Glossary Revised February , 2014 Page 1 of 70

GlossaryRevisedFebruary,2014

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WelcometotheCPSGlossary;acompilationoftheglossariesfromallofourcoursematerial.Wehopeyoufindituseful.Suggestionsforadditionalwords,orimprovementstothedefinitions,arewelcome.TheseshouldbesenttoCurriculum.

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A

Aback(àcontre):Tohavethewindontheforwardsideofthesails.

Abaft(Surl’arrièrede):Inadirectiontowardsthestern.

Abeam(Droitparletravers):Onthebeam;adirectionatrightanglestothekeel.

Aboard(Àbord):Inoronboardavessel.

About(virement):SeeComeAbout,ReadyAbout.

Abreast(côteàcôte):Sidebyside.

Adiabatic(adiabatique):Aprocessinwhichachangeofpressureproducesachangeoftemperature,withouttheapplicationorremovalofexternalheat.

AdiabaticLapseRate(gradientadiabatique):Therateoftemperaturechangeinairforcedtomovevertically.

AdmiraltyRasterChartService(serviceduUKHO):thedepartmentoftheUnitedKingdomHydrographicOffice,whichbeganproducingchartsfortheBritishRoyalNavyandthenforcommercialuseinitsownproprietaryformat,theARCSformat.Thesechartsareupdatedweeklyasneeded.

Adrift(dérive(àla)):Unattachedtoshoreorbottom,floatingoutofcontrol.

Advection(advection):Thehorizontalmovementofanyatmosphericpropertybythemotionoftheair.

AdvectionFog(brouillardd’advection):Fogcausedbythetransportofwarm,moistairoveracoldersurface.

Afloat(Àflot):Avesselwhollysupportedbywaterandoffthebottom.

Aft(Arrière):Atortowardsthestern.

Aground(échoué):Touchingorstuckonthebottom.

Ahead(Enavant):Inthedirectionofthevessel’sheadorbow.

Ahoy(ahoy).Termusedinhailingaboat.

Ahull(capesèche).SeeLieAhull.

Aid to Navigation (Aide à la navigation): A device or object, external to the vessel, located to assist safe


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navigation;itmaybeman-madeornatural.

Air(air):Generaltermforthemixtureofgasescomprisingtheearth’satmosphere.

AirMass(massed’air):Anextensivebodyoftheatmospherewithcomparabletemperatureandhumidity.Itmayextendoveranareaofseveralmillionsquarekilometresandoveradepthofseveralkilometres.

Airfoil(surfaceportante).Adevicedesignedtodeflectanairstreamtherebyderivingenergyfromit.Examples:anaircraftwing,elevatororrudder,akite,orasail.

AirfoilDraft(creuxdelavoile).Themaximumdistancemeasuredperpendicularlyfromthechordlinetothesail.(Depthofsail.)

AIS(SIA):SeeAutomaticIdentificationSystem.

Alarm(alarme):Inradiotelephone,thesignaltransmittedtoalertstationsthatadistresscallandmessagearetofollow.

Alarms(alarmes):Inelectronicnavigation,audioorvisualwarningsthattellyouthatatargethasenteredorleftaguardzone,thatyouarewithinadesignatedrangeofatarget,ortoalertyouofanumberofotherpossibleevents.

Albedo(albédo):Thebrightnessoftheearthasseenfromspace,duetothereflectionofincomingsunlightfromclouds,snowyareasandwatersurfaces.

Alee(souslevent):Toleeward,awayfromthewind.

AllStations(toutesstations):Inradiotelephone,thewordsusedtoalertallradiostationsthatamessageistofollow.

Aloft(enhaut):Abovedeck,usuallyintherigging.

Alternatingcurrent(AC)(courantalternative):Commonlyrefersto110voltcurrentsuchasisusedinhouseholdelectricityandthepowerthatdockedboatstypicallyreceiveatmarinas.SomelargerboatshavetheirowngeneratorsthatcansupplyACpower.

Altitudedifference(Différencedehauteur):SeeIntercept.

Altitude(Hauteur):Angulardistanceabovethehorizonmeasuredalongaverticalcirclefromthehorizontoacelestialbody.

Alto(alto):Heightgroupprefixformiddlecloudsbetween2,000mand6,000m.

Amidships(Aumilieudubateau):Inthemiddleoftheship,whetherlongitudinallyorlaterally.

Amplitude(Amplitude):(1)Themagnitudeofavoltage,currentorpower.(2)Thearcmeasuredalongtheobserver’shorizonbetweenanobserved(celestial)bodyonthehorizon(oritsverticalcircle)andtheobserver’sprimevertical.

AnabaticWind(ventanabatique):Upslopewindcausedbysun’sheatinginaconfinedvalley.


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Analemmacurve(Courbeanalemme): Agraduatedscaleofthedeclinationofthesunandtheequationoftimeforeachdayoftheyear.ItisroughlyafigureeightinshapeandoftenlocatedintheTorridZoneonaterrestrialglobe.

AnalogDisplay(écrananalogue):Methodofpresentingphysicalvariablessuchasspeedordirection,indicatedbyapointeronascale,usuallyagraduateddial.

Anchor(Ancre):Adevicedesignedtoholdashipinanydesiredlocationbytemporarilyattachingittotheseabedbymeansofalengthofropeorchain.

AnchorBend(Noeudd’étalingure):Abendusedtofixananchortoarodewithoutusingathimbleandshackle.

Anemometer(anémomètre):Instrumentformeasuringthespeedanddirectionofthewind.

AneroidBarometer(baromètreanéroïde):SeeBarometer.

AngleofAttack(angled’attaque):Theanglebetweentheapparentwindandthesail,orthewaterflowandtherudder.

Angleofcut(Angled’intersection):theangleatwhichtwolinesofpositiononachartintersect.

Angulardistance(distanceangulaire):thesizeofanangle,measuredindegreesandfractionsofadegree.

Anticlutter(Anti-clapotis):see'Clutter’,whichattenuatesundesiredreflections.

Anticyclone(anticyclone):Acirculationofwindsaroundacentralregionofhighatmosphericpressure.Airflowaroundthecentreoftheanticyclone(or“High”)isclockwiseintheNorthernHemisphere;anticlockwiseintheSouthernHemisphere.

Apogee(Apogée):Thetimewhenthemoonisfurthestfromtheearth.

Apparentaltitude(Hauteurapparente):resultingvalue(Ha)aftersextantaltitude(Hs)iscorrectedforindexerroranddip.

Apparenttime(Heureapparente):Timebasedontherotationoftheearthrelativetotheapparent(true)sun.

ApparentWind(Ventapparent):Thedirectionofthewindasitappearsonboard.Itdiffersfromthetruewinddirection,duetothevessel’smotion.

Arc(Arc):(1)Thedischargeofelectricalcurrentacrossagap.(2)Graduatedscaleofamarinesextant.(3)Partofacurvedline,e.g.partofacircle.

Arctotime(Arcenheure):Theconvertingofarcindegreestotimeinhours(hh)minutes(mm)andseconds(ss).

Aries(Ariès):SeeFirstPointofAries.

ArcticSeaSmoke(brumearctique):HazeinArcticregionswhichreduceshorizontalandobliquevisibility,andwhichmayextendtoaheightofabout10km.Itappearsblue-greywhenviewedawayfromtheSun,andreddish-browntowardit.


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Artificialhorizon(Horizonartificiel):Adevicesuchasapanofdarkoilusedtoprovideahorizontalreference,whenatruehorizonisnotavailabletotakesightswithasextant.

Aspect Ratio (allongement de la voile): In general usage, the aspect ratio of a sail is taken to be thelengthofthelufftothelengthofthefoot.

Assumedlatitude(Latitudeprésumée):Insomemethodsofsightreduction,thelatitudeatwhichanobserverisassumedtobe,forthecalculationofthecomputedaltitude(Hc).

Assumedlongitude(Longitudeprésumée):Insomemethodsofsightreduction,thelongitudeatwhichanobserverisassumedtobe,forthecalculationofthecomputedaltitude(Hc).

Assumedposition((Positionprésumée):Insomemethodsofsightreduction,apointonthesurfaceoftheearthneartheDR(seedeadreckoning)atwhichtheobserverisassumedtobe,andforwhichthecomputedaltitude(Hc)isdetermined

Astern(surl’arrière):(1)inbackof,orbehindtheboat.(2)Themovementofashipgoingbackwards.

Athwartships(Transversal):Acrosstheboatatrightanglestothekeel.

Atmosphere(atmosphère):Thegaseousenvelopesurroundingtheearth.

AtmosphericPressure(pressionatmosphérique):Forceperunitareaexertedbytheatmosphere.Atmeansealevel,standardpressureis1013.25hectopascals(101.325kilopascals).

AttachedFlow(écoulementlaminaire):Themovementofparticlesalongasurface,suchastheflowofairparticlesalongtheleewardsideofasail.

Augmentation(Augmentation):Theapparentincreaseinsemi-diameterofacelestialbodyasitsaltitudeincreases,duetoreduceddistancefromtheobserver.

AutomaticIdentificationSystem(AIS)(systèmeautomatiséd’identification):AsystemthatintegratesGPSwithARPA(seeAutomaticRadarPlottingAid)viashortrangeradio.AISbroadcastsavessel'sidentity,positionandintendedtrack.Italsoreceivessimilarinformationfromothervessels.Thissystemisdesignedtopreventcollisions.

AutomaticRadarPlottingAid(ARPA)(aideradaraupointageautomatique):AlsocalledMARPAandothersimilarnamesdependingonthemanufacturerandtheunit'scapability.Aradarunitwiththisfunctionwillautomaticallytracktargetsidentifiedbytheoperator.Awarningisprovidediftargetswillpasstoocloselytothevessel.ItalsopredictstheCPAandTCPA.SeeClosestPointofApproachandTimeofClosestPointofApproach.

Autopilot(piloteautomatique):anautomaticsteeringdevicethatmayuseGPS/chartplotterfordirectioninformation

Auxiliary(Auxiliaire):Theengineofasailboat;asailboatwithanauxiliaryengine.

Awash(Àfleurd’eau):Mostlyunderwater,butnotcompletelysub-merged.

Aweigh(Ensuspension):Positionofananchorwhenraisedoffthebottomofabodyofwater.


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Azimuth(Azimut):Thetruedirectionoftheverticalcircleofanobservedbody,measuredclockwisealongthehorizonfromTrueNorth(0°to360°).

Azimuthangle(Angled’azimut):Thecomputeddirectionofanobservedbodyfromapointonthehorizontowardtheelevatedpole(northorsouth),measuredalongthehorizon(eastwardorwestward)towardtheverticalcircleofthebody.

B

Back (vent refusant): (1) Change in the direction of the wind in a counter clockwise direction in thenorthern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere; seeVeer. (2) To cause tomovebackwards.

Backbearing(relèvementsurl’arrière):abearingtakenonanobjectbehindthevessel.

BackingtheJib(borderlefocàcontre):Toholdthejibtowindward.

BackingWind (ventrefusant):Awindwhosedirectionchangesprogressively inacounterclockwisedirection(e.g.W-SW-S-SE).Theoppositeof‘’veering”.Note:winddirectionisreportedindegreesTRUE,anddirectionFROM

Backstay(patara):Partofstandingrigging,usuallyawirecable,thatsupportsamastfromaft.

Backwinded(ventàcontre):Asailisbackwindedwhenanothersailtoleewardofitistrimmedsocloselyastocauseincreasedpressureontheleesideofthewindwardsail,thuscausingthewindwardsailtobulgetowindward.

Baggywrinkle(Pomponanti-ragage/gaineanti-ragage):Anti-chafematerialmadefromoldropeyarnswovenbetweenstrandsofmarlin.

Bail(écoper,anse):(1)Toremovewaterbyscoopingitoutwithabucket.(2)Acurvedfittingforsecuringalineorablocktoaspar.

Balance(Équilibre):Whereallforcesareequalandtheboatsailswithaslightweatherhelm.

Ballast(ballast,lest):Addedweightinaship’sbottomtoprovidestabilityandtrim.

Band(bandes):Agroupofradiofrequenciesdesignatedtoaparticularradioservice.

Bar(ofhurricane)(barred’unouragan):Blackmassofcumulonimbuscloudandprecipitationsurroundingtheeyeofanapproachinghurricane.

BarberHauler(barberhauler):Atrimminglineforpositioningtheathwartshipleadofthejib.

BarePoles(àsecdevoile):Underwaywithnosailset;usuallyinaheavyweathersituation.

Barograph(barographe):Aself-recordingbarometer.Severalaneroidbarometersareconnectedsoastoconstantlyrecord,onarotatingdrum,thedailychangesofpressureoftheatmosphere.

Barometer(baromètre):Instrumentformeasuringatmosphericpressure.Twobasictypesare(1)Mercury,inwhichairpressurecausesthemercuryleveltoriseorfallinacalibratedtube,and(2)Aneroid(“withoutfluid”),wherethepressurechangesleadtoexpansionorcontractionofaflexiblemetalcapsule.


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Batten(latte):(1)along,thin,woodenorplasticstripfittedinanarrowpocketintheleechofasail,tokeepthesailfromcurling.(2)Fulllengthwoodenstripsletintotheframesandcoveringtheinsideseamofadjacentplanksin“battenseam”construction.

BattenCar(chariotdelatte):Fittingsattachedattheinboardendoffulllengthbattenstoreducefrictionbetweenthemastandthebattenswhenthemainsailisbeingraised.

BattenPocket(goussetde latte):Anenvelope-likeenclosurestitchedintothetrailingedgeofasailtoholdabatten.

Batten-down(obstruerlesouvertures):Toclosealldeckopenings.

Beacon(balise):Adistinctiveartificialstructureerectedasanaidtonavigation.

Beam(bau):(1)themaximumwidthofavessel.(2)Ahorizontalathwartshipsupportforthedeck.

BeamEnds(Couchéouàflanc):Aboatheeledcompletelyonherside.

BeamReach(largue):Sailingwiththewindatrightanglestothevessel.

BearOff(abatter):Steerawayfromthewind,shoreorobject:Tosteeronanewcoursefartheroffthewind.

Bearing(relèvement):(1)Thedirectioninwhichanobjectlieswithrespecttoareferencedirection.(2)Inradar,theanglemeasuredfromthetopoftheradarscreenclockwisetoanobservedradarreturn.Typically,thebearingisrelative,althoughitcanbetrueormagneticwithexternalheadinginput.

BearingtoClosestPointofApproach(BCPA)(gisementverslepointderapprochementmaximal):ThebearingfromyourboattoanotherwhenyouareatCPA(SeeClosestPointofApproachandTimeofClosestPointofApproach).

Bearing, Collision (gisement de collision): A series of bearings taken on a converging vessel in order todetermineifadangerofcollisionexists.

Bearing,Compass(relèvementcompass):Abearingrelativetocompassnorth.

Bearing,Magnetic(relèvementmagnétique):Abearingrelativetomagneticnorth.

Bearing,Relative(gisement):Abearingrelativetotheheadingorbowofavessel.

BearingRing(anneaudevise):Aringfittingoveracompassandequippedwithvanes,forobservingcompassbearings.

Bearing,True(relèvementvrai):Abearingrelativetotruenorth.

Beat(naviguerauprès):(ofsailing)Aclose-hauledcourse.

Beating(louvoiement):Theprocedureofsailingtowindwardbyalternatetacksacrossthewind.

Beaufort scale (Échelle de beaufort):A numerical scale for estimatingwind speeds from sea states, rangingfrom0(calm)to12(hurricane).Usedforweatherforecastsinsomecountries,andonpilotcharts


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Becket(Ringot):(1)Aneyeintheendofablockusedforsecuringanendofaline.(2)Aneyeintheendofaline.

Before the Wind (allure portante; au portant): Sailing the same direction the wind blows; sailingdownwind.

Belay(amarrer):Tomakefastaropewithoutknotsbytakingturnsroundacleatorbelayingpin.

Below(Entrepont):Beneaththedeck.

Bend(enverguer;abouter;frapper):Theoperationofattachingsailstospars,orjoiningoneropetoanotherorsomeobject.

BifurcationBuoy(bouéedebifurcation):Abuoymarkingwhereachanneldivides.

Bight(boucle):Anopenorclosedloopinaline.

Bilge(fonddecale):Thelowestpartofaboat’sinterior.

Bilgekeel(1.Quillederoulis,2.Batteauàquillesjumelées):(1)Akeelfittedattheturnofthebilgewherethebottommergesintotheside.(2)Twinkeels,similartobilgeboards.

Bilgeboards(derivesdebouchain):Apairofcenterboardsoneithersideofcentreline.

Binnacle(habitacle):Pedestalinwhichacompassismounted.

Bitt(bollard):afittingorpostforsecuring,usuallyondeck.

BitterEnd(étalinguredepuits):Theinboardendofalineorrode(orchainorcable).Theendmadefastto the vessel, as opposed to the “working end”whichmaybe attached to an anchor, cleat, or othervessel.

Blackice(verglas):Typeofglazedfrost(e.g.onroadsorthesuperstructuresofships),causedwhenwaterfallsonasurfacethatisbelowfreezingtemperature.Thethinsheetoficeisratherdarkinappearanceand,unlikewhitehoarfrostorrime,maybehardtosee.

Blanket(masqué):(ofsailing)tocomebetweenthewindandasailsothesailisnotfull.

BLIP(écho):Atargetpaintedonaradarscreen.

Block(Poulie):Asheavethatrotatesonapin;anauticalpulley.

Blooper(blooper):Afullsailsetoppositeaspinnaker.

BoardBoat(Youyou,dinghyàvoileoudériveur):Asmall(cartop)centreboardsailingdinghywithverylowtopsidesandvirtuallynocockpit.

Boathook(Gaffe):Apolewithahookontheend,usedtoreachintothewatertocatchbuoysorotherfloatingobjects.


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BoatWind(ventbateau):Theso-calledwindproducedbythemovementofaboatthroughthewater.

Boatswain’sChair(chaisedegabier):Aseatmadefasttoahalyardforapersontositonwhileworkingaloft(pronouncedbo’sun’schair.)

Bobstay(soubarbe):Astayfromthestemtotheouterendofthebowsprit.

Bollard(bollard):averticalpieceoftimberorirontowhichavesselmaybemoored.

Boltrope(ralingue):Aropesewnalongtheedgeofasailforreinforcement,tolimitstretch,ortoslideintoacoveintheboomormasttoeliminateslides.

Boom(bôme):asparattachedtoamastorstayandsupportingthefootofasail.

BoomCrutch(supportdebôme):Atemporarysupportfortheboomwhenthesailisnothoisted.

BoomVang(freindebôme):Atackle,usuallyrunningbetweentheboomanddeck,whichremovestwistfromthesailbyadownwardpullontheboom.

Boomkin(queuedemallet,arc-boutant,boutdehors):Asparprojectingaftofthesternwithaboomkinstaytosupportabackstay.

Bore (mascaret): A pile up of tidal water through a narrow, shallow, river mouth which results in asurgingwallofwaterupstream

Bow(proue):theforepartofavesselwheretheplankingcurvestomeetthestem.

Bowline(pointeavant):adockinglinefastenedatthebow.

Bowline(noeuddechaise):aknottiedintheendofalinetoformaloopthatwillnotslip.

BowlineonaBight (noeudde chaisedouble):A knot that canbeuseful as abosun’s chair, for recoveringapersonoverboard,orraisingandloweringanoutboardmotor.

Bowsprit(beaupré):asparprojectingforwardoverthestemofasailingcraft.

Breastline(Traversière):adockinglinefastenedamidships.

Bridge(Passerelle):thelocationfromwhichthemovementofaboatiscontrolled.

Bridle(Patted’oie):Alengthoflineorwireropewithbothendssecured(orwithasecuredloop),tothemiddleofwhichanotherlineisattached.

Brightwork(ferrures,boiserievernie):Polishedmetalfittingsorvarnishedwoodwork.

Broach(semetreentravers):(ofsailing)Anuncontrollableturnbroadsidetothesea,whenrunningwiththewindonthequarter.

Broadonthebeam(droitparletravers):adirectionatrightanglestothekeel.

Broadonthebow(surl’avant):adirectionatapproximately45˚,portorstarboard,fromtheship’shead.


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Broadonthequarter(surlahanche):adirectionatapproximately135˚,portorstarboard,fromtheship’shead.

BroadReach(grandlargue):Apointofsailwiththewindmoreorlessovereitherquarter.

BrummelHooks(AttachesBrummel):Patentedtypeofriggingdevicesthatattachtoeachothereasilyandquickly,andremainsecureevenwhenunderload.

BSBElectronicCharts(cartesélectroniquesBSB):mostpopularformatofrasterelectronicnavigationalchartsforrecreationalboating.

Bulkhead(cloison):Acrosswisewalldividingaboatintocompartments.

Bulwark(pavois):Aportionofthehullextendingabovethedeck.

Buoy(bouée):Afloatingmarkanchoredtothebottom,usedasanaidtonavigation.

Buoyancy(forcedeflottabilité):Theupwardforcethatkeepsaboatfloating.

Burgee(Fanion/flamme):Ataperedflagwithadevicedenotingayachtingorganization.

BuysBallot’sLaw(BuysBallot,règlede):IfyoustandwithyourbacktothewindintheNorthernHemisphere,thepressurewillbelowertoyourleft.Extendyourarmsandrotate30degreesclockwiseonland.YourleftarmwillbepointingtothecentreoftheLOW.Onopenwater,extendyourarmsandrotate15degreesclockwisetofindthecentreoftheLOW.(TheruleisreversedintheSouthernHemisphere).

BytheLee(bômeauvent):Sailingonarunwiththewindonthesamesideasthemainboom,leadingtoariskofasudden,unplanned,jibe.

C

Cabin(cabine):aspaceinavessel,partitionedofftoprovideaccommodationorshelter.

Cable(câble,câblée):(1)Anumberofconductorsindividuallyinsulatedandboundasagroup.(2)Aheavystranded conductor such as is used for battery connections. (3) A strong, heavy rope or chain used formooring.(4)Aunitoflengthequalto600feet.

Call(appel):Inmarineradio,themethodusedtoestablishcontactwithoneormorestations.

Callsign(indicatived’appel):AvesselidentifierissuedwitharadiostationlicencebyIndustryCanada.

CamCleat(taquetcoinceur):Afittingwhichgripsaropeintheteethoftworotatingcams.

Camber(creux,cambrure):(1)Thehorizontalcurvatureofasail.(2)Theverticalcurvatureofadeckasseenincrosssection.

Canbuoy(bouéecylindrique):Acylindricalbuoy,floatingendup.

Canoestern(poupedecanoe):Apointedstern,havingashapesimilartothatoftheendofacanoe.

Capsize(chavirer):Tooverturnavesselbyrolling.


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Cardinalbuoy(bouéecardinal):Anaidtonavigationwhichindicatesthecardinaldirectionofsafewater.

Cardinalpoints(pointscardinaux):Thefourmainpointsofthecompass:north,south,east,andwest.

CarryAway(cassersoudainement):Tobreakfreeandbecomelost,saidofgearthat isstressedbeyonditsstrengthoritsfastenings.

CarryHerWay(to)(Erre):Themovementofaboatthroughthewaterasaresultofmomentum.

