IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Gold Rush

GOLD:CAN YOU DIG IT?

THE CLAIM GAME

A LITTLE SECRET GOES

BIG

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Gold! What’s that glittering in the water? Could it be? It is! It’s gold! Imagine being James W. Marshall, the man they say first found gold at Sutter’s Mill in California. Would you jump for joy? Would you tell everyone

you knew? What would you do with it? It was just a small piece (about the size of a pea), but it was big enough to spark the Gold Rush.

This event earned its name because of the thousands of people

r IN 1848, AS

a result of the Mexican-American War, California went from being under Mexican control to being part of the United States. (It would become a state in 1850.) It was a rural land, filled with ranches and farms. The popu-lation was mostly Native American. There were 6,500 Californios (peo-ple of Spanish descent, born in California) and 700 immigrants, but all that was about to change.

r THIS IS WHERE IT

all started: Sutter’s Mill, located on the American River near Coloma, California. That’s about 50 miles from Sacramento and 140 miles from San Francisco. It was a sawmill, or place where logs are cut into lum-ber. A carpenter and millwright, or mill-builder, named James W. Marshall had built it. A businessman named John Sutter owned it.

AFTER GOLD WAS discovered at Sutter’s Mill, all the workers quit their jobs to mine for gold. Some were successful,

but most were not. Finding gold depended on luck, and all too often, luck was hard to come by.

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who rushed to California between 1848 and 1858 in search of gold. Marshall and his boss, John Sutter, wanted to keep their discovery a secret. Well, the news got out anyway, and soon, it had traveled across the country – and even around the world. Their

“little secret” would go on to fuel countless dreams. It would also transform the popula-tion, land, and future of California.

“It made my heart thump, for I was certain

it was gold.” * – James W. Marshall

u JOHN SUTTER

emigrated from Switzerland to California in 1839. He created an

l MOST HISTORIANS

agree that James W. Marshall was the first to discover gold at Sutter’s Mill on January 24, 1848. He was working on the mill when he found a piece of gold in the water. Marshall’s discovery started the Gold Rush, but he never struck

it rich. In fact, Sutter’s mill went bankrupt. Marshall was never able to stake a claim, which means he never owned a piece of land to mine. He ended up roaming California before settling down to a very modest life.

SUCH A SMALL START

to such a big event. The first piece of gold found by James W. Marshall

can be seen at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.

*James W. Marshall. The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, Volume 41. New York: The Century Company, February 1891.

empire that includ-ed Sutter’s Fort and the colony Nueva Helvetia (or New Switzerland), which is today Sacramento. He owned 150,000 acres of rich crops and giant herds of cattle. Then, in 1848, gold was found at his saw-mill. Sutter thought

he would make a fortune. Instead, the sawmill failed when his workers left. Thousands of gold-seekers swarmed his land. They destroyed his crops and killed his livestock. By 1852, Sutter was bankrupt.

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California, Here We Come!News that gold had been found in California soon spread around the world. By summertime, rumors were flying that men were finding thousands of dollars worth of gold. In December 1848, U.S. President James K. Polk confirmed that the rumors were true. The California Gold Rush was officially on. Between 1848 and 1858, more than 300,000 people would come to California looking for gold. Most arrived in 1849, earning them the nickname “forty-niners.” The Gold Rush became the largest migration, or mass movement of people, in U.S. history.

r THE DISCOVERY OF

gold at Sutter’s Mill launched the larg-est immigration, or mass movement of people from their homelands, in U.S. history. Most came from across the U.S. and Mexico.

r MOST FORTY- niners came to California to get rich, but many had other reasons. Some were look-ing for adventure. Others came to escape hardships at home. Many Chinese were escaping war, floods, drought, and high taxes in

“The accounts of the abundance of gold are of such extraordinary

character as would scarcely command belief.”*

– President James K. Polk, December 1848

*James K. Polk: “Fourth Annual Message,” December 5, 1848. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29489

their homeland. Some Europeans came because their countries were embroiled in the Revolutions of 1848. These were uprisings against the governments in several countries, including France, Italy, Germany, and Austria.

