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WelcometotheCPSGlossary;acompilationoftheglossariesfromallofourcoursematerial.Wehopeyoufindituseful.Suggestionsforadditionalwords,orimprovementstothedefinitions,arewelcome.TheseshouldbesenttoCurriculum.
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A
Aback(àcontre):Tohavethewindontheforwardsideofthesails.
Abaft(Surl’arrièrede):Inadirectiontowardsthestern.
Abeam(Droitparletravers):Onthebeam;adirectionatrightanglestothekeel.
Aboard(Àbord):Inoronboardavessel.
About(virement):SeeComeAbout,ReadyAbout.
Abreast(côteàcôte):Sidebyside.
Adiabatic(adiabatique):Aprocessinwhichachangeofpressureproducesachangeoftemperature,withouttheapplicationorremovalofexternalheat.
AdiabaticLapseRate(gradientadiabatique):Therateoftemperaturechangeinairforcedtomovevertically.
AdmiraltyRasterChartService(serviceduUKHO):thedepartmentoftheUnitedKingdomHydrographicOffice,whichbeganproducingchartsfortheBritishRoyalNavyandthenforcommercialuseinitsownproprietaryformat,theARCSformat.Thesechartsareupdatedweeklyasneeded.
Adrift(dérive(àla)):Unattachedtoshoreorbottom,floatingoutofcontrol.
Advection(advection):Thehorizontalmovementofanyatmosphericpropertybythemotionoftheair.
AdvectionFog(brouillardd’advection):Fogcausedbythetransportofwarm,moistairoveracoldersurface.
Afloat(Àflot):Avesselwhollysupportedbywaterandoffthebottom.
Aft(Arrière):Atortowardsthestern.
Aground(échoué):Touchingorstuckonthebottom.
Ahead(Enavant):Inthedirectionofthevessel’sheadorbow.
Ahoy(ahoy).Termusedinhailingaboat.
Ahull(capesèche).SeeLieAhull.
Aid to Navigation (Aide à la navigation): A device or object, external to the vessel, located to assist safe
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navigation;itmaybeman-madeornatural.
Air(air):Generaltermforthemixtureofgasescomprisingtheearth’satmosphere.
AirMass(massed’air):Anextensivebodyoftheatmospherewithcomparabletemperatureandhumidity.Itmayextendoveranareaofseveralmillionsquarekilometresandoveradepthofseveralkilometres.
Airfoil(surfaceportante).Adevicedesignedtodeflectanairstreamtherebyderivingenergyfromit.Examples:anaircraftwing,elevatororrudder,akite,orasail.
AirfoilDraft(creuxdelavoile).Themaximumdistancemeasuredperpendicularlyfromthechordlinetothesail.(Depthofsail.)
AIS(SIA):SeeAutomaticIdentificationSystem.
Alarm(alarme):Inradiotelephone,thesignaltransmittedtoalertstationsthatadistresscallandmessagearetofollow.
Alarms(alarmes):Inelectronicnavigation,audioorvisualwarningsthattellyouthatatargethasenteredorleftaguardzone,thatyouarewithinadesignatedrangeofatarget,ortoalertyouofanumberofotherpossibleevents.
Albedo(albédo):Thebrightnessoftheearthasseenfromspace,duetothereflectionofincomingsunlightfromclouds,snowyareasandwatersurfaces.
Alee(souslevent):Toleeward,awayfromthewind.
AllStations(toutesstations):Inradiotelephone,thewordsusedtoalertallradiostationsthatamessageistofollow.
Aloft(enhaut):Abovedeck,usuallyintherigging.
Alternatingcurrent(AC)(courantalternative):Commonlyrefersto110voltcurrentsuchasisusedinhouseholdelectricityandthepowerthatdockedboatstypicallyreceiveatmarinas.SomelargerboatshavetheirowngeneratorsthatcansupplyACpower.
Altitudedifference(Différencedehauteur):SeeIntercept.
Altitude(Hauteur):Angulardistanceabovethehorizonmeasuredalongaverticalcirclefromthehorizontoacelestialbody.
Alto(alto):Heightgroupprefixformiddlecloudsbetween2,000mand6,000m.
Amidships(Aumilieudubateau):Inthemiddleoftheship,whetherlongitudinallyorlaterally.
Amplitude(Amplitude):(1)Themagnitudeofavoltage,currentorpower.(2)Thearcmeasuredalongtheobserver’shorizonbetweenanobserved(celestial)bodyonthehorizon(oritsverticalcircle)andtheobserver’sprimevertical.
AnabaticWind(ventanabatique):Upslopewindcausedbysun’sheatinginaconfinedvalley.
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Analemmacurve(Courbeanalemme): Agraduatedscaleofthedeclinationofthesunandtheequationoftimeforeachdayoftheyear.ItisroughlyafigureeightinshapeandoftenlocatedintheTorridZoneonaterrestrialglobe.
AnalogDisplay(écrananalogue):Methodofpresentingphysicalvariablessuchasspeedordirection,indicatedbyapointeronascale,usuallyagraduateddial.
Anchor(Ancre):Adevicedesignedtoholdashipinanydesiredlocationbytemporarilyattachingittotheseabedbymeansofalengthofropeorchain.
AnchorBend(Noeudd’étalingure):Abendusedtofixananchortoarodewithoutusingathimbleandshackle.
Anemometer(anémomètre):Instrumentformeasuringthespeedanddirectionofthewind.
AneroidBarometer(baromètreanéroïde):SeeBarometer.
AngleofAttack(angled’attaque):Theanglebetweentheapparentwindandthesail,orthewaterflowandtherudder.
Angleofcut(Angled’intersection):theangleatwhichtwolinesofpositiononachartintersect.
Angulardistance(distanceangulaire):thesizeofanangle,measuredindegreesandfractionsofadegree.
Anticlutter(Anti-clapotis):see'Clutter’,whichattenuatesundesiredreflections.
Anticyclone(anticyclone):Acirculationofwindsaroundacentralregionofhighatmosphericpressure.Airflowaroundthecentreoftheanticyclone(or“High”)isclockwiseintheNorthernHemisphere;anticlockwiseintheSouthernHemisphere.
Apogee(Apogée):Thetimewhenthemoonisfurthestfromtheearth.
Apparentaltitude(Hauteurapparente):resultingvalue(Ha)aftersextantaltitude(Hs)iscorrectedforindexerroranddip.
Apparenttime(Heureapparente):Timebasedontherotationoftheearthrelativetotheapparent(true)sun.
ApparentWind(Ventapparent):Thedirectionofthewindasitappearsonboard.Itdiffersfromthetruewinddirection,duetothevessel’smotion.
Arc(Arc):(1)Thedischargeofelectricalcurrentacrossagap.(2)Graduatedscaleofamarinesextant.(3)Partofacurvedline,e.g.partofacircle.
Arctotime(Arcenheure):Theconvertingofarcindegreestotimeinhours(hh)minutes(mm)andseconds(ss).
Aries(Ariès):SeeFirstPointofAries.
ArcticSeaSmoke(brumearctique):HazeinArcticregionswhichreduceshorizontalandobliquevisibility,andwhichmayextendtoaheightofabout10km.Itappearsblue-greywhenviewedawayfromtheSun,andreddish-browntowardit.
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Artificialhorizon(Horizonartificiel):Adevicesuchasapanofdarkoilusedtoprovideahorizontalreference,whenatruehorizonisnotavailabletotakesightswithasextant.
Aspect Ratio (allongement de la voile): In general usage, the aspect ratio of a sail is taken to be thelengthofthelufftothelengthofthefoot.
Assumedlatitude(Latitudeprésumée):Insomemethodsofsightreduction,thelatitudeatwhichanobserverisassumedtobe,forthecalculationofthecomputedaltitude(Hc).
Assumedlongitude(Longitudeprésumée):Insomemethodsofsightreduction,thelongitudeatwhichanobserverisassumedtobe,forthecalculationofthecomputedaltitude(Hc).
Assumedposition((Positionprésumée):Insomemethodsofsightreduction,apointonthesurfaceoftheearthneartheDR(seedeadreckoning)atwhichtheobserverisassumedtobe,andforwhichthecomputedaltitude(Hc)isdetermined
Astern(surl’arrière):(1)inbackof,orbehindtheboat.(2)Themovementofashipgoingbackwards.
Athwartships(Transversal):Acrosstheboatatrightanglestothekeel.
Atmosphere(atmosphère):Thegaseousenvelopesurroundingtheearth.
AtmosphericPressure(pressionatmosphérique):Forceperunitareaexertedbytheatmosphere.Atmeansealevel,standardpressureis1013.25hectopascals(101.325kilopascals).
AttachedFlow(écoulementlaminaire):Themovementofparticlesalongasurface,suchastheflowofairparticlesalongtheleewardsideofasail.
Augmentation(Augmentation):Theapparentincreaseinsemi-diameterofacelestialbodyasitsaltitudeincreases,duetoreduceddistancefromtheobserver.
AutomaticIdentificationSystem(AIS)(systèmeautomatiséd’identification):AsystemthatintegratesGPSwithARPA(seeAutomaticRadarPlottingAid)viashortrangeradio.AISbroadcastsavessel'sidentity,positionandintendedtrack.Italsoreceivessimilarinformationfromothervessels.Thissystemisdesignedtopreventcollisions.
AutomaticRadarPlottingAid(ARPA)(aideradaraupointageautomatique):AlsocalledMARPAandothersimilarnamesdependingonthemanufacturerandtheunit'scapability.Aradarunitwiththisfunctionwillautomaticallytracktargetsidentifiedbytheoperator.Awarningisprovidediftargetswillpasstoocloselytothevessel.ItalsopredictstheCPAandTCPA.SeeClosestPointofApproachandTimeofClosestPointofApproach.
Autopilot(piloteautomatique):anautomaticsteeringdevicethatmayuseGPS/chartplotterfordirectioninformation
Auxiliary(Auxiliaire):Theengineofasailboat;asailboatwithanauxiliaryengine.
Awash(Àfleurd’eau):Mostlyunderwater,butnotcompletelysub-merged.
Aweigh(Ensuspension):Positionofananchorwhenraisedoffthebottomofabodyofwater.
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Azimuth(Azimut):Thetruedirectionoftheverticalcircleofanobservedbody,measuredclockwisealongthehorizonfromTrueNorth(0°to360°).
Azimuthangle(Angled’azimut):Thecomputeddirectionofanobservedbodyfromapointonthehorizontowardtheelevatedpole(northorsouth),measuredalongthehorizon(eastwardorwestward)towardtheverticalcircleofthebody.
B
Back (vent refusant): (1) Change in the direction of the wind in a counter clockwise direction in thenorthern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere; seeVeer. (2) To cause tomovebackwards.
Backbearing(relèvementsurl’arrière):abearingtakenonanobjectbehindthevessel.
BackingtheJib(borderlefocàcontre):Toholdthejibtowindward.
BackingWind (ventrefusant):Awindwhosedirectionchangesprogressively inacounterclockwisedirection(e.g.W-SW-S-SE).Theoppositeof‘’veering”.Note:winddirectionisreportedindegreesTRUE,anddirectionFROM
Backstay(patara):Partofstandingrigging,usuallyawirecable,thatsupportsamastfromaft.
Backwinded(ventàcontre):Asailisbackwindedwhenanothersailtoleewardofitistrimmedsocloselyastocauseincreasedpressureontheleesideofthewindwardsail,thuscausingthewindwardsailtobulgetowindward.
Baggywrinkle(Pomponanti-ragage/gaineanti-ragage):Anti-chafematerialmadefromoldropeyarnswovenbetweenstrandsofmarlin.
Bail(écoper,anse):(1)Toremovewaterbyscoopingitoutwithabucket.(2)Acurvedfittingforsecuringalineorablocktoaspar.
Balance(Équilibre):Whereallforcesareequalandtheboatsailswithaslightweatherhelm.
Ballast(ballast,lest):Addedweightinaship’sbottomtoprovidestabilityandtrim.
Band(bandes):Agroupofradiofrequenciesdesignatedtoaparticularradioservice.
Bar(ofhurricane)(barred’unouragan):Blackmassofcumulonimbuscloudandprecipitationsurroundingtheeyeofanapproachinghurricane.
BarberHauler(barberhauler):Atrimminglineforpositioningtheathwartshipleadofthejib.
BarePoles(àsecdevoile):Underwaywithnosailset;usuallyinaheavyweathersituation.
Barograph(barographe):Aself-recordingbarometer.Severalaneroidbarometersareconnectedsoastoconstantlyrecord,onarotatingdrum,thedailychangesofpressureoftheatmosphere.
Barometer(baromètre):Instrumentformeasuringatmosphericpressure.Twobasictypesare(1)Mercury,inwhichairpressurecausesthemercuryleveltoriseorfallinacalibratedtube,and(2)Aneroid(“withoutfluid”),wherethepressurechangesleadtoexpansionorcontractionofaflexiblemetalcapsule.
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Batten(latte):(1)along,thin,woodenorplasticstripfittedinanarrowpocketintheleechofasail,tokeepthesailfromcurling.(2)Fulllengthwoodenstripsletintotheframesandcoveringtheinsideseamofadjacentplanksin“battenseam”construction.
BattenCar(chariotdelatte):Fittingsattachedattheinboardendoffulllengthbattenstoreducefrictionbetweenthemastandthebattenswhenthemainsailisbeingraised.
BattenPocket(goussetde latte):Anenvelope-likeenclosurestitchedintothetrailingedgeofasailtoholdabatten.
Batten-down(obstruerlesouvertures):Toclosealldeckopenings.
Beacon(balise):Adistinctiveartificialstructureerectedasanaidtonavigation.
Beam(bau):(1)themaximumwidthofavessel.(2)Ahorizontalathwartshipsupportforthedeck.
BeamEnds(Couchéouàflanc):Aboatheeledcompletelyonherside.
BeamReach(largue):Sailingwiththewindatrightanglestothevessel.
BearOff(abatter):Steerawayfromthewind,shoreorobject:Tosteeronanewcoursefartheroffthewind.
Bearing(relèvement):(1)Thedirectioninwhichanobjectlieswithrespecttoareferencedirection.(2)Inradar,theanglemeasuredfromthetopoftheradarscreenclockwisetoanobservedradarreturn.Typically,thebearingisrelative,althoughitcanbetrueormagneticwithexternalheadinginput.
BearingtoClosestPointofApproach(BCPA)(gisementverslepointderapprochementmaximal):ThebearingfromyourboattoanotherwhenyouareatCPA(SeeClosestPointofApproachandTimeofClosestPointofApproach).
Bearing, Collision (gisement de collision): A series of bearings taken on a converging vessel in order todetermineifadangerofcollisionexists.
Bearing,Compass(relèvementcompass):Abearingrelativetocompassnorth.
Bearing,Magnetic(relèvementmagnétique):Abearingrelativetomagneticnorth.
Bearing,Relative(gisement):Abearingrelativetotheheadingorbowofavessel.
BearingRing(anneaudevise):Aringfittingoveracompassandequippedwithvanes,forobservingcompassbearings.
Bearing,True(relèvementvrai):Abearingrelativetotruenorth.
Beat(naviguerauprès):(ofsailing)Aclose-hauledcourse.
Beating(louvoiement):Theprocedureofsailingtowindwardbyalternatetacksacrossthewind.
Beaufort scale (Échelle de beaufort):A numerical scale for estimatingwind speeds from sea states, rangingfrom0(calm)to12(hurricane).Usedforweatherforecastsinsomecountries,andonpilotcharts
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Becket(Ringot):(1)Aneyeintheendofablockusedforsecuringanendofaline.(2)Aneyeintheendofaline.
Before the Wind (allure portante; au portant): Sailing the same direction the wind blows; sailingdownwind.
Belay(amarrer):Tomakefastaropewithoutknotsbytakingturnsroundacleatorbelayingpin.
Below(Entrepont):Beneaththedeck.
Bend(enverguer;abouter;frapper):Theoperationofattachingsailstospars,orjoiningoneropetoanotherorsomeobject.
BifurcationBuoy(bouéedebifurcation):Abuoymarkingwhereachanneldivides.
Bight(boucle):Anopenorclosedloopinaline.
Bilge(fonddecale):Thelowestpartofaboat’sinterior.
Bilgekeel(1.Quillederoulis,2.Batteauàquillesjumelées):(1)Akeelfittedattheturnofthebilgewherethebottommergesintotheside.(2)Twinkeels,similartobilgeboards.
Bilgeboards(derivesdebouchain):Apairofcenterboardsoneithersideofcentreline.
Binnacle(habitacle):Pedestalinwhichacompassismounted.
Bitt(bollard):afittingorpostforsecuring,usuallyondeck.
BitterEnd(étalinguredepuits):Theinboardendofalineorrode(orchainorcable).Theendmadefastto the vessel, as opposed to the “working end”whichmaybe attached to an anchor, cleat, or othervessel.
Blackice(verglas):Typeofglazedfrost(e.g.onroadsorthesuperstructuresofships),causedwhenwaterfallsonasurfacethatisbelowfreezingtemperature.Thethinsheetoficeisratherdarkinappearanceand,unlikewhitehoarfrostorrime,maybehardtosee.
Blanket(masqué):(ofsailing)tocomebetweenthewindandasailsothesailisnotfull.
BLIP(écho):Atargetpaintedonaradarscreen.
Block(Poulie):Asheavethatrotatesonapin;anauticalpulley.
Blooper(blooper):Afullsailsetoppositeaspinnaker.
BoardBoat(Youyou,dinghyàvoileoudériveur):Asmall(cartop)centreboardsailingdinghywithverylowtopsidesandvirtuallynocockpit.
Boathook(Gaffe):Apolewithahookontheend,usedtoreachintothewatertocatchbuoysorotherfloatingobjects.
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BoatWind(ventbateau):Theso-calledwindproducedbythemovementofaboatthroughthewater.
Boatswain’sChair(chaisedegabier):Aseatmadefasttoahalyardforapersontositonwhileworkingaloft(pronouncedbo’sun’schair.)
Bobstay(soubarbe):Astayfromthestemtotheouterendofthebowsprit.
Bollard(bollard):averticalpieceoftimberorirontowhichavesselmaybemoored.
Boltrope(ralingue):Aropesewnalongtheedgeofasailforreinforcement,tolimitstretch,ortoslideintoacoveintheboomormasttoeliminateslides.
Boom(bôme):asparattachedtoamastorstayandsupportingthefootofasail.
BoomCrutch(supportdebôme):Atemporarysupportfortheboomwhenthesailisnothoisted.
BoomVang(freindebôme):Atackle,usuallyrunningbetweentheboomanddeck,whichremovestwistfromthesailbyadownwardpullontheboom.
Boomkin(queuedemallet,arc-boutant,boutdehors):Asparprojectingaftofthesternwithaboomkinstaytosupportabackstay.
Bore (mascaret): A pile up of tidal water through a narrow, shallow, river mouth which results in asurgingwallofwaterupstream
Bow(proue):theforepartofavesselwheretheplankingcurvestomeetthestem.
Bowline(pointeavant):adockinglinefastenedatthebow.
Bowline(noeuddechaise):aknottiedintheendofalinetoformaloopthatwillnotslip.
BowlineonaBight (noeudde chaisedouble):A knot that canbeuseful as abosun’s chair, for recoveringapersonoverboard,orraisingandloweringanoutboardmotor.
Bowsprit(beaupré):asparprojectingforwardoverthestemofasailingcraft.
Breastline(Traversière):adockinglinefastenedamidships.
Bridge(Passerelle):thelocationfromwhichthemovementofaboatiscontrolled.