Carvel(àfrancbord):Smooth-plankedhullconstruction.

Castoff(appareiller):Theoperationoflettinggoacableorlinethatsecuresashiptoabuoy,dock,orothership,topermitgettingunderway.

Cat’sPaw(risée):Asmall,isolatedpuffofwindthatripplesthewatersurfaceonlyinasmallarea.

Catamaran(catamaran):aboathavingtwinhulls,withaspacebetween,joinedbyacommondeck.

Cat-boat(cat-boat):Sailboatwithamaststeppednearthebow,andnojib.

Caulk(produitdecalfeutrage):Tofillaseamwithamaterialtopreventleakage.

CCG(GCC):CanadianCoastGuard.

CCGA(gcac):CanadianCoastGuardAuxiliary.

CCGR(SRGCC):CanadianCoastGuardRadio.

Celestialequator(Équateurastronomique):Agreatcirclelocatedattheintersectionoftheextendedplaneoftheearth’sequatorandthecelestialsphere,thus90°fromthecelestialpoles.Declinationofcelestialbodiesismeasuredfromthecelestialequator.

Celestialhorizon(Horizonastronomique):Agreatcircleattheintersectionofanextendedplanethroughthecenteroftheearthandthecelestialsphere,paralleltotheobserver’shorizonandperpendiculartothezenith-nadirline.

Celestialmeridian(Méridienastronomique):Agreatcirclelocatedattheintersectionoftheextendedplaneofanearth’smeridianandthecelestialsphere,passingthroughbothcelestialpoles.

Celestialpoles(Pôlesastronomiques):Theintersectionsoftheaxisoftheearthwiththecelestialsphere;labeledPnandPs.

Celestialsphere(Sphèreastronomique):Animaginaryglobeofinfiniteradiusconcentricwiththeearth,onwhichthestarsseemtobefixedandthesun,moon,andplanetsappeartowander.

Celestialtriangle(Triangleastronomique):Asphericaltriangleonthecelestialspheresuchasthenavigationaltriangle.

CentreofBuoyancy(centredeflottabilité):Thepointthroughwhichtheupwardthrustofbuoyancyonahullisconsideredtoact.


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CentreofEffort(centred’effortdelavoilure):Static:thegeometriccentreofasinglesailorthecombinedgeometriccentresofseveralsails.Dynamic:thepointwhereallthelateralforcesofthesailsofaboatundersailcouldbeconcentrated,withoutchangingtheireffect.

Centreofgravity(centredegravité):Thepointthroughwhichtheforceofgravityproducedbythevessel’smasscanbeconsideredtoact;thepointfromwhichabodycouldbefreelysuspendedwithoutrotatinginanydirection.

CentreofLateralResistance(centrededérive):Static:thecentreofpressureoftheforcesonthehullofaboat.Dynamic: thepointwhereall lateral forcesactingonahullmovingthroughthewatercouldbeconcentrated,withoutchangingtheireffect.

Centreboard(dérivepivotante):apivotedboardthatcanberaisedorloweredthroughaslotinthekeel.

Centreline(axelongitudinal):Thefore-and-aftlinethatrunsalongtheexactcentreofaboat.

CG(gc):CoastGuard.

Chafe (raguage):Wearonasail, spar,or line.Preventedbychafinggear; sacrificialcoverings, suchasleather,cloth,orrubber.

Chafinggear(anti-raguage):coveringforalinetoprotectitfromabrading.

Chainpipe(écubierdepont):apipethroughthedeckorhull,givingtheanchorrodeaccesstothechainlocker(alsocalledahawsepipe).

ChainPlate(cadène):Ametalstraponasailboat,usuallysecuredtohullstructureorbulkhead,towhichashroudorstayisattached.

Channel(voie):Aradiofrequencythathasbeendesignatedforaparticularpurpose.

Chart(cartemarine):amapdesignedspecificallyuseinnauticalnavigation.

Chartplotter(lecteurdecarte):agraphicelectronicdevicecontainingaGPS,chartinformationandtheabilitytoshowvesselinformation.Chartdatum(zerodescartes):(1)onchartsofinlandwaters,thereferencelevelformeasuringallheightsanddepths;(2)onchartsofcoastalwaters,thereferencelevelbelowwhichdepthsaremeasured,abovewhichheightsoflandformsintheintertidalzonearemeasured,andaboveandbelowwhichthetideismeasured.CanadiantidalchartdatumistheplaneofLowestNormalTide(LNT),whileUSchartdatumistheplaneofMeanLowerLowWater(MLLW)

Cheater(Trinquette):Alow-cutsailsetbelowahighflyingspinnaker.

CheekBlock(jouedevache):Ablockwithoneflatsidesothatitcanbemountedonasparorstructure.

Chine(bouchain):Thelinemarkingtheintersectionofthebottomandsidesofaboat.

Chinook(Chinook):AwarmdrywindontheeasternsideoftheRockyMountains,theresultoftheadiabaticprocessesinvolvedinitstraveloverthemountains;calledthe“snoweater”becausethecombinationofitsrelativelyhightemperatureandextremelylowhumiditycausesrapidevaporationofthesnowitpassesover.


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Chock(chaumard):(1)adeckfittingusedtochangethedirectionoftensionofananchorrodeormooringline;(2)afittingdesignedtoreceiveanobjectandholditsecurely;e.g.anchorchocks

Chronometer(Chronomètre):Atimepiecewithanearlyconstantrateorlossmadeespeciallytokeepaccuratetime.

CHS(SHC):TheCanadianHydrographicService:thefederalagencythatproduceschartsinCanada.

Chute(focballonouspinnaker):Slangforspinnaker(itresemblesaparachute).

Circleofequalaltitude(Cercledehauteurégale):Acircleonthesurfaceoftheearth,fromeverypointofwhichthealtitudeofacelestialbodyisthesameatagiveninstant.

Circleofposition(Cercledeposition):Circularlineofpositiondeterminedbyadistancefromanobject,pointorcelestialbody.

Circumpolar(Circumpolaire):(ofacelestialbody)Revolvingabouttheelevatedpolewithoutsetting.

Cirro(cirro):Heightgroupprefixforicecrystalcloudswithbasesabove6,000m.

Civiltwilight(Crépusculecivile):Theperiodofincompletedarknesswhentheupperlimbofthesunisbelowthevisiblehorizonandthecentreofthesunisnotmorethan6°belowthecelestialhorizon;usefulintakingsightsonstarsorplanets.

ClamCleat(coinceur):Asimpleridged‘V’groovethatholdsnylonandDacronlinesfirmly,yethasnomovingpartstobreakorseize.Itallowstheimmediatereleaseofthelinebyashortupwardpull,onthefreeend.

ClassA(classea):ADigitalSelectiveCalling(DSC)specificationstandardthatmeetsallInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)MediumFrequency/VeryHighFrequency(MF/VHF)requirementsforcompulsorilyfittedvesselsover300GrossRegisteredTons.

ClassB(classeB):ADSCspecificationstandardthatmeetsIMOMF/VHFrequirementsfornon-pleasurecraftnotrequiredtohaveClassAequipment.

ClassC(classeC):ADSCspecificationstandardthatisnolongerapproved.

ClassD(classeD):ADSCspecificationstandardthatmeetstheminimumrequirementsVHF-DSConnon-pleasurecraftnotrequiredtocarryClassAorBequipment.(NotallClassDradiosmeetIMOrequirements.)

ClawOff(Sereleverauventd’unecôte):(ofsailing)Tobeatoffofaleeshoreunderdifficultconditions.

ClearAhead(enroutelibredevant):Seeclearastern.

ClearAstern(dégagésurl’arrière):Sailingtermsdescribingtherelativepositionsoftwoboatscloseenoughtoeachothertopossiblyrestricttheirmanoeuvrability.Aboatisclearasternofanotherwhenherhullandequipmentinnormalpositionarebehindanimaginarylineabeamfromtheaftermostpointoftheother’shull andequipment innormalposition. Theotherboat isclearahead. Theyoverlapwhenneither is clearasternoftheotherorwhenaboatbetweenthemoverlapsboth.

Cleat(taquet):afittingwithtwoarmsorhornstowhichlinesaremadefast.


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Clew(pointd’écoute):theafterlowercornerofasail;onaspinnaker,thelowercornerattachedtothesheet.

Clinker-built(contructionàclins):Typeofhullconstructionwheretheloweredgeofeachplankoverlapsandisfastenedtotheupperedgeoftheplankbelowit.Alsoseelapstrake.

Closeaboard(côteàcôte):beside,closeto,alongside.

CloseReach(aulargue):Thepointofsailbetweenclose-hauledandbeamreaching.

CloseReefed(ariseaumaximum):Whenallpossiblereefshavebeentakenin.

Close-hauled(prèsserré):Sailingascloseaspossibletothedirectionofthewind.Also,calledon-orby-the-wind,orbeating.

ClosestPointofApproach(CPA)(pointderapprochementmaximal):Theclosestdistancetwovesselswillcometoeachotherwhenbothareunderway,usuallyexpressedindistanceandrelativebearing.SeealsoAutomaticRadarPlottingAid,BearingtoClosestPointofApproachandTimeofClosestPointofApproach.

Cloud(nuage):Accumulationofwaterdrops,icecrystals,oramixtureofboth,formedbythecondensationofwatervapour,withitsbaseabovethesurface.

Clovehitch(demi-clé,àcapeler):aknotusedforatemporaryfasteningtoapostorarail.

Club-footedJib(focbaumé):Ajibwithaboom.

Clutter(fouillisd’échos):Echoesfromwaves,rainetc.thatproducespotsonthescreen.Ifsevere,theseinterferewithtargets.Anti-cluttercontrolssuchasSensitivityTimeControlandFastTimeConstantmayhelptoreduceclutter.

Coalescence(coalescence):Themergingtogetherofsmallerdroplets,tocreatelargerdrops.

Co-altitude(Co-hauteur):Ninetydegreesminusthealtitudeofabodyabovethecelestialhorizon;thesameaszenithdistance.Thesideofthenavigationaltrianglebetweenthezenithandthebody,orbetweentheAPorDRandtheGPofthebody.

Coaming(hiloire):Araisedborderabovethedeckaroundhatchesandthecockpit.

Coast station (station côtière)): A shore-based radio station operated by the Coast Guard, RescueCoordinationCentre,etc.

Cockpit(cockpit):Anopenspaceforthecrew,lowerthanthedeck.

Co-declination(Co-déclinaison):Ninetydegreesminusthedeclinationofabody,whendeclinationandlatitudehavethesamename:co-declinationisthesameaspolardistancemeasuredfromtheelevatedpole;thesideofthenavigationaltrianglebetweenthebodyoritsGPandtheelevatedpole.

Coil(lover):Toarrangealineinloops.

Co-latitude(Co-latitude):Ninetydegreesminusthelatitudeoftheobserver.Thesideofthenavigationtrianglebetweenthezenith,APorDRandtheelevatedpole.


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ColdFront(frontfroid):Atransitionzonewhereacoldairmassadvancesandreplacesawarmairmass.

Collisionbearing(gisementdecollision):seebearing,collision.

Comeabout(virerventdebout):toturntheship’sheadthroughthewind,changingfromonetacktotheother.

Communication(communication):Themeansofexchangingmessages.

CompactFlash(compactflash):oneofafewstandardsforremovablestoragecardsfordigitaldatathatcanbeusedwithPersonalDigitalAssistants,cameras,GPSreceiversandcomputers.

Companionway(descente):astairwayfromonedecktoanother.

Compass(compass):aninstrumentfordetermininghorizontaldirection.

Compassbearing(relèvementcompass):seebearing,compass.

Compasscourse(Capcompas):Thecoursebyboat’scompass;theanglebetweentheboat’skeelandthenorthpointofthecompasscard.

Compasserror(Erreurdecompas):thedifferencebetweenanytruedirectionandthatindicatedsimultaneouslybythecompass:thecombinedeffectofvariationanddeviation.

Compasserror(Erreurdecompas):thedifferencebetweenanytruedirectionandthatindicatedsimultaneouslybythecompass:thecombinedeffectofvariationanddeviation

Compassnorth(nordcompass):thedirectionindicatedasnorthbythecompass.

CompassRose(roseducompass):Agraduatedcircleprintedonachartasareferencetoshowtrueandmagneticnorth

Compensation(compensation):theadjustingofacompasssoastoremoveorreducedeviation.

Compulsory(obligatoire):Thatwhichisrequiredbylaw.

Computedaltitude(hauteurcalculée):Altitudeofabodyabovethecelestialhorizonfromadeadreckoningposition(DR),anassumedposition(AP),oraknownposition(KP)atagiventime,asdeterminedbycomputation,usuallywiththeaidofasight-reductiontableorcalculator.

Computedcourse(Capcalculé):Coursecomputedfromtruenorth.UsedprincipallyintheSailings.

Con(navigueràvue):tosteertheboatbydirectobservationoflandmarks.

Concentric(Concentrique):Havingacommoncentre,asforcirclesorspheres.

Condensation(condensation):Theprocesswherebyavapourbecomesaliquid.Intheatmosphere,condensationappearsinsuchformsascloud,fog,dewandprecipitation(seealsoLatentHeat).

Conditionofthesea(étatdelamer):stateofagitationofthesea,duetothecombinedeffectsofwindandswell.


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ConditionalInstability(Conditionnellementinstable):Astateinwhichrisingairremainsstableuntilcooledtoitsdewpoint,butbecomesunstableoncecondensationoccurs.

Conformalprojection(Projectionconforme):Aprojectioninwhichallanglesaroundanypointarecorrectlyrepresented.

Conicalbuoy(bouéedetypecone):acone-shapedbuoy,floatingwiththepointup.

ConstantPressureLevel(niveaudepressionconstant):Theheightabovesealevelatwhichaspecificpressureexists.

Constellation(Constellation):Oneofthe88recognizedgroupsoffixedstars,ortheregionoftheskyinwhichthegroupappears.

Constrictor Knot (noeud constricteur): A variation of the clove hitch; can be used as a semi-permanentwhipping.

Continuousrefraction(Réfraction):Therefractionduetoincreasingdensityofairwithdecreasingaltitude.

Control(control):Ofradio,tocommandordirectcommunications:effectedbythecontrollingstation.

Convection(convection): Theprocesswherebyairrisesbecauseitiswarmer(lighter)thanitssurroundings.Examplesofconvectivecloudsarecumulusandcumulonimbus.

Convergence(convergence):Anethorizontalinflowofairwhichleadstorisingofexcessairinthecentre,andaloweringofsurfacepressure,asseencommonlyindepressions.

CoordinatedUniversalTime(Tempsuniverselcoordonné):Thetimescaleprovidedbymostbroadcasttimesignals.ForpurposesofmarinenavigationitisequivalenttoGreenwichMeanTime.GPSusesCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC).SeeGreenwichmeantime(GMT)andUniversalTime(UT).

COP(CDP):SeeCircleofPosition

Cordage(cordage):Ageneraltermforalltypesofrope.

CoriolisEffect(effetdeCoriolis):Theapparentdeflectionofwinddirectionduetotherotationoftheearth.Theeffectvarieswiththespeedofthewindandalsowithlatitude,beingzeroattheequator.ThedeflectionistotherightintheNorthernHemisphere;totheleftintheSouthernHemisphere.

Correcting(correctionderoute):theconversionofcoursesorbearingsfromcompasstomagnetictotrue.

COSPAS-SARSAT(cospas-sarsat):Anorbitingsatellitesystemthatthatdetectsandlocatesemergencybeaconsactivatedbyaircraft,shipsandbackcountryhikersindistress.ItwasestablishedbyCanada,France,theUnitedStates,andtheformerSovietUnionin1979.ItisoperatedjointlybytheUSandRussia.

CotterPin(goupillefendue):“Abendable,splitpinusedtopreventanutandbolt,orotherassembly,fromloosening.”

Counter(voûte):Abovewaterportionofthestern,extendingbackfromtheafterendofthewaterline.

CounterStern(arrièreàvoûte):Anoverhangingstern.


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Course(route):(1)thehorizontaldirectioninwhichaboatissteeredorintendedtobesteered(2)InGPS,thedirectionfromastartingwaypointorlocationtoadestinationwaypoint,

CourseMadeGood(routesurlefond):(1)Thenetdirectioninastraightlineaboathastravelled,measuredfromastartingpointtoadestination,betweentwoknownpositionsorfixes.(2)InGPS:Thebearingfromanactivewaypoint(startingpoint)toapresentposition,independentofthepathtaken.

Courseoverground(Routeparcourue):Actualpathoftravelofaboatoverthebottom.Thepreferredtermforpathofaboatwithrespecttothebottomistrack.

Coursesteered(Routebarrée):Thedirectioninwhichahelmsmansteersaboatwhenunderway.

Course-Up(routeenhaut):Adisplaymodeinwhichthedirectionoftravelistowardsthetopofachartplotterorradarscreen.

Cove(gorge):Agrooveorslotbuiltintotheboomorafteredgeofamast.

CPS(ecp):CanadianPowerandSailSquadrons.

Cradle(ber):Afittedframebywhichaboatissupportedduringstorageorshipping.

Craze(Craquelage):Todevelopsmallcracksemanatingoutwardfromacentralpoint.

Cringle(oeillet,patte):aropeorcirculareyemadeonametalorplasticthimble,usedforfasteningonthecornerofasail,awningorothercanvasitem.

Criticaltable(Tableàvaleurintégrale):Atableinwhichvaluesofthequantitytobefoundaretabulatedforlimitingvaluesoftheenteringargument.Nointerpolationisrequired.

CrossTrackError(XTE)(écartderoute):Thedirectionandhorizontaldistanceyouareoffadesiredtrack;usuallyindicatedbyaGPSorchartplotter.

Crown(diamant):Thepointonananchorwheretheshankjoinsthearms.

Cuddy(rouf):Asheltercabininasmallboat.

Cumulo(cumulo):groupprefixforverticalclouds.

Cunningham(cunnigham):Anarrangementofgearusedtoadjustthelufftensioninasailwithoutusingahalyardormovingtheboom.

Current(Courant):(1)Thehorizontalmovementofwater,whichmayaccountforthedifferencebetweenadeadreckoningpositionandafixatthesametime.(3)Themovementofelectronsthroughaconductor.

Cursor(curseur):Amovablemarkonacomputer,oraboat’snavigationaldisplayscreenusedtoidentifyalocationonthescreen,markawaypoint,measuredistanceorbearingetc.

Cut(angled’intersection):Theangleofintersectionofthelinesofpositioninafix.

Cutter (cotre):Asingle-mastedboatwithmainsailandusuallymore thanoneheadsail,with themaststeppedclosetoamidships(from40to50%aftofthebowversusabout33%forasloop).


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Cyclone(cyclone):Aroughlycircularareaoflowpressure,aroundwhichtheairflowsinacounter-clockwisedirection;alsoknownasa“low”or“depression”.(Inmid-latitudes,theterm“extra-tropicalcyclone”issometimesusedtodistinguishfromthesmallerbutmoreintensetropicalcyclones).

D

Daggerboard(derivesabre):anon-pivotingdropboardloweredverticallythroughatrunk,andthroughaslotinthekeel.

Danforth® Anchor (Danforth, ancre): An anchor with long, pointed, hinged flukes with good holdingpower.

Dangerzone(zonededanger):thesectorextendingfromdeadaheadto22½˚abaftthestarboardbeam,anarcof112½˚inall.

Data(données):Informationorsignals,usuallyindigitalform.

Datum(zerodelacarte):areferencepointfromwhichmeasurementsaremade;thezeropointonameasurementscale(seechartdatum,datumforheights,horizontaldatum).

Datumforheights(Référencedeshauteurs):thereferencelevelabovewhichheights(includingoverheadclearances)aremeasuredonachart(asarule,ininlandwatersthisisthesamereferencelevelasthechartdatum,whileincoastalwatersthisisthehighestlevelthatthetidenormallyreaches).

Datumforsoundings(Zérodescartes):Seechartdatum.

Davit(bossoir):Crane-likedeviceforhoistingasmallboat,anchor,orcargo.

Daybeacon(marquedejour):Unlightedfixedaidtonavigation.

Daylightsavingtime(Heureavancée):Avariationofstandardtimeinordertomakebetteruseofdaylight,usuallyonehourlaterthanstandardtime;alsocalledSummerTimeespeciallyinEurope.

Deadahead(droitdevant):directlyahead.

Deadastern(directementderrière):directlyastern.

Deadreckoning(l’estime):theprocessofdeterminingavessel’sposition,usingonlyknowledgeofspeed,elapsedtime,coursesteered,andapointofdeparture.Anydifferencebetweenthedeadreckoningpositionandafixforthesametimeindicatesthecombinedeffectofanycurrent,windandsteeringerror.

Deadreckoningtrack(Routeàl’estime):Theintendedcourselineofavesselasplottedonachart.

DeadRun(ventarrière):Thepointofsailonwhichaboathasthewindblowingstraightoverthestern.

Deadhead(corpsmort):alogorheavytimberfloatingnearlyverticalbutwithlittleofitsbulkabovethesurface.

Deadrise(anglederelevédevarangue):Theanglemadebythehorizontalplaneofthekeeltotheboatbottom,usuallyexpressedininchesforeachfootofdistancefromthekeel.

Deadwood(massif):thesolidfore-and-afttimberinglyingbetweenthekeelandhullproper.


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Deck(pont):thehorizontalplatforms,inships,separatingcompartmentsoneaboveanother.

DeckDrain(Draindecockpit):Openingsinthedeckorcockpittodrainwateroverboard.

Decklog(journaldebord):abookinwhichtheconductofthevesselisrecorded(seealsolog).Thisincludesboatmovement,positionandimportantevents.

Declination(Déclinaison):Angulardistanceofacelestialbodynorthorsouthofthecelestialequator;thearcofanhourcirclebetweenthecelestialequatorandapointonthecelestialsphere.

Degree(degree):aunitofangularmeasurement,beingonethree-hundred-and-sixtieth(1/360)ofacircle.

Delamination(délaminage):aconditioninwhichthelayersoffibreglassseparatefromeachother.

DepartmentofDefence(DOD)(départementdeladéfense):TheU.S.DepartmentofDefencewhichistheowner/operatoroftheNavstarGlobalPositioningSystem.

Departure(Départ):(1)anaccuratefixorotherknownpositiononachartfrom,whichacourseislaid.(2)TermusedintheSailingsfordistancemadegoodtotheeastorwestonanycourseexpressedinnauticalmiles(p).Shouldnotbeconfusedwithdifferenceoflongitudes(DLo).

Deposition(condensation):Thetransitionofwatervapourdirectlytoicewithoutaliquidphase.

Depressedpole(Pôleinférieur):Thecelestialpolebelowthehorizon;itisofcontrarynametolatitude.

Depression(dépression):seeCyclone.

Depthsounder(Échosondeur):Anelectronicdevicethatusesthetimelapsebetweenatransmittedultrasonicpulseanditsreceivedechotodeterminethedepthofwater.

Deviation(deviation):theangulardifferencebetweenmagneticnorthandcompassnorth,causedbytheeffectoftheboat’smagneticfielduponitscompass.

Dew(rosée):Watercondensedontoobjectsonorneartheground,thetemperatureofwhichhasfallenbelowthedewpointoftheadjacentair,duetoradiation.