Many others came from Europe, Asia, South America, and Australia. Most were men, but there were some women and children, too.

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A T L A N T I C

P A C I F I C

G u l f o f M e x i c o

C a r i b b e a nS e a

O C E A N

O C E A N

SOUTH AMERICA

NORTH AMERICA

Panama route

All-water route

Overland route

1,000 km.0

1,000 mi.Scale at equator0

N

W E

S

Galveston

Port Lavaca

Sacramento

Rio de Janeiro

Cape Horn

Strait ofMagellan

Isthmus ofPanama

Montevideo

San Francisco

New York

Santa Fe

St. Joseph

Independence

Council Bluffs

Los Angeles

2,000 miles

6,000 miles

18,000 miles

A T L A N T I C

r IN 1849, SARAH

Bayliss Royce, her husband, Josiah, and daughter, Mary, traveled by covered wagon from Iowa to California. Along the way, Sarah kept a diary. It

gives a picture of how hard the journey was – from the lack of water to trying to cross the Sierras before win-ter set in. Her diary was published as a book called Across the Plains.

EACH OF THE THREE main routes to California took several months and involved challenges such as disease, harsh weather, and getting lost.

Routes of the Forty-Niners

AROUND CAPE HORN: The journey around the cape took between three and six months. People endured rough seas and little fresh food.

ACROSS THE

ISTHMUS OF PANAMA: An isthmus is a strip of land connecting larger landmasses. This trip was faster than “rounding the Horn,” but its many dangers included deadly illnesses like malaria and cholera.

THE OVERLAND ROUTE:People traveling by land faced rug-ged terrain, harsh weather, illness, and a lack of food and water. Many traveled in covered wagons along the Santa Fe or Oregon Trails.

l SAMUEL BRANNAN

played an import-ant role in starting the Gold Rush. He owned a store at Sutter’s Fort and printed the California Starnewspaper. In May 1848, he went to San Francisco and waved a bottle of

“If we were going, let us go, and meet what we were

to meet, bravely.”*– Sarah Royce

*Sarah Royce. Across the Plains: Sarah Royce’s Western Narrative. Edited by Jennifer Dawes Adkison. University of Arizona Press, 2009.

If you were heading to California in 1850, which route would you have taken? Why would you have chosen that route over the others?

gold dust in the air, shouting “Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!”* He made so much money selling mining supplies, he opened a second store. He cornered the market on pans, picks, and shovels. That means no one

else sold them, so he charged high prices. Brannan became California’s first millionaire.

*Samuel Brannan. The World Rushed In: The California Gold Rush Experience, by J. S. Holiday. University of Oklahoma Press, 2002.

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A Changing PopulationThe Gold Rush was the start of something big – and diverse. To this day, California’s diver-sity can be traced back to the Gold Rush.

Immigrants from all over the world, including Asia, Latin America, and Europe, came with dreams of striking it rich and making a new life. So did Americans from the eastern part of the United States. Suddenly,

people of different cultures, religions, and economic classes were brought together in one place. Immigration transformed California into the most diverse society in history. It also sparked many challenges.

Everyone came looking for opportunity. Some found it – whether by staking a claim, building a business, or starting a farm. Women, too, found greater opportunity in California than elsewhere.

l ABOUT ONE OUT

of ten people who came to California during the Gold Rush was a woman. Some came with their husbands. Others followed alone, once the men had earned enough to send for them. Women did most of the work of keeping life going:

u IMAGINE A

city’s population doubling every 10 days! That’s what happened to San Francisco in 1849. It went from about 800 people to 35,000. Sacramento and Stockton grew into busy supply cen-ters. Mining camps like Buckeye Flat and Shingle Springs grew into towns as more people arrived.

cooking, cleaning, and caring for children. Some ran businesses: cooking, cleaning, and sewing for others. A few, like Louise Clapp and Sarah Royce, wrote diaries and letters about life during the Gold Rush.

