GREY WARE IN SICILY, BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

KERAMOSCERAMICS: A CULTURAL APPROACH

KER

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BİLGİNKÜLTÜR SANAT YAYINLARI


• Alexandra Alexandridou

• Silvia Amicone

• Galya D. Bacheva

• Marco Camera

• Hüseyin Cevizoğlu

• Jane E. Francis

• Massimo Frasca

• Vincenzo Di Giovanni

• Alessandra Granata

• R. Gül Gürtekin-Demir

• Yasemin Polat

• Lars Heinze

• Petya Ilieva

• Jan Kindberg Jacobsen

• Carmelo Colelli

• Gloria Mittica

• Søren Handberg

• Kleopatra Kathariou

• Seval Konak Tarakcı

• Alexandra Ch. J. von Miller

• Bekir Özer

• Anna Petrakova

• Girolamo F. De Simone

• Caterina Serena Martucci

• Gaetana Boemio

• Serena D’Italia

• Ahmet Adil Tırpan

• Zafer Korkmaz

• Makbule Ekici

• Füsun TÜLEK

• Onur Zunal

List of Authors

9786058573048

Proceedings of the First International Conference at Ege UniversityMay 9-13, 2011

İzmir

Edited byR. Gül Gürtekin-Demir, Hüseyin Cevizoğlu, Yasemin Polat and Gürcan Polat

with the collaboration ofJanine Elaine Su

Muharrem Kayhan

sponsored by

Proceedings of the First International Conference at Ege UniversityMay 9-13, 2011

İzmir


with the collaboration ofJanine Elaine Su



Muharrem Kayhan



ISBN: 978-605-85730-4-8

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any mannerwithout written permission from the publisher except in the context of reviews.

Book Design byMustafa Horuş

Edition 2015

Bilgin Kültür Sanat YayınlarıSatış/Proje: Selanik 2 cad no: 68/10 Kızılay-Ankara

Telefon: 0(312) 419 85 67Web: www.bilginkultursanat.come-mail: [email protected]

FOREWORD / VORWORT

Im Rahmen der Lehre und Forschung an der Edebiyat Fakültesi der Ege Üniversitesi belegt die antike Keramikforschung seit Jahrzehnten einen hervorragenden Platz. Mit Güven und Tomris Bakir sowie deren Kollegen und Schülern entstand ein Studienzentrum zur Erforschung antiker Keramik mit sichtbarer Breitenwirkung. Daraus erfolgte nicht zuletzt die Idee, 2011 in İzmir einen Kongress zu organisieren, der vornehmlich der Keramikforschung Kleinasiens und dessen strukturellem Umfeld gewidmet sein sollte: „Keramos. Ceramics: A Cultural Approach“. Ein guter Teil der Beiträge, die im Rahmen dieses Symposiums vorgetragen wurden, findet nun einen würdigen Platz in dieser Publikation.

Wenn auch bereits zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen zur Keramik antiker Städte der westlichen Kleinasiatischen Küste von Troja bis zur Halikarnass-Halbinsel vorliegen, bot diese Veranstaltung die Chance, verschiedene Aspekte der Kera-mik-Forschung in Kleinasien punktuell auf den neuesten Stand zu bringen, und bisher unbekanntes Material aus den in den letzten Jahren an vielen neuen Orten der Türkei durchgeführten Ausgrabungen kennen zu lernen. So konnten lokale Eigenheiten aus verschiedenen Problemperspektiven erörtert werden, ob von kleinasiatischen Fundplätzen oder von vorgelagerten Inseln (Lemnos).

In dieser Veröffentlichung werden spät-und subgeometrisches Gefäße aus karischem Gebiet (Mengefe-Region/Milas) vorgelegt, Herstellungszentren von archaischem Luxusgeschirr (insbesondere Karien/ Bozburun Halbinsel)) nachge-gangen, Essgewohnheiten und Ernährung anhand von lokalem Tafel-und Kochgeschirr behandelt (Gordion), unter-schiedliche Fundkeramik aus neuen Grabungsplätzen Westkleinasiens (Panayırdağ/Ephesos) präsentiert. In bedeuten-den ionischen Zentren werden ungewöhnliche Bestattungskonzepte beobachtet, und zur Schärfung zeitlicher Abfolgen, Fundvergesellschaftungen bearbeitet (Klazomenai). Archaische Keramiktraditionen weniger bekannter, inländischer Fundorte (z.B. Tabae) werden auf die lokale Bevölkerungsstruktur zurückgeführt, während spätklassische bis frühhel-lenistische, lokale Produktionen und deren attische Beeinflussung behandelt werden (Iasos, Priene).

Bei archaischer und hellenistischer Keramik aus Kalabrien und Sizilien werden strukturelle Fragen aufgeworfen, die für das Verständnis kleinasiatischer Waren hilfreich sein dürften. So ist die Auswertung kultureller Interaktionsele-mente von Bedeutung: auf welcher Weise sich z.B. Bildformen der Keramik der frühen griechischen Kolonisten auf die Produktionen der inländisch-sikulischen Werkstätten auswirkten. Ferner ergeben die Vergleiche, die bei der frühen „grauen Keramik“ über unteritalisch-sizilische Fundkomplexe zu ziehen sind, dass enge Beziehungen, via Euböa, zu Kleinasien bestanden. Für die in mittelhellenistischer Epoche weit exportierte sog. Magenta Ware wird Syrakus als eines der Produktionszentren vermutet, während für die Erforschung von Ernährung und Essgewohnheiten in Campa-nien des 3.-5. Jh. n.Chr., Form-Typologie, Waren-Verteilung, technische Eigenheiten und Fundvergesellschaftungen als stellvertretende Indizien zur Bewertung hinzugezogen werden.

