustoms official tha t they had driven across

the boundary into Mexico with in the prior hour, that they had been unable tosecure tourist permits and had be en told by Mexican immigra tion officials toreturn the following morn ing at am . at wh ich time the necessary Mexicanperm its would be given to them .

The U . S . inspector asked the group i f they had any th ing to declare fromMexico and was told that they had not . After the occupants al ighted from the

veh icle. the U . S . inspector Observed some vegetable materia l and a seed on the

floor of the automobile which appeared to him to be marihuana . Thus the five

travelers were arrested . A search of the baggage . the veh icle and of the individuals was made . Sweepings from the car floor and glove compartment were laterproved to be marihuana . Wh ile D r. Leary was being searched , he sta ted tha t hehad never used marihuana . A woman C ustoms inspector performed a persona lsearch of the two female travelers . wh ich resu lted in the finding of a smallme ta l conta iner on the person of Susan Leary after she had disrobed . Wi th inthe conta iner were three partially smoked marihuana cigarettes , a small quant i tyof sem i -refined marihuana and capsules of detroamphetamine su lfate . Demandwas made Of D r. Leary for the requ ired Treasury Department transferee form .

H e stated that he had no such form . Susan Leary , in response to the same

demand . refused to make any sta tement . D r. Leary adm i tted to a U . S . C ustoms

Agen t tha t the metal box taken from his daughter, Susan , conta ining the marihuana was his property .

D r. Timothy Leary and h is minor daughter were j o intly indicted on threecounts pertaining to marihuana . D r. Leary was tried before a jury on March 11 .

1969 . C ount 1 . wh ich charged the smug g l ing of marihuana in to the U nited Stateswhich should have been invoiced ( declared ) . was dism issed by the court .D r. Leary was found gu il ty . however. on C ount 2 . wh ich charged transpo rta tion .

and facil i tation of transp orta t ion , and concealmen t of marihuana after im

portation , in viola tion of 21 U . S .O . 176a . and on C oun t 3 , wh ich charged transportation and concealmen t of ma rihuana by defendants as transferees , requ iredto pay the transfer tax in viola tion of 26 U . S .O . 4744 ( a ) D r. Leary wa s

sentenced to the maximum penalties and fines provided for such offenses , subj ect

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

12

Mr . SOURWINE . Y ou are behind the 1972 ra te, then .

Mr . BARTELS . Y es,we are sl ightly .

Mr. SOURWINE . I s that because the traffic has dropped off or becauseyou have been denied the force you need or for what reason ?Mr . BARTELS . I am not sure real ly at this early date . W e may make

it up. It may be also that there is a feel ing among the youth to turnto other drugs . I think it is a l ittle early to say .

Mr . SOURWINE . C an you gi ve us any reasonable estimate of the

amount of hashish that has been entering this country undetected ?Obviously , you would not have a statistic on it but do you have estimates on it ?Mr. BARTELS . N o . Nothing real ly rel iable .

Mr. SOURWINE . Y ou told me that in your Opinion , the traflic had

gone up faster than your seizures had gone up, so you must have some

kindg

of an estimate . D o you have an estimate of total traflic year byyear .

Mr . BARTELS . W e do not because we do not know how efficient weare in making seizures

,whether we are seiz ing 10 percent

,5 percent ,

20 percent, 25 percent . But we know that at the borders the natureof this traffic is such and the borders are so open and wide that weare not seiz ing what we would hope to , and a great dea l comes in . Ifwe are seiz ing 20 percent of it perhaps we are do ing pretty well . And ,of course

,it is more difficult once you get into hash ish oil which does

not involve as cumbersome a Shipment as marihuana .

Mr . SOURWINE . Wou ld you have any instrument of the confirmedhashish imports of the B rotherhood of Ete rnal Love which eludeddetection of C ustoms and other law enforcement agencies ?Mr . BARTELS . Let me refer to Mr . S inclair on that . I think we sa id

24 tons , did we not ?Mr. HAISLIP . Y es . That is a total , and all of that is based on what we

would cal l hard intel l igence from identifiable sources. And this is duejust to the activ ities of the brotherhood .

Mr . SOURWINE . They brought in 24 tons in your opinion , over whatperiod of years ?Mr . HAISLIP . 1968 to the present .Mr . SINCLAIR. During that time we seized approximately

pounds so that means approximatelyMr. SOURWINE . Wel l

, you must have seized—you mean from them .

Mr. STRANGE . Y es , sir .

Mr . SOURWINE . pounds . That is 3 tons .

Mr. BARTELS . Out of 24 which is about a 12-percent seizure rate .

Mr . SOURWINE . 12,Mr . BARTELS . Y es , sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . D o you think you are getting that much generallyover the whole traffic ?Mr. BARTELS . I do not know how I can estimate that .Mr . SOURWINE . Y ou have not worked the whole traffic as intensively

as you worked the brotherhood , have you ?Mr. BARTELS . N o .

Mr . HAISLIP . I think i t would be fai r to note , too , that in the lastyear or two of the activity with regard to the brotherhood members ,probably increasingly large amounts of the ir hashish was seized be

13

cause of the attention given to them . At first none of it was seized . Itwas all g etting through .

Mr . SOURWINE . Y ou do not have any estimate of what they are

handling,bringing In and peddling now .

Mr. HAISI I P . N ot any rel iable figure .

Mr. SOURWINE. Y ou have not qu i t working on them yet , have you ?Mr. BARTELS . N o . W e have not total ly qu i t working on them .

Mr. SOURWINE . C an you give us a figure on what hashish sells forwho lesale in the United S tates ?Mr. BARTELS . I will defer toMr . S inclai r on that.Mr. SINCLAIR . It depends on how much you are talking about. The

standard price that we see and recognize is $900a pound .

Mr. SOURWINE . And that is a good deal less than it costs when yousel l by the paper

,is it not ?

Mr . SINCLAIR . Or by the ounce . Y ou can break it up by the bag and

sel l it at $100 an ounce . That would real ize a pound but whenyou think that it only costs $15 a pound in Afghanistan , that is a sub

stantial Increase in profit .Mr. SOURWINE . Everybody gets his cut .

That retai l price , then , IS about a pound, $100an ounce .

Mr . SINCLAIR . Y es .

Mr. SOURWINE . What is the average strength of the hashish sold inthis country ?Mr . HA ISLIP . I have a figure on that based on the reports of our

laboratories . Over a period of time they found that the variati ons weregreat, but that the average strength of hashish contained approxi

mately 10percent THC and that for the marihuana or hashish oil , theaverage was approximate ly 46 percentTH C .

Mr. SOURWINE . And then this real high strength pot oil you told usabout that ran 90 percent was nine times as strong as the average .

Mr. HAISLIP . For hashish, yes.

Mr. BARTELS . That 18 right .Mr. SOURWINE . S o that, although you said that the usual dose of

the Oil was one drop to a normal cigarette,actual ly that will produce

a strength or 3 times as much as an ordinary marihuana joint ,will i t not ?Mr. BARTELS . Y es .

Mr . SOURWINE . H ow much hashish would the average person haveto ingest in order to develop a real hashish high ?Mr . SINCLAIR . A gram or two ,

I bel ieve . The size of a penci l eraser ,a gram or two .

Mr . SOURWINE . N ow ,what percentage of this $100 an ounce would

that be ?

Mr. SINCLAIR . A small part of it,sir. There are approximately 30

grams in an ounce .

Mr . SOURWINE . If a man buys an ounce of it for $100, does he havea hundred highs ?Mr . SINCLAIR . N o . Probably around 30. That would be an average

and that could vary up and down depending on the individual .Mr . SOURWINE . W as it the brotherhood which invented or first de

veloped hashish oil ?

Mr . BARTELS . Y es,I think that is right . It was Sand , was i t not ?

Mr . SINCLAIR . N o . Another brotherhood member .

23- 538 0—73

14

Mr. SOURWINE . I S any other organization producing it now that y ouknow of ?

Mr . SINCLAIR . There must be, yes.

Mr . SOURWINE . In other words, you do not know who but you knowthere is production other than the brotherhood production .

Mr . SINCLAIR . That is correct .Mr. SOURWINE . Y ou raised the question of who in the brotherhood

was responsible for the development of hashish oil . D o you want to

put that name in the record ?Mr . SINCLAIR . According to our best intel l igence sources it is RonaldHadley Stark .

Mr . SOURWINE . Getting back to this business of a dose of one dropin a cigarette— if he puts two drops in the cigarette

,he has for prac

tical purpose got a serious overdose , has he not ?Mr . SINCLAIR . Aga in , I think that depends on the indiv idual .Mr . SOURWINE . There is a tolerance that develops ?Mr . SINCLAIR . I do not know if it i s a tolerance but you never kn ow

exactly how concentrated the THC or the hashish oil that you happento be using i s .

Mr. SOU RWINE .Well , suppose you take 45 percent wh ich is hal f of themaximum the brotherhood was able to arrive at. And suppose a man

gets eight drops which is about what,hal f a teaspoonful ? W hat does it

do Put him out Kill him ? Affect his brain seriously ?Mr. BARTELS . W e don ’t know . It will affect his brain seriously but

(

I

i

think it is new enough , hashish oil,that we do not know what it will

0 .

Mr . SOURWINE . It m ight seriously affect the bra in permanently .

Mr . BARTELS . That 15 possible.

Mr. SOURWINE . A re any experiments be ing made along this l ine todeterm ine tolerance ?Mr. BARTELS . N ot to my knowledge .

Mr . SOURW INE . I s anybody making experiments along this l ine withanimals ?Mr . Bartels. I do not know .

Mr . HAISLIP . I th ink the National Institute of Mental Health hassome research grants in this area but we would not be able to answerfor what they are doing In the field .

Mr . SOURWINE . T-

b

he FD A would not be working on it because it isnot being offered In the market legally .

Mr . HAISLIP . That is correct .Mr . SOURWINE . Some of the ev idence that this subcomm ittee took

last year,about a y ear ago . suggests that there i s a direct tie - in be

tween hashish smoking and marihuana smoking . What would youropin ion be on this ? Does the marihuana smoking lead to the use of

hashish in any degree ?Mr. BARTELS . I think the two are interchangeable .

Mr. SOURWINE . Interchangeable . N ot a matter of movement fromthe man who smokes a joint to the man who smoke hashish . It is backand forth .

Mr . BARTELS . I think it can lead up . In other words , the hashish being more p otent , mo re rel iable , is more sou g ht after by the confirmedand experienced marihana smoker who frequently is dissatisfied with

15

the 2 percent THC when he can get higher, S o I would think yes,it can lead to itMr. SOURW INE . Before we get through I would l ike to cover for

the record the connection of Leary with Wil l iam Mel lon Hitchcock,

the multim i l l iona ire who perm itted Leary to continue his experimen

tation with LSD on the Hitchcock farm in Dutchess County , N .Y .

D o you want to go into that now or leave it for one of the other men

with you to offer ?Mr . BARTELS . That is sub judice right now .

Mr. SOU RWINE . It wil l be covered In a later statement . Al lI s the equipment for the preparation or production of hashish

oil extensive or expensive ?Mr . HAISLI P. W e have some photographs for the record that we

have Offered that will illustrate a typical laboratory .

Mr. SOURWINE . That is, it will be offered .

Mr. HAISLIP . It is being offered now .

Mr . BARTELS . I will be happy to offer them .

Mr. SOURWINE . That 18 fine.

Mr . Chairman,may these be received ?

The C HAIRMAN . They will be received .

Mr. BARTELS . May I offer to you two photographs, one reveal inga marihuana or hashish oil laboratory seized in Escanaba , Mich .

,and

the other being the brotherhood “Orange Sunshine”LSD labo ratoryin St . Louis,Mo.

[The photographs referred to fol low

16

MARI HUAN A OR H A S H I S H O I L LABORATORY , E S CA NA BA , MI CH .

17

BROTH ERHOOD ORANGE SUN S H I N E”LSD LABORATORY , ST. LOUI S , Mo.

Mr . SOURWI NE . I am not a laboratory technician or expert and un

able to tel l from looking at one of these but it does not look as thoughthe equ ipment is very expensive. D o you have a conclusion in thatregard ?Mr . BARTELS . It is very inexpensive .

Mr . SOURWINE . Very inexpensive .

Mr . BARTELS . Y es,sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . When you talk about hashish oil,does that mean

it can only be prepared from hashish or can it be distilled from simplemarihuana ?Mr. BARTELS . From crude marihuana as well .Mr. SOURWINE . Marihuana and hashish are different versions of the

cannabis plant .Mr. BARTELS . That is right

,a different process .

Mr . SOURWINE . And the hashish oil that you get from one in an equaldegree of concentration would be just the same as what you get fromthe other ?Mr . BARTELS . Y es

,sir.

18

Mr . SOURWINE . Does hashish oil have the characteristic cannabisodor so that it can be detected by your trained dogs that are used bythe Customs and Post OfficeDepartments ?Mr. BARTELS . I defer to Mr. S trange on that . D o you know ?Mr. HAISLIP . I think in most cases the oil would be sealed in a

container in any case which would probably make it less sub ject to thattype of discovery because i t wou ld be tightly sealed .

Mr . SINCLAIR . Usually in glass v ials .

Mr. SOURWINE . D o you know whether the oil has a sim ila r a roma

or flavor when put in a cigarette or smoked to wha t you would get i f

you used marihuana ?Mr . HAISLIP . The best report we have on that is that it is not as

eas i ly detectable and that is just a street report .Mr . SOURWINE . I have no more questions at this time . D o you want

to go ahead ? Mr . S incla ir next ?Mr . BARTELS . Y es , sir.

Mr . SINCLAI R . Thank you .

Mr . Cha i rman , d istingu ished members of the subcomm ittee , to theagents who partic ip ated in the B rotherhood of Eternal Love investigation , it was not jus t another routine case . For nearly a year and a

hal f, we felt the pulse of what has come to be real ized as one of the

largest and most complex drug systems in the history of this country ’s

na rcotic law enforcement efforts.

Possibly you m ight ask : A re these notorious international traffickers from Italy , Mexico , or Turkey , or from the Golden Triang le inSoutheas t As ia ? N O

,gentlemen

,the great majority of these v iolato rs

are from Cal i fornia ; but, our story does not begin there . Althoughno one knew it at the time

,the Brotherhood of Eternal Love began

with Dr . Timothy Francis Leary at Harva rd Univers ity in 1963.

It was in 1963 that Dr . Leary was fired from his post at Harvard asa result of his experimentation with LSD . H e soon found a friend inmultim ill ionaire Wil l iam Mel lon Hitchcock , and was al lowed to con

tinue his experimentation with LSD from Hitchcock ’s -acre

esta te in Millbrook , a quiet community in Dutchess County , N .Y .

From 1963 to 1966. Dr. Timothy Leary planted the seeds of “mysti

cism through drug s”in the m inds of countless thousands of y oung

Americans . Even Dr . Leary never real ized the fru itfulness of his cropor the international ram ifications of its harvest .From Millbrook , Dr . Leary traveled to Berkeley , Ca l if ,

and fromBerkeley to a smal l city in southern Cal i fornia called Laguna Beach .

This v i llage - type community was soon to become the psychedel ic drugcap ital of the world .

In October 1966, the Brotherhood of E ternal Love became a leg alcorporation in the State of Cal i fornia . The brotherhood was alsogranted a tax - exempt status on the basis tha t it claimed to be a rel igious organiza tion .

The brotherhood was heavily drug oriented . From its inception . inaddition , intel l igence indicates that the g roup was ceremoniously praeticing group sexual freedom in connection with the use of drugs .

From 1966 to 1968. the brotherhood flourished by deal ing in marihuana smuggled in 100- pound lots from Mexico and by trafficking inLSD obtained from i l l icit sou rces and from S andoz Chem ical Worksin Basel , Switzerland .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

20

Mr . SINCLAIR . That is correct , sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . Go ahead .

Mr. SINCLAIR . The center of their operations was stil l Laguna Beach ,Cal if

,al though they were fast becom ing international travelers and

were purchasing property in Hawa i i,Canada

,Central America , and

several States neighbo ring Cal i fornia .

From 1966 to 1971, members of the brotherhood traveled throughoutthe world using false identities with passports obtained under assumednames. Thei r operations were v i rtual ly untouchable during th is periodof time .

Mr. SOURWINE . Why was that ?Mr. SINCLAIR . Because of their mob il ity

,because no one was real ly

aware of the extent of their activ ities .

Mr. SOURWINE . D o they have any untouchabi l ity today ?Mr . SINCLAIR . N o

, sir.

Mr. SOURWINE . Their pretentious to be a rel igion do not do them anygood anymore

, do they ?Mr. SINCLAI R . N o

,sir.

Mr. SOURWINE . Go ahead .

Mr. SINCLAIR . N o arrests were made ofmajor figures In the organi zation

, and thousands of pounds of hashish and m il l ions of dosage unitsof “

orange sunshine”LSD were being distributed through outlets insouthern Cal ifornia. Local authorities were aware of the brotherhood ’

s

existence but could not penetrate the organization ’s outer wall .

The only significant accomplishment by local authorities during thisperiod was the arrest of Dr. Timothy Leary on December 26 , 1968, inLaguna Beach , Calif , for possession o f marihuana . Dr . Leary wasconv icted in February of 1970and sentenced to State prison for a termof 1 to 10 years . According to one of his companions , Leary escapedfrom prison in September 1970with the help of the Weathermen faction of the S tudents for a Democratic Soc iety (SDS ) who also provided him with false papers and arrang ed for his flight abroad .

Acco rding to several sources , the brotherhood paid to the

Weathermen to see their spi ritual leader set free .

While in Alg iers and S witzerland . Leary , despite the fact that hewas in exile , stil l exercised a ma jor influence over the brotherhood , andwas visited constantly by the higher echelon of the brotherhoodorganization .

In November ‘

of 1971, the brotherhood suffered its first maior setback when George Ol iphant was arrested in Lebanon while in possession o f 800pounds of hashish . It was later determ ined that Ol iphantand other members of the brotherhood had smug g led approximately

pounds of Lebanese hashish into the United S tates since 1968.

Mr . SOURWINE . D id they make almost $900 a pound on all of that ?Mr. SINCLAIR . Y es

,sir. Ol iphant is still in prison in Lebanon .

On December 15,1971, brotherhood membe r Donald Alexander

H ambarian was arrested in Lag una Beach , Cal if ,while operating a

1 I n the excerpt f rom his b ook , “ C on fess i ons of a D one Fien d .”on p. 35 ,T imothy Leary

sa y s“I su d d enl y fia sh ed on the mes h i ng of underg roun d energy system s . D ope dealers ra iseto fi nance the b reakout . A nd th e b rea d goes to the man i c g uerr i l las .

" The subcomm it tee has no way of esta b l i sh ing w h ether the amount pa id to the Weath ermen was actually

as stated to the D rug En forcement Ag ency by a memb er of the broth erhood who wasi nvolve d in the fundrais ing and is now cooperat i ng w i th the D EA , or wh eth er it wasa s stated by Leary in h is book . What d oes appear certa i n is that a very sub stantial sum waspa id to the Weath ermen to arrange Leary

’

s escape from the prison and from the country .

21

hashish oil laborato ry . This hashish Oil was to be the first encounteredin the United S tates . H ambarian was also in possession of

dosage units ofLSD .

Also in December of 1971, the two Afghan sources came to the

United States accompanied by a brotherhood membe r , Robert DaleAckerly

,now serv ing sentence. Thei r trip appeared to be nothing

more than a sightseeing tour until it was learned that two shipmentsof hashish total ing over pounds were on their way to southernCal ifornia . The Afghans were overseeing these Shipments .

In January of 1972 brotherhood member Michael Lee Poorey wasarrested In Laguna Beach , C al if ,

while In possession of dosageunits of “

orange Sunshine”LSD .

Mr. SOURWINE .What did that sel l for ?Mr . SINCLAIR . Wel l

,i t depends again on supply and demand . Y ou

can sel l tablets for as l ittle as $1 apiece , or you can sel l as many as

of them for $600. It just de .pendsMr. SOURWINE . Go ahead , S i r.

Mr. S I N CLAIR . Later that same month,the first of the Afghan hashish

shipments was seized In Portland,Oreg. This shipment totaled

pounds and still stands as the largest quantity of hashish ever se ized intheUnited States .

In February of 1972, the second Shipment of Afghanistan hashishwas seized In V ancouver, British Columbia . This

gload totaled 729

pounds. According to outstanding indi ctments,both the Portland and

the V ancouvci Shipments belonged to Brotherhood Chief Robert LeeA ndrist. At this time

,intell igence revealed A ndrist was in control of

the hashish smuggling arm of the brotherhood , while Michael BoydRandal l was generally considered to be the head of the “

orange sun

shine”LSD operation . Both A ndrist and Randal l became fugi tivessubsequent to indictment In thismatter.In March of 1972 Gordon Fred Johnson was arrested In LagunaBeach

,Cal i f . for distributing approximately dosage units of

“orange sunshine”LS D . Over In cash was found In John son ’

s

residence upon execution of a search warrant. A lso in March,Eric

Chastain was arrested In southern Cal i forni a for distributingdosage units of “

orange sunshine”LSD .

Mr . SOURWINE . Chastain 18 part of this Leary fami ly , too ?Mr. SINCLAIR . H e 13 part of the brotherhood ; yes, sir.

It became apparent that the mere seizures of hashish and LSD weredoing very little to disrupt the Brotherhood ofEternal Love as amajordrug system . A s a resul t of this observation

,Federal , State , and local

narcotic oflicers formed a strike force,with the brotherhood as thei r

sole target.Mr. SOURWINE . That was done In what yearMr . SINCLAIR. That was done In early 1972This strike force operated under the code name

“Operation BEL .

The too l used by Operation BEL agents was the strongest weapon narcotic officers have in their battle agains t drug traffickers . The con

spI racy lawsOn August 3, 1972, the O range County , Cal if , grand jury cl imaxed

many months of investigation by Operation BEL agents when it returned indictments against 29 members of the brotherhood organization . This indictment was aimed primari ly at the hashish smugglingarm of the brotherhood .

22

On August 5, 1972, at 6 a .m .

, Operation BEL agents executedsearch warrants and arrest warrants in Hawai i

,Oregon , and in nu

merous locations in southern Cal i fornia . S ixteen major brotherhoodfigures were arrested , and over in cash was seized , along witha total arrest of 53 individuals .

In November 1972, a DEA special agent of the BEL Task Forcetraveled with an IRS agent to Brussels

,Belgium

,to invest igate a lab

oratory relative to Ronald Hadley Stark . A s a result of the investigation and subsequent fol lowup

,Stark was indicted by a Federal grand

jury in Apri l 1973 (S tark I s a chem ist from N ew York who In 1964

was worth approximately and who in 1968 was reportedly worthapproximate ly Stark is a close assoc iate of Nicholas Sand ,and according to some reports , was the first person to ever producehas h ish oil from sol id hashish . )Mr. SOURWINE . C an you g Ive us l ists of the names and whatever you

have In the way of identification of the indiv iduals In these two groups ;that I s

,the 29 and the 53 that you just mentioned ?

Mr . SINCLAI R . Y es, sir, for the record .

Mr . SOURWI NE . C an that be prov ided for the record later ?Mr . SINCLAI R . Y es

,S ir, it can .

Mr . SOURWINE . May that be the order , Mr . Chairman ?The C HAI RMAN . S o ordered .

[The information referred to may be found in the appendix,p . 7

Mr. SINCLAI R . The investigation continued , and on December 6, 1972 ,the Orange Coun ty grand jury returned another indictment

,this time

aimed primarily at the brotherhood ’s

“orange sunshine”LSD system .

On December 31,1972

,one of the major figures in the LSD system ,

Michael Boyd Randal l,was arrested in S an Francisco . Randal l is cur

rently a fugitive wanted on four separate narcotic and false passportwarrants .

Mr. SOURWINE. N ow,that statement indicates that something hap

pened in there to change his status . After he was arrested , how didhe get loose so he I s now a fugI tive ?Mr. SINCLAIR . I would like

gl

to defer to Mr. Strange in this particular matter , because he had a great deal ofMr . SOURWINE . H e will cover it ?Mr . SINCLAIR. Y es , sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . Would you l ike to talkSTRA NGE . A s you wish . Michael Boyd Randal l was indicted

by

Mthe O range County grand jury on December 6, 1972 H e was ar

rested in S an Francisco , Cal i f ,on the n ight of December

H e was brought down to Orarige Coun tygwhere his bai l was set at

It wasMr. SOURW INE . Wil l you pardon me ? W e are going to get into qu ite

a story here. Let us save i t , and let the present w i tness finish his statement, and then we will come back to you .

Mr . STRANGE . Y es , 811‘

Mr . SINCLA I R . On January 14, 1973, Dr . Timothy Leary was locatedby D EA agents in Kabul , Afghanistan ,

and on January 18, 1973, hewas returned to Los Angeles

,Cal if . State and Federal agents arrested

Leary on the BEL charges and for escape from a Cal i fornia pri sonfarm In 1970. Leary was arraigned on BEL t harges In State court onJanuary 30

,1973 and bai l was set at $5 m ill ion . Leary was conv icted

23

ofO

the escape and, on April 23, 1973, was sentenced to 5 years in StateprI son .

On January 19,1973, brotherhood chem ist N icholas Sand was ar

rested in St . Louis , Mo . , and his laboratories seized . These il l icit laboratories proved to be the largest of their kind ever seized in the UnitedS tates, with a value of approximately The tableting pressfor the “

orange sunshine”LS D was also seized alon withdosage units of the drug already tableted . Powdered L D capable ofproducing over 14 m i ll ion tablets of “

orange sunshine”was found at

two locations, along with the formulas and raw materials for the production of over 100different psychedel ic drugs .

On Easter Sunday , April 22, 1973, BEL Task Force agents arrestedfour members of BEL in Santa Cruz , Cal if . Three of those arrestedwere fugitives from other jurisdictions . Some contraband was seized ,along with seven phony passports . Huge stores of false identificationwere seized , indicating this was a point of contact of BEL fugitivesdes iring false identification and papers .

On April 25,1973, Nicholas Sand ,T imothy Scul ly,Michael Randall ,

and four other major figures in the LSD 0 eration were indicted by a

Federal grand jury in S an Francisco , al if . Four of these higherechelonmembers are still fugitives .

Mr. SOURWINE . N ow ,for the record , would you identify the four

that you did not name, and indicate which of the e ight are the four thatare still fugitives ?Mr . SINCLAIR . Y es, Sir. The indiv iduals referred to are Dav id Lee

Mantel ; Charles Druce, currently a fugitive ; Lester Friedman ; andRonald H . Stark, currently a fugitive . In addition to these four individuals, one of those previously mentioned , Michael Randall , is alsoa fugitive .

That , briefly , is a chronological summary of the Brotherhood of

Eternal Love investigation . Overal l statistics of Operation BEL con

cerning arrests and seizures are nearly unbel ievable. To date, thebrotherhood investigation has resulted in the arrests of over 100 individuals, including Dr. Timothy Leary who is currently serv ing 15years in Folsom prison . Four LSD laboratories have been seized , alongwith over 1 m i ll ion “

orange sunshine”LSD tablets,and LSD powder

In excess of grams , capable of producing over 14 m i l l ion dosageunits of the drug . In addition

,the source of diversion for the raw ma

terials needed in the production ofLSD was identified in Europe .

A total of six hashish oil laboratories were seized , along with over30 gal lons of hashish oil and approximately pounds of sol idhashish .

Mr. SOURWINE . N ow,those hashish oil laboratories were in this

country .

Mr. SINCLAIR . S ome were .

Mr . SOURWINE . Some were not .

Mr. SINCLAIR . That is correct .Mr. SOURWI NE . Would you differentiate that for the record when

you correct it ?Mr . SINCLAIR . Y es, sir ; I will .[The information requested fol lows

Of these six laboratories , four were being Operated wi th in the U nited S tates ,three of wh ich were in C al iforn ia and one in Hawa i i . Two others were beingopera ted wi th in fore ign countries ; one in C osta Rica , and one in Afghan is tan .

24

Mr. SOURWINE . And with regard to the diversion of raw materials,the s

piu

e

rce of diversion in Europe,wou1d you identify ,

that for therecorMr. SINCLAIR. Y es, sir ; we will .[The information requested followsTha t individua l is C harles Druce , a Bri tish citizen ,

indicted on April 25th forconspiracy in connection wi th the i ll ici t manufacture of LS D .

Mr . SOURWINE . Go ahead , sir.

Mr. SINCLAIR . Grand jury indictments were Obtained on Amanul lahand H ayatullah Tokhi , two brothers who are alleged to be the sourcesof Afghanistan hashish for the Brotherhood of Eternal Love. TheAfghanistan Government has been advised of these indictments .

Mr. SOURWINE . N ow,where were they indicted ?

Mr . SINCLAIR . In Orange County,Cal i f .

Mr. SOURWINE . H ad they been in Orange County ?Mr . SINCLAIR . Y es, sir, they had.

Mr . SOURWINE . Al l right .Mr. SINCLAIR . Other drugs and articles seized were 104 grams of

peyote, 8 pounds of amphetam ine powder,

pounds of cocaine ,2 marihuana canning operations

,

“Orange Sunshine”pill press , 7vehicles , 546 acres of property in southern Cal ifornia , and overm i ll ion cash either seized or located in foreign banks. The InternalRevenue Serv ice and the Cal i fornia Franchise Tax Board have as

sessed the Brotherhood of Eternal Love corporation for over $70m il l ion in back taxes .

Mr . SOURWINE . Which wou ld indicate that the brotherhood according to the IRS , must have made something over $200 m i ll ion in itsi l l icit operations .

Mr . SINCLAIR . That is right , yes , S ir.

Mr. SOURWINE . Go ahead .

Mr. SINCLAIR . On September 23 1973, the State Department publicly announced that a tougher screening process wou ld be used in theissu ing of pas sports due to the Brotherhood of Eternal Love. S tateDepartment officials working with Operation BEL agents uncovered120cases of passport fraud within the period of 1 year .With these astonishing statistics , one m ight get the impress ion that

the brotherhood organization is a thing of the past . N othing couldbe further from the truth . Out of the 52 brotherhood members indicted by State and Federal grand juries , 22 are fugitives , includingthe N o . 1 man in both hashish and the LS D operations .

B rotherhood members continue to operate from outside the UnitedStates . On September 15

,1973, 923 pounds of hashi sh concealed in

false bottom commercial sound speakers was se ized in Las Vegas, N ev .

It is now known that this hashish shipment was enroute to southernCal i fornia components of the Brotherhood of E terna l Love .

N o doubt , the brotherhood organization was dealt a severe blow byOpera tion BEL

,but not a term inal one . At the moment

,it remains

disorganized and severely crippled . Hopeful ly , continued enforcement effort can be brought to bear until this complex drug distributionsystem is completely el im inated .

In concluding my remarks, Mr . Chai rman , I would l ike to Offer forthe record a copy of an inte rview with Jennifer Dohrn , sister of

Weathermen leader, Bernardine Dohrn , describ ing her meeting with

25

Timothy Leary and Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers in October of 1970.

The art icle appeared in the Underground publ ication , Good Times ,for Janua ry 8

,1971 . I bel ieve it is interesting because of the l ight it

throws on the l i festyle and motivations and associations of theseeo le .pMT. SOURWINE . Mr. Cha irman , I would like to suggest that this

item be incorporated into the record as an appendix .

The C HAIRMAN . S o ordered .

[The article referred to may be found in the appendix,p .

Mr. SOURWINE . If I understand your figures correctly , however, isit not true that the brotherhood in terms of its operations and its powerand its financing is now several times as strong as it was 10years agofrom which it bu ilt up to $100m i ll ion operation within the space of

less than 10years .

Mr. SINCLAIR . Y es,sir.

Mr. SOURW INE . N ow,I do not know whether this is the proper place

to raise this question,but the comm ittee is in possession of a flyer put

out by the Cal ifornia Department of Justice giv ing the photographsand descriptions of 26 members of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love .

Have you gentlemen seen it ? I presume you have .

flMr. SINCLAIR . Y es

,sir. W e furnished the comm ittee with that

yer.

Mr. SOURWINE . Wel l,now

,I think it would be very useful

,i f the

Chair agrees , i f these pictures and descriptions could be put in our

record “

but we cannot reproduce them from this . C an you furnish us

with glossies of these pictures that we can use to reproduce in our

hearing record ?Mr. SINCLAIR . Y es

, sir.

Mr. SOURWINE . May that be the request, Mr . Chai rman ?The C HAIRMAN . So ordered .

[The photographs follow

26

C A L I F O R N I A D E P A R T M E N T O F J U S T I C E

BUREAU or NARC OTIC ENFORC EMENT

ividuals shown be low are act ive members of the BROTHERHOOD OF ETERNAL LOV E . This is a pseudo-re l igious t ionresponsi b le for the importat ion and sale of large quant i t ies of hashish and manufacture and d istri but ion of LS D

rldwide level.

ust 3, 1972 the Orange County Grand j ury ind icted these individuals, charging them wi th a variety of narco t ics and 182, I,V Penal Code (Conspiracy to V io late Cal i fornia S tate Narcot ic Laws).iese fugi t ives extensuve ly ut i l ize fa lse i dent ificat i on

,every effort shoul d be made to no t i fy Cal i forn ia Department of

of the ir fingerprint c lass i f ica t ion as soon as possuble , to ob tain a pos i t ive i dent i f icat ion before re leasing subject .