Bridle(Patted’oie):Alengthoflineorwireropewithbothendssecured(orwithasecuredloop),tothemiddleofwhichanotherlineisattached.
Brightwork(ferrures,boiserievernie):Polishedmetalfittingsorvarnishedwoodwork.
Broach(semetreentravers):(ofsailing)Anuncontrollableturnbroadsidetothesea,whenrunningwiththewindonthequarter.
Broadonthebeam(droitparletravers):adirectionatrightanglestothekeel.
Broadonthebow(surl’avant):adirectionatapproximately45˚,portorstarboard,fromtheship’shead.
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Broadonthequarter(surlahanche):adirectionatapproximately135˚,portorstarboard,fromtheship’shead.
BroadReach(grandlargue):Apointofsailwiththewindmoreorlessovereitherquarter.
BrummelHooks(AttachesBrummel):Patentedtypeofriggingdevicesthatattachtoeachothereasilyandquickly,andremainsecureevenwhenunderload.
BSBElectronicCharts(cartesélectroniquesBSB):mostpopularformatofrasterelectronicnavigationalchartsforrecreationalboating.
Bulkhead(cloison):Acrosswisewalldividingaboatintocompartments.
Bulwark(pavois):Aportionofthehullextendingabovethedeck.
Buoy(bouée):Afloatingmarkanchoredtothebottom,usedasanaidtonavigation.
Buoyancy(forcedeflottabilité):Theupwardforcethatkeepsaboatfloating.
Burgee(Fanion/flamme):Ataperedflagwithadevicedenotingayachtingorganization.
BuysBallot’sLaw(BuysBallot,règlede):IfyoustandwithyourbacktothewindintheNorthernHemisphere,thepressurewillbelowertoyourleft.Extendyourarmsandrotate30degreesclockwiseonland.YourleftarmwillbepointingtothecentreoftheLOW.Onopenwater,extendyourarmsandrotate15degreesclockwisetofindthecentreoftheLOW.(TheruleisreversedintheSouthernHemisphere).
BytheLee(bômeauvent):Sailingonarunwiththewindonthesamesideasthemainboom,leadingtoariskofasudden,unplanned,jibe.
C
Cabin(cabine):aspaceinavessel,partitionedofftoprovideaccommodationorshelter.
Cable(câble,câblée):(1)Anumberofconductorsindividuallyinsulatedandboundasagroup.(2)Aheavystranded conductor such as is used for battery connections. (3) A strong, heavy rope or chain used formooring.(4)Aunitoflengthequalto600feet.
Call(appel):Inmarineradio,themethodusedtoestablishcontactwithoneormorestations.
Callsign(indicatived’appel):AvesselidentifierissuedwitharadiostationlicencebyIndustryCanada.
CamCleat(taquetcoinceur):Afittingwhichgripsaropeintheteethoftworotatingcams.
Camber(creux,cambrure):(1)Thehorizontalcurvatureofasail.(2)Theverticalcurvatureofadeckasseenincrosssection.
Canbuoy(bouéecylindrique):Acylindricalbuoy,floatingendup.
Canoestern(poupedecanoe):Apointedstern,havingashapesimilartothatoftheendofacanoe.
Capsize(chavirer):Tooverturnavesselbyrolling.
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Cardinalbuoy(bouéecardinal):Anaidtonavigationwhichindicatesthecardinaldirectionofsafewater.
Cardinalpoints(pointscardinaux):Thefourmainpointsofthecompass:north,south,east,andwest.
CarryAway(cassersoudainement):Tobreakfreeandbecomelost,saidofgearthat isstressedbeyonditsstrengthoritsfastenings.
CarryHerWay(to)(Erre):Themovementofaboatthroughthewaterasaresultofmomentum.
Carvel(àfrancbord):Smooth-plankedhullconstruction.
Castoff(appareiller):Theoperationoflettinggoacableorlinethatsecuresashiptoabuoy,dock,orothership,topermitgettingunderway.
Cat’sPaw(risée):Asmall,isolatedpuffofwindthatripplesthewatersurfaceonlyinasmallarea.
Catamaran(catamaran):aboathavingtwinhulls,withaspacebetween,joinedbyacommondeck.
Cat-boat(cat-boat):Sailboatwithamaststeppednearthebow,andnojib.
Caulk(produitdecalfeutrage):Tofillaseamwithamaterialtopreventleakage.
CCG(GCC):CanadianCoastGuard.
CCGA(gcac):CanadianCoastGuardAuxiliary.
CCGR(SRGCC):CanadianCoastGuardRadio.
Celestialequator(Équateurastronomique):Agreatcirclelocatedattheintersectionoftheextendedplaneoftheearth’sequatorandthecelestialsphere,thus90°fromthecelestialpoles.Declinationofcelestialbodiesismeasuredfromthecelestialequator.
Celestialhorizon(Horizonastronomique):Agreatcircleattheintersectionofanextendedplanethroughthecenteroftheearthandthecelestialsphere,paralleltotheobserver’shorizonandperpendiculartothezenith-nadirline.
Celestialmeridian(Méridienastronomique):Agreatcirclelocatedattheintersectionoftheextendedplaneofanearth’smeridianandthecelestialsphere,passingthroughbothcelestialpoles.
Celestialpoles(Pôlesastronomiques):Theintersectionsoftheaxisoftheearthwiththecelestialsphere;labeledPnandPs.
Celestialsphere(Sphèreastronomique):Animaginaryglobeofinfiniteradiusconcentricwiththeearth,onwhichthestarsseemtobefixedandthesun,moon,andplanetsappeartowander.
Celestialtriangle(Triangleastronomique):Asphericaltriangleonthecelestialspheresuchasthenavigationaltriangle.
CentreofBuoyancy(centredeflottabilité):Thepointthroughwhichtheupwardthrustofbuoyancyonahullisconsideredtoact.
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CentreofEffort(centred’effortdelavoilure):Static:thegeometriccentreofasinglesailorthecombinedgeometriccentresofseveralsails.Dynamic:thepointwhereallthelateralforcesofthesailsofaboatundersailcouldbeconcentrated,withoutchangingtheireffect.
Centreofgravity(centredegravité):Thepointthroughwhichtheforceofgravityproducedbythevessel’smasscanbeconsideredtoact;thepointfromwhichabodycouldbefreelysuspendedwithoutrotatinginanydirection.
CentreofLateralResistance(centrededérive):Static:thecentreofpressureoftheforcesonthehullofaboat.Dynamic: thepointwhereall lateral forcesactingonahullmovingthroughthewatercouldbeconcentrated,withoutchangingtheireffect.
Centreboard(dérivepivotante):apivotedboardthatcanberaisedorloweredthroughaslotinthekeel.
Centreline(axelongitudinal):Thefore-and-aftlinethatrunsalongtheexactcentreofaboat.
CG(gc):CoastGuard.
Chafe (raguage):Wearonasail, spar,or line.Preventedbychafinggear; sacrificialcoverings, suchasleather,cloth,orrubber.
Chafinggear(anti-raguage):coveringforalinetoprotectitfromabrading.
Chainpipe(écubierdepont):apipethroughthedeckorhull,givingtheanchorrodeaccesstothechainlocker(alsocalledahawsepipe).
ChainPlate(cadène):Ametalstraponasailboat,usuallysecuredtohullstructureorbulkhead,towhichashroudorstayisattached.
Channel(voie):Aradiofrequencythathasbeendesignatedforaparticularpurpose.
Chart(cartemarine):amapdesignedspecificallyuseinnauticalnavigation.
Chartplotter(lecteurdecarte):agraphicelectronicdevicecontainingaGPS,chartinformationandtheabilitytoshowvesselinformation.Chartdatum(zerodescartes):(1)onchartsofinlandwaters,thereferencelevelformeasuringallheightsanddepths;(2)onchartsofcoastalwaters,thereferencelevelbelowwhichdepthsaremeasured,abovewhichheightsoflandformsintheintertidalzonearemeasured,andaboveandbelowwhichthetideismeasured.CanadiantidalchartdatumistheplaneofLowestNormalTide(LNT),whileUSchartdatumistheplaneofMeanLowerLowWater(MLLW)
Cheater(Trinquette):Alow-cutsailsetbelowahighflyingspinnaker.
CheekBlock(jouedevache):Ablockwithoneflatsidesothatitcanbemountedonasparorstructure.
Chine(bouchain):Thelinemarkingtheintersectionofthebottomandsidesofaboat.
Chinook(Chinook):AwarmdrywindontheeasternsideoftheRockyMountains,theresultoftheadiabaticprocessesinvolvedinitstraveloverthemountains;calledthe“snoweater”becausethecombinationofitsrelativelyhightemperatureandextremelylowhumiditycausesrapidevaporationofthesnowitpassesover.
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Chock(chaumard):(1)adeckfittingusedtochangethedirectionoftensionofananchorrodeormooringline;(2)afittingdesignedtoreceiveanobjectandholditsecurely;e.g.anchorchocks
Chronometer(Chronomètre):Atimepiecewithanearlyconstantrateorlossmadeespeciallytokeepaccuratetime.
CHS(SHC):TheCanadianHydrographicService:thefederalagencythatproduceschartsinCanada.
Chute(focballonouspinnaker):Slangforspinnaker(itresemblesaparachute).
Circleofequalaltitude(Cercledehauteurégale):Acircleonthesurfaceoftheearth,fromeverypointofwhichthealtitudeofacelestialbodyisthesameatagiveninstant.
Circleofposition(Cercledeposition):Circularlineofpositiondeterminedbyadistancefromanobject,pointorcelestialbody.
Circumpolar(Circumpolaire):(ofacelestialbody)Revolvingabouttheelevatedpolewithoutsetting.
Cirro(cirro):Heightgroupprefixforicecrystalcloudswithbasesabove6,000m.
Civiltwilight(Crépusculecivile):Theperiodofincompletedarknesswhentheupperlimbofthesunisbelowthevisiblehorizonandthecentreofthesunisnotmorethan6°belowthecelestialhorizon;usefulintakingsightsonstarsorplanets.
ClamCleat(coinceur):Asimpleridged‘V’groovethatholdsnylonandDacronlinesfirmly,yethasnomovingpartstobreakorseize.Itallowstheimmediatereleaseofthelinebyashortupwardpull,onthefreeend.
ClassA(classea):ADigitalSelectiveCalling(DSC)specificationstandardthatmeetsallInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)MediumFrequency/VeryHighFrequency(MF/VHF)requirementsforcompulsorilyfittedvesselsover300GrossRegisteredTons.
ClassB(classeB):ADSCspecificationstandardthatmeetsIMOMF/VHFrequirementsfornon-pleasurecraftnotrequiredtohaveClassAequipment.
ClassC(classeC):ADSCspecificationstandardthatisnolongerapproved.
ClassD(classeD):ADSCspecificationstandardthatmeetstheminimumrequirementsVHF-DSConnon-pleasurecraftnotrequiredtocarryClassAorBequipment.(NotallClassDradiosmeetIMOrequirements.)
ClawOff(Sereleverauventd’unecôte):(ofsailing)Tobeatoffofaleeshoreunderdifficultconditions.
ClearAhead(enroutelibredevant):Seeclearastern.
ClearAstern(dégagésurl’arrière):Sailingtermsdescribingtherelativepositionsoftwoboatscloseenoughtoeachothertopossiblyrestricttheirmanoeuvrability.Aboatisclearasternofanotherwhenherhullandequipmentinnormalpositionarebehindanimaginarylineabeamfromtheaftermostpointoftheother’shull andequipment innormalposition. Theotherboat isclearahead. Theyoverlapwhenneither is clearasternoftheotherorwhenaboatbetweenthemoverlapsboth.
Cleat(taquet):afittingwithtwoarmsorhornstowhichlinesaremadefast.
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Clew(pointd’écoute):theafterlowercornerofasail;onaspinnaker,thelowercornerattachedtothesheet.
Clinker-built(contructionàclins):Typeofhullconstructionwheretheloweredgeofeachplankoverlapsandisfastenedtotheupperedgeoftheplankbelowit.Alsoseelapstrake.
Closeaboard(côteàcôte):beside,closeto,alongside.
CloseReach(aulargue):Thepointofsailbetweenclose-hauledandbeamreaching.
CloseReefed(ariseaumaximum):Whenallpossiblereefshavebeentakenin.
Close-hauled(prèsserré):Sailingascloseaspossibletothedirectionofthewind.Also,calledon-orby-the-wind,orbeating.
ClosestPointofApproach(CPA)(pointderapprochementmaximal):Theclosestdistancetwovesselswillcometoeachotherwhenbothareunderway,usuallyexpressedindistanceandrelativebearing.SeealsoAutomaticRadarPlottingAid,BearingtoClosestPointofApproachandTimeofClosestPointofApproach.
Cloud(nuage):Accumulationofwaterdrops,icecrystals,oramixtureofboth,formedbythecondensationofwatervapour,withitsbaseabovethesurface.
Clovehitch(demi-clé,àcapeler):aknotusedforatemporaryfasteningtoapostorarail.
Club-footedJib(focbaumé):Ajibwithaboom.
Clutter(fouillisd’échos):Echoesfromwaves,rainetc.thatproducespotsonthescreen.Ifsevere,theseinterferewithtargets.Anti-cluttercontrolssuchasSensitivityTimeControlandFastTimeConstantmayhelptoreduceclutter.
Coalescence(coalescence):Themergingtogetherofsmallerdroplets,tocreatelargerdrops.
Co-altitude(Co-hauteur):Ninetydegreesminusthealtitudeofabodyabovethecelestialhorizon;thesameaszenithdistance.Thesideofthenavigationaltrianglebetweenthezenithandthebody,orbetweentheAPorDRandtheGPofthebody.
Coaming(hiloire):Araisedborderabovethedeckaroundhatchesandthecockpit.
Coast station (station côtière)): A shore-based radio station operated by the Coast Guard, RescueCoordinationCentre,etc.
Cockpit(cockpit):Anopenspaceforthecrew,lowerthanthedeck.
Co-declination(Co-déclinaison):Ninetydegreesminusthedeclinationofabody,whendeclinationandlatitudehavethesamename:co-declinationisthesameaspolardistancemeasuredfromtheelevatedpole;thesideofthenavigationaltrianglebetweenthebodyoritsGPandtheelevatedpole.
Coil(lover):Toarrangealineinloops.
Co-latitude(Co-latitude):Ninetydegreesminusthelatitudeoftheobserver.Thesideofthenavigationtrianglebetweenthezenith,APorDRandtheelevatedpole.
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ColdFront(frontfroid):Atransitionzonewhereacoldairmassadvancesandreplacesawarmairmass.
Collisionbearing(gisementdecollision):seebearing,collision.
Comeabout(virerventdebout):toturntheship’sheadthroughthewind,changingfromonetacktotheother.
Communication(communication):Themeansofexchangingmessages.
CompactFlash(compactflash):oneofafewstandardsforremovablestoragecardsfordigitaldatathatcanbeusedwithPersonalDigitalAssistants,cameras,GPSreceiversandcomputers.
Companionway(descente):astairwayfromonedecktoanother.
Compass(compass):aninstrumentfordetermininghorizontaldirection.
Compassbearing(relèvementcompass):seebearing,compass.
Compasscourse(Capcompas):Thecoursebyboat’scompass;theanglebetweentheboat’skeelandthenorthpointofthecompasscard.
Compasserror(Erreurdecompas):thedifferencebetweenanytruedirectionandthatindicatedsimultaneouslybythecompass:thecombinedeffectofvariationanddeviation.
Compasserror(Erreurdecompas):thedifferencebetweenanytruedirectionandthatindicatedsimultaneouslybythecompass:thecombinedeffectofvariationanddeviation
Compassnorth(nordcompass):thedirectionindicatedasnorthbythecompass.
CompassRose(roseducompass):Agraduatedcircleprintedonachartasareferencetoshowtrueandmagneticnorth
Compensation(compensation):theadjustingofacompasssoastoremoveorreducedeviation.
Compulsory(obligatoire):Thatwhichisrequiredbylaw.
Computedaltitude(hauteurcalculée):Altitudeofabodyabovethecelestialhorizonfromadeadreckoningposition(DR),anassumedposition(AP),oraknownposition(KP)atagiventime,asdeterminedbycomputation,usuallywiththeaidofasight-reductiontableorcalculator.
Computedcourse(Capcalculé):Coursecomputedfromtruenorth.UsedprincipallyintheSailings.
Con(navigueràvue):tosteertheboatbydirectobservationoflandmarks.
Concentric(Concentrique):Havingacommoncentre,asforcirclesorspheres.
Condensation(condensation):Theprocesswherebyavapourbecomesaliquid.Intheatmosphere,condensationappearsinsuchformsascloud,fog,dewandprecipitation(seealsoLatentHeat).
Conditionofthesea(étatdelamer):stateofagitationofthesea,duetothecombinedeffectsofwindandswell.
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ConditionalInstability(Conditionnellementinstable):Astateinwhichrisingairremainsstableuntilcooledtoitsdewpoint,butbecomesunstableoncecondensationoccurs.
Conformalprojection(Projectionconforme):Aprojectioninwhichallanglesaroundanypointarecorrectlyrepresented.
Conicalbuoy(bouéedetypecone):acone-shapedbuoy,floatingwiththepointup.
ConstantPressureLevel(niveaudepressionconstant):Theheightabovesealevelatwhichaspecificpressureexists.
Constellation(Constellation):Oneofthe88recognizedgroupsoffixedstars,ortheregionoftheskyinwhichthegroupappears.
Constrictor Knot (noeud constricteur): A variation of the clove hitch; can be used as a semi-permanentwhipping.
Continuousrefraction(Réfraction):Therefractionduetoincreasingdensityofairwithdecreasingaltitude.
Control(control):Ofradio,tocommandordirectcommunications:effectedbythecontrollingstation.
Convection(convection): Theprocesswherebyairrisesbecauseitiswarmer(lighter)thanitssurroundings.Examplesofconvectivecloudsarecumulusandcumulonimbus.
Convergence(convergence):Anethorizontalinflowofairwhichleadstorisingofexcessairinthecentre,andaloweringofsurfacepressure,asseencommonlyindepressions.
CoordinatedUniversalTime(Tempsuniverselcoordonné):Thetimescaleprovidedbymostbroadcasttimesignals.ForpurposesofmarinenavigationitisequivalenttoGreenwichMeanTime.GPSusesCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC).SeeGreenwichmeantime(GMT)andUniversalTime(UT).
COP(CDP):SeeCircleofPosition
Cordage(cordage):Ageneraltermforalltypesofrope.
CoriolisEffect(effetdeCoriolis):Theapparentdeflectionofwinddirectionduetotherotationoftheearth.Theeffectvarieswiththespeedofthewindandalsowithlatitude,beingzeroattheequator.ThedeflectionistotherightintheNorthernHemisphere;totheleftintheSouthernHemisphere.
Correcting(correctionderoute):theconversionofcoursesorbearingsfromcompasstomagnetictotrue.
COSPAS-SARSAT(cospas-sarsat):Anorbitingsatellitesystemthatthatdetectsandlocatesemergencybeaconsactivatedbyaircraft,shipsandbackcountryhikersindistress.ItwasestablishedbyCanada,France,theUnitedStates,andtheformerSovietUnionin1979.ItisoperatedjointlybytheUSandRussia.
CotterPin(goupillefendue):“Abendable,splitpinusedtopreventanutandbolt,orotherassembly,fromloosening.”
Counter(voûte):Abovewaterportionofthestern,extendingbackfromtheafterendofthewaterline.
CounterStern(arrièreàvoûte):Anoverhangingstern.