Was die Spätantike betrifft, so wird die Herkunftsproblematik der in kilikischen Fundplätzen stark vertretenen spätrö-mischen C-Ware (sog. phokäische Ware) ebenso behandelt wie die Bandbreite der spätantiken Keramik von Kyme und ihre Aussage für Handel und Rang.

Die Beitragsvielfalt schließt mit Untersuchungen zur attischen Keramik und deren Exporten ab. Es sei hierbei auf einen Beitrag zu einem überlegenswerten ikonographischen Wandel von der spätprotoattischen zur früharchaischen, atti-schen Keramik und deren sozio-historischen Bedeutung hingewiesen, ferner auf die Töpfer-und Malerhände sowie die Organisation in der Werkstatt des Jenaer Malers und schließlich auf eine Neubetrachtung der rotfigurigen Keramik aus Fundplätzen des Bosporanischen Reichs.

Obgleich ein Teil der beim Kongress gehaltenen Vorträge für die Publikation nicht berücksichtigt werden konnten, bietet die vorliegende Veröffentlichung eine bunte Palette wichtiger Beiträge, für deren umsichtige Vorlage den Heraus-gebern bestens gedankt sei.

Andreas E. Furtwängler

• Rosa Maria Albanese

• Paul Arthur

• Carolyn Aslan

• Andrea M. Berlin

• Iulian Bîrzescu

• Beate Boehlendorf-Arslan

• Andreas E. Furtwängler

• John H. Oakley

• Sarah Japp

• Ivonne Kaiser

• Michael Kerschner

• Lori Khatchadourian

• Rosina Leone

• Kathleen Lynch

• Sarrah Morris

• Yasemin Polat

• Marcus Rautman

• G. Kenneth Sams

• Gerald Schaus

• Udo Schlotzhauer

• Grazia Semeraro

• Evangelia Simantoni-Bournia

• Kaan Şenol

• Alexandra Villing

TABULA GRATULATORIA

ContentsGİRİŞ _______________________________________________________________________________ 7

INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________________ 8

APPROACHING EARLY ARCHAIC ATTICA:A CONTEXTUAL STUDY OF ITS EARLY BLACK-FIGURE POTTERY PRODUCTION __ 11Alexandra Alexandridou

FOURTH-CENTURY BC BLACK AND RED GLOSS POTTERY FROM IASOS:A TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH ___________________________________________________ 25Silvia Amicone

COOKING AND DINING IN LATE PHRYGIAN GORDION _________________________ 40Galya D. Bacheva

“Sikelo-geometric” pottery between indigenous tradition and Greek influences _____________________________________________________________ 50Marco Camera

KLAZOMENIAN SARCOPHAGUS OR BATHTUB?THE USE OF BATHTUBS IN BURIAL CONTEXTS ___________________________________ 61Hüseyin Cevizoğlu

LATE ROMAN C WARE/PHOCAEAN RED SLIP POTTERY FROM THE CILICIA SURVEY PROJECT (MISIS), TURKEY ____________________________ 73Jane E. Francis

GREY WARE IN SICILY, BETWEEN EAST AND WEST ________________________________ 83Massimo Frasca

ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM THE NORTH-EAST AREA AGORA AT KYME (ALİAĞA, TURKEY). A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH _______________________ 92Vincenzo Di Giovanni

MAGENTA WARE FROM SICILIAN FUNERARY CONTEXTS _________________________ 104Alessandra Granata

BETWEEN LYDIA AND CARIA: IRON AGE POTTERY FROM KALE-I TAVAS, ANCIENT TABAE _____________________________________________ 115R. Gül Gürtekin-Demir, Yasemin Polat

Between adoption and persistence: Two regional types of pottery from late classical and early Hellenistic Priene ______________________________ 137Lars Heinze

G 2-3 WARE COSMETIC VASES RECONSIDERED: BETWEEN MYCENAEAN AND ARCHAIC GREECE IN THE NECROPOLIS OF HEPHAISTIA ON LEMNOS ____ 146Petya Ilieva

POTTERY WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION AND TRANSFORMATION AT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF TIMPONE DELLA MOTTA BETWEEN 800 AND 650 BC:A CASE STUDY FROM NORTHERN CALABRIA, SOUTHERN ITALY _________________ 158Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, Carmelo Colelli, Gloria Mittica, Søren Handberg

THE JENA DEPOSIT UNDER GLASS: INVESTIGATING THE PRODUCTION OF A CERAMIC WORKSHOP IN LATE CLASSICAL ATHENS ________________________ 166Kleopatra Kathariou

SOME REMARKS ON NEWLY DISCOVERED GRAVES AT KLAZOMENAI ___________ 173Seval Konak Tarakçı

Archaic Pottery from PanayIrdağ, Ephesos: new evidence and first results __ 184Alexandra Ch. J. von Miller

ARCHAIC POTTERY OF COASTAL CARIA:FINDS FROM A CREMATION BURIAL AT BYBASSOS _______________________________ 197Bekir Özer

A Cultural approach to the study of Late Athenian red-figure pottery from the Bosporan kingdom: advantages and disadvantages ________________ 208Anna Petrakova

Pottery as A proxy indicator for diet change in Late Antique Campania ___ 218Girolamo F. De Simone, Caterina Serena Martucci, Gaetana Boemio and Serena D’Italia