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7l AS COMPETITION

for gold grew, so did discrimination – the unfair treat-ment of people based on their background. Some thought only U.S. citizens should be allowed to mine for gold. In 1850, the Foreign Miners Tax charged foreigners $20 a month for the right to mine.

l BERNARDA RUIZ

de Rodriguez helped end the Mexican-American War peacefully. An important member of Santa Barbara’s Californio com-munity, she persuaded General

u ANGUSTIAS DE

la Guerra Ord watched her native California change. Both her father and first husband were high-ranking Mexican offi-cials. Her second husband was a prominent U.S. Army surgeon. In 1878, she collected her memories and thoughts about the struggles and rebellions of the time in a book. Occurrences in Hispanic California was published in 1956.

u AS SAN FRANCISCO

grew, its police force shrank – many police officers were off mining for gold! Crime and violence

increased. Local volunteers created the Committee of Vigilance, a group of about 600 vigilantes. A vigilante is some-

one who takes the law into his or her own hands. Committees of Vigilance cropped up in mining set-tlements, too. They

acted as judge, jury, and execu-tioner. Sometimes, vigilantes punished people who had done nothing wrong.

Did any of your ancestors come to California during the Gold Rush? If yes, do you know their stories?

In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act outlawed Chinese immi-gration. It also prevented Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens. It wasn’t complete-ly repealed until 1943.

John Frémont to make a “gen-erous peace” with Mexico. It let Californios keep their prop-erty. They could return to Mexico or remain in California with the

same rights as U.S. citizens. She then convinced Mexican General Pico to accept these terms. The two men signed the Treaty of Cahuenga in 1847. The war was over.

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A New Economy More people. More gold. More everything! The flood of people into California during the Gold Rush increased the demand for services, homes, food, goods, jobs – you name it. While thousands headed to the goldfields in search of fortune, many started businesses to meet the needs of California’s growing population. Others became farm-ers who grew food for the hungry masses. California’s Gold Rush economy gave minorities and women opportunities that other places didn’t. Together, these new Californians transformed California’s economy and society.

r PEOPLE DREAMED

of striking it rich in the goldfields. The reality was that most people who got rich weren’t miners at all. They ran businesses that served the miners. These entrepreneurs (people who start new businesses) ran hotels, shops, restaurants, and other enterprises. Some famous entrepreneurs included Levi Strauss (the inven-tor of blue jeans) and bankers Henry Wells and William Fargo.

d IN CALIFORNIA, unlike most other places, women could own their own businesses. While men headed to the goldfields, many women started businesses in town. They ran hotels, restau-rants, laundries, and more. Mary Jane Megquier

u IMAGINE DRIVING

a stagecoach and fighting off bandits. Charley Parkhurst did just that, many times! Parkhurst

was born a female but lived as a male and drove a stagecoach for almost 30 years. Stagecoaches were

a vital part of life in California. Not only did they carry people across long distances over rugged terrain, they also helped communi-ties communicate. Sometimes Parkhurst would drive all night and through all sorts of weather. She was known for her courage and her kindness. For example, she always carried candy for her young passengers.

owned a boarding-house. She wrote, “Women’s help is so very scarce that . . . a woman that can work will make more money than a man.”*

*Mary Jane Megquier. Apron Full of Gold: The Letters of Mary Jane Megquier from San Francisco, 1849–1856, by Polly Wells Kaufman. University of New Mexico Press, 1994.

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9l IN 1848, THERE

were few African Americans in California. By 1852, there were 2,000. Some came as free men and women. Others came as enslaved individ-uals who dug for gold for slave-holders. This went against the rule in the goldfields that you owned what you found, so slaveholders were often forced off the fields. Many enslaved individ-uals were able to

u WHEN GOLD WAS

plentiful, people felt there was enough for every-one. Immigrants mined in the goldfields, opened

businesses, and held jobs. When gold became harder to find, however, things changed. American miners often saw

immigrants as unfair competi-tion. Immigrants became the target of discrimination and even violence.

r CALIFORNIA GREW

so fast, the supply of goods could not keep up with demand. This caused inflation (rising prices). Things often cost 10 times more in California than elsewhere. In his book Six Months in the Gold Mines, Edward Gould Buffum wrote that he paid $43 for breakfast for two. That would be about $1,200 today. What did they have? Bread, butter, cheese, sardines, and some-thing to drink.

