Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum

Edited by Martin Hengel and Peter Schäfer

94

ART I BUS

Burton L. Visotzky

Golden Bells and Pomegranates

Studies in Midrash Leviticus Rabbah

Mohr Siebeck

Burton L. Visotzky, born 1951; Prof. Visotzky holds the Nathan and Janet Appleman Chair in Midrash and Interreligious Studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York.

ISBN 3-16-147991-2 ISSN 0721-8753

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; de-tailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de.

© 2003 J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), P.O. Box 2040, D-72010 Tübingen.

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Acknowledgements

The preacher was quite right, there is no end to the making of books. This monograph on Midrash Leviticus Rabbah has been long in the making and I owe gratitude to many scholars who have commented on the work in progress over the years. I have benefited by being able to present my work on Leviticus Rabbah to my colleagues in a variety of academic fora over the years and I here express my thanks to the following: JTSA colleagues (2000, Faculty Lunch and Learn), Hebrew University (1999, Dinur Center and Ettinger Forum), SBL International (1998, Krakow), Ecole Biblique and Sorbonne (1998, Jerusalem Colloquy on Jewish-Christianity), SBL Annual Meeting (1982)

Thanks also to those who have read and commented on various chapters of the work in a variety of forms: Profs. Shaye J. D. Cohen, Sebastian Brock, Richard Sarason, Seth Schwartz, Gwynn Kessler (each of whom read selected chapters in earlier drafts), Lieve Teugels (who was kind enough to read through the entire manuscript and make dozens of sugges-tions, particularly bibliographic); Stephen Hazan Arnoff, Rabbis Jill Ham-mer and Pat Fenton; and to yet other colleagues who critiqued an earlier version of the manuscript. Special thanks to my research assistants over the years: Susan Lazev, Danielle Upbin, Rachel Kranson, and Tzipora Sofare.

Finally, my appreciation to Profs. Martin Hengel and Peter Schaefer, with whom I am delighted to be working again. I also acknowledge my debt to the remarkable staff at Mohr/Siebeck, under the direction of Jewish Studies editor Dr. Henning Ziebritzki. My final and best thanks, as always, to my wife Sandy. These last seven years have been as but a few days, such is my love for her.

New York, October, 2002 Burton L. Visotzky

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements V

Chapter 1. Golden Bells and Pomegranates: Introduction 1

Chapter 2. Structure: The Problem of Thematic Unity 10

Chapter 3. Proem and Soma: Shaping Text Clusters 23

Chapter 4. A Miscellany of Rabbinic Tradition 31

Chapter 5. Folk literature and Aramaic 41

Chapter 6. LR as Hellenistic Provincial Literature 48

Chapter 7. Content: On Priests, Sacrifices and Leviticus 59

Chapter 8. Leviticus Rabbinicus 76

Chapter 9. Anthropology I: Body and Soul 90

Chapter 10. "Anthropology" II: Women 99

Chapter 11. Anthropology III: Poverty and Powerlessness 121

Chapter 12. Angels and Insects: Theology, Angelology,

Prophecy, Eschatology 135

Chapter 13. Esau, Edom, and Others 154

Chapter 14. Summary and Conclusions 173

Bibliography 181 Index of Biblical and Rabbinic 193 Index of Other Ancient Sources 201 Index of Subjects 203

Chapter 1

Introduction

Leviticus, the central book of the Torah, sets out the rules for the priesthood, while the final book, Deuteronomy, attests to the centrality of the levitic priesthood and its pride of place in Jerusalem, "the place where the Lord God chose to establish His name." Yet disaffection with the sacrificial cult of the Jerusalem Temple had begun even before its destruction by Roman troops in the year 70 CE. This difficult phenomenon is a necessary backdrop to this study. The beginnings of the synagogue and its attendant study and worship,1 the break-away communities at places such as Qumran,2 and the nascent Christian community,3 all point to an unease, if not a complete rupture with the Jerusalem cult. This disaffection constituted an enormous problem in the history of the religious development of the Jews. The sacri-ficial system of the central book of the Torah had, by the middle of the first century of the common era, ceased to exercise the dominant hold it had on the people Israel during much of its existence. The destruction of the Tem-ple was the beginning of a journey toward the solution to this problem.

In the century or two following the destruction of the Temple, perhaps especially following the debacle of the Bar Kokhba revolt, a certain kind of nostalgia for the Temple cult held sway. Even as Judaism reconstituted itself as a new form of religion, one which functioned independent of animal

1 Among many other studies, see, most recently, Lee I. Levine, The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2000).

2 Which seems to have housed varying ideological communities during its years of existence, all apparently sharing the common denominator of rejection of the Jerusalem cultus. See Geza Vermes, An Introduction to the Complete Dead Sea Scrolls (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1998); T. H. Lim, et al, The Dead Sea Scrolls in their Historical Context (Edin-burgh: T & T Clark, 1999); and the article by John Kamper in edd. R. Kugler and E. Schuller, The Dead Sea Scrolls at Fifty (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999) 185-97; et passim.

3 Anti-Temple feeling can be traced in the Gospel of John 2:13-22, see the commentary of Raymond E. Brown, The Gospel According to John The Anchor Bible, vol. 29 (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1966), vol. 1, p. 122; and the bibliography cited by Brown, ibid., p. 125; especially Oscar Cullman, "L'opposition contre le Temple de Jerusalem," NTS 5 (1958-59) 157-73; and Robert L. Wilken, The Land Called Holy (New Haven: Yale, 1992), 50, et passim; as well as in the Epistle to the Hebrews 8-10, with the commentary of George W. Buchanan, To the Hebrews The Anchor Bible, vol 36 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972), ad loc.; and as a final example, The Epistle of Barnabas, Ch. 16.

2 Chapter 1. Introduction

sacrifice, one which offered atonement without the blood of animals or resorting to an hereditary priesthood - even so, much of the revolution in Jewish religion was carefully couched in the language of the moribund Temple and its procedures.4 Throughout the earliest layers of rabbinic lit-erature - the library we refer to today as Tannaitic literature5 - the language of the levitic cult was carefully preserved, as was its basic agenda. One is left with the impression, which though unsaid is nevertheless overwhelm-ing, that the rabbis who authored these texts became, as it were, the new priesthood. The rabbis co-opted the timeframes of the Temple6, the tithes of the priesthood, the system of purities of the cult, etc.7 The message of the early literature, and particularly the Tannaitic rabbinic work on Leviticus -Sifra DeBei Rav or Torat Kohanim - seems to be that the rabbis are now the guardians and interpreters of the Temple cult.

Reflexes of this piety remain in later rabbinic literature. Yet, by the time of the redaction of Palestinian Amoraic works (between the mid-fourth and end of the fifth century, ca. 363-500 CE) a sharp change in the attitude of the rabbis is noticeable. The rabbis seem less concerned with the details of the long gone cult than they are with the minutiae of their own curriculum. Torah and its study - and this means rabbinic oral Torah - replaces the earlier focus on the Temple and its cult. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the Amoraic collection devoted to Leviticus, the midrash called Leviticus Rabbah (LR).

4 I echo the acute observations of Jacob Neusner on perceptions of Jewish religious thinking about the Second Temple throughout rabbinic literature. For some of his works on this subject see the bibliographies in his Introduction to Rabbinic Literature (New York: Doubleday, 1994). Other strong influences on my thinking on this subject are the works of Shaye J. D. Cohen, e.g., From the Maccabees to the Mishnah (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987) and the teacher of both of these scholars, the late Morton Smith, see "Pales-tinian Judaism in the First Century," now in Studies in the Cult of Yahweh vol. 1, ed. S.J.D.Cohen (Leiden: Brill, 1996) along with Smith's other essays on ancient Judaism collected there. I am still also under the sway of the incisive thinking of Gerson D. Cohen on these topics. See his Studies in the Variety of Rabbinic Cultures (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991).

5 Mishnah, Tosefta, the so-called Halachic Midrashim on the Torah and the various Baraitot scattered through the Palestinian Talmud (and those baraitot in the Babylonian Talmud, too, though I admit them to this loose canon with less enthusiasm). I date the content of the Tannaitic midrashim as contemporary with Mishnah, perhaps even slightly before it, ca. 170-220; although I assume the final redactive dates of the documents to be post-Mishnaic. For general information and bibliography, see H. L. Strack, G. Stemberger, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash (English translation by Markus Bockmuehl, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992).

6 From the very outset of the Mishnah, see, e.g., mBer. 1:1. 7 Neusner 's many books on the orders of Mishnah/Tosefta dealing with purities are

most instructive in this regard. See n. 4 for a key to his massive bibliography.