A GROUP OF BAND DECORATED CERAMICS FROM THE MENGEFE DISTRICT IN THE CARIA REGION ____________________________________________________________ 229Ahmet Adil Tırpan, Zafer Korkmaz, Makbule Ekici

LATE ROMAN CERAMICS OF THE DELİ HALİL SETTLEMENT IN THE EAST CILICIA PLAIN _______________________________________________________ 238Füsun TÜLEK

EAST GREEK KOTYLAI FROM KLAROS _____________________________________________ 243Onur Zunal

Figures _____________________________________________________________________________ 255

GİRİŞ

Ege Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü, kurucu öğretim üyeleri ve onların yetiştirdiği akademisyenlerin, diğer alanlardaki çalışmalarının yanı sıra seramik konusunda yürüttüğü araştırmalarıyla da tanınmaktadır. Seramik konusunda üstle-nilen bu misyonu, geleneğe dönüşmesini ümit ettiğimiz bir sempozyum ile gelecek nesillere aktarmayı hedefledik. Sem-pozyumun ismi önemliydi ve amaca uygun bir başlık olmalıydı. Çok düşündük... Sonunda “çömlekçi kili” anlamına gelen ve aynı zamanda “çömlekçilik sanatının kurucusunun ismi olan “KERAMOS”, bu görevi üstlendi. 9-13 Mayıs 2011 tarihleri arasında Ege Üniversitesi’nde gerçekleşen ilk sempozyuma, “KERAMOS Seramik: Kültürel Yaklaşım” adı altında genel içerikli bir başlık koyarak, hem sempozyumun geniş bir bilim adamı kitlesine ulaşmasının, hem de beş gün boyunca farklı konuların tartışılmasının önünü açtık. Sempozyumda Türkiye, İngiltere, İtalya, Romanya, Alman-ya, Avusturya, Avusturalya, Amerika, Kanada, Yunanistan, Rusya, Bulgaristan, Hollanda, Fransa ve Ukrayna gibi dünyanın dört bir yanından gelen farklı uluslara mensup bilim insanları tarafından sunulan 43 sözlü, 15 poster bildiri, sempozyumun amacına ulaştığının en önemli göstergesi olmuştur.

Sempozyumda yer alan antik dünyanın çok kültürlü yapısının incelendiği sunumlar ve tartışmalar, bu tip uluslararası sempozyumların bilim dünyası için ne derece önemli ve gereksinim olduğunu bir kez daha ortaya koymuştur. Konunun duayenleri ile genç bilim insanlarının bir araya getirilerek deneyimlerin, yeni araştırmaların ve yeni görüşlerin payla-şılmasına olanak tanıyan “KERAMOS”, seramik konusunda çalışan ve çalışacak olan yeni neslin ufkunu genişletmeyi görev edinmiştir. Özellikle benzer konularda çalışan, her birisi olaya farklı yaklaşım ve bakış açısı kazandıran bilim insanlarının aynı çatı altında bulunmaları, konunun derinlemesine tartışılmasını ve yeni görüşlerin ortaya çıkmasını beraberinde getirmiş ve getirecektir.

Sempozyuma gösterilen ilgi ve olumlu geri dönüşler, arkeoloji dünyasındaki bu gereksinime bir kez daha tanıklık etmiş ve “KERAMOS” sempozyumunun sürekliliğini kaçınılmaz hale getirmiştir. Bu kapsamda 4 yılda bir İzmir Ege Üni-versitesi ev sahipliğinde yapılması planlanan “KERAMOS” sempozyumunun, seramik konusunda daha özel konuları başlık olarak belirleyerek, arkeoloji dünyasına daha fazla katkı yaparak sürdürülmesi amaçlamaktadır.

R. Gül Gürtekin-DemirGürcan PolatYasemin Polat

Hüseyin Cevizoğlu

INTRODUCTION

The Department of Archaeology at Ege University is renowned for its research in various areas, especially for its expertise in ceramic studies. Originally these studies were carried out by the founders of the department and are presently continued by their students, who are now members of the academic staff. We therefore decided to support this tradition of encouraging the next generation of research with the organization of an international conference. The conference name was important and needed to serve our intentions. We thought carefully about this for a period of time … Finally, the title “KERAMOS,” which was a constant, was designated to fulfill our mission, and will be retained for future conferences. The Greek word “Keramos” is derived from its meaning, “potter’s clay,” and was also the name of the founder of ceramic art. The international conference “KERAMOS. Ceramics: A Cultural Approach,” held between May 9–13, 2011 at Ege University, gathered scholars studying ceramics either within the field of Classical Archaeology or in related research areas, and gave them the opportunity to share ideas in a variety of arenas. Participating scholars represented various countries, including Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. 43 oral and 15 poster presentations were featured. The discussions and contributions during the conference, which analyzed the multicultural structure of the ancient world, have once again proven how essential this type of international conference is for the scientific world. “KERAMOS” hopes to help extend the horizons of young scholars studying or planning to study ancient ceramics by bringing them together with established scholars to share experiences, recent research and new perspectives.

Due to the great interest in, positive feedback on and professional dialogue resulting from the first Keramos Conference, we have all realized how imperative such institutionalized opportunities are to the world of archaeology. Therefore, we aim to promote this type of institution with a quadrennial Keramos Conference, to be housed at Ege University under diverse themes and topics, in order to promote ceramic studies.

