Grammar - The Basics
Transcript of Grammar - The Basics
Grammar: The BasicsDESINGED BY Sunil KumarResearch Scholar/ Food Production FacultyInstitute of Hotel and Tourism Management,MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAKHaryana- 124001 INDIA Ph. No. 09996000499email: [email protected] , [email protected] linkedin:- in.linkedin.com/in/ihmsunilkumarfacebook: www.facebook.com/ihmsunilkumar webpage: chefsunilkumar.tripod.com
This or That ?
A vase or two faces?
Which image do you see?
A young girl’s face or an old woman’s face?
Sentences Construction
Objective Understand the difference between SVO / SOV
Use the rule effectively for Sentence construction
Gamer Grammar
Objective Identify the commonly made mistakes while
speaking in English
To increase fluency in English
Building Blocks
Parts Parts of of
SpeechSpeech
AdjectiAdjectiveveAdverbAdverbPreposi
tiPreposi
ti
onon
Conjuncti
Conjuncti
ononVerbVerb
Interject
Interject
ionionNounNoun
PronounPronoun
Parts Of Speech
Noun Noun: is a word used as the name,
animal, place, or thing.
Person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary Place: home, office, town, countryside Animal: dog, cat, horse, monkey Thing: book, pen, room, tree
Parts Of Speech
Noun
Types Of Nouns Common Noun Proper Noun Collective Noun Abstract Noun Countable / Uncountable Nouns
Parts Of Speech
Noun
Common Noun Is a name given in common to
every person or thing of the
same class or kind.E.g.
City, man, boat, and radio
Parts Of Speech
Noun
Proper NounName of a specific person, placeor thing.
E.g.Eiffel Tower, India,Mr. Will Smith, Nokia
Parts Of Speech
Noun Collective NounName of a number ( or collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken of as a whole.
E.g. A Crowd -a collection of people An Army - collection of soldiers
Parts Of Speech
Noun Abstract NounIs usually the name of a quality, action, or state.
E.g. Quality - kindness, darkness, honesty
Action - laughter, theft State - sleep, sickness
Parts Of Speech
Noun
Countable Noun (or countables) are the names of objects, people, etc. that we can count.
E.g. book, pen, apple, boy Uncountable noun (or uncountables) are the names of things which cannot count.
E.g. milk, sugar, gold, oil
Parts Of Speech
Noun
Lisa works as a programmer at Microsoft.
Let's have lunch at McDonalds.
Mc Donalds Mc Donalds
Parts Of Speech
Noun
The sun sheds it’s beams on rich and poor alike.
Edward was a great king. The rose smells sweet. A flock of sheep is passing by. George was a brave soldier.
Name, Place, Animal, Thing
Fun time Lets play Name, Place, Animal, Thing with a differenceProper Noun
Common Noun
Collective Noun
Abstract Noun
Peter Postman Poultry Prayer
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
Pronoun: is a word used instead of a noun.
E.g. Tim is absent, because he is ill. This book is mine. It is doubtful whether he will come for the party.
Bob is a kind boy. He has lent his bicycle to Alice.
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
E.g. Do you think Mary is pretty? I think Mary is beautiful.
With pronouns, we can say: Do you think Mary is pretty? I think she is beautiful.
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun Personal Pronoun:
I, we, you, he, (she, it), are called Personal Pronouns because they stand for three persons.
E.g. The person speaking –This is my book The person spoken to – Those are your books The person spoken of- That is her book
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun Indefinite Pronoun Refers to noun that are indefinite.
E.g. One evening a beggar came to my door.
Somebody stole the mangoes.
Anybody
Each
Either
None
Someone
One
Few
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
Relative Pronoun- such as that, who, which, whose and whom which give extra information about the subject.
E.g. The woman who interviewed me was very friendly.
I can't stand dogs that bark loudly.
This, That
These, Those
Who, Whom
Whose, Which
What
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun Pronouns combined with –self or –selves to emphasize the subject of the verb.
E.g.I hurt myself.
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Ourselves
Themselves
Parts Of Speech
Pronoun
Person and Number Subjective Possessive Subjective
First Person Singular I Mine Me
First Person Plural We Ours UsSecond Person
Singular You Yours You
Second Person Plural You Yours You
Third Person Singular
He / she / it
His / hers / its
Him / her / it
Third Person Plural They Theirs They
Parts Of Speech
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun, pronoun or another adjective. An adjective "qualifies" or "modifies" a noun. Adjectives can be used before a noun or after certain verbs. We can often use two or more adjectives together.