Chapter 1. Introduction 3

It is tempting to offer conjecture as to why this shift occurred. I surmise that the rabbis had more or less grown used to their own system of power and culture at the same time that they accepted the likelihood (and perhaps welcomed the realization) that the Temple would not be rebuilt. By this time, Christianity had become firmly established in Palestine.8 The Em-peror Constantine's mother, Queen Helena, had made her pilgrimage tour and endowed the building of churches seemingly almost everywhere. The Jews of Palestine could not miss the boom in construction nor the churches that stood as mute testament to the Christianity's arrival as a power to contend with.

The debacle of the Emperor Julian and his proposal to rebuild the Jewish Temple as a response to all this Christian building must have also had its effect. After 363 CE, there were few pretensions that the Temple would be rebuilt in this lifetime. The constant pilgrim traffic, the various Church councils, the rise of Christian militancy9 - all of these gave birth to an image of Esau more foreboding than anything the rabbis had even yet dared to imagine.10 The rabbis turned toward their oral Torah and away from any pretensions toward a revival of the Temple cult and all it entailed. They no longer had a vision of a Jewish Temple cult administered by a dynastic

8 Robert Wilken, The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought; Guenter Stemberger, Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the Fourth Century (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2000).

9 I offer a partial bibliography less as an attempt to thoroughly outline the complex of issues raised here than as a window into what has shaped my thinking about this transi-tional period in Roman/Christian/Jewish history. Samuel Dill, Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire (Cleveland: Meridian, reprint 1958, orig. 1898); J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire 2 vols., (New York: Dover, 1958); M. L. W. Laistner, Christianity and Pagan Culture in the Later Roman Empire (Ithaca: Cornell, 1951); almost anything Ramsay MacMullen has written, especially, Christianizing the Roman Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984) and Corruption and the Decline of Rome (New Haven: Yale, 1988) and now, Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries (New Yaven: Yale Univ. Press, 1997); the same is true for the works of Peter Brown, two titles may suffice: The Making of Late Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978) and Augustine of Hippo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967). Augustine, though technically Western, not only remained in contact with the fathers of the Holy Land, but was a seminal figure in the rise of Church militancy. As well as Brown, see Henry Chadwick, Augustine (Oxford, OUP, 1986). Chadwick's work still defines the twentieth century's perceptions of the period. See, too, Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1986) and Averil Cameron, The Mediterra-nean World in Late Antiquity (London: Routledge, 1993) and The Later Roman Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993). A final work that is instructive on the immensity of the Roman apparatus which the Jews faced is Amnon Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987).

10 See Gerson D. Cohen, "Esau as Symbol in Early Medieval Thought," in Studies in the Variety of Rabbinic Cultures, pp. 243-269.

4 Chapter 1. Introduction

priesthood except as a distant messianic vision. For the near term, accom-modation with Rome, even the hated Christian Rome, caused them to refocus their gaze away from the Temple's sacrificial cult and toward the sanctuary of Torah, its teachers, and the synagogues and academies where they held forth.11

I offer this historic scenario as a conjecture to explain why the stark shift in rabbinic literature about Leviticus occurred. But the purpose of this study is to explore and map the shift in the literature with a thorough examination of LR. The radical nature of the rabbis' departure from devotion to the Temple cult is most apparent in LR. Ostensibly a midrash on Leviticus -Torat Cohanim, it is much more a book about rabbinic practice and ideol-ogy. Virtually ignoring the details of Leviticus, LR focuses on aggadah over halachah, and on rabbanism over the workings of the priesthood. No longer content to co-opt the language of the Temple and the cult, LR works toward the replacement of the old system with the now firmly established Rabbinic Judaism.

In order to show that LR ignores the sacrificial systems of Leviticus as it replaces them with Torah and its study, it is necessary to thoroughly outline the content of LR. Further, novel elements of style, structure and redaction place LR at a turning point in rabbinic literature. Some of these features of LR have been debated for a century and more.12 Others have yet to be observed or offered as part of the scholarly agenda. This monograph under-takes to survey and synthesize the broad areas necessary to understand LR, while at the same time offering detailed studies of both structure and content.

The first part of this monograph will undertake to explore the structural issues, or form over content. One of the conclusions we will reach is that the form - a miscellany - in some measure determines the broad variety of content in LR. Even where topics are collected under a common rubric, they may well be mutually contradictory, or at the least appear to be a somewhat motley collection. Hence we begin the next chapter with the oft discussed problem of just how to consider LR - is it a collection of synagogue

" Again, Neusner's influence should be apparent. He has outlined the plan and pro-gram of both Genesis and Leviticus Rabbah as responses to Christianity, see Comparative Midrash (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986) among others. I am far less convinced that the individual works, particularly LR, are written in direct response to Christian argument. See below on LR's sporadic responses to Christianity.

12 Starting, of course, with Leopold Zunz, Die Gottesdienstlichen Vortraege der Juden, historisch entwickelt (Berlin: A. Asher, 1832), passim. Among other early works see David Kunstlinger, Die Petichot des Midrasch Rabba zu Leviticus (Krakau: Verlag des Verfassers, 1913). The overwhelming majority of interest has been in the last four decades, for which, v. infra.

Chapter 1. Introduction 5

homilies or an edited rabbinic anthology? We survey the apparent themes of each of the thirty-seven chapters of the book. These themes are compared and contrasted with the listings of other scholars in an attempt to find consensus. Norman Cohen's work on thematic unity and Jacob Neusner's theories of LR are taken up here.13 In addition to considering the "thematic unity" of the chapters, we also take up the question of whether these chap-ters each have clearly definable "messianic perorations." Finally, we will first advance our suggestion of "text clusters" as a means of understanding the thirty-seven chapter groupings in LR.'4

We turn in chapter three to the most prominent structural feature of each of the thirty-seven chapters of LR, its division into petihah15 and gufah seg-ments. Various theories are discussed in the context of LR's relationship to its contemporary midrashim, in particular, Pesikta deRav Kahana (PdRK). It will not be giving away the ending to state here that I am of the opinion that LR takes materials from Pesikta. This, of course, implies that PdRK pre-cedes LR at least somewhat in time and redaction date. Nevertheless, I believe that the petihah and gufah terms (particularly the latter which is unique to LR) have a distinct usage in LR, subtly different than the petihah does in other midrashim which employ it. This distinction is due in part to the influence of hellenistic historiography on the forms and redaction of LR.

Since the petihahs of LR often recast earlier, traditional aggadic materi-als, the structural section of this monograph continues with a chapter on LR's relationship to earlier midrashim, particularly Sifra, Pesikta de Rav Kahanah, Genesis Rabbah and the Talmud Yerushalmi.16 Later texts that quote LR are also briefly surveyed. This allows us to offer a possible

13 N. Cohen, "Leviticus Rabbah, Parashah 3 " JQR 72 (1982) 18-31 and, idem., "Struc-ture and Editing in the Homiletic Midrashim," AJSReview 6 (1981) 1-20. Neusner's theories are expressed in The Integrity of Leviticus Rabbah Brown Judaic Studies 93 (Chico: Schol-ars Press, 1985), Comparative Midrash: The Plan and Program of Genesis and Leviticus Rabbah Brown Judaic Studies 111 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986) and Judaism and Scrip-ture: The Evidence of Leviticus Rabbah (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). The summary of his voluminous midrashic labors may be found in his Introduction to Rabbinic Literature (New York: Doubleday, 1994), where there is a thorough, if partial, bibliography.

14 This final point is based on my "Aggadic Exegesis: Some Redactional Principles of Leviticus Rabbah." [Hebrew] in edd. Elbaum, Hasan-Rokem, Levinson, New Directions in the Study of Midrash and Aggada: The Jonah Fraenkel Volume (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, forthcoming).

15 The term is commonly used for a given form of midrashic text, see chapter 3 below for complete bibliography. It should be noted that the term does not appear in LR in either Hebrew, or Aramaic (petihta), although the introduction to the form, Rabbi ploni patah, is ubiquitous.

16 Cf. Ofra Meir, "The redaction of Genesis and Leviticus Rabbah," [Hebrew] Te'udah 11 (1996), 61-90.

6 Chapter 1. Introduction

redaction date, further buttressed by a survey of the most frequently cited rabbis, generally Palestinians living in the third through fifth generations of Amoraim, viz. ca. 300-360 CE. All of these data point to a likely date of redaction for LR between the mid-fourth to the end of the fifth century.17

Having looked at LR's treatment of traditional rabbinic material, in chap-ter five we discuss the role of Aramaic as a folklore and dialogue marker. The relationship of Aramaic to Hebrew in the varying sections of the work will also be examined. In this treatment of folklore, it is important to blur the distinction between high and low culture. One might be inclined to treat the traditional rabbinica as high and the folk literature as low. However, both flourished together in the atmosphere of the Bet midrash and the Bet Knesset. A brief review of the folklore studies on LR rounds out this chapter.