If you’d been around during the Gold Rush, what job would you have wanted? Miner? Shopkeeper? Stagecoach driver? Something else?

find enough gold to buy their own freedom – and the freedom of friends and family back home. Not all African Americans who came during the Gold Rush were miners. Many started businesses or took jobs that catered to miners.

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Tools of the Trade“Gold is where you find it.”

This was a popular saying during the Gold Rush, but finding gold wasn’t as easy as it looked – or as easy as people said it was. Looking for gold was long, hard, tedious work. A forty-niner needed the right tools and a positive attitude. More than anything, a miner needed luck.

PAN: “Panning for gold” was the most basic method. A miner scooped up water, soil, and gravel using a metal pan. Then he’d swirl the pan around and around. Gold is heavier than most minerals, so nuggets and “dust” (small particles) sink to the bottom. Then the miner would pour out the water and dirt to see if any gold was left.

SHOVEL:Forty-niners used shovels to dig up earth and gravel in search of gold.

ARRASTRE: Mexican gold miners often used an arrastre (which means “to pull” in Spanish). An arras-tre was an upright axle turned by horses, burros, or mules. As the axle turned, it crushed rocks to reveal any hidden gold.

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ROCKER, OR CRADLE: Using a rocker was often a two-man job. One person would pour dirt, gravel, and water into the top tray. Meanwhile, the other person would rock the box. A screen would catch gold pieces and other heavy things as the water ran out. A rocker was also called a cradle because it looked like a baby’s cradle.

SLUICE: A sluice is a long metal trough. Miners would set up sluices near a river to catch water. As the water flowed down the sluice, its riffles (or ridges) would catch heavier gold nug-gets and gold dust.

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Staking a ClaimGetting rich was the dream. Grueling work was the reality. Mining for gold was difficult and hardly ever profitable. Miners rarely made money. That didn’t stop thou-sands of people from following the dream to California. Before long, settlements, or camps where miners lived, began to pop up around the mining sites. They became like little worlds of their own.

l THE FIRST PERSON

to arrive at a spot was allowed to “stake a claim.” That means he would claim the spot as his own and mark it off with wooden stakes. It was as if he owned the land for a short while.

MINERS OFTEN searched for gold six days a week. Many started min-ing before dawn and didn’t stop until after dark. It took a lot of work, and a lot of luck, to find gold. Almost all

the miners faced hazards, or dangers, and hardships, or difficult challenges. Some became very rich, but most end-ed up with little to nothing, despite all their efforts.

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MINERS SET UP camps around min-ing sites. Their tents didn’t offer much protection from rain or snow. Food and medicine were scarce. Life was hard, but the miners

found some joy in playing cards or music. On Sundays they did chores, and sometimes a traveling preacher would visit to deliver a sermon.

r THANKS TO LOUISE

Clapp, we know a lot about what life was really like during the Gold Rush. She wrote detailed letters to her sister, Mary Jane, who still lived back in Massachusetts. Louise described

“A man may work in a claim for many months, and be poorer at the end

. . . or he may take out thousands in a few hours.

It is a mere matter of chance.” *

– Louise Clapp as “Dame Shirley”

*Louise Clapp. From a letter to her sister, April 10, 1852. The Shirley Letters From the California Mines in 1851–1852. Edited by Thomas C. Russell. Harvard College Library, 1922.

daily life in San Francisco and in mining towns. Her letters were published in The Pioneer maga-zine under the pen name Dame Shirley. Later they were collected in a book called The Shirley Letters.

If you were a forty-niner, it helped to know the lingo.