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Course(route):(1)thehorizontaldirectioninwhichaboatissteeredorintendedtobesteered(2)InGPS,thedirectionfromastartingwaypointorlocationtoadestinationwaypoint,
CourseMadeGood(routesurlefond):(1)Thenetdirectioninastraightlineaboathastravelled,measuredfromastartingpointtoadestination,betweentwoknownpositionsorfixes.(2)InGPS:Thebearingfromanactivewaypoint(startingpoint)toapresentposition,independentofthepathtaken.
Courseoverground(Routeparcourue):Actualpathoftravelofaboatoverthebottom.Thepreferredtermforpathofaboatwithrespecttothebottomistrack.
Coursesteered(Routebarrée):Thedirectioninwhichahelmsmansteersaboatwhenunderway.
Course-Up(routeenhaut):Adisplaymodeinwhichthedirectionoftravelistowardsthetopofachartplotterorradarscreen.
Cove(gorge):Agrooveorslotbuiltintotheboomorafteredgeofamast.
CPS(ecp):CanadianPowerandSailSquadrons.
Cradle(ber):Afittedframebywhichaboatissupportedduringstorageorshipping.
Craze(Craquelage):Todevelopsmallcracksemanatingoutwardfromacentralpoint.
Cringle(oeillet,patte):aropeorcirculareyemadeonametalorplasticthimble,usedforfasteningonthecornerofasail,awningorothercanvasitem.
Criticaltable(Tableàvaleurintégrale):Atableinwhichvaluesofthequantitytobefoundaretabulatedforlimitingvaluesoftheenteringargument.Nointerpolationisrequired.
CrossTrackError(XTE)(écartderoute):Thedirectionandhorizontaldistanceyouareoffadesiredtrack;usuallyindicatedbyaGPSorchartplotter.
Crown(diamant):Thepointonananchorwheretheshankjoinsthearms.
Cuddy(rouf):Asheltercabininasmallboat.
Cumulo(cumulo):groupprefixforverticalclouds.
Cunningham(cunnigham):Anarrangementofgearusedtoadjustthelufftensioninasailwithoutusingahalyardormovingtheboom.
Current(Courant):(1)Thehorizontalmovementofwater,whichmayaccountforthedifferencebetweenadeadreckoningpositionandafixatthesametime.(3)Themovementofelectronsthroughaconductor.
Cursor(curseur):Amovablemarkonacomputer,oraboat’snavigationaldisplayscreenusedtoidentifyalocationonthescreen,markawaypoint,measuredistanceorbearingetc.
Cut(angled’intersection):Theangleofintersectionofthelinesofpositioninafix.
Cutter (cotre):Asingle-mastedboatwithmainsailandusuallymore thanoneheadsail,with themaststeppedclosetoamidships(from40to50%aftofthebowversusabout33%forasloop).
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Cyclone(cyclone):Aroughlycircularareaoflowpressure,aroundwhichtheairflowsinacounter-clockwisedirection;alsoknownasa“low”or“depression”.(Inmid-latitudes,theterm“extra-tropicalcyclone”issometimesusedtodistinguishfromthesmallerbutmoreintensetropicalcyclones).
D
Daggerboard(derivesabre):anon-pivotingdropboardloweredverticallythroughatrunk,andthroughaslotinthekeel.
Danforth® Anchor (Danforth, ancre): An anchor with long, pointed, hinged flukes with good holdingpower.
Dangerzone(zonededanger):thesectorextendingfromdeadaheadto22½˚abaftthestarboardbeam,anarcof112½˚inall.
Data(données):Informationorsignals,usuallyindigitalform.
Datum(zerodelacarte):areferencepointfromwhichmeasurementsaremade;thezeropointonameasurementscale(seechartdatum,datumforheights,horizontaldatum).
Datumforheights(Référencedeshauteurs):thereferencelevelabovewhichheights(includingoverheadclearances)aremeasuredonachart(asarule,ininlandwatersthisisthesamereferencelevelasthechartdatum,whileincoastalwatersthisisthehighestlevelthatthetidenormallyreaches).
Datumforsoundings(Zérodescartes):Seechartdatum.
Davit(bossoir):Crane-likedeviceforhoistingasmallboat,anchor,orcargo.
Daybeacon(marquedejour):Unlightedfixedaidtonavigation.
Daylightsavingtime(Heureavancée):Avariationofstandardtimeinordertomakebetteruseofdaylight,usuallyonehourlaterthanstandardtime;alsocalledSummerTimeespeciallyinEurope.
Deadahead(droitdevant):directlyahead.
Deadastern(directementderrière):directlyastern.
Deadreckoning(l’estime):theprocessofdeterminingavessel’sposition,usingonlyknowledgeofspeed,elapsedtime,coursesteered,andapointofdeparture.Anydifferencebetweenthedeadreckoningpositionandafixforthesametimeindicatesthecombinedeffectofanycurrent,windandsteeringerror.
Deadreckoningtrack(Routeàl’estime):Theintendedcourselineofavesselasplottedonachart.
DeadRun(ventarrière):Thepointofsailonwhichaboathasthewindblowingstraightoverthestern.
Deadhead(corpsmort):alogorheavytimberfloatingnearlyverticalbutwithlittleofitsbulkabovethesurface.
Deadrise(anglederelevédevarangue):Theanglemadebythehorizontalplaneofthekeeltotheboatbottom,usuallyexpressedininchesforeachfootofdistancefromthekeel.
Deadwood(massif):thesolidfore-and-afttimberinglyingbetweenthekeelandhullproper.
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Deck(pont):thehorizontalplatforms,inships,separatingcompartmentsoneaboveanother.
DeckDrain(Draindecockpit):Openingsinthedeckorcockpittodrainwateroverboard.
Decklog(journaldebord):abookinwhichtheconductofthevesselisrecorded(seealsolog).Thisincludesboatmovement,positionandimportantevents.
Declination(Déclinaison):Angulardistanceofacelestialbodynorthorsouthofthecelestialequator;thearcofanhourcirclebetweenthecelestialequatorandapointonthecelestialsphere.
Degree(degree):aunitofangularmeasurement,beingonethree-hundred-and-sixtieth(1/360)ofacircle.
Delamination(délaminage):aconditioninwhichthelayersoffibreglassseparatefromeachother.
DepartmentofDefence(DOD)(départementdeladéfense):TheU.S.DepartmentofDefencewhichistheowner/operatoroftheNavstarGlobalPositioningSystem.
Departure(Départ):(1)anaccuratefixorotherknownpositiononachartfrom,whichacourseislaid.(2)TermusedintheSailingsfordistancemadegoodtotheeastorwestonanycourseexpressedinnauticalmiles(p).Shouldnotbeconfusedwithdifferenceoflongitudes(DLo).
Deposition(condensation):Thetransitionofwatervapourdirectlytoicewithoutaliquidphase.
Depressedpole(Pôleinférieur):Thecelestialpolebelowthehorizon;itisofcontrarynametolatitude.
Depression(dépression):seeCyclone.
Depthsounder(Échosondeur):Anelectronicdevicethatusesthetimelapsebetweenatransmittedultrasonicpulseanditsreceivedechotodeterminethedepthofwater.
Deviation(deviation):theangulardifferencebetweenmagneticnorthandcompassnorth,causedbytheeffectoftheboat’smagneticfielduponitscompass.
Dew(rosée):Watercondensedontoobjectsonorneartheground,thetemperatureofwhichhasfallenbelowthedewpointoftheadjacentair,duetoradiation.
DewPoint(pointderosée):Thetemperaturetowhichairmustbecooled,inordertobecomesaturatedbythewatervapouralreadypresentintheair.
Differenceoflatitude(Différencedelatitude):Theshorterarcofameridianbetweentheparallelsoftwoplacesexpressedinangularunits.Ifthelatitudesofthetwoplaceshavethesamename(NorS),itisthedifferenceinthelatitudevalues.Ifthelatitudeshaveoppositenames,itisthesumofthevalues.
Differenceoflongitude(Différencedelongitude):Theshorterarcofaparallelbetweenthemeridiansoftwoplacesexpressedinangularunits.Ifthelongitudesofthetwoplaceshavethesamename(EorW),differenceoflongitude(DLo)isthedifferenceinthelongitudevalues.Ifthelongitudeshaveoppositenames,DLoisthesmallerofthesumofthetwolongitudesor360°minusthesum.Numericalvaluedoesnotchangewithachangeinlatitude.Donotconfusewithdeparture(p).
DifferentialGlobalPositioningSystem(systèmedepositionnementdifferential):Acomplementarylocalsystemwhichattemptstoremoveerrorsinducedbyionosphericaberrationandcancelanydeliberaterandomerrorsinthe
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GPSpublicsatellitesignals,producedthroughSelectiveAvailability,whichtheUScouldreintroduceintimesofincreasedworldtension.
Digital Display (affichage numérique): A number flashed on the display unit presenting a physicalvariable.
DigitalNauticalChart(cartemarinenumérique);amilitaryelectronicchartspecificationdevelopedbytheU.S.NationalGeospatialIntelligenceAgency,andusedbytheNATOfleets.
DigitalSelectiveCalling(Appelnumériquesélectif):Adedicated,digital,semi-automaticcallingsystemforestablishingcommunicationwithselectedradiostationsutilizingVHFchannel70.WithaDSC-enabledradio,theoperatorcansignalselectivelytoanotherradio,orgloballytoallothers.Intheeventofanemergency,theDSCradio,atthepressofabutton,automaticallytransmitsadistress-codeddigitalsignalalongwithitscoordinateswhichareobtainedfromaconnectedorincludedGPSunit.TheusermustregistertheradiowithIndustryCanadainordertohavetheboatinformationassociatedwiththeradio.
DilutionofPrecision(DOP)(diminutiondelaprécision):ThefixesobtainedfromaGPSaresubjecttovaryingdegreesofaccuracydependingupontherelativelocationsofthesatellitesoverhead.TheDOPisagoodindicatoroffixreliability.
Dinghy(annexe):asmall,open,unballastedboat,propelledbyoars,sail,orengine;aship’ssmallboat.
Dip(Dépression):Theangleofdepressionofthevisibleseahorizonfromthehorizontal,duetotheelevationoftheeyeabovethesealevel.
Dipshort(Dépressionrapprochée):Aspecialtechniquefortakingasightonconfinedwaterswheretheshorelineoppositetheobserver(whichiscloserthanthenaturalhorizon)isusedasthehorizontomeasurethebody’saltitude;alsoreferredtoas“dipshortofthehorizon”.
DirectCurrent(DC)(courantcontinu):Thetypeofpowerobtainedfrombatteries.BoatersoftenusethetermDCtoreferto12voltdirectcurrent,whichisthemostcommonvoltageonsmallerboats.
Direction(sens):isthepositionofonepointrelativetoanotherwithoutreferencetothedistancebetweenthem
DirectionofRelativeMotion(DRM)(directiondumovementrelative):Thedirectionatargetismovingacrossaradarscreen.Thisistheresultofthetarget'sdirectionandspeedrelativetotheboat'sdirectionandspeed.
Dischargecurrent(jetdedécharge):thewaterexpelledbythepropeller.
Discontinuity(Discontinuité):Thesurfacebetweentwotransparentsubstancessuchasairandwaterorairandglassatwhichrefractionoccurs.
Displacement(déplacement):theweightofthevolumeofwaterdisplacedbyafloatingvessel.
Displacementhull(coqueàdéplacement):ahullthatissupportedsolelybybuoyancyatanyspeed.
DisplayUnit(moduled’affichage):anelectronicdevicethatpresentsavisualpresentationoftheoutputfromaradar,chartplotter,AISorotherunit.
Distance(Distance):Thespatialseparationoftwopointsandthelengthofthelinejoiningthem.Navigatorsusenauticalmiles;seenauticalmiles.
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DistressCommunication(communicationdedétresse):(1)Thetypeofcommunicationusedwhenavesselisin‘graveandimminentdanger’andrequires‘immediateassistance’.(2)Theradiotrafficthatfollowsadistresssignal.
DittyBag(nécessairedemarin):Asmallbagforstowage,e.g.,sewingkit,orsmalltools.
DiurnalTide(Maréediurne):Atidewithonehighandonelowwaterperday
Divergence(divergence):NetoutflowofairfromaHIGHpressurecentre.
Dock(port,basin):(1)anenclosedareaofwaterinaharbourwhichcanbeusedformooringoneormorevessels,particularlyanareaspecificallydredgedforthispurpose;(2)thespacebetweentwowharvesorpiers,whereoneormorevesselscanbesecured;(3)astructureorgroupofstructuresbuiltatthewater’sedge,towhichavesselcanbesecured.
Docking(accostage):theprocedureforcomingalongsideandsecuringtoadock,wharf,orjetty.
DogWatch(petitquart):Awatchofhalfusualduration;usedtostaggerthewatchperiodsfromdaytoday.
Doldrums(calmeséquatoriaux):Alowpressureregiononeithersideoftheequator,renownedforlightwindsorcalmsandheavytropicalrainfall.
Dolphin(ducd’albe):agroupofpilesboundtogether.
Dolphin Striker (arc-boutant de martingale): A short spar fitted below a bowsprit, over which thebobstayisfitted.
DoradeVent (Mancheàair):Aventilatorthatdoesnotpermitwaterorspraytopassbelowwiththefreshair.
Doubleender(navireamphidrome):aboathavingbothapointedbowandstern.
Doublesheetbend(noeudd’écoutedouble):aknotthatisusedprincipallyforjoiningtworopesofequalordifferentdiameters,andismoresecurethantheordinarysheetbend.
Douse(affaler(amener,abaisser)rapidement):Tolowerquickly.
Downburst(rafaledescendante):Violentdowndraftbelowathunder-storm(seeMicroburst).
Downhaul(halebas):Alineortackleusedtoexertadownwardpullonasailorspar.
Downwind(avalduvent):toleeward;thedirectioninwhichthewindisblowing.
DR(estime):seedeadreckoning.
DRposition(Positionestimée):Apositiondeterminedbydeadreckoning.Seedeadreckoning.
Draft(alsospelleddraught)(tirantd’eau):theminimumdepthofwaterrequiredtofloatavessel.
Drag(ofananchor)(Chassersonancre):Themovementofananchoroverthebottomwhenitceasestohol
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Drift(derive):(1)thespeedofacurrent;(2)materialfloatingatrandom;(3)thedistanceavesselismovedbycurrentand/orwind;(4)tomoveidlywithoutpropulsiveforceofengineorsail.
Driftangle(Sens):Theangulardifferencebetweenthecoursesteeredandthecoursemadegood(CMG)betweenfixes.
Drizzle(bruine):Precipitation,usuallyfromstratiformclouds,intheformofverysmalldropletswhichfallveryslowlyandsometimescausereducedvisibility.
Drogue(trainard):Seaanchor,orformofdragusedtocreateresistancetomovement.
Dryadiabaticlapserate(gradientadiabatiquesec):Adiabaticlapserateofdryairwithaltitude.
Dumbcompass(taximètre):seepelorus.
Duplex(duplex):Useoftwodifferentradiofrequenciesfortransmittingandreceiving.
E
Earing(bosse):Alinethatsecuresacringletotheboom.
Ease(chequer):Toletoutalinegradually.
Easterlies(Ventsdel’est):Beltsofpersistenteasterlywindssuchasthetradewindsandthepolareasterlies.
Ebb(jusant):acurrentgenerallyfromthelandtowardstheopenocean,associatedwithafallingtide.
ECDIS(SEVCM):ElectronicChartDisplayandInformationSystem.
Echo(écho):Oneofseveraltermsforthereflectionofradarenergyfromanobjectanditssubsequentdisplay.Thewordissynonymouswithblipandtarget.
EchoStretch(étirementdel’écho):Inradar,acontrolthat`stretches'theapparentsizeofatargettohelpmonitorweakertargets.
EchoTrail(traced’écho):Anelectronicfunctionthatstores,andsimultaneouslydisplays,returnsfromseveralsubsequentradarscans,therebyshowingthemovementofobjectsrelativetoavessel.
Ecliptic(écliptique):Theapparentannualpathofthesunamongthestars;theintersectionoftheplaneoftheearth’sorbitwiththecelestialsphere.Thisisagreatcircleofthecelestialsphereinclinedatanangleofabout23°27’tothecelestialequatorbecausetheaxisofrotationoftheearthisnotperpendiculartoitsorbit.Thismakesthesunseemstomovenorthandsouthduringtheyearandgivestheearthitsseasons.
ECS(SCE):ElectronicChartSystem—agenerictermusedforanysystemsotherthanECDIS.SeeECDIS
Eddy(Tourbillon):Asmallwhirlorcirclingmovementofafluidsuchanairorwater;maybeembeddedwithalargercurrent.
ElNiño(ElNiño):Awarmoceancurrent,associatedwithweakeningofthetradewinds,whichflowseastwardacrossthePacificOceanjustsouthoftheequator;createscatastrophicchangesinweatherpatternsinareaswhichmaybefarfromitssource.
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Electrolytic Action (Électrolyse):A plating and eroding action that occurs when dissimilarmetals areimmersedinanelectrolytesuchassaltwater.
ElectronicBearingLine(EBL)(gisementélectronique):Anelectronicallygeneratedlineseenonaradardisplayscreen,usedtomeasuretherelativebearingofobjects.
ElectronicNavigationalChart(ENC)(carteélectroniquedenavigation):Anydigitalrepresentationofanavigationalchart,ineitherrasterorvectorformat.
ElectronicRangeandBearingLine(portéeetgisementélectronique):ERBL.AformofElectronicBearingLine(EBL)andVariableRangeMarker(VRM)thatcanoriginatefromanypointonaradarscreen.BothEBLandVRMoriginatefromtheboat’spositioninthecentreofthescreen.
Elevatedpole(Pôleélevé):Thecelestialpoleabovethehorizon:ithasthesamename(NorS)aslatitude.
Ellipse(Ellipse):Anelongatedcircle.Thecurveformedwhenaconeorcircularcylinderiscutacrossatanangleotherthan90°.
Embark(embarquer):Togoaboard.
EP(PEC–positionestiméecorrigée):SeeEstimatedPosition
Ephemeris(Éphémérides):Acollectionoftablesordatashowingthepositionoftheplanetsorheavenlybodiesforeverydayofagivenperiod;alsoanastronomicalalmanaccontainingsuchtables.
EPIRB(RLS):EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeacon;aAsmalltransmitteroperatingonaircraftmarineorsatelliteemergencychannels,usedincasesofdistress.
Equationoftime(Équationdutemps):Theamountoftimebywhichthetruesunleadsorlagsbehindthemeansunatanyinstant.
Equator(équateur):thegreatcirclewhoseplaneisperpendiculartothepolaraxis,midwaybetweenthepoles.
Equilibrium(équilibre):Astateofbalance.
Estimatedposition(Positionestiméecorrigée):Mostprobablepositionofaboatbasedonasinglelineofposition(LOP),orbasedonincompleteorquestionabledata.
EstimatedProbableError(erreurprobaleestimée):Acarefullyconsideredandconstantlyupdatedallowancefortheknowninaccuraciesthatmightbepresentinanelectronicpositiondisplay.
EstimatedTimeEnroute(duréeprobablederoute):Thecalculatedelapsedtimethataboatshouldtaketoreachadesireddestinationbasedonitspresentheadingandspeed.
EstimatedTimeofArrival(ETA)(heureprobabled’arrivée):Thecalculatedtimeatwhichaboatshouldreachthedesignatedpoint,waypointordestinationbasedonitspresentheadingandspeed.
EstimatedTimeofDeparture(ETD)(heureprobablededépart):Thetimeatwhichitisplannedtoleaveaparticularlocation.