In the chapter on the petihtah, LR was considered under the influence of hellenistic literary genres. In order to demonstrate this hellenistic influence, I survey LR for its signs. I begin by noting the pervasive Greek vocabulary in the work. Chapter six then turns to Greek heuristic models for LR, considering Hirschman's theory of the encyclopedia model (which he pro-posed for Ecclesiastes Rabbah), as well as models of the hellenistic history. It also undertakes a comparison of parallel motifs shared between LR and a Greek work of Symposium literature, Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae. I con-clude by returning to the phenomenon of text clusters in Rabbinic literature. This type of clustering was first pointed out by Avigdor Shinan in his work on Targum. The phenomenon of clustering, combined with the hellenistic backdrop to LR's redaction, points to the hellenistic Miscellany as an heu-ristic model for LR.18

The second part of the monograph is devoted to the various themes of LR. We begin with a survey of LR's attitude towards the priesthood. Although one would expect an ostensible commentary on Leviticus to dwell at length and with much praise upon the priesthood, LR actually treats it quite differ-ently. There are a limited number of texts bearing directly on the priesthood and these are of a decidedly mixed nature. There are texts which offer praise to the priesthood and offer it as a model for the rabbinate. Yet, there are also texts which are acutely critical of the priesthood. In between these extremes

17 See Mordecai Margulies, Midrash Wayyikra Rabbah 2nd printing (Jerusalem: Wahr-mann Books, 1972). This is the edition of LR, without which no critical work could be accomplished. Margulies' introduction (Part Five of his edition) remains the best overall guide to LR, even if one may - as I do - quibble with details or strike out into new areas. The research in this book is based entirely upon the LR text presented by Margulies. Exceptions to this text edition (e.g. from MS. Munich) are always noted.

18 Some of these structural sections were initially surveyed in my "Aggadic Exegesis: Some Redactional Principles of Leviticus Rabbah," op. cit.

Chapter 1. Introduction 7

are texts that point to the replacability of the priesthood and to the tensions that exist between Moses as rabbinic model (Moshe rabbenu) and the priests. This variety of opinions is in keeping with two observations: the first is the miscellaneous/encyclopedic nature of LR itself. The second is the fact that LR collects traditional materials; hence there is an aggregate of opinions. Some of these are more inclined to praise the priesthood. Others are at a far distance from an actual working priesthood, and hence, more at ease with criticizing it.

This ambiguity in the treatment of the priesthood and its limitation to a small cluster of verses points to another noticable phenomenon in LR. The midrash actually treats a relatively small proportion of the biblical book. When compared with the overwhelming number of citations of verses from Genesis in Genesis Rabbah, or the frequency of citation of Leviticus verses in Sifra, the paucity of citation of Leviticus verses in LR stands in stark contrast. It is almost as though LR uses the verses of Leviticus as the pretext for its own agenda, rather than as the central focus of its exegesis. In other words, LR is more concerned with gathering aspects of the rabbinic agenda than it is with exposition of the levitic program.

To some extent this diversion away from the centrality of Leviticus may be seen in LR's treatment of the sacrificial cult. Here it must be noted that the lack of a Temple altar profoundly colors LR's attitude. Inability to offer sacrifice forces the rabbis to find a substitute harmatology and concomitant system of atonement. It should come as no surprise that LR offers the joint rabbinic activities of prayer and study as replacement for Temple offerings.

In chapter eight, the focus then shifts to the rabbanization of Leviticus. Torah study in all of its manifestations is celebrated in LR. Various aspects of this celebration are considered. There is also a discussion of the exegeti-cal terminology which defines the rabbinic approach to the Bible, as it is used in LR.

Following these chapters considering the rabbanization of Leviticus, we turn to the rabbinic ideologies reflected in the work. We begin on earth, with the mundane. Rabbinic anthropology is surveyed, particularly focusing on LR 4, which considers the soul and the relationship between body and soul.19 Of course, rabbinic anthropology emphasizes the anthropos, male.

19 This is based in part on a previously published study, "The Priest's Daughter and the Thief in the Garden: The Soul of Midrash Leviticus Rabbah," in edd. Wiles, Brown, et al., Putting Body and Soul Together: Essays in Honor of Robin Scroggs (Valley Forge: Trinity Press International, 1997), 165-171. The chapter has benefitted as well from exposure to colleagues at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Nov., 1999, where I lectured to the Dinur Institute and Ettinger Association. The dialogue on that occasion bore much of the fruit harvested here.

8 Chapter 1. Introduction

In chapter ten of the monograph there will be a consideration of the ways in which LR treats women as a not unrelated, but separate category. Here, too, the anthological and encyclopedic character of the work will be under-scored by the broad range in attitudes expressed toward women. Finally, we observe the powerful sympathy the rabbis express for the human condition, notably the condition of poverty (LR chaps 3, 34). The rhetoric of absolute moral commitment of the rabbis to assist those in need is contrasted with rabbinic censure of those who ignore the poor.

From earth, we move to the heavenly realms, exploring the theology and angelology of LR in chapter twelve of this study. This includes certain LR texts related to eschatology. The end of days cannot be considered without a view of non-Jews and how they shall fare. We survey LR's attitudes towards Christianity,20 Jewish-Christianity,21 and paganism. Chapter thir-teen is rounded out by an overview of how LR treats Rome, whether as a pagan or as a christian empire. With this survey of the "other" in LR, we complete our content appraisal of LR and its particular rabbinic Welt-anschauung. As will be clear from the content materials surveyed, the ambiguities and contradictions of the collected texts point further to the encyclopedic nature of LR as a rabbinic miscellany.

The monograph ends with a brief final chapter of summary and conclu-sions on the "book" we know as LR. Margulies' own introduction to LR ran forty pages, and remains very valuable. Hanoch Albeck wrote an eighteen page article on LR22 and Joseph Heinemann wrote a profile of LR in the early 1970's.23 In the mid-eighties, Jacob Neusner turned his attention to LR in a number of volumes.24 There have been many studies on individual aspects and texts of LR in the last half century.25 This is the first monograph

20 Based in part on my earlier study, "Anti-Christian Polemic in Leviticus Rabbah," Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 56 (1990), 83-100, reprinted in my, Fathers of the World: Essays in Rabbinic and Patristic Literatures W.U.N.T. 80 (Tuebingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1995), 93-105.

21 Based in part on my study, "Jewish-Christianity in Rabbinic Documents: An Exami-nation of Leviticus Rabbah" Le Judeo-Christianisme dans tous ses Etats: Actes du Colloque de Jerusalem, 6-10 Juillet, 1998 edd. Simon Mimouni and F. S. Jones (Paris: Editions Cerf, 2001) 335-349.

22 "Midrash Vayikra Rabbah" [Hebrew] in edd. Lieberman, et al., Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume (New York, 1946).

23 "The art of composition in Midrash Leviticus Rabbah," [Hebrew] HaSifrut 2 (1971) 808-834, epitomized in English as "Profile of a Midrash," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 39 (1971) 141-150; also, "Leviticus Rabbah," Encyclopaedia Judaica (1972) vol. 11:147-150.

24 See n. 13, supra. 25 Bibliography will be provided infra, passim.

Chapter 1. Introduction 9

length study of LR in the last fifteen years. It is a different approach from previous work, and covers much new ground.

This work is intended to stimulate further discussion of the redactional-structural aspects of LR and its content areas. It is also hoped that having laid the groundwork through an examination of the literature, this book will spur historians to renewed examination of this exciting and seminal period of rabbinic and Jewish history. Any century that gives birth to a new library, perhaps even a new canon of Jewish literature, must be a time that continues to capture our academic interest even as it offers us the wisdom of its Torah.

Chapter 2

Structure: The Problem of Thematic Unity

Just what type o f a b o o k is L R ? Earlier rabbinic works , wi th the notable e x c e p t i o n o f the Mishnah, 1 are c o m m e n t a r i e s o f o n e sort or another. The Tose f ta and the Talmud Yerushalmi serve as c o m m e n t a r i e s on the Mishnah , w h i l e the Tannaitic Midrash im and G e n e s i s Rabbah c o m m e n t on the b o o k s o f the Torah.2 The Pesikta dRav Kahana, w h i c h I date marginally earlier than LR, bears similarities with the earlier commentar ies 3 and yet also s h o w s s o m e of the editorial originality of LR. 4 This first sect ion o f the monograph ponders LR's singular structure: its nove l contribution to rabbinic literature, its p lace within rabbinic literature, its relationship to hel lenist ic literary genres and the e f f e c t o f all o f this upon the varied contents o f LR.