PAY DIRT: Land that was rich in gold

CLAIM-JUMPER: Someone who took another person’s claim

BOOMTOWN: A town, like San Francisco, that saw a sudden jump in popu-lation and business

SQUATTER: Someone who lived on land that did not belong to them

PROSPECTOR: Another term for a miner

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The Effects of the Gold Rush on PeopleThe Gold Rush had a huge social, political, and economic impact on California and the nation as a whole. Before it, California had been the wild frontier. It had had barely any connection to the East Coast, which was the center of power in the United States. Suddenly, California was the focus of worldwide attention.

The state’s enormous growth and newfound wealth ushered in major developments, like the transcontinental railroad, and laws that had far-reaching consequences. It also sped the way for California to become the 31st state, in 1850. The new state of California didn’t allow slavery, which tipped the balance of free states versus slave states in the Union. That helped fuel the beginning of the Civil War.

Just think: all this change started with one little piece of gold seen glittering in a river.

d WHAT GREAT timing for the United States! The signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe in 1848 put California under the control

l THE GOLD RUSH

paved the way for the transcontinen-tal railroad, which was completed in 1869. It revolution-ized cross-country travel in the United States. Whereas it used to take four months to cross the country, the train took only a few days. Before the railroad, the trip cost about

$1,000. The train ticket cost just $150. Building the railroad took an enormous human toll. Thousands worked on it under harsh conditions. Many Native American com-munities along the route were pushed aside (or worse) to make way for progress.

of the U.S. – just in time to reap the rewards of the Gold Rush and set the wheels in motion for the change to statehood.

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u CALIFORNIA

Indians saw their land taken away and communities destroyed during the Gold Rush. Prevented from hunting on their land, many went hungry. This led to deadly conflict. By the mid-1800s, more than 100,000 California Indians had been killed. In 1850, the California legislature passed the Indian Indenture Act, which allowed the enslavement of Native Americans. It also allowed whites to indenture native children to be sold as “apprentices.” The act wasn’t repealed until 1863.

u AS GOLD FEVER

raged across California, tension grew between the Californios and the Americanos, as the Californios called them. Californios

u AS ITS POPULATION

and power grew, the people of California wanted the same rights that everyone else in the United States had. In 1849, General Bennet Riley, the military governor of California, called

for a convention to decide California’s future. Forty-eight delegates gathered in Monterey. They ratified a constitu-tion and agreed on California’s bound-aries. They also voted unanimously to outlaw slavery.

watched as the newcomers came to outnumber them. Each group thought it owned California. Many forty-niners didn’t think Californios

should be allowed to mine for gold, so they drove them away. Other Californios were swindled, or tricked, out of their land.

A constitution sets down basic laws and ideals for people to live by. If you wrote your own constitution, what three main things would you put in it?

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The Effects of the Gold Rush on the EnvironmentBy 1850, it was getting hard to find placer gold. That’s the gold found in rivers and near the ground’s surface. As a result, placer mining gave way to lode mining, which goes deep into rock and minerals. Lode mining requires digging up moun-tains or drilling deep into the ground. The days of the placer miner were over.

The era of big mining companies and industrial mining had begun.

Industrial mining methods soon took over. Hydraulic mining was the most effective, but it had very bad effects on the environment. Some of those effects can still be seen today in California’s mountains, rivers, farms, and forests.

“Environmentally, the dis-covery of gold was a disaster.

People described the California landscape as looking like it had been dug up by giant moles.”*

– Malcolm J. Rohrbough, Gold Rush historian

u IN HYDRAULIC

mining, long hos-es shot powerful jets of water at a hillside. The jets were strong enough to break

u WE CAN STILL

see the effects of hydraulic mining. More than a billion cubic yards of land was removed from the Sierras, never

*Malcolm J. Rohrbough. After the Gold Rush, by Stuart Thornton. National Geographic, 2011. http://nationalgeographic.org/news/after-gold-rush/

to be replaced. The erosion at Malakoff Diggins near Nevada City, California, is just one example. Mining there

formed a canyon 7,000 feet long and 3,000 feet wide. In the late 1870s, that pit was almost 600 feet deep.

up solid rock. The water would carry shattered rock and mud down a sluice. Large rocks and pieces of gold got caught in the ridg-

es on the sluice. Miners would then pick out the gold. The muddy water would empty out into a nearby river or creek.