R. Gül Gürtekin-DemirGürcan PolatYasemin Polat

Hüseyin Cevizoğlu

Acknowledgements

It would hardly have been possible to realise the conference and the production of the present proceedings without the support, cooperation and help of many individuals, colleagues and institutions. During the preparations of this organisation and this book, we have very much enjoyed working with them, and we would like to take opportunity to thank them for their efforts and contributions. Andreas Furtwängler, Mehmet Gökdemir, Muharrem Kayhan, Ayşegül Selçuki, Özcan Atalay, Nuran Şahin, Recep Meriç, Akın Ersoy, Şakir Çakmak, Kamil Okyay Sındır, Archaeological Museum of İzmir, Ümit Yolcu, Stefan Schneider, Nesrin Çetiner, Onur Kınalıbaş and “Güral Porselen”, Umut Devrim Eryarar, Mehmet Soydan, Yavuz Tatış, Kahraman Yağız, Seçil Çokoğullu, Ümit Güngör, Ergün Karaca, Onur Zunal, Ayşe Çelebi, Deniz Arkan, Rabia Aktaş Çıldır, Evren Açar, Ece Sezgin, Gencay Öztürk, Beste Tomay, Hamde Cesur, Melis Çobanoğlu, Uğur Candar, Ece Şentürk, Ertuğrul Kıraç, Sinem Çakır, Hazal Falay, Özer Erdin, Sena Yılmaz, Dilan Koşarsoy, Deniz Irmak, Nimet Kaya, Buse Acar, Nihan Aydoğmuş and the staff members of Faculty of Letters of Ege University are thanked for much-valued assistance, support and their kind efforts during the organisation of the conference. We thank the members of the scientific committee and reviewers for their scholarly expertise and professional advice, which helped us to improve the content of the present volume.

İzmir / Smyrna Agora / May 13, 2011

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GREY WARE IN SICILY, BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

Massimo Frasca

via Ala 35, 95123 Catania, [email protected]

Abstract: Between the end of the eighth century BC and the first half of the seventh century BC in eastern Sicily a high-quality Grey Ware appeared that was similar to that of Anatolia. The spread of this ceramic type seems to correspond to the area of influence of the Chalkidian colonies in eastern Sicily. In the Greek cities of Sicily—and particularly in Syracuse—in contexts ranging from the late seventh century to the first half of the sixth century BC we have also a group of grey vases with common elements, such as handles with lateral cones. The colour of the clay, not always uniformly grey, suggests that many of the Sicilian vases might be local imitations of imported items. The lack of precise comparisons does not allow us to understand whether, in Sicily, the metal models were imitated or whether the Anatolian Grey Ware reproductions of metal vases were imitated.

In East Sicily, in different contexts of different periods, grey clay vases have been found that have sparked debate among scholars about their origin. In particular, scholars have discussed their possible connection with the Grey Ware of north-western Anatolia, the so-called Aeolian “Bucchero”. In the second half of the eighth century BC the grey vases are found almost exclusively in native contexts (“Indigenous” Grey Ware); about a century later we find grey vessels in the Greek cities (“Greek” Grey Ware). The shapes and the technical and morphological features indicate that the Grey Ware in Sicily must be related to two phenomena that are not directly connected to one another.

Indigenous Grey Ware

In 734 BC, people from Chalkis in Euboea founded Naxos, and a few years later, Leontinoi and Katane, taking control of the “Piana di Catania”, the most fertile plain in Sicily. At the same time, settlers from the Corinth Isthmus area founded Syracuse and Megara Hyblaea, on the southern part of the eastern coast of Sicily.

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Concurrent with the birth of the Greek colonies in these locations, the native sites, grey vases of high quality, similar to the Grey Ware of western Anatolia, began to appear.1 In particular, the Indigenous Grey Ware occurs in native cemeteries2 between the late eighth and the first half of the seventh century BC. It is possible to identify two fabrics: the first one is characterized by a fine, hard-baked pale grey clay with few inclusions; its surface, usually slipped, may be darker than the core. The other fabric is characterized by coarse beige-brown clay coated with a thick black paint. According to R.M. Albanese Procelli, who recently reviewed the distribution of Grey Ware in Sicily, the second fabric might be an imitation of the first one.3

The Indigenous Grey Ware is most widespread in the necropoleis of S. Aloe, Cava Ruccia, Cozzo della Tignusa, Villasmundo and Ossini,4 all near the Greek polis of Leontinoi. Samples of this ware were also found in Leontinoi itself, pointing to the possible presence of natives in the Greek city.5

The most common shapes are typical of the native repertoire: one of these is the carinated cup with a single upswung handle (“capeduncola”, cat. no. 1), which is clearly an imitation of metal vases (Fig. 1), and, overall, the squat trefoil oinochoe. Less common are other bigger shapes, such as the belly-handled amphora and the distinctive large bowl with three or four vertical loop handles and a rich incised decoration, found in the necropoleis of Monte Finocchito near Syracuse, Butera near Gela, Villasmundo near Megara Hyblaea, and S. Aloe near Leontinoi, as well as in colonial settlements such as Syracuse and Leontinoi.6 Recent investigations in the native village of Valverde near Catania have revealed a wider range of shapes suitable for domestic use. The range includes oinochoai, carinated cups, jugs, table amphoras and hemispherical bowls with one or two handles.7

The Indigenous Grey Ware is often decorated with groups of thin incised lines, sometimes alternating with wavy lines (“Wellenband”) drawn on the neck or shoulders of the vases. Sometimes horizontal and vertical ribs and grooves decorate the vases, as in the case of the oinochoe from the necropolis of Cozzo della Tignusa near Leontinoi (cat. no. 2, Fig. 2), whose three-rod handle is somewhat reminiscent of the north-western Anatolia Grey Ware repertoire. Albanese Procelli has pointed out some links between Indigenous Grey Pottery and western Anatolian vessels of the Early Iron Age, such as a carinated cup and an oinochoe decorated with grooves from Old Smyrna.8

In general, the technical features, such as the hard-fired clay, the polished surface, the glossy black paint, the angular shapes and the incised decoration denote an effort to reproduce metal shapes. It is therefore possible to assume that there was a direct transmission of the Grey Ware technique from the East and that this technique was used in Sicily to produce high-status indigenous vases, imitating metal pieces.