DewPoint(pointderosée):Thetemperaturetowhichairmustbecooled,inordertobecomesaturatedbythewatervapouralreadypresentintheair.

Differenceoflatitude(Différencedelatitude):Theshorterarcofameridianbetweentheparallelsoftwoplacesexpressedinangularunits.Ifthelatitudesofthetwoplaceshavethesamename(NorS),itisthedifferenceinthelatitudevalues.Ifthelatitudeshaveoppositenames,itisthesumofthevalues.

Differenceoflongitude(Différencedelongitude):Theshorterarcofaparallelbetweenthemeridiansoftwoplacesexpressedinangularunits.Ifthelongitudesofthetwoplaceshavethesamename(EorW),differenceoflongitude(DLo)isthedifferenceinthelongitudevalues.Ifthelongitudeshaveoppositenames,DLoisthesmallerofthesumofthetwolongitudesor360°minusthesum.Numericalvaluedoesnotchangewithachangeinlatitude.Donotconfusewithdeparture(p).

DifferentialGlobalPositioningSystem(systèmedepositionnementdifferential):Acomplementarylocalsystemwhichattemptstoremoveerrorsinducedbyionosphericaberrationandcancelanydeliberaterandomerrorsinthe


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GPSpublicsatellitesignals,producedthroughSelectiveAvailability,whichtheUScouldreintroduceintimesofincreasedworldtension.

Digital Display (affichage numérique): A number flashed on the display unit presenting a physicalvariable.

DigitalNauticalChart(cartemarinenumérique);amilitaryelectronicchartspecificationdevelopedbytheU.S.NationalGeospatialIntelligenceAgency,andusedbytheNATOfleets.

DigitalSelectiveCalling(Appelnumériquesélectif):Adedicated,digital,semi-automaticcallingsystemforestablishingcommunicationwithselectedradiostationsutilizingVHFchannel70.WithaDSC-enabledradio,theoperatorcansignalselectivelytoanotherradio,orgloballytoallothers.Intheeventofanemergency,theDSCradio,atthepressofabutton,automaticallytransmitsadistress-codeddigitalsignalalongwithitscoordinateswhichareobtainedfromaconnectedorincludedGPSunit.TheusermustregistertheradiowithIndustryCanadainordertohavetheboatinformationassociatedwiththeradio.

DilutionofPrecision(DOP)(diminutiondelaprécision):ThefixesobtainedfromaGPSaresubjecttovaryingdegreesofaccuracydependingupontherelativelocationsofthesatellitesoverhead.TheDOPisagoodindicatoroffixreliability.

Dinghy(annexe):asmall,open,unballastedboat,propelledbyoars,sail,orengine;aship’ssmallboat.

Dip(Dépression):Theangleofdepressionofthevisibleseahorizonfromthehorizontal,duetotheelevationoftheeyeabovethesealevel.

Dipshort(Dépressionrapprochée):Aspecialtechniquefortakingasightonconfinedwaterswheretheshorelineoppositetheobserver(whichiscloserthanthenaturalhorizon)isusedasthehorizontomeasurethebody’saltitude;alsoreferredtoas“dipshortofthehorizon”.

DirectCurrent(DC)(courantcontinu):Thetypeofpowerobtainedfrombatteries.BoatersoftenusethetermDCtoreferto12voltdirectcurrent,whichisthemostcommonvoltageonsmallerboats.

Direction(sens):isthepositionofonepointrelativetoanotherwithoutreferencetothedistancebetweenthem

DirectionofRelativeMotion(DRM)(directiondumovementrelative):Thedirectionatargetismovingacrossaradarscreen.Thisistheresultofthetarget'sdirectionandspeedrelativetotheboat'sdirectionandspeed.

Dischargecurrent(jetdedécharge):thewaterexpelledbythepropeller.

Discontinuity(Discontinuité):Thesurfacebetweentwotransparentsubstancessuchasairandwaterorairandglassatwhichrefractionoccurs.

Displacement(déplacement):theweightofthevolumeofwaterdisplacedbyafloatingvessel.

Displacementhull(coqueàdéplacement):ahullthatissupportedsolelybybuoyancyatanyspeed.

DisplayUnit(moduled’affichage):anelectronicdevicethatpresentsavisualpresentationoftheoutputfromaradar,chartplotter,AISorotherunit.

Distance(Distance):Thespatialseparationoftwopointsandthelengthofthelinejoiningthem.Navigatorsusenauticalmiles;seenauticalmiles.


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DistressCommunication(communicationdedétresse):(1)Thetypeofcommunicationusedwhenavesselisin‘graveandimminentdanger’andrequires‘immediateassistance’.(2)Theradiotrafficthatfollowsadistresssignal.

DittyBag(nécessairedemarin):Asmallbagforstowage,e.g.,sewingkit,orsmalltools.

DiurnalTide(Maréediurne):Atidewithonehighandonelowwaterperday

Divergence(divergence):NetoutflowofairfromaHIGHpressurecentre.

Dock(port,basin):(1)anenclosedareaofwaterinaharbourwhichcanbeusedformooringoneormorevessels,particularlyanareaspecificallydredgedforthispurpose;(2)thespacebetweentwowharvesorpiers,whereoneormorevesselscanbesecured;(3)astructureorgroupofstructuresbuiltatthewater’sedge,towhichavesselcanbesecured.

Docking(accostage):theprocedureforcomingalongsideandsecuringtoadock,wharf,orjetty.

DogWatch(petitquart):Awatchofhalfusualduration;usedtostaggerthewatchperiodsfromdaytoday.

Doldrums(calmeséquatoriaux):Alowpressureregiononeithersideoftheequator,renownedforlightwindsorcalmsandheavytropicalrainfall.

Dolphin(ducd’albe):agroupofpilesboundtogether.

Dolphin Striker (arc-boutant de martingale): A short spar fitted below a bowsprit, over which thebobstayisfitted.

DoradeVent (Mancheàair):Aventilatorthatdoesnotpermitwaterorspraytopassbelowwiththefreshair.

Doubleender(navireamphidrome):aboathavingbothapointedbowandstern.

Doublesheetbend(noeudd’écoutedouble):aknotthatisusedprincipallyforjoiningtworopesofequalordifferentdiameters,andismoresecurethantheordinarysheetbend.

Douse(affaler(amener,abaisser)rapidement):Tolowerquickly.

Downburst(rafaledescendante):Violentdowndraftbelowathunder-storm(seeMicroburst).

Downhaul(halebas):Alineortackleusedtoexertadownwardpullonasailorspar.

Downwind(avalduvent):toleeward;thedirectioninwhichthewindisblowing.

DR(estime):seedeadreckoning.

DRposition(Positionestimée):Apositiondeterminedbydeadreckoning.Seedeadreckoning.

Draft(alsospelleddraught)(tirantd’eau):theminimumdepthofwaterrequiredtofloatavessel.

Drag(ofananchor)(Chassersonancre):Themovementofananchoroverthebottomwhenitceasestohol


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Drift(derive):(1)thespeedofacurrent;(2)materialfloatingatrandom;(3)thedistanceavesselismovedbycurrentand/orwind;(4)tomoveidlywithoutpropulsiveforceofengineorsail.

Driftangle(Sens):Theangulardifferencebetweenthecoursesteeredandthecoursemadegood(CMG)betweenfixes.

Drizzle(bruine):Precipitation,usuallyfromstratiformclouds,intheformofverysmalldropletswhichfallveryslowlyandsometimescausereducedvisibility.

Drogue(trainard):Seaanchor,orformofdragusedtocreateresistancetomovement.

Dryadiabaticlapserate(gradientadiabatiquesec):Adiabaticlapserateofdryairwithaltitude.

Dumbcompass(taximètre):seepelorus.

Duplex(duplex):Useoftwodifferentradiofrequenciesfortransmittingandreceiving.

E

Earing(bosse):Alinethatsecuresacringletotheboom.

Ease(chequer):Toletoutalinegradually.

Easterlies(Ventsdel’est):Beltsofpersistenteasterlywindssuchasthetradewindsandthepolareasterlies.

Ebb(jusant):acurrentgenerallyfromthelandtowardstheopenocean,associatedwithafallingtide.

ECDIS(SEVCM):ElectronicChartDisplayandInformationSystem.

Echo(écho):Oneofseveraltermsforthereflectionofradarenergyfromanobjectanditssubsequentdisplay.Thewordissynonymouswithblipandtarget.

EchoStretch(étirementdel’écho):Inradar,acontrolthat`stretches'theapparentsizeofatargettohelpmonitorweakertargets.

EchoTrail(traced’écho):Anelectronicfunctionthatstores,andsimultaneouslydisplays,returnsfromseveralsubsequentradarscans,therebyshowingthemovementofobjectsrelativetoavessel.

Ecliptic(écliptique):Theapparentannualpathofthesunamongthestars;theintersectionoftheplaneoftheearth’sorbitwiththecelestialsphere.Thisisagreatcircleofthecelestialsphereinclinedatanangleofabout23°27’tothecelestialequatorbecausetheaxisofrotationoftheearthisnotperpendiculartoitsorbit.Thismakesthesunseemstomovenorthandsouthduringtheyearandgivestheearthitsseasons.

ECS(SCE):ElectronicChartSystem—agenerictermusedforanysystemsotherthanECDIS.SeeECDIS

Eddy(Tourbillon):Asmallwhirlorcirclingmovementofafluidsuchanairorwater;maybeembeddedwithalargercurrent.

ElNiño(ElNiño):Awarmoceancurrent,associatedwithweakeningofthetradewinds,whichflowseastwardacrossthePacificOceanjustsouthoftheequator;createscatastrophicchangesinweatherpatternsinareaswhichmaybefarfromitssource.


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Electrolytic Action (Électrolyse):A plating and eroding action that occurs when dissimilarmetals areimmersedinanelectrolytesuchassaltwater.

ElectronicBearingLine(EBL)(gisementélectronique):Anelectronicallygeneratedlineseenonaradardisplayscreen,usedtomeasuretherelativebearingofobjects.

ElectronicNavigationalChart(ENC)(carteélectroniquedenavigation):Anydigitalrepresentationofanavigationalchart,ineitherrasterorvectorformat.

ElectronicRangeandBearingLine(portéeetgisementélectronique):ERBL.AformofElectronicBearingLine(EBL)andVariableRangeMarker(VRM)thatcanoriginatefromanypointonaradarscreen.BothEBLandVRMoriginatefromtheboat’spositioninthecentreofthescreen.

Elevatedpole(Pôleélevé):Thecelestialpoleabovethehorizon:ithasthesamename(NorS)aslatitude.

Ellipse(Ellipse):Anelongatedcircle.Thecurveformedwhenaconeorcircularcylinderiscutacrossatanangleotherthan90°.

Embark(embarquer):Togoaboard.

EP(PEC–positionestiméecorrigée):SeeEstimatedPosition

Ephemeris(Éphémérides):Acollectionoftablesordatashowingthepositionoftheplanetsorheavenlybodiesforeverydayofagivenperiod;alsoanastronomicalalmanaccontainingsuchtables.

EPIRB(RLS):EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeacon;aAsmalltransmitteroperatingonaircraftmarineorsatelliteemergencychannels,usedincasesofdistress.

Equationoftime(Équationdutemps):Theamountoftimebywhichthetruesunleadsorlagsbehindthemeansunatanyinstant.

Equator(équateur):thegreatcirclewhoseplaneisperpendiculartothepolaraxis,midwaybetweenthepoles.

Equilibrium(équilibre):Astateofbalance.

Estimatedposition(Positionestiméecorrigée):Mostprobablepositionofaboatbasedonasinglelineofposition(LOP),orbasedonincompleteorquestionabledata.

EstimatedProbableError(erreurprobaleestimée):Acarefullyconsideredandconstantlyupdatedallowancefortheknowninaccuraciesthatmightbepresentinanelectronicpositiondisplay.

EstimatedTimeEnroute(duréeprobablederoute):Thecalculatedelapsedtimethataboatshouldtaketoreachadesireddestinationbasedonitspresentheadingandspeed.

EstimatedTimeofArrival(ETA)(heureprobabled’arrivée):Thecalculatedtimeatwhichaboatshouldreachthedesignatedpoint,waypointordestinationbasedonitspresentheadingandspeed.

EstimatedTimeofDeparture(ETD)(heureprobablededépart):Thetimeatwhichitisplannedtoleaveaparticularlocation.

Evaporation(évaporation):Processbywhichliquidwaterischangedtovapour(seealsoLatentHeat).


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EvenKeel(assiettenulle):Aboatisonanevenkeelwhenitisfloatinglevel.

Eye(oeil)(ofahurricane):Centralcoreofatropicalcyclone;cloudless,withlightwinds.

Eyesplice(oeilépissé):asplicewhichformsaloopontheendofaline.

EyeWall(paroidel’oeil):Verticalshaftofcumulonimbuscloudssurroundingtheeye,containingthestrongestwindsinthestorm.

Eyelet(oeillet):Asmallgrommetthroughwhichlacingispassed.

Eye-of-the-Wind(litduvent):Directlyupwind.

F

Fairlead(chaumard):aringorotherfittingmountedaboardaboat,throughwhichalinecanbepassedtohelpcontrolitorchangeitsdirection.

Fairwaybuoy(bouéedemi-chenal):abuoythatmarksalandfall,theentrancetoachannel,orthecentreofachannel.

FakeDown(plet;affaler):(1)Tocoilalinesothatitwillrunfree.(2)themainsailmaybefakedorflakeddownontotheboom.

Fall(Garant):Thelineinatackle.

Falloff(abattre):themovementwhenashipissteeredorblownoffcoursetoleeward.

Family(ofdepressions)(famillededépressions):Aseriesofdepressionsbuildinganddyinginsuccession,alongthesamefrontalwave.

FamilyRadioService(FRS)(SRF):Veryshortrangeradios(approximately2km).

Fast(1:Frapper;2:longueur):Secure:tomakesomethingfastistosecureit.

FastTimeConstant(FTC)(constantdetempsrapide):Aprocessingtechniqueinaradardisplaywherebytheeffectsofrainclutteronthedisplaycanbeminimized.

Fastenings(boulonnerie):Screwsornailsthatareusedtoholdpartsofaboattogether.

Fathom(brasse):aunitofmeasureequaltosixfeet;usedtodescribedepthofwateroralengthofropeorline.

Fender(défense):adevicehungoverthesideofavesseltoprotectthehullfromotherobjects.

FerrelCell(celluledeFerrel):Acellofglobalaircirculationbetween30°and60°northandsouthoftheequator.

Fetch(course,fetch):(1)Theuninterruptedstraightlinedistanceoverthewateronwhichthewindmayacttobuildwindwaves.(2)Toreachorarriveatapoint,asin“Shefetchedthepoint.”

Fid(grosépissoir):Taperedtoolusedinsplicing(seemarlinespike).


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Figure-eightknot(alsocalledafigure-of-eightknot)(noeudenhuit):astopperknotshapedlikeafigure-eight.

Filling(ofLowordepression)(remplissaged’unedepression):Increaseofcentralpressureuntillownolongerexists.

FinRudder(barredegouvernail):Arudderfasteneddirectlytotheafteredgeofakeel.

FirstPointofAries(Premierpointd’Ariès):Thepointwherethedeclinationofthesuniszeroasitpassesovertheequatoronthewaynorthwardatthebeginningofspring(about21March).Also,theinstantwhenthesuncrossestheequator;OftencalledAries.Thesameasthevernalequinox.

Fisherman’sBend(noeudd’étalingure):Aknotusedtoconnectarodetoananchor.

Fittingout(armer):theprocessofreadyingaboatforuseafteraperiodofinactivity.

Fix(pointrelevé):anaccuratelyknownpositionfoundbytakingnewobservations(includingelectronicorastronomicalobservations)withoutreferencetopreviousknownpositions;itmaybedetermined,amongotherthings,bybeingcloseaboardachartedobject,orfromtheintersectionoftwoormorelinesofposition;orfromastronomicalobservations.

Flag(drapeau):(1)Thecoloursofanation.(2)Arectangularpieceofbunting,ofanycolour(s)ordesign,usedforidentification.

Flake(plet;affaler):SeeFakeDown.

Flare(frégatage,fuse):(1)theexternalconcavecurveofthebowofaship;(2)asignaldevicetoindicatedistressorforothervisualsignals.

Flashmemory(mémoireflash):Acomputermemorychipwhichcanbereprogrammedfromapersonalcomputerwithoutspecialiseddevices,usingasimpleprogramordirectlyofftheInternet.

Floatplan(plandecroisière):seetripplan.

Flood(flot):acurrentgenerallyfromtheopenoceantowardstheland,associatedwitharisingtide.

Fluke(patted’ancre):thepointofananchorthatcatchestheground.

Fluxgatecompass(compassmagnétométrique):Aformofcompasswithnomovingparts–givesadigitalreadout.Thesensingunitcanbeplacedwherethereislittleornomagneticinfluence

Fly(battant;guidon):(1).Amastheadwindpennant.(2)Thehorizontallengthofaflag.

FoehnWind(ventdeFoehn):Awarm,drywindoftheSwissAlps,producedinthesamemannerastheChinook.

Fog(brouillard):Cloudformedatthesurfaceofthegroundbythecondensationofwatervapour.Visibilityisreduced,sometimestozero,infog.

Followingsea(houledel’arrière):anovertakingwavethatcomesfromastern.

Foot(bordure):thebottomedgeofanysailormast.


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Force(force):(1)Amechanicalpushorpull.(2)Anelectromagneticattractionorrepulsion.(3)Aunitofmeasureofwindvelocity.

Fore(Étraveavant):Denotingat,near,ortowardsthebow.

Fore-and-aft(avant-arrière):lengthwiseintheship.

Foredeck(pontavant):thatpartofthedeckbeforethebridgeorforemast.

Forefoot(brion):thepointwherethestemmeetsthekeel.

Foreguy(retenuedetangon):Alineledfromtheforedecktoaspinnakerpoletolimititsupwardswing.

Forepeak(coqueronavant):Astowagecompartmentintheveryforwardpartoftheboat.

Forereach(gagnerauvent):Tocarrywayasaboatluffsintothewind.

Fore-reaching(Erre):thecapacityofaboattocarryforwardway,orcoastduetoitsmomentum.

Foresail(misaine):Thesailsetfromasailboat’sforemast.

Forestay(étai):awiremastsupportleadingforwardtothebow;theforemoststay.

Forestaysail(tourmentain):Asail,similartoajib,setontheforestay.

Fore-triangle(triangleavant):theareaformedbetweenthemasthead,thebaseofthemastatdecklevel,andthelowerendoftheforestay.

Forward(avant):adirectionaltermindicatingat,ortowards,thebow.

Foul(emmêler):Jammed,entangled;notclear;beinghinderedorimpeded.

FoulGround(fonddangereux):Bottomthatisunsuitableasananchoragebecauseholdingqualitiesofananchorarepoororobstructionsexist.

Founder(sombrer):tofillwithwaterandsink.

FractionalRig(gréementfractionné):Asailboatwiththejibstayattachedtothemastatapointbelowthemasthead.

Frame(membrure):Athwartshipstructuralmember(rib)thatgivesshapeandstiffeningtothehullandtowhichplankingisattached.

Freeboard(franc-bord):theminimumverticaldistancebetweenthegunwaleandthewaterline.

FreezingRain(pluieverglaçante):Precipitationwhichhasremainedliquidalthoughfallingthroughbelow-freezingregions.Onstrikingfrozensurfaces,this“super-cooled”rainfreezesalmostinstantlytoproduceasmoothlayerofice.

FreezingSpray(bruineverglaçante):Atsea,withbelowfreezingtemperatures,sprayblowingfrombreakingwavescanrapidlycoatthedecksandsuperstructureofvesselswithadangerouslayerofice.


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Frequency(fréquence):(1)ThenumberofHertzianwavespersecondofanalternatingcurrent.(2)aradiofrequencyorchannelusedforcommunication.

Front(front):Thelineonaweathermapdenotingthesurfaceboundarybetweenmassesofairofdifferentcharacteristics.

FrontalSurface(surfacefrontale):Theextensionofthefrontalinterfaceabovethesurface.

Frontogenesis(frontogénèse):Theinitiationofafrontalsystembetweentwoairmasses

Frost(gelée):Formedwhensurfaceairiscooledbelowitsdewpoint,whenthatdewpointisbelowfreezing.Thetransitionisdirectfromvapourtoicecrystals,bypassingtheliquidstage,aprocesscalled“deposition”.

FullandBy(prèsbonplein):Close-hauledwithallsailsfullanddrawing.

Furl(ferler):Gatherandlashsailstoaspar.

G

Gaff(corne,vergue):asparsupportingtheupperedgeofafour-sidedsail.

GaffRig(gréementaurique):Anysailboatwithafour-sidedmainsail.

Gain(gain):Inradar,theincreaseinlevelofasignal,powerorstrength,asaresultofelectronicamplification;acontrolthatadjuststhesensitivityoftheradarreceiver.

GALILEO(Galileo):thedevelopingEuropeanUnionsatellitesystem.

Galley(coquerie):Areawherefoodisstoredandcooked;nauticalkitchen.

Gallows (support domeoudegui):A frame tohold theboomwhen themainsail is downor is beingreefed.

Gasket(garcette):Astripofclothorlineusedtosecureafurledsailtoaboom,(also,stop).

Gear(Équipement):Generalnameforallnon-permanentnauticalequipment,includingcrew’sclothingandpersonaleffects.

Gelcoat(Gelcoat):Theoutsidecolorcoatusedinfibreglassconstruction.

Genoa(génois):Alargeoverlappingheadsail.

Geographicalposition(Pointgéographique):Apointontheearth’ssurfacedirectlyunderabody;thepointontheearth’ssurfaceonalinefromthecentreoftheearthtoabody.

Geoidalhorizon(Horizongéoïdal):Theintersectionofthecelestialsphereandahorizontalplanetangenttotheearthattheobserver’sposition.

GeometricDilutionofPrecision(réductiondelaprécisiongéometrique):AnassessmentofthepossibleinaccuracyinaGPSfix,duetothepoorangularrelationshipbetweenthesatellitesbeingusedtoobtainthefix.


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Geometricalhorizon(Horizongéométrique):Intersectionofthecelestialsphereandaconetangenttothesurfaceoftheearthwiththeapexattheeyeoftheobserver.

Ghosting(ghosting):Sailinginverylightwinds.

Gimbal (cardan):Mountingsupportspermittinganobject,suchasthecompass, toremain levelwhentheboatheels.

GIS(systèmed’informationgéographique):GeographicInformationSystem.Asystemofcomputersandsoftwareforcollecting,holding,assessingtheintegrityof,correcting,manipulating,analyzing,andgraphicallydisplayingdatawhicharespatiallyreferencedtotheearth.

Give-way(nonprivilégié):tokeepoutofthewayofanothervessel.

GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)(Systèmemondialdepositionnement):asatellitenavigationsystemestablishedandoperatedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense,usednotonlybytheUSmilitarybutalsobyrecreationalboatersandotherciviliansworldwide.

GLONASS(GLONASS):TheRussianGlobalPositioningSystem.

GMDSS(SMDSM):GlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem.PartoftheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)systemtodefineradioprocedures.