Evaporation(évaporation):Processbywhichliquidwaterischangedtovapour(seealsoLatentHeat).
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EvenKeel(assiettenulle):Aboatisonanevenkeelwhenitisfloatinglevel.
Eye(oeil)(ofahurricane):Centralcoreofatropicalcyclone;cloudless,withlightwinds.
Eyesplice(oeilépissé):asplicewhichformsaloopontheendofaline.
EyeWall(paroidel’oeil):Verticalshaftofcumulonimbuscloudssurroundingtheeye,containingthestrongestwindsinthestorm.
Eyelet(oeillet):Asmallgrommetthroughwhichlacingispassed.
Eye-of-the-Wind(litduvent):Directlyupwind.
F
Fairlead(chaumard):aringorotherfittingmountedaboardaboat,throughwhichalinecanbepassedtohelpcontrolitorchangeitsdirection.
Fairwaybuoy(bouéedemi-chenal):abuoythatmarksalandfall,theentrancetoachannel,orthecentreofachannel.
FakeDown(plet;affaler):(1)Tocoilalinesothatitwillrunfree.(2)themainsailmaybefakedorflakeddownontotheboom.
Fall(Garant):Thelineinatackle.
Falloff(abattre):themovementwhenashipissteeredorblownoffcoursetoleeward.
Family(ofdepressions)(famillededépressions):Aseriesofdepressionsbuildinganddyinginsuccession,alongthesamefrontalwave.
FamilyRadioService(FRS)(SRF):Veryshortrangeradios(approximately2km).
Fast(1:Frapper;2:longueur):Secure:tomakesomethingfastistosecureit.
FastTimeConstant(FTC)(constantdetempsrapide):Aprocessingtechniqueinaradardisplaywherebytheeffectsofrainclutteronthedisplaycanbeminimized.
Fastenings(boulonnerie):Screwsornailsthatareusedtoholdpartsofaboattogether.
Fathom(brasse):aunitofmeasureequaltosixfeet;usedtodescribedepthofwateroralengthofropeorline.
Fender(défense):adevicehungoverthesideofavesseltoprotectthehullfromotherobjects.
FerrelCell(celluledeFerrel):Acellofglobalaircirculationbetween30°and60°northandsouthoftheequator.
Fetch(course,fetch):(1)Theuninterruptedstraightlinedistanceoverthewateronwhichthewindmayacttobuildwindwaves.(2)Toreachorarriveatapoint,asin“Shefetchedthepoint.”
Fid(grosépissoir):Taperedtoolusedinsplicing(seemarlinespike).
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Figure-eightknot(alsocalledafigure-of-eightknot)(noeudenhuit):astopperknotshapedlikeafigure-eight.
Filling(ofLowordepression)(remplissaged’unedepression):Increaseofcentralpressureuntillownolongerexists.
FinRudder(barredegouvernail):Arudderfasteneddirectlytotheafteredgeofakeel.
FirstPointofAries(Premierpointd’Ariès):Thepointwherethedeclinationofthesuniszeroasitpassesovertheequatoronthewaynorthwardatthebeginningofspring(about21March).Also,theinstantwhenthesuncrossestheequator;OftencalledAries.Thesameasthevernalequinox.
Fisherman’sBend(noeudd’étalingure):Aknotusedtoconnectarodetoananchor.
Fittingout(armer):theprocessofreadyingaboatforuseafteraperiodofinactivity.
Fix(pointrelevé):anaccuratelyknownpositionfoundbytakingnewobservations(includingelectronicorastronomicalobservations)withoutreferencetopreviousknownpositions;itmaybedetermined,amongotherthings,bybeingcloseaboardachartedobject,orfromtheintersectionoftwoormorelinesofposition;orfromastronomicalobservations.
Flag(drapeau):(1)Thecoloursofanation.(2)Arectangularpieceofbunting,ofanycolour(s)ordesign,usedforidentification.
Flake(plet;affaler):SeeFakeDown.
Flare(frégatage,fuse):(1)theexternalconcavecurveofthebowofaship;(2)asignaldevicetoindicatedistressorforothervisualsignals.
Flashmemory(mémoireflash):Acomputermemorychipwhichcanbereprogrammedfromapersonalcomputerwithoutspecialiseddevices,usingasimpleprogramordirectlyofftheInternet.
Floatplan(plandecroisière):seetripplan.
Flood(flot):acurrentgenerallyfromtheopenoceantowardstheland,associatedwitharisingtide.
Fluke(patted’ancre):thepointofananchorthatcatchestheground.
Fluxgatecompass(compassmagnétométrique):Aformofcompasswithnomovingparts–givesadigitalreadout.Thesensingunitcanbeplacedwherethereislittleornomagneticinfluence
Fly(battant;guidon):(1).Amastheadwindpennant.(2)Thehorizontallengthofaflag.
FoehnWind(ventdeFoehn):Awarm,drywindoftheSwissAlps,producedinthesamemannerastheChinook.
Fog(brouillard):Cloudformedatthesurfaceofthegroundbythecondensationofwatervapour.Visibilityisreduced,sometimestozero,infog.
Followingsea(houledel’arrière):anovertakingwavethatcomesfromastern.
Foot(bordure):thebottomedgeofanysailormast.
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Force(force):(1)Amechanicalpushorpull.(2)Anelectromagneticattractionorrepulsion.(3)Aunitofmeasureofwindvelocity.
Fore(Étraveavant):Denotingat,near,ortowardsthebow.
Fore-and-aft(avant-arrière):lengthwiseintheship.
Foredeck(pontavant):thatpartofthedeckbeforethebridgeorforemast.
Forefoot(brion):thepointwherethestemmeetsthekeel.
Foreguy(retenuedetangon):Alineledfromtheforedecktoaspinnakerpoletolimititsupwardswing.
Forepeak(coqueronavant):Astowagecompartmentintheveryforwardpartoftheboat.
Forereach(gagnerauvent):Tocarrywayasaboatluffsintothewind.
Fore-reaching(Erre):thecapacityofaboattocarryforwardway,orcoastduetoitsmomentum.
Foresail(misaine):Thesailsetfromasailboat’sforemast.
Forestay(étai):awiremastsupportleadingforwardtothebow;theforemoststay.
Forestaysail(tourmentain):Asail,similartoajib,setontheforestay.
Fore-triangle(triangleavant):theareaformedbetweenthemasthead,thebaseofthemastatdecklevel,andthelowerendoftheforestay.
Forward(avant):adirectionaltermindicatingat,ortowards,thebow.
Foul(emmêler):Jammed,entangled;notclear;beinghinderedorimpeded.
FoulGround(fonddangereux):Bottomthatisunsuitableasananchoragebecauseholdingqualitiesofananchorarepoororobstructionsexist.
Founder(sombrer):tofillwithwaterandsink.
FractionalRig(gréementfractionné):Asailboatwiththejibstayattachedtothemastatapointbelowthemasthead.
Frame(membrure):Athwartshipstructuralmember(rib)thatgivesshapeandstiffeningtothehullandtowhichplankingisattached.
Freeboard(franc-bord):theminimumverticaldistancebetweenthegunwaleandthewaterline.
FreezingRain(pluieverglaçante):Precipitationwhichhasremainedliquidalthoughfallingthroughbelow-freezingregions.Onstrikingfrozensurfaces,this“super-cooled”rainfreezesalmostinstantlytoproduceasmoothlayerofice.
FreezingSpray(bruineverglaçante):Atsea,withbelowfreezingtemperatures,sprayblowingfrombreakingwavescanrapidlycoatthedecksandsuperstructureofvesselswithadangerouslayerofice.
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Frequency(fréquence):(1)ThenumberofHertzianwavespersecondofanalternatingcurrent.(2)aradiofrequencyorchannelusedforcommunication.
Front(front):Thelineonaweathermapdenotingthesurfaceboundarybetweenmassesofairofdifferentcharacteristics.
FrontalSurface(surfacefrontale):Theextensionofthefrontalinterfaceabovethesurface.
Frontogenesis(frontogénèse):Theinitiationofafrontalsystembetweentwoairmasses
Frost(gelée):Formedwhensurfaceairiscooledbelowitsdewpoint,whenthatdewpointisbelowfreezing.Thetransitionisdirectfromvapourtoicecrystals,bypassingtheliquidstage,aprocesscalled“deposition”.
FullandBy(prèsbonplein):Close-hauledwithallsailsfullanddrawing.
Furl(ferler):Gatherandlashsailstoaspar.
G
Gaff(corne,vergue):asparsupportingtheupperedgeofafour-sidedsail.
GaffRig(gréementaurique):Anysailboatwithafour-sidedmainsail.
Gain(gain):Inradar,theincreaseinlevelofasignal,powerorstrength,asaresultofelectronicamplification;acontrolthatadjuststhesensitivityoftheradarreceiver.
GALILEO(Galileo):thedevelopingEuropeanUnionsatellitesystem.
Galley(coquerie):Areawherefoodisstoredandcooked;nauticalkitchen.
Gallows (support domeoudegui):A frame tohold theboomwhen themainsail is downor is beingreefed.
Gasket(garcette):Astripofclothorlineusedtosecureafurledsailtoaboom,(also,stop).
Gear(Équipement):Generalnameforallnon-permanentnauticalequipment,includingcrew’sclothingandpersonaleffects.
Gelcoat(Gelcoat):Theoutsidecolorcoatusedinfibreglassconstruction.
Genoa(génois):Alargeoverlappingheadsail.
Geographicalposition(Pointgéographique):Apointontheearth’ssurfacedirectlyunderabody;thepointontheearth’ssurfaceonalinefromthecentreoftheearthtoabody.
Geoidalhorizon(Horizongéoïdal):Theintersectionofthecelestialsphereandahorizontalplanetangenttotheearthattheobserver’sposition.
GeometricDilutionofPrecision(réductiondelaprécisiongéometrique):AnassessmentofthepossibleinaccuracyinaGPSfix,duetothepoorangularrelationshipbetweenthesatellitesbeingusedtoobtainthefix.
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Geometricalhorizon(Horizongéométrique):Intersectionofthecelestialsphereandaconetangenttothesurfaceoftheearthwiththeapexattheeyeoftheobserver.
Ghosting(ghosting):Sailinginverylightwinds.
Gimbal (cardan):Mountingsupportspermittinganobject,suchasthecompass, toremain levelwhentheboatheels.
GIS(systèmed’informationgéographique):GeographicInformationSystem.Asystemofcomputersandsoftwareforcollecting,holding,assessingtheintegrityof,correcting,manipulating,analyzing,andgraphicallydisplayingdatawhicharespatiallyreferencedtotheearth.
Give-way(nonprivilégié):tokeepoutofthewayofanothervessel.
GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)(Systèmemondialdepositionnement):asatellitenavigationsystemestablishedandoperatedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense,usednotonlybytheUSmilitarybutalsobyrecreationalboatersandotherciviliansworldwide.
GLONASS(GLONASS):TheRussianGlobalPositioningSystem.
GMDSS(SMDSM):GlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem.PartoftheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)systemtodefineradioprocedures.
GoAbout(virerdebordventdevant):(ofsailing)totackorcomeabout.
Gooseneck(vitdemulet):Amechanismusedtoattachaboomtoamast.Tobeeffectiveitmustpermittheunattachedendoftheboomtoswinginanydirectionwithoutrestraint.
GoosewingJibe(empennagechinois):Ajibeinwhicheitherthetoporbottomofthesailhasfailedtojibewiththerestofthesail.
GPS2DMode(2D):AGPSisoperatinginthe2dimensionalmodewhenithasinsufficientsatelliteinformationtocalculatethealtitudeoftheGPSantenna.
GPS3DMode(3D):AGPSisoperatinginthe3dimensionalmodewhenitistrackingenoughsatellitestocalculatethealtitudeoftheGPSantenna.
GradientWind(ventdegradient):Windflowingfromhightolowpressure;thesteeperthegradient,thefasterthewind.
Graticule(Graticule):Thenetworkoflinesrepresentingparallelsandmeridiansonamap,chartorplottingsheet.
Graupel(neigeroulée):Anicecrystal,surroundedbyminutedropletsofsupercooledwaterthathavefrozentoitonimpact,asitfellthroughthecloud-sometimescalledsofthail.
GreatCircle(Grandcercle):acircleinscribedontheearth’ssurface,whoseplanepassesthroughtheearth’scentre.
Greatcirclechart(Cartedegrandcercle):agnomonic-projectionchartonwhichgreatcirclesappearasstraightlines.
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Greenwichapparenttime(HeureapparentedeGreenwich):LocalapparenttimeattheGreenwichmeridian.ThetimerepresentedbytheangleatthecelestialpolebetweenthelowerbranchoftheGreenwichcelestialmeridianandthehourcircleoftheapparent(true)sun.
Greenwichhourangle(AnglehorairedeGreenwich):TheangulardistanceofthehourcircleofabodywestwardfromthecelestialmeridianofGreenwichmeasuredfrom0°to360°alongthecelestialequator.GHAvaluesforthesun,moon,planets,andstarsaretabulatedintheNauticalAlmanac.
GreenwichMeanTime(heuremoyennedeGreenwich):ZonetimeattheGreenwichmeridian(1)incelestialnavigation,theGreenwichhourangleofthemeansunexpressedintimeunitsplus12hours.EquivalenttoCoordinatedUniversalTimeUTC).(2)Thetime(UTC)normallyusedinallradiotelecommunications.Theletter“Z”isanacceptedabbreviationforUTC.SeeCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)andUniversalTime
Greenwichmeridian(MéridiendeGreenwich):ThemeridianthroughGreenwich,England,servingastheprimemeridianandthereferencemeridianforGreenwichMeanTime.
Greenwichsiderealtime(HeuresidéraledeGreenwich):LocalsiderealtimeattheGreenwichmeridian;representedbytheanglefromtheupperbranchoftheGreenwichcelestialmeridianwesterlytothehourcircleofthevernalequinox.
Grommet(oeillet):Ametalringfittedintoaholeinasailorincanvas.SeeCringle.
Grosston(tonneanglaise):aunitusedtomeasurethecapacityofavessel,equalto100cubicfeetorapproximately2.83cubicmetres(alsocalledagrossregisteredtonoraregisterton).
Ground(échouer):totouchthebottomorshore.
Groundtackle(apparauxdemouillage,gréementdumouillage):acollectivetermembracingallthegearusedforanchoring.
GRS(servicederadiogeneral):GeneralRadioService,commonlyknownasCitizen’sBandRadio.
GRT(TJB):GrossRegisteredTons.
GuardZone(zonedeprotection):Aselectableportionofaradardisplay.Whenaradarreturnentersorleavesthiszone,analarmisprovidedtotheboater.
Gudgeon(femelot).Ametaleyeandmatchingpinusedtomountarudderonthesternpostorthetransomofaboat.
GulfStream(GulfstreamouCourantdugolfe):Awell-defined,narrow,swift-moving,warmoceancurrentflowingfromclosealongtheFloridacoastnortheasterlyalongthecontinentalslopeoffCapeHatteras,theneastoftheGrandBankstobecometheNorthAtlanticCurrent.
Gunwale(lissedeplat-bord):theupperedgeofthehull(Pronounced“gunn’el”).
Gust(rafale):Asudden,butbrief,increaseinwindspeed(seealsoSquall).
Guy(bras):Thecontrollineconnectedtothetack(windwardclew)ofaspinnaker.
Gybe(empanner,virerlofpoutlog):seejibe.
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Gyrocompass(compasgyroscopique):anon-magneticgyroscopicinstrumentusedasacompass.Usuallysettoindicateeithertrueormagneticnorth:notinfluencedbymagneticfieldsornearbymetallicmasses
H
Hackwatch(Chronomètred’observation):Awatchusedfortimingobservationsofcelestialbodies.
HadleyCell(cellulesdeHadley):Acellofglobalaircirculationinbothhemispheresbetweentheequatorand30°northandsouth.
Hail(grêle):Precipitationintheformofballsorirregularlumpsofice.Hailcanfallonlyfromthunderstormclouds,wheretheimmenseupcurrentsoccasionallyproducehailstonesofsoftballsize.
Halfhitch(demi-clé):thesimplestknot,usuallypartofanotherknot.
Halyard(drisse):aropeusedforhoistingsails,spars,andflags.
Hand(matelot;affaler):(1)Amemberofthecrew.(2)Tolowerasail.
Hank(mousqueton):aringfittingusedtobendtheforwardedge(luff)ofasailtoastay.
HardAlee(Virer):Thecommandgivenwhenthehelmsmanpushesthetillertoleewardtotack.
Hardchine(coqueàbouchainsvifs):achinewithasharpangletoit.
HardOver(barrehaute):Toputthehelmoverasfaraspossible.
Harden(étarquer):Tohaulthesheetsinandsailclosertothewind.
Hatch(écoutille):anopeninginthedeckforaccesstotheinterior.
Hatchcover(capotd’écoutille):acoverforahatchorhatchway.
Hatchway(Écoutille):anopeninginthedeck,withaladderleadingbelow.
Haul(haler):(1)Thewindhaulswhenitdrawsmoreahead.(2)Topullonaline.
Hawsepipe(écubierdepont):seechainpipe.
Haze(brumelégèreousèche):Areductionofvisibilitycausedbythepresenceofdryparticles(e.g.,smokeand/ordust)intheair;frequentlyexperiencedinanticyclonicconditions,withlightwinds.
Hc(Hc–hauteurcalculée):Thecalculatedaltitudeofacelestialbody.
Head(envergure,pointdedrisse,têtière,toilette):(1)thebowoftheship;(2)theuppercornerofatriangularsail,ortheupperedgeofafour-sidedsail;(3)ashipboardtoilet.
HeadOff(abattre):Headawayfromthewind,bearoff.
HeadUp(lofferoulofer):Tosailclosertothewind.
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Header(ventrefusant):Awindthatshiftsmoreaheadofaboatsailingclose-hauled,forcingittochangecoursetoavoidpinchingorluffing;usuallyagoodtimetotack.
Heading(capinstantané):Thedirectioninwhichavessel’sbowispointingatanyspecificinstant.
HeadingLine(lignedefoi):Alinedisplayedonaradarscreentoshowtheship'sheading.Typicallyitappearsatanazimuthof000°.Itmayalsobeshownastheactualtrueormagneticheadingofthevesseldependingonotherelectronicsavailable.
HeadingSensor(détecteurcap):adevicesuchasafluxgatecompassorGPSconnectedtoaradarunittoprovideheadinginformation.
Headsail(voileavant):Anysailflownforwardofthemast.
Headstay(étai):Alternativetermforforestay,ajibstay.
Head-Up(capenhaut):thecommonestradardisplaymode.Thetopofthescreenrepresentsthebowoftheboat.Allbearingsarerelativetothebow.
Headway(erreenavant):motionthroughthewaterinaforwarddirection.
Heave(tangier,hisser)(1)Theriseandfallofaboatduetowaveaction.(2)Topullonalinetotightenit.(3)Tothrowanobject.
HeaveTo(metreàlacape):Tobringaboatintoapositionwherethereislittleornoheadway,usuallywiththebowintothewindorcurrent,byuseofsailsorengine.
HeavingLine(ligned’attrape):Alightlineusedforthrowing.
Hectopascal(hectopascal):Astandardunitofatmosphericpressureequivalentto0.1kilopascals.
Heel(gîter,talon):(1)ofaboat,toleanoverduetothewind,wavesorunevenloading;(2)thebottomofamastthatismortisedintothesteporkeel.
Heightofeye(Hauteurdesyeux):Theverticaldistancefromthesurfaceofthewatertotheobserver’seyewhentakingasightwithasextant.