PAD ILLA, Gerald lameswmu ,dob s l l 155 It»

Nationwide No NON I LTS 06 0

S lu t-wide No NO-I i APB OC SO

Finp rprinl ( Iaw fiu tmn o s u 11 1 [ 2

i 17 0 I O! 18

dark Patrick.ESYER S AMUEL6. 5-9 , 140 lbs

nd l l S l l l OO B

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

28

Mr. SOURW IN E . N ow,I think we have one more prepared statement,

have we not ?Mr. SINCLAIR . N o , sir.

Mr. SOURWINE . Well , then , it may be proper to ask some of thesequestions now.

Y ou made it pretty clear that the brotherhood case is an i llustrationof the inadequacies of existing criminal justice procedures in copingwith contemporary high level drug v io lators . Thi s is interesting to us

because it is one of the central points tha t was made by Gen . LewisWalt in his report to the subcommittee last September on the worlddrug situation and its impact on security .

Among other things General Walt recommended that Congressconsider the impos ition of new restraints on the granting of bail todrug trafiickers. Would you gentlemen have a recommendation in thatarea ?Mr. BARTELS . Y es, we do . There is a bi l l presently before the Senate,

S . 1300, which would p rovide for pretrial detention pending trial inhero in cases

,under certain ci rcumstances .

Mr. SOURW INE . The facts given us here certainly underscore thatneed .

N ow, you mentioned one brotherhood member who apparently wasa rrested on four consecutive occasions and posted bond on each oc

casion and fin al ly fled the country . Who was that, Randall ?Mr. BARTELS . N o

,sir. Donald Drury .

Mr. STRA NGE . H e is now in custody .

Mr. SOURW INE . May we then go back to you and get the Randal lstory

,the res t of it

,and then you can tel l us about the others .

Mr. STRANGE . A s I stated earl ier,Michael Boyd Randa l l was in

dicted on December 6,1972, by the O range C ounty grand jury . H e was

arrested in S an Francisco , Ca l if ,on December 31

,1972, and taken to

Orange County where his bai l was set at pursuant to thegrand jury indictment .H e retained counsel and over a period of time had his bai l lowered

to

In themonth ofMarch we came up with some information revea l ingthat a primary figure in the LSD operation was unknown to us. W e

had a name but we did not know who it was. The name was that ofMichae l Thomas Garrity . This name appeared on shipping documents where a Jaguar had been shipped from the LSD labo ratory inBrussels, Belgium,

to N ew York and it appeared on several otherlegal documents concerning the purchase of property in Rivers ideCounty , in southern Cal i fornia.

Just as a chance,agent E ll iot subm itted this name with agent Kee l

to the passport office and i t turned out that Michael Thomas Garritywas in fact Michael Boyd Randal l .This greatly strengthened our case against Randal l and it also

gave us an additional charge,under 18 U .S .O. 1542, 1544, for obtain

mg a passport fraudulently .

On March 9, when we got the passport appl ication from Washingt on ,

we filed that charge withh the Central D istrict of Cal iforniaand we arrested Randal l that night at the beachfront home of histwo attorneys .

29

H e had marihuana in his possess ion at the time of the arrest andwe filed local charges for that also . W e had the ba il in Cal ifornia court, and it appeared later we had ba il for the passport charge and then for the marihuana possess ion for a to talof $36,000

gbai l which on approximately April 20 he fled and we do

not know where he is .

r . SOURWINE . That is Randal l . The bai l forfeited ?Mr . STRA NGE . Y es

,sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . D O you know where he is now ?

Mr . STRANGE . N o , sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . H e is a fugitive from justice .

Mr. STRANGE . Y es . sir. H e was indicted April 25 by the Federalgrand jury in S an Francisco but by that time we bel ieve he wasalready out of the country . H e is probably travel ing under anotherassumed name under a false passport . Some of these indiv idualshave as many as four passports

,four complete sets of identification .

wh ich is an interesting story itself. It includes driver ’s l icense , social

security card,selective service card

,University of Cal ifornia Irvine

student ID card,and b irth certificate .

Mr . SOURWINE . And b irth certificate ?Mr . STRANGE . That is the key.

Mr. SOURWINE . That is an interesting package of identification butwho carries a b irth certificate ?Mr . SINCLAIR . Members of the brotherhood .

Mr. STRANGE That is one way you know— this thing was a learning process

,and that IS one characteristic that enabled us to put to

gether a profile of this organization . W e arrested people who ordimari ly do not have anything on them

, much less a comp lete packageof identification

,and we sa id who are you and he said my name 18

so and so and we say, real ly ? Wha t have you got to show ? And hepulls out a b irth certificate. soc ial securitv card , driver

’s l icense in

the neatest set of identification that you have ever seen and it justdid not fit with the person . After checking on several of these

.

we

found out they were not correct .Mr . SOURWINE . When you ran into one you knew it was phony .

Mr . STRANGE . A lot of times .

Mr . SOURWINE . Does that conclude your statement ?Mr. STRANGE . About Randal l .Mr . SOURWINE . Y ou are going to tel l us about the other fellow .

Mr. SINCLAIR . I think Mr . Strange will also tel l you about Mr .

Drury .

Mr. STRANGE . Mr . Drury had posted and fled on a total ofin bonds from 1970 up until approximately 6 months ago when wearrested him ln Hawaii . Each time he was arrested under a differentset of identification and it was just aMr. SOURWI NE . Four sets.

Mr. STRANGE . Y es,S ir.

Mr. SOURWINE . Four a rrests .

Mr. STRA NGE. When we arrested him again he had another one, sothat makes five .

Mr. SOURWINE . Five . The new one was in Hawai i .Mr . STRANGE . Y es , sir. and we were not aware of that one at the

time we arrested Mr. Drury on the last occasion . The problem w ith the

23—538 0—73— 3

30

brotherhood organization,and what took law enforcement so long to

catch up with it , was thei r high degree of mob il ity . It is vi rtual ly impossible to keep up with their pace of international travel .For instance, he was arrested in August of 1972 in Berkeley , Cal if .

H e had a complete set of false identification . They booked him there.

and set bail at An indiv idua l still unknown to us appearedthat. night with cash . bai led him out and by the time his fingerprints had come back reveal ing tha t he was a fugitive on three otherwarrants

,it was too late because he was al ready out. S O they stay one

jump ahead of the game by using that procedure .

Mr . SOURWINE . Well . does that explain why the court s kept lettinghim out on bai l ? In each case they did not know he was a bail jumper ?Mr . STRANGE . In each case they did not know who he was .

Mr. SOURWINE . H e jumped each bai l separately .

Mr . SINCLAIR . That is correct .Mr. SOURWINE . Wel l

,now

, you have got him out on bai l on the fifthcharge.

Mr. SINCLAIR . N o,sir.

Mr . STRANGE . N o . sir.

Mr. SOURWINE . Let the record show that two witnesses answeredthat question in unison .Where is he now ?Mr . STRANGE . H e is in the Orange County jai l .Mr . SOURWINE . Any indication the courts are going to adm it him to

bai l or have you bee n able to defeat that ?Mr . STRANGE . I have been at one bai l reduction motion on his part

and I do not think there is any chance .

Mr . SOURWINE . N ow,I think we have covered the point of the

brotherhood Operating in a vi rtual ly untouchable manner between1966 and 1971 . Would you have anything to add, Mr . Strange ?Mr. STRANGE . Only that the reason for this is that they bui lt up a

reputation as being an untouchable organization . This is a hard th ingto overcome on our part . W e could not get anv information out of thesepeople we were arresting becaus e they were firmly of the Opinion thatwe would never get the higher echelon members Of the brotherhood .

That was our greatest difficulty to overcome. The statistics we havegiven you and the facts on seizures and resource information are ex

tremely wel l documented . W e now have approximately five high -ranking or moderately ranking members of the brotherhood who are

Government witnesses and when we tel l you we know pounds ofhashish were smuggled out of Lebanon , we know that because he toldus he personal ly smuggled pounds out, and when we tel l you thefirst batch of Orange Sunshine”LSD was around a m il l ion . we knowthat because our informant was in that laboratory which produced thatfirst batch .

Mr . SOURWINE . Y ou told us . Mr. Sinclai r . that Leary escaped withthe help ofWeathermen and there was a payment for the es

cape operation . I s your Operation on that point as firm as what Mr.Strange has talked about ?Mr . S INCLAIR . Y es, sir. Y es

,sir, abso lutely .

Mr . STRANGE . W e have been fortunate enough to have the rightpeop le in the right places as far as our witnes ses and

Mr . SINCLAIR . Also, our witnesses have corrobo rated each other un

knowingly .

31

Mr. SOURWINE . I do not want to interfere with your case as you are

bui lding it , but i f your case perm its . would you insert for the record atthis po int in correct ing your record the sources of your informationabout this payment ?Mr. STRANGE . One of the Government witnesses was asked to con

tribute funds to this prior to Leary ’s escape. That i s one way we kn ow

it. The individual who col lected the money,to pay the Weathermen ,

was Randall , whom I mentioned earl ier .

Mr . SOURWINE .W as Bernardine Dohrn of theWeathermen involvedin either the planning or execution of Leary ’

s escape ?Mr . STRANGE . That information comes to us by way Of an informant

who l ived with Timothy Leary since he escaped and he says that Learytold him that.Mr . SOURWINE . That Dohrn was involved .

Mr. STRANGE . Y es,sir.

Mg

r. SOURWI NE . In what way , both ln the planning and the execu

tion .

Mr. STRANGE . S he was reportedly in the car that picked him upafter he cl imbed over the h igh tension wire.

Mr. SOURWINE . N ow, you mentioned Robert Lowe A ndrist as the

N o . 1 man in the brotherhood hashish operation . Where is he now ?

Mr. STRANGE . H e is a fugitive . H e has four false sets.

Mr. SOURW INE . H e also jumped four bonds ?Mr. STRANGE . N o . sir. H e has never been arrested .

Mr . SOURWINE . Mr. S incla ir , I think you told us that a total of sixhashish oil factories were seized along with 30 gal lons of hashish oil

and some 6.000 pounds of sol id hashish . C ouldgy ou give us for the

record a tabulation of those seizures. show the date, place , the amountseized In each case ?

Mr . HAISLIP . C an you do that research ?There are several cub ic feet of files . I do not know if you can do that

without a great deal of labor. I s 18 possible ?Mr . SOURWINE . I do not want to put you to a great deal of labor .

Mg

. HAISLIP . W e,of course , do not have our file organized to respond

to t at .

Mr . SOURWINE . I just want to identify each seizure and get maybea

h

short

1

paragraph about the essential facts and the amounts involved .

t e va ue .

Mr. HAISLIP . Could we confine that to themajor or principal seizuresinstead of

Mr. SOURWINE . Sure . I would think so . S et your own figures as to

what 15 important. IV e just want the big ones .

Mr. S inclai r,I understand you said that Michael Boy d Randal l .

whom y ou corisidered the N o . 1 in the LSD Operation , was firstarrested on December 31

, 1972“8

Mr. SINCLAIR . That is correct .Mr . SOURWINE . And is currently a fugitive wanted on four separate

narcotics and false passports warrants,or is that five now ?

Mr. SINCLAIR . N o . It is sti ll four .Mr . SOURWINE . Four.

The subcomm ittee has been informed that after his first arrest Ran

dal l retained the services of two attorney s,Michael Kennedy and Mi

chael Tigar,both of whom have a long record Of involvement in the

32

defense of left wing m il itants including Angela Dav is and the Chicago 7 and the Sea ttle 9. I s our information accurate in that respectas far as you know ?Mr . SINCLAIR . Y es, sir. it is .

Mr. SOURWINE . A re these men still representing him ?Mr . SINCLAIR . To the best Of my knowledge, yes .

Mr. SOURWINE . Could you or Mr . Strange add any thing to what

you have told us about the ci rcumstances under which Randal l became

a fugitive ? D id vou cover that as ful ly as you think it needs to be ?Mr. STRANGE . I would just l ike to say that Mr . Kennedy now repre

sents Nicholas Sand In the Federal indictment in S an Francisco .

Mr. SOURWINE . Does he or Tigar represent any of the other brotherhood members ?Mr. STRA NGE . N o . sir. H e went back to France .

Mr. SOURWINE. W ho did ?Mr . STRANGE. Mr. T igar returned to France after Randal l fled.

Mr. SOURWINE. N ow . Mr . Strange , we understand that you were incharge of the arrest of Michael Boyd Randal l for a second time on

March 6 of this year ; is that right ?Mr. STRANGE . March 9.

Mr. SOURWINE . March 9. C an you tell us something about the cir

cumstances leading up to that arrest and about the arrest itsel f ?Mr. STRANGE . Y es. sir. W e obtained an arrest warrant from the

Central District of Cal ifornia Federal Di strict , earlier that day forthe 18 U .S .C . 1544 passport V Iolation which we were to execute forthe State Department

,Secretary of State. and we attempted to locate

Mr. Randall that afternoon and that night at his home,his parents’

home. and were unable to do so . W e then went to Laguna Beachthinking that he m ight be in that area . W e saw him in his veh iclewith his wife pass us where we were parked in the street and we pursued him .

W e lost sight Of him and we went on down the Pacific Coast Highway there and could not catch up with him . SO we assumed he turnedoff in the area of the beach house ofMr . Kennedy and Mr . Tigar .Mr. SOURWI NE . They were l iving together.Mr . STRANGE . Y es, sir. W e went to that address and his car was

there, stil l hot , of course , leading us to bel ieve he had just arrived ,and we were faced with the del icate situation of arresting the defendant in the attorney ’

s home.

Mr . SOURWINE . Y ou had an arrest warrant for him ?Mr. STRANGE . Y es . sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . Wherever found .

Mr. STRANGE . Y es, sir. S o . to be sure, we called the Ch ief of the

Superior Court Div ision of Orange County and advised him of the

circumstances and our adv ice from counsel was that you have a val idarrest warrant for him . Y ou have to arrest him . S o we had a meetingoutside the house , mysel f and the other Federal and local and Stateagents that had play ed such a g reat part in th is investigation. andwe decided that under no ci rcumstances were we to approach thathouse wi thout either badge and credentials or both clearly shown .

S o we went to the front door en masse and knocked on the door.Mr . Kennedy Op ened the door . W e could see Randall standing in thekitchen through the window

,so we knew at this time that he was in

33

there. Mr . Kennedy Opened the door and, of course. he recognized myself and S tate Agent Barnes . W e all had our credentials out and we

advised him that we had a warrant , who we were , what we were therefor

,and he slammed the door and bo lted it and refused us entry into

the house .

A forced entry was requi red andMr. Randal l was taken into custodyand those six marihuana cigarettes were found on his possession at the

time and he was also charged with possession of marihuana in theState court .Mr. SOURWINE . Wel l

,did Mr . Kennedy resist you any further after

you forced entry ?Mr. STRANGE . Just through verbal abuse andMr. SOURWINE . Y ou mean he cussed at you ?Mr . STRANGE . S ir ?Mr. SOURWINE . H e cussed at you ?Mr. STRANGE . Y es . sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . Used v ile language. did he ?Mr. STRANGE . Y es, sir.

Mr. SOURW INE . Wel l , I will not ask you to repeat it for this record ,then .

h.

N c2

>w , what happened then ? D id you take Randal l down and book1m .

Mr. STRANGE . Y es, sir. W e took him to the Laguna Beach Pol iceDepartment where we removed his shirt , took photographs of him

without a shirt on so that we could answer any charges later that hewas beaten , andMr . SOURWINE . Y ou felt that was necessary .

Mr. STRANGE . Y es , sir. And it proved to be .

Mr. SOURWINE . They made such charges ?Mr. STRANGE . Y es

, sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . Then your forethought paid ofl .

Mr. STRANGE . Y es, sir.

[In the remarks that fol low, 113 l ines of the typewritten testimonyg1ven In executive session were deleted for security reasons

,at the re

quest of the Drug Enforcement Adm inistration ]Mr . SOURWINE . S o you put him in jail ?Mr . STRANGE . S i r ?Mr . SOURWINE . Y ou put the prisoner in j ai l ?Mr . STRANGE . Wel l , we fingerprinted him and photographed him

but we had no recourse but to release him .

Mr. SOURWINE . Wel l , did he come up with theMr. STRANGE . H e did not have to . The Federal district judge or

dered hIm released on his own recognizance .

Mr . SOURWINE . Then,what happened ?

Mr. STRANGE . Then we went back through the sy stem and tried toget a bai l hearing on our part and we did and bai l was finally set inthe amount of

.

Mr. SOURWINE . Pretty low bai l for a man with his record of skippIng ; would you not say ?

Mr. STRANGE . H e had no record of skipping up to that po int .Mr. SOURWINE . H e did not have . But he did skip that bai l .Mr. STRANGE . Y es . sir ; and two others .

Mr. SOURWINE . Who put up the bail for him ?

34

Mr . STRANGE . W e do not know .

Mr. SOURWINE . D O you know of any other members of the B rotherhood of E ternal Love defended by e ither Michael Kennedy orMichaelTigar ?Mr . STRANGE . Just Michael Boyd Randal l and N icholas S and .

Mr. SOURWINE . Those are the only ones ?Mr . STRANGE

,Y es

, sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . N ow,when you said that brotherhood members had

false passports, do you mean each had one false passport or did some

of them have several ?Mr. STRANGE. Some have none , others have as many as four or five.

Mr. SOURWINE . I thought the indicia of these people was they all hada complete ID package . That did not include passports in all cases ?

Mr . STRA NGE . That is almost exclusively true of the hashishsmugglers ; but some who worked internal ly with the distribution of

LSD d id not need a false passport .Mr . SOURWINE . S o the passports were on a need to-use basis.

Dr. STRANGE . Y es, S I r

Mr . SOURWINE . Could y ou prov ide us with a l ist of brotherhoodmembers as far as you are informed who have operated or have had In

thei r possession multiple false passports or multiple passports in falseidentity ?Mr . STRANGE . Y es, sir.

Mr . HAISLIP . W e could p rovide a l ist of those who have been indictedon such charges easi ly . Would that be sufficient for the record ?Mr . S OURWINE . I would rather leave i t on the basis of the information

avai lable to you than on the basis of the indictment . W e m ight geta few more names that way , I do not know .

Mr . BARTELS . W e w ill do our best to get you them .

lThe information req uested may be found in the appendix,p .

Mr . SOURWI NE . That is all that anybody can do .

C an one of you gentlemen tel l us briefly for the record , the RickBevans story ?Mr. SINCLAIR . It will have to beMr . Strange .

Mr . STRANGE . Mr . Bevans was arres ted in May O f 1972 . in Kabul .

Afghanistan . Excuse me . Let me rephrase that . H e was taken intocustody by the local authorities at Kabul , Afghanistan . in that periodO f t ime p ursuant to a brotherhood photo g rap h at the airp ort there at

Kabul . They real ized who he was from the photograph . They notifiedour ag ent there and he sent a teletype to Los Angeles inform ing us

that Mr . Bevans was there traveling under the name Rodney Parksand had a passport to support that . Based on that we g ot a complaintag ain out of the central district . And Ag ent Burke escortedMr . Bevans from Kabul back to the United States in custody and hewas arra igned and bai l was set at which he promptly forfeited .

Mr. SOURWI NE . N ow . I show you and y our colleag ues several charts .

Did you p rovide these for the comm ittee ’s information ?

Mr . BARTELS . Y es . “ e did .

Mr . S OURWINE . D o you have any ob jection if they are put in thereco rd ?Mr HAISLIP . N o .

Mr. S ouRW I N E . May that be the order, Mr . Chai rman , that they beinserted In the record ?

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

36

N ow tumble into some del irious trance . Arm s cros sed . elbows hooked to wireinch ing ca terp illar crawl . All hope of escape given up. My only goa l to reach thefence so I ’d fa l l to freed om ou ts ide the perimeter. I must remember when I fal lto let fee t go first . My hand kept ge tting tangled in the phone wire loop. A com

puls ive wrench to free my hand se ts the cable bouncing wildly . Mou th gasping ,face bulging , g lass es twisted. sweat dripping . face grimacing . Ano ther skin ofthe teeth . I wanted Erro l Flynn and out came Harold Lloyd. I fel t very alone .

Forty -nine yea rs and 325 days of this li fe bui l t up to th is momen t of ordeal . Myl ife hung on a needle point . I n trance of S un Dance ini tia tes wh irl suspendedby hooked burn ing pa in in the chest muscles . There was no fear only a naggi ngembarrassment . Such an undignified way to d ie , nailed l ike a sloth on a branch !O ther men and women in prison woul d be pa ined by my fai led escape . My fallwou l d please the guards . S ee we told yo u. Y ou can

’ t escape . There is no escape .

N o more thoughts . From some inner rese rvoir of LI V E ! L I V E ! LI V E ! S U RV I V E ! came an energy flow and a curious erotic l ightness . Hands reached up ineasy s trong pul ls , legs kicking . body wiggl ing , arms flai l ing , shou l ders push ingpropelled by uterine squeeze . My glasses fel l but my arms smooth ly ree led cab-le .

Thus I butted hea d firs t dripping wet into th is N ew Li fe .

Hand over hand ti ll fingers h i t the pole . Hang ing by my legs ( I ’d practicedi t a thousand times in my bunk ) I reached right hand over head . grabbed metalsp ike , dropped legs . twisted body , wrapped legs around splintery wood , sliddown . Exultant fee t hit l ibera ted ground FREE !

t t t t

I was sway ing sweating pan ting . I saw the g lasses ly ing on ground outsideof fence . I adjusted them on my nose . funny professor gesture . I looked around .

Al l si lent. Electric l ights sh in ing on the steel fence and the green gras s. C e l lblocks forty fee t away shining still in the night . N o motion .

I staggered to the wal l,sl i d down . lay head against the stone, drained ,deeply brea thing , l istening. Alert fox h iding from hunters , wa i ting for pursu i t

cars to scream down road. S ilence . I started down the bank . The barracks of theopen -prison compound lay scattered be low . Lights were on . Wa tch for fire pa trol .S teep decl ine . My firs t steps dislodged a rock avalanche . I sl ipped and sl id ,s tones ra ttl ing around me . H i t the h i l l bottom and started 10ping carefu lly ,

probing ,wary like a kickoff return .

t t t t 1!

U p ahead I saw the dim outl ine of trees nex t to the h ighway . C limbed out

of the culvert and ran to the first tree . S tanding five fee t from h ighway at the

base of the second tree, I saw three trees jo ined at the root trunk . Well , theyhave the symbols right .A long wa i t for the pickup. Scanning the cars roaring by . Two m inutes . Fivem inutes . Ten minutes .

A car is comi ng . R ight blinker flash ing . I t pul led up in front of the tree .

I ran from the shadows . The car door swung open . A girl wi th long dark ha irleaped out . C ode words swapped .

— Kelly !-Tino !W e embraced . I ducked into the back sea t grabbing the hand of the blond gi rlbeh ind the wheel . Kelly jumped in slamming the door. Motor gunned we roared

off.

—I ’m Maru , sa id the driver.

—Where i s S he ?—I n Denver wa iting for you . Y ou

’ ll see H er Monday .

I had m ixed feel ings . I hoped S he was out of the country safe but exultantwe

’d meet in two days .

Kelly was talking fast .-Brother, we ’

re glad to see you ! W e made two passes by the pickup spot .W e were worried . Y ou were late. I was going to start wa lking back the tracksto look for you . I n case you were hurt .Kel ly pointed to the back seat— There ’

s a new set of clothes . C hange . I startedstripping off pri son denim .

—G ive them to me. sa id Kel ly .

— I’

d l ike to save them . For Barker and Horowitz the arch ivis ts .

—N o . We’re going to transfer your clothes to another car. They ’ll drive south

near LA . and leave them in a gas s tation restroom. To make the pigs th ink we ’re

heading south .

—H ow many cars do you have operating tonight ?

37

Four. You ’ l l only be in th is car for five minutes . W e have a camper in MorroBay to take you to Oakland . A th ird car goes south . A nd the fourth has theshortwave set to monitor po l ice calls . H ow much of a lead do we have ?

—I don ’ t th ink I was seen leaving . S o we have two hours before they discoverI

’

m gone .

Maru was driving smooth and ea sy . I n four m inutes we reached a road bythe beach . C ar stopped . Maru turned back grinn ing .

—OK brother. You get out

now . I ’l l see you in Oakland .

I pulled the kni t ski cap over my head and followed Kelly out of the car

over the sand dunes down the beach . I t was sti l l a B mov ie, spy thri ller, Worl dW ar I I .

After a hundred yards Kelly turned away from the sea , over dunes to a parkedcamper. A beautiful woman wai ted . W e kissed . A s turdy gray-ha ired man camearound the s ide of the camper and we shook hands .

—Welcome.

Kelly mot ioned me in back of trai ler.

— I’m going to dye your hair now . A s trange tra i ler just pul led up . They look

suspicious . W e don ’ t wan t to pul l out suddenly . We’ ll hang around here for a

few m inutes and then h i t i t .I sat on the edge of the bunk bed . Kelly s tanding at the s ink fil l ing a pai l ofwater. S he squirted spray

-can hair dye on my scalp and began mas saging . Aftera wh ile she stopped and sm i led .

Kelly is my code name , not my rea l name . I’

m not always a beautician. Myfa ther is Senator and the name of our tribe is the Weathermen U nderground .

I began to laugh . I t all figured . The man iac reckless guerrilla tribe . Scourgeof the FBI .

—W e had to keep i t secret . W e hOpe it’

s all right wi th you .

I suddenly flashed on the mesh ing of underground energy systems . Dopedea lers ra ise twenty-five thousand dollars to finance the breakout. A nd the

bread goes to the man iac guerri llas .

1

—The twenty -five thousand went to buy dynami te ? Kel ly laughed .

—Dynam i te , ha ir dye, and fas t cars .

Mr. SOURWINE . D o you know the names of all of the indiv idualsincluding those other than Bernardine Dohrn . who were in the car

when he was picked up ?

Mr . STRANGE . N O,si r.

Mr. SOURWINE . Do you know of the names of any of them ?Mr . STRANGE . N O

,S l I

‘

.

Mr. S OU RWIN E . Just Bernardine D ohrn .

Mr . STRANGE . Y es , sir

Mr . SOURWINE . N ow ,the man who you said l ived with Leary in

Algeria and In Switzerland , was he an undercover agent ?Mr . STR ANGE . N o , sir.

Mr . SOURWINE . W ho was he ?

Mr . STRANGE . H is brother I s married to Timothy Leary ’s daughte r .

Mr. S OURWINE .What 15 his name ?

Mr . STR ANGE . DennisMartino .

Mr . SOURWINE .Where is he now ?Mr . STR ANGE . H e is in Los Angeles .

Mr . SOURWINE . I s he in j ai l ?Mr. STR ANGE . N o . sir. H e is a Government witness .

Mr . SOURWINE . H e 18 a Government witness ? That m ight keep himout of jai l .Y ou do not k now whether he knows the identities of all of theWeathermen who were in the car ?Mr . STRANGE . N o , sir.

1 S ee footnote on p . 20.

‘

38

[In the remarks that fol low,20 l ines of the typewritten testimony

given in executive sess ion were deleted for sec u rity reasons, at therequest of the Drug Enforcement Adm inistration ]Mr . SOURWINE . Mr. Chairman. I have no more questions to ask of

these witnesses . I note that we have arrived at a point later than 1o

’clock. I would respectfully suggest that we inqui re of Miss Knightwhether she wants to go ahead without lunch , or whether she wantsa recess for lunch .

Miss KNIGHT . It is up to you entirely , sir.

Mr. SOURWINE . Mr . Chairman,maybe we could break until 2 O

’clock

for luncheon and come back here to hear Miss Knight and the peoplefrom her Office.

I th ink we should say we are extremely grateful to you , sir, and the

men you brought with you . It is obvious that you have been do ing a

very fine job with respect to the Leary—at least the Leary fam i ly .

Mr. BARTELS . Thank you , sir.

Mr . SOURW INE . And it heartening to hear your recommendations. Iwould l ike to ask just this one question before you leave the stand .

A re you getting the money you need ? A re y ou getting appropriation support you need and other congress ional support you need forthe j ob you are trying to do ?Mr. BARTELS . Y es

,sir. Y es ,we are .

Mr . SOURWINE . Mr . Chai rman,I would l ike to offer for the record

a cl ipping from the Washington Post of Friday , August 24, 1973,being the Washington Merry-Go -Round column by Jack Andersonand Les Whitten under the caption “

U .S . Losing Drug SmugglingW ar.

”I would l ike to ask this go in the record , and I would l ike toask you , sir, i f you will , when y ou are correcting the testimony . to ih

sert for the record any comments you have on this or any informationyou can give us in this area that would be helpful .[The article referred to may be found in the appendix

,p .

Mr. BARTELS . Thank you .

Mr. SOURWINE . W e do thank you for com ing.

The C HAI RMAN . I also want to express my appreciation to y ou for

com ing here to testify . I think you have performed a real publ ic servI ce. and I want to congratulate you on the effective work your agency18 doing and on the remarkable successes you have had in your driveaga inst the Brotherhood ofEternal Love.

Mr. BARTELS . Thank you .W e are honored .

[Whereupon , at p.m ., the hearing was recessed , to reconvene at

2 p.m ., this same day. ]

AFTERNOON SESSIONThe C HAIRMAN . Miss Knight

,we thank you and Mr. Duggan , and I

apologize for running beyond the time set for resumption of th ishearing.

A s I think you have been to ld , the comm ittee wants to bring its records up to date on the status of passport frauds . W e are consideringlegislation in this area and want to be sure that we have the latest andup

- to - date information .

W e are. of course , particularly interested in the Leary fam ily passport fraud case , and we look to y ou to tel l us about that .

39

Your previous testimony recorded your deep concern about thefraudulent documentati on and identification used by criminal elementsto obtain passports . Would you l ike to make a formal or sem i formalstatement bringing up to date this fraud situation as it affectspassports ?

TESTIMONY OFFRANCES G. KN IGHT, DIRECTOR, PA S SPORT OFFICE,

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,ACCOMPANIED BY W ILLIAM E. DUG

GAN , CH I EF, LEGAL DIV IS I ON , PA S SPORT OFFI CE, DEPARTMENTOF STATE,

AND JOHN O ’DOWD ,

ATTORNEY -ADV ISER, LEGAL DIV ISION , PA SSPORT OFFI CE (previously sworn)

Miss KNIGHT. Y es , Mr. Chairman . I have such a statement , and Ihope it will be helpful . It real ly 15 more of the same except that thesituation is worse now than it was 1 year ago or 6 months ago .

Mr.Wi ll iam E . D uggan ,Chief of the Passport Office Legal Division ,

is with me today because he 1s thoroughly fam i l iar with the fraud casesand the seriousness of the substantial Increas e in document fraud .

If you agree,I would l ike to read my statement pri or to Mr . D ug

gan’s discuss ion on fraud cases.

The C HAI RMAN . Go right ahead ,Miss Knight .Miss KNIGHT. Thank

gy ou . si r.

Fraud l s usual ly discovered after the fact . In other words, whi le thefraudulent act occurs at the point where an individual subm its fraudulent documents In the form of a fraudulent birth certificate , or baptismal certificate . fraudulent social security card or driver’

s l icense , thePassport Office detects the fraud only upon scrutinizing and adjudicating the appl ication for a passport. If the passport application isaccepted by a faci l ity other than the Passport Office, the personalevaluation of the applicant 18 lost to us .

In other words, we detect fraud In the documents subm itted with thepassport application . W e may attempt to contact the applicant. If hei s an experienced crim inal

,he will not give us a spec ific address but will

indicate a post office box or even indicate that he “will cal l”for thepassport with in a reasonable period Of t ime . If the criminal gets anynotion that we question the authenticity of his credentials , he disappears

—we see neither h ide nor hai r Of him . Undoubtedly , he willtry again , elsewhere, by assum ing another identity .

W e use clerks of court in Federa l and State courts and a few probatecourts . A total of approximately courts cooperate with the Passport Office In accepting passport applications . However, the courts areso backlogged with cases that in the past few y ears, they have beenbowing out of th is work .

Currently, we have 819 post offices accepting passport applications,and wh ile such a spread i s convenient to the publ ic. and adjudicationof these applications requi re much closer review than those applications received by the Passport Office and its agencies or from theclerks of court who are more incl ined to quest ion an indiv idual ’sidentity than a post office employee .

Mr. SOURWINE . At that point,i f I may interrupt , Miss Kn ight . is

it not true that there IS a substantial difference In the qual ity of training of the employees who as employees of a court recei y e appl ications,and those who as employees of the Postal Service recei ve them ?

40

MissKNIGHT . I th ink that I s true, yes .

Mr . SOURWINE . They are much better paid than the Postal Service .

Miss KNIGHT. I do not know what the pay is , now that it i s an independent organization .

Mr. SOU RWI NE . Go ahead .

Miss KNIGHT. A s a matter of fact , i t is the consensus of our securitym inded staff that i f a crim inal wanted to get a dozen passports undera. dozen different identities

,he would choose to do so through a postal

facil ity and not through a passport agency or clerk of court. But wehave no way of checking this obv iously less than secure method of aocepting passport applications . Our own trained passport agents intheir eyebal l confrontation w ith the appl icant have detected fraud onthe spot . W e have only one such detection from a post office employee.