1 Frasca 2000. I am grateful to Beatrice Basile, director of the Archaeological Museum “Paolo Orsi” in Syracuse, for permis-sion to publish the vases in the Museum. I am also grateful to Giuseppina Monterosso for her help in the Museum, and to Rita Musumeci for the drawings of the vases from Syracuse.

2 Fouilland et al. 1994–95, 492–493.3 Albanese Procelli 2009, 329.4 Frasca 2000, 397; Albanese Procelli 2009, 330, fig. 2, pl. 1.1.5 Rizza 1962, pl. 5; Frasca 2012, 180.6 Albanese Procelli 2009, 331, figs. 2, 7–9.7 Albanese Procelli 2009, 329.8 Albanese Procelli 2009, 331.

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Grey Ware in Sicily, Between East and West

The distribution chart of Indigenous Grey Ware in Sicily in the eighth and seventh centuries BC (Fig. 3) corresponds to the area of influence of the cities founded by Chalkis on the eastern part of the island, Katane and especially Leontinoi.9 Furthermore, links between Chalkis and the cities on the Aegean coast of Turkey, above all Aeolic Kyme are established by literary tradition (Kyme in Italy founded by Aeolic Kyme) and by recent archaeological evidence (Euboeian ceramics found in Aeolic Kyme).10 So, the introduction of the Grey Ware to Sicily might be due to craftsmen from the Aegean coast of Turkey (Troas, Lesbos, Aeolis, Phokaea) who settled in the Chalkidian poleis or nearby, in native settlements. This argument might be supported by the presence in Leontinoi itself of a district named Phokaia.11

Greek Grey Ware

About a century later, grey vases with glossy black surfaces began to appear in Greek cities of the eastern and southern coasts of Sicily (Syracuse, Megara Hyblaea, Gela, Camarina). The vases come from contexts ranging from the late seventh century to the first half of the sixth century BC. The coincidence with the date of foundation of Massalia (600 BC) has suggested to some scholars a connection between these vases and Phocaean trade.12

They are, above all, bowls, dishes and oinochoai. In the Rifriscolaro necropolis of Camarina—a town on the southern coast of Sicily founded in 598 BC by Syracuse—two grey trefoil oinochoai (cat. nos. 3–4) were discovered.13 Both have a polished black surface, incised lines and a plastic band under the mouth. Moreover, one of them has four plastic knobs connected by angular incised lines under the handle (cat. no. 3, Fig. 4). The spool-shaped projections at either side of the upper attachment of the handle, and the incised and plastic decoration scheme display the strong influence of metalwork. The plastic band under the mouth, the spool-shaped projections near the handle and the three-rod handle are characteristics that appear in Mylesian painted oinochoai of MWG Style II (MileA Id: 610–580 BC)14 and might suggest connections with Ionian workshops.

In the same necropolis of Camarina a bowl was discovered (cat. no. 5) that is decorated under the rim by an incised wavy line motive of the type occurring in the Phocaean pottery.15

In the Fusco necropolis of Syracuse a small, carinated Grey Ware bowl was found without any context. Two reflex handles with conical ends are set horizontally under the rim; grooves decorate the upper part of the flat rim (cat. no. 6, Figs. 5–6). This vase, very close in shape to the seventh century painted lekanai, seems to be reminiscent of Aeolic grey bowls with similar decorative grooves on the rim.16

In two different periods vases with a metallic black surface were found in the other large Archaic necropolis of Syracuse, the necropolis of Giardino Spagna, located north of the district of Acradina. In

9 Frasca 2000, 397.10 Frasca 2000.11 Thucydides, 5.4.4.12 Morel 1998, 154; Albanese Procelli 2009, 328.13 Fouilland 2006, 110, fig. 3d, e.14 U. Schlotzhauer, in Lentini 2008, 49–54, cat. nos. 13–14.15 Fouilland 2006, 110, fig. 3 f.16 Grooved rim bowls: Bayne 2000, p. 144, shape 8c. Larisa: Boehlau, Schefold 1942, 11, fig. 42 b, c.

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1923 Paolo Orsi discovered a dish and a bowl placed above the cover of a pit grave17 together with other vases, an iron double axe and a lion-shaped plastic vase, dated between 600–590 BC.18 The dish (cat. no. 7) has grey clay with a reddish core and a polished black surface; two horizontal reflex handles with conical ends and three horizontal spool-lugs are set near the rim on opposite sides. The double incised lines on the body (Figs. 7–8), and the plastic knobs imitating rivets on the handles and lugs, reveal the intent to copy metalwork. The hemispherical bowl (cat. no. 8) also has two horizontal handles flanked by conical protrusions; a wavy-line decoration runs along the inside and outside of the body (Figs. 9–10).