HeightofTide(Hauteurdelamarée):Theverticaldistancebetweenthesurfaceoftheseaandchartdatum
Helm(barreouroue):(1)avessel’ssteeringapparatus;(2)theangleofthetillertoavessel’scentrelinetoholdthevesseloncourse;e.g.,leehelmorweatherhelm.
Helmsman(Barreur):Thepersonwhosteerstheboat.
High(hautepression):seeAnticyclone.
HighAspect(grandallongement):Havingmuchgreaterheightthanwidth.
HighFrequencyradio(HF)(hautefréquence):From3MHzto30MHz.
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HighWater(pleinemer):Thehighestlevelreachedbyanyrisingtide.
HigherHighWater(pleinemersupérieure):Thehigherofthetwohightidesofanytidalday.
HigherLowWater(pleinemerinférieure):Thehigherofthetwolowwatersofanytidalday
HikingOut (rappel):Movingacrew’sweightoutside theboat to thewindwardside.The technique isusedonsmallboatstodecreasetheheelingangle.
Hitch(clé):Aknotusedtosecurearopefasttoanotherropeortootherobject.
Ho(Ho–hauteurobservée):Theobservedaltitudeofacelestialbody,withallappropriatecorrectionsapplied.
Hogged(arqué):Describesaboatwhosebowandsternhavesagged.
Hoist(hisser):(1)toraise,lift,orhaulup;(2)theheightofasail;(3)astringofsignalflags;(4)theverticaldimensionofaflagnexttothemastorhalyard.
Horizon(Horizon):Thelinewhereearthandskyappeartomeet,oralineresemblingorapproximatingsuchaline,andtheprojectionofthislineuponthecelestialsphere.Thereareseveralkindsofhorizons.Seeartificialhorizon,geometricalhorizon,sensiblehorizon,andvisiblehorizon.
HorizontalBeamwidth(HBW)(largeurhorizontaledufaisceau):Theangularwidth(theanglebetweenhalf-powerlevels)ofradarenergytransmittedinahorizontalplane.
Horizontaldatum(horizontaledereference):areferencepointusedforestablishingthelatitudeandlongitudegridsystemontopographicmapsandnauticalcharts(notinanywayrelatedtochartdatum).
HorizontalDilutionofPrecision(diminutionhorizontaledelaprecision):AnassessmentofthepossibleinaccuracyinaGPSfixduetothepoorrelativeplacement,inthehorizontalplane,ofthereceivedsatellitesbeingusedtocalculatethefix.
Horizontalparallax(Parallaxehorizontale):Theparallaxofabody–usuallythemoon-whenitisonthecelestialhorizon.
HorseLatitudes(calmestropicaux):Regionsofhighpressureatapproximately30°northandsouthoftheequator,whichproducegenerally,settledweatherandlightwinds
Hourangle(Anglehoraire):Theangulardistancefromacelestialmeridiantoanhourcircleofacelestialbody,measuredwestwardthrough360°alongtheparallelofdeclination.DesignatedlocalorGreenwichaccordingtothereferencemeridian.CalledsiderealhourangleifmeasuredfromthehourcircleofthevernalequinoxorfirstpointofAriestothehourcircleofabody.
Hourcircle(Cerclehoraire):Agreatcirclethroughthecelestialpolesandapointorbodyonthecelestialsphere.Moveswiththecelestialsphere;whereasacelestialmeridianremainsfixedwithrespecttotheearth.
Hull(coque):Thebodyofavesselfromthekeeltothedeckline.
Hullspeed(vitessedecoqueoudecareen):themaximumspeedatwhichadisplacementhullcanbedriven.
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Humidity(humidité):Thestateoftheatmospherewithregardtowatervapour.
Hurricane(ouragan):Aseveretropicalcyclonewithwindsof65knorhigher.
Hydrofoil(hydroptère):(1)Adevicedesignedtodeflectawaterstreamtherebygeneratingaforcefromit(e.g. rudder, keel, centreboard). (2) A vessel designed to have its hull raised clear of thewaterwhenmovingathighspeedbyhydrofoilsextendedbelowthehullonstruts.
Hygrometer(hygromètre):Aninstrumenttomeasurehumidityintheair.
Hypothermia(hyporthermie):aconditioninwhichthebodycoretemperaturedropstoadangerouslevel.
I
IC(IC):IndustryCanada;adepartmentoftheCanadianFederalGovernment.
IC(IC–correctiondel’erreurinstrumentale):SeeIndexCorrection.
Ice(glace):Waterinitssolidstate.
IcePellets(grésil):Precipitationoftransparentparticlesoficewhicharesphericalorirregular,consistingofsnowencasedinathinlayeroficewhichhaveformedfromthefreezingofdropletsinterceptedbypelletsorwaterresultingfromthepartialmeltingofpellets.
IE(IE–erreurinstrumentale):SeeIndexError.
IMO(OMI):InternationalMaritimeOrganization.
Impeller(pompeàpalettes):Arotororwheelwithbladesmechanicallydriventopumpwaterorpropelobjectsthroughwaterorotherfluidsorbytheactionoffluidflowingpastit.
IndexCorrection(IC–correctiondel’erreurinstrumentale):Correctionappliedtoasextantreadingtocompensateforthesextantindexerror.
IndexError(IE–erreurinstrumentale):Errorinasextantreadingcausedbysextantmisalignment.
Inirons(boutauvent):thestateofasailboatthatislyingheadtowind,hasnowayon,andwillnotfalloffoneithertack.
Inboard(intérieur):insidethehullofaboat;inortowardthemiddleofaboat
Inchesofmercury(Poucesdemercure):Aunitofbarometricpressuremeasurementrelatedtotheheightofthecolumninamercurialbarometer,usuallyrangingfrom27,00and31,00inchesreducedtosealevel.1inchHg=25,40005millimetersHg1inchHg=33,86395millibars.
Indexcorrection(Correctiondel’erreurinstrumentale):Correctionappliedtoasextantreading(Hs)tocompensateforthesextantindexerror.
Indexerror(Erreurinstrumentale):Errorinasextantreadingcausedbysextantmisalignmentresultinginthesextantreadingbeinglargerorsmallerthanthetruevalue.
INMARSAT(INMARSAT):InternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganization.
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Instability(instabilité):Aconditionoftheatmosphereinwhichaverticallydisplacedair“parcel”willcontinuetomoveinitsoriginaldirection,oncethedisplacingforceisremoved.Abasiccauseoftheverticaldevelop-mentcloudtypes(cumulus,cumulonimbus,etc.).
Intendedtrack(Routesouhaitée):Intendedorexpecteddirectionoftravelofaboatoverthebottomwithconsiderationgiventocurrenteffects.
Intercept(Écart):Thedifferenceinminutesofarcornauticalmilesbetweencomputedaltitude(Hc)andobservedaltitude(Ho)ofacelestialbody,representingthedifferenceinlengthoftheradiiofthecomputedandobservedcirclesofaltitude.LabeledT(toward)ifobservedaltitudeisgreater,A(away)ifcomputedaltitudeisgreater.Alsocalledaltitudedifferenceandaltitudeintercept.
InterferenceRejection(rejetdesinterferences):Rejectionofunwantedsignalsreceivedfromothermarineradarunitsonthesamefrequencywhichareoperatingnearby,andcausingundesirableinterferencepatternsonaboat’sradardisplay.
InternationalDateLine(Lignedechangementdedate):Theboundarybetweenthe-12and+12timezones,correspondingapproximatelywiththe180thmeridian.Thedateimmediatelytothewestofthelineisonedaylaterthanthedateimmediatelytotheeastofthatline.
Intertidalzone(zoneinterditale):theareaoftheshorelinebetweenhighandlowtidelevels.
IntertropicalConvergenceZone(zonedeconvergenceinter-tropicale):Alowpressureregionslightlynorthoftheequator,intowhichthetradewindsofbothhemispheresconverge.Rangesseasonallyslightlynorthandsouthofitscentrallocation.
Inversion(inversion):Morecorrectlyknownas“temperatureinversion”.Thisoccurswhenwarmairsitsovercoldair,possiblytrappingmoistureandpollutantsinthesurfaceairlayer.MarineInversion:Atemperatureinversioncreatedbythecoolingofawarmairmassfrombelowbythecoollakesonspringandsummerdays.
Isobar(isobare):Alineonaweathermapjoiningpointsofequalmeansealevelbarometricpressure.
Isobath(Isobathe):alineonamapconnectingpointsofequalunderwaterdepth.
Isophaselight(feuisophase):alightwithequalintervalsoflightanddarkness.
Isogonicslines(Lignesisogones):Linesonachartthatconnectpointsofequalmagneticvariation.
ITU(UIT):TheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.Theinternationalorganizationestablishedtoprovidestandardizedcommunicationproceduresandpractices,frequencyallocationsandradioregulations.
J
JackStay(contre-étai):Astaythatrunsforwardfromthemastheadoverajumperstrutandbacktothemasttostiffentheupperportionofafractional-riggedmast.
jackwire/line(lignedevie):alinefromthecockpittotheforedeck,firmlyattachedonbothends,topermitacrewmember’ssafetyharnesslanyardhooktohaveuninterruptedfore-and-afttravel.
JetStreams(courant-jet):Narrowcurrentsor“tubes”offast-movingairatupperlevelsofthetroposphere.Theyaretheboundariesofmarkedtemperaturedifferences,andcanproducewindsinexcessof200kn.
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Jetty(digue,jetée):(1)abreakwater;(2)astructurebuiltoutfromthewater’sedge,roughlyatrightanglestotheshoreline,towhichavesselcanbesecured.
Jib(foc):Asail,usuallytriangularandsometimesquadrilateral,setonastayforwardofthemast.
JibDownhaul(affaleur):Alinefromtheheadofajibtoablocknearthetackandthenleadingaft.Usedtodousethejibwithoutgoingforward.
Jibe(empanner):themanoeuvreinwhichasailisswungfromonetacktotheother,throughafollowingwind.
Jib-headed(Sail)(jib-headed):Atriangularsail.
Jibstay(drailledefoc):Theforwardmoststaysupportingthemast,extendingfromtheboworbowsprittotheupperpartofthemast.
JiffyReefing (pris de ris rapide):Amethodof reducing the areaof a sail bymeansof downhauls ledthroughreefcringlesinthesail,andthroughfairleadsontheboomtowinchesorcleats.
Jigger(tapecul):Themizzenmastormizzen.
Jumper Strut (guignol):Horizontal strut on the forward side of themast towhich the jumper stay isattachedtokeeptheupperpartofthemaststraight.
JuryRig(gréementdefortune):Makeshiftrepairorsubstitute.
K
KatabaticWinds(ventscatabatiques):Downslopewindsofcold,denseair.
Kedge(déhalersurancre):(1)tofreeagroundedcraftbyhaulingheroffagainstananchorsettoseaward;(2)atypeofanchor.
Keel(quille):(1)onasailingvessel,anunderwatermember,designedtoresistlateralmovement;(2)theprincipalfore-and-aftstructuralmemberofaframedhull,thehull’sbackbone.
Kellet(marguerite):aheavyweightattachedinthelengthoftheanchorrodetoreducetheangleofpullattheanchor(alsocalledasentinel).
Ketch(ketch):Atwo-mastedsailboatwiththeaftermaststeppedforwardoftherudderpost.
KHz(khz):kilohertz(1000Hertz).
Kilopascal(kilopascal):Astandardunitofpressure,equalto10hectopascals.1hectopascal(hPa)≡100Pa≡1bar;1kilopascal(kPa)≡1000;Pa≡10hPa≡10mbar.
Knee(gousset):astructuralitemwhichprovidesstiffeningatthejunctionoftwootherstructuralcomponents.
Knockdown(couché):thestateofasailingvesselwhichisheeledoverwithhersailsinthewater.
Knot(noeud,clé,boucle,tour):(1)aunitofspeedequaltoonenauticalmile(1852metres)perhour;(2)thetucksandloopsinalineusedtofastenittoanobjectortoitself.
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L
Labelling(pointage):theenteringofinformationonachart,relatingtoplottedlinesorpoints.
LakeEffectSnow(neiged’effetdelac):Heavysnowdepositedontheleeshoresoflargelakes;frequentlyexistsinanarrowbandonly.
LAN(réseaulocal):LocalAreaNetwork,connectingcomputersinabuilding,orovershortgeographicdistances.SeeWAN
Land/LakeBreeze(brisedeterre):Thiscoastalbreezeblowsfromthelandtothesea,lakeorriver,andusuallyoccursatnightwhenthetemperatureofthewaterisoftenwarmerthanthenearbyland.Thewaterheatstheairabove,whichrisesandisreplacedbycoolerairfromtheland.(Seealsoseabreeze).
Lanyard(cordon):Shortlineusedasahandle,ortosecureanobject.
LapseRate(gradient)(Gradientthermique):Therateoftemperaturechangewithheight.(1)EnvironmentalLapseRate:thisoccursinthestandardatmospherewithoutanyexternalforces.Therateisvariable,butinthestandardatmosphere,itis6.5⁰C/km).(2)Forairthatisbeingmovedvertically,therearetwolapserates:(a)Thedryadiabaticlapseforairthatisunsaturatedisaconstant10⁰C/km.(b)Airthatisforcedtomoveandissaturatedhasalapseratethatvariesgreatlywithtemperature
Lapstrake(Bordageàclin):Typeofhullconstructionwithoverlappingplanks,clinkerbuilt.
LargeTides(Maréedevive-eau):(Can)Largerangingtidesassociatedwithnewandfullmoons
LatentHeat(chaleurlatente):Energyreleasedorabsorbedbythechangesofstateofwaterbetweenvapour,liquidandsolid.
Lateralbuoyagesystem(réseaudebouéeslaterals):abuoyagesysteminwhichdifferentcolouredbuoysareusedtomarkthesidesofachannel.
LateralPlane(plandederive):Anysurfaceorappendagethatservestoinhibitlateralmotionofaboatthroughthewater.
Latitude(latitude):theangulardistanceofanypointontheearth’ssurfacenorthorsouthoftheequator,asmeasuredattheearth’scentre.
Layamark(fairerouteversunemarque,bordée(2)commettre):(1)Tolayamark,asinasailboatrace,istobeabletoreachitinasingletack,close-hauled.(2)thelayofalineisthedirectioninwhichitsstrandsaretwisted.
LayTo(commettre):Toliewithoutheadwayeithertoaseaanchorortolinesstreamedovertheside,ormerelydrifting(lyingahull).
Lazarette(Cambuse):Storagecompartmentinsternofboat.
LazyJacks(étouffoirdegrand-voile):Thenamegiventopartoftheriggingonasailboat,thepurposeofwhichistoeasesailhandling.Theyenabletherapiddroppingofasailattachedtoamastandboombyguidingitintothesailbag.Thelazyjacks,usuallyoneachsideofthesail,areriggedbetweenthemastandthetopofthesailbagattachedtotheboomortheboomitself.
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Leach:Seeleech.
Leadingmark(marqued’alignement):alandmarkaheadoftheboatahelmsmancansteertowardandmaintainacourse.
LeeShore(terresouslevent):Ashoreontowhichwindorcurrentcanforceaboat;theshoretoleewardofaboat.
Leeside(bordsouslevent):thesideoppositetothedirectionfromwhichthewindblows.
Leeboards(derivelatéraled’unbateau):largeboardssuspendedoverthesideofavessel.Theleeoneisloweredtoreduceleeway.
Leech(chute):theafteredgeofafore-and-aftsail.
Leech line (nerfde chute):A light line sewn through the tabling in the leechof a sail used to controlleechflutter.
Leehelm(barreauvent):Aconditionofbalancethatrequiresthetillertobeheldtoleewardtokeepaboatonastraightcourse.
Leeside(bordsouslevent):(1)Thesideawayoroppositethatfromwhichthewindblows.(2)Anareashelteredfromthewind.
Leeward(souslevent):awayfromthewind.
Leeway(Dérivedueauvent):(1)Sidewaysmovementofaboatthroughthewatercausedbywind.(2)Theangulardifferenceduetowindbetweenthetruecoursesteeredandthetruecourseoverground.
Leg (bordée, étape): (1)The distance covered on one tackwhen sailing towindward. 92)On a racecourse,thecoursebetweentwosuccessivemarks.
Lenticularis(nuagelenticulaire):Atypeofaltocumuluscloudwhichislens-shaped;usuallyformsintheleewavedownwindofhighground
LeverArm(levier):Thedistancethroughwhichaforceacts.
License(licence):Formarineradio,adocumentthatallradiostationsinCanadamayobtainwhichspecifiesthecallsignassignedtothestation,theassignedfrequencies,typeofradioequipmentauthorizedandanyspecialconditionsunderwhichthestationshouldbeoperated.
LieAhull (metreà la cape):To liewithoutheadway,moreor lessbroadside to thewind,withnosail set,driftingfreely.Ameansofcopingwithheavyweather.
LieTo:SeeHeaveTo.
Lifejacket(giletdesauvetage):Apersonalflotationdevicethatwillturnanunconsciouspersonfaceupinthewater.
Lifeline(filière):aplastic-coatedwireriggedtostanchionsaroundtheperipheryofthedeck,tohelpkeeppersonnelaboard.
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Lift(portanceoupousséevélique):(1)Aforcegeneratedontheleewardsideofasailbyairpassingovertheairfoilshape.It istheforcewhichdrivesasailboat.(2)Whensailingclose-hauled,awindthatshiftsafttoallowachangeofcoursetowardthewinddirection.
LightSails(voilehaute):Sailsmadeoflightweightfabricforuseinlightwind.
Lightstation(stationdephare):amajorstructurebuiltonland,whichhasalight,andmayincludeotheraidstonavigationsuchasaradiobeaconorfogsignal.
Lightwind(ventléger):Windwithaspeedoflessthan15knots,asdefinedbyEnvironmentCanada.
Lightning(éclair):Inathunderstorm,thedischargeofelectricityfromcloudtocloud,betweenchargedareasofanindividualcloud,orfromcloudstoground.
Limberholes(anguillers):drainageholesthroughaframeorfloortimberatthebottomofthebilge.
Line(cordage):ropebeingusedaboardaboat.
Lineofposition(Droitedeposition):(1)Alineonwhichavesselisknowntobe.Thelineisusuallyplottedonachart.(2)Avisualorelectronicreferencelinefromortowardaknownnavigationalaidorcelestialobject.
LineSquall(lignedegrains):Alineofsquallsandthunderstormsforminginthewarmairaheadof,andparallelwith,avigorouscoldfront.Especiallynotableforstronggustsandpronouncedwindveerasthesqualllinepassesthrough.Alsocalled“squallline”.
LineStopper(taquetautocoinceur):Aclamp-typedevicethatcontainsacamforsecuringaline.Itcanbereleasedquickly.
LiquidCrystalDisplay(LCD)(Affichageàcristauxliquids):Adigitaldisplaythatusesliquidcrystalcells,suchasareusedincomputerdisplays,watches,etc.
List(gîte):thetiltingofavesseltoonesideduetoflooding,improperloading,orcargoshifting.
LOA(longueurhorstout):LengthOverAll.
Localapparentnoon(Midilocalapparent):Theinstantatwhichtheapparent(true)sunisovertheupperbranchofthelocalmeridian.Thetimeofsun’smaximumaltitudeattheobserver’slocation.
Localapparenttime(Heurelocaleapparente):Theangleatthecelestialpolebetweenthelowerbranchofthelocalcelestialmeridianandthehourcircleoftheapparent(true)sun.