The Postal Service through its 819 faci l ities accep t approximately30 percent of our total appl ication workload . Under an agreementmade by the Department of State , the Postal Service. now a privateenterprise, is reimbursed $2 per app l ication accepted , or a total of

in the past fiscal year . The Post Office workload has developed to a g reat extent from the Federal courts wh ich could no long ercope with the vo lume . The Passp ort Office. however, continues to ad

judicate all appl ications, contact applicants when errors occur, processthe p assport. andmai l I t to the bearer .

One other point I would l ike to make because i t is directly relatedto our concern with securitv : A s the post office p rog ram evolved . we

in the Passport Office sought to educate postal Offic ia ls on the urgentneed to check the accuracy of the passport appl ication and accompanying documents . W e prepared an ana lysi s form for each post office sending in appl ications. and indicated on this form the errors madedividing them into serious errors and not so-serious errors . The workload resultant was ho rrendous . I n a period of 10months.we forwarded

correction sheets covering a total of over errors . W e fina l lygave up this educationa l program because we did not have the necessary personnel to render such serv ice . Correction sheets are now beingsent out to post offices by passpo rt field agenc ies when time and workload perm it . Statistics indicate that for the period of January 1

through August 1973 a total of 31 770 letters of notification were sentto post offices . advisiiig them of over erro rs . Those are the oneswe caught . I have no idea ofhow many wem issed .

The extent of fraudulent documentation p resented to the po st officesand to the clerks of courts is unknown . W e only know wha t we discover in the course of our careful ad judication of the passport app lications after they are rece ived in the Passpo rt Office . When thereis no person - to person contact ‘by trained Passp ort Office pe rsonnel .

£here:iobv iously i s a lesser chance of Observation and detection of

rau

In 1968, the Internationa l C ivi l Avia tion Organization composed ofdelegates representing 126 countries , establ ished a panel of pa ssportexperts rep resenting eight member nations to study the development ofa new passport document with the aim of facil itating travel across theinternational frontiers. Represented on this panel are Austral ia .

Canada . France Germ any. India. Keny a . S weden , and the UnitedS tates . I was selected to represent the United States .

41

The first meeting of the panel took place in June 1969 at Montreal .Canada . S ubsequent meetings took place at Paris in May 1970 and

at Montreal in Janua ry 1972. Work of the panel is presently beingcor

7

1tinued by correspondence, with possible further meetings in m id19 4 .

There was premature enthusiasm among several members of the

passport panel for a“passport card”— s im i l~ar to a cred it card in size

with identifying data . W e did not share in the enthusiasm because of

some very spec ific drawbacks to a m id passport”and our concernto meet the expectations and requ i rements of our citizens by providingthem with a secure document ; tamperproo f identification as wel l asconvenience .

In the discha rge of my responsibi l ities , both as D irector of the

Passport Office and as a member of the ICAO Panel , I appointed on

January 10,1969

,an internal study comm ittee within the Passport

Office composed of knowledgeable passport officers . This comm itteewas charged with studying the passport card which had been proposed by several European members of the international panel andabout which we held grave reservations . Subsequently

,the card pass

port was considered a questionable substitute for the traditional bookormat .

It should be remembered that the U .S . Passport Office issues morepassports in 1 year than all the other countries represented on the

Panel combined,so our arguments on the deficiencies of the card con

cept carried some weight, especial ly with the security advisers to the

Panel , such as the representative from INTERPOL . Informal consultations with the U .S . security community indicated their wholehearted support of the Passport Office position .

In connection with this study , the Passport Office on August 4, 1969,requested the inclusion of in its fiscal year 1971 budget, subsequently upped on August 28 to to begin the research and de

velopment of a new and improved passport document . Unfortunately ,this modest initial request for funds to begin this essential work wasdenied by the Department on the recommendation of the Bureau of

S ecurity and Consular Affairs of which we are a component office . The

Passport Office was not permitted to address its request to higher authorities since I was advised that the Bureau ’

s denial of funds wassupported by the Department .Thus, the research of the internal Passport Office Comm ittee was

forced to proceed without funds,depending entirely upon the gratis

cooperation of private companies in the identification and documentation field . Over a 3-year period

,the comm ittee discussed existing

technology in identification documentation with 80 companies, all ofwhich cooperated with us for free .

On May 28 197O. the Passport Office once again requestedfor research and development of a new passport be included in a

supplemental budget for fiscal year 1971. Again this request was notsupported by the Bureau nor approved by the Department’s BudgetOffice . Frankly , we were talking into a vacuum . because we only haveaccess to persons total ly devo id of any basic knowledge or concernwith travel documents . The project was essential ly dead and the mem

bers of the ICAO Panel expressed astonishment tha t our Government

42

was so disinterested in a matter which merited top level concern and

support in all high volume tourist countries .

In desperation I wrote to the President in December 1970,asking for

an appointment . This was promptly arranged for December 14,1970,

and I d iscuss our security , fraud , and project problems with him . ThePresident showed enthusiasm for the pro ject of researching and developing a new passport, especially since I thought it could be developed in time for the B icentennial . H e asked me how much I neededfor this project and I cited the figure of The President indicated his approva l and it is a fact that the White House commumicated the President ’

s personal interest in and support of this project,

but despite this,6 months elapsed before any action was taken by

the Department .Finally

,the project was expanded and with the Prasident ’

s supportwas appropriated in the fiscal year 1972 budget to let a con

tract for the research and development of a new pas sport and improved methods of issuance. These fun ds became avai lable to the

Passport Office on July 22, 1971, 23 months after the Passport Officereauested them .

The comm ittee within the Passport Office beg an to draft a comprehensive statement of the work to be included in the sol icitation forb ids on the contract . The request for proposals was released on Jan

uary 5, 1972 . Deadline for b ids on the contract was February 11, 1972.

B ids were received from over 20 companies and research organizations . A rev iew pane l of experienced passport officers was constitutedto read

,study and ev aluate each proposal ag a inst the criteria set forth

in the request for p rop osals . On the bas is of technical evaluation and

w ithin the funds ’ restrictions imp osed by the Department. the fiel d wasfinallv narrowed down to two bidders . A series of negotiations followed and the contract was awarded to Com p uter Sciences Corp . on

May 15. 1972 . 33 months after the Passport Office asked for funds and17 months after the Presi dent had expressed his interest in and support of the proiect to the Department .S o much , Mr . Chairman . for the backg round on how we finallv

mana g ed to g et moving on the program to develop a new concep t for atrav el document .[The fol lowing articles were ordered into the record on p . 7

[From the N ew York T imes . May 17 . 1972 ]

U . S . ORDERS A STU D Y or PAS S PORT SY S TEMW A S H I NGTON , May 16.

—Frances G . Knight , direc tor of the U n i ted Sta tes Passport Ofiice . announced today a one-year research award to determ inewha t passport improvements might be made in these days of growing travelabroad .

I n announcing the study contract wi th C ompu ter Sciences C orpora t ion of Los

An geles . M iss Knight made pla in she does not be l ieve a s imple i dent ifica tion cardpassport woul d suffice for travel by U ni ted States ci tizens all over the worl d “ in

the foreseeable future .

Segments of the travel industry and the passport panel of the Interna tionalC ivil Avia tion Organ iza tion have recommended adoption of a card type of pass

port .Passports of the U n i ted Sta tes and mos t other governments include identification of the pas sport holder and pages for insert ion of visas and stamped notations of en try into other countries .

More than 140 countries now requ ire visas for U ni ted S ta tes travelers. An

ident ifica tion ca rd passport would have l i ttle space for stamping a v isa .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

44

Mr. SOU RWI N E . D o you think that is all the fraud cases there are orare you m iss ing some ?

Mr. DU GGAN . I do not think there is any doubt but we are m iss ingsome . I think fraud detection is sim i lar to the iceberg—where thegreater proportion is wel l concealed and undetected .

In fiscal year 1973, we issued passports to persons within theage identifiable age group . In fiscal year 1973 we discovered 449 domestic frauds within that age group . This amounts to one fraud foreach appl ications . In addition to the frauds perpetrated by drugtraffickers and i llegal a l iens, we also have frauds perpetrated by m il itant groups

,confidencemen and fugitives .

Examples of the various types of frauds will be cited later in thestatement . Reduced to simple terms. passport frauds and those fraudsrelating to passpo rt frauds are symbol ic Of other fraudulent activi tiesin the United States. Reduced to basic terms, it concerns what m ightbe termed “

the mystery of identification in our present Open society .

”With regard to drug- related passport frauds, the greatest problem

we now have is caused by the activities of the group called the Brotherhood of Eternal Love . W e became involved in th is activ ity in June of1972. The activ ities of this group were discussed briefly by MissKnight when she testified before this comm ittee on September 15, 1972 .

Pertinent information is contained on pages 5 and 6 of the report ofthe hearing. Information on the Brotherhood and related passportfraud information was updated in Miss Knight’s communication toSenator Strom Thurmond which was inserted in the Congress iona lRecord on June 28, 1973. That information is now outdated .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . Mr . Chairman,may I ask that the letter to Senator

Thurmond be placed in this hearing record in an appendix and identified at th is point in the record ?The CH AIRMAN . Without Ob jection .

[The letter referred to may be found in the appendix , p .

Mr . SOURWIN E . GO ahead , sir.

Mr. DU GGAN . Therefore,I would l ike to subm it a revised table to

the comm ittee bring ing the information on the Brotherhood fraudsup to October 1, 1973.

Mr. SOURWINE. That is fine . N ow ,when Miss Knight testified on

September 15, 1972, I bel ieve she told us that 40 cas es of passportfraud had been sent to the Office of Security for investigation in connection with the Brotherhood of Eternal Love and that another 10or 12 cases prev iously sent for investigation had been tentativelyiden tified as members of the Brother-hood . By April 27, 1973. thenumber of passpo rt frauds detected in connection with the Brotherhood of Eternal Love had risen to what ?Mr . DU GGAN . 73.

Mr. SOU RWIN E . By June 1, 1973, how many was it ?Mr. DU GGAN . 120.

Mr. SOU RWIN E . A s of August 1973, how many ?Mr . DU GGAN . August 1973, I will have to refer to my notes . I have

a figure for July 12. 1973.

Mr . SOU RWIN E . Well . give us July 12.

Mr . DU GGAN . July 12 , 1973, 124 .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . And how many now ?

Mr . DU GGAN . 130.

Mr . SOURWIN E . 130. D o you think you have them all yet ?

45

Mr. DU GGA N . W e again relate to the iceberg theory pertinent to allfraudulent activities .

Mr. SOU RW IN E . D O you not know how many more there may be?

Mr . DU GGAN . N O , I do not .

Mr. S OU RW IN E . In connection with this one organization .

Mr. DU GGAN . N O . The fraud is hidden,as Miss Knight stated .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . GO ahead,sir

, you have a table you want to put inthe record .

Mr. DU GGAN . That is the exhibit .Mr . SOU RWIN E . May this be received , Mr. Chairman ?The C H AIRM AN . Without Objection .

[The document referred to follows :]BROTHERHOOD FRAUDS

Numberof fraudsType of fraud :Alterationof passport

Fraudulentuse of passportIdenti fyingwitnessFalse statement”29°p)assport appl ication filed ( false statement violaions

LosAngelesS anFranciscoMiamiChicagoPost OfficeNew YorkC lerk ofcourtOther

Year fraudulent appl ication filed (prior to 1969) ( falsestatementviolations)

- o - o - Q o o - n n n

Detected before issue (1972S an FranciscoSeattleMiamiLosAnge lesHawai iLookout systemNewOrleans

Referred U.S . AttorneylndictedConvictedDeclined :

l—No reason2—C harged otheroffense

Counterfe it b irth certificates detectePurported issuing authority:

HospitalNebraskaMissouriChicagoColoradoUtahNorth Carol inaNewYorkOhioCal iforniaOther( Less than 2 apiece)

Mr . DU GGAN . This table shows that as Of October 1 , 1973, we haddetected 130 passport violations connected with the B rotherhood of

Eternal Love.

23—538 0—73—4

46

Of this number, 42 have been subm itted to the U .S . Attorney forprosecution , 25 have been indicte d , and five have been conv icted . Inthree cases , prosecutions were decl ined by the U .S . Attorney , sincepersons were charged with other offenses . Y ou wi l l note that , of thetotal number Of frauds, 31 conce rned passport appl ications wh ichwere filed during the years 1972 and 1973. The majority of the v iolations concerned applications which were fil ed prior to 1972. Of the 31fraudulent applications filed in 1972 and 1973, 11 or over 35 percentwere detected before issuance.

Mr . SOU RWIN E . Y ou mean two - thirds of the fraud cases now known ,the passpo rts were issued ?

Mr . D UGGAN . That is correct .W e will get into that problem .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . GO ahead .

Mr. DU GGAN . This effectiveness in detection is largely due to an

intensive fraud training program directed at passpo rt Office agentsthroughout the country which we initiated in the Spring of 1972.

At this point I would l ike to correct the statement made by Mr .

S incla ir thi s mo rning. On page 10of his statement he state s :

On Sept . 23 , 1973 , the State Departmen t publ icly announced that a tougherscreening process would be used in the issuing of passports due to the Brotherhood Of Eternal Love .

S O far as I know ,the State Department did not issue any such

statement on that particular day or at any other time . Our trainingprogram began in the S pring of 1972 .

Mr. SOU RW IN E .What is the date in question nowMr . DU GGAN . It is on page 10 Of Mr. S inclai r’

s statement . H e sa id :

On Sept . 23, 1973, the State Depa rtment publicly announced tha t a toug herscreening process would be used in the issuing Of passports due to the Brotherhood Of Eterna l Love .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . Well , I cal l your attention to the fact that the Philadelphia Sunday Bul letin of Sunday

, S eptember 23, in its traveland resorts sec tion , had a spec ial feature article advertised on the fronto f the resort section as

“Inside Report on America ’s Passport Lady ,”

purporting to be an inte rv iew with Miss Barbara M . Watson , A dm inistrator Of the Security and Consu lar Affairs, by reporter EdwardNeilan of the Philadelphia Bul letin , or at least labeled “Specia l tothe Bul letin”with a Washington datel ine . Have you seen that ?Mr . DU GGAN . I have not, sir.

Mr. SOU RWIN E . I do not know whether I should ask you to commenton it or askMissKnight to comment on i t .

gl iss Knight, have you seen this Philadelphia Bul letin story I refer

to

Miss KN IGH T . Y es , sir. I rece ived a copy of it yesterday in my Office .

[The article referred to may be found on p . 7Mr. SOU RWIN E . Wel l , then , I will wa it until Mr. Duggan is through

and ask you to comment on it , I will say , to me. as counsel for the committee , what is said here is inherently incredible and i f it is true, Ithink we certainly want to kn ow about it . Y ou are mov ing back intothe dark ages i f this is tr ue.

Go ahead ,Mr . Duggan .

Mr . DU GGAN . In 49 Of the cases , counterfeit birth certificates weresubmitted . The States involved are l isted .

47

Mr. SOURWIN E . 49 of what cases ? I lost you .

Mr. DU GGAN . I am sorry . I refer to the table I subm itted regard ingthe brotherhood frauds .

Mr. S OU RWIN E . GO ahead .

Mr. DU GGAN . In 49 Of the cases counterfeit b irth certificates weresubmi tted . The States involved are l isted on page 5 Of the chart herewith subm itted . The city of Chicago seems to be a favorite target ofthe drug traffickers since 14 cases involving false claims Of bi rth inChicago have been un covered .

One Of the founders of the brotherhood , Timothy Francis Leary ,Obta ined a passport on a false identity on September

y22 , 1970 10 days

after his escape from a State prison at Cal ifornia on September 12.

1970. With his fraudulently obta ined passport,he left the United

S tates and ended up in Algeria as a g uest of E ldridge C leaver, one Of

the leaders of the Bplack Panthers . Ultimately , Leary left Algeria and

successfu lly fought an extradition order 111 S 1I I tzei land A fteI being“requested”to leave Switzerland , in D ecembe I 1972, he ult imate lyappeared In Kabul on January 14, 1973. whe1 e he “ as appi ehended

and returned to the United States on Januarv H e is now

back In pri sonin Cal ifornia .

In a book entitled ,“Timothy Leary—Confessions of a Hope Fiend ,

publ ished In Jul 1973 the author described the methods by whi ch lieand his wife Obt

yained U .S . passports in false identities . I think the

best method of reveal ing the basic facts I s to quote from the book .

The author attempts to cloud the circumstances by the use of codenames , fa lse names

,and false locations . Despite this tactic the meth

ods used , as well as other facts , are qu ite ev ident .With regard to the methods used by Mrs . Rosemary Leary to obtain

the passport in a false identity the author quotes his wife on pages 97,98 and 99 as follows :

W e had a heavy schedu le . W ig , makeup, photographs , l icense bureau , l ibrary ,

socia l security card .

Getting a new head took the most t ime . I never knew there cou ld be so manykinds of wigs .

Looking at myself in the m irror I saw the faces of my m idwestern cous ins .

Oh , Lord , mus t I look th is way ? Fresh from the beauty shop plas tic lady . Th e

longer I looked the less I l iked her. But have a l i ttle sympathy . What ’s her story ?Twen ty-eight. S ing le. S he needs makeup, her skin is too sallow. Wha t ’s her

name ? Margaret A nn McC reedy . Lived wi th her parents unti l last month , gother own apa rtmen t in Berkeley . S upersecretary for an insurance firm .

Le t’s see wha t emerges after some makeup. Department s tore cosmetics .

Orange-pink lipstick . Dark brown eyebrow penci l . Fa lse eyelashes . Need helpthere . The salesg irl was obliging .

OK, Pam . Behold Margare t A nn McC reedy . I fel t weird . Wha t a change .

Nex t morning to the pa ssport Ofiice in the cold-steel Federal bui lding . I filledout forms using na tiona l holidays for my parents ’ birthdays . My occupation is

s tuden t.I was worried abou t the dri ver’

s license so I held up my right hand and pledgedal leg iance , sm i l ing and thanking him . H e told me I could come back and pick i tup that afternoon .

A fat woman clerk was ta lking on the phone with an index file in front Ofher. A long wa i t and she asked me my name , I couldn ’ t remember i t ! I flushedand dropped my bag . I prayed . I stood up and sa i d Margaret A nn McC reedy . Itook the passport and fled back to hotel . That night we flew back to S an Fran

cisco . I wish you could see my passport picture . I t'

s so funny .

With regard to his own obtention of a passport in a false identity,the author quote s his companion as follows

48

There ’

s a wal let and set Of I D s in the pocket . Your name is Wi lliam McMillan .

Your birthday is November 14 , 1928 . Your address is 2925 N orthridge Road , Sa ltLake C i ty .

I’

m go ing to dye your ha ir now . A strange tra iler jus t pul led up. They looksuspicious .

The person dyeing Leary ’s hair says

Kelly is my code name, not my rea l name . and the name of our tribe isthe Weathermen U nderground .

The escape of Leary from the United States is then discussed bythe group as follows :

Le t ’s use a s imple plan . We’

re having a set of I D s made here . U se a farawayci ty address . Tucson , Arizona , or A tlanta , Georgia . Friday you go down and get

a U tah S ta te driver‘

s l icense . There won ’ t be time for a picture but your descript ion will be on the temporary l icense. Sunday you fly to N ew York , Mondayapply for a passport . You can get i t in a day . Monday night you fly to the Th irdWorld . Surface wi th E ldridge C leaver in Algeria .

H ow the Learys leave the United States is discussed on page 150.

Apply for a passport or hi jack a plane ?They ’ ll be looking for me to dress up or h ide be hind a beard . The stra tegy is totake Off my ha ir. Bald . Who ’

s the“barber ? Kel ly

the person he was riding with at the time

Kel ly snipping my top hair close to the scalp. It was a slow process .

“N ot bad. N ow let’s shave i t clean .

Take it easy , bloody gashes will betray .

I walk to the ba throom and peer in the m irror at a h igh-domed , chicken-plucked

moose-faced ba ldpate stranger.

Then we turn to page 157 when he describes going into the Passport Office .

A nice Detroit po l iceman directed us to the Federa l Bu i lding . I recal led com ingto tes tify for John S incla ir and the Seven in Judge Hoffman ’

s court as Pamguided me up the eleva tor to the door Of the U . S . S ta te Department Pass-portD ivis ion.

I pu l led out the ID cards and paper wi th my persona l history . My name and

birth date . N ow crea te a fa ther’

s name and date and invent a mother’

s nameand date and a wife named Sy l via and two lovely ch i ldren .

A large s ign above the counter l is ted ‘

the requirements for a passport . B irthcertificate. OK. Photos . OK . Persona l iden tification wi th picture. Tha t ’s the

prdblem .

I flash a slight sm i le of understandingto the clerk .

You ’ l l have no bureaucra tic trouble from W. J . McMillan , a fine upstandingC athol ic bus ines sman with two lovely ch i ldren . H er eyes twinkled . B irth cer

tificate . That ’s fine, Mr. McMillan . Personal ID ? Driver’

s l icense ? N O . I’

m a fraidI don ’ t drive . Will Social Securi ty card do ? S he frowned in concern . N O i t has tohave your picture or identifica tion .

Ah , I do have someth ing here . Aun t Bridg et took my hunting l icense in herplump hand .

Y es , Mr. McMillan , I can accept th is . I t has your description .

Y ou or your friend can pick up your passport in three hours at the counter

over there .

Later in the afternoon :The plane was to leave for Madri d at and we had to be a t the airport atA t I looked down to see Pam and Kel ly leaping out of the cab . Th eybreezed into the hotel room flash ing the ink-wet pas sport .

49

I would like to submit to the subcomm ittee for Observation photographs of Dr. Leary and Mrs . Leary as they normally appear and

photographs as they appeared after physical changes were made . Ithink you will agree that the differences in appearance are moststriking.

Mr. SOURWIN E . Mr. Chairman,may these go in the record if they can

be satisfactorily reproduced ?The CH AIRMAN . S O ordered .

[The photographs referred to follow

Timothy Franci s Leary Rosemary Leary

Before and Aft er

Timothy Franci s Leary Wi l l i amMC Mi l l an

Rosemary Leary Margare t Ann MC Greedy

50

Mr . DU GGAN . The question obviously comes to m ind . is the methodused by Leary the only method used to obtain U .S . passportsfraudulently ?In our experience, the answer is emphatical ly no . A more complete

story is told in an underground pamphlet ent itled “The Paper Trip .

”It is, in effect

,a brazen “how to do it”manual giving extensive in

formation ou methods of Obtaining bona fide b irth certificates as wel las identification The recommended procedure I s called the ob ituarymethod or the obtention Of b irth certificates of children who die ininfancy .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . W e are fam i liar with that document,and I respect

ful ly suggest to the Chai r that no useful purpose can be served byhaving us reprint it in this record . W e do not want to give it any morecirculation than it already has .

Mr. DU GGAN . I appreciate that . I think the more circulation g iven tothis underg round pamphlet . the more problems we are going to have.

Mr . SOU RWIN E . It is a handbook on how to commit fraud on

passports .

Mr. DU GGAN . Right .Mr . SOURWIN E . Y ou are tell ing us y ou are fam i l iar with it, and from

your exp eri ence people practice what it p reaches .

Mr. DU GGAN . A s a matter of fact. that I s so , and we will subm itp roof to show that one Of our passport frauds actually used that particular p amphlet to get a p assport .Mr . SOU RWIN E . A ll righ .t Go ahead . That would interest us.

Mr . DU GG AN . Well , I will provide documentary p roo f that the booklet .

“The Paper Trip , i s used bv persons to obtain U .S . passports . Isubm it to the subcomm ittee a letter dated July 8. 1973 from a person inLos Angeles who admi tted that she and her husband used the instruotions in “The Paper Trip ’

t’

o assist them In obtaining passports infalse identities.

Mr. SOURWIN E . May this be received , Mr . Chai rman ? I notice portions of this have been blocked out . The purpose Of it is to protect theidentity of the writer ?Mr . DU GGAN . Y es . TO protect the identity of the writer. and since

it is in the process Of prosecution and investigation , I think it is bestto delete all names .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . But you are not protecting the writer from investigation or possible p rosecution .

Mr . DU GGAN . N o .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . And you are proceeding .

Mr . DU GGAN . Y es . It I s merely proo f to show that “The Paper Triphas 1n fact been used as we have suspected .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . I ask that thismay go into the record ,Mr. Chairman.

The CH AIRMAN . S O ordered .

[The document referred to fol lowsJU LY 8, 1973.

U . S . STATE DEPARTMEN T,Passport A gency ,

La/wnda le, C a lif

Th is letter is in regard to two passport appl ications filled out in September andN ovember of last year. I recently contacted the passport ofiice in LOS Angeles and

expla ined my s i tuation and have been advised to wr i te th is letter.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

53

Mr. DU GGAN . N ow , on page 15 of “The Paper Trip , reference ismade to the “

U .S . Driver’s License Guide”issued by a private com ~

pany in Cal ifornia.

N ow, this book contains reproductions of every driver’s l icense is

sued by every State in ‘ the Union . I was concerned that the booklet inthe wrong hands would add to the problems Of law enforcement agencies . I drafted a letter to the firm expressing my concern . C opies ofmyletter and reply are offered for the information of the subcomm itteeMr. SOURWIN E .May these go in the record ,Mr. Chairman ?The CH AIRMAN . S O ordered .

[The documents referred to fol lowSEPTEMBER 26 , 1972.

Mr. KEITH D OERGE,President, D rivers License Guide C o.,

Redwood C i ty, C alif.

DEAR MR. D OERGE : I refer to your letter of September 13, 1972, forwarding a

courtesy copy of the 1973 edition of the Drivers License Guide .

I n reviewing the 1973 edi tion, I have noted that there are many changes fromthe original edi tion . For th is reason , I am recommending tha t a number of copiesof the 1973 ed i tion be Ob ta ined for our organization . I would l ike to make one

observation. Your guide is des igned to help preven t fraud and i t is very helpfulin th is regard . However, i t would appear that there are no controls placedupon persons who can Obta in th is manual . For th is reason , persons who wishto perpetrate frauds by Obtaining drivers l icenses fraudulently find their effortsgreatly eased by resort ing to yourmanual .I woul d appreciate be ing informed personally what efforts , if any , your

organization makes to endeavor to keep this manual in the hands of persons

using i t for the law-enforcement purpose forwhich i t was created .Sincerely ,

W E DU GGA N ,

C hief, Legal D ivision , Passport Oflice.

DRI VERS LI CEN S E GU IDE 00October 5, 1972.

Mr. W. E . DU GGAN ,

C hief, Legal D ivision ,

Passport omce, D epartment of S tate,W ashing ton , D C .

DEAR MR. DU GGAN : Thank you for your help in recommending the Guide foruse.

I can understand your concern with the proper distribution of the Gui de , andwe do try to main ta in control .Or iginal ly , th is was di scussed wi th Departmen t Of Justice personnel and

various police forces . The conclus ion reached was as followsC rimina l elements counterfei ting l icenses do so by reference to a real ,

vali d l icense from that state. These are not difficult for him to Obtain .

Law enforcement and business Operations are forced to detec t those coun

terfeit l icenses wi th no reference at all or wi th the reproductions in the

Drivers License Gu ide.

The conclusion was tha t the counterfeiter wasn’ t gaining much by having a

guide i f he could get one, but tha t the detection of coun terfei ts wou ld certa inlye helped .I hope that th is explains the posi tion taken. Wh ile we screen requests and

control locations where it’

s ava i lable, we do want val i d law enforcement andbusiness interests to be protected .

Thanks again for your interest.Sincerely ,

KEITH D OERGE, Presiden t.

Mr. DU GGAN . The Obituary method is being used as of th is moment .I m ight state that during the first week of September, we received

54

information that two individuals posing as insurance actuaries ob

tained perm ission to review State v ital records on an Eastern State .

A fter these indiv iduals had been engaged for some time in their activities , the suspicion of one of the experienced employees was aroused .

It was ascertained that the two indiv iduals were checking death rec

ords as wel l as b irth records for deceased children . A short time later,requests were be ing received from indiv iduals for copies of the veryrecords which were reviewed by these two persons. The Passport Office is taking appropriate action to forestal l the issue of passports inthe names involved . H ow many times sim ilar procedures are be ingused or have been used to get into vital records, one can only hazard aguess .

Steps have been taken by the Passport Office to detect persons fraudulently applying for U .S . passports using the techniques expoundedin “The Paper Trip .

”In all frauds detected . the Pas sport Office is recommending vigorous prosecution .

There is no mystery as to why persons engaged in crim inal activ itiesdes ire U .S . passports and will go to any lengths to obtain them . Inmost cases , these ind iv iduals are al ready known in their true identitiesby law enforcement agencies

,and some of them are being sought as

crim inals by law enforcement agencies . To continue their illegal activ ities, they need new identities . S ince the U . S . passport is consideredone of the best , i f not the best document of identification that exists .the carefully la id plans and persistent effo rts of the crim inal element tosecure U .S . passports in false identities is understandable.

The basic problem underlying most of our pas sport frauds reducesitsel f down to the question of identification . H ow is the identity established of an indiv idual who appl ies for a U . S . passport ? H ow is theidentity establ ished of any person who appl ies for a driver ’

s l icense,a

credit card , a social security number, or any other document ?There is no single document issued in the United States available to

the general publ ic which conclus ively establ ishes identification . TheU nited States has no national registration

,and there is no coordina

tion between bi rth and death records . There are m ill ions of people inthis country who are unidentifiable by any documentary standards.

Drivers ’ l icenses issued by the various S ta tes are the commonlyaccepted documents of identification in obtaining credit cards, cashingchecks, and so forth . However

,a close look at the methods by which the

various Sta tes issue drivers’ l icenses makes one thing crystal clea r :There is no effort on the part of the issu ing authorities to es tabl ish

The identification of the person appearing befo re them for a driver’

s

i cense .

In a newspaper article appearing in the Washington Post of

August 28, 1973, it is sta ted in the head l ines that “ identity proo fwill be requ i red of a person applying for -a driver ’

s l icense in the D istrict of C olumb ia . In reading the article careful ly

,however, i t becomes

evident that wha t the D istrict is requi ring is the subm ission of a birthcertificate to establ ish the age of the a ppl icant. But it is a fact tha t abi rth certificate is not ev idence of identity . It is merelv evidence thatthe person named in the certificate was born in the United S tates. andthat is all .Mr. SOU RWIN E . A s a ma tter of fact , have you ever researched thequestion o f whether it is a v iolation o f any Federal law to get a bi rth

55

certificate issued to any person with a v iew to using it fraudulentlyin o rder to procure a passpo rt o r other Government document ?Mr. DU GGAN . Y es . It wou ld be part of the v io lation of 18 U .S C .

1542 .

Mr. S OURWIN E . On what theo ry ?Mr. DU GGAN . On the theory that this is part of our co rpus .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . I do not think you un iders me . I do not mean

to cut you off sho rt . It is perfectly c lear that i f I obtain a birth cer

t ificate issued for my bro ther and presented it a s my own b i rth cer

tificate and a pply fo r a passport,I am committing an offense because

that is fraud . But when I write to the Bureau of Vital Statistics inmy hometown and ask for my brother ’

s certificate or the bi rth cer

tificate of any other named individual , I am not comm itting any fraudeven though I may intend thereafter to use it fraudulently .

Mr . DU GGAN . There is no Federal statute v iolated .

Mr. SOURWIN E . N o violation .

Mr. DU GGAN . To my knowledge, there is no Federal statute wh ichwould cover that s ituation . That would have to be covered by Statelaw since a State document is involved . Some States do have such laws.

But Federal Government,no .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . There is no Federal statute in this area at all .

Mr. DU GGAN . Right .Mr. SOU RWIN E . In your judgment , would it be helpful i f we had

Mr. DU GGAN . It certainly would be helpful i f we had one .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . Forgive my interjection . Go ahead .

Mr. D U GGAN . W e have found , in fraud case afte r fraud case , thatthe procedure outl ined in Leary ’

s book works . Obtain a bi rth certificateusing one of the methods described in

“The Paper Trip”; subm it thebirth certificate to the reg istrar ofmotor vehicles : and it is accepted atface value that the ap p l icant 1s the person named in the bi rth certificate . It 1s a cycle of fraud begetting fraud . It is a known fact thatdriver’

s l icenses of many States have been counterfeited . It i s also a

fact that genu ine blank forms of driver ’s l icenses have been stolen from

registrars ’offices , thus perm i tting persons to insert in the blank spaces

any personal data they may wish . It is a fact that a driver’s l icense,

reg ardless of the sophistication of the card itsel f , is not secure evidenceof identity since it i s so easily obtainable .

Mr. SOU RWIN E. There IS a great tendency to accept Soc ial Securitycards as ev idence of identity and, of course, they are not in any senseof the word

, are they ?Mr. DU GGAN . Thev are not and they so state on the face .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . I know . And I can get a Social Security card underany name I want to and get another one tomorrow and I am not evencomm itting an offense when I do it . A s long as I do not use the cardto m isrepresent mysel f for a fraudulent purpose as being some personother than what I am . I can even go to work under that false name and

i f I am not defrauding anybody there is no offense comm itted , is there ?Mr . DU GGAN . N ot so far as I know .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . N o part of the Social Security law prohibi ts a man

from having,two

,three

,five or any other number of Soc ial S ecurity

cards under any name he wants , is there ?Mr . DU GGAN . Only i f vou try to collect benefits under each one .

Mr. S OU RWIN E . Only i f he tries to col lect— he cannot use them for

that purpose but they are not in any sense a violation .