GoAbout(virerdebordventdevant):(ofsailing)totackorcomeabout.

Gooseneck(vitdemulet):Amechanismusedtoattachaboomtoamast.Tobeeffectiveitmustpermittheunattachedendoftheboomtoswinginanydirectionwithoutrestraint.

GoosewingJibe(empennagechinois):Ajibeinwhicheitherthetoporbottomofthesailhasfailedtojibewiththerestofthesail.

GPS2DMode(2D):AGPSisoperatinginthe2dimensionalmodewhenithasinsufficientsatelliteinformationtocalculatethealtitudeoftheGPSantenna.

GPS3DMode(3D):AGPSisoperatinginthe3dimensionalmodewhenitistrackingenoughsatellitestocalculatethealtitudeoftheGPSantenna.

GradientWind(ventdegradient):Windflowingfromhightolowpressure;thesteeperthegradient,thefasterthewind.

Graticule(Graticule):Thenetworkoflinesrepresentingparallelsandmeridiansonamap,chartorplottingsheet.

Graupel(neigeroulée):Anicecrystal,surroundedbyminutedropletsofsupercooledwaterthathavefrozentoitonimpact,asitfellthroughthecloud-sometimescalledsofthail.

GreatCircle(Grandcercle):acircleinscribedontheearth’ssurface,whoseplanepassesthroughtheearth’scentre.

Greatcirclechart(Cartedegrandcercle):agnomonic-projectionchartonwhichgreatcirclesappearasstraightlines.


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Greenwichapparenttime(HeureapparentedeGreenwich):LocalapparenttimeattheGreenwichmeridian.ThetimerepresentedbytheangleatthecelestialpolebetweenthelowerbranchoftheGreenwichcelestialmeridianandthehourcircleoftheapparent(true)sun.

Greenwichhourangle(AnglehorairedeGreenwich):TheangulardistanceofthehourcircleofabodywestwardfromthecelestialmeridianofGreenwichmeasuredfrom0°to360°alongthecelestialequator.GHAvaluesforthesun,moon,planets,andstarsaretabulatedintheNauticalAlmanac.

GreenwichMeanTime(heuremoyennedeGreenwich):ZonetimeattheGreenwichmeridian(1)incelestialnavigation,theGreenwichhourangleofthemeansunexpressedintimeunitsplus12hours.EquivalenttoCoordinatedUniversalTimeUTC).(2)Thetime(UTC)normallyusedinallradiotelecommunications.Theletter“Z”isanacceptedabbreviationforUTC.SeeCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)andUniversalTime

Greenwichmeridian(MéridiendeGreenwich):ThemeridianthroughGreenwich,England,servingastheprimemeridianandthereferencemeridianforGreenwichMeanTime.

Greenwichsiderealtime(HeuresidéraledeGreenwich):LocalsiderealtimeattheGreenwichmeridian;representedbytheanglefromtheupperbranchoftheGreenwichcelestialmeridianwesterlytothehourcircleofthevernalequinox.

Grommet(oeillet):Ametalringfittedintoaholeinasailorincanvas.SeeCringle.

Grosston(tonneanglaise):aunitusedtomeasurethecapacityofavessel,equalto100cubicfeetorapproximately2.83cubicmetres(alsocalledagrossregisteredtonoraregisterton).

Ground(échouer):totouchthebottomorshore.

Groundtackle(apparauxdemouillage,gréementdumouillage):acollectivetermembracingallthegearusedforanchoring.

GRS(servicederadiogeneral):GeneralRadioService,commonlyknownasCitizen’sBandRadio.

GRT(TJB):GrossRegisteredTons.

GuardZone(zonedeprotection):Aselectableportionofaradardisplay.Whenaradarreturnentersorleavesthiszone,analarmisprovidedtotheboater.

Gudgeon(femelot).Ametaleyeandmatchingpinusedtomountarudderonthesternpostorthetransomofaboat.

GulfStream(GulfstreamouCourantdugolfe):Awell-defined,narrow,swift-moving,warmoceancurrentflowingfromclosealongtheFloridacoastnortheasterlyalongthecontinentalslopeoffCapeHatteras,theneastoftheGrandBankstobecometheNorthAtlanticCurrent.

Gunwale(lissedeplat-bord):theupperedgeofthehull(Pronounced“gunn’el”).

Gust(rafale):Asudden,butbrief,increaseinwindspeed(seealsoSquall).

Guy(bras):Thecontrollineconnectedtothetack(windwardclew)ofaspinnaker.

Gybe(empanner,virerlofpoutlog):seejibe.


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Gyrocompass(compasgyroscopique):anon-magneticgyroscopicinstrumentusedasacompass.Usuallysettoindicateeithertrueormagneticnorth:notinfluencedbymagneticfieldsornearbymetallicmasses

H

Hackwatch(Chronomètred’observation):Awatchusedfortimingobservationsofcelestialbodies.

HadleyCell(cellulesdeHadley):Acellofglobalaircirculationinbothhemispheresbetweentheequatorand30°northandsouth.

Hail(grêle):Precipitationintheformofballsorirregularlumpsofice.Hailcanfallonlyfromthunderstormclouds,wheretheimmenseupcurrentsoccasionallyproducehailstonesofsoftballsize.

Halfhitch(demi-clé):thesimplestknot,usuallypartofanotherknot.

Halyard(drisse):aropeusedforhoistingsails,spars,andflags.

Hand(matelot;affaler):(1)Amemberofthecrew.(2)Tolowerasail.

Hank(mousqueton):aringfittingusedtobendtheforwardedge(luff)ofasailtoastay.

HardAlee(Virer):Thecommandgivenwhenthehelmsmanpushesthetillertoleewardtotack.

Hardchine(coqueàbouchainsvifs):achinewithasharpangletoit.

HardOver(barrehaute):Toputthehelmoverasfaraspossible.

Harden(étarquer):Tohaulthesheetsinandsailclosertothewind.

Hatch(écoutille):anopeninginthedeckforaccesstotheinterior.

Hatchcover(capotd’écoutille):acoverforahatchorhatchway.

Hatchway(Écoutille):anopeninginthedeck,withaladderleadingbelow.

Haul(haler):(1)Thewindhaulswhenitdrawsmoreahead.(2)Topullonaline.

Hawsepipe(écubierdepont):seechainpipe.

Haze(brumelégèreousèche):Areductionofvisibilitycausedbythepresenceofdryparticles(e.g.,smokeand/ordust)intheair;frequentlyexperiencedinanticyclonicconditions,withlightwinds.

Hc(Hc–hauteurcalculée):Thecalculatedaltitudeofacelestialbody.

Head(envergure,pointdedrisse,têtière,toilette):(1)thebowoftheship;(2)theuppercornerofatriangularsail,ortheupperedgeofafour-sidedsail;(3)ashipboardtoilet.

HeadOff(abattre):Headawayfromthewind,bearoff.

HeadUp(lofferoulofer):Tosailclosertothewind.


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Header(ventrefusant):Awindthatshiftsmoreaheadofaboatsailingclose-hauled,forcingittochangecoursetoavoidpinchingorluffing;usuallyagoodtimetotack.

Heading(capinstantané):Thedirectioninwhichavessel’sbowispointingatanyspecificinstant.

HeadingLine(lignedefoi):Alinedisplayedonaradarscreentoshowtheship'sheading.Typicallyitappearsatanazimuthof000°.Itmayalsobeshownastheactualtrueormagneticheadingofthevesseldependingonotherelectronicsavailable.

HeadingSensor(détecteurcap):adevicesuchasafluxgatecompassorGPSconnectedtoaradarunittoprovideheadinginformation.

Headsail(voileavant):Anysailflownforwardofthemast.

Headstay(étai):Alternativetermforforestay,ajibstay.

Head-Up(capenhaut):thecommonestradardisplaymode.Thetopofthescreenrepresentsthebowoftheboat.Allbearingsarerelativetothebow.

Headway(erreenavant):motionthroughthewaterinaforwarddirection.

Heave(tangier,hisser)(1)Theriseandfallofaboatduetowaveaction.(2)Topullonalinetotightenit.(3)Tothrowanobject.

HeaveTo(metreàlacape):Tobringaboatintoapositionwherethereislittleornoheadway,usuallywiththebowintothewindorcurrent,byuseofsailsorengine.

HeavingLine(ligned’attrape):Alightlineusedforthrowing.

Hectopascal(hectopascal):Astandardunitofatmosphericpressureequivalentto0.1kilopascals.

Heel(gîter,talon):(1)ofaboat,toleanoverduetothewind,wavesorunevenloading;(2)thebottomofamastthatismortisedintothesteporkeel.

Heightofeye(Hauteurdesyeux):Theverticaldistancefromthesurfaceofthewatertotheobserver’seyewhentakingasightwithasextant.

HeightofTide(Hauteurdelamarée):Theverticaldistancebetweenthesurfaceoftheseaandchartdatum

Helm(barreouroue):(1)avessel’ssteeringapparatus;(2)theangleofthetillertoavessel’scentrelinetoholdthevesseloncourse;e.g.,leehelmorweatherhelm.

Helmsman(Barreur):Thepersonwhosteerstheboat.

High(hautepression):seeAnticyclone.

HighAspect(grandallongement):Havingmuchgreaterheightthanwidth.

HighFrequencyradio(HF)(hautefréquence):From3MHzto30MHz.


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HighWater(pleinemer):Thehighestlevelreachedbyanyrisingtide.

HigherHighWater(pleinemersupérieure):Thehigherofthetwohightidesofanytidalday.

HigherLowWater(pleinemerinférieure):Thehigherofthetwolowwatersofanytidalday

HikingOut (rappel):Movingacrew’sweightoutside theboat to thewindwardside.The technique isusedonsmallboatstodecreasetheheelingangle.

Hitch(clé):Aknotusedtosecurearopefasttoanotherropeortootherobject.

Ho(Ho–hauteurobservée):Theobservedaltitudeofacelestialbody,withallappropriatecorrectionsapplied.

Hogged(arqué):Describesaboatwhosebowandsternhavesagged.

Hoist(hisser):(1)toraise,lift,orhaulup;(2)theheightofasail;(3)astringofsignalflags;(4)theverticaldimensionofaflagnexttothemastorhalyard.

Horizon(Horizon):Thelinewhereearthandskyappeartomeet,oralineresemblingorapproximatingsuchaline,andtheprojectionofthislineuponthecelestialsphere.Thereareseveralkindsofhorizons.Seeartificialhorizon,geometricalhorizon,sensiblehorizon,andvisiblehorizon.

HorizontalBeamwidth(HBW)(largeurhorizontaledufaisceau):Theangularwidth(theanglebetweenhalf-powerlevels)ofradarenergytransmittedinahorizontalplane.

Horizontaldatum(horizontaledereference):areferencepointusedforestablishingthelatitudeandlongitudegridsystemontopographicmapsandnauticalcharts(notinanywayrelatedtochartdatum).

HorizontalDilutionofPrecision(diminutionhorizontaledelaprecision):AnassessmentofthepossibleinaccuracyinaGPSfixduetothepoorrelativeplacement,inthehorizontalplane,ofthereceivedsatellitesbeingusedtocalculatethefix.

Horizontalparallax(Parallaxehorizontale):Theparallaxofabody–usuallythemoon-whenitisonthecelestialhorizon.

HorseLatitudes(calmestropicaux):Regionsofhighpressureatapproximately30°northandsouthoftheequator,whichproducegenerally,settledweatherandlightwinds

Hourangle(Anglehoraire):Theangulardistancefromacelestialmeridiantoanhourcircleofacelestialbody,measuredwestwardthrough360°alongtheparallelofdeclination.DesignatedlocalorGreenwichaccordingtothereferencemeridian.CalledsiderealhourangleifmeasuredfromthehourcircleofthevernalequinoxorfirstpointofAriestothehourcircleofabody.

Hourcircle(Cerclehoraire):Agreatcirclethroughthecelestialpolesandapointorbodyonthecelestialsphere.Moveswiththecelestialsphere;whereasacelestialmeridianremainsfixedwithrespecttotheearth.

Hull(coque):Thebodyofavesselfromthekeeltothedeckline.

Hullspeed(vitessedecoqueoudecareen):themaximumspeedatwhichadisplacementhullcanbedriven.


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Humidity(humidité):Thestateoftheatmospherewithregardtowatervapour.

Hurricane(ouragan):Aseveretropicalcyclonewithwindsof65knorhigher.

Hydrofoil(hydroptère):(1)Adevicedesignedtodeflectawaterstreamtherebygeneratingaforcefromit(e.g. rudder, keel, centreboard). (2) A vessel designed to have its hull raised clear of thewaterwhenmovingathighspeedbyhydrofoilsextendedbelowthehullonstruts.

Hygrometer(hygromètre):Aninstrumenttomeasurehumidityintheair.

Hypothermia(hyporthermie):aconditioninwhichthebodycoretemperaturedropstoadangerouslevel.

I

IC(IC):IndustryCanada;adepartmentoftheCanadianFederalGovernment.

IC(IC–correctiondel’erreurinstrumentale):SeeIndexCorrection.

Ice(glace):Waterinitssolidstate.

IcePellets(grésil):Precipitationoftransparentparticlesoficewhicharesphericalorirregular,consistingofsnowencasedinathinlayeroficewhichhaveformedfromthefreezingofdropletsinterceptedbypelletsorwaterresultingfromthepartialmeltingofpellets.

IE(IE–erreurinstrumentale):SeeIndexError.

IMO(OMI):InternationalMaritimeOrganization.

Impeller(pompeàpalettes):Arotororwheelwithbladesmechanicallydriventopumpwaterorpropelobjectsthroughwaterorotherfluidsorbytheactionoffluidflowingpastit.

IndexCorrection(IC–correctiondel’erreurinstrumentale):Correctionappliedtoasextantreadingtocompensateforthesextantindexerror.

IndexError(IE–erreurinstrumentale):Errorinasextantreadingcausedbysextantmisalignment.

Inirons(boutauvent):thestateofasailboatthatislyingheadtowind,hasnowayon,andwillnotfalloffoneithertack.

Inboard(intérieur):insidethehullofaboat;inortowardthemiddleofaboat

Inchesofmercury(Poucesdemercure):Aunitofbarometricpressuremeasurementrelatedtotheheightofthecolumninamercurialbarometer,usuallyrangingfrom27,00and31,00inchesreducedtosealevel.1inchHg=25,40005millimetersHg1inchHg=33,86395millibars.

Indexcorrection(Correctiondel’erreurinstrumentale):Correctionappliedtoasextantreading(Hs)tocompensateforthesextantindexerror.

Indexerror(Erreurinstrumentale):Errorinasextantreadingcausedbysextantmisalignmentresultinginthesextantreadingbeinglargerorsmallerthanthetruevalue.

INMARSAT(INMARSAT):InternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganization.


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Instability(instabilité):Aconditionoftheatmosphereinwhichaverticallydisplacedair“parcel”willcontinuetomoveinitsoriginaldirection,oncethedisplacingforceisremoved.Abasiccauseoftheverticaldevelop-mentcloudtypes(cumulus,cumulonimbus,etc.).

Intendedtrack(Routesouhaitée):Intendedorexpecteddirectionoftravelofaboatoverthebottomwithconsiderationgiventocurrenteffects.

Intercept(Écart):Thedifferenceinminutesofarcornauticalmilesbetweencomputedaltitude(Hc)andobservedaltitude(Ho)ofacelestialbody,representingthedifferenceinlengthoftheradiiofthecomputedandobservedcirclesofaltitude.LabeledT(toward)ifobservedaltitudeisgreater,A(away)ifcomputedaltitudeisgreater.Alsocalledaltitudedifferenceandaltitudeintercept.

InterferenceRejection(rejetdesinterferences):Rejectionofunwantedsignalsreceivedfromothermarineradarunitsonthesamefrequencywhichareoperatingnearby,andcausingundesirableinterferencepatternsonaboat’sradardisplay.

InternationalDateLine(Lignedechangementdedate):Theboundarybetweenthe-12and+12timezones,correspondingapproximatelywiththe180thmeridian.Thedateimmediatelytothewestofthelineisonedaylaterthanthedateimmediatelytotheeastofthatline.

Intertidalzone(zoneinterditale):theareaoftheshorelinebetweenhighandlowtidelevels.

IntertropicalConvergenceZone(zonedeconvergenceinter-tropicale):Alowpressureregionslightlynorthoftheequator,intowhichthetradewindsofbothhemispheresconverge.Rangesseasonallyslightlynorthandsouthofitscentrallocation.

Inversion(inversion):Morecorrectlyknownas“temperatureinversion”.Thisoccurswhenwarmairsitsovercoldair,possiblytrappingmoistureandpollutantsinthesurfaceairlayer.MarineInversion:Atemperatureinversioncreatedbythecoolingofawarmairmassfrombelowbythecoollakesonspringandsummerdays.

Isobar(isobare):Alineonaweathermapjoiningpointsofequalmeansealevelbarometricpressure.

Isobath(Isobathe):alineonamapconnectingpointsofequalunderwaterdepth.

Isophaselight(feuisophase):alightwithequalintervalsoflightanddarkness.

Isogonicslines(Lignesisogones):Linesonachartthatconnectpointsofequalmagneticvariation.

ITU(UIT):TheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.Theinternationalorganizationestablishedtoprovidestandardizedcommunicationproceduresandpractices,frequencyallocationsandradioregulations.

J

JackStay(contre-étai):Astaythatrunsforwardfromthemastheadoverajumperstrutandbacktothemasttostiffentheupperportionofafractional-riggedmast.

jackwire/line(lignedevie):alinefromthecockpittotheforedeck,firmlyattachedonbothends,topermitacrewmember’ssafetyharnesslanyardhooktohaveuninterruptedfore-and-afttravel.

JetStreams(courant-jet):Narrowcurrentsor“tubes”offast-movingairatupperlevelsofthetroposphere.Theyaretheboundariesofmarkedtemperaturedifferences,andcanproducewindsinexcessof200kn.


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Jetty(digue,jetée):(1)abreakwater;(2)astructurebuiltoutfromthewater’sedge,roughlyatrightanglestotheshoreline,towhichavesselcanbesecured.

Jib(foc):Asail,usuallytriangularandsometimesquadrilateral,setonastayforwardofthemast.

JibDownhaul(affaleur):Alinefromtheheadofajibtoablocknearthetackandthenleadingaft.Usedtodousethejibwithoutgoingforward.

Jibe(empanner):themanoeuvreinwhichasailisswungfromonetacktotheother,throughafollowingwind.

Jib-headed(Sail)(jib-headed):Atriangularsail.

Jibstay(drailledefoc):Theforwardmoststaysupportingthemast,extendingfromtheboworbowsprittotheupperpartofthemast.

JiffyReefing (pris de ris rapide):Amethodof reducing the areaof a sail bymeansof downhauls ledthroughreefcringlesinthesail,andthroughfairleadsontheboomtowinchesorcleats.

Jigger(tapecul):Themizzenmastormizzen.

Jumper Strut (guignol):Horizontal strut on the forward side of themast towhich the jumper stay isattachedtokeeptheupperpartofthemaststraight.

JuryRig(gréementdefortune):Makeshiftrepairorsubstitute.

K

KatabaticWinds(ventscatabatiques):Downslopewindsofcold,denseair.

Kedge(déhalersurancre):(1)tofreeagroundedcraftbyhaulingheroffagainstananchorsettoseaward;(2)atypeofanchor.

Keel(quille):(1)onasailingvessel,anunderwatermember,designedtoresistlateralmovement;(2)theprincipalfore-and-aftstructuralmemberofaframedhull,thehull’sbackbone.

Kellet(marguerite):aheavyweightattachedinthelengthoftheanchorrodetoreducetheangleofpullattheanchor(alsocalledasentinel).

Ketch(ketch):Atwo-mastedsailboatwiththeaftermaststeppedforwardoftherudderpost.

KHz(khz):kilohertz(1000Hertz).

Kilopascal(kilopascal):Astandardunitofpressure,equalto10hectopascals.1hectopascal(hPa)≡100Pa≡1bar;1kilopascal(kPa)≡1000;Pa≡10hPa≡10mbar.

Knee(gousset):astructuralitemwhichprovidesstiffeningatthejunctionoftwootherstructuralcomponents.

Knockdown(couché):thestateofasailingvesselwhichisheeledoverwithhersailsinthewater.

Knot(noeud,clé,boucle,tour):(1)aunitofspeedequaltoonenauticalmile(1852metres)perhour;(2)thetucksandloopsinalineusedtofastenittoanobjectortoitself.


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L

Labelling(pointage):theenteringofinformationonachart,relatingtoplottedlinesorpoints.

LakeEffectSnow(neiged’effetdelac):Heavysnowdepositedontheleeshoresoflargelakes;frequentlyexistsinanarrowbandonly.

LAN(réseaulocal):LocalAreaNetwork,connectingcomputersinabuilding,orovershortgeographicdistances.SeeWAN

Land/LakeBreeze(brisedeterre):Thiscoastalbreezeblowsfromthelandtothesea,lakeorriver,andusuallyoccursatnightwhenthetemperatureofthewaterisoftenwarmerthanthenearbyland.Thewaterheatstheairabove,whichrisesandisreplacedbycoolerairfromtheland.(Seealsoseabreeze).

Lanyard(cordon):Shortlineusedasahandle,ortosecureanobject.

LapseRate(gradient)(Gradientthermique):Therateoftemperaturechangewithheight.(1)EnvironmentalLapseRate:thisoccursinthestandardatmospherewithoutanyexternalforces.Therateisvariable,butinthestandardatmosphere,itis6.5⁰C/km).(2)Forairthatisbeingmovedvertically,therearetwolapserates:(a)Thedryadiabaticlapseforairthatisunsaturatedisaconstant10⁰C/km.(b)Airthatisforcedtomoveandissaturatedhasalapseratethatvariesgreatlywithtemperature

Lapstrake(Bordageàclin):Typeofhullconstructionwithoverlappingplanks,clinkerbuilt.

LargeTides(Maréedevive-eau):(Can)Largerangingtidesassociatedwithnewandfullmoons

LatentHeat(chaleurlatente):Energyreleasedorabsorbedbythechangesofstateofwaterbetweenvapour,liquidandsolid.

Lateralbuoyagesystem(réseaudebouéeslaterals):abuoyagesysteminwhichdifferentcolouredbuoysareusedtomarkthesidesofachannel.

LateralPlane(plandederive):Anysurfaceorappendagethatservestoinhibitlateralmotionofaboatthroughthewater.

Latitude(latitude):theangulardistanceofanypointontheearth’ssurfacenorthorsouthoftheequator,asmeasuredattheearth’scentre.

Layamark(fairerouteversunemarque,bordée(2)commettre):(1)Tolayamark,asinasailboatrace,istobeabletoreachitinasingletack,close-hauled.(2)thelayofalineisthedirectioninwhichitsstrandsaretwisted.

LayTo(commettre):Toliewithoutheadwayeithertoaseaanchorortolinesstreamedovertheside,ormerelydrifting(lyingahull).

Lazarette(Cambuse):Storagecompartmentinsternofboat.