Localcelestialmeridian(Méridienastronomiquelocal):Thecelestialmeridianpassingthroughtheobserver’szenith.
Localhourangle(Anglehorairelocal):Theangulardistanceofthehourcircleofacelestialbodymeasuredwestwardfromthecelestialmeridianoftheobserver,measuredfrom0°to360°alongtheparallelofdeclination.
Localmeantime(Heurelocalemoyenne):Thetimebasedonthemeansunwithreferencetothelocalcelestialmeridian(notthezonemeridian).
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Localsiderealtime(Heurelocalesidérale):LocalhourangleofthefirstpointofAries(vernalequinox)expressedintimeunits:theangleatthecelestialpolebetweentheupperbranchofthelocalcelestialmeridianandthehourcircleofthevernalequinox.LSTisLHAofAriesexpressedintimeunits.
Locker(équipet):acupboard,chest,orcabinet.
Log(Loch):1)Aninstrumenttomeasuredistanceorspeedthroughthewater.2)Abookinwhichallmatterspertainingtoavessel’snavigationarerecorded.(3)(ofaboat),toaccomplishaspeedordistance(shelogged18knots);(4)torecordanincidentinthelogbook(logit).
Logbook(Journaldebord):Seedecklogandlog.
Lollipop(suçon):Aradardisplayofawaypoint.Thisisshownontheradarscreenasacircle(thecandy)andthebearinglineformsthestick.Thedataisobtainedfromaconnectedchartplotter.
Longsplice(épissurelongue):ajoiningsplicethatdoesnotincreasethediameteroftheline.
Longitude(Longitude):Angulardistanceontheearth’ssurfacemeasuredeastorwestfromtheprimemeridian(000°)whichextendsthroughGreenwich,England.
Loom(émerger–visibilité):Theglowofalightwhichmaybebelowthehorizon,causedbyreflectionbysolidparticlesintheair.
LooseFooted(voileàbordurelibre):Asailthatisattachedtotheboomonlyatthetackandclew.
LORAN(LORAN):LongRangeNavigationsystem.Nowdecommissioned.
Low(bassepression):Regionoftheatmospherewherethepressuresarelow,relativetothoseinthesurroundingregionatthesamelevel.IntheNorthernHemisphere,windsaroundalowmoveinacounter-clockwisefashion.
Lowwater(bassemer):Thelowestlevelreachedbyanyfallingtide.
Lowerbranch(Brancheinférieure):Thehalfoftheobserver’smeridianmeasuredfrompoletopolepassingthroughthenadiroftheobserver.
LowerHighWater(bassemersupérieure):Thelowerofthetwohighwatersofanytidalday.
Lowerlimb(Limbeinférieur):Thelowerpartofthecircumferenceofthesunormoon.
LowerLowWater(bassemerinférieure):Thelowerofthetwolowwatersofanytidalday.
Lubber’sline(lignedefoi):thereferencelineofacompass.
Luff(loffer,lofer,guidant():(1)theforwardedgeofafore-and-aftsail.(2)Toaltercoursetowardsthewind.(3)Toheadsoclosetothewindthatthesailsflutter.
LuffWire(ralingue):Apieceofwireropesewnintotheleadingedgeofajib.
Luffing(faseyement):thetremblingorflutteringoftheluffofasailthatisimproperlyset.
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LunarDay(Jourlunaire):Theintervaloftimebetweentwosuccessivecrossingsoftheearth'smeridianbythemoon(roughly24hoursand50minutes)
LWL(lignedeflottaison):Loadwaterline;thelengthofavesselfrombowtosternatthewaterline.
M
MackerelSky(cielpommelé):Aformationofcirrocumuluscloudwhichresemblesthescalesonafish’sback,ortheripplesinthesandonabeach.Occasionally,thesamenameisgiventoaltocumulus.
Magneticbearing(relèvementmagnétique):seebearing,magnetic.
Magneticcompass(compassmagnétique):adirectionalinstrument,actuatedbytheearth’smagneticfield.
Magneticnorth(nordmagnétique):thenorthdirectionindicatedbyanisolatedmagneticcompassforwhichthedeviationisnil.
Magneticpole(pôlemagnétique):oneofthetwogeographicalareas,northandsouth,wheretheearth’smagneticfieldentersorleavestheearth.
Magnetron(magnétron):Theheartofaradargenerator;anelectronicdevicethatcreatesaradarpulseatthedesiredfrequency.
Magnitude(Magnitude):Relativebrightnessofacelestialbody;thesmallerthenumberindicatingmagnitude,thebrighterthebody.Negativevaluesaresmallerthanpositivenumbersandindicatebrighterbodies,e.g.Venus,thebrightestplanethasamagnitudeofabout-4.0.
Mainsail(grande-voile):Aboat’sprincipalsail,setaftofmainmast.
Mainsheet(écoutedegrande-voile):Alinewhichcontrolsthemainsail.
ManOverBoard(hommeàlamer):AfeatureofGPS,andotherelectronicnavigationalreceivers,whichstoresaboat’scurrentpositionatapressoftheMOBorMarkbutton.Thisenablesthevesseltobesteeredbacktotheoriginalposition.Itassistsintheretrievalofacrewmemberwhohasfallenoverboard.
ManoeuvringBoard(feuilledetraçageradar):Despiteitsname,inpracticetheboardisasheetofpaperwithacompassrosedrawnonit.Itisusedtocalculaterelativepositions.
MarconiRig(gréementbermudien):Arighavingathree-sidedorjib-headedmainsail.
MAREPProgramme(programmeMAREP):AVHFandcomputerlinkbetweenCPSboaters,theCanadianCoastGuardandtheAtmosphericEnvironmentService.Weatherreportsfrommemberscanbeusedtohelpupdatecurrentforecastsandalsoprovideinformationfortheissueofsevereweatherwarnings.
Mares’Tails(queuesdecheval):Acirruscloudformationresemblingfeatheryhorses’tails.
MaritimeMobileService(servicemobilemaritime):Theradiotelecommunicationserviceusedbyallvesselsinternationally.
Mark(Marque):Anyobjectrequiredbysailinginstructionstobepassedbyaboatonaspecifiedside.Itsanchorlineandobjectsattachedtemporarilyoraccidentallyarenotpartofit.
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Marline (merlin):Asmall cord composedof two strands, loosely twisted,used forwindingaround ropeandcable.
Marlinespike(matelotage,petitépissoir):(1)anadjectiveappliedtoseamanship,embracingtheartofshapingandworkinglines;(2)apointedtoolusedforworkingwithlines.
MASA(MASA):TheJapaneseSatellitedifferentialGPSequivalenttotheWideAreaAugmentationSystem(WAAS).
Mast(mât):Averticalsparonwhichsailsareset.
Masting(Mâture):Theactorprocessofputtingamastormastsintoavessel
MastStep(emplature):Fittingintowhichthebuttofthemastsits.
MastTang(Tenon):SeeTang
Masthead(têtedemât):Thetopofthemast.
MastheadRig(gréemententêtedemât):Asailboatwiththejibstayattachedtothetopofthemast.
Mat(mat):Fibreglassmaterialformedofirregularchoppedfilamentsofglass.
MaximumDraft(creuxmaximal):Thegreatestamountoffullnessinasail.
Mayday(mayday):theinternationalradiotelephonedistresssignal.
Mayday(mayday):Thekeywordusedinradiotransmissionstosignifythatadistresssituationisineffect.
MaydayRelay(maydayrelay):Thekeywordusedbyasecondstationtorelayadistresscallandmessagefromavesselindistress.
MeanSeaLevel(niveaumoyendelamer):Areferenceleveltowhichallbarometricpressurereadingsareadjusted.
Meansun(Soleilmoyen):Animaginarysunappearingtotravelwestwardaroundthecelestialequatoratauniformrateequaltotheaveragerateofthetruesun.
Meantime(Heuremoyenne):Timebasedonthemeansunasitappearstomovewestwardduringtheday.Variationsofmeantimearethetimethatisnormallykeptineverydaylife.
Mercator(Mercator):acylindricalchartprojection.
Meridian(méridien):animaginarygreatcircleonthesurfaceoftheearthjoiningthenorthandsouthgeographicpoles
Meridianangle(Angleduméridien):Theangulardistancemeasuredeastorwest(whicheverdistanceisshorter)through180°betweentheupperbranchofthelocalcelestialmeridianandthehourcircleofacelestialbody:LabelledEorW.
Meridiantransit(Passageauméridien):Thepassageofacelestialbodyacrossacelestialmeridian,usuallythatoftheobserver.
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Meridionaldifference(Différenceméridionale):Thedifferenceinmeridionalpartsbetweentwogivenlatitudesexpressedinminutesofarc.
Meridionalparts(Partiesméridionales):ThelengthofthearcofameridianbetweentheequatorandagivenparalleloflatitudeonaMercatorchart,expressedinunitsofoneminuteoflongitudeattheequator.
Messenger(cablederetour):Alightlineusedtohaulaheavierworkingline.
Metre(metre):aunitoflengthinthemetricsystem.
MF(MF):MediumFrequency(300KHz–3000KHz).
MF-DSC(MF-ASN):MediumFrequencyDigitalSelectiveCalling.
MHz(MHz):AmeasureoffrequencydefinedasonemillionHertz(cycles)persecond.
MHz(MHz):Megahertz(1000KHz).
Microburst(microrafaledescendante):Astrongdowndraftthatinducesanoutburstofdamagingwindsonornearthesurfaceoftheearth.Theoutflowatthesurfaceislessthan4kmacross,withpeakwindslastingonly2to5minutes
Microphone(micro,mike):Theapparatusattachedtoaradiowhichconvertssoundwavestoelectricalimpulses.
Microsecond(microseconde):Ameasureoftimedefinedasoneone-millionthofasecond.
Microwave(micro-onde):Arangeoffrequencies,generallyconsideredthoseaboveabout1000MHz.
Mid-channelbuoy(bouéedemi-chenal):seefairwaybuoy.
Mid-latitude(Latitudemoyenne):Themiddlelatitude;halfthesumofthelatitudesoftwoplacesonthesamesideoftheequator.AlsothesailingthatusesMid-LatitudetodetermineDLofromdeparture.
Millibar(millibar):Astandardunitofatmosphericpressure,beingphasedoutinfavourofhectopascals(1mb=1hPa).
MiniAutomaticRadarPlottingAid(miniaideradaraupointageautomatique):MARPA.AversionofARPAdesignedforsmallerboats.
Minustide(Maréenégative):Atimewhenthetidefallsbelowchartdatum
Minute(minute):(1)ofarc:one-sixtiethofadegree;(2)oftime:one-sixtiethofanhour.
Mist(brume):Suspensionintheairofmicroscopicwaterdropletsorwethygroscopicparticles.Itproduces,generally,athin,greyishveiloverthelandscape;itreducesvisibilitytothreetosixkilometres.
Mixed,MainlyDiurnalTide(Maréemixte,surtoutdiurne(MD)):Atideinwhichoccasionallythereisonlyonehighandonelowwateraday;atothertimestherearetwolargeinequalitiesinheightandtime
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Mixed,MainlySemi-diurnalTide(Maréemixte,surtoutsemi-diurne(MSD)):Atidewithtwohighwatersandtwolowwaterswithinequalitiesinheight
Mizzen(artimon):Thefore-and-aftsailsetonthemizzenmast.Also,calledajigger.
MizzenStaysail(focd’artimon):Atriangularsailsetfromthemizzenmastheadtothedeckforwardofthatmast.
MMSI(NISMM):MaritimeMobileServiceIdentity(MMSI).AuniquenumberassignedtoanindividualmarineradioandownerusedforcommunicatingoverDSC(DigitalSelectiveCalling).
MMSI(numéroISMM):MaritimeMobileServiceIdentity,Usedinmarineradiostoidentifyaparticularboat;issuedtovesselswhoseradiosincludeDSC,foruseduringDSCoperations.
Moderatewind(ventmodéré):windswithaspeedintherangeof15to19knotsasdefinedbytheEnvironmentCanada.
Modification(modification):Thechangesinducedinanairmassasitmovesawayfromitssource.
Moment(moment):Aforceactingthroughadistancethattendstocauserotation.
MonsoonMouson):Aseasonalchangeinwinddirection,usuallybringingeithertorrentialrainsordrought.
Mooring(coffred’amarrage):apermanentlyanchoredbuoytowhichashipcanbesecuredwithoutusingherowngroundtackle.
MostProbablePosition(Positionprobable):Bestestimateofpresentposition,consideringallsourcesofpositionaldata–e.g.updatedDRposition,setanddrift,leewayetc.–whenreliablefixesareunavailable.
N
Nadir(Nadir):Thepointonthecelestialspheredirectlybelowtheobserveror180°fromthezenith.
NationalMarineElectronicsAssociation(NMEA)(NationalMarineElectronicsAssociation):theprotocolfordatatransferbetweenmarineelectronicsdevices,typicallynavigational.
NauticalAlmanac(Almanachnautique):Ayearlypublicationtabulatingthepositionofcelestialbodiesandotherastronomicaldatausefultomarinenavigators.
NauticalDataInternational(NauticalDataInternational):AcompanythatproduceselectronicchartsinCanada.
Nauticalmile(millemarinounautique):aunitofdistancedefinedas1852metres,equivalenttothelengthofoneminuteoflatitude.Itisequaltoabout1.15statutemilesor6076.1feet.
Nauticaltwilight(crépusculenautique):Theperiodofincompletedarknesswhentheupperlimbofthesunisbelowthevisiblehorizonandthecentreofthesunisnotmorethan12°belowthecelestialhorizon.Nauticaltwilight(NT)beforesunrisegenerallymarksthebeginningoftheperiodoftimewhensextantobservationscanbemade;NTaftersunsetgenerallymarkstheendoftheusefulsextantobservationperiod.
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Navigationalaid(aidesdenavigation):anapparatusonboardaboatthatwillassistinnavigating(e.g.,thecompass,adepthsounder,aGPSreceiver).
Navigationaltriangle(Triangledenavigation):Thesphericaltrianglesolvedincomputingaltitudeandazimuthingreatcircleproblems.Itmaybeonthecelestialsphereortheterrestrialsphere(theearth).Itssidesarepartsofgreatcircles;itsverticesarethepoles,zenith,andbodyonthecelestialsphereandthepole,observer,andgeographicalpositionontheterrestrialsphere.Avariationofthelatterisusedtosolvegreatcirclesailingproblems.
NAVSTAR(NAVSTAR):TheUSMilitarynicknamefortheGPS.
NAVTEXreceiver(NAVTEX):Aradioreceiveroperatingon518KHzdesignedtoreceivemarinesafetyinfor-mation,navigationandweatherwarnings,andsearchandrescuealerts.
Neaptide(Maréedemorte-eau):Alowrangingtideassociatedwiththemoonatfirstandthirdquarters
NMEA(NMEA):NationalMarineElectronicsAssociation.TheUSmarineelectronicsindustry'sstandardsettingandmonitoringgroup.
NOAA(NOAA):NauticalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration:theorganizationthatproduceschartsintheUS.
NorthAmericanDatum(NAD)(pointd’origineenAmériqueduNord):heoriginalstandard"pointofreference"forallNorthAmericanmapsandchartsandthedimensionsofthesphereoftheearththataretobeusedtoproducethem.Thenumericalsuffixdepictsthepublicationyearofthestandard.ThecurrentstandardisNAD1983.(CompatiblewithWGS1984).
NorthAtlanticcurrent(Courantdel’AtlantiqueNord):AcontinuationoftheGulfStreamfromthevicinityoftheGrandBanks,asabroadslow-movingdriftofcomparativelywarmwatertowardtheBritishIslesandtheIberianPeninsula.
NorthGeographicpole(pôleNordgéographique):seeTrueNorthPole.
North-Up(nordenhaut):Adisplaymodeinwhichtruenorthisalwaysatthetopofanelectronicscreen.Seealso`HeadingSensor','Course-Up','Head-Up'.
NoticestoMariners(avisauxnavigateurs):afederalgovernmentpublicationthatcontainsallcorrections,additions,andupdatestoinformationrelatingtonavigablewaterways.
NoticestoMariners(NOTMAR)(avisauxnavigateurs):UpdatestoCanadiancharts:availablefromhttp://www.notmangc.ca.
Nunbuoy(bouéeconique):abuoyintheshapeofatruncatedcone,withthetaperingendpointingupwards(theUnitedStatescounterparttoaCanadianconicalbuoy).
O
Oblatespheroid(Sphéroïdeoblate):Asphereflattenedordepressedatthepoles–suchastheearth.
Observedaltitude(Hauteurobservée):Sextantaltitudeafterallcorrectionshavebeenapplied.
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Occlusion(occlusion):Thetermusedwhenthecoldfrontofadepressioncatchesupwiththewarmfront,squeezingthewarmsectorclearofthesurface.
OccultingLight(feuàoccultations):asteadylightwitheclipses,brightlongerthandark.
OffTheWind(loinduvent):Sailingonareachorrun.
Offing(large):Apositionontheseaatasafedistancefromland.
Offset(décalage):forradar,thecapabilitytomovetheradarcentretowardanyedgeofthedisplaytoshowmoreareainonedirection.
Offshore(hauturière):(1)Adirectionawayfromtheshore,suchasoffshorewind.(2)Atadistancefromacoastwheretherearenolandmarksforreference.
OntheWind(plusprèsserré):Close-hauled.
Onshore(verslescôtes):Towardstheshore,fromseaward,asonshorewind.
Operator(conducteur):thepersonineffectivechargeandcontrolofapleasurecraft,andwhoisresponsibleforthepleasurecraft.
OrographicLift(ascendanceorographique):Airforcedtoascendtheslopeofatopographicfeature.
Osmosis(osmose):aconditioninwhichwaterpenetratesthegelcoatofafibreglasshullandcausesdamage,especiallywhenitfreezes.
Outboard(horsbord,versl’extérieur):(1)outsideavesselandattachedtoit;(2)farthertowardsavessel’sside.
Outhaul(bossed’empointure,hale-dehors,bossed’écoute):Deviceorlineusedtotensionthefootofasail.
Ozone(ozone):(O3)Amoleculeofoxygencontainingthree,insteadoftwo,atoms.
OzoneLayer(couched’ozone):Layerofozoneinthestratospherethatabsorbsmostofthedangerousultravioletradiationinsunlight.
P
Painter(cordehalage,bosse):atowlineorsecuringlineforadinghyorothersmallboat.
Palm(paumelle):Leatherglove-likedeviceusedasathimbletopushaneedlethroughalineorasail.
PanPan(PanPan):ThekeywordusedtosignifyanUrgencysituationandthatastationisabouttotransmitamessageconcerningthe‘safetyofavessel,aircraft,orvehicleorthesafetyofaperson’.
Parallacticangle(Angleparallactique):Theinternalangleofthenavigationaltriangleatthecelestialbody–i.e.theanglebetweenthehourcircleandtheverticalcircle.
Parallax(Parallaxe):Thedifferenceintheapparentdirectionofacelestialbodywhenviewedfromapointontheearth’ssurfaceascomparedtoviewingitfromthecentreoftheearth.
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Paralleloflatitude(parallèledelatitude):animaginarylineonthesurfaceoftheearth,paralleltotheplaneoftheequator.Itconnectsallpointsofequallatitude.
PayOff(laisserporter):Toheadawayfromthewind.
PayOut(choquer):Slackenorletoutalinegradually.
Peak(pic):(1)Thecornerofagaff-headedsailformedbytheheadandtheleech.(2)Theaftendofagafftowhichthepeakofagaffsailisset.
Pelorus(alidade):anon-magneticsightinginstrumentusedfortakingbearings,havingacalibrated360-degreecardandtwosightingvanes.