About twenty years later, Giuseppe Cultrera discovered similar vases in the same necropolis. In grave 34 there was a small bowl (cat. no. 9) whose exterior was decorated with grooves below the rim (Fig. 11). The pattern on the interior, three grooves encircling a single ridge around a small knob (Fig. 12), seems to imitate that of the Phrygian grooved or ribbed bronze omphalos-bowls.19

In grave 53 there were two identical dishes: both have a flat, grooved rim, two reflex handles with conical ends and two knobs between two grooved spool-lugs (cat. nos. 10–11, Figs. 13–15). The dishes diverge only in their different surface colour.

In the same grave there was also a large dish with two usual horizontal reflex handles with conical ends, and two big horizontal spool-lugs placed on opposite sides (cat. no. 12, Fig. 16). A Late Wild Goat Style dish decorated with the figure of a siren, attributed to North Ionian production, was also found in the grave, allowing us to date these vases to 600–580 BC.20

Finally, a fine grey vase was found in the inland necropolis of Monte San Mauro near Caltagirone, a Greek town under the influence of Leontinoi.21 It is a stemmed, deep dish with two spool-shaped handles placed above the rim. The vase has a removable high tubular foot decorated with grooves (Fig. 17). It is possible to find comparisons for the shape in the Grey Ware of Larisa in north-western Anatolia.22

Conclusion

Generally, scholars have considered the above-discussed vases, to which we must add another few examples from Greek cities of eastern and southern Sicily (Gela, Himera, Megara Hyblaea, Selinous, Zancle),23 as imports connected with the presence of Phocaean traders, or of individuals who settled in Sicily from Asia Minor. The above vases, however, cannot be considered uniformly. In fact, only some of them, such as the oinochoai from Camarina and the stemmed dish from Monte San Mauro, can be regarded as imported vases.

17 Orsi 1925, 178–180. Inside the tomb there was a skeleton with four Etruscan bucchero kantharoi, a Corinthian aryballos, a black-glazed mug and a crater.

18 Monterosso 2011, 558, with references.19 Gordion Tumulus MM: Young 1981, pl. 71, commentary (M. Mellink) p. 233; Knudsen 1961 type ID.20 Cultrera 1943, 75–77, fig. 33; C. Ciurcina, in Lentini 2008, 100–101, no. 35. Neutron activation analysis: Group B (North

Ionia, Teos?).21 Frasca 2001, 2–3, figs. 3–5.22 Boehlau, Schefold 1942, 118, pl. 47.9.23 Albanese Procelli 2009, 328.

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In particular, in the case of Syracuse, we find a group of vases, bowls and dishes with common characteristics, such as the dark lustrous surface, the spool-lugs, the incising and plastic decoration, the calcareous inclusions in a not-always-uniformly-grey clay, that may suggest this is a local fabric influenced by metal work. The hypothesis can be strengthened by the fact that all the vases of Syracuse are characterized by reflex handles with conical ends—similar to those of the painted lekanai—that might be seen as a trademark of the local atelier.

In general, it is possible to see the influence of Phrygian metal ware, especially for elements such as the spool-lug.24 Bowls or dishes with similar spool-shaped attachments on the rim were also popular in the Greek centres in Anatolia as well in the eastern Mediterranean.25 A terracotta statuette of Kore carrying a Phrygian-type metal bowl on her head with alternately horizontal and vertical spools, which was found at Gela, shows the great variety of these vessels and their wide distribution.26 The metal handle-spools were also imitated on vessels of other materials, and it seems that this type of decoration in Greece probably first appeared at Corinth as a result of trade with the East.27 This feature is frequently used in Aeolic Grey Ware, in the usually simple cylinder version, and sometimes in the more elaborate “knuckled” version.28

Finally, the scanty presence of imported vases in Sicily does not allow us to determine whether the source of inspiration for the Sicilian examples was Phrygian metal vases or, instead, north-western Anatolian Grey Ware that was also influenced by Phrygian metal ware,29 borrowing and adapting some of its characteristics.30

Catalogue31

No. 1. Carinated cup (Capeduncola). Fig. 1.Leontinoi, Necropolis of S. Aloe, grave IV (Lentini, MA, inv. 2079).Carinated cup; everted rim; single upswung handle; flat bottom. Fine, grey clay.H. 5.6; diam. rim 11.6.Last quarter of the eighth century BC.Lagona 1976, 88, no. 270, fig. 31.

No. 2. Trefoil oinochoe. Fig. 2.Leontinoi, Necropolis of Cozzo della Tignusa, grave III. (Siracusa, MAR “Paolo Orsi”).Trefoil mouth; globular body; flat bottom; three-rod handle.

24 Dupont, Lungu 2010, 149; cfr. also Fouilland 2006, 125, fig. 22. Boehlau, Schefold 1942, 112, fig. 37, pls. 18, 22, 46. 25 See Gürtekin-Demir 2014, 230–231. 26 Knudsen 1964, 64.27 Knudsen 1964, 68–69.28 Bayne 2000, 154. 29 Bayne 2000, 138.30 See for the Phrygian impact on local pottery of Lydia and Greek sites, Gürtekin-Demir 2014. See also about the relations

between Phrygia, Lydia, Ionia and Aeolis (metal and pottery), Kerschner 2005, 128–139.31 The dimensions are in centimetres.

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Horizontal grooves on the neck; vertical grooves on the body.Grey clay; black slip.Last quarter of the eighth century BC.D’Agostino 1974, tav. 25; Frasca 2000, fig. 284; Albanese Procelli 2009, p. 339, fig. 2.1.