LazyJacks(étouffoirdegrand-voile):Thenamegiventopartoftheriggingonasailboat,thepurposeofwhichistoeasesailhandling.Theyenabletherapiddroppingofasailattachedtoamastandboombyguidingitintothesailbag.Thelazyjacks,usuallyoneachsideofthesail,areriggedbetweenthemastandthetopofthesailbagattachedtotheboomortheboomitself.


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Leach:Seeleech.

Leadingmark(marqued’alignement):alandmarkaheadoftheboatahelmsmancansteertowardandmaintainacourse.

LeeShore(terresouslevent):Ashoreontowhichwindorcurrentcanforceaboat;theshoretoleewardofaboat.

Leeside(bordsouslevent):thesideoppositetothedirectionfromwhichthewindblows.

Leeboards(derivelatéraled’unbateau):largeboardssuspendedoverthesideofavessel.Theleeoneisloweredtoreduceleeway.

Leech(chute):theafteredgeofafore-and-aftsail.

Leech line (nerfde chute):A light line sewn through the tabling in the leechof a sail used to controlleechflutter.

Leehelm(barreauvent):Aconditionofbalancethatrequiresthetillertobeheldtoleewardtokeepaboatonastraightcourse.

Leeside(bordsouslevent):(1)Thesideawayoroppositethatfromwhichthewindblows.(2)Anareashelteredfromthewind.

Leeward(souslevent):awayfromthewind.

Leeway(Dérivedueauvent):(1)Sidewaysmovementofaboatthroughthewatercausedbywind.(2)Theangulardifferenceduetowindbetweenthetruecoursesteeredandthetruecourseoverground.

Leg (bordée, étape): (1)The distance covered on one tackwhen sailing towindward. 92)On a racecourse,thecoursebetweentwosuccessivemarks.

Lenticularis(nuagelenticulaire):Atypeofaltocumuluscloudwhichislens-shaped;usuallyformsintheleewavedownwindofhighground

LeverArm(levier):Thedistancethroughwhichaforceacts.

License(licence):Formarineradio,adocumentthatallradiostationsinCanadamayobtainwhichspecifiesthecallsignassignedtothestation,theassignedfrequencies,typeofradioequipmentauthorizedandanyspecialconditionsunderwhichthestationshouldbeoperated.

LieAhull (metreà la cape):To liewithoutheadway,moreor lessbroadside to thewind,withnosail set,driftingfreely.Ameansofcopingwithheavyweather.

LieTo:SeeHeaveTo.

Lifejacket(giletdesauvetage):Apersonalflotationdevicethatwillturnanunconsciouspersonfaceupinthewater.

Lifeline(filière):aplastic-coatedwireriggedtostanchionsaroundtheperipheryofthedeck,tohelpkeeppersonnelaboard.


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Lift(portanceoupousséevélique):(1)Aforcegeneratedontheleewardsideofasailbyairpassingovertheairfoilshape.It istheforcewhichdrivesasailboat.(2)Whensailingclose-hauled,awindthatshiftsafttoallowachangeofcoursetowardthewinddirection.

LightSails(voilehaute):Sailsmadeoflightweightfabricforuseinlightwind.

Lightstation(stationdephare):amajorstructurebuiltonland,whichhasalight,andmayincludeotheraidstonavigationsuchasaradiobeaconorfogsignal.

Lightwind(ventléger):Windwithaspeedoflessthan15knots,asdefinedbyEnvironmentCanada.

Lightning(éclair):Inathunderstorm,thedischargeofelectricityfromcloudtocloud,betweenchargedareasofanindividualcloud,orfromcloudstoground.

Limberholes(anguillers):drainageholesthroughaframeorfloortimberatthebottomofthebilge.

Line(cordage):ropebeingusedaboardaboat.

Lineofposition(Droitedeposition):(1)Alineonwhichavesselisknowntobe.Thelineisusuallyplottedonachart.(2)Avisualorelectronicreferencelinefromortowardaknownnavigationalaidorcelestialobject.

LineSquall(lignedegrains):Alineofsquallsandthunderstormsforminginthewarmairaheadof,andparallelwith,avigorouscoldfront.Especiallynotableforstronggustsandpronouncedwindveerasthesqualllinepassesthrough.Alsocalled“squallline”.

LineStopper(taquetautocoinceur):Aclamp-typedevicethatcontainsacamforsecuringaline.Itcanbereleasedquickly.

LiquidCrystalDisplay(LCD)(Affichageàcristauxliquids):Adigitaldisplaythatusesliquidcrystalcells,suchasareusedincomputerdisplays,watches,etc.

List(gîte):thetiltingofavesseltoonesideduetoflooding,improperloading,orcargoshifting.

LOA(longueurhorstout):LengthOverAll.

Localapparentnoon(Midilocalapparent):Theinstantatwhichtheapparent(true)sunisovertheupperbranchofthelocalmeridian.Thetimeofsun’smaximumaltitudeattheobserver’slocation.

Localapparenttime(Heurelocaleapparente):Theangleatthecelestialpolebetweenthelowerbranchofthelocalcelestialmeridianandthehourcircleoftheapparent(true)sun.

Localcelestialmeridian(Méridienastronomiquelocal):Thecelestialmeridianpassingthroughtheobserver’szenith.

Localhourangle(Anglehorairelocal):Theangulardistanceofthehourcircleofacelestialbodymeasuredwestwardfromthecelestialmeridianoftheobserver,measuredfrom0°to360°alongtheparallelofdeclination.

Localmeantime(Heurelocalemoyenne):Thetimebasedonthemeansunwithreferencetothelocalcelestialmeridian(notthezonemeridian).


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Localsiderealtime(Heurelocalesidérale):LocalhourangleofthefirstpointofAries(vernalequinox)expressedintimeunits:theangleatthecelestialpolebetweentheupperbranchofthelocalcelestialmeridianandthehourcircleofthevernalequinox.LSTisLHAofAriesexpressedintimeunits.

Locker(équipet):acupboard,chest,orcabinet.

Log(Loch):1)Aninstrumenttomeasuredistanceorspeedthroughthewater.2)Abookinwhichallmatterspertainingtoavessel’snavigationarerecorded.(3)(ofaboat),toaccomplishaspeedordistance(shelogged18knots);(4)torecordanincidentinthelogbook(logit).

Logbook(Journaldebord):Seedecklogandlog.

Lollipop(suçon):Aradardisplayofawaypoint.Thisisshownontheradarscreenasacircle(thecandy)andthebearinglineformsthestick.Thedataisobtainedfromaconnectedchartplotter.

Longsplice(épissurelongue):ajoiningsplicethatdoesnotincreasethediameteroftheline.

Longitude(Longitude):Angulardistanceontheearth’ssurfacemeasuredeastorwestfromtheprimemeridian(000°)whichextendsthroughGreenwich,England.

Loom(émerger–visibilité):Theglowofalightwhichmaybebelowthehorizon,causedbyreflectionbysolidparticlesintheair.

LooseFooted(voileàbordurelibre):Asailthatisattachedtotheboomonlyatthetackandclew.

LORAN(LORAN):LongRangeNavigationsystem.Nowdecommissioned.

Low(bassepression):Regionoftheatmospherewherethepressuresarelow,relativetothoseinthesurroundingregionatthesamelevel.IntheNorthernHemisphere,windsaroundalowmoveinacounter-clockwisefashion.

Lowwater(bassemer):Thelowestlevelreachedbyanyfallingtide.

Lowerbranch(Brancheinférieure):Thehalfoftheobserver’smeridianmeasuredfrompoletopolepassingthroughthenadiroftheobserver.

LowerHighWater(bassemersupérieure):Thelowerofthetwohighwatersofanytidalday.

Lowerlimb(Limbeinférieur):Thelowerpartofthecircumferenceofthesunormoon.

LowerLowWater(bassemerinférieure):Thelowerofthetwolowwatersofanytidalday.

Lubber’sline(lignedefoi):thereferencelineofacompass.

Luff(loffer,lofer,guidant():(1)theforwardedgeofafore-and-aftsail.(2)Toaltercoursetowardsthewind.(3)Toheadsoclosetothewindthatthesailsflutter.

LuffWire(ralingue):Apieceofwireropesewnintotheleadingedgeofajib.

Luffing(faseyement):thetremblingorflutteringoftheluffofasailthatisimproperlyset.


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LunarDay(Jourlunaire):Theintervaloftimebetweentwosuccessivecrossingsoftheearth'smeridianbythemoon(roughly24hoursand50minutes)

LWL(lignedeflottaison):Loadwaterline;thelengthofavesselfrombowtosternatthewaterline.

M

MackerelSky(cielpommelé):Aformationofcirrocumuluscloudwhichresemblesthescalesonafish’sback,ortheripplesinthesandonabeach.Occasionally,thesamenameisgiventoaltocumulus.

Magneticbearing(relèvementmagnétique):seebearing,magnetic.

Magneticcompass(compassmagnétique):adirectionalinstrument,actuatedbytheearth’smagneticfield.

Magneticnorth(nordmagnétique):thenorthdirectionindicatedbyanisolatedmagneticcompassforwhichthedeviationisnil.

Magneticpole(pôlemagnétique):oneofthetwogeographicalareas,northandsouth,wheretheearth’smagneticfieldentersorleavestheearth.

Magnetron(magnétron):Theheartofaradargenerator;anelectronicdevicethatcreatesaradarpulseatthedesiredfrequency.

Magnitude(Magnitude):Relativebrightnessofacelestialbody;thesmallerthenumberindicatingmagnitude,thebrighterthebody.Negativevaluesaresmallerthanpositivenumbersandindicatebrighterbodies,e.g.Venus,thebrightestplanethasamagnitudeofabout-4.0.

Mainsail(grande-voile):Aboat’sprincipalsail,setaftofmainmast.

Mainsheet(écoutedegrande-voile):Alinewhichcontrolsthemainsail.

ManOverBoard(hommeàlamer):AfeatureofGPS,andotherelectronicnavigationalreceivers,whichstoresaboat’scurrentpositionatapressoftheMOBorMarkbutton.Thisenablesthevesseltobesteeredbacktotheoriginalposition.Itassistsintheretrievalofacrewmemberwhohasfallenoverboard.

ManoeuvringBoard(feuilledetraçageradar):Despiteitsname,inpracticetheboardisasheetofpaperwithacompassrosedrawnonit.Itisusedtocalculaterelativepositions.

MarconiRig(gréementbermudien):Arighavingathree-sidedorjib-headedmainsail.

MAREPProgramme(programmeMAREP):AVHFandcomputerlinkbetweenCPSboaters,theCanadianCoastGuardandtheAtmosphericEnvironmentService.Weatherreportsfrommemberscanbeusedtohelpupdatecurrentforecastsandalsoprovideinformationfortheissueofsevereweatherwarnings.

Mares’Tails(queuesdecheval):Acirruscloudformationresemblingfeatheryhorses’tails.

MaritimeMobileService(servicemobilemaritime):Theradiotelecommunicationserviceusedbyallvesselsinternationally.

Mark(Marque):Anyobjectrequiredbysailinginstructionstobepassedbyaboatonaspecifiedside.Itsanchorlineandobjectsattachedtemporarilyoraccidentallyarenotpartofit.


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Marline (merlin):Asmall cord composedof two strands, loosely twisted,used forwindingaround ropeandcable.

Marlinespike(matelotage,petitépissoir):(1)anadjectiveappliedtoseamanship,embracingtheartofshapingandworkinglines;(2)apointedtoolusedforworkingwithlines.

MASA(MASA):TheJapaneseSatellitedifferentialGPSequivalenttotheWideAreaAugmentationSystem(WAAS).

Mast(mât):Averticalsparonwhichsailsareset.

Masting(Mâture):Theactorprocessofputtingamastormastsintoavessel

MastStep(emplature):Fittingintowhichthebuttofthemastsits.

MastTang(Tenon):SeeTang

Masthead(têtedemât):Thetopofthemast.

MastheadRig(gréemententêtedemât):Asailboatwiththejibstayattachedtothetopofthemast.

Mat(mat):Fibreglassmaterialformedofirregularchoppedfilamentsofglass.

MaximumDraft(creuxmaximal):Thegreatestamountoffullnessinasail.

Mayday(mayday):theinternationalradiotelephonedistresssignal.

Mayday(mayday):Thekeywordusedinradiotransmissionstosignifythatadistresssituationisineffect.

MaydayRelay(maydayrelay):Thekeywordusedbyasecondstationtorelayadistresscallandmessagefromavesselindistress.

MeanSeaLevel(niveaumoyendelamer):Areferenceleveltowhichallbarometricpressurereadingsareadjusted.

Meansun(Soleilmoyen):Animaginarysunappearingtotravelwestwardaroundthecelestialequatoratauniformrateequaltotheaveragerateofthetruesun.

Meantime(Heuremoyenne):Timebasedonthemeansunasitappearstomovewestwardduringtheday.Variationsofmeantimearethetimethatisnormallykeptineverydaylife.

Mercator(Mercator):acylindricalchartprojection.

Meridian(méridien):animaginarygreatcircleonthesurfaceoftheearthjoiningthenorthandsouthgeographicpoles

Meridianangle(Angleduméridien):Theangulardistancemeasuredeastorwest(whicheverdistanceisshorter)through180°betweentheupperbranchofthelocalcelestialmeridianandthehourcircleofacelestialbody:LabelledEorW.

Meridiantransit(Passageauméridien):Thepassageofacelestialbodyacrossacelestialmeridian,usuallythatoftheobserver.


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Meridionaldifference(Différenceméridionale):Thedifferenceinmeridionalpartsbetweentwogivenlatitudesexpressedinminutesofarc.

Meridionalparts(Partiesméridionales):ThelengthofthearcofameridianbetweentheequatorandagivenparalleloflatitudeonaMercatorchart,expressedinunitsofoneminuteoflongitudeattheequator.

Messenger(cablederetour):Alightlineusedtohaulaheavierworkingline.

Metre(metre):aunitoflengthinthemetricsystem.

MF(MF):MediumFrequency(300KHz–3000KHz).

MF-DSC(MF-ASN):MediumFrequencyDigitalSelectiveCalling.

MHz(MHz):AmeasureoffrequencydefinedasonemillionHertz(cycles)persecond.

MHz(MHz):Megahertz(1000KHz).

Microburst(microrafaledescendante):Astrongdowndraftthatinducesanoutburstofdamagingwindsonornearthesurfaceoftheearth.Theoutflowatthesurfaceislessthan4kmacross,withpeakwindslastingonly2to5minutes

Microphone(micro,mike):Theapparatusattachedtoaradiowhichconvertssoundwavestoelectricalimpulses.

Microsecond(microseconde):Ameasureoftimedefinedasoneone-millionthofasecond.

Microwave(micro-onde):Arangeoffrequencies,generallyconsideredthoseaboveabout1000MHz.

Mid-channelbuoy(bouéedemi-chenal):seefairwaybuoy.

Mid-latitude(Latitudemoyenne):Themiddlelatitude;halfthesumofthelatitudesoftwoplacesonthesamesideoftheequator.AlsothesailingthatusesMid-LatitudetodetermineDLofromdeparture.

Millibar(millibar):Astandardunitofatmosphericpressure,beingphasedoutinfavourofhectopascals(1mb=1hPa).

MiniAutomaticRadarPlottingAid(miniaideradaraupointageautomatique):MARPA.AversionofARPAdesignedforsmallerboats.

Minustide(Maréenégative):Atimewhenthetidefallsbelowchartdatum

Minute(minute):(1)ofarc:one-sixtiethofadegree;(2)oftime:one-sixtiethofanhour.

Mist(brume):Suspensionintheairofmicroscopicwaterdropletsorwethygroscopicparticles.Itproduces,generally,athin,greyishveiloverthelandscape;itreducesvisibilitytothreetosixkilometres.

Mixed,MainlyDiurnalTide(Maréemixte,surtoutdiurne(MD)):Atideinwhichoccasionallythereisonlyonehighandonelowwateraday;atothertimestherearetwolargeinequalitiesinheightandtime


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Mixed,MainlySemi-diurnalTide(Maréemixte,surtoutsemi-diurne(MSD)):Atidewithtwohighwatersandtwolowwaterswithinequalitiesinheight

Mizzen(artimon):Thefore-and-aftsailsetonthemizzenmast.Also,calledajigger.

MizzenStaysail(focd’artimon):Atriangularsailsetfromthemizzenmastheadtothedeckforwardofthatmast.

MMSI(NISMM):MaritimeMobileServiceIdentity(MMSI).AuniquenumberassignedtoanindividualmarineradioandownerusedforcommunicatingoverDSC(DigitalSelectiveCalling).

MMSI(numéroISMM):MaritimeMobileServiceIdentity,Usedinmarineradiostoidentifyaparticularboat;issuedtovesselswhoseradiosincludeDSC,foruseduringDSCoperations.

Moderatewind(ventmodéré):windswithaspeedintherangeof15to19knotsasdefinedbytheEnvironmentCanada.

Modification(modification):Thechangesinducedinanairmassasitmovesawayfromitssource.

Moment(moment):Aforceactingthroughadistancethattendstocauserotation.

MonsoonMouson):Aseasonalchangeinwinddirection,usuallybringingeithertorrentialrainsordrought.

Mooring(coffred’amarrage):apermanentlyanchoredbuoytowhichashipcanbesecuredwithoutusingherowngroundtackle.

MostProbablePosition(Positionprobable):Bestestimateofpresentposition,consideringallsourcesofpositionaldata–e.g.updatedDRposition,setanddrift,leewayetc.–whenreliablefixesareunavailable.

N

Nadir(Nadir):Thepointonthecelestialspheredirectlybelowtheobserveror180°fromthezenith.

NationalMarineElectronicsAssociation(NMEA)(NationalMarineElectronicsAssociation):theprotocolfordatatransferbetweenmarineelectronicsdevices,typicallynavigational.

NauticalAlmanac(Almanachnautique):Ayearlypublicationtabulatingthepositionofcelestialbodiesandotherastronomicaldatausefultomarinenavigators.

NauticalDataInternational(NauticalDataInternational):AcompanythatproduceselectronicchartsinCanada.

Nauticalmile(millemarinounautique):aunitofdistancedefinedas1852metres,equivalenttothelengthofoneminuteoflatitude.Itisequaltoabout1.15statutemilesor6076.1feet.

Nauticaltwilight(crépusculenautique):Theperiodofincompletedarknesswhentheupperlimbofthesunisbelowthevisiblehorizonandthecentreofthesunisnotmorethan12°belowthecelestialhorizon.Nauticaltwilight(NT)beforesunrisegenerallymarksthebeginningoftheperiodoftimewhensextantobservationscanbemade;NTaftersunsetgenerallymarkstheendoftheusefulsextantobservationperiod.


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Navigationalaid(aidesdenavigation):anapparatusonboardaboatthatwillassistinnavigating(e.g.,thecompass,adepthsounder,aGPSreceiver).

Navigationaltriangle(Triangledenavigation):Thesphericaltrianglesolvedincomputingaltitudeandazimuthingreatcircleproblems.Itmaybeonthecelestialsphereortheterrestrialsphere(theearth).Itssidesarepartsofgreatcircles;itsverticesarethepoles,zenith,andbodyonthecelestialsphereandthepole,observer,andgeographicalpositionontheterrestrialsphere.Avariationofthelatterisusedtosolvegreatcirclesailingproblems.

NAVSTAR(NAVSTAR):TheUSMilitarynicknamefortheGPS.

NAVTEXreceiver(NAVTEX):Aradioreceiveroperatingon518KHzdesignedtoreceivemarinesafetyinfor-mation,navigationandweatherwarnings,andsearchandrescuealerts.

Neaptide(Maréedemorte-eau):Alowrangingtideassociatedwiththemoonatfirstandthirdquarters

NMEA(NMEA):NationalMarineElectronicsAssociation.TheUSmarineelectronicsindustry'sstandardsettingandmonitoringgroup.

NOAA(NOAA):NauticalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration:theorganizationthatproduceschartsintheUS.

NorthAmericanDatum(NAD)(pointd’origineenAmériqueduNord):heoriginalstandard"pointofreference"forallNorthAmericanmapsandchartsandthedimensionsofthesphereoftheearththataretobeusedtoproducethem.Thenumericalsuffixdepictsthepublicationyearofthestandard.ThecurrentstandardisNAD1983.(CompatiblewithWGS1984).

NorthAtlanticcurrent(Courantdel’AtlantiqueNord):AcontinuationoftheGulfStreamfromthevicinityoftheGrandBanks,asabroadslow-movingdriftofcomparativelywarmwatertowardtheBritishIslesandtheIberianPeninsula.

NorthGeographicpole(pôleNordgéographique):seeTrueNorthPole.

North-Up(nordenhaut):Adisplaymodeinwhichtruenorthisalwaysatthetopofanelectronicscreen.Seealso`HeadingSensor','Course-Up','Head-Up'.

NoticestoMariners(avisauxnavigateurs):afederalgovernmentpublicationthatcontainsallcorrections,additions,andupdatestoinformationrelatingtonavigablewaterways.

NoticestoMariners(NOTMAR)(avisauxnavigateurs):UpdatestoCanadiancharts:availablefromhttp://www.notmangc.ca.

Nunbuoy(bouéeconique):abuoyintheshapeofatruncatedcone,withthetaperingendpointingupwards(theUnitedStatescounterparttoaCanadianconicalbuoy).

O

Oblatespheroid(Sphéroïdeoblate):Asphereflattenedordepressedatthepoles–suchastheearth.

Observedaltitude(Hauteurobservée):Sextantaltitudeafterallcorrectionshavebeenapplied.


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Occlusion(occlusion):Thetermusedwhenthecoldfrontofadepressioncatchesupwiththewarmfront,squeezingthewarmsectorclearofthesurface.

OccultingLight(feuàoccultations):asteadylightwitheclipses,brightlongerthandark.

OffTheWind(loinduvent):Sailingonareachorrun.

Offing(large):Apositionontheseaatasafedistancefromland.

Offset(décalage):forradar,thecapabilitytomovetheradarcentretowardanyedgeofthedisplaytoshowmoreareainonedirection.

Offshore(hauturière):(1)Adirectionawayfromtheshore,suchasoffshorewind.(2)Atadistancefromacoastwheretherearenolandmarksforreference.

OntheWind(plusprèsserré):Close-hauled.

Onshore(verslescôtes):Towardstheshore,fromseaward,asonshorewind.

Operator(conducteur):thepersonineffectivechargeandcontrolofapleasurecraft,andwhoisresponsibleforthepleasurecraft.

OrographicLift(ascendanceorographique):Airforcedtoascendtheslopeofatopographicfeature.

Osmosis(osmose):aconditioninwhichwaterpenetratesthegelcoatofafibreglasshullandcausesdamage,especiallywhenitfreezes.

Outboard(horsbord,versl’extérieur):(1)outsideavesselandattachedtoit;(2)farthertowardsavessel’sside.

Outhaul(bossed’empointure,hale-dehors,bossed’écoute):Deviceorlineusedtotensionthefootofasail.

Ozone(ozone):(O3)Amoleculeofoxygencontainingthree,insteadoftwo,atoms.

OzoneLayer(couched’ozone):Layerofozoneinthestratospherethatabsorbsmostofthedangerousultravioletradiationinsunlight.

P

Painter(cordehalage,bosse):atowlineorsecuringlineforadinghyorothersmallboat.