Pendant(itaque,pantoire):Shortropeservingasanextensionofaline,chain,orcablewithdescriptivenamebasedonuse;e.g.mooringpendant.(Usuallypronounced“pen'ant”)
Pennant(fanion):Ataperingflag.
Perigee(Périgée):Thetimewhenthemoonisclosesttotheearth
PersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation(associationinternationaldecartesdemémoirepourordinateurspersonnels):thebodysettingstandardsforflashmemorycardstobeaddedtopersonalcomputers,camerasandPDAs.
PersonalDigitalAssistant(PDA)(assistantnumériquepersonnel):asmallpersonalcomputercapableofbeingheldinonehand,usuallyusedforscheduling,e-mailorvoicecommunications,butcapableofrunningPC-likeprogramsandchartplotters.
PersonalFlotationDevice(vêtementdeflottaisonindividual):Aflotationdevicethatwillnotturnanunconsciouspersonfaceupinthewater.
Personalwatercraft(PWC)(motomarine):asmall,waterjet-drivenboatwithnocockpit.
PFD:Seepersonalflotationdevice.
Phoneticalphabet(alphabetphonétique):Theinternationalmethodofspellingtobeusedwhencommunicationsmaybedifficult.Thismethodshouldbeusedwhencommunicatingaradiostation’sname.
Pier(jetée):astructurebuiltoutfromthewater’sedge,roughlyatrightanglestotheshoreline,towhichavesselcanbesecured.
Pile(pilotoupilotis):alogortimberdrivenverticallyandfirmlyintothebottom.
Pillarbuoy(bouéetourelleouàcharpente):averylargestructuralbuoythatmayhavealight,bell,orwhistle.
Pilotchart(Cartepilote):AplanningchartofamajoroceanareapublishedbytheNationalGeospacialIntelligenceAgency(NGA),formerlytheNationalImageryandMappingAgency.Ingraphicform,itprovidesaveragesofweather,waves,ice,andothermarinedatagatheredovermanyyearstoaidthenavigator.
Pinch(déventer):Tosailtooclosetothewind.
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Pintle(aiguillot):SeeGudgeon.
PistonHanks(mousquetonàpiston):Ahankwithaspring-loadedplungersewntotheluffofasailandusedtoattachthesailtoastay.
Pitch(pas,tangage):(1)thetheoreticaldistanceapropellerwouldmoveaheadwithonerevolution.(2)Theup-and-downmotionofthebowandsternofavessel.
Pitching(tangage):Oscillationaroundthetransverseaxis;therisingandfallingofthebowinwaves.
Pitchpole(sancir):tooverturn,endoverend.
Pixel(pixel):Asingleelement(asmallsquareorrectangle)usedtodrawthepictureonanelectronicscreen.Resolutionismeasuredintermsofhowmanypixelsareusedbothhorizontallyandvertically,e.g.,800x600.
Planesailing(Parcours):Methodofcomputingcourses,distances,andpositionsbytreatingtheearthasaflatsurfaceandapplyingplanetrigonometry.Seesailings.
Planing(planage):theactionofavesselwhenitrisesoveritsownbowwaveandskimsoverthesurfaceofthewater,duetothedynamicforcesofmotion.
Planinghull(coqueplanante):ahullofsuchashapeastobecapableofplaning.
Pleasurecraft(embarkationdeplaisance):aboat,aship,avessel,oranyotherdescriptionofwatercraftthatisusedexclusivelyforpleasure,anddoesnotcarrypassengersorgoodsforhire,reward,remuneration,oranyobjectofprofit.
Plot(tracer):todrawlinesonachart,indicatingbearings,courses,andpositions.
PlowAnchor(Ancrecharrue):Ananchorshapedlikeafarmer’splow.
Point(point):(1)tosailmorecloselytothewind;(2)11⁄4°ofthecompass.
PolarCell(cellulepolaire):Acellofglobalaircirculationinbothhemispheresbetween60°andthenorthandsouthpoles.
Polardistance(Distancepolaire):Theangulardistancefromtheobserver’selevatedpoletotheparallelofdeclinationofabody.Seeco-declination.
PolarEasterlies(ventd’estpolaires):Coldairflowingoutfromthepoles,asdeflectedbyCorioliseffect.
PolarFront(frontpolaire):Thedemarcationlineextendingaroundtheearth,betweenpolarairtothenorthandwarmerairtothesouth.
Polarhigh(anticyclonepolaire):anticyclonesformedwhenairintheglobalcirculationcoolsanddescendsnearthepoles.
Polyconic(polyconique):Achartprojectionusingaseriesoftangentcones.
Polypropylene(polypropylene):asyntheticmaterialmadeintolinesthatfloat.
Pooped(coupd’acculage):saidofavesselwhenawavebreaksoverherstern.
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Port (bâbord,orifice, port): (1)The left side of boatwhen facing the bow. (2) Toward the left. (3) Anopeninginaboat’sside,(e.g.,portlight).(4)Aharbour.
Porttack(bâbordamure):whenthewindiscomingovertheportsideofaboatundersail.
Porthole(hublot):Anopeningonavessel’ssideforlightandair.
Position(position):avessel’slocationataparticulartime.
Pram(pramenorvégienne):Flat-bottomeddinghywithbluntbow.
Precipitation(précipitations):Ageneraltermforanytypeoffallingmoisture—rain,snow,hail,etc.
PrecisionPositioningService(servicedepositionnementprécis):ThatportionoftheGPSwhichprovidestheUSmilitary,andotheralliedarmedforceswithhighaccuracyunadulterated,butencrypted,positioningsignals.
Pressure(pression):Forceperunitarea.Forweather,thisreferstotheweightoftheair,ortheforceexertedbythesurroundingatmosphereinhectopascals.
PressureGradient(gradientdepression):Thechangeinpressurewithhorizontaldistance.Thegradient,asshownbythespacingoftheisobars,willdeterminetheflowofair—thesteeperthegradient,thefastertheflow,thusthestrongerthewind.
PressureTendency(tendancebarométrique):Therateofchangeofpressurewithtime,atagivenlocality.Arisingorfallingtendencyisusuallyofmoresignificancethantheactualbarometerreading,especiallywithrapidchanges.
PrevailingWesterlies(ventsd’ouestdominants):Thepredominantlywesterlywindsofthetemperatezones.
PrevailingWind(ventdominant):Awindthatconsistentlyblowsfromonedirectionmorethanfromanyother;usuallyreferstothepredominantwindoveraregionirrespectiveoflocaleffects.
Preventer(retenuedebôme):Alinerunforwardfromtheboomtoadeckfittingtopreventaccidentaljibes.
Primemeridian(premiermeridian):themeridianoflongitudethatpassesthroughGreenwich,England(Lo000°).Itisalsocalledthezeromeridian,whichisusedasareferencelinefromwhichlongitudeeastandwestismeasured.See:Greenwichmeridian.
Primevertical(Cercledel’observateur):Theverticalcirclethatpassesthroughtheobserver’szenithandtheeastandwestpointsofthehorizon.
Priority(priorité):Theorderinwhichradiocommunicationsmayproceed.
Profanelanguage(langageoffensant):Languagewhichisoffensiveandblasphemous.
Propeller(hélice):therotatingscrewofavesselbywhichsheisforcedthroughthewater.
Psychrometer(psychomètre):Instrumentfordeterminingdewpointandrelativehumidityoftheair;portableformiscalledaslingpsychrometer.
Puff(risée):Ashortgustofwind.
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Pulpit(balconavant):araisedrailingatthebowtopreventcrewfromfallingoverboard.
Pulse(impulsion):Ofradar,arapidchangeinvoltagefromoneleveltoanotherandbacktotheoriginallevel.Typicallyradarpulseslastonlyafewmillionthsofasecond.
PulseLength(longueurd’impulsion):(1)Thetimedurationofonepulseofradiofrequencyenergy.(2)thetimedurationofachangeinvoltagefromoneleveltoanotherandbacktotheoriginallevel.
PulseRepetitionInterval(PRI)(intervallederépétiondesimpulsions):Thetimeintervalbetweensuccessivepulsestransmittedbyaradarsystem.
Pushpit(balconarrière):araisedrailingatthestern,topreventcrewfromfallingoverboard.
PWC(motomarine):seepersonalwatercraft.
Q
Quadrant(quadrant):Thecastingonarudderheadforconnectiontothesteeringgear.
Quarter(hanche):Afterpartofaboat’sside,e.g.,portquarter;thedirection45°abaftthebeam.
Quasi-stationaryHighs(Anticyclonequasi-stationnaire):Anticyclonesinthe30°latituderegionswhichmigratenorthandsouthslightlywiththeseasons.(alsosemi-permanenthighs.)
R
R.P.M.(TR/min):Revolutionsperminute.
Race(raz):Aswiftcurrentnearaheadlandseparatingtwobays.
RACON(baliseradar):RAdarbeaCON.Abeaconmarkingabuoyorsomelocationbybroadcastingasignalwhenithasbeen‘Interrogated'byaradarsignal;sendsoutaMorsecodeletterforpositiveidentification.
RADAR(RADAR):(RAdioDetectionAndRanging)theacronymforusingradiowavestomeasuredistance,bearinganddetectionofvesselsandlandmasses.
RadarHorizonHorizonradar):thedistancearadarunitcan‘see'.Radarcanseeabout5%furtherthanhumansandabout15%furtherthanthetruehorizon.
Radiation(rayonnement):Theprocessofenergytransferinwaveform,withorwithoutthenecessityofatransmittingmedium.
RadiationFog(brouillardderayonnement):Fogcausedwhenthelowerlayersoftheairarecooledtodewpoint,bycontactwithasurfacewhichisradiatingitsheatbackintospaceaftersunset.Inacompletecalm,onlydewwillform,butwithalightbreeze,theresultantmixingwillcreateashallowlayeroffog.
Radiodirectionfinder(RDF)(radiorepérage):Atypeofelectronicequipmentusedtoobtainbearingsfromradiosignals.
RadioFrequency(radiofréquence):(RF).Ameasureofhowfastaparticularelectromagneticradiationoscillates:alsoreferstoradiowaves.
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Radiooperator(opérateurradio):Thepersoncertifiedandauthorizedtotransmitandreceiveradiocommunicationsofaradiostation.
RadioProcedures(procedures):TheorderandtheprecisemethodofconductingradiocommunicationsaccordingtoInternationalTelecommunicationsUnionregulations.
RadioSilence(silenceradio):Whileadistresssituationisinprogress,allstationsmustmaintainradiosilence,unlesstheyareinvolvedindistresstraffic.
Radiosonde(radiosonde):Asmallradiotransmittercarriedaloftbyaballoon,reportingverticalsoundingsofthetemperature,pressureandhumidityoftheatmosphere.
Radiotelephone(radiotéléphone):acommunicationsystemwhereinthevoiceistransmittedonradiowaves.
Radome(radôme):Anon-metallicdomecoveringthecomponentsofaradarscannerunit,primarilyforweatherprotection.Thedomealsoprovidesprotectionfromtanglingintheriggingonasailboat.
RainClutter(fouillisdepluie):Anelectroniccircuitdesignedtoreducetheeffectsofradarenergyreflectedfromrain.
Rake(Quête):Theslopefromthevertical,inthefore-and-aftdirection,ofamast,transom,ordeckhouse.
Range(alignement,amplitude):(1)twoaidstonavigationwhich,whenseentobeinline(i.e.,seentobeintransit),establishalineofposition;(2)thedifferenceinheightbetweenconsecutivehighandlowtides.(3)Thedistancetoaradartarget.
RangeResolution(pouvoirséparateurradial):Thedistancebywhichtworadarreturnsmustbeseparatedinordertobedistinguishedbythesystemwhenthereturnsareonthesamebearing.
RangeRings(cerclesdedistance):thecirclesdrawnbyaradarunitonitsscreentomeasuredistancesfromaboat’slocation.
RasterChart(cartematricielle):anelectronicreproductionofascannedimageofapaperchart
Rawinsonde(sonderadiovent):Aradiosondewithwindmeasuringequipmentandaradarreflectortoenablemoreaccuratetrackingofthedevice.(GPSrawinsondewillensureevengreateraccuracy.)
RCC(centredecoordinationdesoperationsdesauvetage):RescueCoordinationCentre.
RCDS(sytèmed’affichagedecartesmatricielles):RasterChartDisplaySystem.Asetofperformancestandardsforrasterchartsusedincommercialapplications.
Reach (barrerauxalluresportantes,portée): (1)Apointof sailbetweenclose-hauledanda run. (2)Adistance,orfetch.
Reacher(reacher):Alight-weightjibusedforreaching.
Reaching(travers,ventdetravers):sailingwiththewindapproximatelyonthebeam.
ReadyAbout(prêtàvirer):Thehelmsman’swarningthatheintendstotack.
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Reciprocal(réciproque):a180-degreedifferenceindirection;theoppositeorreversecourseorbearing.
Recurvature(recourbement):Theveeringofahurricane’spath,usuallyfromwesterlyorsouthwesterlytonortherlyorevennortheasterly,asitleavesthetradewindbelt.
Reef(ris,récif):(1)toreduceorshortensail;(2)arockybottomformationclosetothesurfaceofthewater.
ReefKnot(noeudplat):aknotforjoiningthetwoendsofalinethatgoesaroundsomething,suchasabundle,orthebunchedcanvasofareefedsail.
Reefpoints(garcettesderis):shortlinesattachedinarowoneachsideofthesailfortyingdownthereefedportionofthesail.
Reeve(capeler):Topassalinethroughablock.
Referenceport(Port/Stationderéférence):Alocationforwhichpredictionsoftidalinformationarepublishedintheformofdailytablesoftimesofheightsoflowandhighwater
Referencestation(Port/stationderéférencedecourant):Alocationforwhichpredictionsoftidalinformationarepublishedintheformofdailytablesofmaximumratesandtimesofturnsforcurrents
Reflection(Réflexion):Thephenomenonofsound,lightorelectromagneticwavesbeingbouncedatanangleoffasurface.
Refraction(Réfraction):Anopticalphenomenoninwhichlightisbentatananglewhenpassingfromonemediumtoanother.Lightbendstowardthenormalwhenenteringadensermedium.Anexampleisthefocusingoflightraysbyacameralens.
RelativeBearing(gisement):Thedirectionofanobjectwithrespecttothebowofaboat.Itisindependentofthecompassdirectionoftheobject.SeeBearing,Relative
RelativeHumidityHumiditérelative):Theratiobetweentheamountofwatervapouractuallypresentintheair,totheamountitcouldholdatsaturationatthattemperature.
Relativewind(ventrelative):seeapparentwind.
Resolution(résolution):Theabilityofaradarunittoshowtwoobjectsthatareclosetoeachotherasseparatetargets,ratherthanhavethemmergeintoasingleblip.
Return(retour):Areflectionofatransmittedradarpulsefromanobject:alsocalledanecho,intruder,targetorcontact.
Reverse(marchearrière):goastern.
Rhumbline(Loxodromie):AstraightlineonaMercatorchartintersectingallmeridiansatthesameangle.
Ridge(crête):Anelongatedatmosphericareaofrelativelyhighpressure,extendingfromthecentreofahighpressureregion;theoppositeofatrough.
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Rig(gréer,gréement):(1)Toprepareaboatforsailing.(2)Anarrangementofsparsandsails(e.g.,asonasloop).
Rigging(gréement):aninclusivetermforallthewiresandlinesusedtosupportmastsandtocontrolsparsandsails.
Rightascension(Ascensiondroite):AnangularmeasurementusedbyastronomerstolocatestarsmeasuredeastwardfromthefirstpointofAriesfrom0°through360°(24hours).
RightingArm(brasdelevierderedressement):Thehorizontaldistancebetweentheverticallinethroughthecentreofbuoyancyandtheverticallinethroughthecentreofgravity.
Righting Moment (moment du couple de redressement): The righting arm multiplied by the yacht’sdisplacement.
Rime(givre):Alightcoatingoficecausedbythefreezingonimpactofverysmalldropletsofsupercooledwater.Usuallyformsonthewindwardsideofobjects.
Rip(ride):seeTideRip
Roach (rondde la chute):Thepartof a sail thatextendsbeyonda straight line from thehead to theclew.
ROC(M)(certificaterestraintd’opérateur(maritime)):RestrictedOperator’sCertificate(Maritime).
Rode(câblot):alineand/orchainattachingtheanchortotheboat.
RollerFurling(enrouleur):Reducingtheareaofajibbyrollingitarounditsluffwire.
RollerReefing(prisedetours):Reducingtheareaofasailbyrollingitaroundtheboom.
Rolling(roulis):Oscillationofaboataroundalongitudinalaxis.
RollingHitch(noeuddebosse):Ausefulhitchforattachingalinetoapostortoanothertautline.
Rope(cordage).Cordagemadeofnaturalorsyntheticfibres;canbemadeofsteelwire.
RopeClutch(taquetautocoinceur):Linestoppersorropeclutchesoperateonacamandleverprinciple.They take the loadoff of thewinch, freeing thewinch for usewith a different line. They enableonewinchtoserviceseverallines.SeeLineStopper.
RossbyWaves(ondesdeRossby):Meandering,longwavepatternsofwesterlyairflowintheuppertroposphere.
RoundTurn(tourmort):Acompleteturnoflinearoundacleat,bitt,orpost.
Rudder(gouvernail):theunderwaterportionofthesteeringmechanism,usuallyaflatpieceofwoodormetal.
RudderPost(longerondegouvernededirection):Theshafttowhichtherudderbladeisattached.Thetillerorothersteeringapparatusisaffixedtotheotherend.
Rulesoftheroad(règlesderoute):rulesgoverningthesafeoperationofboatsonthewater.
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Running(courirlargue):sailingwiththewindalmostdirectlybehindtheboat.
RunningaRange(suivreunalignement):tooperateavesselalongarange,eitherman-madeornatural
RunningBackstay(bastaque):Staysthatcounteractforcesfromaninnerforestay;mustbetendedasboattacksorjibes.
Runningfix(pointtransporté):apositiondeterminedbytheuseofbearingsthathaveanappreciabletimedifferencebetweenthem.
Runninglights(feuxderoute):lightsrequiredundertheCollisionRegulationswhenaboatisunderway.
Runningrigging(gréementcourant):allriggingusedinhoisting,lowering,andtrimmingthesailsandinhandlingthespars,centreboard,etc.
S
Safetycommunications(communicationdesécurité):Thetransmissionofmessagesdealingwithhazardstonavigationandmeteorologicalinformation.
SafetyHarness (harnais de sécurité):Webbedbelt-based assembly that,when attached to the vesselwith a tether, physically connects you to the boat to prevent you from falling overboard or beingseparatedfromtheboat.
Saffir-SimpsonScale(échelleSaffir-Simpson):Methodofassessinghurricanestrengthbydegreeofdamagecaused,ratherthanbyactualwindvelocity;numericalscalefrom1to5(mildtocatastrophicdamage).
Sailcover(Tauddevoile):acover,usuallyforamainsail,usedtoprotectthesailwhenitisfurledontheboom.
SailSlides(coulisseau):Metalorplasticfastenersattachedtotheedgeofasailandthatrideonatrackonthemastorboom.
SailSlugs (coulisseau):Smallmetalorplasticcylinderssewnto theedgeofasailwhich fit intoasparcovetoattachthesailtothespar.
SailTwist(vrillage):Tendencyforthetopofafore-and-aftsailtosagfarthertoleewardthanthefootofthesail.