It is a c o m m o n p l a c e that rabbinic aggad ic midrash im m a y be d iv ided into exege t i ca l and homi le t i ca l works . 5 Th i s presumes , at least initially, that the latter category preserves aggadot that had their or ig ins in the Sitz im Leben of the Palest in ian s y n a g o g u e . But in the last decades , midrash scholars have

1 Jacob Neusner has focussed on the similarities between LR and Mishnah, particularly in his Judaism and Scripture: The Evidence of Leviticus Rabbah (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). This comparison also informs his The Integrity of Leviticus Rabbah (Chico: Scholars Press, 1985) and his Comparative Midrash: The Plan and Program of Genesis and Leviticus Rabbah (Chico: Scholars Press, 1986). It will be clear that I am continually in dialogue with these three works throughout this half of the monograph. See below for more detail on LR and the Mishnah. Cf. David Halivni, Midrash, Mishnah, and Gemara (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1986).

2 See below at chapter four for more on the relationship of these works to LR. 3 In that it is ostensibly structured as "commentary" on the lectionary cycle. 4 In its tendency to collect materials in clusters, its use of proems to set off chapters, and

the like. See chapter three below for more on the close relationship of LR and PdRK. 5 Beginning with, inter alia, Y. L. Zunz, Die Gottesdienstliche Vortraege des Judens

historisch entwickelt (Berlin: A. Asher, 1832); J. Theodor in MGWJ (1879-81); and re-cently, even in popular Judaica, e.g. Barry Holtz, "Midrash," in Back to the Sources (New York: Summit, 1984). This artificial division is found with equal prevalence among Israeli scholars, see, e.g. Jonah Fraenkel, Darkhei HaAggadah VehaMidrash (Givataaim: Yad LaTalmud, 1991) and more recently in Midrash VeAggadah (Tel Aviv: HaUniversitah Ha-petukha, 1996). But some softening of the division has been made in recognition of cross-over, e.g., Ofra Meir, Hasippur HaDarshani Beverishit Rabbah (Hakibbutz Hameukhad, 1987) - where Meir attributed homiletics to Genesis Rabbah, which is usually classified as exegetic.

Index of Biblical and Rabbinic Sources These entries are primarily found in the footnotes.

Bible

Genesis

1:26 2:7 9:18 Ch. 14 Ch. 15 Ch. 18 22:15 28:12 32:4 Ch. 36 36:1

Exodus

2:12 3:10 19:6 24:10

Leviticus

1:1 1:2 2:3 2:10 4:2 4:3 4 : 3 - 4 4:13-14 6:2 7:32-34 9:1 10:16-20 10:20 15:19 15:25 16:1

59, 74

101 101 26 163 68 139 140 139 155 155 155

142, 145 81 89 80

13, 26 13 84 84 13, 26, 96 13, 66 26 26 71, 73 94 86 63 63 107 108 13

16:3 16:17 19:2 20:7 22:1-16 22:27

Numbers

3:1 5:23 18:8-19 28:11 Ch. 7 10:35-36 Ch. 16 Ch 19-20 23:23

Deuteronomy

10:9 12:20 15:7 15:10 Ch. 17

Judges

4 11

I Sam

17:49 25:44

II Samuel

3:15

14,61 148 101 101 94 70

64 111 93 64 72 80 147 106 142

133 69 133 133 165

106 64

81 106

106

194 Index of Biblical and Rabbinic Sources

I Kings

3:1

II Kings

15:5 Ch. 18

Isaiah

3:16 5:11 Ch.6 8:19-20 17:11 22:15 22:17 24:6 33:12 35:3 43:4 51:4 66:2-3

Jeremiah

23:24 31:19

Ezekiel

Ch. 1 10:2 23:43 Ch. 38-39

Hosea

6:6

Amos

6:1 6:4 6:5 6:6

Malachi

2:7 2:16 3:6 3:23

115

61 65

118 169 144 162 153 65 65 142 168 142 156 150 70

97 26, 87

144 139 51 151

70

158, 169 54 54 170

148 148 86 145

Psalms

17:24 20:3 22:5 22:24 32:10 34:19 36:7 36:9 41:2 45:1 48:15 50:4 50:5(LXX) 51:7 78:32 103:20 104:35 109:31 Ch. 110 112:9 121:4 133:1 136:25

Proverbs

10:12 18:16 19:17 21:22 23:34 30:16 30:16-20 30:20 31:3

Job

1:7 10:12 25:3 34:29

Song of Songs

2:2

3:6

Lamentations

1:17 4:20

84 142 70 168 152 102 130 147 129, 132 146 149 92 166 101 80 146 97 133 163 126 98 142 132

61 124 132 116 53 95 116 96, 116 115

141 116 139 26

106, 89

167 152

167

Index of Biblical and Rabbinic Sources

Ecclesiastes Chronicles 80

T ' ? ̂ ? ! „ I Chronicles 3:io 142 4:6 70 4:18 107 5:5 140 24:6 87 6:7 95 ,96 7:28 108 / / Chronicles 9-7 142 * 15:3 62 „ . , 18:2 69 Daniel 26;21 ^

3:14 51 Ch.7 144

Mishnah

Berakot 1:1

Shabbat 2:6-7

Yoma

Taanit

Moed Katan

Sota 2:2-4

Sanhédrin 4 :3-4 10:1 10:3

2

113

21

21

21, 78

21 111

87 111 149

Rabbinic Sources

Sifre Numbers 33, 179

Sifre Deuteronomy

Nidda Ch. 1, 2,8 107

Tosefta

Hagigah 2:2 144

Mekilta deRabbi Ishmael

Beshalah Shira 2 (Horowitz, p. 125) 90 ,91 ,93

Mekilta deR. Shimeon b. Yohai

Ex. 15:1 91

Sifra

Mekhilta DeMilum

2, 5,7, 34, 35, 59, 60, 67, 74, 76, 173, 179

34

33, 179 #31 155 #75 69 #312 155 #333 152

Palestinian Talmud

35 Berakhot 4:1 85 9:1 162

Peah 8:4 79

Sheviit 6:1 126

Shabbat 16:1 152

Pesahim 6:1 144

Betza 1:11 84

Rosh Hashannah 1:3

Megillah 1:11 3:2 4:1

Hagigah 4:1 5:2

136

13 151 151 79

79 144

Ketubot 11:3 117

196 Index of Biblical and Rabbinic Sources

Sota 1:4 84,111

Sanhédrin Ch. 10 151 10:5 151

Horayot 3:4 124-126 3:6 104

Nidda 1:5 (49b) 104

Genesis Rabbah 5, 10, 22, 26, 35, 37, 38, 39, 73, 74, 76, 179

1:4 101 6:6 146 7:2 114 8:1 101 8:4 101 10:7 135 17:3 117 36:1 26 ,80 ,114 ,141 68:4 103

Pesikta DeRav Kahana 5, 10, 14, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 33, 35-39, 56, 68, 70, 71, 76, 101-103, 105, 106, 113, 130-132, 142, 143, 145-147, 155-158, 178, 179

6:2 106 14:3 131 28:3 128

Leviticus Rabbah Ch.l 13, 15, 21, 26, 28 1 1 116, 122, 140, 142, 144,

146 1 2 69, 72 1 3 80, 107, 143, 144 1 5 81, 82, 170 1 8 87, 88 1 9 140 1 10 82 1 11 157 1 13 100, 139, 144, 157 1 14 137, 149 Ch. 1/2 13,21,24, 25 Ch.2 13,26, 28, 36 2:1 60, 78, 79, 108

2:2 149, 151 2:3 87 2:4 80, 86-88 2:5 86 Ch.3 5,8,15, 19, 28, 70, 99 3:1 45,70, 78 ,81 ,82 , 89,

149 3:2 50, 70, 87, 151, 159, 168 3:3 68 3:5 44, 65,66, 70,81, 104,

130 3:6 12, 13,61,66, 79, 80,

82, 83, 86, 136, 137, 142, 145, 148

Ch.4 7, 13, 16, 19, 28, 90, 91, 96, 98

4:1 45, 81, 82, 136, 142, 149 4:2 90, 96, 116 4:4 95 ,96 4:5 90 ,91 ,95 , 113, 140, 150 4:6 155,156 4:7 80, 97, 150 4:8 97 Ch. 4/5 13, 24-26 Ch.5 13, 15, 19, 26, 28 5:1 80, 87, 114, 141 5:1-3 35, 114 5:3 44, 53, 54, 82, 155, 157,

158, 169 5:4 43, 86, 104, 124, 126,

158 5:5 65, 85 5:6 66 5:7 88 5:8 42, 113 Ch.6 21, 28 6:1 137 6:2 85 6:3 44, 47, 50, 72, 84, 112,