E.g. A big car I like Chinese food It is a tough decision A beautiful young French lady
Parts Of Speech
Adjectives
Adjective Patterns: Adjectives can come before noun: a new car Adjectives can come after verbs: such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast
They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
Name Chain Fun Time
Hi! I’m Witty William
Hi! This is my friend Witty William And I am Energetic Esther
Hi! That’s Witty
William, this is Energetic
Esther and I am Helpful
Henry
Parts Of Speech
Verb
Verb: is a word that tells something about a person or thing.
E.g. The sun shines
brightly. Harry laughs.
Parts Of Speech
Verb
Auxiliary Verb: ‘To Do’, ‘Be’ and ‘Have’ are the English auxiliary verbs / helping verbs used in a negative structure, a question or to show tenses.
Modal Verb: Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity.
E.g. Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should
Parts Of Speech
Verb
Regular Verb: A regular verb is one that follows the pattern of taking -ed for the past simple and past participles.
E.g. walk / walked / walked Irregular Verb: An irregular verb is one that does not take the -ed ending for the Past Simple and Past Simple forms. Some verbs do not change.
Parts Of Speech
Verb Irregular Verbs
Base Form Past Tense Past Participle
Shut
Read
Shut
Read
Shut
Read Sit Build
Sat
Built
Sat
Built
Know See
Knew Saw
Known Seen
Types of Verbs
Parts Of Speech
Verb
Characteristics of Verbs Verbs usually come after the subject of the sentence.
E.g. Chris paints well. Verbs must agree in person (first, second, etc.) and number (singular and plural) with the subject of the sentence.
E.g. She sings sweetly.They sing sweetly.
Parts Of Speech
Adverb
Adverb - An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb. But adverbs can also modify adjectives, or even other adverbs.
E.g. The man ran quickly. Tara is really beautiful. The Cell phone works very well.
Parts Of Speech
Adverb
Characteristics of Adverb1. FunctionThe main job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.Modify a verb:- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)(In the following examples, the adverb is in red and the word that it modifies is in purple.)
Parts Of Speech
Adverb
2. Form Many adverbs end in -ly.
E.g. quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly.
But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs.E.g. "Friendly", is an adjective.
Some adverbs have no particular form. E.g. well, fast, very, never, always, often, still
Parts Of Speech
Adverb3. PositionAdverbs have three main positions in the sentence:
Front (before the subject):- Now we will study adverbs.
Middle (between the subject and the main verb):- We often study adverbs.
End (after the verb or object):- We study adverbs carefully.
Dumbverb
Lets have some fun Enact the given adverbs while the class guesses the same.
E.g. Harry and Sally dance gracefully.
Parts Of Speech
Prepositions
Prepositions: are words that we can use to indicate time, place and space.
PREPOSITIONS
Period/Point of TimeDuring
ThroughoutAt
PositionIn, Under, Over, Beside,
Between, Opposite,Among, Between
DirectionTowardsPast
Around
Parts Of Speech
Prepositions
Commonly used PrepositionsAboard About Above Across AfterAgainst Along Among Around AtBefore Behind Below Beneath BesideBetween Beyond By Down DuringExcept For From Into LikeOf On Over Since To
Within In Up Over OffTowards Under Until Upon With
Parts Of Speech
Prepositions
We went to school on Monday.
My plane stopped at Washington and New Jersey and arrived in New York two hours late.
Lord of the Ad world
Fun Time
Identify slogans with Prepositions in them
E.g.Lets go in an ALTO – Maruti
King of good times - Kingfisher
Kingfi
sh
er
Parts Of Speech
Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions - are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses.
E.g. Jack and Jill went up the hill.
The water was warm but I didn't go swimming.
F – For
A – And
N – Nor
B – But
O – Or
Y – Yet
S - So
Parts Of Speech
Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions - A word or words used to connect unequal parts of a sentence.
E.g. I went swimming, although it was cold.
Since, Because,
If, After, Until,
Although, Before,
As Though, Though,
When, Unless
As
Parts Of Speech
Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions – A pair of conjunctions used to show a comparison. (They are also known as paired conjunctions)
E.g.Not only is she rich, but also intelligent.
Both-and
Either-or
Neither-nor
Since-therefore
If-then
Not only-but also
Parts Of Speech
Interjection
Interjection: is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Hello!, Bravo!, Alas! or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.
Alas !
Parts Of Speech
Interjection
E.g. "Hey ! look at that!" (calling attention )
"Hi ! What's new?" (expressing greeting )
"Well ! what did he say?" (introducing a remark )
Well ! what did he say?
Hi ! What's new?
Subjects and Verbs
Objective
Identify the correct usage of Subject and Verb in a sentence
Identify the correct usage of Subjects and Verbs while speaking in English
Subjects and Verbs
Verb: The part of speech that expresses action, or state of being.