Palm(paumelle):Leatherglove-likedeviceusedasathimbletopushaneedlethroughalineorasail.

PanPan(PanPan):ThekeywordusedtosignifyanUrgencysituationandthatastationisabouttotransmitamessageconcerningthe‘safetyofavessel,aircraft,orvehicleorthesafetyofaperson’.

Parallacticangle(Angleparallactique):Theinternalangleofthenavigationaltriangleatthecelestialbody–i.e.theanglebetweenthehourcircleandtheverticalcircle.

Parallax(Parallaxe):Thedifferenceintheapparentdirectionofacelestialbodywhenviewedfromapointontheearth’ssurfaceascomparedtoviewingitfromthecentreoftheearth.


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Paralleloflatitude(parallèledelatitude):animaginarylineonthesurfaceoftheearth,paralleltotheplaneoftheequator.Itconnectsallpointsofequallatitude.

PayOff(laisserporter):Toheadawayfromthewind.

PayOut(choquer):Slackenorletoutalinegradually.

Peak(pic):(1)Thecornerofagaff-headedsailformedbytheheadandtheleech.(2)Theaftendofagafftowhichthepeakofagaffsailisset.

Pelorus(alidade):anon-magneticsightinginstrumentusedfortakingbearings,havingacalibrated360-degreecardandtwosightingvanes.

Pendant(itaque,pantoire):Shortropeservingasanextensionofaline,chain,orcablewithdescriptivenamebasedonuse;e.g.mooringpendant.(Usuallypronounced“pen'ant”)

Pennant(fanion):Ataperingflag.

Perigee(Périgée):Thetimewhenthemoonisclosesttotheearth

PersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation(associationinternationaldecartesdemémoirepourordinateurspersonnels):thebodysettingstandardsforflashmemorycardstobeaddedtopersonalcomputers,camerasandPDAs.

PersonalDigitalAssistant(PDA)(assistantnumériquepersonnel):asmallpersonalcomputercapableofbeingheldinonehand,usuallyusedforscheduling,e-mailorvoicecommunications,butcapableofrunningPC-likeprogramsandchartplotters.

PersonalFlotationDevice(vêtementdeflottaisonindividual):Aflotationdevicethatwillnotturnanunconsciouspersonfaceupinthewater.

Personalwatercraft(PWC)(motomarine):asmall,waterjet-drivenboatwithnocockpit.

PFD:Seepersonalflotationdevice.

Phoneticalphabet(alphabetphonétique):Theinternationalmethodofspellingtobeusedwhencommunicationsmaybedifficult.Thismethodshouldbeusedwhencommunicatingaradiostation’sname.

Pier(jetée):astructurebuiltoutfromthewater’sedge,roughlyatrightanglestotheshoreline,towhichavesselcanbesecured.

Pile(pilotoupilotis):alogortimberdrivenverticallyandfirmlyintothebottom.

Pillarbuoy(bouéetourelleouàcharpente):averylargestructuralbuoythatmayhavealight,bell,orwhistle.

Pilotchart(Cartepilote):AplanningchartofamajoroceanareapublishedbytheNationalGeospacialIntelligenceAgency(NGA),formerlytheNationalImageryandMappingAgency.Ingraphicform,itprovidesaveragesofweather,waves,ice,andothermarinedatagatheredovermanyyearstoaidthenavigator.

Pinch(déventer):Tosailtooclosetothewind.


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Pintle(aiguillot):SeeGudgeon.

PistonHanks(mousquetonàpiston):Ahankwithaspring-loadedplungersewntotheluffofasailandusedtoattachthesailtoastay.

Pitch(pas,tangage):(1)thetheoreticaldistanceapropellerwouldmoveaheadwithonerevolution.(2)Theup-and-downmotionofthebowandsternofavessel.

Pitching(tangage):Oscillationaroundthetransverseaxis;therisingandfallingofthebowinwaves.

Pitchpole(sancir):tooverturn,endoverend.

Pixel(pixel):Asingleelement(asmallsquareorrectangle)usedtodrawthepictureonanelectronicscreen.Resolutionismeasuredintermsofhowmanypixelsareusedbothhorizontallyandvertically,e.g.,800x600.

Planesailing(Parcours):Methodofcomputingcourses,distances,andpositionsbytreatingtheearthasaflatsurfaceandapplyingplanetrigonometry.Seesailings.

Planing(planage):theactionofavesselwhenitrisesoveritsownbowwaveandskimsoverthesurfaceofthewater,duetothedynamicforcesofmotion.

Planinghull(coqueplanante):ahullofsuchashapeastobecapableofplaning.

Pleasurecraft(embarkationdeplaisance):aboat,aship,avessel,oranyotherdescriptionofwatercraftthatisusedexclusivelyforpleasure,anddoesnotcarrypassengersorgoodsforhire,reward,remuneration,oranyobjectofprofit.

Plot(tracer):todrawlinesonachart,indicatingbearings,courses,andpositions.

PlowAnchor(Ancrecharrue):Ananchorshapedlikeafarmer’splow.

Point(point):(1)tosailmorecloselytothewind;(2)11⁄4°ofthecompass.

PolarCell(cellulepolaire):Acellofglobalaircirculationinbothhemispheresbetween60°andthenorthandsouthpoles.

Polardistance(Distancepolaire):Theangulardistancefromtheobserver’selevatedpoletotheparallelofdeclinationofabody.Seeco-declination.

PolarEasterlies(ventd’estpolaires):Coldairflowingoutfromthepoles,asdeflectedbyCorioliseffect.

PolarFront(frontpolaire):Thedemarcationlineextendingaroundtheearth,betweenpolarairtothenorthandwarmerairtothesouth.

Polarhigh(anticyclonepolaire):anticyclonesformedwhenairintheglobalcirculationcoolsanddescendsnearthepoles.

Polyconic(polyconique):Achartprojectionusingaseriesoftangentcones.

Polypropylene(polypropylene):asyntheticmaterialmadeintolinesthatfloat.

Pooped(coupd’acculage):saidofavesselwhenawavebreaksoverherstern.


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Port (bâbord,orifice, port): (1)The left side of boatwhen facing the bow. (2) Toward the left. (3) Anopeninginaboat’sside,(e.g.,portlight).(4)Aharbour.

Porttack(bâbordamure):whenthewindiscomingovertheportsideofaboatundersail.

Porthole(hublot):Anopeningonavessel’ssideforlightandair.

Position(position):avessel’slocationataparticulartime.

Pram(pramenorvégienne):Flat-bottomeddinghywithbluntbow.

Precipitation(précipitations):Ageneraltermforanytypeoffallingmoisture—rain,snow,hail,etc.

PrecisionPositioningService(servicedepositionnementprécis):ThatportionoftheGPSwhichprovidestheUSmilitary,andotheralliedarmedforceswithhighaccuracyunadulterated,butencrypted,positioningsignals.

Pressure(pression):Forceperunitarea.Forweather,thisreferstotheweightoftheair,ortheforceexertedbythesurroundingatmosphereinhectopascals.

PressureGradient(gradientdepression):Thechangeinpressurewithhorizontaldistance.Thegradient,asshownbythespacingoftheisobars,willdeterminetheflowofair—thesteeperthegradient,thefastertheflow,thusthestrongerthewind.

PressureTendency(tendancebarométrique):Therateofchangeofpressurewithtime,atagivenlocality.Arisingorfallingtendencyisusuallyofmoresignificancethantheactualbarometerreading,especiallywithrapidchanges.

PrevailingWesterlies(ventsd’ouestdominants):Thepredominantlywesterlywindsofthetemperatezones.

PrevailingWind(ventdominant):Awindthatconsistentlyblowsfromonedirectionmorethanfromanyother;usuallyreferstothepredominantwindoveraregionirrespectiveoflocaleffects.

Preventer(retenuedebôme):Alinerunforwardfromtheboomtoadeckfittingtopreventaccidentaljibes.

Primemeridian(premiermeridian):themeridianoflongitudethatpassesthroughGreenwich,England(Lo000°).Itisalsocalledthezeromeridian,whichisusedasareferencelinefromwhichlongitudeeastandwestismeasured.See:Greenwichmeridian.

Primevertical(Cercledel’observateur):Theverticalcirclethatpassesthroughtheobserver’szenithandtheeastandwestpointsofthehorizon.

Priority(priorité):Theorderinwhichradiocommunicationsmayproceed.

Profanelanguage(langageoffensant):Languagewhichisoffensiveandblasphemous.

Propeller(hélice):therotatingscrewofavesselbywhichsheisforcedthroughthewater.

Psychrometer(psychomètre):Instrumentfordeterminingdewpointandrelativehumidityoftheair;portableformiscalledaslingpsychrometer.

Puff(risée):Ashortgustofwind.


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Pulpit(balconavant):araisedrailingatthebowtopreventcrewfromfallingoverboard.

Pulse(impulsion):Ofradar,arapidchangeinvoltagefromoneleveltoanotherandbacktotheoriginallevel.Typicallyradarpulseslastonlyafewmillionthsofasecond.

PulseLength(longueurd’impulsion):(1)Thetimedurationofonepulseofradiofrequencyenergy.(2)thetimedurationofachangeinvoltagefromoneleveltoanotherandbacktotheoriginallevel.

PulseRepetitionInterval(PRI)(intervallederépétiondesimpulsions):Thetimeintervalbetweensuccessivepulsestransmittedbyaradarsystem.

Pushpit(balconarrière):araisedrailingatthestern,topreventcrewfromfallingoverboard.

PWC(motomarine):seepersonalwatercraft.

Q

Quadrant(quadrant):Thecastingonarudderheadforconnectiontothesteeringgear.

Quarter(hanche):Afterpartofaboat’sside,e.g.,portquarter;thedirection45°abaftthebeam.

Quasi-stationaryHighs(Anticyclonequasi-stationnaire):Anticyclonesinthe30°latituderegionswhichmigratenorthandsouthslightlywiththeseasons.(alsosemi-permanenthighs.)

R

R.P.M.(TR/min):Revolutionsperminute.

Race(raz):Aswiftcurrentnearaheadlandseparatingtwobays.

RACON(baliseradar):RAdarbeaCON.Abeaconmarkingabuoyorsomelocationbybroadcastingasignalwhenithasbeen‘Interrogated'byaradarsignal;sendsoutaMorsecodeletterforpositiveidentification.

RADAR(RADAR):(RAdioDetectionAndRanging)theacronymforusingradiowavestomeasuredistance,bearinganddetectionofvesselsandlandmasses.

RadarHorizonHorizonradar):thedistancearadarunitcan‘see'.Radarcanseeabout5%furtherthanhumansandabout15%furtherthanthetruehorizon.

Radiation(rayonnement):Theprocessofenergytransferinwaveform,withorwithoutthenecessityofatransmittingmedium.

RadiationFog(brouillardderayonnement):Fogcausedwhenthelowerlayersoftheairarecooledtodewpoint,bycontactwithasurfacewhichisradiatingitsheatbackintospaceaftersunset.Inacompletecalm,onlydewwillform,butwithalightbreeze,theresultantmixingwillcreateashallowlayeroffog.

Radiodirectionfinder(RDF)(radiorepérage):Atypeofelectronicequipmentusedtoobtainbearingsfromradiosignals.

RadioFrequency(radiofréquence):(RF).Ameasureofhowfastaparticularelectromagneticradiationoscillates:alsoreferstoradiowaves.


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Radiooperator(opérateurradio):Thepersoncertifiedandauthorizedtotransmitandreceiveradiocommunicationsofaradiostation.

RadioProcedures(procedures):TheorderandtheprecisemethodofconductingradiocommunicationsaccordingtoInternationalTelecommunicationsUnionregulations.

RadioSilence(silenceradio):Whileadistresssituationisinprogress,allstationsmustmaintainradiosilence,unlesstheyareinvolvedindistresstraffic.

Radiosonde(radiosonde):Asmallradiotransmittercarriedaloftbyaballoon,reportingverticalsoundingsofthetemperature,pressureandhumidityoftheatmosphere.

Radiotelephone(radiotéléphone):acommunicationsystemwhereinthevoiceistransmittedonradiowaves.

Radome(radôme):Anon-metallicdomecoveringthecomponentsofaradarscannerunit,primarilyforweatherprotection.Thedomealsoprovidesprotectionfromtanglingintheriggingonasailboat.

RainClutter(fouillisdepluie):Anelectroniccircuitdesignedtoreducetheeffectsofradarenergyreflectedfromrain.

Rake(Quête):Theslopefromthevertical,inthefore-and-aftdirection,ofamast,transom,ordeckhouse.

Range(alignement,amplitude):(1)twoaidstonavigationwhich,whenseentobeinline(i.e.,seentobeintransit),establishalineofposition;(2)thedifferenceinheightbetweenconsecutivehighandlowtides.(3)Thedistancetoaradartarget.

RangeResolution(pouvoirséparateurradial):Thedistancebywhichtworadarreturnsmustbeseparatedinordertobedistinguishedbythesystemwhenthereturnsareonthesamebearing.

RangeRings(cerclesdedistance):thecirclesdrawnbyaradarunitonitsscreentomeasuredistancesfromaboat’slocation.

RasterChart(cartematricielle):anelectronicreproductionofascannedimageofapaperchart

Rawinsonde(sonderadiovent):Aradiosondewithwindmeasuringequipmentandaradarreflectortoenablemoreaccuratetrackingofthedevice.(GPSrawinsondewillensureevengreateraccuracy.)

RCC(centredecoordinationdesoperationsdesauvetage):RescueCoordinationCentre.

RCDS(sytèmed’affichagedecartesmatricielles):RasterChartDisplaySystem.Asetofperformancestandardsforrasterchartsusedincommercialapplications.

Reach (barrerauxalluresportantes,portée): (1)Apointof sailbetweenclose-hauledanda run. (2)Adistance,orfetch.

Reacher(reacher):Alight-weightjibusedforreaching.

Reaching(travers,ventdetravers):sailingwiththewindapproximatelyonthebeam.

ReadyAbout(prêtàvirer):Thehelmsman’swarningthatheintendstotack.


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Reciprocal(réciproque):a180-degreedifferenceindirection;theoppositeorreversecourseorbearing.

Recurvature(recourbement):Theveeringofahurricane’spath,usuallyfromwesterlyorsouthwesterlytonortherlyorevennortheasterly,asitleavesthetradewindbelt.

Reef(ris,récif):(1)toreduceorshortensail;(2)arockybottomformationclosetothesurfaceofthewater.

ReefKnot(noeudplat):aknotforjoiningthetwoendsofalinethatgoesaroundsomething,suchasabundle,orthebunchedcanvasofareefedsail.

Reefpoints(garcettesderis):shortlinesattachedinarowoneachsideofthesailfortyingdownthereefedportionofthesail.

Reeve(capeler):Topassalinethroughablock.

Referenceport(Port/Stationderéférence):Alocationforwhichpredictionsoftidalinformationarepublishedintheformofdailytablesoftimesofheightsoflowandhighwater

Referencestation(Port/stationderéférencedecourant):Alocationforwhichpredictionsoftidalinformationarepublishedintheformofdailytablesofmaximumratesandtimesofturnsforcurrents

Reflection(Réflexion):Thephenomenonofsound,lightorelectromagneticwavesbeingbouncedatanangleoffasurface.

Refraction(Réfraction):Anopticalphenomenoninwhichlightisbentatananglewhenpassingfromonemediumtoanother.Lightbendstowardthenormalwhenenteringadensermedium.Anexampleisthefocusingoflightraysbyacameralens.

RelativeBearing(gisement):Thedirectionofanobjectwithrespecttothebowofaboat.Itisindependentofthecompassdirectionoftheobject.SeeBearing,Relative

RelativeHumidityHumiditérelative):Theratiobetweentheamountofwatervapouractuallypresentintheair,totheamountitcouldholdatsaturationatthattemperature.

Relativewind(ventrelative):seeapparentwind.

Resolution(résolution):Theabilityofaradarunittoshowtwoobjectsthatareclosetoeachotherasseparatetargets,ratherthanhavethemmergeintoasingleblip.

Return(retour):Areflectionofatransmittedradarpulsefromanobject:alsocalledanecho,intruder,targetorcontact.

Reverse(marchearrière):goastern.

Rhumbline(Loxodromie):AstraightlineonaMercatorchartintersectingallmeridiansatthesameangle.

Ridge(crête):Anelongatedatmosphericareaofrelativelyhighpressure,extendingfromthecentreofahighpressureregion;theoppositeofatrough.


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Rig(gréer,gréement):(1)Toprepareaboatforsailing.(2)Anarrangementofsparsandsails(e.g.,asonasloop).

Rigging(gréement):aninclusivetermforallthewiresandlinesusedtosupportmastsandtocontrolsparsandsails.

Rightascension(Ascensiondroite):AnangularmeasurementusedbyastronomerstolocatestarsmeasuredeastwardfromthefirstpointofAriesfrom0°through360°(24hours).

RightingArm(brasdelevierderedressement):Thehorizontaldistancebetweentheverticallinethroughthecentreofbuoyancyandtheverticallinethroughthecentreofgravity.

Righting Moment (moment du couple de redressement): The righting arm multiplied by the yacht’sdisplacement.

Rime(givre):Alightcoatingoficecausedbythefreezingonimpactofverysmalldropletsofsupercooledwater.Usuallyformsonthewindwardsideofobjects.

Rip(ride):seeTideRip

Roach (rondde la chute):Thepartof a sail thatextendsbeyonda straight line from thehead to theclew.

ROC(M)(certificaterestraintd’opérateur(maritime)):RestrictedOperator’sCertificate(Maritime).

Rode(câblot):alineand/orchainattachingtheanchortotheboat.

RollerFurling(enrouleur):Reducingtheareaofajibbyrollingitarounditsluffwire.

RollerReefing(prisedetours):Reducingtheareaofasailbyrollingitaroundtheboom.

Rolling(roulis):Oscillationofaboataroundalongitudinalaxis.

RollingHitch(noeuddebosse):Ausefulhitchforattachingalinetoapostortoanothertautline.

Rope(cordage).Cordagemadeofnaturalorsyntheticfibres;canbemadeofsteelwire.

RopeClutch(taquetautocoinceur):Linestoppersorropeclutchesoperateonacamandleverprinciple.They take the loadoff of thewinch, freeing thewinch for usewith a different line. They enableonewinchtoserviceseverallines.SeeLineStopper.

RossbyWaves(ondesdeRossby):Meandering,longwavepatternsofwesterlyairflowintheuppertroposphere.

RoundTurn(tourmort):Acompleteturnoflinearoundacleat,bitt,orpost.

Rudder(gouvernail):theunderwaterportionofthesteeringmechanism,usuallyaflatpieceofwoodormetal.

RudderPost(longerondegouvernededirection):Theshafttowhichtherudderbladeisattached.Thetillerorothersteeringapparatusisaffixedtotheotherend.

Rulesoftheroad(règlesderoute):rulesgoverningthesafeoperationofboatsonthewater.


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Running(courirlargue):sailingwiththewindalmostdirectlybehindtheboat.

RunningaRange(suivreunalignement):tooperateavesselalongarange,eitherman-madeornatural

RunningBackstay(bastaque):Staysthatcounteractforcesfromaninnerforestay;mustbetendedasboattacksorjibes.

Runningfix(pointtransporté):apositiondeterminedbytheuseofbearingsthathaveanappreciabletimedifferencebetweenthem.

Runninglights(feuxderoute):lightsrequiredundertheCollisionRegulationswhenaboatisunderway.

Runningrigging(gréementcourant):allriggingusedinhoisting,lowering,andtrimmingthesailsandinhandlingthespars,centreboard,etc.

S

Safetycommunications(communicationdesécurité):Thetransmissionofmessagesdealingwithhazardstonavigationandmeteorologicalinformation.

SafetyHarness (harnais de sécurité):Webbedbelt-based assembly that,when attached to the vesselwith a tether, physically connects you to the boat to prevent you from falling overboard or beingseparatedfromtheboat.

Saffir-SimpsonScale(échelleSaffir-Simpson):Methodofassessinghurricanestrengthbydegreeofdamagecaused,ratherthanbyactualwindvelocity;numericalscalefrom1to5(mildtocatastrophicdamage).

Sailcover(Tauddevoile):acover,usuallyforamainsail,usedtoprotectthesailwhenitisfurledontheboom.

SailSlides(coulisseau):Metalorplasticfastenersattachedtotheedgeofasailandthatrideonatrackonthemastorboom.

SailSlugs (coulisseau):Smallmetalorplasticcylinderssewnto theedgeofasailwhich fit intoasparcovetoattachthesailtothespar.

SailTwist(vrillage):Tendencyforthetopofafore-and-aftsailtosagfarthertoleewardthanthefootofthesail.

Sailboard(plancheàvoile):surfboardwithaboom,sail,daggerboard,andfixedrudder,sailedbyonepersonstandingup(alsocalledawindsurfer).

SailingOff(laisserporter):Anintentionalchangeofcourseawayfromthewind.

SailingPlan(planderoute):Theitineraryforacruise;itisfiledwithsomeoneashore.

Sailings(Parcours):Mathematicalsolutionsofnavigationalproblemsinvolvingcourse,distance,differenceinlatitude,differenceinlongitude,anddeparture.

SAR(Rechercheetsauvetage):SearchandRescue.

SART(SART):SearchandRescueTransponder.


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Satellitenavigation(naviguerparsatellite):seeGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS).

SaturatedAdiabaticLapseRate(gradientadiabatiquedel’airsaturé):Rateofchangeoftemperaturewithaltitude,insaturatedairinverticalmotion.

Saturation(saturation):Theconditioninwhichairholdsasmuchwatervapourasispossibleatthattemperatureandpressure.

S-Band(bandeS):radiowavesthathavea10centimetrewavelength;oftenusedatairportsandmaybeusedonlargeships;thefrequencyisabout3,000MHz.SeealsoX-Band.

SC-101(SC-101):AU.S.specificationstandardforDigitalSelectiveCalling.

Scale(échelle):ofachart,theratioofthedistanceonacharttodistanceontheearth’ssurface(forinstance,ascaleof1:80000indicatesthatonecentimetreonthechartrepresentsadistanceof80000centimetresontheearth’ssurface).

ScannerUnit(moduledebalyage):Thecomponentofaradarsystemcontainingtheradartransmitter,receiver,antenna,motorandotherelectroniccomponentsneededtotransmitandreceiveradarenergy.

Schooner(schooner):Avesselwithtwoormoremastsriggedfore-and-aft,withtheforwardmastbeingshorterorequalinheighttotheaftmast.

Scope(touée):theratioofthelengthofanchorrodetothedistancefromchocktothebottom.

Screen(écran):thepartofaradarorotherelectronicunitonwhichpicturesappear.Somescreensarecathoderaytubes(CRT)andsomeareLiquidCrystalDisplays(LCD).

Scud(fractostratus,fuir):(1)Thin,low,fast-movingclouds.(2)Torunoffbeforeastrongwind.

Scull(godille):Topropelaboatwithasingleoaratthesternorwiththerudder.

Scupper(dalot):Anopeningintherailorbulwarktopermitwatertodrainoverboard.

SD(SD):SecureDigital,aformatofremovabledigitalstoragemediaforPDAs,etc.