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17l HYDRAULIC

mining interfered with the natural systems (how elements of nature work together) of rivers, forests, and wildlife. It dumped so much rocky, muddy water into rivers that it killed the fish. Sometimes it even filled up parts of a river. This affected businesses, too. Ships could not pass through shallow waters.

l FLOODS CAUSED

by hydraulic mining damaged farmland. They devastated crops, but that wasn’t the only problem. Some miners used mercury to sepa-

r THE NEED FOR

lumber began long before the Gold Rush started. After all, Sutter’s Mill was built to meet the demands for lumber. That demand skyrock-eted during the Gold Rush. More wood than ever was needed to build structures and to burn as fuel. That meant more logging and more damage to California’s forests and wildlife.

rate out the gold. This toxic metal would wash down-stream and then poison crops and livestock. Farmers fought against the big mining companies – and

won! Hydraulic mining was out-lawed in California in 1884. That was one of the first environmental laws in this country.

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Activities

Imagine that you’re starting a business during the Gold Rush. Think about what miners might want that you could provide. Would you sell a product that they could use? Or would you offer a service? Create an advertisement describing what your business does. Use persuasive words to tell how it benefits miners.

Imagine that you are living in a gold mining camp. Think about the kinds of activities you might do and the challenges you might face. Write a diary entry about a day in your life. Describe how you spent your day as a miner. Be sure to include a descrip-tion of the camp, and share how you feel about living there.

DIARY ENTRY

BUSINESS ADVERTISEMENT

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4.3 Students explain the economic, social, and political life in California from the establishment of the Bear Flag Republic through the Mexican-American War, the Gold Rush, and the granting of state-hood.

4.3.2. Compare how and why people traveled to California and the routes they traveled (e.g., James Beckwourth, John Bidwell, John C. Fremont, Pio Pico). 4.3.3 Analyze the effects of the Gold Rush on settlements, daily life, politics, and the physical environment (e.g., using biographies of John Sutter, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Louise Clapp). 4.3.4. Study the lives of women who helped build early California (e.g., Biddy Mason).

4.4 Students explain how California became an agricultural and industrial power, tracing the transformation of the California economy and its political and cultural development since the 1850s.

4.4.2. Explain how the Gold Rush transformed the economy of California, including the types of products produced and consumed, changes in towns (e.g., Sacramento, San Francisco), and economic conflicts between diverse groups of people. 4.4.3. Discuss immigration and migration to California between 1850 and 1900, including the diverse composition of those who came; the countries of origin and their relative locations; and conflicts and accords among the diverse groups (e.g., the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act). 4.4.4. Describe rapid American immigration, internal migration, settlement, and the growth of towns and cities (e.g., Los Angeles).

Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills:

Research, Evidence, and Point of View3. Students distinguish fact from fiction by comparing documentary sources on historical figures and events with fictionalized characters and events.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

• Many people took the overland route to California, traveling in wagon trains that followed one of two trails: the Santa Fe Trail or the Oregon Trail.

• At the end of a long, hard day of digging for gold, forty-niners had no warm bed to curl up in. They slept in tents in camps that were often crowded and dirty.

• Mifflin Gibbs (above) came to San Francisco

in 1850 and became a successful merchant. He helped start the Mirror of the Times, the first African American–owned newspaper in California.

• Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was born to a wealthy Californio family in 1808. He rose through the ranks of the Mexican military and went on to become one of the delegates at the Monterey Convention.

MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Civil RightsThe civil rights movement is one of the most critically important periods in U.S. history. Segregation, particularly in the South, gave birth to nonviolent protests, sit-ins, and civil disobedience, which ultimately led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Learn about the heroes who led the charge for this movement, including Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Cultural Development and Diversity California is one of the most diverse states in our country. This is your chance to explore why and how it happened – why immigration and migration to California exploded between 1840 and 1900 and how cultural influences from the world over play out in California.