56

Mr. DU GGAN . N ot unless they try to col lect benefits under differentidentities .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . And yet the Intern al Revenue Service uses soc ialsecuri ty numbers for identification . There IS a great move in the dircotion of g iving everybody a number . And the number 1s no identification at all . A man has a number and that number is no more identification than the name or a phony b irth certificate or a phonypassport .Go ahead .

Mr. DU GGAN . N ow,we get into the area of fraudulent birth docu

ments . If the commi ttee so desires I will be glad to subm it a numberof counterfeit b irth documents .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . May these be received , Mr . Chai rman , subiect to theorder that i f they can be accurately reproduced

,they may be printed

in the appendix of this hearing .

The CH A IRM AN . S o ordered .

I'

The documents referred to may be found in the appendix , p . 97

Mr . DU GGAN . N ow , these kinds of documents are produced by com

panies which advertise in newspapers . They can also be produced bycrim inal underground groups with printing equipment and throughphotographic processes . Any black and white document can be re

pr

gc

lluc

ed eas ily with equipment that i s general ly avai lable to the

pu 10

Mr . SOURWINE . Off the record .

[D iscussion offthe record . ]Mr . SOU RWIN E . Go ahead , sir.

Mr . DU GGAN . The easy reproduction of black and white is one of

the reasons we encourage State registrars to use safety pap er or otherfeatures that would make it mo re difficult for counterfeiting . This isalso why we insist on an embossed raised seal on a birth certificate .

There are some ways in which counterfe it documents can be readilyascertained . These techniques are ful ly developed during our fraudtraining sem inars .

Wh i le we have many cases showing the effectiveness of our trainingprogram ,

I will refer to one fairly recent case which uncovered a fugitive who was assoc iated with i l legal drug activities.

On July 10,1973, a female applied for a passport in the Washing

ton Passport Agency . The agent handling the case, using techniqueswhich we have developed in the past 2 years , sensed that there wassomething which did not ring true in the appl ication . S ince the an

plicant claimed to have l ived in Akron , Ohio , a te lephone cal l to the

Akron pol ice resulted in the information that the app l icant was a

parolee. S he was subsequently arrested by the Metropol itan Pol ice of

the D istrict of Columb ia . Later developments showed that a substan

t ial sum of money was found in the car she was using and she was

connected with a large drug operation . The pol ice authori ties inWashingt on and Ohio are now investig ating the activ ities of the

appl icant .Mr. SOU RWIN E . W as that an unusual case of acu ity on the part of

your employee who made the discovery or became suspici ous at least .of fraud or are all of your people trained ln such a way that you ex

pect them to do this ?

57

Mr . DU GGAN . At the present time, our people are trained to look forprecisely what this agent looked for in thi s particular case .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . N ow,how about the postal clerks who handle pass

port applications ? D o they have this training ?Mr. DU GGAN . N o . The postal clerks do not have i t nor do the clerks

of court have it .Mr. SOU RWIN E . Have the postal clerks caught any phony appl ica

tions as far as you know ?Mr . DU GGAN . I think one case .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . Have the clerks of court caught any ?Mr. DU GGAN. The clerks of court have caught

,I think

,three cases

during the past year .Mr. SOU RW IN E . D o you have any figures or can you give us a figure

proportionately what proportion of all passport applicants your ownpeople have detected to be fraudulent and what proportion of appl ications handled by them , respectively , have been detected as fraudulentby either the clerks of court or the Postal Service ?Mr . DU GGAN . Y es. I can furnish those .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . May that be furnished for the record , Mr . Chai rman .

to be inserted when the record is corrected by the witness ?The CH AIRM AN . S o ordered .

[Themate rial referred to follows

COMPARISON OF DOMESTIC FRAUDS DETECTED BEFOREISSUE IN PROPORTION TO PERCENTAGEOFEXECUTEDAPPLICATIONS SUBMITTED BY SOURCE—FISCAL YEAR 1973

Percentage of Numberof Percentage ofexecuted frauds frauds

appl ications detected detectedSource submitted before issue before issuePost officeState clerks ofcourtPassport agenciesMail-ln appl icationsFederal clerks ofcourtMi litary passport agentsLegal division passport office

D omestic passport frauds , fisca l year 1973

Total frauds detected before issueTotal frauds detec ted after issueTotal domestic frauds detected

Frauds detected before issue

Frauds detected by post officeFrauds detected by clerks of court_Frauds detected by other law enforcemen t agenciesFrauds detected by Lega l D iv is ion Passpore Othee

Frauds detected by passport agencies

Frauds detec ted on appl ications execu ted by agenciesFrauds detected by agencies during adjudica tion of appl ica tions executedby post office “

Frauds detected by agencies during adjudica tion of appl ica tions executedby clerks of court

Total detected by agenciesTotal frauds detected before issue

58

Frauds detected after i ssue

Frauds detected by pos t officeFrauds detec ted by clerks of courtFrauds detected by other law enforcement agenciesFrauds detected by Lega l D ivis ion Passport O thee

Frauds detected by passport agencies

Frauds detected on Appl ications execu ted by agenciesFrauds detected by agencies on appl ica tions executed by pos t officeFrauds detected by agencies on appl ications executed by clerks of court

Total detected by agenciesTotal frauds detected after issue

Mr. SOU RWIN E . Go ahead , sir.

Mr . DU GGAN . N ow, with regard to the activities of m i l itants in ob

ta ining passport by fraud,I refer to the news item concerning the

shooting of a N ew Jersey pol iceman by a m i l itant group on May 2.

1973. In the automob ile the m i l itants were driving,there was found

a quantity of blank b i rth certificates . identity documents and one

U .S . passport . Investigation disclosed that the passport had beenobtained fraudulently through the subm ission of a counterfeit b irthcertificate . The m i litant group is known as the B lack Liberation Army .

I wou ld also l ike to furnish the news item concerning the arrest by theFBI of Herman Bel l— one of the 10most wanted crim inals—in N ewOrleans .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . D o you have a number of items of this general naturethat you want to subm it ?Mr . DU GGAN . Y es .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . Mr . Chai rman,may they be received en bloc for in

sertion in the record ?Off the record .

[D iscussion off the record . ][The material referred to m ay be found in the appendix , p .

Mr . DU GGAN . The potential use of the lost or stolen U . S . passportsby foreign m il itant groups is a constant source of worry . When theArab guerrillas blew up the three planes in the African desert in1970, we found a number of U .S . passports belonging to the U .S .

citizens who were on board the planes were m issing . W e have . of

course, taken appropriate action to prevent illegal use of thesepassports .

To this date . I am happy to say . we have not been faced with theuse of any of these passports in any hi j ackings or guerrilla activities .

W hether such passports have , in fact . been used in crossing international borders abroad cannot, of course, be ascertained . It would bena ive to assume that such groups would not real ize the value of suchdocuments to cover thei r activ ities .

W e also l ive with the ever-present potential of the use of U .S . passports by fo reign intell igence agencies .

The use of U .S . passports by C olonel Abel , the conv icted Sovietespionage ag ent and his coworker . Mr . H ayhanen , are now of publ icrecord . I th ink it is also known that Colonel Abel had in his possess iontwo or three bi rth certificates in different names at the time that hewas arrested . It is a well known fact that , in just about every espionage

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

60

Mr . SOU RWIN E . If our security is inadequate it is not because we arenot the best . But i f the best is not good enough ; we have got to bebetter .

Mr. DU GGAN . That is correct .Mr. S OURWIN E . Go ahead .

Mr. DU GGAN . W e are the best , but the best is not good enough .

W e have to do better or we will be v ictim ized in the future by theopposition as represented by the examples given in this statement .Unless I get the staff I need for fiscal years 1974 and 1975, I will beas effective as the l ittle Dutch boy using his fingers to plug the manyholes in the dike .

Mr . SOURWIN E . Have you made your request of the AppropriationsCommittee ?Mr. DU GGAN . Y es . W e have made repeated requests for additional

personnel to the Department .Mr . SOU RWIN E . That is what I am try ing to cover now . H as your

request gone through and been subm itted to the Congress or is it stillwith the Department ?Mr. DU GGAN . It is with the Department .Mr. S OU RWI N E . Many times we come up against a situation . some

p rogram is curtailed , there are serious results . C ongress is blamedbecause they did not provide the app rop riation . If it never cleared theDepartment

,was not presented to the Congress , you cannot blame the

Cong ress , can you ?Mr . DU GGAN . I ag ree .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . N ow ,is there any law that wou ld p rohib it y ou from

putting in this record a statement of what you asked your Department for ?Mr. DU GGAN . I do not know of any law that wou ld p roh ibit it .Mr. SOU RWIN E . If there is no law ag ainst it , I would l ike to ask the

Chai r that that be the order,that y ou furnish us with a statement with

respect to what y ou have asked for in this area for the past severalyears and the com ing fiscal year .

Mr . DU GGAN . Al l right .[The material referred to fol lows

STATEMEN T OF LEGAL DIV IS ION PERS ON N EL REQ U ES TS OVER TH E PAS T SEVERALYEARS

To put in prOper perspective the manpower picture for the Legal Division of the

Passport Office the following points should be made :(a ) Passport Oflice annua l budget subm issions to the State Department include

requests for new personnel posi tions . Sometimes these requests are denied in totalat Departmental level or are reduced in quantity before the submissions reachthe C ong ress .

(b l Although these pos itions are j us tified by indica ting in wha t functions of

the Passport Office they are to be u til ized . once approved , they are granted intotal to be employed wherever mos t needed . Personne l pos i tions are not ear

marked to be used in specific segments Of the Passport Office .

( c ) Becau s e of the increase in passport fraud cases over the past few years ,

there has also been a g rea t demand for increases in personnel in the Legal D ivis ion . A s a matter of priority . however, emphasis has been g iven to fi ll ing LegalDivis ion personnel requ irements first at the expense of other activi ties i f p ecessar y even thou gh all other workloads in the Passport Ofiice have also been increas ing s teadily .

( d ) Because Of the tremendous expansion in fraud control workload , thenormal means of requesting increases in manpower, namely the annual budgetcycle ,

has not proven sufficiently successful in supply ing the Lega l Division

61

increased personnel requ iremen ts in a timely manner. C onsequently , divers ionsof manpower from other lower priori ty functions of the Passport Office to theLega l D ivis ion have been necessa ry from t ime to t ime . Th is has created acu temanpower problems throughou t the Passport Ofiice part icu larly when tota l ihcreased manpower requests made by the Passport Office have been denied or

reduced before they reach the C ongress .

( e ) Even when personne l pos i tions are au thorized for h ire the various re

s trict ions , lim ita t ions and procedural obstacles wh ich mus t be surmounted suchas Ass istan t Secretaria l approva ls for outs ide h ire, s tringen t quotas on clericalh ire, and securi ty clearance backlogs have prevented bringing new personnel onboard anywhere near as rapidly as des ired .

The fo llowing table graph ica lly i l lustra tes the above pointsINCREASES IN LEGAL DIVISION PERMANENT PERSONNEL REQUESTS AND AUTHORIZATION COMPARED TO PASSPORT OFFICE TOTALS

Fiscal year1973 1974

(actual) (proj ected)

Total passport Office increases requestedLegal divisron increases requestedTotal Passport Office increases authorized orproposedLegal d ivi sion increases authorized orproposed1 Passport Office request reduced from 49 to 29 by the controlling bureau in the State Department.2 Passport Office request reduced from36 to 7 by the control l ing bureau in the State Department.3 Passport Office request reduced from 102 to 18 by the controlling bureau in the State Department.4 Increased by one byInternal Passport Office reprograming.

5 Projected to be increased by 3 by Internal Passport Office reprogramrng.

Mr. SOU RWI N E . Al l right . D O you have anything else to offer usvoluntarily ? I have a few questions I want to ask i f that is the case.

A s you know ,we were particu larly in terested in the Brotherhood

of Eternal Love,the so-called Leary fam ily . W e have heard testimony

here that this is probably the larges t and most sophisticated organi zations of its type in the world . W e have been told that some 750brotherhood members and crim inal associates have been identified throughoutthe world .

N ow,are you and the State Department aware of who these 750

brotherhood members are ?

Mr. DU GGA N . D o we have that l ist ?Mr. O ’D own. W e have a l ist

,sir

,of approximately 550members with

al iases . W e have searched all the names through the passport records .

W e have come up with over 300passport files relating to these people .

W e have then checked the b irth and when poss ible the identity of eachof these in dividuals.

Mr. SOU RWI N E . I am going afield a l ittle b it but I am fol lowing whatyou just said . C an you provide us with a statement that wil l show yearby

-year beginn ing in 1970the number of passport fraud cases detectedwhich involved or were subsequently identified as involvingmembers ofthe brotherhood ?Mr. DU GGAN . Y es .

Mr . S OURWINE . A nd then show us for each year how these weredetected ? They are detected in the passport office or by BN D D or inthe legal division or ofiice of security or FBI or however.Mr . DU GGAN . Correct .

Mr. S OU RWI N E . And then tel l us in how many of those cases eachyear there were counterfeit birth certificates .

Mr. DU GGAN . Y es.

2 3—538—73* —5

62

Mr. SOU RWIN E . And in how many of each of those years there wereactual birth certificates fraudulently p1esentedMr . DU GGAN . Y es .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . C an you do that ?Mr. DU GGA .N Y es .

Mr . SOURWIN E . If you will do that for each of those years, 1970 19711972

,1973 as far as itybas gone, it wil l be ve1y helpful .

Mr . DU GGA .N W e wil l be glad to .

[The material referred to may be found 111 the appendix , pM1 . SOURWIN E . W e can run the totals up. Y ou need not tota l it i f you

can give us that inform ation .

N ow,the question I asked specifically was whethe1 , i f it is true that

750 brothe1hood members and crim inal associates have been identifiedthroughout the world

,shou ldn ’t you know the identities of the whole

750 and shou ldn ’t you have some way to flag them ? D o you have a

computer system for flaggi ng them ?Mr. DU GGAN . That , we do .

Mr. SOU RWI N E . Wel l , shou ldn’t these people be in your computer

system for flaggi ng ?M1 . D U GGA .N They should .

Mr . SOURWIN E . Just to be sure y ou do not issue passports to any ofthem ? That will not be— it will riot complete ly 1nsure it because i f aman comes in with a new identity and supporting documents and getsby the persons that he appl ies to he 18 going to get a passpo rt befo1eyou ever have a chance to stop i t.

Mr. DU GGAN . May I make one statement , Mr . S ou1wine ? S ince 1969we have been we i lcing with BN DD and, of course, DEA has just beencreated , to try to furtl1e1 our l iaison so that we could cooperate, andwe have extended to them our lookout facil ities .

M i . SOU RWIN E . W hat do you mean by “them”?Mr. DU GGAN . And we are furnished with the ones they fee l should

be furnished .

Mr . S OU RWIN E .What do you mean by “them”

Mr . DU GGAN . BN D D .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . Y ou do this with others. Y ou wi l l accept warningsfrom anybody that has information that wil l be usefu l to you .

Mr. DU GGA .N That is c01 1 ectMr . SOU RWIN E . Any Government department or agency . H ow about

warnings from cooperating pol ice depa1 tments . State , and Federal ?Mr . DU GGAN . Absolutely .

Mr. S OU RWIN E . Y ou receive them .

Mr DU GGAN . That is right .. 1 . SOU RW I N E . And yon get a good deal of it . do von not ?

M1 . D I'

GGA N . W e get a good deal of it .Mr. J e t 1

>w1\ r N ow ,specifical ly with 1 ega1d —I am not trying to

t o into y ou I computer system . I am try ing to get at this brotherhood .

TV e were to ld the1 e are 750. Y ou say you know about 550 of them .

Who 15 holding out on you ?Where are the other 200?Mr. O ’

D own. With the 550, sit—we have had a number of al iases.

TV e hat e had a numbei of parties who will gi ve us a name where wehave not l ocated the passport file which means this m ight be a localdistributor purelv operating in C alifom ia or he may have a passportin u 1me they are riot yet aware of and we are not yet aware of. But

we have searched wel l over a thousand passport files altogther.

63

Mr . S OU RWIN E . Wel l, you have searched wel l over a thousand but

I am trying to get down to the po int of whether this Governmentagency which tells us they have identified 750 brotherhood membersand their crim inal associates has given you the l ist of the 750 or theyhave only given you 550.

Mr. DU GGAN . The answer is 110 , they have not .

Mr . SOURWIN E . Have you sought it ?Mr . DU GGAN . W e have a meeting scheduled for Friday with a

member of the new organization and this I will take up with him .

Mr. S OURWIN E . D o you have any doubts you are going to get it ?Mr. DU GGAN . I do not think there will be any doubt that I will get it,Mr . S OU RWIN E . Mr. Chairman , may I ask that the witness be in

structed if he does not get it or make satisfactory arrangements forgetting it, if he will so indicate when he is correcting his testimony ,

hI r . DU GGAN . I certainly will .OCTOBER 16 , 1973.

On October 5, 1973, I had a meeting wi th Mr. George Belk , C h ief, Intell igenceOpera tions of the Drug Enforcemen t Agency . During this meeting I made ar

rangements to h ave Mr. Dan iel C asey , C h ief of Domestic Operations for DEA ,

to meet wi th me for the purpose of ob tain ing the l is t of all the members of the

Brotherhood . W e also agreed that during th is meeting all possible avenues of

cooperation be explored .

Mr. C asey and I have ten tatively agreed to meet the latter part of th is weekor the firs t part of nex t week .

Mr . SOU RW IN E . Al l right .N ow,

we had a figure—I think it is a l ittle out of date—of 85 mem

bers of this brotherhood who have been arrested and charged withv iolations relating to drugs , income tax

,or fraudulent passports . Does

thi s vary from your figure ? D o you have a different figure ?Mr. DU GGAN . Wel l , our figure was onl y related to passport v iola

tions and our figu re indicates that we have referred 42 cases to the

U .S . Attorney with regard to the brotherhood . Twenty-five of thesehave been indicted , five convicted , and three decl ined .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . Wel l now,where do I have it from in my min d that

there were 240 false or fraudulen t passport cases involved with mem

bers of the Leary fami ly, that is, these brotherhood members ?Mr . DU GGAN . Wel l , there are 130 that we know about . Again ,

theremay be a lack of communi cat ion . I heard this morning that some one

person got as many as five passports .

Mr. S OU RWI NE . I thi nk that is a po int . D id we not have test imonyfrom you or from someone or a figure, a chart from someone in thePassport Office for 240 fraudulent passport cases involved with thebrotherhood ? Tha t would include the duplications i f there are fouror five in one person ?It woul d be in effect i f that figure were that of 140 people involved

you knew to be involved, you had 240 individual passport s

Some of them have two , three, four ormore .

Mr. DU GGAN . Our figure is 130.

Mr. SOURWIN E . N ot 240.

Mr. DU GGAN . N o ; our figure is definitely 130.

Mr. SOU RWIN E . E ither persons or passports ?Mr. DU GGAN . These are passport violat ions.

SOU RWINE . Passport V i olations , involving how many pe rsons ?Mr. DU GGAN . H ow many persons ? I thi nk the figure is 106.

Mr. SOURWI NE . 106 persons ?

64

Mr. DU GGAN . W e get some duplica tion because in some cases therearemore than one v iolation of the passport statutes.

Mr . SOU RWIN E . Y ou are way ahead of us there because the fig ure wehad, I think , was 85 brother-hood m embers a rrested and charged

,for

all v io lations includi ng passport V iolations .

Mr. O ’D owr) . W e do not have that many who we know have beenin d icated for passport fraud .

Mr. SOU RWIN E .Well,wha t is the figure you just gave me ?

Mr. O ’DOWD .W e have onl y had 25 indictments that we are aware of.Mr . SOURWIN E . Wel l

, you have got 140— you said your figure was130.

Mr. DU GGAN . These are violations .

Mr. SOURWI NE . 180 violations. That means indiv idual passportswere fraud cases .

Mr . DU GGAN . R ight .Mr . SOURWI N E . Only 25 people involved .

Mr. O ’D owr) . N o,sir. There are more people involved . The U .S .

Attorneys have not returned indictm ents on some of them . Othersare so recent we have not had a chance to evaluate and record them .

Mr . SOU RWIN E . To clarify this, can you furnish when you correctyour testimony

,the most up-to - date possible chart showing how many

members of the brotherhood known as such have been involved inpassport fraud cases , H ow many total passport fraud cases have beenuncovered that are connected with the brotherhood ? W e are not ask

ing you to say how many passports in each case but that wil l givethe comm ittee an idea . That is just two figures. Wi l l vou do that ?Mr. DU GGAN . Y es .

Mr . O ’DOW D . Certainly .

[The figures referred to may be found in the table on p . 45]Mr . SOURWI N E . I have no more questions to ask of you gentlemen .

I would ask you ,Mr . Chai rman , in l ine with what you said previously ,that i f these gentlemen have finished that Miss Knight come backbecause we do have some questions to ask her . lV e will hear her presentation in response to the earl ier request and then I have» some questions to ask .

Miss KN IGH T . Well,sir

,do you wish me to bri ng the record up to

date on the contract ?Mr . SOURWI N E . Y es

,please .

lVI iss KN IGH T. A s I said,the contract was awarded to Computer

Science Corp . on May 15, 1972 . The contract,which ran for 1 year, re

qu ired the contractor to identify all of the problems and requ irementsassociated with international travel documents

,and on the basis of

an analysis of these problems and requ irements to recommend a new

passport document and new and improved methods for its issuance .

Present status — Ou the basis of all of the information gathered and

analyzed by the contractor working with the staff of the Passport Office

,the Government Printing Office and various segments of private

industry,concepts of the new passport were developed and prototypes

m anufactured . The final report from the contractor with the problems

and requ irements identified,as wel l as recommendations , were dcl iv

ere d on May 15, 1973. After a careful rev iew by members of the Passport Office Task Force, the document was referred to the Underseeretary for Security Assistance for consideration . The deta i ls in the

65

fin al report and recommendations are currently held on a need toknow”basis 111 order to preclude m isinformation , m i srepresentations

and other g uesswork from those who have no basic k nowledge of the

crim inal conditions which G ive this p1oject a sense of urgency . Securi ty of the document

,as wel l as its m 1ss1on to establ ish the citizenship

and unal terable identity of the bearer a1 e the basic gu idelines to whichwe have adhered .

If a new passport document is developed , possessing the requiredsecurity and international acceptance for which the Passport Officestrives, a target date shou ld be set . A s of January 1973, the PassportOffice considered July 4 , 1976 as a possible starting date for the

issuance of a new and improved document . Over a 5-year period , theold passports wou ld be phased out through expirations . This tim etablewould coincide with the President’s program for the B icentennial .However

,thank s to delays over which we had no control

‘

we are now

qu ite far behind in our schedu le.

The next 12 months will be critical in the development of the

document. A p i lot project will have to be establ ished and operated 111

order to el iminate the bugs. Persom i el will be requ ired not only tobring the Passport Office up to its present staff requi1 ements but an

ln house tech nical staff w i l l have to be hired to work w i th outsidecontractors 011 the project . C ur1 ently , the Passport Office has one techn i cian on its staff. We have no researchers and no technical emp loy eesavai lable to man the pilot pro ject .I have no idea

,and I hesi tate to make any prediction , regarding the

reception of our 5-year effort to develop a passport which I bel ievesould become the model for a standard i zed internati onal travel document adopted by scores of countries who seek and approve of standa1d1zat1 <1 11 111 size . format

,and content .

One more thought, i f you please . The U.S . passport is a documentbelonging to the Federal Government and it attests to the citizenshipand identity of the indiv idual to whom it is issued . Any legislationthat will help enhance the security and integrity of this valuabledocument i s of tremendous importance to us at this time .

Documentation fraud 1s ramp ant i n this country not only in thosedocuments which are subm itted with passport appl ications

ybut those

subm itted for social security , for health benefits, for pensi ons , foralmost any service or financial prolfit wh ich can be chiseled out of the

Federal Government . The Imm igration and Natural ization Servicehas had a horrendous fraud problem for years , and no one knowsthis better than the imm igration lawy ers who adm it it

,off the record ,

of course .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . Miss Knight,I m ight interject to say that perhaps

this comm ittee knows it almost as wel l as the imm igration lawyers .

W e have been making a record of these prob lems since 1942 to myk nowledge under this comm ittee and under the Imm igration S ubcomm i ttee of the Judiciary Comm ittee

,and it has always been a

se1 i ous security pi oblem and it has always been a mess.

Please go ahead .

MissKN I GH T . Thank you, sir.

V isa frauds also need a m i croscropic exam ination .

Scores of Washingt on hostesses are hiring fu l l time domestic helpwho came in on student visas but who never set foot m a classroom .

66

A s one very prom inent social ite in our Capital po inted out“I do not

want to know how they go et into this country .

”There i s a thriving

ta

business in the marriage racket whereby a

U S citizen wi l l marry an al ien for a substantial down payment,bring the al ien into theUnited States as a dependent, apply for ci ti zenship , a ply for a passport, get a social security number, get a job andfinish

El

am farce by getting a divorce, thus freeing the U.S . ci tizenfor anothermarry ing pm ] ect.There i s also a substantial baby racket, deta ils of which can only

be pieced together with the cooperation of other governments . Phonyhospital records can be prov ided for a price and a child brought intothe United States only to be farmed out again for a fee to a childlesscouple who do not wish to go through legal adoption channels .

Years ago document frauds were estimated to cost the U S . Government a hal f b il l ion dol lars annual ly In the loss of taxes . Today , thecost may be doubled , maybe trebled . The hidden total is anybody

’s

guess— and this treniendous drain of revenue must be madeyup byeve1y American who conscientiously pays his taxes .

Mr. SOU RWIN E . If I understand you correctly , you are saying thatdocum ent frauds today in your opinion , are costing the U.S . Government between a bi ll ion dollars and a b il l ion and a hal f dol lars annual ly .

MissKN IGH T . Y es, sir.

Mr . SOU RW IN E Go ahead .

Miss KN IGH T . The appal l ing fact is that most of our citizens are

abysmally ign orant of the facts . They are constantly being divertedto other matters

,relatively unimportant when p laced In juxtaposition

to the existing strata of crooks and crim inals operating in Americansociety .

If firm and stern corrective action is taken nationally perhaps theStates will get busy and tighten up access to thei r b irth and deathrecords. Other countries have had national registration for yearsb irth and death records are married— and while there will always besome fraud attempted— I doubt that there is another country as lackadaisical in protecting the integrity of its vi tal records as we are. OnlyCong ress has the key to flushin g out this nationwide racket 1n fraudulent do .cumentsMr . SOU RWIN E . That

,of course, has to be recognized . Y ou had spoken

earl ier of the States getting busy to relate thei r birth and death rec

ords . I am sure you real ize , as your last sentence indicates , that theStates cannot do this because i t is of no value i f the State of Alabama

shows y ou everybody born there and everybody who died there whentwo thirds of the people who were born there died somewhere elseand two thirds of the people who died there were born somewhere else,which may or may not be the fact. There would have to be a completecorrelation

,a national registration , or else the proj ect of the com

puterizatioh and correlation of all the b i rth and death records, of all theStates which 1 1 ould be a stupendous task .

Miss KN IGH T . Y es sir ; but i t may pay off 1n less document fraud .

Mr . SOU RWIN E. Are you recommending that this be done or onlythat we start a national registration and trv to achieve a nationalrecord of everybody .

9

Miss KN IGH T . Wel l I think it shou ld be looked into and all the factsassessed . At the present time there IS no area in the Federal Govern

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

68

times over,are not justified at any time

,but they are especially oh

noxious when compared to the waste of time and manpower i n theduplication of effort and unessential paperwork which we see at the

echelons above us.

4. The Passport Office must be supported in its requirements for

prompt and thorough investigation of the fraud cases which presentlywe forward to the Department

’s Office of Security . I n my opinion

,we

cannot and should not be forced to wait 6 months or a year or 2 yearsfor investigations of v iolations of passport crim inal statutes . I want tomake it clear that I am not blam ing the Office of Security for the longdelays . That office is understaffed according to its Director. The Officeof Security has felt the axe as has the Passport Office . N ow

,if the D e

partment of State cannot handle these investigations promptly , I suggest that the investigative process on passport frauds be transferredto some other area of Government which can do the job expeditiousl

and professionally .

5. The Passport Office serv ices to U .S . citizens m ust be expandedthrough new field agencies and facilities . I have been recommendingthis solution to our situation for 5 years and for 5 years it has beendenied— not by the Congress but within the bureaucratic machinationsof the annual intradepartmental budget hearings. I n these exerciseseverybody acts as an expert and seer on the matter under discussionand arbitrary decisions are made by officials who have little or no ex

perience in the problems of a line Operation . W e have now spent closeto a quarter of a m illion dollars on research and development con

tracts to get independent confirmation of many of the recommendations made by the passport office over the years . W e know what isneeded . Our recommendations are based on facts

,experience and prece

dence . But our warn ings and recomm endations and suggestions havefallen on deaf ears. W e seem to be operating in a

“Let them eat cake”atmosphere.

That is about all I have to say,Mr. Chairman .

Mr. SOURW I N E . Miss Kn ight , I have just a few questions, if thechair will permit .

C an you furn ish us for the record , with a statement tabulating yourbudget requests in the passport security field and what the Department subm itted to the Congress and what the Congress gave you ?Miss KN I GH T. I can— I wou ld be very glad to subm it the Passport

Office budget requests .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . Y es .

Miss KN I GH T. But when you S pecify security field,there is an Office

of Security in the Department .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . I understand that , but I am talking about— if youwant to submit your total budget

,that is all right

,but I was only

asking for what you had requested that bore on this area of passportsecuri ty .

Miss KN I GH T. Y es, sir ; we can furn ish that. V irtually every phof our Operation has a security aspect.[The material requested may be found in the appendix , p .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . N ow,that wou ld be in some instances personnel . In

some instances it w il l be equ ipment . In some instances it will be fieldsecurity . A nd then

, you requested several times before you got it,money for this passport study and I do not know

, you m ay have in

69

your budget now money to implement the passport study . W e want toknow what you requested up to this com ing fiscal year

,what the D e

partment has cleared insofar if they have cleared anything, and whatthe Congress gave you .

Miss KN I GH T. W e can supply that .

[The material requested may be found in the appendix , p .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . W e w ill see if you are being shorted a nd who is

doing the shorting,whether it is the Congress or somebody else .

N ow, you spoke of the Office of Security . What have you done in

the way of calling on them for helpMiss KN I GH T. Well

,I think Mr. Duggan can answer that because

he has had contact with the security Office . W e have sent memorandato the Office Of Security and I think the latest go around has beenin itiated in Mr. Duggan ’

s shop .

Mr. DU GGAN . Previous commun ications are in lVI iss Knight’s testi

mony Of September 15 before the subcomm ittee . On May 11 , 1978, amemorandum was sent to S Y in which we stated as follows.

Mr. SOU RWI N E . D O you have a copy of that memorandum ?Mr. DU GGAN . Y es .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . Furn ish it to go in at this point .

Mr. DU GGAN . Y es .

[The information referred to followsU . S . GOVERNMENT, MEM ORANDU M

MA Y 11 , 1973.

To : A / S Y/—Mr. Dona ld D . Daley A / S Y /I /PV B .

From : PT/L—W . E . Duggan .

S ubject : Passport fraud , fugitives .

The Passport Office is seriously concerned with three categories of passportfraud cases which have been pending in the Office of S ecurity for two or moreyears with no end in view.

These categories are :

1 . Cases referred to S Y for investigation over two years ago and on which nosubstantia l inqu iri es have been made by your agents ;2 . Cases in which all investigatory leads have been unsuccessfully exp loredwithout locating or identifying the applicants or witnesses necessary to proveviolations of passport laws ; and3. Fugitive cases— a case in which prosecution has been thwarted because theperpetrator’

s whereabouts is unknown .

I n the interest of both Offices , i t is requested that a ll specia l agents be instructed to immediately close out and returned the passport fi les with clos ingreports to the Passport Office in categories 1 and 2 which have been pendingin S Y for more than two (2 ) years . The clos ing report may cite th is memorandum as authority for clos ing the investigations .

Cases in category 3— prosecution is not poss ible because the perpe tra tor is a

fugitive or the U . S . Attorney has not acted on the case within a period Of oneyear due to a heavy workload . These cases should be returned to the PassportOffice with a clos ing report only if a federa l felony warrant for the fugitive ’

s

arrest has been secured and is outstanding . A copy Of the warrant should besubm itted with the case .

I f warrants of arrest have not been Obta ined in such cases , i t is essential andit is urged that your agents personally v isit the U n ited S tates Attorneys as

s igned to prosecute the cases and expla in to them that :1 . U nder the provis ions Of a ) , of Title 22 , Code Of Federa l Regulations ,

the Pa ssport Office has authority to deny a passport to the subject Of an out

standing federal felony warrant Of arrest . S ection Of Title 22 providesfor the revocation Of passports Obta ined by applicants in false identities . Thus ,in the absence of a felony warrant Of arrest , the Passport Ofiice cannot lawfullyrefuse to issue a passport based on an appl ication executed by a fugi tive in

his true identity .

70

2 . I n order to record the fugi tives ’

names with the N ationa l Crime I nfor

mation Center, Federal Bureau Of I nvestigation, the Center requires that thefelony warrants Of arrest be outstanding .

3. The Passport Ofiice records the names of violators Of passport and otherfederal laws and sends appropriate notifications to all diplomatic and consularposts abroad . This procedure Often results in locating such fugi tives .