141 6:4 82, 116 6:5 50, 78, 82, 140, 142,

157, 170 6:6 80, 153, 156, 157, 162 Ch. 7 20, 21, 28 7:1 61 7:2 36, 102 7:3 36, 59 ,71 ,73 7:4 36, 68 7:5 71 7:6 146 Ch. 8 28, 60

Index of Biblical and Rabbinic Sources 197

8:1 36, 39, 42, 103, 136, 143 14:9 35, 149, 150 8:2 142 Ch.15 15, 21, 28 8:4 66, 137 15:2 78, 79, 143, 144 8:7 72 15:4 44, 79, 80, 103, 115, Ch.9 21 152, 157 9:1 149 15:5 115 9:2 87 15:8 45, 62, 76 9:3 44, 68, 78 15:9 150, 155 9:5 150 Ch. 16 15, 73 9:6 28, 150, 151 16:1 36, 54, 55, 61, 118, 157, 9:7 21, 69, 150 160, 175 9:9 43, 84, 100, 111, 113, 16:2 44, 80

140, 143, 149, 151 16:4 37, 84, 144, 145 Ch. 10 19-21 16:5 88, 140 10:1 81 16:6 43 10:1-2 36 16:7 28, 45, 62 10:3 71, 81 16:8 159 10:4 43, 46, 159 16:9 72 10:5 36, 85, 138, 151 Ch. 17 21, 28 10:6 28, 72 17:1 147 10:7 81 17:3 61, 65 10:8 150 17:5 158 10:9 80, 150 17:6 158 Ch. 11 21 18:1 46, 82, 88 11:1 82 18:2 101, 155 11:2 82, 151 18:3 141, 153, 157 11:3 80-82 18:4 28 11:4 82 Ch. 19 21, 28 11:5 80 19:1 44, 79, 80 11:6 36, 63 19:2 157, 165 11:7 50, 78, 80, 85, 147 19:3 80, 150 11:8 28, 86, 87, 150 19:4 36, 78, 100, 104 11:9 37, 76, 149, 150 19:5 62, 80, 108, 142 Ch. 12 17 ,21 ,28 ,41 ,54 19:6 45, 88, 107, 151, 158 12:1 37, 45, 46, 53, 54, 107, Ch. 20 13, 24, 26, 36

110, 122, 160, 169 20:1 69 12:4 72 20:2 106, 142, 150 12:5 81, 115 20:3 45 Ch. 13 19, 21, 28 20:6 64 13:1 63,81, 150 20:7 76 13:2 41,44, 147, 149, 157 20:9 137, 138 13:3 76, 149, 150, 157, 170 20:10 138 13:4 131, 156 20:11 80 13:5 46, 78, 150, 155-157, 20:12 106

159, 160 Ch. 20/21 13, 24-26 Ch. 14 21, 28, 100, 175 Ch.21 14 14:1 35, 101, 149, 151 21:4 141, 157 14:2 80, 143 21:6 61, 153 14:3 37, 45, 115 21:7 28 14:5 71, 101, 165 21:8 43, 55, 81, 109, 111, 143 14:7 36 21:10 141 14:8 45, 76 21:11 152

198 Index of Biblical and Rabbinic Sources

21:12 147, 148 27:5 71, 154 Ch. 22 19-21,41 27:6 105, 113, 150, 152, 157 22:1 78, 79, 88 27:7 73, 157 22:3 43,44, 46, 47, 135, 144, 27 8 71, 157, 164

156 27:9 152 22:4 44, 47, 55, 56, 69, 82, 27 11 21, 151, 155

85, 156 27:12 21, 69 22:5 157 Ch. 27-30 36, 157 22:6 70, 157 Ch. 28 24 22:7 69, 88 28:1 170 22:8 68 28:2 76, 149 22:9 28 28:4 155, 158 22:10 150 28:6 103 23:1 106 Ch.29 24 23:4 44 29:1 101 23:5 149, 157, 167 29:2 81, 139, 141, 155, 157 23:6 149, 155, 157 29:2-3 146 23:7 158 29:4 87, 138, 149, 155, 157 23:8 76, 80 29:5 152, 157 23:8/9 28 29:6 149, 157 23:10 106, 107 29:7 81 23:13 138 29:10 157 Ch. 24 21 29:11 155 24:2 60 29:12 44, 76 24:3 81, 141 Ch. 30 21, 24 24:5 80, 82 30:1 44, 76, 79, 89, 155, 157 24:7 28 30:2 78, 79, 87, 88, 145, 146 24:8 101, 140, 157 150, 157 24:9 80 30:3 62, 80 Ch. 25 21 30:5 151 25:1 78, 79 30:6 50 25:2 80, 85, 147 30:8 37 25:5 28, 43, 46, 51, 116 30:10 105 25:6 63, 81, 137, 163 30:11 87 25:8 69, 79, 80 30:13-15 36 25:9 140, 150 30:15 151 Ch. 26 19, 20, 21, 28 30:16 155 26:1-3 36 Ch . 31 21 26:2 156 31 1 80, 89, 140 26:3 80 31 2 80,81 26:4 76, 159 31 3 80 26:5 140 31 4 100, 138 26:6 80 31 5 116, 140 26:7 45, 80, 81, 118, 143 31 6 139 26:8 80, 139, 140, 150 31 7 28, 84, 89 Ch. 27 21, 24 31 9 139 27:1 43, 46, 56, 103, 130, 31 10 158

146, 147, 150, 156, 158, Ch. 32 21 159 32:1 137, 146, 153, 157

27:2 87, 142 32:2 98, 140 27:3 76 32:3 28 27:4 145 32:4 142, 145

Index of Biblical and Rabbinic Sources 199

32:5 36, 118, 149 32:6 118 32:7 84, 150 32:8 137, 149, 150 Ch. 33 21, 28 33:1 37, 104 33:2 150,153 33:4 64 33:5 81 33:6 37, 51, 150, 157, 160 Ch. 34 8, 41, 70, 99, 126, 128,

132 34:1 128, 129, 146, 156 34:2 132 34:3 133 34:4 78, 129, 133, 149 34:5 36, 128 34:6 131, 149, 155 34:7 28, 121, 129, 131, 153 34:8 81, 106, 133, 139, 145,

151 34:9 129, 133, 156 34:10 43, 82, 129 34:12 127 34:13 88, 137, 155 34:14 43, 84, 117, 130, 153 34:15 121, 156 34:16 44, 76, 126, 131, 170 Ch. 35 19, 21, 28 35:1 85 35:3 45, 50, 87, 136 35:4 81 35:5 156 35:6 149 35:12 84, 150, 153 Ch.36 21, 28 36:2 78, 150 36:3 149, 152 36:4 150, 152 36:5 155 36:6 105, 152 Ch. 37 21, 28 37:1 112 37:2 44, 85 37:4 45, 65, 76, 143

Babylonian Talmud

Berakhot 60b 140

Taanit 21a 116 23a 116

Megillah 21b-22a 23a-b 29b

3 13 12

Moed Katan 17a 148

Hagigah 14b 144

Yebamot 103a-b 106

Ketubot 62b I l l a

Nedarim 32b

Nazir 23b

Kiddushin 30a

110 152

163

106

110

Bava Batra 15a 143

Sanhédrin 38b 91a-92b

101 91, 93

106 Horayot 10b

Ecclesiastes Rabbah (Qohellet R.)

1:1:8 1:9:2

39, 40 162 79

Lamentations Rabbah

1:11 4:18 4:23

Tanhuma

Leviticus 6

47 118 152

91,95

Tanhuma Buber

Leviticus 11 95

Leviticus 12 91

Targum

Gen. 22:16 140

Pirke Rabbi Eliezer

1 101

Midrash Mishle

Ch. 10 Ch. 17

59, 152 152

200 Index of Biblical and Rabbinic Sources

Exodus Rabbah 1:32 145

Deuteronomy Rabbah 4:8 124

Sheiltot 42

Halakhot Gedolot 42

Sefer Vehizhir 42

Otzar Hilluf Minhagim (Lewin) 12

Midrash HaGadol Leviticus 5:1 93,95

Leviticus 11:39 91

Exempla of the Rabbis 103

Midrash Aggadah Leviticus (Buber, 8) 91

Yalkut Shimoni Ruth 2 106

Menorat HaMeor al-Nakawa III 99 91

Matnot Kaunha to LR 73

Yaffe Kol to Song 1:1:4 132

Ginze Schechter I 89 128, 129

Index of Other Ancient Sources These entries are primarily found in the footnotes.