Sea(Étatdelamer):Asystemofwavesthatarestillbeingblownbythewindforcethatcreatedthem.Usuallyirregularandchoppy,unlikeswell.

Sea Anchor (ancre flottante): A drag-producing device, usually cone shaped, used to slow a boat'smovement.

SeaBreeze (brise demer):Anonshorebreeze—one that blows fromover thewater towards the shore,causedbythemorerapidheatingofthelandinthedaytime,withresultingrisingaircurrentsoverthelandandaninflowofairfromtheseatoreplaceit.

SeaClutter(fouillisdemer):Theappearanceonaradardisplayscreenofsignalsreflectedfromthetopsofwavesinchoppyseas.

SeaReturn(fouillisdemer):(SeeSeaClutter).


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SeaRoom(merlibre):Navigablewatersufficientforsafemanoeuvring.

Seacock(Vannedecoque):ashut-offonathrough-hullfitting.

Seakindly(Tenirlamer):Describesaboatwitheasymotion.

Seamanship(Matelotage):Theartofoperatingashiporboat.

SearchandRescueTranspondeur(SART)(transpondeurderechercheetdesauvetage):Aportableradarbeacontohelpsearchandrescuersfinddistressedvessels.

Seaworthy(apteàprendrelamer):Saidofaboatthatisinfitconditiontogotosea.

Secondaryport(Port/stationsecondaire):Alocationforwhichthetimeandheightofhighandlowwaterarepublishedrelativetoareferenceport

Secondarystation(Port/stationsecondairedecourant):Alocationforwhichtimedifferenceandratefactorsarepublishedrelativetoatidalreferenceport.

Secure(arimer):tomakefast(tieup).

Security(sécurité):TheradiokeywordusedtoindicatethataSafetymessageistofollow.

Seelonce(silence):TheinternationalradiowordforSilence.

Seiche(seiche):Theoscillationofwaterinalakethatfollowsawindset-up.Itslowlysubsidesoveronetotwodays.(Seeset-up)

Seize(brider):Tobindbymanywrappingsofsmallline.

Seizing(àtraduire):Smallstuffforbinding.

SelectiveAvailability(disponibilitéselective):ThefeatureoftheGPSwhichallowstheUSDepartmentofDefenceto"selectively"introduceerrorsintotheGPSsignalsreceivedbynon-militaryusers,for"securityreasons".Itwas"zeroed"byorderofPresidentClintononthefirstofMay2000,butitcanbereintroducedduringtimesofinternationalcrisiswithoutpriorwarning.

Self-rescue(autosauveteur):whenaboatisrighted,bailedclearofwater,boardedandoperatedinthenormalmannerbyitscrewwithoutoutsideassistance.

Self-tending(autovireur):Asailthatwillchangepositionbyitselfduringatackorjibe.

Semi-diameter(Semi-diamètre):Onehalfthediameterofanobservedcelestialbodymeasuredinminutesofarc.

Semi-displacementhull(coqueàsemi-déplacement):ahullthatperformspartlyasadisplacementhullandpartlyasaplaninghull.

Semi-diurnal(Semi-diurne):Atidewithtwohighwatersandtwolowwatersdailyofapproximatelythesameheight


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Sensiblehorizon(Horizonsensible):Thecircleformedonthecelestialspherebytheintersectionofahorizontalplanethroughtheeyeoftheobserverperpendiculartozenith-nadirline.

Sentinel(marguerite):seekellet.

Separation(décrochage,separation):Detachmentofairinasmoothlaminarflowfromtheleewardsideofasail.SeeStall.

Set(directionducourant,àtraduire,crocheruneancre):(1)thedirectioninwhichacurrentflows;(2)theangularrelationshipofthesailstothewind;(3)todigananchorfirmlyintothebottom.

Set-up(transfert):Theprocesswherebystrongwindsblowingdownthelengthofalakecausewaterto“pileup”atthedownwindend,raisingwaterlevelsthere,andloweringthemattheupwindendofthelake.

Sextant(Sextant):Aprecisionhandheldinstrumentusedtomeasureanglestoahighdegreeofaccuracy;e.g.altitudeanglesofcelestialbodies,heightsofobjectsandhorizontalanglesbetweenobjects.

Sextantaltitude(Hauteurdesextant):Theangleindicatedbyasextantbeforecorrectionsareapplied.

Shackle (manille):AU-shapedmetal devicewith removablepinused to connect a sail, chain, line, orfitting.

Shadow(ombre):Whenaradarbeamstrikesoneobject,anotherobjectbehindthefirstissaidtobeshadowedbyit.

Sheave(réa):Awheelwithinablockorpulley,whoseouterrimisgroovedtoreceivealine.

Sheepshank(noeuddejambedechien):Aknotusedtotemporarilyshortenaline.

Sheer(tonture,embardée):(1)theshapeofadecklineasseenfromapointabeam;(2)awideswing“offcourse”.

Sheet(écoute):alineusedtocontrolthetrimofasail.

Sheetbend(noeudd’écoute):aknotusedprincipallyforjoiningtworopesofequalordifferentdiameters(seealsodoublesheetbend).

Shift(passez):UsedinradiocommunicationtoindicateachangetoanotherVHFchannel.

Shipstation(stationdenavire):Amobileradiostation.

Ship'sHeadingLine(lignedefoi):Alinedisplayedonaradarscreentoshowtheship'sheading.Typicallyitappearsatanazimuthof000°.Itmayalsobeshownattheactualtrueormagneticheadingofthevessel,dependingonotherelectronicsavailable.

Ship-to-shore(navireàcôte):Theradiocommunicationlinkbetweenashipstationandashorestation.

Shoal(haut-fond):ashallowareainabodyofwater.

Shoaldraft(faibletirantd’eau):(alsospelledshoaldraught)asappliedtoaboat,onethatissuitableforuseinshallowwater.


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Shortsplice(épissurecourte):ajoiningsplicethatincreasesthediameterofaline.

Showers(averses):Precipitationfromcloudsofverticaldevelopment.Usuallyofshortduration,startingandstoppingquickly.

Shroud(hauban):partofthe“standingrigging”,providingathwartshipssupportforthemast(usuallywire).

ShroudRoller(gained’hauban):Atubeinstalledontheshroudsanddesignedtoturnfreelyinordertominimizechafingofthesheetsandsails.

SidelobeLobesecondaire):Energyemittedfromaradarantennaotherthanthatfromthemainlobe,muchsmallerinpowerlevelthanthemainlobe.

Siderealhourangle(Anglehorairesidéral):TheangulardistanceofthehourcircleofacelestialbodymeasuredwestwardfromthehourcircleofthevernalequinoxorAries,measuredfrom0°to360°alongtheparallelofdeclination.

Siderealtime(Heuresidérale):TimebasedontherotationoftheearthrelativetothefirstpointofAries:maybedesignatedasGreenwichorlocalaccordingtothereferencemeridian.

Sight(Visée):Asextantobservationofaltitudeofacelestialbody.

Sightreduction(Calculsastronomiquesd’unevisée):Theprocessofconvertingacelestialsighttoalineofposition(LOP),usingappropriateNauticalAlmanacdata

Signal(signal):(1)anactionmadebyvisualorauditorymeanstoattractattentionorconveyamessage.(2)Anelectricalvariationofeitheracontinuousornon-continuousnature,whichcanbeinterpretedasinformation.(3)Inradio,thetransmissionofadesignatedinternationalwordthatalertsstationsthataspecificcallandmessagearetofollow.

Simplex(simplex):Useofasinglefrequencyforbothtransmittingandreceiving.SeeDuplex

Skeg(aileron,talonnière):aprojectionaftofthekeelordeadwoodunderthepropeller.

Skipzone(zonedesilence):theareawherenoradiosignalisreceived,betweentheouterlimitofreceptionofgroundwavesandtheinnerlimitofreceptionofskywaves.

Skipper(chefdebord):theindividualwhoisincommandofavessel.

Slackwater(étale):(alsocalledturn)themomentwhenthereisnohorizontalmotionofthewaterandthecurrentisturning:thatis,themomentwhenthecurrenthasceasedtoebbandisabouttoflood,orthemomentwhenthecurrenthasceasedtofloodandisabouttoebb.

Sleep(sommeil):astandbymodeofaradartransmitterorotherelectronicdevicedesignedtosavepower.

Slew (pivoter): (verb) To rotate about some point in the object. (noun) The position of an object that hasslewed.

Slides(coulisseaux):fittingssecuredtotheluff(forwardedge)ofasailandslidinginatrack,toholdthesailagainstthemast.

SlippedReefKnot(Noeudplatgansé):Areefknotthatcanbeuntiedveryquicklyandeasily.


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Sloop(sloop):Single-mastedsailboatwiththemaststeppedlessthan40%ofboatlengthaftofthebowandsettingamainsailandoneormoretriangularheadsails.

SlotEffect(effetdecouloir):Theeffectonairflowbetweentwosails,causedbythemutualinteractionofthesails.

SlowTimeConstant(STC)(French?):Aradarfiltercontrol,usedtoreducetheinterferencecausedbynearbywaves(seaclutter)reflectingtheradarbeambacktotheantenna.

Slugs(mousqueton):Sailslugsareusedtosecuremainsormizzenstotheirspars.Theyareshortsegmentsofcylindricalrod,plasticorstainless,attachedoutboardoftheluff(andfoot,ifsorigged)andinsertedintheslotofthespar.

Smallstuff(Ficelle):cordagelessthan6millimetresindiameter.

Smog(smog):Onceexplainedasacompoundofsmokeandfog,itismoreaccuratelydefinedasamixtureofchemicalpollutants,createdbythesun’sreactionontheexhaustgasesofvehiclesandindustrialprocesses.Ozoneisalsopresent.

SnapShackle(mousquetonàresort):Ashacklewitharetractablespring-loadedpin.

SnatchBlock(galoche).Ablockwithahingedhookthatcanbeopenedtoreceiveorreleasealine.

Snow(neige):Precipitationintheformoficecrystals.Largestsnowflakesoccurattemperaturesslightlybelowfreezing,whentheicecrystalssticktogethermore.

Snub(Freinerunemanœuvre):Tostopalinerunningoutbytakingaturnaroundabittorcleat.

Softchine(Coqueenforme):aroundedchine.

SOLAS(SOLAS):InternationalConventionforSafetyofLifeatSea.Referstothe1974InternationalConventionforSafetyofLifeatSeaConvention,atreatythatgovernstheminimumstandardsofconstruction,operation,andequipmentofmerchantshipswhichareconsistentwithsafety.

Solstice(Solstice):Thepointontheeclipticatwhichthesunreachesmaximumdeclination:farthestnorthatsummersolstice(about21June)orfarthestsouthatwintersolstice(about22December)ofthecelestialequator.Alsotheinstantatwhichthesunreachesoneofthesolstices.

Soundings(sonde):measurementsofthedepthofthewater.

SouthGeographicPole(pôleSudgéographique):seeTrueSouthPole.

SpadeRudder(gouvernailsuspend):Arudderattachedtotheboatonlybyitsstock.

SpanishBowline(boulineespagnole):Adoubleloopedknotthatcanbeusedtoliftaperson.

Spar(espar):Anyshaftorpoleusedfortheattachmentofasail,suchasthemast,boom,yard,orsprit.

Sparbuoy(bouéedetypeespar):ananchored,floatingsparusedasanaidtonavigation.

SpectrumManagement(gestionduspectre):ThedivisionofIndustryCanadaresponsibleforregulatingandlicensingradiofrequencies.


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Speed(vitesse):therateofaboat’smotionthoughthewater,disregardingtheeffectsofwindandcurrent

Speed Gradient (Gradient de vitesse ou cisaillement): A marked difference in speed between twoadjacentwinds.

Speedmadegood(Vitessesurlefond):Theresultantboatspeedfromapointofdeparturetoapointofarrival,foundbydividingthedistancealongthetrackmadegoodbythetimetakentotravelthatdistance

Speedofadvance(Vitessedeprogression):Intendedorexpectedspeedalongthetrack.

Speedovertheground(Vitesseinstantanée):Actualspeedbeingachievedrelativetotheground.

Spilling(perdreduvent):atechniquetomakeasailineffectivebycausingittoloseitswind.

Spinnaker(spi):Alarge,headsailsetforwardoftheheadstayandusedwhenreachingorrunning.

SpinnakerNet(filetàspi):Aweboflightlinehungintheforetriangle

SpiralRainBands(bandesdepluieenspirales):Bandsofcloudandprecipitation,increasinginheightandintensityastheyspiralintowardtheeyeofahurricane.

Splice(épissure):Joininglinesbyinterweavingthestrands.

Spreader(barredefleche):Astrutfittedtothesideofthemasttoholdoneormoreshroudsawayfromthemast.

Springline(garde):adockinglineleadingeitherforeoraft.

SpringTides(Maréedevive-eau):(US)largerangingtidesassociatedwithnewandfullmoons

Spritsail(voileàlivarde):Aquadrilateralsailwithitsupperaftcornerheldbyashaftthatextendsfromthemastdiagonallyacrossthesailtothecorner.

Squall(grain):Anatmosphericphenomenoncharacterizedbyanabruptandlargeincreaseofwindspeedwithinminutes,whichthensuddenlydiminishes.Squallsareusuallyassociatedwiththunderstorms,andassuchareoftenaccompaniedbyheavyshowers,thunder,andlightning.

Squareknot(noeudplat):seereefknot.

Square sail (voile carrée): A quadrilateral sail set from a yard on square rigged boats, that is mostefficientwhensailingdownwind.

SSB(blu):SingleSideBand.

Stability(stabilité):(1)Astateoftheatmosphereinwhichtheairresistsverticaldisplacement.Warmairovercoldwillleadtostability.(2)thetendencyofavesseltorightitselfafterheeling.

Staff(digon):amastusedtohoistflagsupon.

Stall(décrocher):Theconditionthatariseswhentheairfoil(sail)orhydrofoil(rudder)isturnedtoofaroffandtheflowofairorwaterseparatesfromthefoil;thereisnolongeranattachedflow.


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Stanchion(chandelier):Averticalpostorcolumnusedtosupportadeckorcabintop.

Stand(étaledemare):themomentwhenthereisnoverticalmotionofthewaterandthetideisturning:thatis,themomentwhenthetidehasceasedtofallandisabouttorise(low-waterstand),orthemomentwhenthetidehasceasedtoriseandisabouttofall(high-waterstand).

Standon(priorité,privilégié):tomaintaincourseandspeed.

StandardPositioningService(servicenormaldepositionnement):ThatportionoftheGPSmadeavailabletothepublic-at-largebutsubjecttotheSelectiveAvailabilitydegradationofaccuracyintheinterestsofUSnationalsecurity.

Standardtime(Heurenormale):ThelegalestablishedtimeforagivengeographicalareaashoreoftenusedwithadjectivessuchasEasternStandardTime(EST).

Standby(veille):(1)Placingofaradartransmitterinaninactivemode,butreadyforimmediateuse.(2)aradioinstructionnottotransmit,buttolistenonthefrequencyforafurthertransmissionthatwillbeforthcoming.

StandingPart(dormant):Thepartofaropethatismadefast.

Standingrigging(gréementdormant):thefixedandpermanentrigging,suchasshroudsandstays.

Stand-Onvessel(navireprivilégié):Aterm,fromtheNavigationRules,usedtodescribethevesselthatcontinuesitscourseinthesamedirectionatthesamespeedduringacrossingorovertakingsituation,unlessacollisionappearsimminent.

Starboard(tribord):avessel’sright-handsidewhenfacingforward.

Starboardtack(tribordamures):whenthewindiscomingoverthestarboardsideofaboatundersail.

StationaryFront(frontstationnaire):Thesurfaceboundarybetweenwarmandcoldairmassesinwhichthecoldairisneitheradvancing,norretreating.

StatuteMile(milleterrestre):Usedonland,andonUSAinland(freshwater)navigationandIntracoastalWaterways.Astatutemileis0.87nauticalmiles,or1,609metres,or1,760yards.SeealsoNauticalMile.

Stay(étai,draille):anitemofstandingrigging,providingfore-and-aftsupportforamast.

Staysail(trinquette):Afore-and-afttriangularsailnormallysetuponastayotherthantheheadstayorjibstay.

SteamFog(brouillardd’évaporation):Fogformedbyevaporationfromawarmwatersurface,saturatingoverlyingverycoldair;alsocalledArcticseasmoke.

Steer(barrer):todirectthecourseofavesselbytheuseofthewheelortiller.

Steerageway(errepourgouverner):movementthroughthewaterfastenoughtoenableavesseltorespondtotherudder.

Stem(étrave):theforemostmemberformingthebowofavesselandjoiningthekeelatitslowerend.

Stemhead(Tiged’étrave):Thetopofthetimberthatformsthebowoftheboat.


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StemheadFitting(Davierd’étrave):Ametalcastingmadetofitoverthetopofastemhead.

Stern(poupe):theextremeafterpartofavessel.

Sternline(amarredepointearrière):adockinglinefastenedatthestern.

Sternway(fairemarchearrière):backwardmotionofavessel.

Stiff(stable):(ofaboat)quicktorightitself,havingarapidperiodofroll,andgreatearlystability(seealsotender).

Stock(Jas):Thecrossbarofananchor.

Stop(raban):Strap,line,orshockcordusedtolasharolledsail.

Stopperknot(noeudd’arrêt):aknotintheendofalinetopreventitrunningthroughablock.

StormJib(tourmentin):Averysmall,stronglybuiltjibusedinheavyweather.

StormSurge(razdemare):Amoundofoceanwaterdrawnupbythecentreofahurricane,anddrivenbythestorm’shighwinds;thiscancauseenormouswavesandwidespreaddamageasitreachesland,especiallyifitarrivesatatimeofabnormallyhightide.

StormSwell(houledetempête):Alongswelldevelopingfromthewindwavesofahurricane;movesrapidlyinadvanceofthestormcentre,andleadstodistinctivechangeintheintervalofbreakersonshore.

StormTrysail(voiledecape):Asmall,stronglybuiltsailusedinplaceofthemainsailinstormconditions.

Stow(arrimer):Toputsomethinginitsproperplace.

Strand(échouer,battureestran,ouzoneintertidale):(1)Todriveavesselashoreoraground.(2)Oneofthelaysofarope(thewoundyarnsorfibersthatarewovenwithotherstrandstomakearope).

Stratosphere(stratosphère):Thenextlayeroftheatmospherebeyondthetroposphere,fromwhichitisseparatedbythetropopause.Itextendsto50to60km,andcontainstheozonelayerinitsupperreaches.

Stringer(serre):Afore-and-aftstructuralmemberofahull.

Stripchart(carted’itinéraire):alargescalechartcoveringawaterway,designedprincipallyforpleasurecraftandprintedinalong,narrowform.

Strobelight(feustroboscopique):highintensityflashingemergencylight.

Strongwinds(ventfort):windswithsustainedspeedsintherangeof20to33knots(asdefinedbytheAtmosphericEnvironmentServiceofthefederalDepartmentoftheEnvironment).

Strut(supportd’arbre):anoutboardsupportforapropellershaft.

Sublimation(sublimation):Thetransitionoficetowatervapour,withoutgoingthroughtheliquidstate.

Sunrise(Leverdesoleil):Thecrossingofthevisiblehorizonbytheupperlimboftherisingsun:alsothetimewhenthisoccurs.


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Sunset(Coucherdesoleil):Thecrossingofthevisiblehorizonbytheupperlimbofthesettingsun:alsothetimewhenthisoccurs.

SupercooledWater(surfusion):Waterwhichremainsliquidattemperaturesbelowfreezing.Inthisunnaturalstate,itwillfreezeonimpactwithanycoldsurface.

Superfluouscommunications(communicationsuperflue):Excessiveand/orunnecessarycommunications.

Swamp(inonder):tofillaboatwithwater.

SweatUp(Étarquer):Totightenalineasmuchaspossible.

Sweep(balayage):asinglerotationofaradar'santennatypicallytakingabout3seconds.Thisresultsina`sweep'ofthescreenthatre-paintsanupdatedpictureonthescreen.

Switchandanswer(passezetrépondez):Aradiorequesttochangetoaspecificchannelandrespondtothecall.

Switchto(passezà):Aradiorequesttochangetoaspecificchannel.

SynopticObservations(synoptique):Weatherobservationstakensimultaneouslyataspecifichour,atselectedstationsaroundtheworld.Theybeginat0000UTC(UniversalCoordinatedTime,orGMT)andaretakenat6hourintervalsafterthat.Synopticobservationsareusedtoconstructtheweathermap

SystematicWind(Ventsystémique):Awindcreatedbyflowfromoneairmassintoanotherasopposedtowindcreatedbylocalizedheatingandcooling.

T

Tabernacle(tabernacle):Ahingeatthebaseofamast;permitsloweringthemast.

Tack(amure,pointd’amure,virerventdebout):(1)avesselsailingandunderway,butnot“inirons”,isalwaysoneitheraportorastarboardtack,thenamebeingthatofthewindwardside(ifthewindiscomingoverthesailboat’sportside,sheisonaporttack,andifitiscomingoverthestarboardside,sheisonastarboardtack)(noun);(2)thelowerforwardcornerofafore-and-aftsail(noun);(3)tocomeabout(verb).

Tackle(palan):Anarrangementoflineandblocksusedtoprovideincreasedmechanicaladvantage.

Taffrail(courronnement):Thebulwarkorrailacrossthesternofavessel.

Tail(embraquer):Tohaulonasheetaroundawinchbeingcrankedbyanothercrewmember.

Takewayoff(Casserl’erre):tohaltthemotionofavessel.

Tallboy(Litron):Atallnarrowsailsetclosetoleewardofthemain,usuallywhenaspinnakerisset.

Tang(lattedecapelage):Ametalstrapusedtoattachstandingriggingtothemasts.

Target(cible):Aradarreturnofavesselpaintedonaradarscreen:especiallyonetrackedbyradarunitsthatincorporateARPA,MARPAandsimilarlynamedfunctions.SeeARPA,MARPA,Return

Telltale(pennon):Awinddirectionindicatormadeofabitofcloth,orotherlightmaterial.


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Temperature(température):Commonlydescribedasthedegreeof“hotness”ofabody.Canbemeasuredwithathermometer;twostandardscalesaretheCelsius(C),wherewaterboilsat100°C,andicemeltsat0°C,andtheFahrenheit(F),whereboilingwaterindicates212°F,andmeltingiceshows32°F.

Tender(volage,annexe):(1)(ofaboat)torightitselfslowly,aslowperiodofroll,andlittleearlystability(seealsostiff);(2)asmallboatattachedtemporarilytoalargerone.

Tephigram(téphigramme):Amultiplegraphsocalibratedthatitcanbeusedtoforecastcloudbase,height,type,andprecipitation,basedonreportsfromrawinsondesandotherupperairsources.

ThermalExpansion (dilatation thermique):Physicalpropertyofamaterialbywhich itexpandsas it isheated.Conversely,itcontractsasitcools.

Thimble(cosse):Agroovedmetalloop,aroundwhicharopeorwireropemaybespliced,thusmakingthesplicedeyemoreresistanttochafing.

Throat(machoiredecorne):Upperforwardcornerofaquadrilateralfore-and-aftsail.

Thrust(poussée):theforceappliedbythepropeller.