4 . The revocation of a passport based on an outstanding federa l felony warrantof arrest and the notification to a foreign government Of the reason for the

revocation generally immobi lizes a located fugitive and hinders any furthercrim inal activities by h im . I n addition , when the fugitive returns to the U n itedS tates , a U . S . Marshal may be alerted and have the authority to apprehendthe fugi tive on arrival .5. The issuance Of a warrant Of arrest for a fugitive would tol l the statute

of l im itations . ( 18U 803291 )Your agents shoul d urge U S . Attorneys to secure the issuance of warrants

so that a ll prosecut ions involving fugitives which have been pending more thanone year may be closed out on or before June 30 1973. The agent should assurethe U n ited S tates Attorney that when the fugi tive is apprehended , the casewill be immediately returned to h im for prosecution .

Your cooperation in instructing S pecial Agents- in-Charge to review casesunder their jurisdiction to comply with the foregoing, will be appreciated .

Enclosures : 100 Copies for d istribution to your special agents .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . D id you get a reply ?Mr. DU GGA N . Y es .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . I s there any subsequent interchange of memorandaMr. DU GGAN . Y es . I have about fourmemos.

Mr. SOURW I N E . May we have the whole set ?Mr. DU GGAN . W e w ill be glad to furnish the whole set .

[The memoranda fol lowsS EPTEMBER 18 , 19 13.

A / S Y —Mr. G . Marvin GentilePPT— Frances G . Kn ight( 1 ) Passport Fraud Case of Timothy Francis Leary al ias William John Mc

N ell is and Rosemary Leary al ias S ylvia Edith McGafiin .

( 2 ) Delinquent Passport Fraud I nvestigationsOn February 8 , 197 3, Mr. William E . Duggan of the Passport Office ’

s Lega l D ivision sent a memorandum to A / S Y , Mr. Robert L . Berry , requesting a promptinves tigation looking toward the prosecution Of D r. Timothy Francis Leary .

Mr. Duggan attached to his memorandum a comprehens ive summary Of the caseincluding an analysis of the information adduced from a manuscript Of a bookwh ich Leary a llegedly intended to publ ish . S Y ha s to date fa iled to forward anyreport written or verba l to the Passport Office in this matter.

The interna tional importance of th is notori ous individua l in the illega l drugfield hardly needs any explana tion . N or does the urgency of our request for investi gation into his passport a ctivities need further justificati on . The failure of

the Office Of S ecurity to pursue this investigation is , to put it m ildly , inexcusable .

The manuscript attached to Mr . D -uggan

’

s memorandum was extensively evs luated and an analys is prepared by the Passport Office . Th is manuscript was originally obta ined by S Y a t the request of PPT. The manuscript with minor changeshas now been publ ished in an edition entitled Timothy Leary— C onfessions of 0H ope F iend . The book was publ ished in July 1973 by Bantam Books . I nc . A s

expected , th is book outl ines in deta i l the circumstances under which Leary and"

his w ife obtained U n i ted S tate s pa ssports in fal se identities . Given th is fa ct ,the fa ilure of the Office of S ecurity to conduct the inves tigation requested in

Mr. Duggan ’s memorandum of February 8 . 1973 is , in my mind , a clear case of

negl igence in the administration of the passport criminal sta tutes . The onus of

such negli g ence fall s d irectly on the Office of S ecuri ty . While I am aware Of thepersonn el shortages in the Office of S ecurity . I cannot and will not permit anycri ti cism for the fa ilure to pursue th is important passport fraud case to be

placed on the Passport Office .

I re fer to my memorandum to you of June 16 . 1972 . whi ch was publ ished as an

a ttachm en t to my tes tim ony of S eptember 15. 1972 at a hearing held by theS ubcomm ittee to I nvestiga te th e Admini stra tion of the I nternal S ecuri ty A ct

71

and O ther I nterna l S ecurity Laws Of the Comm ittee on the Judiciary , U n itedS tates S enate, 92nd Congress , 2nd S ession . I also refer to my memorandum to you

of August 9 , 1972 wh ich was also published as an attachm ent to my testimonyof S eptember 15, 1972 . I n your reply Of August 17 , 1972 , you stated :

“I can as sure you that S Y wi ll make every effort to reduce the current

delinquency during the upcoming fall months when the applicant case loadis normally lighter.

I t is over a year s ince your reply and I must sta te that the results Of yourefiort to reduce the current delinquency in passport cases are hardly st imu

latinI ngresponse to a request from S enator S trom Thurmond , I informed h im that

the investigation backlog as of Apri l 24 , 1973 was 501 . A s Of August 8, 1973,there were 582 passport fraud investigation cases pendin g in S Y . These workloadfigures break down as follows :

Apr. 24, 1973 Aug. 8, 1973

Cases opened in 1973Cases opened p r ior Jan. 1, 1973

Total pending

These figures will differ in minor respects from S Y figures . Thi s di fference iscaused by the hiatus between the time cases are actually received and documented as opened or closed in S Y and the time they are actually received and

documented as Opened or closed in PPT. This is a normal “pipel ine”difierence.

Whi le I could go on indefinitely wi th horrible examples of del inquent cases ,let me just refer to one additional item . On May 11 , 1973, Mr. Duggan sent a

memorandum to Mr. Donald D . Daley, A / S Y , the purpose Of wh ich is stated asfollows :

“The Passport Ofii ce is seriously concerned with three categories of pass

port fraud cases wh ich have been pending in the Office Of S ecurity for twoor more years with no end in view .

These categories are :

1 . Cases referred to S Y for investigation over two years ago and on

which no substant ial inqu iries have been made by your agents ;2 . Cases in wh ich all investigatory leads have been unsuccessfully ex

plored without locating or identifying the appl icants or witnesses necessaryto prove v iolations Of passport laws ; and3. Fugi tive cases—a case in wh ich prosecution has been thwarted because

the perpetrator’

s whereabouts is unknown .

”

One hundred copies of th is memorandum were given to S Y for your convemience for distributing them to your special agents . I t was requested that thi sreview Of Old cases be completed by June 30, 1973. On July 26 , 1973 , Mr. RobertD . Johnson , Deputy D irector, Passport Office, sent a memorandum to Mr. Daleyextending the due date to July 31 , 1973. This was done at the specific request of.Mr. Raymond S croggs of your Office . On July 30, 1973, Mr. S croggs telephonedMr. James Ritch ie, Passport Office , and stated that S Y could not comply withthe extended due date of July 31 , 1973, due to other commitments . On Aug ust 2,1973, Mr. Johnson sent Mr. Daley a memorandum requesting the Office Of S courity to submit a memorandum with in ten days stating the reasons for the failureto comply with the due date for th is review . On August 8, 1973, Mr. Daley senta memorandum to Mr. Johnson gi ving the following explanat ion :

“Please be advised that a continu ing effort is being made to comply withyour request of May 11 , 1973. The delay in obta in ing full compliance withyour request has been unavoidable. Over the past few months , we have hadto align our priorities to the unusual demand for protective serv ices , and

urgent personnel investigations . Also , we have had retirements Of key Oth

cers , which resulted in several disruptive transfers .

“

On July 30, 1973 , Mr. Ritchie was advised Of the above by Mr. S croggs . A t

wh ich time , Mr. S croggs told Mr. Ritch ie that every effort would be madeto complete the requested action by S eptember 1 ,

A s Of th is date, S eptember 17 , 1973, wh ile some progress has been made, theproject has still not been completed . I think you wi ll agree that any comment

on this item from me would be entirel y superfluous . The facts speak for themselves .

72

Despite authorization from PPT to term inate old investigations , as of S eptember 1 , 1973. S Y was further behind in pendi ng investigations than at the

begi nning of the year. For the first eight calendar months Of 1973, PPT sent 292

cases to S Y for investigation . During this same period , S Y completed 210 cases .

This is an increase Of 82 pending cases .

I n the light Of the facts , I must demand an immediate explanation . I f the OfficeOf S ecurity is unable to take pos itive action with in the next th irty days to perform its respons ibil ities to investigate known and suspected violations Of thepassport criminal statutes promptly and effectively , I see no alternat ive but torecommend to the Acting Deputy U nder S ecretary, D r. Curtis W. Tarr, that thepassport fraud investiga tion function be turned over to the Passport Ofii ce . I n

view Of the success of the field agents of the Office of S ecurity in investigatingpassport frauds in the past when they were perm itted to do so,

I am most re

luctant to take this action . Y ou must understand that , by reason of my pos itionas Director of the Passport Office, I must ensure that the integrity and securityof the U n ited S tates passport is constantly ma intained by swift and efficientdetection , investigation , and indictment of persons v iolating the passport crimina l statutes . On the basis of the facts at hand , I see no other recourse .

Please let me know before S eptember 24 , 1973, what action you intend to take.

DEPA RTMENT OF S TATE,

W ashing ton , S eptember 24, 1973.

Memorandum

To : PPT— Miss Frances G . Kn ightFrom : A / S Y—G . Marvin GentileS ubject :

( 1 ) Passport Fraud Case Of Timothy Francis Leary al ias Will iam JohnMcN ell is and Rosemary Leary al ias S ylvia Edith McGaffin

(2 ) Del inquent Passport Fraud I nvestigationsReference is made to your memorandum Of S eptember 18 1973 regarding the

indica ted S ubject . A s defined in previous responses , S Y has not been in a pos itionto respond to service requests from your Office because of overall priority requestsfrom other areas Of the Department.A s you were previously advi sed on August 17, 1972, the S Y del inquency in theinvestigation Of passport fraud cases has been caused by such factors as the

heavy deluge of applican t cases received by S Y during the early part Of the year( these include summer h ires , interns , and Passport Office peak cases ) and severalh igh priority security requirements in other aspects Of the total securi ty program .

S Y los t twenty one pos itions in the personn el cut effective Jun e 30, 1972 . I n Apri l1973 th is Office was authorized to fill existing vacancies , and recrui tment wasimmediately started . Process ing foreign servi ce candidates is most difficult. andi t will take several months for S Y to reach its authorized manpower structure .

W e have the pipel ine established, and Officers are finally being placed in positions ,but there is tra ining time involved , perhaps 12 to 18 months, when the criminalnature of Passport Fraud investigations is concerned .

S Y has been intimately concerned w ith the problems Of terrorism to includeh i - jack ings . letter bombs , kidnappings and murders Iof principal Officers pre

da ting the Khartoum tragedy . Th is problem , as you know , must take first priority.

S Y has also been heavily engaged in the protection of foreign visitors , particularlythose from the People ’

s Republ ic of Ch ina .

The Leary case was first brought to the attention of S Y by an oral requestfrom PPT/D uggan on October 7 , 1970. Mr. Duggan requested that S Y veri fyb irth records in names used by the Leary ’

s when they Obta ined passports wh ichthey used to flee the U n ited S tates . The information was Obta ined on an urgentbasis and oral reports were made to Mr. Duggan on October 30, 1970 and N ovember 6 . 1970. These oral reports were followed by formal wri tten reports .

T he first written request from PPT Office concern ing D r. Leary was datedS eptember 17 , 1971 wh ich requested that S Y Obtain a copy of a manuscriptal legedly prepared by D r. Leary . The attempts to obtain the manuscript from the

publ ishers proved unsuccessful . however, the Department’

s interest in the manuscript was reported in N ew York Times of October 10, 1971 . A detailed reporton S Y

’

s efforts to Ob ta in the manuscript was sent to the Passport Ofiice on

October 10. 1971 .

On October 18. 1971 the Passport Office requested S Y to vertify Leary ’s driver’

s

l icense and to interview the real McN el l is ( name used by Leary ) . On O ctober 22 ,

1971 . the S an Francisco Field Office reported on th is request.

73

On January 14, 1972 the N ew York F iel d Office received an un sol icited call froma person who had read of the S tate Department ’

s interest in D r. Leary ’

s manuscript. Th is person volunteered to turn over a copy Of the manus cript to S Y . The

manuscript was Obtained by S Y and forwarded to the Passport Office on January19

,1972 .

On March 1,1972 the S an Francisco Field Oflice closed the case and except for

S ubject ’

s connection w ith the “Brotherhood investigation , our in terest in D r.

Leary was terminated .

On January 18, 1973 D r . Leary, who had escaped from s tate prison near S an

Luis Abispo , Cal ifornia on S eptember 12 , 1970 and had fled the U nited S tatesus ing a false passport , was returned to the U n ited S ta tes in cus tody of BN D D

agen ts and was arrested on arriva l in Los Angeles , Cal iforn ia .

On February 8, 1973 a lmost one year after rece iv ing the manuscript, the Passport Ofli ce returned the manuscript to S Y and requested an investigation “ in

order to prepare a foundation for prosecution Of 18 U S O with additiona linstructions that the manuscript Of D r. Leary be submitted to the “

S trike Force”,

Orange County , Cal iforn ia for their information ,analys is and evaluation .

On Apri l 3 , 1973 D r. Leary was convicted on the escape charge by the S tate Of

Cal iforn ia and is presently incarcerated . Th ere has been a premise in the past,that when a passport violator is incarcerated , the need for urgent investigation issomewhat lessened . The passport memorandum of S eptember 18, 1973 was the

first indi cation S Y had received suggesting that the Leary case had reached a

critical stage .

Reference is made to your May 1 1, 1973 memorandum concern ing the review’

requested for clos ing three categories of Passport Fraud cases wh ich have beenpending for more than two years . Although the Passport Office requested reviewOf severa l categories of investigations , PPT did not define a tota l number Ofpending cases . The criteria for clos ing such cases was left to the discretion of S Y .

The requested procedure involved complete case studies by S Y , and primarilyinvolved a di rect study by S pecia l Agents in Charge a t N ew York, Los Angelesand S an Francisco, where the greatest volume Of work exi sted . Because Of personnel shortages , work demands , and S Y requ irements , thi s study was necessaril ydelayed on several occasions . H owever, S Y has been able to close 55 investigations in these categories, primarily at N ew York and Los Angeles , and has

requested the S pecial Agent in Charge at S an Francisco to give the matter priori ty attention , cons istent wi th constant serv ice requests from other segments Ofthe Department . S Y will make every effort to complete th is project by October 15 ,

1973.

Despite manpower shortages and priority requirements levied upon S Y , it

shoul d be noted tha t S Y closed 557 passport fraud investigations during FY 72 ,342 during FY 73 , and 71 during the first two months Of FY 74 .

For your information , the Department has presented a FY 74 budget amendment to the Congress to provide S Y with positions to combat terrorism overseasand in the U nited S tates . W e are hopeful that th is legislation will be approvedwh ich will properly staff S Y to handle its additional tasks , and release its regularcomponents to handl e the very important passport investigations emanating fromyour Ofli ce.

O CTOBER 11 , 1973.

A / S Y—Mr. G . Marvin GentilePPT—Frances G . Kn ight(1 ) Passport Fraud Case of Timothy Francis Leary , Ali as William John Mc~

N ellis and Rosemary Leary . Alias S ylvia Edith McGaflin .

(2 ) Delinquent Passport Fraud I nvestigationsI refer to your memorandum of S eptember 24, 1973 concerning the subject mat

ter. I have read i t carefully and , unfortunately , I cannot regard it as a construetive answer to my memorandum Of S eptember 18, 1973. I t reiterates your personnel problems , to wh ich I am sympathetic . I t reiterates the priorities which youassign to investigative work loads . I t is apparent that passport investigati ons stillhave the lowest priority in your current operation . A s I have stated before ,

I amsympathetic to your problems, but your systems Of priorities places the PassportOflice in an untenable pos ition . Passport fraud cases must be investigatedpromptly and effectively, and it is my respons ibility to see that such action is

taken .

I note your attempt to excuse the lack Of action by S Y in the Leary case ( s inceMr. Duggan ’

s memorandum Of February 8,1973 ) by referring to the lapse be

74

tween the time PPT received the manuscript of Confess ions of a H ow F iendand the return Of the manuscript to S Y . Your inference is that no action has beentaken by the Passport Oflice in the interim . Th is is definitely not true. S ince S Yis an investigative agency , I th ink it is fa ir to state that th is Office was justifiedto assume that an investigative agency would real ize the potential s igni ficanceOf the manuscript and make some effort to util ize, or at least to ascerta in ,

whether it had any investigative leads even though th is was not expresslyrequested.

S ince the Passport Office received the manuscript . it has been reviewed and itscontents analyzed . Th is review and analys is requ ired going over the materialmany times and checking numerous other documents and files . E xtra care wastaken because Of the author’

s Obvious efforts to becloud facts . circumstances . and

locations in which activities occurred . The evaluation necess itated the review Ofmany lists of names in passports issued as well as passport files in order to identify the application upon which passports were fraudulently Obta ined by D r. and

Mrs . Leary . A careful evaluation was also necessary in order to Obtain investigative leads to the followed since S Y had taken no in itiative in the matter .

I n addition to th is activity , the Passport Office in itiated commun ications witha number Of foreign service posts in an effort to locate information wh ich wouldbe helpful in the hoped for investigation as well as trying to keep a lookout onthe whereabouts Of the subject . A s you know , these efiorts culminated in the suc

cessful return Of the subject on January 18 , 1973 .

Your memorandum of S eptember 24, 1973 indicates that no action has beentaken by your Office in the matter since it was sent to you on February 8, 1973.

A review Of Mr . Duggan ’

s memorandum Of February 8, 1973 reveals that therequested investigation to be pursued by S Y to obtain the successful prosecutionin th is case could have been accomplished by experienced investigators in the

local Ofli ces involved w ith in two weeks .

Let me call your attention to one more item regarding the Leary case . I n yourmemorandum . you state that, on March 1 . 1972 , your S an Francisco field Office“ closed the case and except for subj ects

’s connection. wi th the

‘Brotherhood

’

investigation , our in terest in D r. Leary wa s term in a ted .

"There i s no indication

in any Of the memorandums wh ich you have sent to the Passport Oflice thatyour S ecurity Office has ever considered th is case closed . A s a matter Of fact ,th is case, according to your records , have been . and still is, considered “pending”.

A review Of the file reveals that we made a wri tten request for investigationon S eptember 21 , 197 1 (5 days prior to the receipt of your latest memorandumdated S eptember 24 , 1973 ) to estab li sh a foundation for possible crimina l proseenfiou under 18 U S O 1542 . This investigation was never completed.

Another statement in your memorandum of S eptember 24 wh ich merits atten

ti on is that “the passport memorandum of S eptember 18, 1973, was the first in

dica tion S Y had received suggesting tha t the Leary case had reached a cri tica lstage

”s imply ignores what is obvious to most people that D r. Leary is a notorious

criminal . Leary returned to the U n ited S tates within direct reach Of our

criminal procedures . Th is , in and of itsel f. should normal ly indicate the urgencyof the situation . Y ou state there has been a premise ( of wh ich I am not aware )“tha t when a passport violator is incarcera ted , the need for urgent investiga

tion i s som ewha t les sened”

. Th e failure to investigate the case of a notoriousindividual for more than eight months violates , beyond any comprehension ,

eventhe prem ise you created .

I n summary . the record shows that , during the year the Passport Office hadthe manuscript , it performed hundreds of hours of work in the case . someth ingof a m iracle cons idering our chronic shortages Of employees . The record showsthat , since the matter was referred to you on February 8. 1973, the Ofli ce ofS ecurity has e ither done nothing or fa iled to report any action .

I regret the necess ity of going over the chronology in the Leary case in t e

buttal to your memorandum . Obv iously, th is does not get the work accompl ished .

The statement in your memorandum of S eptember 24 that Mr. Duggan ’

s memorandum of May 11 . 1973 . concerning the review requested for closing threecategories of passport frauds “ left the. criteria for closing such cases to the discretion of S Y is not a fa ct. These criteria were repeated in my memorandumto you of S eptember 18 . There is no discretion to be emercised ; the specified criter ia were to be applied to the cases a lready assigned to your agents .

The reason the Legal Division d id not indicate wh ich cases to close is thatPT/L has not been kep t informed about the current status of the individualcases because S Y / I does not regularly subm it pending or closing reports . Further,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

76

governm ent . I t has been suggested that the Passport Ofiice assume these dutiesbut the uncooperative and indi fferent attitude Of the Bureau Of S ecurity and

Consular Affa irs is not conducive to support or promote action on any matterdeal ing with national security.

The S enate I nternal S ecurity S ubcommi ttee has made some very pertinentinquiries into the passport fraud situation ; the lack of support for our program ;the obvious lack of interest in and action on our prev ious warnings ; the mounting incidence of fraud ; and the inordinate and inexplicable delays in the investigation process .

I would , indeed , appreciate your thoughts on this very serious matter as soon

as possible . I know how very busy you are. I know that one cris is has followedanother in rapid succession, but I have been waiting for years to get an atten

tive and sympathetic ear with in the Department and some support for the Passport Ofiice efforts in th is area , only to receive the yearly meat-axe approach inpersonnel and budget cuts , as well as the general sabotage wh ich is the by -productof S C A

’

s continual harassment of the Passport Office staff.I am attaching for your information copies of the interchange of communica

tions with the Office of S ecurity .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . Off the record .

[Discussion Off the record . ]Mr. SOU RW I N E . N ow,

I have just two more things.

Mr. Chairman , I Spoke earl ier of the newspaper reports w ith re

spect to the awarding of the research contract in connection with thenew and secure passport . I have two of these reproductions of news

paper clippings here . I wou ld like to ask that they be inserted in therecord at the appropriate place .

The C H A I RMA N . so ordered .

Mr . SOURW I N E . N ow,Miss Kn ight. here is the story from the Phila

delphia Bu lletin about Mr. Edward N eilan ’s interv iew with Miss Bar

bara Watson . H e starts out by saying :The passport of the future could look more l ike a credit card than the presentvers ion of the standard passport wh ich has pages for stamping of entry and exitvisas .

“S tudies are underway to create a streaml ined passport”, said Miss Bar

bara M . Watson , Admin istrator to the Bureau of S ecurity and Consular Affairswh ich directs v isa and passport matters for all American cit izens. M iss Watson,

known among her colleagues in Wash ington as“the passport lady”suggests that

one vers ion of the passport Of the future m ight be a plastic I BM type card withcertain data pre

-pun ched in coding.

That is archaic, Miss Kn ight . They were prepunching and codingdata when I came to Washington 40 years ago . Computers were not

even invented yet. I find this thing preposterous.

[The article referred to follows[From the Philadelph ia Bulleti n, S ept. 23, 1973 ]

MEET TH E PAS S PORT LADY : S H EWORRIE S ABOU T Y OU

(By Edward N eilan )WA S H I NGTON .

—The passport of the future could look more l ike a credit cardthan the present version of the standard passport which has pages for stampingof entry and exit visas .

“S tudies are under way to create a streamlined passport , sa id M iss Barbara

M . Watson , admin istrator of the Bureau of S ecuri ty and Consular Affairs , wh ichdirects visa and passport matters for a ll American citizens .

M iss Watson , known among her colleagues in Wash ington as The PassportLady ,”suggests that one vers ion of the passport of the future m ight be a plasticI BM-type card with certa in data prepunched and coded .

When a person arrived at a foreign border he would produce h is computerized data card and the border Officials would run it through a machine. Anyonewhose card wasn ’

t properly punched would be detained for ques tioning .

77

C an you imagine how many man hours Of laborious hand stamping and

scribbling in passports this would save ? ’

asked M iss Wa tson

With more Americans traveling a round this summer than ever l

'befO1 e, the

S tate Department ’s worldwide network of consular offices is swamped wi th appli

cations , requests , complaints and visit01 s who “ just dropped by to say‘hel lo ’

Miss Watson pres ides over the some 250 Amei ican con sula1 Offices in 127

coun tries , The Ofiices are staffed by about loca l and American workers .

The number of Americans going overseas this year will be wel l over eightmillion .

That compares to fewer tha n five mi ll ion in 1968.

Adding to the consul ar duties of the S ta te Department is the fact that about ami llion and a half Americans now reside abroad—although deva lua tion of the

dollar has sent thousands scurrying ba ck “ home”.

M iss Watson sa id tha t consular services rend ered have more than doubledin the last decade, going from in 1962 to 929 068 in 1972 .

S ome mill ion passports were issued last year and the demand is seen as

growing steadi ly in com ing years . One important step toward fa cil itating issuance Of new passports was the recent decision to use the U . S . Post Ofiices as

rece iving points for passport applications . This has provided more than 700

points across the country where citizens may apply .

Miss Watson is the daughter of a one—time j udge Of the N ew York MunicipalCourt.A n a ttorney ; she joined the S tate Department in July, 1966, as speci a l assistan t

to the deputy un dersecretary for adm ini stration .

I n 1968 she was sworn in as adm in istra tor of the pas sport and consular office ,with the rank of ass istant secretary of state . That made her the first black personever to hold a pos ition at that (level in the Departmen t of S tate.

M iss Watson ,who sa id her hobby is “people,”noted that with so many more

Americans traveling to foreign countries ; “i t is not surprising that more and

more are getting into trouble of one sort or another abroad .

”

S he sa id “in many cases th is is due to nothing more than a lack of knowledge

Of local customs , mores and languages .

One of her department’

s most s erious problems , she sa id , is ass isting Am ericanswho are arrested in foreign lands .

“I t comes as a shock to many Ameri cans who feel that al l they have to do

when arres ted in a foreign country— is to say they are Am ericans and they willbe let free, or, at worst, wi ll be tried under Am erican law . Of course, this is notthe case a t all .

“ I t is tragi c, sa id Miss Watson , but the number of young Americans ‘busted ’

in drug ra ids overseas has become very serious . The number is dipping s l ightlynow but there are still young Americans in ja il in foreign countries on drugcharges . Three of every four are under 25 years of age .

M iss Watson advised Ameri cans W ho l ive abroad and plan to purchase propertyin foreign countries to check with their loca l American consular offices .

“There

are legal intricacies that the unwary buyer must know about or he m ight someday lose the property because of clauses in the fine print .

”

V isits by foreigners to the U n ited S tates have increased by 200 percent in thelast 10years , she noted.

N onimm igrant visas issued rose from in 1962 to last yea r.

I mmigrant visas issued increased from in 1962 to in 1972 .

M iss Watson sa id that current imm igration laws may be changed to give persons

‘born in the Western H em isphere a better change to imm igrate to the U nitedS tates if they can qual ify under certa in “

skills”criteria .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . Y ou say you had a chance to read it,N ow

,w ill you

comment on it ? I s there a vestige of truth in it ? What i s the situation ?Miss KN I GH T. Mr. Chairman

,a marked copy of the article was

mailed to me from.

a Phi ladelphia source and I received it yesterday .

My only comm ent i s that I was appalled by the statements reportedregarding passports whi ch are totally inaccurate , incorrect , and 1rre

spionsible. I can only regard these efforts to m islead the press and the

public as a deliberate and unconscionable attempt to sabotage thetremendous effort which has a lready been invested in our long searchfor an effective, efficient , secure, and machine- readable passport

,ac

23—538—73— 6

ceptable to other countries which requ ire now and in the foreseeablefuture v isas for U .S . citizens . Currently there are 147 countries thatrequi re V isas on U .S . passports. I n my op in ion the statement made bythe officia l quoted in the story , regarding a pla stic card passport, is sostupid

,in the light of our research and detailed analysis that any per

son with a m in imal knowledge of w01 ld travel requ irements and a

grade school understanding of national secu1 ity would promptly dismiss it as a hoax or figure that it was a m isprint .

Mr. SOU RW I N E . Mr. Chairman,I w ill ask that the fu ll text of the

newspaper story in question go into the record at the point where Iasked Miss Kn ight about it so that her comment therea ftermay followlogically .

I have no more questions,Miss Kn ight . Thank you vei y much for

cor

ping

.

up here and waiting so patiently and answerm g our questionsso ull

TheyC H AmM A N . Miss Knight

,we are always glad to have you here

and we know you for an earnest and dedicated and m ighty hardworking publ ic servant andwe sure do thank you .

Miss KN I GH T. Thank you , sir.

[Whereupon ,at o

’clock

,the hearing was concluded ]

A P P E N D I X

LI S T or BROTH ERH OOD or ETERNAL LOV E I ND I CTEESCLAS S

1 . Druce, Charles , England2 . Friedman,

Lester, D r D OB 3618 Concord Drive, Beachwood,Oh io.

3. H itchcock , William Mellon,D OB Box 503, Mi llbrook , N .Y .

4 . Leary, Timothy Frances , D OB in custody , Cali forn ia S ta te

Prison .

5 . Randa ll, Michael Boyd , D OB fugitive .

6 . S cully, Robert Timothy , D OB S an F rancisco, Cal if.7. S tark , Rona ld H a dley , D OB fugitive .

8. Mantell, David Leigh , D OB fugitive .

9. S and, N icholas , D OB in custody .

CLAS S I I

1 . Ackerly , Robert Dale, D OB in custody , Federal prison .

2 . A ndrist, Robert Lee , D OB fugitive .

3. Ashbrook, Trav is Grant, D OB 45, fug itive.

4 . Bevan , Rick C D OB fugitive .

5. Crittenden, James Leroy , D OB Mariposa County, Calif.6 . Drury , Donald Karl , D OB in custody .

7 . Gale, John Charles, D OB Las V egas , N ev .

8. Johnson, Gordon Fred, D OB in custody , Ca l iforn ia S tate Prison .

9. Lange, Edward Jefirey , D OB Orange County , Cal if.10. S cott, Charles Frederi ck , D OB f ugitive .

11 . Tokh i , H ayatullah , D OB 1939, fugitive, Afghanistan .

12 . S exton , Gordon Albert , D OB fugitive .

13. S m ith , Brenice Lee, D OB fug itive .

14. Tierney, Robert Edward , D OB 4/22/47 , in custody, Panama .

15. Tokhi , Amanullah S alem , D OB fugitive, Afghan istan .

16 . Bevan , Ronald, D OB fugtitive .

17 . Caserta , Daniel Phill ip, D OB fugi t ive.

18. German , Lyle Paul , D OB fugitive .

19. H all , Dav id Alan , D OB fugitive.

20. May , Edward Joseph , D OB fug itive, S an Francisco.

21. Padilla , Gerald James , D OB fugiti ve.

22. S tanton , Mark Patrick , D OB fugitive .

CLAS S I I I

1 . Allen , L inda Pohl , D OB Laguna Beach , Ca l if .2 . Arthur, Davi d Alan , D OB fug itive .

3. Becker, Dale Andrew, D OB fugitive, Australi a .

4 . Bidwell , Thomas Blake, D OB S an D iego, Calif.5 . Clay , James H enry, D OB in custody , Californ ia S tate Prison .

6 . Crawford , Ronald Ray , D OB H awai i .7 . D aw, John Robert , D OB fugitive.

8. Delaney , Calvin Larry, D OB H awai i .9 . H arrigan , Russell Joseph , D OB fugi tive.

10. H arrington , John Joseph , Jr. , D OB fugitive.

11 . Lynd, Glenn Cra ig , D OB12 . McA dams, Brian Kendall , D OB13. McA dams , Yonica Menne, D OB14 . Otto, J immy Gregg, D OB Laguna Beach, Cal if.

( 79 )

80

15. Palma , Franklin , D OB

16 . P0111, Gerald , D OB fugitive.

17 Pooley , M ichael Lee, D OB18. Pra tt, J il l Barnett, D ,

OB fugitive .

19 . Reddy , Dav id Mark, D OB in custody , Californ ia S tate Prison .

20. Pra tt , S tanford Leon , D OB fugitive.

21 . Bowyer, Chester Al len , D OB in custody , Federal prison .

[From Good Times , Jan . 8 , 1971 ]

GETTI NG H I GH WI TH JENN I FER

( S ister Jenn ifer Dohrn recently returned to the U n ited S tates after vis itingpol itica l exiles E ldridge Cleaver and Timothy Leary in Algeria , and accompanying Leary on an attempted meeting with Al Fa tah in Lebanon . Last week ,she vi s ited Good Times and told usI n October I got the opportun ity to go to Algeria with five other people . Tim

othy had been out about three weeks when I arrived . I t’

s really a trip to geton an a irplane and get off a day later in Africa and there ’

s Timothy Leary andEldridge Cleaver to greet you, two men I

’

d never met, but really important ,beautiful people . The first week I spent j ust gett ing to know the people there ,

the Panthers and Rosemary and Timothy , build ing up a kind of trust , gettingclose to people so that we could have a friendsh ip .

The Panthers in Algiers E ldridge and Kathleen , two Panthers from the

N ew York 21 , both of them un derground in th is country for a year and a half .The Panthers have been granted the status of a national l iberation front and

been given an embassy and,they ’ve established diplomatic relations with people

like the N orth V ietnamese and the N orth Ko reans . When you ’re there, the

first feel ing you get is that you ’

re a diplomat .

Algiers is a good place to be right now . One reason for th is is the easy accessof th is coun try . Y ou can fly right there. Another th ing is that every nationa ll iberation front in the world has a center there, wh ich I don ’

t th ink happens inany other city . The Panthers have the opportun ity to set up what they call apeople ’

s embassy and they rea lly see themselves as an international part of

th is movement , setting up relations for all of us . W e found that out on the tripto the M iddle East because of a whole series of communcations . W e were inCairo and all the l ines between Cairo and Algiers were down . I t took four daysto send a wire . W e found out that E ldridge had the Ch inese, Koreans and the

N orth V ietnamese looking for us . I n fact at one point the Koreans wired KimI l S ung and he sent a wire to Ca iro saying that they should find us because wewere their comrades. A nd that pos ition is because of the work E ldridge has donein establ ish ing diplomatic relations with other countries . A t the same time, i t’

s

very contradictory in Algiers now because the government is beginn ing to negotiate diplomatic relations with the U . S . and if that does happen it

’

s certa inl ygoing to have an efiect as far as that being a sanctuary .