Subject: The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about in a sentence.
Subjects and Verbs
Subject and Verb Agreement The Verb agrees with the Subject in Number and
Person
E.g. Sam and Harry are friends.
Subjects and Verbs
Harry Potter is an interesting book.
Every boy and girl is ready to run for the marathon.
Harry Potte
r
Tenses
Objective
Identify the correct usage of Tense in a sentence
Identify the correct usage of Tense while speaking in English
Tenses
The Tense of a verb shows the time of action or event.
Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to express time in language.
Tenses
There are three main Tenses: Present Tense: a verb that refers to the present time. E.g. I write a letter.
Past Tense: a verb that refers to the past time. E.g. I wrote a letter.
Future Tense: a verb that refers to the future time. E.g. I will write a letter.
TensesSimple Present Simple Past
Future ContinuousPast ContinuousPresent Continuous
Future PerfectPast PerfectPresent Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
I study English everyday.
IS / AM / ARE + verb in ING
I am studying English now.
WAS / WERE + verb in ING
I was studying English when you called yesterday.
HAS / HAVE + P.PI have studied English in several
different countries.
HAS / HAVE + BEEN + verb in ING
I have been studying English for five years.
Two years ago, I studied English in England.
HAD + P.P.I had studied a little English before I moved to the U.S.
HAD + BEEN + verb in ING
I had been studying English for five years before I moved to the U.S.
I will be studying English next year.
SHALL / WILL + BE + verb in ING
I will be studying English when you arrive tonight.
SHALL / WILL + BE + verb in ING
I will be studying English when you arrive tonight.
SHALL / WILL + HAS / HAVE + BEEN + verb in ING
I will have been studying English for over two hours by the time you
arrive.
Tense Tenses
Fun Time
Group B write a story in the Past
Group C write a story in the Future
Group A write a story in the Present
Question Tags
Objective
To aid formulating appropriate questions.
To learn to convert ideas or sentences into questions.
Question Tags
Question tags are a grammatical structure in which a statement or idea is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment ( tag ).
Their pattern is ‘auxiliary + n’t + subject’, if the statement is ‘positive’ and ‘auxiliary + subject’, if the statement is ‘negative’.
Question Tags
E.g. Positive Sentence He has left already, hasn’t he? Andrew came to school yesterday, didn’t he?
Negative Sentence He doesn’t like tea, does he? John can’t speak English fluently, can
he?
Direct And Indirect Speech
Objective
To understand the two ways of relating and quoting what someone has said.
Direct And Indirect Speech
In Direct Speech the original speaker’s exact words are given and indicated by quotation marks (“ ”)
E.g. “I don’t know what to do,” said Dean.
In Indirect Speech the exact meaning of the speaker’s words are given, but the exact words are not directly quoted.
E.g. Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
Direct And Indirect Speech
Some pointers to convert Direct Speech into Indirect
Speech and vice – versa. If the main verb is in the past tense, the present tense verbs in that sentence must be changed to past tense.
First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.
Voice
Active Voice: The verb is active, when the subject (agent) does the action (verb) to something (object).
E.g. The doctor wrote a prescription.
Passive Voice: The verb is passive, when the subject takes the action upon itself.
E.g. The prescription was written by the doctor.
Voice
The refreshm ents are going to be prepared by Karen.
That skyscraper was built in 1934.
G ram m ar is taught to us by Ratna.
By whom was this done?
Jane is helped by Fred.
Passive Voice
Karen is going to prepare the refreshm ents.
They built that skyscraper in 1934.
Ratna teaches us gram m ar.
W ho did this?
Fred helps Jane.
Active Voice
The refreshm ents are going to be prepared by Karen.
That skyscraper was built in 1934.
G ram m ar is taught to us by Ratna.
By whom was this done?
Jane is helped by Fred.
Passive Voice
Karen is going to prepare the refreshm ents.
They built that skyscraper in 1934.
Ratna teaches us gram m ar.
W ho did this?
Fred helps Jane.
Active Voice
News Time
Aftermath of 9/11 gets film focus
Charles and Camilla's wedding day
Beckham family affairs are fair game for the public
Joseph Ratzinger is the new Pope
Thank YouDESINGED BY Sunil KumarResearch Scholar/ Food Production FacultyInstitute of Hotel and Tourism Management,MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAKHaryana- 124001 INDIA Ph. No. 09996000499email: [email protected] , [email protected] linkedin:- in.linkedin.com/in/ihmsunilkumarfacebook: www.facebook.com/ihmsunilkumar webpage: chefsunilkumar.tripod.com