Aeschylus 53

Aesop 17

Agatharchides of Cnidus Asiatic History Bk 8 56

Aelian Historical Miscellany

38,39

Aesop 37,46, 53

Apocryphon of Ezekiel 93

Aquila 37

Aristotle 55

Athenaeus 53, 54, 55, 179

Diepnosophists 53,54, 179 I 17 53 II 37 53 ,54 II 43 53 II 48 54 IV 155 56 V 194 54 VII 184-85 54 VII 297 56 X 443 53 XI460-783 53 XI 471 53 XI 499 54 XI 500 53 XII 530 55 XIII 568 55 XIV 1 54

XV 688-89 54

Augustine 166 Ad marcel. 166

Ad Timas et Jacob contra Pelag. 166

De gratia Christi et de peccato cont. Pelag. Et Coelestium

166

Aulus Gellius Noctes Attica 38

Barnabas 16 1

Ben Sira 37

12:3-5 56

C / L VI 10,048 132

Cyprian 166 De op. et eleem 166

De hab. virg. 166

Test. 166

Didascalia Apostolorum Syriacae Ch. 26 164, 165

Diodorus Siculus 32

Diogenes Laertius I I26 ff. 117

202 Index of Other Ancient Sources

Dionysius of Halicarnassus 32

Epiphanius Panarion 64:70 93

Ephraem Syrus 167

Hymn IV 167

Hymn XIV 167

Euripides Hippolytus 55

Greek Anthology 92, 174

Herodotus 54

Hieronymus of Cardia 32, 33

Homer

Jerome

52

Dialogus Adversus Pelag. 166

Livy 32

Lucian of Samosata 29, 32 ,41 ,45 , 179

How to Write History 29, 30, 32 ,41 ,45

Macrobius 52

Mithras Liturgy 85

New Testament Matthew 5:14 5:17-18 26:41

162 165 93

Luke 14:7-11 24:5

170 162

Acts 6:9 85

Hebrews 8-10 1

Nicander Aetolian History 56

Philochorus 54

Philostratus Life of Apollonius of Tyana II 39

103, 158

Plato Phaedrus

Symposium

Plutarch Roman Lives

52

16

52

32

32

Polybius 32

Proklos of Constantinople Or. II 167

Or. IV 167

Progymnasmata 52

Pugio F idei

Seneca Ad Lucilium

Ep. Morales

Tertullian C. Marc.

De Cam. Chr.

150, 170

92

92

166

166

Xenocrates of Chalcedon 55

Index of Subjects

These entries are primarily found in the body of the text.

Aaron 18, 59-64, 66, 72, 81, 105, 106, 137, 148, 152, 163

Abraham 63, 68, 69, 81, 86, 108, 137, 139, 140, 142, 148, 155

Academy (Bet Midrash) 6, 73, 85, 86, 89, 125, 127, 172, 174

Adam 101, 102, 113, 166 Adultery 116, 119 Aesop 37, 46, 53 Aggada, -ic 4, 5,10, 14, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30,

31, 34, 57, 77-79, 82, 88, 144, 178, 180 Alcohol 17 Alexander 56, 103, 119, 158, 159, 175 Am Ha-aretz 65, 88 Amora, amoraic literature 2, 6,25, 35, 38,

41, 88 Angaria 122 Angel 134, 135, 138-142, 144, 146-149,

170, 176 Angel of Death 141, 153, 156, 177 Angelology 8 Annona 71, 122 Anthology 5, 8,31, 57, 171 Antioch 124, 125, 158, 169 Apocrypha 37, 179 Aramaic 6, 29, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,

45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 57, 58, 77, 83, 88, 103, 107, 109, 111, 112, 125, 141, 156, 164, 179

Asmodeus 114, 141 Athenaeus 53, 54, 55, 179 Atonement 1, 7,18, 69, 72, 89, 106, 153

Babylonia 55 ,56 ,78 , 137, 157 Bat Kol 142, 177 Behemoth 150 Berakhot (tractate) 78 Bet Knesset see Synagogue Bet Midrash see Academy Bishop 122-124, 128, 176

Blind 91, 92, 174 Body 7, 16, 49, 90-98, 113, 134, 174,

179 Botsra 126

Byzantine 37, 58, 132, 154, 168, 171

Canaan 158 Charity 19,44, 86-88, 104, 113, 118,

122-124, 126-130, 170, 172, 178 Chariot 144 Cherub 139, 140 Chreia 37, 43, 52, 179 Christian, -ity 1, 3,4, 8,37, 38, 63, 67,

91-93,96, 121-123, 154, 160-174, 177

Church 3, 121-124, 154, 160, 164, 167, 170, 171, 176, 177

Circumcision 61,63, 152, 163, 164 Client 51 Clusters (Text) 5, 23, 25, 27, 36, 40, 48,

57, 73, 178 Collector, -ion 16, 17 Coming Future 69, 92, 94, 150, 151, 159,

177 Commandments 147, 149, 150 Creator , -ion 98, 101 Crucifixion 162 Ctesiphon 158, 169 Daughters of Zion 118,176 David, -ic 60, 85, 97, 113, 146, 151, 165,

167 Death 69 Dialogue 42, 45 Donor 124 Drama 77, 82, 109, 129

Edom 154, 156, 157, 160, 171, 172, 177 Elders 87 Elijah 145, 170, 177

204 Index of Subjects

Emperor 3, 43, 50, 51, 67, 87, 94, 151, 152, 159, 176

Encyclopedia, -ic 6, 7,8, 22, 23, 25, 27, 40, 49, 52, 57, 178, 179

End (of) Time 147, 149 Equation of equals (gezerah shavah) 81 Esau 154, 155, 157, 160, 171, 172, 177 Eschatology 8, 67, 69, 135, 149, 177, 178 Eve 102 Exegesis, -tic 10, 46, 80, 120, 174 Exiles 77

Fables 37, 44, 179 Father in Heaven 61, 82, 137 Fiscus sanegor 137-139 Fitness and unfitness 82, 86 Folklore 6, 12, 17, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45,

46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 56, 57,83, 179 Forbidden and permitted 82, 86, 148 Free will 166

Gabriel 139 Galilee, -ean 38, 43, 85 Garden of Eden 147 Gaul 66 Gehenna (Sheol) 146, 147 Gematria 54 Gentile, — nations 149-151, 153, 157,

163-165, 169, 171, 172 God-fearers 50, 151, 168, 169 Golden Calf 61, 71, 164, 165 Gospels 32 Gossip 18 ,43 ,45 ,73 , 111, 112, 143, 144,

177 Greek 6, 29, 32, 38, 39, 42, 45, 46, 47,

49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 82, 92, 136, 141, 149, 150, 159, 160, 165, 178

Gufah 5, 11, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 33, 3 5 , 3 6 , 4 1 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 57, 178

Haggada (Passover) 52 Halachah, -ic 4, 34, 44, 64, 67, 78, 82,

89, 175 Halachic Midrash 2 Handbook 12 Haruzah see Strings of Verses Hebrew 32, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 51, 54, 57,

58, 103, 125, 178 Hellenism/Hellenistic 5 ,6 ,10-12, 17,27,

28, 31-33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 46-52, 56-59, 88, 89, 91, 122, 170, 174, 175, 179, 180

Hermeneutic(s) 49, 76, 81, 82 High priest 61-63, 65, 66, 106, 148, 163 History, -ian 30, 33, 35, 40, 49, 52, 67,

68, 123, 149, 161, 178, 179 Holy (One, Blessed) 92, 94, 95, 97, 98,

102, 133, 135, 137-139, 145, 146, 163, 168, 176

Holy of Holies 61, 147, 148 Holy Spirit 43, 65, 110, 111, 135, 137,

142-144, 147, 148, 167, 176, 177 Homer 52 Homilies, -etic 5, 10, 11, 12, 15, 26, 27,

178

Idol,-atry 51 ,68 Immaculate conception 166, 167 Imitatiodei 133, 176 Israel 18, 55, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66-68, 71,

72, 94, 101, 105, 106, 108, 109, 114, 115, 117, 121, 123, 126, 135-137, 139, 141, 142, 149, 151, 155-158, 164, 165, 168, 172, 177, 178

Jephthah 64, 65 Jerusalem 1, 48, 60, 61, 67, 69, 109, 115,

152, 158, 173 Jewish-Christianity 8, 160-162, 168-

171, 177 Job 143 Justice 146

King, -dom, -ship 26, 60, 92, 113, 130, 135, 136, 146, 151, 157, 167, 176

Korah 147 Kosmokrator 141

Lachesis 51 Lame 91, 92, 174 Lamentations 79, 152 Latin 32, 38, 42, 50, 52, 59 Law 165 Lectionary 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25,

27, 36, 83, 178 Leprosy 61, 62, 71-73, 115 Leviathan 150 Leviticus 1, 2,4, 6,7, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23,

24, 31, 34, 36, 38, 58-62, 67, 69, 73-77, 148, 149, 173-175, 178, 179

Literature, -ary 2, 4,6, 9-12, 15, 16, 20, 23, 27, 31, 32, 38, 39, 46-48, 52, 53, 56, 57, 77, 83, 88, 109, 134, 152, 165, 170, 172, 174, 179, 180