I th ink the impress ion that I ’

ve had of E ldridge is that he ’

s one of the warmest, most open revolutionaries that I ’

ve met, very direct , very brill iant. H e has

the abil ity to perceive relations . H e really has an understanding of youth culture ,understands that it ’

s a revolutionary force in th is country . One of the b iggestproblems for the Panthers in Algiers is that they ’

re very isolated from the movement here, very cut off. People in th is country th ink they ’

re on the moon or something and th ink that they can ’

t cal l them or write them . Because of that peopledon ’

t take the time to send them papers regularly , send them letters and tapesGT : Doesn ’

t the U . S . government hold back a lot of the stuff that’s sent to

them ?S ure , a lot of it gets ripped off. But they should have a paper every week because i t ’

s their only way of really being a part of th is movement for us to

relate to them .

One of the th ings that s truck me over and over was how hard it is to be inexile . One of the first th ings E ldridge would say is how much he wanted to beback because fighting in one

’

s own country is really important and necessary toa revolu tionary . When we were there we had a b irthday party for Tim and BobbyS eale . W e had a really n ice celebration for Tim ’

s b irthday and freedom and for

fighting for Bobby ’

s freedom .

81

GT : What about reports that the Algerian government is hostile to the U . S .

pol itical refugees ?I t

’

s not true at all . There was never a question about Timothy ’s getting pol itical

asylum ; it was granted as soon a s he was there . The Panthers wouldn ’

t have beengiven an embassy and invited to all these meetings and affa irs un less they werein a very good pos ition there .

I th ink the whole image was perpetrated to make it seem l ike we couldn ’

t go

anywhere . The Al gerian government sponsored a trip for four of us to go to theM iddle East to meet with the Palest in ian guerrillas . Field Marshal l D . C . and

Marty Kenner, who ’

s chairman of the Panther Defense Fund , and Timothy andmyself went to the M iddle East . What happened was that when we arrived inBeirut we were supposed to be met by members of Al Fateh , who were then goingto take us into Damascus or Aman , depending on how heavy the fighting was inAman that week.

When we arrived in Be irut there was no one there to meet us . A t this point weweren '

t too upset because we didn ’

t know anyth ing about Beirut at the time , sowe thought we ’

d just go to a hotel for the n ight and wake up and make contactthe next day and that everyth ing woul d be fine . S o we went off and the Lebanesegovernment put us up in this hotel and we went to sleep th inking everyth ingwoul d be fine the next day . Well , we di dn ’

t know a couple of things . One was thata U PI reporter had identified Timothy on the plane from Ca iro to Beirut and puti t out over the wire the first n ight that we were there in the c ity . The secondthing was that the hotel that the Lebanese government had recommended turnedout to be the headquarters for Western press in Beirut . S o after two days wefound out that C B S had the room next door, N ewsweek and everyone was in th ishotel . S o we get up the next morn ing th inking that we ’

d j ust have breakfast andgo out and meet the people from Al Fateh . S o we stepped out on th is l ittle balconyon the hotel room and find reporters on top of cars wi th teles copic lenses . Everytime I opened the door, men would grab me and try to drag me into the ha ll tomake a statement.

This incredi ble situation developed that the Western press in their determinat i on to get a story on Tim Leary completely endangered our safety and causedsuch a stir that Al Fateh in Beirut, who hadn ’

t received the proper communi cations from Alg iers , didn’

t know what was happen ing and the C I A was beginningto try and move on us . There’

s no extradit ion treaty in Lebanon so the Lebanesegovernment couldn ’

t arrest us , but they were being put in a pos ition of going tohave to ask us to leave . I t wa s a very complicated situa tion , mainly becauseBeirut is l ike a completely open city where anyth ing goes . For Timothy and D . C.

it was like being in O’H are Airport it was that serious .

What finall y happened on the Middl e East trip is that the press situation inBeirut made i t necessary to return to Algiers . A t one point we had a car that wasgoing to take us to Damascus , but without the proper contacts with the guerri llaforces it would have been very dangerous to go further in . S o we decided to returnto Algeria until that whole problem straightened up . W e went back throughCa iro and Egyptian authori ties checked us out and were very warm to us . Wh ilewe were in Ca iro we went to the Al gerian embassy and the ambassa dor came inand was very happy to see us and arranged for our fl ight back .

To fly from Cairo to Algiers is really complicated . Y ou have to go throughTunis and Tripol i . Tun is is another open city so we couldn ’

t go through customsand get off the plane , especial ly at this point because everyone in the worl d knewwhere we were every m inute. S o they arranged for our fl ight back so that we

would never have to get ofi the plane and we were with Algerians the wholeway back .

Wh ile we were in Ca iro we met wi th the Middle East press and ta lked to a

lot of people there . The three things they knew about were the Black PantherParty, the bomb ings in th is country and Muhammed Ali . Mostly they wanted totalk about him because he ’

s a b ig hero to them . I t was really sad that we couldn ’

t

meet w ith the Palestinians because the people in the M iddle East are such beautiful people .

I found out a lot about what the pig press is l ike . W e tried to take an attitudethat sa id , like our security, our safety is the first th ing and as soon as we’

re

in a safe place, we’ll talk to the press , but our first concern is to get out of herealive . A nd they, for very defin ite reasons could only print the most

'

outrageous

kinds of things , l ike headlines saying “The H igh Priest of H ash ish”is in town .

I t’

s really amazing, people will ask me questions l ike , “H ow was Tim Leary

received in places in Algeria and the M iddle East ?”H e’

s received very wel l andit

’

s because of th is human consciousness that he has about expla in ing about

82

drugs . Reporters woul d say , D r. Leary, could you tell us what LS D is ? and

he’

d explai n what the whole movement has been about in th is country , explain ingthat dope is a very important part of our culture and that it ’

s very revolutionary ,and what it ’

s meant in th is country in the last ten years . Y ou know , dropping outof th is society ’

s values, turning on , the whole pol itical movement that ’

s developedfrom that. H e

’ll expla in that and at the same time say , but I understand that inother cultures , in different societies , and even in the same culture at a differenttime, dope can play a very difierent role—like i t’

s certainl y different in the

ghetto in th is country than in the youth culture.

I n Al geria and in the M iddle East dope has been used as a very oppress ivething and the revolutionaries have all had to fight aga ins t it, but the a ttitudethat Timothy has and we all had was to be very open and understanding , and ask

ing about the history of i t in the ir own revolutions meant that he was receivedvery well . H e was respected and he rea lly wanted to learn about the revolutionin other places, so there was never any problem to our meeting with revolutionarygroups about Timothy Leary ’

s position in the movement.W e mostly were going to meet with Al Fateh . I t

’

s not a revolutionary organ ization it

’

s more l ike a loosely kn it national ist organ ization . They are the ones

who have relations with the Algerian government . There are posters for AlFateh all over the Ca iro airport and the rest of the city . The thing about thepeople , l ike in Ca iro, is that they real ly look to the movement , to the blackstruggle , to the youth movement . They rea lly see a revolution in th is country andit

’

s tota lly connected with their own freedom . They rea lly look to this countryfor leadersh ip . There ’

s an incredible sense that thi s is the real heart .

I want to say that my s ister, Bernadine, was never in Algi ers . I t’

s really an

important th ing to understand because when I got back and found out the wholestory that had developed about her be ing there , I found that people were reallydepressed and shaken about i t. I t had the effect of people saying that it reallywasn ’

t l ike the picture we get of how it is to be underground . L ike maybe itwasn ’

t true and maybe they couldn ’

t make it. I t is a defeat ing ki nd of feelingthat people had about it . I t

’s important for people to understand that she is here .

Let ’

s talk about Timothy .

People ask all the time why did he change and how he has changed and whathe

’

s l ike now. I think there are a couple of th ings that caused his developmentto wanting to become a revolutionary . One is that he saw in the whole youthmovement that developed around him —the dropping acid and dropping out

that you find internal freedom he saw that the people who took only thatroad ended up with very self- indulgent totally degenerate lives , totally ignoringthat there’

s an imperial ist state that '

s oppressing people all around the worldThat we need two k inds of revolutions together they ’

re not separa tethey ’

re all about being a revolutionary . Which is l ike fighting to build newmen and women , tryi ng to bu ild new structures , new ways of l iving . That ’

s whatwe ’

re real ly about that we ’re trying to l ive it as we ’

re also fighting to buildnew men and women , trying to bu ild new structures , new ways of living . That ’

s

what we’re really about that we ’

re trying to l ive it as we’re also fighting a

revoluti on . A nd you can ’t have one w ithout the other.

Timothy sa id in th is tape I brought back that a pol itical revolutionary whoisn ’

t turned on is a pol itical robot , and the system wh ich he seeks to bui ld is nobetter than the one he

’

s destroying. S o he rea lly began to see that you just can ’t

go off and find a n irvana when you can walk into H arlem or l V atts and be hit

w ith the genocidal war against blacks and people al l over the world being op

pressed . Y ou can ’

t just go OE and th ink that you can find a new kind of internalfreedom .

Going to jai l and being in prison I guess it was nine or ten monthscerta inly changed h im . H e says that he really began plann ing his escape fromthe moment he entered prison . H e was very careful about not having pressconferences , about not being a publ ic figure, he convinced Reagan and all the state

authorities that he was a very harmless man who should be put in min imumsecurity . I n fact the day before he escaped , he cleaned out his locker and tapedinside the door a newspaper clipping that said that Gov . Reagan says TimothyLeary was a completel y ha rmless man who could be put in minimum security.

H e just under l ined it in red and taped i t to the inside of his locker, knowingtha t they would find i t a day later when he was free . H e worked out a lot whenhe was in prison and he

’s very strong .

The day of his escape two pigs came to the pri son I don ’t know i f they were

FBI or wha t. But they were going to take h im to N ew York where he was going tobe tried on some other charges and these pigs knew him because they had been

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

84

S ecured PPT B2081110 at S an Francisco ( in true name ) .

S tatus .—Complaint 18 U S O 1542—S ecured by S FFO

A N DRI S T, ROBERT LEE

S ecured PPT N I 239SO7 at Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT A 1787934 at Los Angeles in name of S chm itt, CarlFel ix .

S tatua—Compla int 18 U S O 1542—S ecured

ARTH U R, DAV ID ALANS ecured PPT BO428O2 at Los Angeles in true name ) .

Renewed at Los Angeles 66 .

S ecured PPT H 046053 at Los Angeles in name of Levine, JonathanDavid.

A S H ROOK , TRAV I S GRANT

S ecured PPT H 1215898 at Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT K725942 at Los Angeles in name of Bliss, Mi chaelEugene.

S ecured PPT B388181 at Los Angeles in name of Mooney , RichardA lan .

sa una—Complaint 18 U S C 1542

BATES , ROGER

S ecured PPT Z 746300at S eville , S pain ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT K 657198 at N ew York in name of Jacobs , Paul I rvin .

S tatua—Pending prosecution in N ew York.

BEV AN , RI CKS ecured PPT J 043040a t Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT K 1079844 at S an Francisco 7 in name of Crockett, I ra Lee .

S ecured replacement PPT K 1494385 at Los Angeles in name of

Crockett (Cla imed K 1079844 lost ) .

S ecured PPP A 1804757 at Los Angeles in name of Parks, Rodney .

Applied for PPT at Portland , Oregon on in name of H aul , Jason Em ile(not issued ) .

Applied for PPT at S an Francisco on in name of H yatt , Bobby Joe(not issued ) .

S tatua— I ndicted two counts 18 U S O 1542 on Fugitive—no bail . Benchwarrant outstanding.

BOW YER, CH ES TER ALLEN , JR.

S ecured PPT K 029312 at Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT A 1706031 at S an Francisco in name of H anson, JohnWalter.

S tatua—U nder investigation .

CAS ERTA, DAN I EL PH I LLIP

S ecured PPT K 693981 at S an Francisco ( in name of S trickland ,Albert Lee ) .

S tatua—Presented to U . S . Attorney , S an Francisco, May 1972 .

CLAY , JAMES H ENRYS ecured PPT K 808064 at N ew York ( in name of Greer, JasonAndrew )

CONNOLLY, M I CH AEL S TEPH EN

S ecured PPT J 1360950 at Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT B 2219108 at Los Angeles ( in name of Ruggles, MichaelDuncan ) .

S ta tua—I ndicted one count 18 U S O 1542 on Pled gu ilty —to be

sentenced

85

DALE, JAMES H OW ARDS ecured PPT A 1789701 at Los Angeles ( in that name ) .

S ecured PPT B 412460 at H onolulu ( in name of Gibson, RichardGerald )S tatua—U nder investigation .

DE JA RETTE, JON JA Y

S ecured PPT B 1574311 at S an Francisco ( in name of Jacobs , PaulMichael ) .

S ta tus.—Complaint 18 U S O 1542 at S an Franscico Placed as hold with

S an Bernardino S heriff’

s Ofiice.

FRI END , J OH N CH RI S TOPH ER

S ecured PPT B 1347656 at Los Angeles ( in that name ) .

S ecured PPT B 1753065 at Los Angeles 7 ( in the name of Gates , RonaldThomas ) .

S tatus.—U nder investigation .

FU LLER, LESTER S AMU EL

S ecured PPT, J 498838 at Los Angeles ( in name of S tanton, Mark ) .S ecured PPT A 200927 at Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S tatus.

—U nder investigation .

GA RBI S ON , GAR Y ALLENS ecured PPT B 843252 at Los Angeles ( in name of Cromwell , GaryTravis ) .

S tatus—Compla int 18 U S O 1542 secured 2.

KIMBALL, ROBERT RI CH ARD S ONS ecured PPT #B 188729 at Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT Z 336608 a t Leopoldville ( in same name ) .

S ecured replacement PPT #Z 706672 at Paris Claimed Z 336608 lost .

S ecured PPT A 1866965 at N ew York ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT #B 2020957 at Los Angeles ( in name of McFarr, MalcolmCoyne )

S ta tus.—U nder investigation .

LANGE, EDW ARD JEFFRYS ecured PPT K 030398 a t Los Angeles 1/9/69 ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT #K 1562638 at Los Angeles ( in name of Turner, PaulGene ) .

S ecured PPT Z 1603319 at Costa Rica ( in name of Robertson , H enryAlan ) .

S tatua— I ndicted two counts 18 U S O 1542

LEARY , TI MOTH YS ecured PPT (number unknown ) at Chicago ( in name of McN ellis ,William John ) .

S ta tus.

—U nder investigation .

MA RTI NO,DAV I D RU S S ELL (LEARY ’

S S ON - I N -LA W )

S ecured PPT at Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT B 399506 at Los A ngeles ( in name of Carter, JosephAaron ) .

S tatua— Compla in t— I S U S C 1542 7/25/72 .

MARTI NO , DENN I S JOH N

S ecured PPT J 049406 a t Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

S ecured replacement PPT K 1561436 at Los Angeles ( in true name ) .

86

S ecured PPT B 1224710 at N ew York ( in name of V iertel, RichardLon ) .

S ta tua—U nder investigation .

M I LES,S TEVEN LOU I S

S ecured PPT (number not legible ) at S an Francisco, N ovember 1972 ( in thatname ) .

N eta—N o birth record in that name .

S tatua— U nder investigation .

M ORRELL , W ALTER DAV I DS ecured PPT B 2136275 at S eattle ( in that name ) .

S ecured replacement PPT Z 1422924 a t Tokyo , Japan 12 Cla imed B2136275 lost.

S tatus —U nder investigation. I dentity unknown . N o birth record in that namein Colorado.

NEW MAN, JAMES CARROLL I I I

S ubject’

s twin brother, Jeffry Clark N ewman secured PPT J 1239252 at Los

Angeles When subject was arrested in Amsterdam he had it

in h is possesS i on and admitted using Jeffry ’

s passport which Jeffry had re

ported lost.J ames secured PPT B 2298987 at S an Franc i sco ( in name of Parker,

Jeifrey Alan ) .S ta tus .

— Prosecution decl ined by U . S . Attorney S an Francisco.

N I CH OLS , LEE ALLEN

Reportedly secured PPT H 1215905 at Los Angeles ( in name of Lynd ,Glen ) .

S ta tua—PPT record search requested .

PRATT , S TANFORD LEONS ecured PPT K 1608803 at Los Angeles ( in that name ) .

S ecured PPT B 2082142 at S an Francisco ( in name of Wideman , JesseS tanford ) .

S tatus —Presented to U . S . Attorney , S an Francisco, May 1972 .

RANDALL, M I CH AEL ROYDS ecured PPT B 801984 at Los Angeles ( in name of Garrity, MichaelThomas ) .

S tatus .

— Complaint 18 U S O 1542 secured I ndicted six countsFa i led to appear Bench Warrant outstanding.

S M I TH , RREN I C E LEE

S ecured PPT J 498837 at Los Angeles ( in name of N icklesburg , Lee

Alan) .

S ta tua— U nder investigation .

S TEVENS , JAMES ROBERT

S ecured PPT 1890248 at N ew York ( in name of Gleason , Grayl in

Robert ) .

S ecured replacement PPT A 1981937 at Los Angeles Claimed A1890248 ( los t in same name ) .

S ecured replacement PPT Z 142 9835 at Madrid , S pain , ( in samename ) .

Probable true name McGuire , Francis.

S tanza—U nder investigation.

S TONE, JOH N LEROY

S ecured PPT C 021145 at S an Francisco ( in last name ) .

True name .

—Blackmun , Darrel Davi d .

S tatua—U nder investigation .

87

TH U RS TON , CRAI G DON

S ecured PPT G 893288 at Los Ang eles ( in true name ) .

S ecured PPT A 202115 at Los Angeles ( in name of Drew, S ean ) .

S ecured PPT B 880488 at H onolulu ( in true name ) .

S tatus .

— Complaint —18 U S O 1542

W ALTERS , S AU L

S ecured PPT B 1862111 at S an Francisco ( in that name ) .

True name—A nthony “Tony”S age .

S M ina - U nder investigation .

W I LEN C H I K , M I TCH ELL ALLEN

S ecure d PPT B 3900545 at Los Angeles ( in name of Ph ill ips , M itchellAllen ) .

S ecured PPT B 1757044 at Los Angeles 71 ( in name of Allen , John Carla joint PPT with wife Pamela Jean A llen ) .

S tatua—Compla int 18 U S O 1542 on I ndicted two counts 18 U S O

1542 on On pled guilty to one count of PPT fraud (2md countdism issed ) and one count S elect ive S ervice v iolation . S entenced to 3 yearson each count, concurrent.

W I LS ON , ROBERT DAV I D , JR.

S ecured PPT B 116571 at H onolul u 7 ( in name of Black , Jacob Martin ) .S tatu3 .

—I ndicted one count 18 U S O 1542 at H onolulu Fugitive .

HAS HIS H REMOVED[In pounds]

Calen dar year

Domestic (DEA)Ports and borders (customs and INS ) “

DEA/forelgn cooperative

MR. GENE R. H AI S LI P ,ACTI NG CH I EF, CONGRE S S I ONA L RELATI ON S S ECTI ON ,

A CTI NG CH I EF, S C I ENTI FI C S ERV I CES DI V I S I ON

H AS H I S H A N D H A S H I S H OI L”S TATI S TI C S

The total number of ma rihuana exh ib its and percent of the total workloadover the past three fiscal years are as follows :

TABLE 1

Fiscal year

Number ofmarihuana exhibitsPercent of total workload

Note :A further b reakdown ofthe above totals into drug codes is listed below.

88

TABLE 2

Fiscal yearL974 ( JulyD rug code and item 1973 andAugust)

7360—Manhuana7361—Extract Of can nab i s7362 -Flmd extract of can nab i s7363—Tmcture of can nab i s7364—M ar ihuana ( g ranulated , powder, etc. )7365—Mar ihuana p lantE GG—! Marihuana seed s7367—Mar ihuana re s i n (hashish)7368—Marlhuana 0|I (hash Oil)7370—THC ( s y ntheti c)737l—THC (organ ic)7372~ Can nab idiol7373—Can nab inol

1 Not reported as hashish ormarihuana oil per se tor the fi scal year 1971 and 1972 periods .The above data can be broken down into refined (prepared ) and non -refined

non-prepared ) general categories .

TABLE3.—REFINED

[Number ofexhibits]

Fi scal year

Extract can nabisFluid extract can nabisTincture can nab i sMar ihuana resin (hashish)Marihuana oil (wash Oil)

TABLE 4—NONREFINED[Number of exhibits}

fi scal year

MarihuanaMar ihuana (g ranulated , powder)Mar ihuana plantMar ihuana seed s

Total. (nonprepared exhib its)

On the basis of the most recent complete year reported above, the range of

tetrahydro cannab inol (TH C ) con tent of those exh ibits reported S pecifically as“Marihuana Resin (H ashish ) and

“Marihuana Oi l”are as follows :

[In percent]THC content Nlmimum Maximum

Marihuana res i n (hashi sh)Marihuana Oil

89

A s indi cated in table #3, the laboratory ana lys is data did not separate Marihuana Res in (H ash ish )”or“Marihuana O il into individual categories before

FIE- 1973. H owever, inspection of th is table reveals that the hash ish”exh ibitswere probably previously (FY—71 and 72 ) reported as Extract of Cannabis .Marihuana oil was first encountered in February of 1972 . Following subsequentencoun ters, i t was assigned a specific drug code during the firs t part of FY—73.

“Marihuana Res in (H ash ish ) was a lso ass igned a S pecific drug code at th is timeas in dicated above.

A s regards the total quantity of H ash ish removed from the domestic market.The following data are presented from the S tatistical Report on Federa l Performance Measurements for FY—73.

DOMESTIC REMOVALS (DEA)Fiscal year

Hashi sh (in pounds)

To date the amount of Marihuana Oil encountered is as follows

Fiscal year

Marihuana oil ( pounds)

I t S hould be pointed out that the concentration of TH C in Marihuana O il

is continuing to increase. The first few exhibits reported had concentrations of

TH C no h igher than S ome of the latest exhibits reported have coneentrations of TH C up toFollowing is addi tional information on marihuana in general . Th is informa

tion includes all types of marihuana exh ibits encountered in the laboratory system during Fiscal year ’

73.

MARIHUANA EXHIBITS

Laboratory quarter quarter quarter quarterChicagoDallasM iamiNew

.

YorkS pec ial testin gS an Franc i scoWashi ngton

Total exhi b itsTota l work load exh ib itsN O. D EA Marihuana exh ib its ( includes DALE )N O. S tate, local , and other Federal marihuana exh ib its__

P ercentage of total work load ( all exhibits ewamined )

Percentage of total marihuana emhibits only

90

[From the W ashing ton Post, A ug . 24 , 1973 ]

U . S . LO S I NG DRU G- S MU GGLI NG W A R

(By Jack Anderson and Les Wh itten )

The government ’

s war aga inst drug smuggling, trumpeted as one of the majordomestic successes of the N ixon admin istration , is losing the battle to fleets of

small private planes and fast boats .

Classified documents from the Customs Bureau made ava ilable to us demonstrate the extent of the government’

s fa ilure . They flatly state that the narcoticsagents cannot comp t te with the ingenuity of the smugglers .

The dope runners have organ ized the most important sma ll boat Operation sincethe evacuation of Dunki rk , and the government ’

s fragmented narcotics forcesare unable to cope with them .

W e must undertake a program to provide Customs control Of sma ll boat trafficentering the U nited S tates ,”one of the documents asserts .

“

S muggling of nar

cotic drugs by small boats is a serious problem . A t present, we have no meansof effecting interdiction of drug s entering the U n ited S tates by th is means.

”

The h igh flying dope peddlers operate with equal freedom , hauling their cargoof wh ite powder from Mexico and Canada with virtually no oppos ition .

“

Smuggling by means of private a ircraft has grown in a situation where con

trol of this commerce, for technical reasons , was not poss ible,”the documentssa id .

I n short, the s ituation is so out of hand that Mafia and free-lance traflickers

have v irtual carte blanche to haul their wares across the U n ited S tates borders .

Federal anti-narcotics officials have made elaborate plans to increase theirefficiency in the air and on the water, but budg et conscious bureaucrats have cut

out th is capabil ity . For th is fisca l year alone, the Office of Management and

Budget has sliced the Customs budget for these plans from m ill ion tomi ll ion .

This penny-wise pol icy is preventing narcotics agents from acqui ring sophistica ted tools , including aircraft with special tracking equipment, boats fast enoughto catch smugglers ’ craft, and sensors to seek out the dope runners .

The drug fighters are using some electronic sensors borrowed from the mi litary , but find them virtually worth less .

The heavily publicized seizures Of millions of dollars worth of narcotics are

largely the work Of Old- fash ioned customs and narcotics agents at ports or e lsewhere , based on leads from painstakingly nurtured informants . Arrests of

smugglers through random checks of small planes or boats have been few and

infrequent.

Presently , the air-sea fight aga inst drugs is badly fragmented between Customsat the Treasury Department and the new Drug Enforcement Administration(D EA ) at the Justice Department. A memorandum describing a meeting lastmonth between Customs ’

air intrusion coordinator and George Brosan , a topCustoms enforcement official , makes clear tha t neither agency knows what theother is doing.

There are about 50planes of various kinds available at any one time to the twoagencies for air and boat surveillance . But without Cooperation between themthrough use of informers who signal the departures Of a sh ipment from somelonely harbor or a irport , the planes are useless . They cannot “picket-line” the

entire border.

D EA , wh ich may wind up with the whole program eventually , is too busy re

organizing to take on any new duties , particularly ones as complicated as the

A ir I ntrusion”operation .

The overall mess is best summed up by Brosan :“Both the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Imm igration and N at

ural ization S ervice have token programs . N either can compare wi th the presentCustoms eifort, and poss ibly some thought ought to be given to combin ing thethree programs .

”

C I A Pig- S ticker—The men who work for the Central I ntell igence Agency are

tradi tionally regarded as closemouthed characters who S pend their wakinghours tracking spies and tapping telephones .

Angus MacI-ean Thuermer, the agency ’

s publ ic information ofli cer, defiestradition . H e is one of the nation ’

s foremost “ pig stickers ,”and he doesn ’

t m indtalking about it.H e became addicted to the exotic sport of pig sticking nicely underplayedBritish term for

“ hunting wild boar on horseback with a spear”—whi le serving

with the Foreign S erv ice in India.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

92

of our investigation of passport frauds connected with the Brotherhood . Althoughthe Brotherhood is the largest narcotics organ ization perpetrating passportfrauds un covered to da te ,

i t is but one of several groups wh ich are comm ittingpassport frauds for the purpose of faci li tating the international trafli cking of

narcotics . Page 2 of the chart also reflects the growing trend toward the use of

counterfeit b irth documents . These documents are of a h igh qual ity , wh ich makestheir detection very difl‘

icult absent a referra l to the state wh ich purportedl yissued the documents . Th is fact illustrates the soph istication of the fraud perpetrators wh ich confronts the Passport Ofli ce at the present t ime.

A nother reason for my concern is the use of U n ited S tates passports obta inedfraudulently by illega l al iens in the U n ited S tates . Th is type of illega l activity hasbeen the subject of Congress ional concern for some time.

I n my testimony of S eptember 15, 1972, I subm itted background informationconcern ing Dominican and Mexican nationals illegally in the U n ited S tates whowere us ing b irth certificates issued for persons born in Puerto Rico or the severalstates bordering Mexico for the purpose Of obta ining U n ited S tates passports .

This type of fraud is not limited to nationa ls of Mexico or the Domin icanRepubl ic.On October 6, 1972 , the Immigration and N atural ization S ervice of the Department of Justice received information that a group of Ph il ippine nationals illegallyin the U nited S ta tes had obta ined U nited S tates passports in false identities . To

date, investigation by both the Imm igration and N atural iza tion S ervice and the

Department of S tate’s Ofl

'

ice of S ecurity have documented 23 such cases .

I n each case, the Ph ilippine national was approached by a so—called “ brokeran individual deal ing in fraudulent citizensh ip , travel , and identity documents .

For a fee of the broker prov ided the al ien with documentat ion showingb irth in the U n ited S tates . The al ien applied for a passport us ing the b irth certificate prov ided by the broker. I n most cases , the broker served as the alien ’

s identi fy ing wi tness when the al ien applied for the passport in h is fa lse identity .

I n at least 12 cases , the “ broker”identified the a liens when they applied forloans in order to pay the broker’

s —fee. I n addition to the -fee , investigation indica tes that these Ph ilippine nati ona ls subsequently were subject toblackma il or extort ion by the “ broker”.

Th is case i llustrates the type of“brokerage”operation through wh ich aliens

who Obta in U n ited S tates passports in false identities for the purpose Of rema ining in the U nited S tates illega lly are then v ictim ized by the “broker”who madethe aliens ’ frauds possible .

A s ign ificant factor in the statistics for the first six months of fiscal year 1973is the fact that , of the 135 domestic frauds detected during that period , 54 werediscovered in the application stage before a passport was issued . Th is compareswith the figure of 25 discovered in the application stage for the same period infiscal year 1972 .

I n my Opinion , the dramat ic increase in the detection Of frauds in the applicat ion stage i s a direct result of fraud sem inars being conducted by attorneys of

the Legal Divis ion of the Passport Ofl‘

ice. Th is program was in itiated by thePassport Office in 1972 when it became apparent that domestic passport fraudwas on the increase . To date, all permanent Passport Oflice personnel in the

U n ited S tates who a ccept or adjudicate passport applications have attended at

least one of these seminars . Th is program continues with the goal of extendingfraud training to all persons taking passport applications .

Y ou may be interested to know that enterprising persons involved in i llegalactivities have written a

“manual”on how to get documents to assume a falseidentity . The

“manual”describes how the documents necessary to substantiate thefalse identity can be Obtained from official government sources . I t also describesin detai l how to get b irth certificates and identity documents . The

“manual”pays the Passport Office a left-handed compliment by emphas izing the fact thatthe U n ited S ta tes passport is the s ingle most valuable document wh ich an imposter can have to substantiate a false identity . Possess ion of a valid passport ina false identity gives the a l ien , narcotics traflicker, fugi tive, or criminal a freedom of movement wh ich would otherwise be denied to him .

A few days ago , the Passport Office was informed that the manual had beenrevised . Although a copy is not ava ilable , it is bel ieved that those port ions of themanual describing how to obta in a val i d passport in a false identity have beenthe subject of much Of the rev is ion .

Wh ile the fraud sem inar program has proved successful , as demonstrated bythe dramatic increase in the number of frauds detected in the application stage,

93

i t is, at best, on ly a partia l solution . I believe that more frauds would be detectedin the appli cation stage if the pressures on Passport Ofl

‘

ice personnel are reducedto realisti c levels .

These pressures are especia lly acute in the passport field agencies where themajority of all U n ited S tates passports a re issued and where, as a result, thegreatest fraud potentia l exists . I n th is regard , I would like to submit for therecord a copy of a memorandum of Apri l 27 , 1973 (number 3 ) sent to me by Mr.

Will iam E . Duggan , Chief of the Passport Office Lega l D ivis ion . Th is memorandum v ividly portrays some of the problems the Passport Ofli ce confronts in combating passport fraud . Comment number one on page two Of th is memorandum issignificant wi th regard to the detection of passport fraud in the application stage .

The acceptance of passport applications by non-Passport Office personnel hasrel ieved to some degree the pressure on passport field agency personnel workingday -after-day under the stress and stra in of handling hundreds of passport ap

plicants push ing and argu ing for expeditious service . I t has done l ittle to reducethe other pressures s ince each application must be examined and adjudica tedby Passport Office personnel for the purpose of establ ish ing the applicants citizensh ip and identity . I t has in fact increa sed the pressure in applications wherethere is an ident ity and possibly a fraud question . The question wh ich m ighteasily be resolved by a trained person in a face—to- face confrontation cannotbe resolved with mere documents in front of you . Thus more paperwork is

engendered .

The Passport Office has been drowning in paper work involved in managementstudies , reports , statistics , time—studies , manpower utilization studies , productivityanalys is , and other such matters wh ich seep down to us from upper echelons of

management and admini stration .

H owever. the passport field agencies are not the only areas experiencing acutepressures . The Legal D ivis ion of the Passport Oflice , with many respons ibilitiesother than fraud detection and process ing, has at present 35 permanent employeesof whom only 9 are attorneys . Th is staff will be decreased by the ret irement ofone a ttorney on June 30, 1973 . To give you a better understanding Of the law

enforcement procedures , I would like to subm it for the record a copy of a

memorandum (N O. 4 ) wh ich describes the procedura l steps involved when a

fraud is uncovered or when a fraud is suspected in a given case . Given the in

creasing number of passport frauds , the limited number of personnel ava ilable toprocess these cases in the Legal D ivision , and the many other respons ib il ities of

the Lega l D ivision , i t is Obvious that the fraud sem inars conducted by LegalD ivis ion attorneys , as valuable as the sem inars are proving, imposes tremendousstrains, physically and operationally, on the legal staff.Without adequate stafling , the pressures on the Legal D ivis ion continue to increase and an exorbitant amount of costly overtime is the only answer. I n due

course , a point will be reached this patchwork remedy will become counterproductive .