California: Becoming an Economic PowerHow did California become the agricultural and industrial powerhouse it is today? Find out by tracing the transformation of California, from revolutionary developments in trans-portation and communication to massive engineering projects that led to our state’s major role in agriculture.

LEARN MORE ONLINE!

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hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer DixonART DIRECTION: Brobel DesignDESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, David Ricculli, Jeremy RechPHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth MorganACTIVITIES WRITER: Kristine ScharaldiPROOFREADER: Carolyn Jackson

FACT-CHECKER: David Stienecker

AUTHOR: Emily DodiAUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman

PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted LevineCHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine

ON THE COVER: A group of gold miners pose for a photo in what is now Sacramento, California. Alamy: Photo Researchers.

PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: 914 collection: p.7 bottom (Committee of Vigilance); Artokoloro Quint Lox Limited: p.16 middle (Malakoff Diggins); Ivy Close Images: p.2 bottom left (Sutter’s Mill); North Wind Picture Archives: p.3 top left (James Marshall), pp.2–3 bottom (prospectors), p.5 middle left (Samuel Brannan), p.9 middle right (violence against immigrants), p.12 bottom left (prospectors), p.16 bottom left (hydraulic mining); Photo Researchers, Inc.: p.3 center middle (John Sutter); Pictorial Press Ltd: pp.8–9 bottom center (Levi Strauss advert); SOTK2011: p.17 middle center (Sierra logging); The Protected Art Archive: p.17 top (dump and tailings). Bridgeman Images: Peter Newark American Pictures: p.8 top right (Charlie Parkhurst). California State Archives: p.15 top right (California Constitution). Getty Images: Archive Photos: p.19 bottom

(Mifflin Gibbs); Corbis Historical: p.15 top left (Indian Indenture Act). Granger Collection: p.4 top right (gold rush guidebook), p.4 bottom right (gold rush saloon), p.4 middle right (Chinese miners), p.6 bottom left (prospectors at Auburn Ravine, California), p.6 top left (San Francisco c. 1850), p.7 top center (Chinese gold miners), p.9 top left (African American miner), p.10 bottom right (arrastra), p.12 top right (forty-niners), p.13 top right (gold mining camp), p.15 bottom center (Lagrange Mine). Huntington Library, San Marino, CA: p.8 middle left (Apron Full of Gold, The Letters of Mary Jane Megquier from San Francisco, 1849–1856). Library of Congress: Montana Historical Society: p.17 bottom (hydraulic mining banned); Nicholas Philip Trist Papers: p.14 right (Treaty of Hidalgo). OAC / UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library: Dames and Williams: p.7 middle right (Angustias de la Guerra Ord). Shutterstock: Atomazul: p.19 top left (Martin Luther King Jr.); Everett Historical: p.14 bottom left (transcontinental railroad), p.19 top center (Japanese Americans); Kissofdeath: p.19 top right (California tractor); larryrains: p.18 top (gold miner cartoon); patrimonio designs ltd: p.13 bottom right (illustration of a miner); Vladislav Gurfinkel: p.18 bottom (vintage sign). Smithsonian Institute: Kenneth E. Behring Center: p.3 middle right (first gold nugget).

ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS:Brobel Design: Routes of the Forty-Niners, p.5.

Michael Kline Illustration: A Little Secret Goes Big, Gold: Can You Dig It?, cover; Choosing His Route, p.5; Bernarda Ruiz de Rodriguez, p.6; Inflation, p.9.

TEXT ACKNOWLEDGMENT:Excerpt from “After the Gold Rush” by Stuart Thornton from National Geographic, Friday, January 21, 2011. Text copyright © 2011 by National Geographic. Reprinted by permission of The National Geographic Society.

California: Places and RegionsPre-Columbian People of CaliforniaSpanish Exploration and ColonizationMexican Settlement and RuleBear Flag Republic: Road to StatehoodGold Rush

Civil RightsCultural Development and DiversityCalifornia: Becoming an Economic PowerA Plan for GovernmentAmerican Government: Federal, State, and Local

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