Thunderstorm(orage):Astorminvolvingextremeverticaldevelopment,leadingtocumulonimbuscloud,andproducingheavy,shower-typeprecipitation,occasionallyofhail.Otherhazardsarelightningandverystrong,gustywindswhichleadtowavesandbadvisibilityinblowingspray.

Thwart(bancdenage):(1)Atransverseseatinaboat.(2)atransversestructuralelement

Thwartships(Parletravers):Atrightanglestothefore-and-aftline(seeAthwartship).

Tidalcurrent(courantdemare):currentduetotidalaction.

Tidaldatum(niveaudereferencemarégraphique):(1)Unlessotherwisestated,thisisthesameaschartdatumforagivenlocality.(2)Aplanebelowwhichthetidewillseldomfall.SeeChartDatum

Tide(marée):theverticalriseandfallofwatercausedbythegravitationalpullofthemoonandsun.

Tiderip(contre-courantdemare):aconfused,tumblingsurfacecondition,typicallycausedbyatidalcurrentpassingoveranirregularbottomorbydifferentcurrentsinteractingwitheachother.

Tiller(barre,barrefranche):ahandleattachedtotheupperendoftherudderpostforsteering.

Time(Heure):(1)Theinstantofthedayreckonedbythepositionofacelestialreferencepointsuchasthemeansunrelativetoareferencecelestialmeridian.(2)Ameasureoftheelapsedtimeintervalbetweentwoevents.

Timediagram(Graphiquehoraire):Adiagraminwhichthecelestialequator,asviewedfromthesouthcelestialpole,isrepresentedbyacircleandthehourcirclesarerepresentedbyradiallines.

TimeofClosestPointofApproach(TCPA)(heureaupointderapprochementmaximal):Theestimatedtimeatwhichtwovesselswillcomeclosesttoeachother.SeealsoARPA,BCPAandMARPA.

Timetoarc(Heureenarc):Theconvertingoftimeinhours(hh)minutes(mm)andseconds(ss)toarcindegrees.


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TimeToGo(tempsjusqu’auprochainpointoudestination):Thetimepredictedasremaininguntilaneventofinterestoccurs,suchasarrivingatawaypointetc.Theelectronicdisplayusually"countsdown".

Timezone(Fuseauhoraire):Azone,usually15°oflongitudewide,inwhichthesametimeiskeptthroughout.

TitleBlock(cartouche):Anareaofthechartwhereimportantinformationaboutitisshown..

Toggle(chapecardan):AU-shapedfittinglinkingaturnbucklewithachainplate;itpermitsmovementsotheturnbuckleisnotbentwhenthestayispulledoutofline.Also,asmallwoodencrosspieceattheendofaline,passedthroughaneyeorloopofanotherlineaswhenbendingaflagontoahalyard.

ToppingLift(balancine):Alineusedtosupportaboomendand/oraspinnakerpole.

Topsides(oeuvresmortes):thesidesofahullbetweenthewaterlineandthegunwale.

Tornado(tornado):Aviolentlyrotatingcolumnofair,incontactwiththesurface,suspendedfromacumulonimbuscloud,andoften(butnotalways)visibleasafunnelcloud.

Track(tracé):(1).Ametalpieceontheafteredgeofamastortopofaboomonwhichsailslidesrun.(2),ametalstripondeckforcarswithblocksforadjustingsheetleads.(3)Theactualpathofavesselovertheground.(4)ForGPSreceiver,aseriesofpoints(definedbylatitude,longitude,andtime)thatshowsahistoryofwhereaboathasbeen.

TrackError(écartderoute):Anowrarelyusedtermtoindicatetheamountof"error"inangleordistanceyouare"offtrack"fromthedesiredcourse.SeeXTE.

Trackball(bouledecommande):acontrolpaneldevicedesignedasaballconfigurationandactivatedbyamanualrotatingmotiontocontrolfeaturesshownonanelectronicdisplay:behavessimilarlytoacomputermouse.

Tradewinds(Ventd’alizée):Circumferentialbandsofsurfacewindsflowingfromthehorse-latitudehighstowardthelow-pressuredoldrumsattheequator.Thesewindsaredeflectedwestward(makingthemeasterly)bytheCoriolisEffect.Tradewindsoccurinbothhemispheresbetween30°and0°latitude.

Traffic(traffic):Radiocommunicationbetweenstations.

Trail(piste):asolidordottedline,oraseriesofblipsonanelectronicscreen,thatmarksthepathtracedbyaboatorboats.

Transducer (transducteur): Element of a depth sounder that translates electromagnetic pulses intoultrasonicpulsesandviceversa.Usually,containsabariumtitanatecrystal.

Transit(Passage):Thepassageofacelestialbodyacrossacelestialmeridian.SeeMeridiantransit.

Transmit(transmettre):Theissuanceofradiowavesusedincommunication.

Transmitswitch(interrupteurdetransmission):Thedeviceattachedtoamicrophonethat,whendepressed,allowstheoperatortotransmitradiowaves.

Transmitter(émetteur):thatportionofaradarorradiounitthatgeneratesradiowaves.


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Transom(tableau):thetransversepartofthehullclosingoffthesternofavessel.

Transponder(transpondeur):Aradiotransceiverthatautomaticallyrespondstoaradarsignal.

Trapeze (trapeze):A line fromthemast thatcanbeusedby thecrewmanofasmallboat tosuspendhimselfoutboardoftheboat,therebyincreasingthestabilityoftheboat.

Traveller(barred’écoute)Asail-positioningsystemcomposedofatrackonwhichslidesacar,attachedtoblocks,topermitpositioningsheetleadsunderload.

Traverse(Routeéquivalente):Aseriesofdirectionsanddistancessuchasthosetakenbyasailboattackingtoreachadestinationwindward.

TraverseSailing(Parcoursparrouteéquivalente):Amethodofdeterminingcourseanddistancemadegoodbyatraverse.

Trim(réglerlesvoiles,allure,assiette):(1)thesetofasail(noun);(2)thefore-and-aftorathwartshipattitudeofavessel,withrespecttothewaterline(noun);(3)toadjustthesetofthesails(verb);(4)toalterthefore-and-aftorathwartshipbalanceofthevessel(verb).

Trimaran(trimaran):aboatwiththreehullsjoinedwithacommondeck.

Tripplan(plandecroisière):theitineraryforacruise;itisfiledwithsomeoneashore.

TropicalCyclone(cyclonetropical):Aviolentlowpressurestormofthetropics.

TropicalDepression(depressiontropicale):Aclosedcirculationlowpressureareaoftropicalorigin,withwindsof20knto34kn.

TropicalDisturbance(perturbationtropicale):Amovinggroupofthunderstormsinthetropics,whichhasmaintaineditsidentityfor24hours.

TropicalStorm(tempêtetropicale):Atropicalcyclonewithsustainedwindsof35knto63kn

Tropopause(tropopause):Thetransitionbetweenthetroposphereandthestratospherewithalapserateof0.

Troposphere(troposphère):Thelowestmajordivisionoftheatmosphere,varyingindepthfrom16kmattheequator,to8kmatthepoles.Temperaturedecreaseswithheightthroughoutthetroposphere,whichalsocontainsthemajorityofthewatervapourwhichisthesourceofourweather.

Trough(creuxbarométrique):Anelongatedareaofrelativelylowpressure,extendingfromthecentreofalowpressureregion.Itistheoppositeofaridge.

TROWAL(valléed’airchaudenaltitude):Troughofwarmairaloft.Similarinstructuretoanocclusion,butwithnotemperaturechangeatthesurface(Notedifferentsymbolonweathercharts).

Truck(têtedemât):acapthatfitsovertheheadofamast.Itmayhavesheavesforhalyards.

Truebearing(relèvementvrai):seebearing,true.

TrueCourse(routevraie):Inradar,theactualcourseofaboatcomparedtotheground.Theradarscreendepictsrelativemotionoftargetsratherthantruecourse.


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TrueNorth(nordvrai):thedirectiontothetruenorthpole.

TrueNorthPole(pôleNordvrai):thepointatwhichtheearth’saxisintersectstheearth’ssurfaceinthenorthernhemisphere(calledalsonorthgeographicpole).

TrueSouthPole(pôleSudvrai):thepointatwhichtheearth’saxisintersectstheearth’ssurfaceinthesouthernhemisphere(calledalsosouthgeographicpole).

TrueSpeed(vitessevraie):Inradar,theactualspeedofaboatortargetovertheground.Radardepictsanobject'sspeedrelativetoaboatratherthantruespeed.

Truewind(ventvrai):thedirectionandvelocityofthewindasobservedfromastationarypoint.

Tsunami(Tsunami):Ashallowbutextremelyfastwave,whichdoesnotattaingreatheightuntilitreachestheshallows;formedbyaseismicdisturbancebelowtheocean.(Thisisnottobeconfusedwiththestormsurgeassociatedwithahurricane.)

Turn(renverse):seeslackwater.

Turnbuckle(ridoir):Atension-adjustingdevicefortighteningwireriggingorcable,composedofthreadedrodsinsideathreadedbarrel.

Turningblock (pouliede renvoie,de rappel):Ablockused tochange thedirectionofa line, suchasasheetorhalyard,tomakehaulingmoreconvenient.

Twilight(crépuscule):Theperiodofincompletedarknessfollowingsunsetorprecedingsunrise.Seeciviltwilightandnauticaltwilight.

TwoBlock(poulieavectaquetoucoinceur;àbloc):(1)Atacklethathasbeenpulledtobringtheblockstogether.(2)Ahalyardthathasbeenhoistedalltheway.

Typhoon(typhon):AtropicalcycloneintheNorthPacificOcean,withwindsinexcessof64kn.

U

Uncorrecting(adaptation):theconversionofcoursesorbearingsfromtruetomagnetictocompass.

UnderBarePoles(àsec):Sailing(underway)withnosailsetandbeingdrivenonlybytheforceofthewindonhull,spars,andrigging,usuallyaheavyweatherprecaution.

Under Power (àminimumde puissance):Any boat, including sailboats, being propelled by an engineeventhoughsailmaybeset.

Underway(faisantroute):notatanchor,aground,ormadefasttoshore.

Undocking(larguerlesamarres):themanoeuvretoleaveadock,wharf,orjetty.

UniversalCoordinatedTime(UTC)(tempsuniverselcoordonné):InternationallyusedtimestandardbasedonInternationalAtomicTimewithleapsecondsaddedatirregularintervals:equivalenttoGreenwichMeanTime.

Universaltime(Heureuniverselle):Meantimebasedontherotationoftheearthdeterminedfromastronomicalobservations.UsedintheNauticalAlmanacfortabulationofGHAanddeclinationofcelestial


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bodies.Forpurposesofmarinenavigation,equivalenttoGreenwichmeantime(GMT).SeeCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)andGreenwichmeantime(GMT).

Unship(Retirer;detacher;débarquer):Toremoveanobjectfromitsregularplaceofuse.

Unstable(instability):Aturbulent,convectivestateintheatmosphere,resultingfromarapiddecreaseinairtemperaturewithaltitude.

UnstableWave(ondeinstable):Waveonafrontalsurface,havingacriticalwavelengthwhichmayleadtofrontogenesis.

UpperAirChart(cartedel’airenaltitude):Basedonreportsfromrawinsondesandhigh-flyingaircraft,thesearecoordinatedwithsurfaceweatherplotstocreateanin-depthpictureoftheweather.

Upperbranch(Branchesupérieure):Thathalfofameridianorcelestialmeridianfrompoletopolewhichpassesthroughaplaceoritszenith.

Upperlimb(Limbesupérieur):Theupperpartofthecircumferenceofthesunormoon.

Urgencycommunications(communicationd’urgence):ThetrafficthatfollowstheUrgencykeyword‘PanPan’.

URL(URL):Uniformresourcelocator;anaddressontheInternet.

UT(UT-heureuniverselle):SeeUTC

UTC(UTC–heureuniversellecoordonnée):CoordinatedUniversalTime;Theprimarytimestandardbywhichtheworldregulatesclocksandtime.FormostpurposesUTCissynonymouswithGreenwichMeanTime,butGMTisnolongerpreciselydefinedbythescientificcommunity.MaybereferredtoasZULUtime.

UTM(quadrillageUTM):UniversalTransverseMercatorGrid.Gridsystemusedontopographicalchartsinsteadoflatitudeandlongitude.

V

Vang(palandegardeouderetenue):Alineorpurchaseusedtoassistinpositioningaboomorgaff.

VariableRangeMarker(VRM)(marqueursdedistancevariable:Amovableringonaradardisplayscreen,whichcanbevariedinitspositionbymeansofatrackballorrotatingcontrol.Themarkplacedoverareturnallowstherangetobedeterminedanddisplayed.

Variation(déclinaison):theangulardifferencebetweentruenorthandmagneticnorth.

Vector (vecteur):Aquantity thathasbothmagnitudeanddirection,commonlyrepresentedbyanarrow.The lengthof thearrow represents themagnitude; thedirection inwhich thearrow flies represents thedirectioninwhichthequantityacts.

VectorChart(cartevectorielle):andelectronicchartbasedondigitizedinformationfromapaperchart


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Veer(adonner,haler):Achangeofwinddirectioninaclockwisedirection(e.g.,fromwesttonorthwesttonorth):theoppositeof“backing”.Note:Winddirectionisalwaysreportedasthedirectionfromwhichthewindisblowing.

VelocityMadeGood(vitesseefficace):Thespeedthevesselismakingdirectlytowardsaparticulardestinationsuchasaselectedwaypoint.

Vernalequinox(Équinoxevernal):SeefirstpointofAries.

Vernier(Vernier):Ashortauxiliaryscalealongsidethegraduatedscaleofamarinesextanttoallowprecisereadingoffractionsofaminute.

VerticalBeamwidth(largeurverticaldufaisceau):Theangularwidth(theanglebetweenhalf-powerintensifies)ofradarenergytransmittedintheverticalplane.

Verticalcircle(Cerclevertical):Agreatcircleofthecelestialsphererunningthroughtheobserver’szenithandnadirinaplaneperpendiculartothehorizon.Seeprimevertical.

VHF(VHF):VeryHighFrequency(30MHz–300MHz).

VHF-DSC(VHF-DSC):VeryHighFrequencyDigitalSelectiveCalling.

Visibility(visibilité):Theextremehorizontaldistanceatwhichprominentobjectscanbeseenandidentifiedbytheunaidedeye.

Visiblehorizon(Horizonvisible):Thelinewhereearthandskyappeartomeet.

W

WAAS(WAAS):WideAreaAugmentationSystem.AsystemdevelopedbytheUSFederalAviationAgencytoprovideextremelyaccurateGPSsignalsforaircraftnavigation.PrecisioncoverageextendsfromHawaiitoPuertoRicoandMexicotosomeofthesouthernpartsofCanadaandabout100+milesouttoseaaroundmostofthecontinent.

Wake(sillage):thedisturbedcolumnofwateraroundandbehindamovingboat,whichissetintomotionbythepassageoftheboat.

WAN(WAN):WideAreaNetwork,connectingcomputersbetweendistantlocations(possiblyothercitiesorcountries).SeeLAN

WarmFront(frontchaud):Thesurfaceboundarybetweenwarmandcoldairwherethewarmairisreplacingretreatingcoldair.

WarmSector(secteurchaud):Inafrontaldepression,thewarmairbetweenthewarmandcoldfronts.Theweatheratbothwarmandcoldfrontsisactuallydependentonthecharacteristicsoftheairinthewarmsector.

Warp(Déhaler;traînard):(1)Tomanoeuveraboatbyhaulingonalinefastenedtoafixedobjectsuchasacleat,pile,bollardoranchor.(2)Thelineusedinwarping.(3)Alinestreamedbehindaboattoslowitdown.

Wash (houache, remous):Turbulent flowofwater leftbyamovingboatorasa resultofaboat’s turningpropeller(s).Also,therushorsweepingofwavesonabank,shore,orvessel.


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Watch(Veille/Quart/Montre):(1)Inweatheradvisories,abulletinindicatingthatahazardousconditionsuchasatornadoorflashfloodmaydevelop.(2)Aperiodoftimeduringwhichacrewmemberisonduty.(3)Aportablemechanicalorelectronicdeviceformeasuringtime.

WatchTime(Heuredelamontre):Thehourofthedayasindicatedbyawatchorclock;usuallyexpressedin24-hourtimeora12-hourcycleandlabeledAMorPM.

WaterVapour(vapeurd’eau):Agas.Thevapourstageofwater.Presentinallatmosphericair.

Waterline(lignedeflottaison):meansthewaterlineattherecommendedmaximumgrossloadcapacity.

WaterlineLength(longueuràlalignedeflottaison):Themeasurementalongthewaterlinefromthepointwherethebowtouchesthewatertothepointwherethesternemergesfromthewater.

Waterspout(trombe):Maybeatornadowhichispassingoverwater.Morecommonisawaterspoutwhichoccursbelowafast-buildingcumulusortoweringcumuluscloud.Althoughmuchlessdestructivethanthetornado,thistypeisstillnottobeignoredbecausethecorewindscanstillbedangeroustosmallervessels.

WaveintheEasterlies(ondesdanslesventsd’est):Basically,animperfectioninthesmoothflowofthetradesneartheequator;mustbewatched,sinceitmayeventuallydevelopintoahurricane.

Way(Erre):Movementofavesselthroughthewater,suchasheadway,sternwayorleeway.

Waypoint(pointderoute):anylocationwhichcanbedefinedbyitscoordinatesandstoredwithinanelectronicnavigationsystem.

Wear(empanner):Changetacksbyjibinginsteadoftacking.

Weather(météo,côtéauvent):(1)Theconditionoftheatmosphereatanygiventimeandplace.(2)Thewindwardside.

WeatherHelm (barredessous,ardent):Aconditionof imbalance that requires the tiller tobeheld toweathertokeeptheboatonastraightcourse.

WeatherMap(cartemétéo):AmapproducedintheWeatherOfficebyplottingdatareceivedfrommanyobservingstations.Theobservationsaremadesimultaneouslyatsettimes(“synoptics”),andtheresultsareanalyzedtoproducetheforecasts.

Weatherwarning(avertissementmétéo):Messageaboutcurrentlyoccurringorimminentsevereorhazardousweather.

Weatherwatch(veillemétéo):messageaboutconditionswhichareconductivetothedevelopmentofsevereorhazardousweatherinazone.

WeatheradioCanada(Radio-MétéoCanada):Providesthemostuptodatewarningandforecastavailable;transmitsmarineandotherweatherinrepeatedcycles,ondedicatedVHFfrequencies.

Well-Found(Bienéquipé):Havingallnecessaryequipmentonboard,ingoodcondition.

WettedSurface(surfacemouillée):Theportionofavessel’sexteriorwhichisincontactwiththewater.


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WGS84(WGS84):theWorldGeodeticSystem1984datum,usedasastandardfortheGPS,andequivalenttotheNAD83datum.

Wharf(quai):astructurebuiltatthewater¹sedge,paralleltooratanangletotheshoreline,towhichavesselcanbesecured.

Wheel(roue):Thesteeringwheelorsometimesthepropeller.

Whip(surlier):Tobindtheendofaropewithlightline.

Whipping(surliure):awrappingofsmallstuffappliedtopreventtheendofalinefromunlaying.

WhiskerPole(tangondefoc):Apoleusedtoholdtheclewofajibtowindwardwhenrunningwing-on-wing.

WillyWilly(willywilly):AtropicalcyclonewhichoriginatesintheTimorSeaandturnssouthwardoverthenorthwestcoastofAustralia.

Winch(winch):Ageareddrumturnedbyahandleandusedtopulllinessuchassheetsandhalyards.

Wind(Vent):Horizontalmotionoftheairreportedinbothspeedanddirection.

Winddirection(directionduvent):thedirectionfromwhichthewindblows.

WindShear(cisaillementduvent):Sharpchangesofwindspeedand/ordirectionovershortdistances,eitherverticallyorhorizontally.Frequentlyencounteredbeneaththunderstorms,theyarehazardoustoaircraftandmarinecraftalike.

Wind’sEye(litduvent):Theexactdirectionfromwhichthewindisblowing.

Windage(Résistanceauvent):Resistancetothewind.

Windlass(guindeau):Awinch,poweredbyhandormotor,forhaulinganchors.

Windsurfer(véliplanchiste):seesailboard.

Windward(Auvent):Towardsthewind.Thedirectionfromwhichthewindisblowing.

Windwardside(côtéauvent):(1)onasailboat,thesideoppositetothatonwhichthemainsailiscarried.(2)thesideonwhichthewindisblowing

Wing-on-Wing(ciseaux):Sailingonarunwiththejibandmainsailsetonoppositesides.

Working Jib (foc de route): A normally used jib that has an area about equal to the area of theforetriangle.

WorldGeodeticSystem(systèmeinternationalgéodésique):Theadventofsatellite"soundings"hasmadeitpossibletoproduceasingleworldmodelwithonedatumandonesetofdimensions.ThelatestdatumisWGS(19)84whichisusedbyGPSandinallVectorCharts.

WovenRoving(tissuestratifil):Looselywovenfibreglasscloth.


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WWNWS(WWNS):WorldWideNavigationalWarningSystem.

X

X-Band(BandeX):the3cmradarbandusedbymostrecreationalboats.Itsfrequencyisabout9400Mhz.SeeS-Band.

XTE(écartderoute):SeeCrossTrackError.

Y

Yaw(embarder):toswingoffcourse,asinafollowingsea,orcausedbybadsteering.

YawingMoment(momentdelacet):Amomenttendingtorotatethehullaboutaverticalaxis,usuallyduetodispositionofthecentreofeffortofthesailsoutboardofthecentreofresistanceofthehull.

Yawl(cotreàtapecul):Atwo-mastedvesselwhosemizzenissteppedabafttherudderpost.

Z

Zenith(Zénith):Thepointonthecelestialspheredirectlyoverheadoftheobserver.

Zenithdistance(Distanceduzénith):Angulardistancealongaverticalcirclefromthezenithtoabody:sameasco-altitude.Thesideoftheterrestrialnavigationaltrianglebetweentheassumedposition(AP)ordeadreckoningposition(DR)andthegeographicalposition(GP)ofthebody.

Zodiac(Zodiaque):Bandoftheskyextendingabout8°toeithersideoftheeclipticinwhichtheplanetsandmoonappear.Eachofthezodiac’s12areasisnamedforaconstellationandrepresentedbyasign.

Zonedescription(Nomdezone):AnumberincludingapositiveornegativesignaddedtoorsubtractedfromzonetimetoobtainGreenwichmeantime.ZoneDescription(ZD)isdeterminedbydividingtheLoby15androundingtheanswertoawholenumber.Thesignispositiveinwestlongitudeandnegativeineastlongitude.

Zonemeridian(Méridiencentral):Thecentralmeridianofatimezone.Thoselongitudeswhichareevenlydivisibleby15°.

Zonetime(Heuredufuseau):Localmeantimeusuallykeptthroughoutadesignatedzonebasedonthenearestmeridianwithalongitudeexactlydivisibleby15°.

Zoom(zoom):Ameansofmagnifyingthesizeofanelectronicimageonadisplayscreen.

ZT(ZT–heured’unfuseau):SeeZoneTime.

Glossary Revised February , 2014 Page 1 of 70

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