Even when fraud cases have been expeditiousl y processed through the LegalD ivision , the Passport Office is frustrated by long delays by the Department ’

s

Oflice of S ecurity in investigating such cases . Th is was explained in considerabledeta il in my testimony of S eptember 15, 1972 . To update th is data . I would l iketo submit, for the record , a Copy of a chart (N o . 5 ) wh ich sh ows the number Ofcases pending investigati on by the Office of S ecurity as of Apri l 24 , 1973 .

The explanation given by the Office of S ecurity for the number of delinquentinvestigation cases continues to be a “

shortage of manpower.

”as well as “

severalh igh priority requ irements in other aspects of the tota l security program .

I do not take exception to the explanation furn ished by the Office of S ecurity .

I am reasonab ly sure that the ofli ce is interested in endeavoring to meet our

requ irements and , I m ight say from persona l Observation , the local field agentsare intensely interested in helping us combat passport frauds . I think I can state

without fear of contradiction that this interest stems from the fact that pas sportfraud cases , as a category , ofier real challenges to a profess iona l investigation .

I t seems em inently clear that the Office of S ecurity does not have sufl‘

icient

manpower to meet our passport fraud problems and that the “del inquency” is

due . in good measure, to greater priority given to other “security requ irements .

”

By now , it should be Obvious as illustrated by the Brotherhood of EternalLove , the Ph il ippine al ien cases and the

“manual” on fraudulent iden titieswh ich I have described , that the Ind ividuals committing passport fraud are be

coming in creas ingly more knowledgeable in methods of obtaining fraudulent birthand identi ty documentation . W e are endeavoring to meet th is increased knowl

23- 538- 73— 7

94

edge on the part of our oppos ition by making our personnel more a lert and

knowledgeable in detecting symptoms of fraud . I t is an establ ished fact thatcareful and thorough exam ination by tra ined personnel of passport applicati onsand the ir accompanying documents will result in the detection of many fraudsin the application stage . A face-to-face confrontation increases the poss ibil itythat such frauds will be detected before the passports are issued and used inthe furtherance of i llegal activities . A t the present time, wh ile we are doing ourbest , our efforts are dimin ished and frustrated by the inadequate facil ities and

insufficient personnel furnished to the Passport Oflice .

Passport fraud as it perta ins to narcotics and to illegal al iens is only one

phase of a serious problem wh ich we , in the Passport Oflice have struggled wi thfor years and ca lled to the attention of anyone who would listen . Frankly , I am

very discouraged about the whole s ituation and I don ’

t believe that a piecemealapproach to the problem will be successful . One hole in the dike may be pluggedup , but two others will develop .

The Passport Ofli ce has been fighting, for years , this battle of fraudulentdocumentation to protect the integrity of the U n ited S tates passport as well asthe ensui ng evils to society , such as illegal drug activity , which flows fromthe use of such a valuable document. H owever, th is evil is not restricted to passports ; it also involves credit cards , socia l s ecurity cards , wel fare and pensionpayments , b irth records , drivers ’ l icenses , and the l ist goes on ad nauseaminto the very fabric of our society .

I n summary , I think it is plain that the prob lem of the effects of fraudulentdocumentation and impersonation are not restricted to the passport area . I t is

symptomatic of one of the serious i lls of our society at the present time , and

it is time we work together and say a vigorous “no

”to the enemies Of our society .

I t i s with cons iderable regret that I advise you that in -my Opin ion no actionwill be taken by the Executive Branch of our Government un ti l such time theCongress steps in with clear language legisla tion to make the use and presentation of fraudulent identifying documents to any Government Department or

Agency or unit thereof a very expens ive , unprofitable and unpleasant experiencefor the perpetrator. Furthermore, the Congress should ins ist upon swi ft prosecution of these cases for two val id and relatively S imple reasons . S wift prosecution by the Department of Just ice would engender second thoughts by criminalsengaged in the pract ice of

’

deceiving Government Agencies by the use of fa lseidentity documents and th is , in turn , would help put the producers of such documents out of a very lucrat ive business wh ich is presently flourish ing aroundthe U n ited S ta tes . The second reason is that the sa lutary effect of swift and stemgovernment action will save mi ll ions of dollars now wasted or irretrievably lostby such Federa l and private operat ions as the Passport Office,

S oc ial S ecurity,I nsurance Compan ies, Banks , H ea lth S ervices , Pension Funds and even extend tothe world-wide credit card racket . I t is a known fact that the U ni ted S tatesPassport is used the world over as an instrument of identity. Therefore, it makessense to see to i t that it is protected by law and that the Pa ssport Oflice is givenfinancial and administrative support in its role to maintain the integrity Of thedocument.I n my considered opin ion , i t has been proven imposs ible to obta in from the

Executive Bureaucracy the required support, consideration and protection wh ichthe Passport Office requ ires to carry out its statutory functions to provide effi

cient and effective passport and ci tizensh ip serv ices to U n ited S tates citizensboth here and overseas .

ATTACH MENTSEr hibi t

1 . Fraud S tatistics- fiscal year 1970 through May fiscal year 1973 andfraud statistics breakdown—fiscal year 19732 . Brotherhood fraud table3 . Memorandum Of April 27, 1973 by Mr. Duggan4 . Procedures used in the processing of passport fraud casesCases pending S Y investigation as of April 24, 1973

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

96

A PRI L 27, 1973.

To : PPT—M iss Frances G . Kn ightFrom : PT/L—William E . Duggan .

S ubject : Observations regarding counter work at N ew YorkThe team of attorneys Observed that the number of persons applying for passports ia the N ew York Agency began to accelerate about The number Ofapplicants continued to increase until about to in the afternoon . A t

that time there were in the neighborhood of 20 to 25 or possibly 30 applicants infront of each station . The number of applicants gradually dimin ished untilabout when there were about 10 applicants in front of each station . Withthe closing Of the Agency doors , the agents were able to complete the work about

or

Observations indicated that each agent took about 3 to 5 minutes per applicant.The average time an applicant stood in l ine during the peak period of 11 to 3

was about 45 minutes . Obviously , persons are not in the best frame of m inda fter being required to stand in l ine for th is length Of time. Th is factor is mentioned because it exerts further pressure upon the agent in perform ing h is j ob.

G iven the number of persons in line, it i s a practical impossibi lity for the agentsto spend more than 3 to 5 m inutes with each applicant .

The fol lowing conclus ions must be stated in fairness to the agents concernedas well as our fraud prevention program :

1 . Given the number of factors wh ich must be cons idered, a period of 3 to 5

m inutes is tota lly inadequate to do a thorough j ob Of taking a passport application2 . The constant pressure of applicants in front of an agent also creates barrierswh ich make i t difficult for the agent to detect fraud ;3 . The physical l imitations of the reception room are inadequate and create

at times a sense Of turmoil . Th is also lessens the effectiveness Of our agents4 . From a fraud point of v iew, I feel it is necessary to state that except for

the most Obv ious frauds , it is totally unfair to the agents concerned to hold themaccountable for such frauds as may fi lter through ;5. S ome action must be taken to reduce the pressure on agents taking applica

tions in N ew York if we are to expect an acceptable standard of fraud detect ionin that Agency6. The

“melting pot populat ion situation in N ew York is peculiarly conduciveto fraud potential .

COMMENTS

1 . I t seems Obvious to me that the current program of having a number of

Clerks of Court and Post Offices accept application-s has not solved the counterproblem at N ew York City although it has helped to a certain extent . The

apparent reason for this seems to be that indiv iduals wish to go to the Agencyresponsible for issuing the passport rather than to a Post Office or Clerk of

Court whenever it is poss ible to do so .

2 . S ince N ew York is the most important overseas departure a irport in the

U n ited S tates , the Agency has an exceptional load of emergency cases wh ich mustbe handled at the counter .

S U GGE S TED S OLU TI ON TO TH E PROBLEM

Despite the views of the upper echelon in the Department of S tate thatincrease of Passport Agencies is a bureaucratic”maneuver, I recommend as

strongly as I can , that we establ ish several sub-agencies in the N ew York area

to accept applications . One Obvious area is in the so-called Financial D istrict ofN ew York . The other areas can be determ ined by a review Of counter applicationsto determ ine the areas from wh ich the counter applications are coming. Duringmy trip to N ew York I tentatively made arrangements to have counter applications segregated and sent to Wash ington for a survey to Obtain statistics whichwoul d support a rational bas is for establ ish ing sub-agencies in N ew York .

APRI L 24 , 1973.

To PPT—M iss Frances G . Knight .

From PT/L—William E . Duggan .

S ubject : Current procedures used in the processing of passpo rt fraud cases .

When information appearing on a passport application , or received subsequentto the issuance Of a passport , ra ises the possibil ity that a person has perpe tuateda fraud . the case is referred to the Legal D ivis ion of the Passport Ofli ce . A n

97

attorney in the Legal D ivision “

rev iews the entire file in order to determine w hatevidence is ava ilable to esta blish a prima facie case of fraud or what addi tiona levidence may be requi red to establ ish such a case .

The attorney then prepares a deta iled memorandum outl ining the factsinvolved and the investigative action necessary to establ ish a prima facie case offraud. Th is memorandum and the case file are forwarded to the Office o f S ecurityof the Department of S tate wh ich has investigative j urisdiction in passportfraud cases . U pon completion of the requested investigat ion , the file i s returnedto the Legal D ivision of the Passport Ofli ce along with whatever evi dence and

information was developed in the course of the investigat ion .

I f the concerned Passport Office attorney is satisfied that the investigation hasdeveloped sufficient adm issible evidence to establish a prima facie case of passport fraud, he prepares a

“ Crim inal Prosecution S ummary . The“S ummary”

along with the file, then is forwarded to the appropriate U . S . Attorney throughthe Office of S ecurity of the Department of S tate . Th is procedure is designed toOffer the U . S . Attorney wi th as much personal assistance and conta ct as possiblewith the Department of S tate.

After receipt and , in due course, rev iew of the case, it is the responsib il ityof the U . S . Attorney to decide if prosecution should be in itiated or declined . I f

prosecution is decl ined , the case is returned to the Passport Oflice , through theOffice of S ecurity , wi th a sta tement from the U . S . Attorney giving his reasons

for not in itiating prosecution . I f the U . S . Attorney accepts the case for prosecution , he in iti ates the necessa ry procedures to bring the case to trial .

C ases pending by investigation as ofA pri l 24, 1973

Cases opened in 1973

Cases opened prior to January 1 , 1973Cases Opened prior to January 1 , 1972Cases Opened prior to January 1 , 1971Cases opened prior to January 1 , 1970

Total cases pending

S AMPLES OF FRAU D U LENT DOCU MENTS OF I DENTIFI CATI ON OBTAI NED A N D U S ED BY

MEMBERS OF TH E BROTH ERH OOD OF ETERNAL LOV E

1 . COU NTERFEI T BIRTH CERTI FI CATE S

[N ote : The four birth certificates that follow are all counterfeit. A s will beseen by the chart on page 83, fraudulent Brotherhood birth cert ificates weremore or less evenly di vided “between outright counterfeits and val id birth c

'

er

tificates fraudulently obtained by individuals professing to be the persons described in the cert ificates . Applicants for such val id but fraudulent certificatesalmost invariab ly employ the techn ique of applying for a birth certificate of a

deceased person whose age , if al ive , would approximate their own . The PassportQ ifice felt it woul d be inappropriate to provide samples of such birth certificatesfor reproduction , out of cons ideration for the feel ings of survi ving fam ilymembers .

I t is interesting to note that both of the b irth certificates issued to Ruth E llenS imms ,”one in S eat tle , Wash ington and the other in N ewark , N ew Jersey , werecomplete counterfeits ( see page 101 )A s examples of how widespread the printing of counterfeit b irth certificates

is , we reproduce on page 98 copies Of counterfe it certificates of b irth duplicat ing the certificates issued by the city of E l izabeth , N ew Jersey and by theTennessee Department of Public H ealth . The Tennessee certificate is aecompanied by an investigative report to the S pecial Agent I n Charge , Los Angeles ,describing the seizure of certificates and of the counterfeiting ring involved , “bythe Dallas Pol ice Department ]

AU GU S T 28, 1972.

Ch ief , D ivision of I nvestigat ionsS A C—Los AngelesCounterfeit b irth certificatesS g t. J . W. H eard , General Assignments U nit, Dallas Pol ice Department wasinterviewed on by S /A E . A . V ina . S ource stated that his Ofli ce apprehended three individuals in a counterfeiting Operation . S eized at tha t time was

23—538—73 8

98

-a quantity of -coun terfe it Tennessee Birth Certifica tes w h ich were ua lleged t o

command a price'

of apiece on the market. According -to S ource , the errordi scovered on these certificates (a ~Xerox copy is -a ttached ) is the printed -legendon

"~the ‘left

‘

bo-rder reading “By C ourtesy of Tennessee D epartment rof P ub lic1H ea lth . This Reproduction -S hould Be Carefully -Also -the let'ter QR”

in “ C ivil lD istrict”is blurred .

A -s idelight ion'

this mat ter is that H eard S tated = tha t the three '

apprehended

Th is ~ information ais forwarded to . you for the . poss ible informat ion of the

Passport Office.

”C ERTIFICATE’

OF' [IV E‘

BIRTH

t o'

on h hvmc w in u‘

oc rv. Br t o i l-( a c t nou n : -or' h as t h an.

f A TN l l 0' c uu o

r dfl l l l t t fl 7 0 Y“ ! C N ILD

nou n .

n ot -I l l“

A D O-( O.

0A" D IG-( D

' O lTY O F . E L I Z A B ET H , N I TQV JE RS E Y' B U REA U o r V ITA L S TA T I S T I C S

filiafttfi’

ta‘

te an?! 5512511152! (if !Birth

( : l a k i n

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

100

PLAC E orman C ERT !F I C A T I ‘I 0 l o‘

B I RT I l

S TATE O F M IS S O UR Iru a l p of ,_Add Bureau of V ita l Sumna

TM "3 8"314 “ 0/ Ru hmmm Dulm l No. F I LE N O

KI rks '

/ I I IO mm”, “mum ," N , REG I S T ER ED N O _4

l/ “ u m I» a harp/ml or vl/w mm luhn .

gu t aun t o/mnc. mm a! cl i ff": and u mh r

F U LL. N AM E O F C H I L D LAURA PfiAR E P4ADOCK

FA THER MO TH ER

Ri cha rd Dav I d Ma_ogk Laura Ann Ve rner

v 0 . AD D R ES S P 0 A D D R ES S699 S _Oakwood

A G E A T LA S T '

2—9 A G E A T LA S T

B IR T H D A Y B I fl T l I D A Y _

Whi teD IRT H P LA C E O IRTH P LA C E

El Paso ,Texas JO Qi l Q J

ML_ S urr ]O C C U P A T IO N O C C U P A T IO NFI reman

N umberofd‘uld of this N umbct OI ( hIIJrcn. of I lus mm lm . no “ Im ng I l om at fu l l term

C I'

RTII'

IC ATE OI’ A'

I'

ITN D ING PH YS IC IAN O R M

I hereby t errify Ihn I zn t nduI the-

Imdfof ( Ins ( Md. and that u occmrcd on

0 U lb": a n no alum/mgMy “ : In

}or n udu I/l . flx u Ibo fla b ". MOI/h f , [mu (Summi t

boa/Jr".m' lbw /J mal t ILU a lum

G IVU C NAME kOOt D I RON S UFH [MIZN I ALntront

R u'llu r

101

SEATTLEKING C OUNTY

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTHV ITAL STATISTIC S S ECTION

1100 Pubhc SaIety 4, Washmgton

‘

D'

I’

IFIED C O PY O F BIRTH C ERTIFIC ATE

REGIS TRAR Sw u sca 1 7 32 1 C ERT IF IC ATE O F LIV E B IRTH 3025

RUTH f ELLEN S I HMS

366 1 Eas t 6 5t h S t re e t

S u s an JOTTC S Wh i t e

S imms

09 MY m o \c rE.

I FEREBY C ERTIFY, That [he Iorccomg Is a true , ful l and correct copy oi the

A ARO N-

I I , m e n-N ’ I o M F‘ H Ra u 'bm m

l I'

I I 1 10 C M/f/ Inc l IIID Io IIowmg I? C O'I'

I‘ C l/ '°P

''C d Irom 5 0 ; Em h m"

D O N O T A C CEPT TH IS C ERTIFIC ATE U N LES S TH E RA ’S ED S EAL. O F T H IS D U N C A U IS A F } .A E 'J h

r RFO N

! I I TU‘I II I‘ II II I hav e hereun‘0 set my I and I. .d ( flo od the soaI or Buroo'

. ofV I IoI S ‘o' 'I l ( ' I 'L V “ r

‘

W JO 507

M IL M A D mJ} ;we I AH askIn

t

H 0 da le w III Appen upon Ih») Dc lo FIIeo IIno be low unless Ir-o bIr‘h was N PO’ I‘J J I

’

Io I er that. one year afterI I occurred

F i l ed wi t h i n 20 da y s o f b i r t h

102

2 . Other counterfeit identification documentsCOU NTERFEIT OPERATOR’

S LI CEN S E

STATEorOH IO DEPT. or H IGHWAY SAFETY DUPLI GATE

O PERATO R’

S LIC EN S E NO .

S HOULD BE C ARRIED WH ILE DRIV ING

EXPIRES O N LIC EN S EE‘

S BIRTH D A Y

PREV . LIC . N O . s . 5 . N O . 853- 7 1

NAME LAURA H , E'IADOCK

ADDRES S 1 7 3 S . C l ark Av e e

P. o . Akron O H IO 361

IS SUED

FRED R I C E . REGISTRARBUREA U or not oR VEH IC LES

DEF. REG.

Akr on

S IGNATUREOF LIC EN S EE

BLANK COU NTERFEI T S ELECTI VE S ERV I CE FORM

S ELECTIVE S ERV ICE SYSTEMN OTI C E O F C LA S S IFI C ATIO N

This is to certify ( In !

(First name) (MIddIe InmaI) (Last name)

Select ive Serv ice N 0 .

is classified in C lass

by Local Board unless o cherm se

checked below :C l by A ppeal Board

vo te o f to

E] by Premiu ml

'I

o A

I 9 I aCI

(D ate o f maI Img )

(Member, Executwe S ecretary . or c l erk oIloca l board)

(Reg Istrant'

s s i gnature)S SS Fo rm 11

.

0.

(Rev 5

(Prev Ious prmrmg s are o b solete ) (LOCAL BOARD S TAMP)(A pproval 00 : reqm red) S EE OTH ER S IDE

The law requ ires you to have thisN ouce In addmo n to you r c IsrrarIon

C eruficare, In yo u r personal possessIonat all tunes and to su rre nde r Ir upo n

enrermg act ive dur y In the A rmedFo rcesThe law req uues you to not IFy yourlo cal bo ard In v e rIn wurhrn IO day safter I t o c cu rs . ( 1 ) 0 eve ry cha n ge In

your address , physIcal co nd IrIo n andoccuparrona l ( .ncludrng s tude n t ) . ma rrrz l, fam rly. depe ndenc y and m II IraryS ta tus , and (2 ) of any o ther facc whnch

might cha n ge yo u r classrncm on

A ny perso n who alters , fo rg es, knowing ly dest ro ys . knowmgly mutnlazes or

in any manne r changes rnrs cem ricnre or

who , for the purpo se D I Ia Ise Idcnrlhca o

0 00 or represenmcro n . has In hI s po sses;S Io n a cem ficare of a no ther or who

delI vers hrs certificate to a no the r to be

used fo r such pu rpo se ,may be h ned nor

to exceed o r Im pn soned Io r nor

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

104

[From the W ash ington Post , May 3, 1973 ]

TROOPER, MI LI TANT D IE I N N .J . CLAS H

EAS T BRU N S W I CK, N .J. ,

May 2 : A state trooper was ki lled and anotherwounded in a pre

-dawn shoot ing on the N ew Jersey Turnpike today after theystopped a whi te Pontiac carrying three persons, including a woman sought inthe slaying of two N ew York City policemen , po lice said .

The woman , identified as a member Of the Black Liberation Army , was woundedand a male compan ion shot to death . H e was identified as Zayd Mal ik S hakurformer deputy prime minister of the Black Panther Party.

The third occupant of the car fied on foot in the direction of nearby M illtown.

S tate Police S uperintendent David B . Kell y sai d the shooting began after

trooper James M . H arper, stopped the auto for “speeding sl ightly . Before ap

proach ing the car, H arper radioed for a backup patrol car.

Trooper Werner Foerster arrived , and the two troopers approached the stoppedauto. Foerster questioned a man and a woman who were passengers in the car,

wh ile H arper talked with the driver at a patrol car, authorit ies sa id .

Kelley sa id there was a discrepancy in the driver’

s l icense and reg istration.

H e sa id the woman,later identified by fingerprints as Joanne Deborah Ghes i

mard , 25, pulled a gun and fired at Foerster. The troopers and the two other menpul led guns and about 30rounds were fired , he said .

“A s we put it together, the girl fired from within the car, H arper retreated ,

there was a firefight and all people involved were shooting,”Kelly sa id .

H arper, wounded in the shoulder, managed to walk 300 yards to the TurnpikeAdmin istration bui ldin g to summon help . Other troopers arrived and foundTrooper Foerster dead of gunshot wounds.

Th e auto was gone. S hortly after that, Trooper Robert Palentchar spottedthe car five m iles to the south , and saw a man flee ing into the woods .

Palentcher ordered him to halt and opened fire when the command went un

heeded. The man, later identified as the driver of the car, disappeared into thewoods .

The trooper found the wounded M iss C hesimard at the car. The other passenger, identified as James C ostan , 32 , of N ew York City, was dead of bulletwounds , Kelly sa id .

M iss C hesimard was l isted in satisfactory condition under guard at M iddlesexGeneral H ospital in N ew Brunswick .

( S he was recently named by former N ew York City Pol ice Comm iss ionerPatrick V . Murphy as one of six persons being sought for questioning in a seriesof attacks on policemen bel ieved to have been carried out by members of the

black m ilitant organ ization . The two pol icemen who were killed were GregoryFoster and Rocco Laurie, shot on N ew York ’

s Lower East side in JanuaryKel ley sa id four handguns were found near the scene of the turnpike shootout .

H e a lso said troopers found a“whole carload of false identification ,

”includingpassports , b irth cert ificates and S ocial S ecurity and credit cards .

[From the W ashington S tar-N ews , S ept . 3 , 1973 ]

MA N ON MOS T WANTED LI S T CAP TU RED I N N EW ORLEAN S

N EW ORLEAN S : H erman Bell , 25, one of the FBI's 10 most wanted fugitives ,

has been captured on a N ew Orleans street .

Bell , wanted in the kill ing of two N ew York City pol icemen ,Offered no resist

ance when arrested yesterday .

Bel l went before a U . S . magistrate in N ew Orleans and was put under a

bond .

The FB I said Bel l had been sought in connection with the kill ing of the twopol ice officers on May 21 . 197 1 , and also wi th the robbery of a branch of the Bankof America in S an Francisco,

Cal i f. , on S ept. 20, 1971 .

Bell was arrested by FB I agents , N ew Orleans pol ice and N ew York City pol icedetect ives .

O . S . Magi strate Morey S ear set a S ept . 12 date for a removal hearing at

wh ich time Bel l coul d be sent back to N ew York for trial .Robert Tanenbaum , an assistant district attorney from Manhattan ,

said heanticipated that extradition proceedings would be started in state court heretomorrow.

105

Both Tanenbaum and U . S . Atty . Gerald Gallinghouse of N ew Orleans askedthat Bel l be held without bond . Gallinghouse c ited the “ vicious crimes”involvedand said Bell was extremely dangerous .

S ear ruled that Bel l was indigent and appointed N ew Orleans attorney MartinE . Feldman to represent h im .

A t Bell ’s apartment police sa id they confiscated in cash , two .12-gauges hotguns , a .308 lever-action rifle with a telescopic sight, a .9—milimeter automatic pistol and a .38—cal iber revolver. Pol ice sa id one of the shotguns was a

sawed -Om sl ide action type .

Pol ice sa id they "

also seized several blank birth certificates , a marijuanaplant, ammun ition , a machete, medica l supplies such as bandages and hyperdermics , and kn ives .

Bel l sa id that h e had not worked in the past six months, but had saved money .

H e gave a N ew Orleans address as his most recent res idence and several S anFrancisco addresses .

Bell sa id his only prior conv iction was second—degree robbery in Oakland,Cal if. H e said he had attended Oakland College there for a t ime .

Tanenbaum sa id he and three N ew York City detectives had been in N ew

Orleans s ince Thursday after receiving information a week ago that Bell wasin the city .

Bell ’s wife was also booked by the N ew Orleans pol ice on charges of harboring a fugitive and possession of stolen property. The ir chi ldren , Jonas Bell ,and Richard Keith H anna , a stepson , 5, were placed in the care Of juven ileauthorities .

[From the Miami N ews , D ec. 22 , 1971 ]

11 ARRE S TED I N PH ONY-I D RAI D S I N DADE(By William Tucker )

Metro ofl‘

icers rounded up 11 persons, including a recent candidate for H ialeah mayor, in synchron ized raids early today t ied in with the printing Of thousands Of bogus draft cards and driver’

s licenses .

N arcotics , burglary and robbery a lso were involved in the three-month investigation , Metro pol ice sa id .

The crackdown focused on the Centur I nc. printing firm at 401 N W l st C t.

wh ich was first raided on D ec. 1 . Then , pol ice seized counterfeit voter reg istration cards and counterfeit selective service cards , they sa id .

Raided aga in today, the firm was found back in operation , agents sa id , CenturPrinting is not to be confused with the Center Printing C O. I nc. , at 1044 NW 54th

S t . , a respected business here since 1944.

Among those arrested was H ialeah Attorney Alden S anford Tarte , 45, whofin ished last in a field Of six in the recent H ialeah election for mayor.

Tarte, Of 1015 W . 5l st PL, H ialeah , was charged with conspiring wi th thea lleged Operator of the printing firm , Robert V erne S chaffer, to burglarizethe home of a former member of the firm to Obtain corporate records . Tarte alsowas charged with one count of robbery in connection with the same incident .

Ralph Page, Metro publ ic information spokesman , said the complex investigation started Oct .

‘

6 when N orth D istrict vice squad detectives tried to make a

coca ine buy from a suspect . I nstead, the suspect o ft‘

ered to sel l them a set Ofstolen identification papers including a draft card , driver’

s l icense soc ial security card and travelers checks .

From that point , Page sa id , the investigation led through an entangled webof stolen property , narcotics and counterfeiting.

”

I nformed counterfeit as well as stolen I D s were available , the undercoveragents ordered and paid for 10 draft cards , 10 notice of class ification cards , 10blank Florida driver’

s l icenses , and 10 auto registration forms , all counterfeit .

The H ighway Pa trol called them the best j ob of counterfeiting licenses i t had everseen .

The undercover probe also bought up a number of business firm checks reportedstolen in various burglaries .

A t one point in the undercover work , they reported , they saw a suitcase “

con

taining at least a half-m ill ion dollars worth of stolen checks .

”

A s pol ice moved into the ring, the undercover men obta ined the names of various sa lesmen and printers . They bought worth of narcotics and pretendedto fence worth Of jewels and other stolen goods.

106

With enough evidence to raid the p rinting firm, agents Obtained a federal

search warrant from the FB I because bogus draft cards were involved .

I n the D ec. 1 ra id with that warrant , agents picked up a number of blankdriver’

s l icenses as wel l as hundreds of draft cards and voter cards allegedlyprintg

d right at the plant . Photo-engraving negatives for the printing a lso weresei zeI n the meantime , agents heard about the burglary of the home of James Milgram at 525 N W 73rd A ve on N ov . 6 wh ich turned into a robbery when theMilgrams came home to find the intruders .

Page said that Milgram formerly was associated wi th S chaffer in the Centurfirm and the purpose of the breakin was to Obtain r ecords . The various investigations were now “ dovetailed ,”Page said .

For today ’

s raids , the agents obta ined warrants to arrest 11 i ndividuals a ndto search the house Of the alleged ch ief salesman ,

Walter 0 . (Buddy ) Bowers,and the Centur plant for the second time .

A t Bowers ’ home. agents sa id they found two stolen checks worth Theywere issued by the William Lehman automobile firm .

They kicked in the door at Centur P rinting and found new photoengravingnegatives for draft cards , d river’

s l icenses , b irth certificates and voter cards.

They also found three camera lenses reported stolen in the Milgram burglary .

S chaifer, 33, of 4315 W 2nd A ve . , a photographer by trade was charged withone count of possession of a counterfeit driver’

s l icense ; one count of possess ingcounterfeit ing plates for such l icenses ; one count of forgery, one count of

robbery , one count of burglary , one count of conspiracy to commit burglary , and

one count of buy ing, receiving and concealing stolen property .

Bowers , 28, Of 18911 N W 39th C t . , was charged with five counts of forgery andtwo counts Of buying, receiving and concealing stolen property .

Others arres ted , all in connection with the same investigation , and the chargesagainst them , wereM ichael H olland , 34, of 6400 W . Okeechobee Rd . , H ialeah , one count of

robbery .

Robert Lewi s Daniels , 33, of 206 SW 29th PL, Fort Lauderdale , breaking and

entering with intent to comm it grand larceny .

Carl Edward Purvis , 23, 390 Fisherman S t. , Opalocka , two counts sale of

mari juana , two counts possess ion of mari juana , one count of breaking and

entering wi th intent to comm it grand larceny .

Ti ffany U rguarte , 25, a woman , same address as Bowers , one count of pos

sess ion Of narcotics .

Anota Mara Lombard , 25 , 18820 N W 44th A ve , one count possession Ofmarijuana , two counts of possess ion of the drug TH C , one count p ossession of

hash ish , one count of possession of central nervous system stimulant , one count ofcontributing to the del inquency of her baby , whose diaper pa il containedmarijuana.

Dana Gene Lombard , 2 3, her husband , same address , two counts possess ionOf marijuana , one count possession of hash ish , two counts possession of TH C ,

one count sale of TH C , one count of contributing to the del inquency of a m inor.

Joe S m ith , 29 , 420 S eaman S t. , Opa-locka , two counts breaking and entering .

Jacob Decker, ‘

34 , of 15401 N W 32md A ve , one count of armed robbery , onecount of buying , conceal ing and receiving stolen goods .

All the arrests were made between 1 : 30 and 2 am . today by teams total ing35 to 40men . S everal H ialeah ofi

‘

icers joined the raids in their jurisdicti on .

[From the W ash ington S tar, Jan . 9 , 1972 ]

S LA Y I N C OF I NFORMER LI NKED To LATI N PA S S PORTS FRAU D(By Jerem iah O ’

Leary )

When two gunmen pumped three .45-caliber bullets into C hocol ito in a West

S ide N ew York hotel room four days before Christmas , officials could only speenlate Ou whether the murder was an act of revenge by the Caribbean underwor ld .

Whatever it was , the slaying took place just eight days a fter S tate D epartment security agents broke up a fraudulent .passport ring that had broughtscores of illegal a l iens into the U n ited S tates .

“C hocol ito

”(Little Chocolate ) ,

whose real name was Carlos Ramon Batista-Castro, was an ex-Dominican police

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

108

[From the C hicago S un-Times , A pr. 20, 1972 ]

TH REE ARRES TED I N BREAKUP OF FAKE DRI VER LI CEN S E RI NG(By A rt Petacque )

A five-month investigation has resulted in the arrest of three men and the

breakup of a ring geared for widespread sale of fraudulent driver’

s l icenses , theI l linois secretary of state

’

s office disclosed Wednesday .

Asst . S ec. of S tate Edmund J . Kucharski also revealed that a warrant has beenissued for a fourth suspect in the case, a man bel ieved to have fled to Canada .

Kucharsk i sa id that almost 200 stolen blank drivers ’ l icense cards—the typecarried by drivers in wa llets or purses—have been recovered as a result of theinvestigation , wh ich involved several undercover agents and informants fromCook County Jail .Those ar

r

ested s o far were identified as Kenneth Formanek , 32 , of 309 S . Oak

wood , Willow S prings , apparently the ringleader, investigators sa id ; Dan iel Otto,26 , who gave various addresses , and Fred N igro , 29. of 14230 S . Palmer. Pos en.

The man being sought was identified as Dani el N elson , 29 , of 4611 N . H erm itage.

Kucharsk i said the investigati on began last D ec . 28, when Rafael Garcia , 38,of 1420W. 5oth , a restaurant owner, was stopped for a m inor traffic offense.

H e showed a driver’

s l icense on wh ich h is name apparently had been typeda variation from the usual computer-printout cards issued to I ll inois motorists,Kucharski said .

FAKE U S ED A S BONDA check proved the license to be fraudulent, investi gators sa id . The investi

gators learned further that Garcia ’s own l icense had been revoked . They said

he told of buying the fradulent l icense for $400, but sa id he couldn’

t identi fy theseller.

A t about the same t ime a sim ilar case popped up , Kucharski sa id. A man was

arrested in Benton , I ll for driving an auto without state l icense plates . H is

typewritten driver’

s l icense identified h im as Ronald Anderson , 36, of 4942 N .

S t . Lou is , Ch icago.

The man surrendered the fraudulent driver’

s l icense as bond , but fa iled toS how up for a court appearance.

FI N D C AR LEAS EDI nvestigators couldn ’

t locate Anderson at the Chicago address . N ext, theychecked on the sales of hundreds of new Chevrolets , without success .