Index of Subjects 205

Loanword 49, 51, 57, 179 Lucian of Samosata 29, 32, 41, 45, 179

Maaseh 77 Magic, -al 43 Mamzer 86 Mani 169 Martyr 162 Mary 166, 167, 171 Mashal see Parable Master of the Universe (of both

Worlds) 92, 94, 110 Master of Wings 140 Matron(a) 42, 103, 115, 118, 175 Measure for measure 133 Melchizedek 63, 171 Menstruation 104, 105, 107-109, 118,

119, 157 Mercy 146 Merit 19, 61, 105, 122, 152, 153 Messiah/messianic 4, 5,17, 20, 21, 24,

69, 137, 145-147, 150-153, 162, 168, 172, 173, 177, 178

Metatron 145 Midrash halachah see Tannaitic literature

(Midrash) Minor to Major (Kol Vahomer) 81, 142 Miriam 62, 85, 105, 106, 152 Miscellany 4, 6,7, 8,38, 39, 40, 49,

52, 56, 57, 58, 120, 134, 172, 175, 178-180

Mishnah 2, 10, 17, 21, 22, 34, 53, 73, 77-79, 87-89, 126, 144, 146, 179

Misogyny 49, 103, 108, 116, 118, 120, 160, 175, 176

Moed Katan 78 Moses 7, 18, 59, 61-64, 69, 79, 87,

105-108, 140, 144, 148, 152, 155, 170

Mysterion 145

Nadav and Avihu 106,137 Name of God (72 letters) 80, 133 Nations (of the World) 157,158,160,

168, 171 Nebuchadnezzar 107, 158 Necromancer, -cy 143, 162 Nefesh 90, 96, 98, 139 Neshamah 90, 96, 98, 139 New Testament 87 Nimshal see Parable Noachides 68, 151

Oedipus 47 Oil 54, 60 Omnipresent 86, 125, 137, 176 One-Who-Spoke and the World Was 140 Oral Torah 2, 173, 178 Original sin 166, 167

Pagan, -ism 8, 50, 67, 160, 162, 163, 171 Palestine 3, 6,10, 12, 23, 24, 25, 32, 35,

37, 38, 51, 57, 58, 83, 93, 105, 119, 121, 125, 159, 160, 166-168, 177

Parables (mashal/nimshal) 37, 50, 77, 83, 91-95, 113, 115, 116, 135, 174, 179

Parnas(im) 127 Patriarch, -ate 38, 43, 152, 159, 175 Patron 51 Peace 18, 43, 84, 100 Pelagius, -ian 166 Pesikta DeRav Kahana 5, 10, 14, 22, 24,

25, 26, 28, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 56, 68, 70, 71, 76, 101-103, 105, 106, 113, 130-132, 142, 143, 145-147, 155-158, 178, 179

Petihah 5, 6,11, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35,41,48,49, 57, 82, 84, 178

Phaedra 55 Philanthropist 89, 104, 120, 125 Pinhas 64, 65, 140, 142, 143 Piyyut 42 Poor, Poverty 8, 18, 19, 44, 66, 67, 70,

71, 78, 90, 99, 104, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126-132, 134, 153, 156, 172, 176

Prayer 7 ,62,67,68,74, 159, 173, 174, 178 Presence see Shekhinah Priest, -hood 1, 2,4, 6,7, 18, 19, 34, 48-67,

69, 70, 72-74, 86, 89, 94, 104, 117, 130, 135, 147, 148, 163, 164, 173-175

Proem 11, 29, 30, 40, 57, 178, 179 Progymnasmata 52 Prophets, -ecy 135, 136, 139, 140, 143-

147, 149, 176, 177 Punishment 69 Pure, impure 94, 148 Purities 2

Red bridle (ribbon) 131, 132 Red heifer 106 Redemption 80, 149, 153, 167, 168 Resurrection 69, 145, 162 Rhetor, -ic, -cal 16, 52 Riddle 45, 46 Righteous 149, 150

206 Index of Subjects

Rome, -an 4, 8,38, 43, 45, 47, 51, 54, 58, 62, 70, 71, 87, 93, 118, 119, 122, 127, 130, 132, 137, 150-156, 158, 159, 162, 163, 172, 173, 175-177

Rosh HaShanah 19, 26, 127

Sabbath 14, 61, 152 Sacrifice, Sacrificial Cult 1-4 , 7,18, 19,

35, 48, 49, 60, 63, 67-77, 86, 89, 119, 148, 173-175, 179

Sage(s) 49, 82, 88, 89, 104, 123, 127, 173, 179

Samaria 169 Sanhedrin 60, 62, 87 Sarah 108 Satan 141, 176 Scribes 87, 146 Second Legislation 164, 165 Semiramis 107 Senate (heavenly) 138 Sermon 12, 15, 27, 83, 85, 112, 119, 128 Shebna 65 Shekhinah (Presence) 137-139, 145, 148,

151, 176 Shoshanim 146 Sifra 2, 5,7, 34, 35, 59, 60, 67, 74, 76,

173, 179 Sifre Deuteronomy 33, 179 Sifre Numbers 33, 179 Sin 19, 69, 71, 89, 92-98, 101, 102, 106,

107, 148, 152, 153, 156, 166 Sinai 82, 87, 106, 144, 145 Slave 104, 119, 159, 175 Socrates 47, 117, 175 Sodom 149 Solomon 115, 165 Soma 29, 30, 40, 57, 178, 179 Song of Songs 80, 106 Sota 116 Soul 7, 16, 18, 26, 49, 66, 90-98, 104,

113, 134, 174, 175, 179 Spain 66 Spells see Whisper Spirits 141, 142, 177 Stoic, -icism 39 Strings of Verses (Haruzah) 37, 84, 144,

145 Study 7, 19, 73-75, 77, 86, 89, 145, 147,

148, 172-174, 178 Suffering 153, 157 Symposium 52, 53, 56, 179

Synagogue (Bet Kenesset) 1, 4,6, 10, 14, 15, 24, 46, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 121, 172, 174

Syriac 42, 165, 170, 177

Tabernacle 69 Tabitha (Tabi) 104, 105, 107, 118, 119 Talmud (Babylonian) 2 Talmud (=Palestinian, Yerushalmi) 2,

5,10, 35, 37, 38, 76-79, 88, 89, 144, 162, 179

Tannaitic literature (midrash) 1, 2,10, 22, 25, 33, 34, 37, 53, 60, 68, 77, 78, 89, 91 ,92 ,94 , 95, 173, 179

Targum 37, 140, 178, 179 Taxes 121, 127 Temple 1, 2,3, 4,7, 35, 60, 67, 69, 73, 74,

76, 77, 86, 87, 89, 109, 115, 119, 139, 146, 147, 158, 173, 179

Ten Commandments 72, 164 Ten Tribes 168-171 Terumah 94 Thematic unity 5, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20,

22, 23, 26, 40, 48, 178 Theodicy 131 Theology 8, 48 Throne (divine) 144 Tna, teninan, etc. 33, 76 Torah 4, 13, 15, 19, 67, 77-79, 86, 89,

129, 144, 147, 148, 152, 172, 173, 178 Torat Kohanim 2, 4,34, 59, 76 Torture 92 Tosefta 2, 10, 77, 179 Triennial cycle 12, 14, 23, 24, 25, 83, 178

Unique 97 Urim and Tumim 143

Virginity, virgin birth 166, 167 Vow 19 ,44 ,50 ,51 ,64 ,111 ,112 ,139 ,

175

Whisper (spells) 111, 119 Women 8 Word (divine Memra) 140 World to Come 149-153,157-159

Xanthippe 47, 117, 175

Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) 13, 18, 59, 147, 148

Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Alphabetical Index

Albani, M„ J. Frey, A. Lange (Ed.): Studies in the Book of Jubilees. 1997. Volume 65. Avemarie, Friedrich: Tora und Leben. 1996. Volume 55. Becker, Hans-Jürgen: Die großen rabbinischen Sammelwerke Palästinas. 1999. Volume 70. - see Schäfer, Peter Cansdale, Lena: Qumran and the Essenes. 1997. Volume 60. Chester, Andrew: Divine Revelation and Divine Titles in the Pentateuchal Targumim. 1986. Volume 14. Cohen, Martin Samuel: The Shi ur Qomah: Texts and Recensions. 1985. Volume 9. Crown, AlanD.: Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts. 2001. Volume 80. Doering, Lutz: Schabbat. 1999. Volume 78. Ego, Beate: Targum Scheni zu Ester. 1996. Volume 54. Engel, Anja: see Schäfer, Peter Frey, J.: see Albani, M. Frick, Peter: Divine Providence in Philo of Alexandria. 1999. Volume 77. Gibson, E. Leigh: The Jewish Manumission Inscriptions of the Bosporus Kingdom. 1999. Volume 75. Gleßmer, Uwe: Einleitung in die Targume zum Pentateuch. 1995. Volume 48. Goldberg, Arnold: Mystik und Theologie des rabbinischen Judentums. Gesammelte Studien I. Ed. by

M. Schlüter and P. Schäfer. 1997. Volume 61. - Rabbinische Texte als Gegenstand der Auslegung. Gesammelte Studien II. Ed. by

M. Schlüter and P.Schäfer. 1999. Volume 73. Goodblatt, David: The Monarchic Principle. 1994. Volume 38. Grözinger, Karl: Musik und Gesang in der Theologie der frühen jüdischen Literatur. 1982. Volume 3. Gruenwald, /., Sh. Shaked and G.G. Stroumsa (Ed.): Messiah and Christos. Presented to David Flusser.