No. 3. Trefoil oinochoe. Fig. 4.Camarina, Necropolis of Rifriscolaro, grave 1022 (Ragusa, MA, inv. 7347). Trefoil mouth; ovoid body; three-rod handle; ring foot; incised lines on the shoulder; plastic band under the mouth; four knobs and incised angles under the handle.Fine, grey clay.H. 23.5; diam. 16. First quarter of the sixth century BC. Fouilland 2006, 110, cat. no. 14, fig. 3d.

No. 4. Trefoil oinochoe. Camarina, Necropolis of Rifriscolaro, grave 1684 (Ragusa, MA, inv. 8513).Trefoil mouth; ovoid body; three-rod handle; ring foot; incised lines on the shoulder; plastic band under the mouth. Fine, grey clay.H. 14.5; diam. 9. First quarter of the sixth century BC. Fouilland 2006, 110, cat. no. 15, fig. 3e.

No. 5. Two-handled bowl.Camarina, Necropolis of Rifriscolaro, grave 1646 (Ragusa, MA, inv. 8480). Carineted wall; knob upon the handles; wavy lines on the shoulders.Grey clay.H. 9; diam. 24.6.First half of the sixth century BC. Fouilland 2006, cat. no. 14, p. 110, fig. 3f.

No. 6. Two-handled carinated bowl. Figs. 5–6.Syracuse, Necropolis of Fusco, without context (Siracusa, MAR “Paolo Orsi”, inv. 2094). Carinated body; low foot; two horizontal reflex handles with conical projecting ends; three grooves on the flat rim. Black slip outside, brownish dilute slip inside. Grey clay, with calcareous inclusions. Alt. 4.2; diam. rim 14.2.Beginning of the sixth century BC. Unpublished.

No. 7. Handled dish. Figs. 7–8.Syracuse, Necropolis of Giardino Spagna, grave 1. (Siracusa, MAR “Paolo Orsi”, inv. 43314).Deep bowl; flat rim; low conical foot; two opposite horizontal reflex handles with conical projecting

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ends and six horizontal spool-lugs on the rim (three on each side between the handles). Two double-incised lines on the body; ten knobs (one missing) on the attachment of the handles and in the middle of the spool-lugs. Grey surfaces, red core. Black lustrous slip.H. 5.2; diam. 22. First quarter of the sixth century BC.Orsi 1925, 180, fig. 3.

No. 8. Handled bowl. Figs. 9–10.Syracuse, Necropolis of Giardino Spagna, grave 1. (Siracusa, MAR “Paolo Orsi”, inv. 43315).Hemispherical bowl, flat rim; ring foot; two horizontal reflex handles with conical projecting ends. Two incised bands decorated on the outside with a wavy-line pattern; one band inside.Fine, grey clay; brownish grey surface. Black lustrous slip.H. 7.2; diam. 22.5.First quarter of the sixth century BC.Orsi 1925, 180, fig. 4.

No. 9. Handled bowl. Figs. 11–12.Syracuse, Necropolis of Giardino Spagna, grave 34 (Siracusa, MAR “Paolo Orsi”, inv. 50931).Hemispherical bowl, rounded rim; ring foot; two horizontal reflex handles with conical projecting ends. On the exterior three grooves below the rim; on the interior three grooves, encircling a single ridge around a small knob. Black-brownish slip.Grey clay; red core; white calcareous inclusions. H. 4.5; diam 13.5.First quarter of the sixth century BC.Cultrera 1943.

No. 10. Handled dish. Figs. 13–14.Syracuse, Necropolis of Giardino Spagna, grave 53 (MAR “Paolo Orsi” inv. 50991). Deep bowl; flat, grooved rim; ring foot; two horizontal reflex handles with conical projecting ends; two opposite knobs between two grooved spool-lugs on the rim between the handles. Pinkish clay with inclusions. Black-brownish lustrous slip.H. 6.5; diam. rim 26.5. First quarter of the sixth century BC.Cultrera 1943, 77, no. 6.

No. 11. Handled dish. Fig. 15 Syracuse, Necropolis of Giardino Spagna, grave 53 (MAR “Paolo Orsi” inv. 50992).Deep bowl; flat, grooved rim; ring foot; two horizontal reflex handles with conical projecting ends; two opposite knobs between two grooved spool-lugs on the rim between the handles. On the exterior, light grooves under the rim.Grey clay with white inclusions. Black lustrous slip.H. 6, diam. rim 27.7.

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First quarter of the sixth century BC.Cultrera 1943, 77, no. 5, fig. 35.

No. 12. Handled dish. Fig. 16.Syracuse, Necropolis of Giardino Spagna, grave 53 (MAR “Paolo Orsi” inv. 50990).Deep bowl; flat rim; conical foot; two opposite horizontal reflex handles with conical projecting ends and two opposite spool-lugs on the rim. Grey-greenish clay; small white inclusions. Black slip (almost vanished).H. 11.2; diam 43.5.First quarter of the sixth century BC.Cultrera 1943, 77, no. 4.

No. 13. Stemmed dish. Fig. 17. Monte san Mauro di Caltagirone, grave 162 (MAR “Paolo Orsi” inv. 78121-78122).Deep bowl; flat rim; high tubular stand; two opposite grooved spool-shaped lugs on the rim; grooves on the rim; plastic band and grooves on the tubular stand.Fine grey clay.H. 31. diam. rim 21.5.First half of the sixth century BC.Frasca 2001, 2–4, figs. 3–5.