Finally they determined that “Anderson”had leased the auto from a N orth

west S ide firm . Further checking determ ined that Anderson a ctually was ArdenS m ith , an AWOL soldier who had been sentenced to one year in County Ja il on a

grand theft conv iction .

S mith , interviewed at the jail , adm itted buying a blank driver’

s l icense card for$65 from the owner of a S outhwest S ide auto body shop . Riding with investigators ,he pointed out Formanek

’s sh0p at 2659 S . S pringfield as the one in question .

BU YERS S OLI CITEDA surveillance of Formanek

’s shop ensued. H e was arrested as he drove from

the shOp in a car without license plates . H e was charged with driving with a

fraudulent driver’

s l icense ; driving when his l icense was revoked, and theft of

state property . The latter cha rge related to the theft of 200 blank license cardsfrom a state supplier, Eveready Business Forms D iv ision of S afeguard I ndustriesI nc. , 3159W . 36th .

gKucharsk i sai d Otto was arrested after investi gators learned he was offeringto sel l driver’

s l icense blanks from the same stolen lot. I nvestigators posing as

truck drivers met him at Montrose and Kedz ie with $900 in marked money andbought 51 blanks , Kucharski sa id . Another 140 blanks were recovered later at

h i s residence, according to the state official . Otto was charged with sell ingfraudulent licenses .

I nvestigators said Otto named Formanek as the source of the stolen blanks .

Both Formanek and Otto have prison records , according to investigators .

Th e th ird man arrested , N igro, a lso was charged with sell ing fraudulentl icenses .

109

S U MMARY OF PAS S PORT FRAU D S COMM I TTE D BY BROTH ERH OOD OF ETERNAL LOVE

N umber and type of fraudsPlace application filedYear appli cation filedFrauds detected before issueS ource of passport application fraud detectedFraudulent birth cert ificates detectedS ingle and multiple violationsCounterfeit b irth certificates detectedProsecutive action

BROTHERHOOD FRAUDSTABLE 1

Apr. 27, 1973 June 1, 1973 July 12, 1973 Oct. 1, 1973‘

Number offraud sType offraud s :Alteration of pas s port

Fraudulent use of passportIdentifyin g witnes sFalse statement

TABLE 2

Apr. 27, 1973 June 1, 1973 July 12, 1973 Oct. 1, 1973Place pass port application filed

False statement violation :Los AngelesSan FranciscoM iamiChicagoPost officeNewYorkClerk of courtOther

TABLE3

Yearfraudulent application filed Apr 27, 1973 June July 0ct’

1, 1973

False statementviolation s :Pr ior to 1969

TABLE4

Apr June 1,1973 July Oct

Detected before issue (1972S an FranciscoS eattleLos AngelesLookout S y stemNewOrlean s

110

TABLE 5.

—S OURCE OF PASS PORTAPPLICATION FRAUD DETECTIONYear detected

Detected by detected

CustomsSNODTask forceLegal Divi sion , Passport Offi ceAgencyOther 1

1 Federal Bureau of Investigation and other lawenforcement agencies .TABLE6.

—COUNTERFEIT BIRTH CERT IFICATES AND VALID BIRTH CERT IFICATES FORYEARS 1970, 1971, 1972, AND1973

Year detected

TABLE7.

—S INGLE AND MULTIPLE VIOLATIONS

Violations Persons

S ingleviolations :Fraudulent ap pl icationsFraudulent alteration ( photo substitution)S ubtolal

Multipleviolations :4 passports 1 identity, 1 passport 2d i dentity3 identities2 identitiesIdentifying W itness3 ap pl i cation s same false ident ity2 ap pl i cations same false identityFraudulent use by 2 person s of pass port issued to another coupleS ubtotal

TABLE 8

Apr. June July Oct. 1, 1973

Counterfeit birth certificates detectedPurported is suing authority :

Hos p italNeb ras kaM i ssouriColoradoNorth CarolinaNewYorkOhioCalifor niaOther (less than2 people)

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

112

PASS PORT OFFICE, PERMANENT PERS ONNEL BUDGETREQUESTS AND S HORTAGESNumbe r Department of S tate

‘

ac

Fiscal year Type of request requested Date of request tl

éln

t

approval/denial/ Cong ressional actio na e

24 S eptember 1968 Den ied S eptember 1968 Never presented .24 August 1969 Denied October 1969 Do.

24 December 1969 Not applicable

Feb ruary 1970

An nual budget 29 August 1969_ Enacted .35 August 197049 August 197136 July 1972

102 July 1972 Not yet presented.

The Department ’

s cuts in Passport personnel were so deep and arbitrary thatat an OMB H earing on October 5, 1973, th is Budget was returned to the D e

partment for more pract ical consideration . N ot readily evident in the above tableare the long and inexplicable delays experienced by the Passport Office in

securing the authorized positions, even as reduced by the Department ( it took18 months to get the 24 pos itions reqluested for FY N ot evident to theoutsider are the lengthy delays experienced in getting personn el on board toman the pos itions authorized . The Passport Office routinely has a chron ic shortageof personn el ; the year round average of 60 vacan t permanent out of i ts currentauthorization of 572 , and at times this has climbed to 82 vacancies as i t did inApri l of 1972 which is the height of the travel season . These unreasonable delaysbecome part icularly damaging when urgently needed attorney pos itions rema inunfilled in the face of constantly mounting fraud cases requ iring their efforts .

Outside hire restrictions , as well as other l im itations , such as quota restrictionson clerical personnel aggravate these continu ing personnel problems .

All revi ews , interm inable conferences and meetings , procras tinations , delaysin act ion, arbitrary decisions by so cal led management experts who have no

practical experience or knowledge of the Passport function mitigate aga inst evenmin imal safeguards on document fraud . I ndeed , the criminal community, domesticand foreign, could ask for no greater support or ass istance than the harassmentreceived by the Passport Ofiice from the current upper echelon .

The following Table depicts Passport Ofiice requests for new facil ities to adaptto increasing workl oads .

NEW PASS PORT FIELD AGENC IES AND ACCEPTANCE FAC ILITIESNumber anddesc ription of Fund s Cong ressional

Fiscal year Type of request request requested Date of request action

An nual budget" 3 new agencies S eptember 1968_ Denied Never presented.PPTsup ple 240, 000 August 1969 do Domental.

S enate amend Decemberment

- n

JU S TI FI CATI ON : S ubstatntially the same just ifica tion is appl icable to eachbudget subm iss ion and is repeated belowTh is request provides funds for the establishment of three new agencies at

H ouston or Dallas , Detroit and a city in Connecticut. I t is necessary to relieve

24 provided from W ithinS tate Department re

sources .App roved S eptember 1969forPres i dent’ s budget.Ap p roved October 1970forPresident's bud get.

20 den ied October 1971,29 ap p roved forPresident’ s budget.

10 den ied October 1972,26 ap p roved in President's bud get (19moreden ied October 1973,leaving 7 ap p roved)

84 denled, 18 ap p roved

113

the pressure of the ever increasing workload in some of the larger agencies whereit is difficult to obta in additional space and to recru it addit ional s taff personn el .By further decentra liza tion the areas covered by the present agencies will berea ligned and the workload volume redi stributed . Funds for a ll items except rentwill be requ ired in the full amoun t regardless of when the agencies are opened .

The funds for rent will be reduced proportionately . Personnel to stafi the new

agencies will be provi ded for with in current authoriza tions .

The FY 1973 and FY 1974 Budgets a lso included requests for Acceptance Offices apart from the Agency in N ew York .

The continuing need for expanding facilities is exemplified by our experienceat the Los Angeles Passport Agency . I n 1970 an acceptance facility was openedon Wilshire Avenue in addi tion to the downtown Los Angeles Passport Officelocation . I n February 1973, the Los Angeles Agency was moved out of town to a

public bu ilding in H awthorne and the Wilshire facil ity ordered closed by the D epartment . Because of the publ ic outcry , emphas iz ing the need for a downtownapplication acceptance faci lity , the Department was forced to authorize the re

establishment of an acceptance facil ity in downtown Los Angeles . A new AnnexOfiice was opened on June 11 , 1973 , at the U . S . D istrict Court and FederalBui lding .

I n addition to the above budget requests , the Passport Office requested au

thori ty to establ ish from with in i ts own resources new acceptance facil ities a t

various locations in the U n ited S ta tes . For example,on S eptember 30, 1968 , the

Passport Office requested the controllin g bureau to establ ish a Passport S ervicesOffice in H ouston ,

Dallas and Detroit . Th is request was deni ed.

A sta tement was made at the H earing that the FY 1975 Budget subm itted bythe Passport Office may include a request for funds to implement a developmenta lstudy, completed in May 1973, on a new travel document and processing sys

tem . This study is currently being cons idered for approva l at the S ta te Department U nder S ecretarial level . I f approved , implementation funds will be re

quested as a separate project .

Following is a Table showing past budgetary actions concern ing this study :PAS S PORT OFFICEREQUEST FOR FUNDS TO STUDY THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW TRAVEL DOCUMENT

Amount of Department of S tatetun d s action ap p roval/ Cong ress ional

Fiscal year Type of request Date of request requested denial/date action

An nual budget S eptember 1969" Denied October1969 Never p resented .Amen dment December 1969 Not appl i cable Proposed on S enate

floor as amen dment to sup plemental but den iedin joint committee.

An nual bud get August 1970 ap p rovedin October 1970forinclus ion inPres i dent'sbudget. ‘

July 1972 2 Denied August 1972 Never presented.

1 Amountwas doubled bythe Department ofS tate to i nclude both document development and development orimp rovedp rocessing system. Research and development contract for an inter nat ional travel document, A stud y apply i ngcomputer orother processmg techniques to accelerate the is suance of passports ,9 Implementation of travel document study .For several years the Passport Office has requested funds for a badly needed

tra ining film. Our experience with th is budget item is depicted below :

PAS S PORT OFFICEREQUEST FOR FUNDS TO DEVELOP A TRAINING FILMFun ds Department of S tate Cong ressional

Fi scal year Type of request requested action action

l $25, 000 Ap p rovedDen ied35, 000 Den ied in p rel iminaryreviews.

1This itemwas ap p roved in August 1970. Bid s were received from several film p roduction companies and a selectionrecommen ded to the Department. S ubsequently , wewere advi sed that one ofthe original b i d ders had changed the amountorhis pr0posalmaki ng himthe lowest bidde r. S ince it ap peared that p rocurement procedures may not have been properlapplied , itwas dec i ded i n the best interest of the Department not to award the contract. Time did not permit a newavertisement tora contract belore the fun d s lapsed .

23—538—73— 9

114

JU S TI FI CATI ON A n Opera tion such as the Passport Office cannot funct i oneconomically and effectively un less provided proper train ing tools one of wh ichis a train ing film . A train ing film for the Passport Office is urgen tly required toimprove fraud detection, to improve and expedite tra in ing of new employees and

to help reduce error in passport issuances . I n the Opin ion of profess ional trainingOfficers , a train ing film is an outstandingly effective tool of management.One of the important points to be covered in any tra in ing fi lm would be an

introducti on to the “

points of reference”or i tems wh ich would ass ist in detectingthe presence or potential presence of frauds in adjudication work . Th is film wouldbe an important first step for new employees in becom ing aware of the fraudproblems involved in passport work. The failure to have such film requires all ofth is preliminary work to be done in personal fraud seminars . Wh ile the fraudseminars have been efiective, they have been diluted by the neces sity of coveringpreliminary aspects wh ich could appropria tely be included in a tra in ing film . The

tra in ing film would thereby make i t possible to con centrate th e personal fraudseminars on the more sophist icated aspects of fraud detection .

The Pa ssport Office is years beh ind other federal agencies in real izing benefitstha t can 'be derived from a tra ining film . I N S , IRS . U S IA ,

V A , AGRI CU LTU RE ,

FA A, POS T OFFI CE ,

CU S TOMS ,A I D A N D FS I make wide use of . training

films . The Passport Office program i s not dissimilar to these agencies . IRS , the

Post Office and Customs have a special orientation film for all new employees .

Most of the agencies l isted above also use tra ining fi lms deal ing specifically withthe j ob functions , area of assignment, etc. , wh ich are shown to selected groups of

employees as part of the orientat ion and refresher tra in ing programs . Additionally , these agencies use either a sl ide tape or video tape or both presentationsto supplement film showings.

PA S S PORT OFFI C E LEGI S LATI V E PROPO S A LS A N n B I LL S I NTRODU CED I N CONGRES S FOR

TH E RELI EF OF TH E PA S S PORT OFFI CE 1956—1973

S ince 1956 the Passport Office has consistently suppo rted legisla tion whichwould provide more efficient and expeditious service to the publ ic wh ile ma inta ining the reputa tion of the U . S . passpo rt for in tegrity and security .

The mos t consis tent and important piece of legi slation of th is nature has beena proposal to establish a sem i-autonomous U n ited S ta tes Passport S ervice Obta ining pol icy gu idance from the Department of S tate ; Operating wi th a revolvingfund wh ich woul d perm it the Passport Office to use some of the revenue wh ich itreturns to the Treasury each year to finance its operational and admin istrativerequ irements .

The first such legislation was S—3340 introduced by S enator H ubert H .

H umphrey in the 84th Congress on March 1 , 1956 . S enator H umphrey,as a mem

ber of the Government Operations Comm ittee , had just participated with theDirector of the Passport Office. Mi ss Frances Knight and other areas of the

Executive Branch of Govern ment in the complete modernization of Passport Office operations . N ew equipment and modern personnel and management pro

cedures were introduced . Th is modern ization moved the Passport Ofl‘

ice from the

19th to the 20th Century . S ena tor H umphrey recogn ized that in order to keepup with the ever increas ing volume of passport s ervices requ ired by U . S . citizensthe Passport Office must be in a flexible position -to upda te and modernize i tsprocedures to meet the challenge and requirements of the times .

S —3340 con tained provisions for a U . S . Passport S ervice and a revolving fund .

The Passport Office ful ly supported th is proposed legislation , .but the Departmentof S tate b itterly opposed it on grounds that it interfered with their organ izationalstructure and their budgetary flexibil ity .

S imilar bill s . S—2095 and FIR—5455 . were introduced on June 3 , 1959 andMarch 9 . by S enator Karl Mundt and Congressman Thomas L. Curt is ofM is souri in the 86th Congress .

A short version Passport S erv ice Bill . S—718, was introduced by S enator JohnL . McC ellan in the 87th Congress on January 31 , 1961 . I n the same Congress ,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

116

devined the solution . S enator H ubert H . H umphrey reintroduced his b ill on

March 26 , 1973 des ignated as S—1363. Cong ressman S amuel L . Devine, for himself and Congressman Donald D . Clancy , introduced a s im ilar b ill , H R—9186on July 11 , 1973 . S enator S trom Thurmond followed with S—2331 on August 2 ,

1973 and Congressman Devine introduced H R- 9873 on August 3, 1973 for

h imself and 10other colleagues .

Wh ile there are some minor differences in these b ills , they are bas icallysim ilar in that they continue to propose a sem i-autonomous U . S . Passport S ervice,a revolving budget , establishment of Passport Field Agencies when and wherenecessary and other management reforms .

The Passport Office in subm itting its legislative proposals in 1973 endorsedS—1363 , H R

—9186 , S—2331 and H R—9873 as providing the best possible solutionsto the problems of the Passport Ofiice. These problems deliberately ignored by theBureau of S ecurity and Consular A fiairs and adroitly side-tracked from higherlevel consideration , have increased over the years and have now entered thecrisis stage in terms .of national security and well -being.

I t is of considerable S ign ificance that the basic U . S . Passport S ervice proposalbegi nn ing in 1956 and continuing in the present Congress have been supportedby every spectrum of both major poli tical parties in both the H ouse and the

S enate . I t has been a trul y remarkable bipartisan recogn ition of the problemswhi ch have beset the Passport Office .

PA S S PORT OFFI CE—YEAR EN D REPORT— W ORKOA D A N D AC COMPLI S H MENTS—FI S CALYEAR 1972

PA S S PORT OFFI CE WORKLOAD S A N D ACCOMPLI S H MENTS—FI S CAL YEAR 1972

I n F iscal Year 1972 the Passport Office issued a total of passports .

Th is volum e of passports issued represents an increase in workload of overthe passports issued the previous year. Personnel utilization increased byin FY 1972 from 702 man -years util ized in FY 1971 to 786 man-years util izedin FY 1972 .

During FY 1972 the Passport Office collected an estimated in passport fees , an increase of over FY 1971 . D irect Operating funds for FY 1972 ,including pay for permanent personnel for wh ich funds are not allocated to thePassport Office , amounted to approximately resulting in a surplus ofcollections in excess of direct Operating funds amounting to approximately

I n addition to the basic workload of processing and issuing passports , thePassport Office also furn ished numerous other services and performed manyother s ignificant and important work functions , studies and projects not directlyrelated to the processing and issuance of passports . These seldom discussed , butnonetheless significant and substantia l workloads, are summarized on the following pages to provide a more detai led disclosure of the services performed , andthe multitude of work projects imposed on the component Divis ions of the

Passport Office in FY 1972 .

ADM I N I S TRATI VE D I V I S I ON W ORKLOAD S A N D ACCOMPLI S H MENTS—FI S CAL YEAR 1 9 7 2

The Admin istrative Div is ion is primarily respons ible for providing personneland admin istrative support, techn ical serv ices , equ ipment and supplies to all the

operating areas of the Passport Office. The Division ’

s work functions are gen

erally service oriented and , in the ma in , are not directly related to passportprocess ing . I n several S ignificant functions , however, such as ma i l processing,fi ling of applications , account ing, and name clearances the workloads performedin this Division are closely associ ated with passport processing.

During Fisca l Year 1972 the Administrative Div ision experienced increases inall categories of support work, as well as increases in nonmeasured workloadsinvolving budget submissions , data for other agencies of government, specialstudies , projects and services .

The follow ing table lists the various categories of work performed by the DiviS ion wh ich are e ither directly or indirectly involved in the processing and issuance of passport books . The great increase in each work category must beweighed in all future cons iderations of persona l and budget requ irements .

117

ADM INISTRATIVE D IV IS ION WORKLOADS AND ACCOMPLIS HMENTS , FISCAL YEAR 1972

Fi scal yearWork category

Incoming mail han dledOutgoing mai l han dledCor res pondence section I .Documents retrievedDocuments p rocessed and filedPass port books d i str i butedForms , b rochures , etc. , d i str i butedTotal items orp r i nti ng orderedClearances p rocessed , fore i gnU. S . i nsular clearancesFile searches and Federal record s center phone requestsComputer updatesRequests for b i rth and mar r iage record sEmployer interViewmg and counselT rai n ing of person nelPerson nel actionsPeak season employmentCheck s retur nedChecks recoveredWaivers

1 Includes only measured coorespondence prepared by a s pecial activitywhose principal function is to answer lettersfromthe public.Revised.

DOME S TI C OPERATI ON S D I V I S I ON W ORKLOAD S A N D ACCOMPLI S H MENTS , FI S CALYEA R 1 9 7 2

The Domes tic Operations Divi sion is primarily responsible for the issuance of

passports in the U n ited S tates and for the Operations of the ten Passport FieldAgenc ies and the N ational Office in Wash ington , D C .

I n addition to its normal workload Of issui ng passports to the genera l publ ic,the Divis ion is a lso involved in numerous services and work functions as wellas staff and management duti es wh ich are not directly related to the process ingand issuance of passports to the general publ ic . These significant an d substantia lworkloads are summarized in the following table . Diploma tic and Official passports are l isted as additional work loads performed by the Domestic OperationsD ivis ion since they are handled as a special service for other government agen cies .

DOMESTIC OPERATIONS D IVIS ION CAS EWORKCOMPLETED

Amen dments , exten sion s, renewals, etc.,Washington and agencies 279 514 94 361 —66 2

Telephone inqunies :WashingtonAgenC ies (estimate)Locater and status card s filed :WashingtonAgencies (estimate)

Cor respondence, Washi ngton and agencies (estimate)V i sas obtained for diplomatic and official travel (Washi ngton only)Diplomatic pass ports issuedCourtesy d i plomatic pass ports issuedOfficial passports issuedA ir c rew certificates (Washington only)Duty officer services (Washington only)Requests forvalidation of passports for travel to restr icted areasS pec ially exped ited pass port ap plication s :

CongressmnalsWashin gtonAgencies (estimate)

GeneralWashingtonAgenc ies

Post adjudication of in sular ap pl ication s (Washin on only)Reviewof post office ap plication s (Washington on y) +604. 8

1 Not yet received .

1 18

FOREI GN OPERATI ON S D I V I S I ON W ORKLOAD S A N D ACCOMPLI S H MENTS , FI S CAL YEAR 1 9 7 2

During FY 1972 the Foreign Operations D ivision received a tota l ofcases from the Foreign S ervice Posts and other areas throughout the worldwh ich requi red a cti on or advi sory Opinion . Th is represents an increase Ofover the ca ses received from the same sources during FY 1971 . I n FY

1972 . cases were completed as compared to in FY 1971 , an increaseof

The Foreign Operations D ivision performs a multitude of servi ces and supportactivities which are both directly and indirectly involved in the process ing and

production of pas sports issued overseas .

The following table lists the various categories of work performed by the D ivision and the percentage of increase or decrease in work experienced in FY

1972 over FY 1971 .

FOREIGN OPERATIONS D IV IS ION—CASEWORKCOMPLETED: t Percent

Fi scal yearCasework category year 1971

Fraudulent naturalizationCert ificates ofloss of nat ional ityRegistration ap plication sPassport ap plication sCon sular reports of birthCor respon dence and con sular lettersReactivated casesAp pealsAdvisory opin ion sLost and foun d

LEGAL D I V I S I ON W ORKLOAD S A N D ACCOMPLI S H MENT S,FI S CAL YEAR 1 9 7 2

The Legal Divis ion performs mainly s ervice oriented work of a legal and quasilegal na ture. These activities and services are not directly related to the processing and issuance of passports .

The following table lists the various categories of work normally performedby the Legal D ivision which are not related to passport issuance.

LEGAL D IVIS ION—CAS EWORK COMPLETED

Fiscal yearCasework category

Travel control casesD i sc ret ionary action sFraud cases

C riminal p rosecutionsS ubmitted

c - q

29, 919 34, 788 +16. 3

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

P age .

Brosan , George 90

Brotherhood of E terna l Love 1—4 ,6 , 8, 9, 12

—14 , 18—26 , 29 , 34 , 38, 44—47, 61 , 63, 64, 73, 74, 91—93, 97Brotherhood of Eternal Love I ndi tees List of 79

Brotherhood Frauds ( chart ) 45

Brotherhood , The—Master L ist (Passport ) April 18, 1973 (List of Brotherhood members believed to have Obta ined one or more passports underassumed names )Brotherhood “

Orange S unsh ine”L S D Laboratory (photography )Brussels , BelgiumBureau of S ecurityBureau of S ecurity and Consular Affa irsBurke , TerryBureau of V ital S tatistics

CairoCaliforniaCali fornia Department of JusticeCaliforn ia Franchise Tax BoardCanadaCaserta , Daniel Ph ill ipC B S ( Columb ia Broadcasting S ystem )Centra l AmericaCentra l D istrict of Cal iforn iaCen tur PrintingChastain , EricC hesimard, Joanne DeborahCh icago 7Chicago S un -Times (newspaper )Ch ina , People ’

s Republi c ofC I A ( Central I ntelligence Agency )Clancy , Congressman Donald D _

Clay, James H enryCleaver, E ldridgeCohen , LeonardComputer S ciences CorpComparison of domestic frauds detected before issue in proportion to percentage Of executed applicat ions submitted by source—Fiscal year 1973( chart )Confessions of a H ope Fiend ( book )Congressional RecordConnolly

,M ichael S tephen

“ Contract Awarded for Passport S tudy (newspaper arti cle )Cook County JailCosa N ostraCosta RicaC ostan , JamesCourt of Appeals for the Fifth Circu itCrawford, Ronald RayCrittenden , James LeroyCurtis , Congressman Thomas LCustoms

Dale,James H oward

Daley, Donald DDallas Police DepartmentDamascusDan iels , Robert LewisDavis

,Angela

D aw , John RobertDecker, JacobD eJarette Jon Jay

24

81

20

21

104

32

108

72

81

116

83

I I I

Delaney, Calvin LarryDenverDepartment of H ealth , Education ,

and Welfare, D ivis ion“

of V ital S tatistics 91

Department Of JusticeDepartment of S ta te 2 ,

8 9 32 39—41 42 46 48 50 60 61 67 72 73 75 77 92 97 106 111

Budget Ofii ce

Devine, Congressman S amuel LD istrict of ColumbiaDodd, S enator ThomasD oerge, KeithDohrn ,

BernardineDohrn,

JenniferDomin ican Republ icDrivers License Guide C o_Druce, CharlesDrug Enforcement Admi nis trat ion (D EA )Drury, Donald KarlDuggan ,

Willi am E

Dutchess Coun ty , N YDylan ,

Bob

Eastland , S enator James 0Eden Press“11 Arrested in Phony I D Raids in Dade (newspaper article )E ll iot, GaryE scanaba , Mi chEveready Bus iness Forms D ivision of S afeguard I ndustries , I nc

Famil la -Tobal , FranciscoFBI (Federal Bureau of I nvestigation )FD A (Food and Drug Admin istration )Federal GovernmentFeldman , Martin EFoerster

,Werner

Folsom PrisonFormanek, KennethFoster, GregoryFraud statistics ( chart )Friedman , LesterFriend , John ChristopherFuller, Lester S amuel

GGaczyna S py S chool , S ovietGale , John CharlesGallinghouse, GeraldGarcia , RafaelGarrison , Gary AllenGarrity , Michael ThomasGeneva , S witzerlandGentile , G. MarvinGerman , Lyle PaulGermany“Getting H igh With Jenn ifer (newspaper article )Giaimo , Congressman Robert NGolden TriangleGood Times (newspaper )

41

116

115

53

92

53

2 33

2 38 39 434 50 53—64 69

83

107

37 , 61 , 70, 82 ,104 , 106

14

3

105

104

23

108

104

I V

Government Operations CommitteeGovernment Print ing Oflice

‘

H a itiH a islip , Gene RH all , David AlanH ambarian ,

Dona ld AlexanderH anna , Richard KeithH arper, James M “

H arrigan ,Russell“ Joseph

H arrington , John Joseph , JrH arvard U nivers ityH ash ish and hash ish oil statist ics ( chart )H ashish removed ( chart )H awai iH ayhanen, Mr

H eard , S gt . J . WH endrix, Jim iH ialeah , Fla

H itchcock, William MellonH ofi

’man,Judge“

H olland, M ichaelH ondurasH otel V ictoriaH umphrey , S enator H ubert HH utton , J . Bernard

Imm igration and N aturali zation S ervice 65; 90, 92

I ncreases in Legal D ivi sion Permanent Personnel u ests and A uthoriza ~

tion Compared to Passport Office Totals ( chart )I ndia“I nside Report on America’

s Passport Lady (newspaper article )I nternal Revenue S ervi ce ( IRS )I nternational Civi l Aviation Organi zationI nterpolI taly

Johnson , Gordon FredJohnson , Robert D

KabulKeel , agentKelly ( code name )Kelly , DavidKennedy Airport"

Kennedy , M ichaelKenner, MartyKenyaKhartoumKim I l S ungKimbal l , Robert RichardsonKnigh t , Frances G 2

,38—43 , 46 , 64—70, 72 , 73, 75

—78, 91 , 96Koreans , N orthKucharski , Edmund JKuehl , Douglas

Laredo, Tex

Laguna Beach , Cal ifPol ice Department

Lange , Edward Jefirey

2 , 124 5,18,

27, 79

20, 21

105

104

27, 79

27 , 29

18

87

87

20, 29

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

V I

Mosley , PaulaMosley , RichardMuhammed A liMundt

,S enator Karl

Murphy , Pa trick VMurray , Denn isMurray , JohnMurray , KathyMurray , PeterMurray,Richard

N a tional Crime I nformation CenterN ational I nstitute of Mental H ealthN ebraskaN eilan

,Edward

N elson , Dan ielN ew JerseyN ew Jersey TurnpikeN ew OrleansN ew YorkN ew York Mun icipa l CourtN ew York Times (newspaper )N ewman , James Carrol l I I IN ewsweek (magazine )N orpel , John R . , Jr__

N ichols , Lee AllenN igro, FredN ixon adm in istration

Oakland , Cal ifO

’

D owd , John “

Office of S ecurityO

’

Leary , Jerem iahO liphant, GeorgeOMB (Office of Manpower and Budget )“Operation BEL

”

Orange County, Ca lifOrange County grand j uryOregonOtto, Dani elO tto

, Jimmy Gregg

Pacific Coas t H ighwayPadilla , Gera ld JamesPage , Ra lphPalcntchar, RobertPalma

, FranklinPanther Defense Fund 81“Paper Trip , The” ( book )Paris 7 . 41Park Plaza I l otel 107“Passport Change I s U nder S tudy (newspaper article ) 43Passport Office 0

9 , 39—42 48, 50, 53, 54 , 59 , 53—6 5 , 67—71 73—76, 91

—94 , 96 , 111—116Budget da ta 111.Legal Division 39

53 , 70, 74 , 92 , 93, 96 , 97

Legislative PrOposa ls and Bills I ntroduced in Congress for the Rel iefOf the Passport Office 1956—73_Task ForceYear-end report

108

104

77

86

81

1

86

108

90

—93

106

20

21—24

28

22

108

79

V I I

Pennsylvan iaPetacque, A rt

“

Phi ladelph iaPhi ladelph ia S unday Bulletin (newspaper )Playboy magazinePoh l , GeraldPooley , M ichael LeePort au Prince , H a itiPortland , OrcgPoscal S erv icePratt , J ill BarnettPratt , S tanford LeonPresident , thePuerto RicoPurvis

,Carl Edward

Randa ll , M ichael 23

Randall , M ichael Boyd 21 ,22 , 28, 29 , 7g, 86

Reagan , Governor 82

Reddy, David Mark “

'

80

Redwood City, Calif__ 53

Ritch ie , James 71

Riverside County , Cal if 28

Rudd , Mark 83

S t . Louis , MO_S alt Lake CityS amples of fraudulent documents of identification Obta ined and used bymembers of the Brotherhood of Eterna l Love 97

S an Francisco 19, 22, 23, 28, 29 , 32 , 47, 72 , 73, 74 104,105

S an Luis Ab ispo , Cal if_ 73

S and , N icholas 6 , 13, 23, 27 , 32, 34 , 79

S andoz Chemical WorksS anta Cruz , Ca lif 23

S anto Dom ingo 107

S chafier,Robert V erne

S cott, Charles FrederickS croggs , RaymondS cully , Robert TimothyS cully, TimothyS eale, BobbyS ear, Morey ;S eattle . 9

S ecretary of S tate

S exton , Gordon Al bertS h ipley, Mrs . Ruth B_

S hakur, Zayd Mal ikS icilyS ifly ,S immons

,Peter David 26

S inclair, John 48

S inclair, Loyd 2 -4 , 7—14, 18- 25 , 28—32 ,S

la

ying of I nformer Linked to Latin Passport Fraud (newspaper ar

1c e

S mith , Berni ce Lee

S m ith , Joe_S ourwine, J . G

S outheast As iaS pringfield , MOS tanton, Mark Patrick 26 79S tark, Ronald H adley_ 14, 22179S ta

y

tement of Legal D ivision Personnel Requests Over the Past S evera l .

ears

V-I I I

Page .

S trange, Ernest Donald 2 , 3, 8, 9 , 12 , 19, 22, 28—35 , 37, 83S tevens , James Robert 86S tone , John Leroy 86S tudents for a Democratic S ociety ( S D S ) 20“

S ubverters, The” ( book ) 59S u(mmary of Pass-port Frauds Committed by Brotherhood of Eternal Lovechart )

S uperior Court D iv i smn of Orange CountyS upreme CourtS wedenS witzerland

Tanenbaum, Robert 104. 105Tarabochia , AlfonsoTarr, D r. Cu rtis WTarte, Alden S anfordTennesseeTexa s“Three Arrested in Breakup of Fake Driver L icense Ring (newspaperarticle )

Thurmond , S enator S tromThurston , Cra ig D onTi erney, Robert EdwardTigar, M ichaelTokh i , AmanullahTokh i brothersTokh i , H ayatullah

Torres , Juan MirandaTower, S enator John GTreasury DepartmentTripol i“

Trooper, M il itant D ie in N J . Clash (newspaper art icle )Tucker, Will iamTucson, Ariz__TunisTurkey

U N . N arcotics Laboratory 1

U nion Corse 6

U n ione S ici liano 6

U nited S tates 2 ,4 , 6 , 7 , 10, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23 , 24 , 40, 42 , 44 , 47 , 48, 50,

:51, 54 , 58 , 59 ,65, 66, 68, 70, 78 , 80, 81 , 90, 91 , 92 , 93, 94, 106 , 107, 113

AttorneyGovernment

U niversity of Cal iforniaU PI ( U n ited Press“

U . S . Driver’

s L icense Guide”U S . Losing Drug S muggling W ar (newspaper column ) “

U . S . Orders a S tudy Of Passport S ystem”(newspaper article )

V ancouver, British ColumbiaV ietnamese, N orth

Walt , Gen . Lewis WWalters , S aulWash ingtonWashington Merry-GO-Round (newspaper column )Wash ington Passport AgencyWashington Post (newspaper) 38 54 90, 104

Washington S tar (newspaper )