1992. Volume 32. Halperin, David J.: The Faces of the Chariot. 1988. Volume 16. Herrmann, Klaus (Ed.): Massekhet Hekhalot. 1994. Volume 39. - see Schäfer, Peter Herzer, Jens: Die Paralipomena Jeremiae. 1994. Volume 43. Hezser, Catherine: Form, Function, and Historical Significance of the Rabbinic Story in Yerushalmi

Neziqin. 1993. Volume 37. - see Schäfer, Peter - The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine. 1997. Volume 66. Hirschfelder, Ulrike: see Schäfer, Peter Horbury, W.: see Krauss, Samuel Houtman, Alberdina: Mishnah und Tosefta. 1996. Volume 59. Ilan, Tal: Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine. 1995. Volume 44. - Integrating Jewish Woman into Second Temple History. 1999. Volume 76. - Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity. 2002. Volume 91. Instone Brewer, David: Techniques and Assumptions in Jewish Exegesis before 70 CE. 1992. Volume 30. Ipta, Kerstin: see Schäfer, Peter Jacobs, Martin: Die Institution des jüdischen Patriarchen. 1995. Volume 52. Kosher, Aryeh: The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. 1985. Volume 7. - Jews, Idumaeans, and Ancient Arabs. 1988. Volume 18. - Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz-Israel. 1990. Volume 21. Knittel, Thomas: Das griechische,Leben Adams und Evas'. 2002. Volume 88. Krauss, Samuel: The Jewish-Christian Controversy from the earliest times to 1789.

Vol.1. Ed. by W. Horbury. 1996. Volume 56. Kuhn, Peter: Offenbarungsstimmen im Antiken Judentum. 1989. Volume 20. Kuyt, Annelies: The .Descent' to the Chariot. 1995. Volume 45. Lange, A.: see Albani, M. Lange, Nicholas de: Greek Jewish Texts from the Cairo Genizah. 1996. Volume 51. Lehnardt, Andreas: Qaddish. 2002. Volume 87.

Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism

Leonhardt, Jutta: Jewish Worship in Philo of Alexandria. 2001. Volume 84. Lohmann, Uta: see Schäfer, Peter Loopik, M. van (Transl. a. comm.): The Ways of the Sages and the Way of the World. 1991. Volume 26. Luttikhuizen, Gerard P.: The Revelation of Elchasai. 1985. Volume 8. Mach, Michael: Entwicklungsstadien des jüdischen Engelglaubens in vorrabbinischer Zeit. 1992.

Volume 34. Mendels, Doron: The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature. 1987. Volume 15. Moscovitz, Leib: Talmudic Reasoning. 2002. Volume 89. Mutius, Georg von: see Schäfer, Peter Necker, Gerold: see Schäfer, Peter Olyan, SaulM.: A Thousand Thousands Served Him. 1993. Volume 36. Otterbach, Rina: see Schäfer, Peter Prigent, Pierre: Le Judaisme et 1'image. 1990. Volume 24. Pucci Ben Zeev, Miriam: Jewish Rights in the Roman World. 1998. Volume 74. Pummer, Reinhard: Early Christian Authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism. 2002. Volume 92. Reeg, Gottfried (Ed.): Die Geschichte von den Zehn Märtyrern. 1985. Volume 10. - see Schäfer, Peter Renner, Lucie: see Schäfer, Peter Reichman, Ronen: Sifra und Mishna. 1998. Volume 68. Rohrbacher-Sticker, Claudia: see Schäfer, Peter Salvesen, A. (Ed.): Origen's Hexapla and Fragments. 1998. Volume 58. Samely, Alexander: The Interpretation of Speech in the Pentateuch Targums. 1992. Volume 27. Schäfer, Peter: DerBar-Kokhba-Aufstand. 1981. Volume 1. - Hekhalot-Studien. 1988. Volume 19. Schäfer, Peter (Ed.): Geniza-Fragmente zur Hekhalot-Literatur. 1984. Volume 6. - see Goldberg, Arnold - in cooperation with Klaus Herrmann, Rina Otterbach, Gottfried Reeg, Claudia Rohrbacher-

Sticker, Guido Weyer: Konkordanz zur Hekhalot-Literatur. Band 1: 1986. Volume 12. - Band 2: 1988. Volume 13. Schäfer, Peter, Margarete Schlüter, Hans Georg von Mutius (Ed.): Synopse zur Hekhalot-Literatur.

1981. Volume 2. Schäfer, Peter (Ed.) in cooperation with Hans-Jürgen Becker, Klaus Herrmann, Ulrike Hirschfelder,

Gerold Necker, Lucie Renner, Claudia Rohrbacher-Sticker, Stefan Siebers: Übersetzung der Hekhalot-Literatur. Band 1: §§ 1-80. 1995. Volume 46.

- Band 2: §§ 81-334. 1987. Volume 17. - Band 3: §§ 335-597. 1989. Volume 22. - Band 4: §§ 598-985. 1991. Volume 29. Schäfer, Peter, and Hans-Jürgen Becker (Ed.) in cooperation with Anja Engel, Kerstin Ipta, Gerold

Necker, Uta Lohmann, Martina Urban, Gert Wildensee: Synopse zum Talmud Yerushalmi. Band 1/1-2: 1991. Volume 31.

- Band 1/3-5: 1992. Volume 33. - Band 1/6-11: 1992. Volume 35. - Band III: 1998. Volume 67. - Band IV: 1995. Volume 47. Schäfer, Peter, and Shaul Shaked (Ed.): Magische Texte aus der Kairoer Geniza. Band 1: 1994.

Volume 42 - Band 2: 1997. Volume 64. - Band 3: 1999. Volume 72. Schäfer, Peter (Ed.): The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture I. 1998. Volume 71. Schäfer, Peter and Hezjser, Catherine (Ed.): The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture II.

2000. Volume 79. Schäfer, Peter (Ed.): The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture III. 2003. Volume 93. Schlüter, Margarete: see Goldberg, Arnold - see Schäfer, Peter Schmidt, Francis: Le Testament Grec d'Abraham. 1986. Volume 11. Schröder, Bernd: Die .väterlichen Gesetze'. 1996. Volume 53.

Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism

Schwartz, Daniel R.: Agrippa I. 1990. Volume 23. Schwemer, Anna Maria: Studien zu den frühjüdischen Prophetenlegenden. Vitae Prophetarura Band I:

1995. Volume 49. - Band II (mit Beiheft: Synopse zu den Vitae Prophetarum): 1996. Volume 50. Shaked, Shaul: see Gruenwald, I. - see Schäfer, Peter Shatzman, Israel: The Armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod. 1991. Volume 25. Siebers, Stefan: see Schäfer, Peter Sivertsev, Alexei: Private Households and Public Politics in 3rd - 5th Century Jewish Palestine. 2002.

Volume 90. Spilsbury, Paul: The Image of the Jew in Flavius Josephus' Paraphrase of the Bible. 1998. Volume 69. Stroumsa, G.G.: see Gruenwald, I. Stuckenbruck, Loren T.: The Book of Giants from Qumran. 1997. Volume 63. Swartz, Michael D.: Mystical Prayer in Ancient Judaism. 1992. Volume 28. Sysling, Harry: Tehiyyat Ha-Metim. 1996. Volume 57. Urban, Martina: see Schäfer, Peter Veltri, Giuseppe: Eine Tora für den König Talmai. 1994. Volume 41. - Magie und Halakha. 1997. Volume 62. Vtsotzky, Burton L.: Golden Bells and Pomegranates. 2003. Volume 94. Weyer, Guido: see Schäfer, Peter Wewers, Gerd A.: Probleme der Bavot-Traktate. 1984. Volume 5. Wildensee, Gert: see Schäfer, Peter Wilson, Walter T.: The Mysteries of Rigtheousness. 1994. Volume 40.

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