BIBLIOGRAPHYAlbanese Procelli, R. M. 2009 La ceramique grise monochrome en Sicile a l’Âge archaïque, in: Pontic Grey Wares Pontica 42, Suppl. 1,

Constanţa, 327–340.

Bayne, N. 2000 The Grey Wares of North-West Anatolia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age and their

Relation to the Early Greek Settlements, Asia Minor Studien 37, Bonn.

Boehlau, J. and Schefold, K.1942 Die Kleinfunde, Larisa am Hermos III. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1902–1934, Berlin.

Cultrera, G. 1943 “Siracusa. Scoperte nel Giardino Spagna”, Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 33–126.

D’Agostino, B.1974 “La civiltà del ferro nell’Italia meridionale e nella Sicilia”, Popoli e Civiltà dell’Italia Antica 3, Rome, 9–91.

Dupont, P. and Lungu, V. 2010 “Note sur un lébès gris hellénistique d’Istros”, in: P. Dupont and V. Lungu (eds.), Synergia pontica & aegeo-

anatolica, Galati, 149–158.

Fouilland, F. 2006 “Ceramiche non corinzie da Rifriscolaro”, in: P. Pelagatti, G. Di Stefano, L. De Lachenal (eds.), Camarina.

2600 anni dopo la Fondazione. Nuovi studi sulla città e sul territorio, Rome, 109–128.

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Fouilland, F., Frasca, M. and Pelagatti, P.1994–95 “Monte Casasia (Ragusa). Campagne di scavo 1966, 1972–73 nella necropoli indigena”, Notizie

degli Scavi di Antichità, 323–583.

Frasca, M. 2000 “Ceramiche tardo-geometriche a Kyme eolica”, in: F. Krinzinger (ed.), Die Ägäis und das westliche

Mittelmeer. Beziehungenund Wechselwirkungen 8. bis 5. Jh. v. Chr. Akten des Symposions Wien 24.–27. März 1999, Archäologische Forschungen 4, Vienna, 393–398.

Frasca, M. 2001 “Monte San Mauro di Caltagirone. Quattro tombe di un nucleo aristocratico nel VI secolo a.C.”, Bollettino

d’Arte 117, 2001, 1–26.

Frasca, M. 2012 “Siculi e Greci sui colli di Leontinoi: un aggiornamento”, in: F. Berlinzani (ed.) Convivenze etniche, scontri

e contatti di culture in Sicilia e Magna Grecia, Aristonothos, 7, 175–193.

Gürtekin-Demir, G. 2014 “Phrygian Aspects of Lydian Painted Pottery from Sardis”, American Journal of Archaeology 118, 223–239.

Kerschner, M.2005 “Die Ionier und ihr Verhältnis zu den Phrygern und Lydern. Beobachtungen zur archäologischen Evidenz”,

in: E. Schwertheim (ed.) Neue Forschungen zu Ionien Asia Minor Studien 54, Bonn, 113–146.

Knudsen, A. K. 1961 A Study on the Relation Between Phrygian Metalware and Pottery in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries BC

(PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).1964 “From a Sardis Tomb: A Lydian Pottery Imitation of a Phrygian Metal Bowl?”, Beritus 15, 59–69.

Lentini, M. C. 2008 Vasi del Wild Goat Style dalla Sicilia e dai Musei Europei (ed.), Catalogo della Mostra, Gela-Bochum 2006,

Syracuse.

Monterosso, G. 2011 “Vaso plastico in forma di leoncino”, in: F. Marzatico, R. Gebhard and P. Gleirsher (eds.), Le grandi vie

delle civiltà. Relazioni e scambi fra Mediterraneo e Centro Europa dalla preistoria alla romanità, Trento, 558–559.

Morel, J. P. 1998 “Osservazioni sul commercio e sui contatti delle città calcidesi in Sicilia”, in: M. C. Lentini (ed.), Naxos a

quarant’anni dall’inizio degli scavi, Naxos, 149–158.

Orsi, P.1925 “Siracusa. Nuova necropoli greca dei secoli VII–VI (Predio Spagna)”, Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità,

176–208.

Rizza, G. 1962 “Siculi e Greci sui colli di Leontini”, Cronache di Archeologia 1, 3–27.

Young, R. 1981 Three Great Early Tumuli, The Gordion Excavation Final Reports I, Philadelphia.

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Massimo Frasca

Fig. 1: Carinated cup from S. Aloe necropolis, cat. no. 1 Fig. 2: Trefoil oinochoe from Cozzo della Tignusa necropolis, cat. no. 2 (Frasca 2000)

Fig. 3: Distribution chart of the Indigenous Grey Ware in Eastern Sicily

Fig. 4: Trefoil oinochoe from Camarina, cat. no. 3 (Fouilland 2006)

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Fig. 5: Carinated bowl from Siracusa, necropolis of Fusco, cat. no. 6 Fig. 6: Carinated bowl from Siracusa, necropolis of Fusco, cat. no. 6

Fig. 7: Dish from Siracusa, Giardino Spagna necropolis, cat. no. 7


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Fig. 9: Bowl from Siracusa, Giardino Spagna necropolis, cat. no. 8



Fig. 12: Inside of the bowl cat. no. 9

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Fig. 13: Dish from Giardino Spagna necropolis, cat. no. 10



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Fig. 17: Stemmed dish from Monte san Mauro di Caltagirone, cat. no. 13 (Frasca 2001)


GREY WARE IN SICILY, BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

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