Sailboard(plancheàvoile):surfboardwithaboom,sail,daggerboard,andfixedrudder,sailedbyonepersonstandingup(alsocalledawindsurfer).
SailingOff(laisserporter):Anintentionalchangeofcourseawayfromthewind.
SailingPlan(planderoute):Theitineraryforacruise;itisfiledwithsomeoneashore.
Sailings(Parcours):Mathematicalsolutionsofnavigationalproblemsinvolvingcourse,distance,differenceinlatitude,differenceinlongitude,anddeparture.
SAR(Rechercheetsauvetage):SearchandRescue.
SART(SART):SearchandRescueTransponder.
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Satellitenavigation(naviguerparsatellite):seeGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS).
SaturatedAdiabaticLapseRate(gradientadiabatiquedel’airsaturé):Rateofchangeoftemperaturewithaltitude,insaturatedairinverticalmotion.
Saturation(saturation):Theconditioninwhichairholdsasmuchwatervapourasispossibleatthattemperatureandpressure.
S-Band(bandeS):radiowavesthathavea10centimetrewavelength;oftenusedatairportsandmaybeusedonlargeships;thefrequencyisabout3,000MHz.SeealsoX-Band.
SC-101(SC-101):AU.S.specificationstandardforDigitalSelectiveCalling.
Scale(échelle):ofachart,theratioofthedistanceonacharttodistanceontheearth’ssurface(forinstance,ascaleof1:80000indicatesthatonecentimetreonthechartrepresentsadistanceof80000centimetresontheearth’ssurface).
ScannerUnit(moduledebalyage):Thecomponentofaradarsystemcontainingtheradartransmitter,receiver,antenna,motorandotherelectroniccomponentsneededtotransmitandreceiveradarenergy.
Schooner(schooner):Avesselwithtwoormoremastsriggedfore-and-aft,withtheforwardmastbeingshorterorequalinheighttotheaftmast.
Scope(touée):theratioofthelengthofanchorrodetothedistancefromchocktothebottom.
Screen(écran):thepartofaradarorotherelectronicunitonwhichpicturesappear.Somescreensarecathoderaytubes(CRT)andsomeareLiquidCrystalDisplays(LCD).
Scud(fractostratus,fuir):(1)Thin,low,fast-movingclouds.(2)Torunoffbeforeastrongwind.
Scull(godille):Topropelaboatwithasingleoaratthesternorwiththerudder.
Scupper(dalot):Anopeningintherailorbulwarktopermitwatertodrainoverboard.
SD(SD):SecureDigital,aformatofremovabledigitalstoragemediaforPDAs,etc.
Sea(Étatdelamer):Asystemofwavesthatarestillbeingblownbythewindforcethatcreatedthem.Usuallyirregularandchoppy,unlikeswell.
Sea Anchor (ancre flottante): A drag-producing device, usually cone shaped, used to slow a boat'smovement.
SeaBreeze (brise demer):Anonshorebreeze—one that blows fromover thewater towards the shore,causedbythemorerapidheatingofthelandinthedaytime,withresultingrisingaircurrentsoverthelandandaninflowofairfromtheseatoreplaceit.
SeaClutter(fouillisdemer):Theappearanceonaradardisplayscreenofsignalsreflectedfromthetopsofwavesinchoppyseas.
SeaReturn(fouillisdemer):(SeeSeaClutter).
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SeaRoom(merlibre):Navigablewatersufficientforsafemanoeuvring.
Seacock(Vannedecoque):ashut-offonathrough-hullfitting.
Seakindly(Tenirlamer):Describesaboatwitheasymotion.
Seamanship(Matelotage):Theartofoperatingashiporboat.
SearchandRescueTranspondeur(SART)(transpondeurderechercheetdesauvetage):Aportableradarbeacontohelpsearchandrescuersfinddistressedvessels.
Seaworthy(apteàprendrelamer):Saidofaboatthatisinfitconditiontogotosea.
Secondaryport(Port/stationsecondaire):Alocationforwhichthetimeandheightofhighandlowwaterarepublishedrelativetoareferenceport
Secondarystation(Port/stationsecondairedecourant):Alocationforwhichtimedifferenceandratefactorsarepublishedrelativetoatidalreferenceport.
Secure(arimer):tomakefast(tieup).
Security(sécurité):TheradiokeywordusedtoindicatethataSafetymessageistofollow.
Seelonce(silence):TheinternationalradiowordforSilence.
Seiche(seiche):Theoscillationofwaterinalakethatfollowsawindset-up.Itslowlysubsidesoveronetotwodays.(Seeset-up)
Seize(brider):Tobindbymanywrappingsofsmallline.
Seizing(àtraduire):Smallstuffforbinding.
SelectiveAvailability(disponibilitéselective):ThefeatureoftheGPSwhichallowstheUSDepartmentofDefenceto"selectively"introduceerrorsintotheGPSsignalsreceivedbynon-militaryusers,for"securityreasons".Itwas"zeroed"byorderofPresidentClintononthefirstofMay2000,butitcanbereintroducedduringtimesofinternationalcrisiswithoutpriorwarning.
Self-rescue(autosauveteur):whenaboatisrighted,bailedclearofwater,boardedandoperatedinthenormalmannerbyitscrewwithoutoutsideassistance.
Self-tending(autovireur):Asailthatwillchangepositionbyitselfduringatackorjibe.
Semi-diameter(Semi-diamètre):Onehalfthediameterofanobservedcelestialbodymeasuredinminutesofarc.
Semi-displacementhull(coqueàsemi-déplacement):ahullthatperformspartlyasadisplacementhullandpartlyasaplaninghull.
Semi-diurnal(Semi-diurne):Atidewithtwohighwatersandtwolowwatersdailyofapproximatelythesameheight
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Sensiblehorizon(Horizonsensible):Thecircleformedonthecelestialspherebytheintersectionofahorizontalplanethroughtheeyeoftheobserverperpendiculartozenith-nadirline.
Sentinel(marguerite):seekellet.
Separation(décrochage,separation):Detachmentofairinasmoothlaminarflowfromtheleewardsideofasail.SeeStall.
Set(directionducourant,àtraduire,crocheruneancre):(1)thedirectioninwhichacurrentflows;(2)theangularrelationshipofthesailstothewind;(3)todigananchorfirmlyintothebottom.
Set-up(transfert):Theprocesswherebystrongwindsblowingdownthelengthofalakecausewaterto“pileup”atthedownwindend,raisingwaterlevelsthere,andloweringthemattheupwindendofthelake.
Sextant(Sextant):Aprecisionhandheldinstrumentusedtomeasureanglestoahighdegreeofaccuracy;e.g.altitudeanglesofcelestialbodies,heightsofobjectsandhorizontalanglesbetweenobjects.
Sextantaltitude(Hauteurdesextant):Theangleindicatedbyasextantbeforecorrectionsareapplied.
Shackle (manille):AU-shapedmetal devicewith removablepinused to connect a sail, chain, line, orfitting.
Shadow(ombre):Whenaradarbeamstrikesoneobject,anotherobjectbehindthefirstissaidtobeshadowedbyit.
Sheave(réa):Awheelwithinablockorpulley,whoseouterrimisgroovedtoreceivealine.
Sheepshank(noeuddejambedechien):Aknotusedtotemporarilyshortenaline.
Sheer(tonture,embardée):(1)theshapeofadecklineasseenfromapointabeam;(2)awideswing“offcourse”.
Sheet(écoute):alineusedtocontrolthetrimofasail.
Sheetbend(noeudd’écoute):aknotusedprincipallyforjoiningtworopesofequalordifferentdiameters(seealsodoublesheetbend).
Shift(passez):UsedinradiocommunicationtoindicateachangetoanotherVHFchannel.
Shipstation(stationdenavire):Amobileradiostation.
Ship'sHeadingLine(lignedefoi):Alinedisplayedonaradarscreentoshowtheship'sheading.Typicallyitappearsatanazimuthof000°.Itmayalsobeshownattheactualtrueormagneticheadingofthevessel,dependingonotherelectronicsavailable.
Ship-to-shore(navireàcôte):Theradiocommunicationlinkbetweenashipstationandashorestation.
Shoal(haut-fond):ashallowareainabodyofwater.
Shoaldraft(faibletirantd’eau):(alsospelledshoaldraught)asappliedtoaboat,onethatissuitableforuseinshallowwater.
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Shortsplice(épissurecourte):ajoiningsplicethatincreasesthediameterofaline.
Showers(averses):Precipitationfromcloudsofverticaldevelopment.Usuallyofshortduration,startingandstoppingquickly.
Shroud(hauban):partofthe“standingrigging”,providingathwartshipssupportforthemast(usuallywire).
ShroudRoller(gained’hauban):Atubeinstalledontheshroudsanddesignedtoturnfreelyinordertominimizechafingofthesheetsandsails.
SidelobeLobesecondaire):Energyemittedfromaradarantennaotherthanthatfromthemainlobe,muchsmallerinpowerlevelthanthemainlobe.
Siderealhourangle(Anglehorairesidéral):TheangulardistanceofthehourcircleofacelestialbodymeasuredwestwardfromthehourcircleofthevernalequinoxorAries,measuredfrom0°to360°alongtheparallelofdeclination.
Siderealtime(Heuresidérale):TimebasedontherotationoftheearthrelativetothefirstpointofAries:maybedesignatedasGreenwichorlocalaccordingtothereferencemeridian.
Sight(Visée):Asextantobservationofaltitudeofacelestialbody.
Sightreduction(Calculsastronomiquesd’unevisée):Theprocessofconvertingacelestialsighttoalineofposition(LOP),usingappropriateNauticalAlmanacdata
Signal(signal):(1)anactionmadebyvisualorauditorymeanstoattractattentionorconveyamessage.(2)Anelectricalvariationofeitheracontinuousornon-continuousnature,whichcanbeinterpretedasinformation.(3)Inradio,thetransmissionofadesignatedinternationalwordthatalertsstationsthataspecificcallandmessagearetofollow.
Simplex(simplex):Useofasinglefrequencyforbothtransmittingandreceiving.SeeDuplex
Skeg(aileron,talonnière):aprojectionaftofthekeelordeadwoodunderthepropeller.
Skipzone(zonedesilence):theareawherenoradiosignalisreceived,betweentheouterlimitofreceptionofgroundwavesandtheinnerlimitofreceptionofskywaves.
Skipper(chefdebord):theindividualwhoisincommandofavessel.
Slackwater(étale):(alsocalledturn)themomentwhenthereisnohorizontalmotionofthewaterandthecurrentisturning:thatis,themomentwhenthecurrenthasceasedtoebbandisabouttoflood,orthemomentwhenthecurrenthasceasedtofloodandisabouttoebb.
Sleep(sommeil):astandbymodeofaradartransmitterorotherelectronicdevicedesignedtosavepower.
Slew (pivoter): (verb) To rotate about some point in the object. (noun) The position of an object that hasslewed.
Slides(coulisseaux):fittingssecuredtotheluff(forwardedge)ofasailandslidinginatrack,toholdthesailagainstthemast.
SlippedReefKnot(Noeudplatgansé):Areefknotthatcanbeuntiedveryquicklyandeasily.
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Sloop(sloop):Single-mastedsailboatwiththemaststeppedlessthan40%ofboatlengthaftofthebowandsettingamainsailandoneormoretriangularheadsails.
SlotEffect(effetdecouloir):Theeffectonairflowbetweentwosails,causedbythemutualinteractionofthesails.
SlowTimeConstant(STC)(French?):Aradarfiltercontrol,usedtoreducetheinterferencecausedbynearbywaves(seaclutter)reflectingtheradarbeambacktotheantenna.
Slugs(mousqueton):Sailslugsareusedtosecuremainsormizzenstotheirspars.Theyareshortsegmentsofcylindricalrod,plasticorstainless,attachedoutboardoftheluff(andfoot,ifsorigged)andinsertedintheslotofthespar.
Smallstuff(Ficelle):cordagelessthan6millimetresindiameter.
Smog(smog):Onceexplainedasacompoundofsmokeandfog,itismoreaccuratelydefinedasamixtureofchemicalpollutants,createdbythesun’sreactionontheexhaustgasesofvehiclesandindustrialprocesses.Ozoneisalsopresent.
SnapShackle(mousquetonàresort):Ashacklewitharetractablespring-loadedpin.
SnatchBlock(galoche).Ablockwithahingedhookthatcanbeopenedtoreceiveorreleasealine.
Snow(neige):Precipitationintheformoficecrystals.Largestsnowflakesoccurattemperaturesslightlybelowfreezing,whentheicecrystalssticktogethermore.
Snub(Freinerunemanœuvre):Tostopalinerunningoutbytakingaturnaroundabittorcleat.
Softchine(Coqueenforme):aroundedchine.
SOLAS(SOLAS):InternationalConventionforSafetyofLifeatSea.Referstothe1974InternationalConventionforSafetyofLifeatSeaConvention,atreatythatgovernstheminimumstandardsofconstruction,operation,andequipmentofmerchantshipswhichareconsistentwithsafety.
Solstice(Solstice):Thepointontheeclipticatwhichthesunreachesmaximumdeclination:farthestnorthatsummersolstice(about21June)orfarthestsouthatwintersolstice(about22December)ofthecelestialequator.Alsotheinstantatwhichthesunreachesoneofthesolstices.
Soundings(sonde):measurementsofthedepthofthewater.
SouthGeographicPole(pôleSudgéographique):seeTrueSouthPole.
SpadeRudder(gouvernailsuspend):Arudderattachedtotheboatonlybyitsstock.
SpanishBowline(boulineespagnole):Adoubleloopedknotthatcanbeusedtoliftaperson.
Spar(espar):Anyshaftorpoleusedfortheattachmentofasail,suchasthemast,boom,yard,orsprit.
Sparbuoy(bouéedetypeespar):ananchored,floatingsparusedasanaidtonavigation.
SpectrumManagement(gestionduspectre):ThedivisionofIndustryCanadaresponsibleforregulatingandlicensingradiofrequencies.
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Speed(vitesse):therateofaboat’smotionthoughthewater,disregardingtheeffectsofwindandcurrent
Speed Gradient (Gradient de vitesse ou cisaillement): A marked difference in speed between twoadjacentwinds.
Speedmadegood(Vitessesurlefond):Theresultantboatspeedfromapointofdeparturetoapointofarrival,foundbydividingthedistancealongthetrackmadegoodbythetimetakentotravelthatdistance
Speedofadvance(Vitessedeprogression):Intendedorexpectedspeedalongthetrack.
Speedovertheground(Vitesseinstantanée):Actualspeedbeingachievedrelativetotheground.
Spilling(perdreduvent):atechniquetomakeasailineffectivebycausingittoloseitswind.
Spinnaker(spi):Alarge,headsailsetforwardoftheheadstayandusedwhenreachingorrunning.
SpinnakerNet(filetàspi):Aweboflightlinehungintheforetriangle
SpiralRainBands(bandesdepluieenspirales):Bandsofcloudandprecipitation,increasinginheightandintensityastheyspiralintowardtheeyeofahurricane.
Splice(épissure):Joininglinesbyinterweavingthestrands.
Spreader(barredefleche):Astrutfittedtothesideofthemasttoholdoneormoreshroudsawayfromthemast.
Springline(garde):adockinglineleadingeitherforeoraft.
SpringTides(Maréedevive-eau):(US)largerangingtidesassociatedwithnewandfullmoons
Spritsail(voileàlivarde):Aquadrilateralsailwithitsupperaftcornerheldbyashaftthatextendsfromthemastdiagonallyacrossthesailtothecorner.
Squall(grain):Anatmosphericphenomenoncharacterizedbyanabruptandlargeincreaseofwindspeedwithinminutes,whichthensuddenlydiminishes.Squallsareusuallyassociatedwiththunderstorms,andassuchareoftenaccompaniedbyheavyshowers,thunder,andlightning.
Squareknot(noeudplat):seereefknot.
Square sail (voile carrée): A quadrilateral sail set from a yard on square rigged boats, that is mostefficientwhensailingdownwind.
SSB(blu):SingleSideBand.
Stability(stabilité):(1)Astateoftheatmosphereinwhichtheairresistsverticaldisplacement.Warmairovercoldwillleadtostability.(2)thetendencyofavesseltorightitselfafterheeling.
Staff(digon):amastusedtohoistflagsupon.
Stall(décrocher):Theconditionthatariseswhentheairfoil(sail)orhydrofoil(rudder)isturnedtoofaroffandtheflowofairorwaterseparatesfromthefoil;thereisnolongeranattachedflow.
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Stanchion(chandelier):Averticalpostorcolumnusedtosupportadeckorcabintop.
Stand(étaledemare):themomentwhenthereisnoverticalmotionofthewaterandthetideisturning:thatis,themomentwhenthetidehasceasedtofallandisabouttorise(low-waterstand),orthemomentwhenthetidehasceasedtoriseandisabouttofall(high-waterstand).
Standon(priorité,privilégié):tomaintaincourseandspeed.
StandardPositioningService(servicenormaldepositionnement):ThatportionoftheGPSmadeavailabletothepublic-at-largebutsubjecttotheSelectiveAvailabilitydegradationofaccuracyintheinterestsofUSnationalsecurity.
Standardtime(Heurenormale):ThelegalestablishedtimeforagivengeographicalareaashoreoftenusedwithadjectivessuchasEasternStandardTime(EST).
Standby(veille):(1)Placingofaradartransmitterinaninactivemode,butreadyforimmediateuse.(2)aradioinstructionnottotransmit,buttolistenonthefrequencyforafurthertransmissionthatwillbeforthcoming.
StandingPart(dormant):Thepartofaropethatismadefast.
Standingrigging(gréementdormant):thefixedandpermanentrigging,suchasshroudsandstays.
Stand-Onvessel(navireprivilégié):Aterm,fromtheNavigationRules,usedtodescribethevesselthatcontinuesitscourseinthesamedirectionatthesamespeedduringacrossingorovertakingsituation,unlessacollisionappearsimminent.
Starboard(tribord):avessel’sright-handsidewhenfacingforward.
Starboardtack(tribordamures):whenthewindiscomingoverthestarboardsideofaboatundersail.
StationaryFront(frontstationnaire):Thesurfaceboundarybetweenwarmandcoldairmassesinwhichthecoldairisneitheradvancing,norretreating.
StatuteMile(milleterrestre):Usedonland,andonUSAinland(freshwater)navigationandIntracoastalWaterways.Astatutemileis0.87nauticalmiles,or1,609metres,or1,760yards.SeealsoNauticalMile.
Stay(étai,draille):anitemofstandingrigging,providingfore-and-aftsupportforamast.
Staysail(trinquette):Afore-and-afttriangularsailnormallysetuponastayotherthantheheadstayorjibstay.
SteamFog(brouillardd’évaporation):Fogformedbyevaporationfromawarmwatersurface,saturatingoverlyingverycoldair;alsocalledArcticseasmoke.
Steer(barrer):todirectthecourseofavesselbytheuseofthewheelortiller.
Steerageway(errepourgouverner):movementthroughthewaterfastenoughtoenableavesseltorespondtotherudder.
Stem(étrave):theforemostmemberformingthebowofavesselandjoiningthekeelatitslowerend.
Stemhead(Tiged’étrave):Thetopofthetimberthatformsthebowoftheboat.
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StemheadFitting(Davierd’étrave):Ametalcastingmadetofitoverthetopofastemhead.
Stern(poupe):theextremeafterpartofavessel.
Sternline(amarredepointearrière):adockinglinefastenedatthestern.
Sternway(fairemarchearrière):backwardmotionofavessel.
Stiff(stable):(ofaboat)quicktorightitself,havingarapidperiodofroll,andgreatearlystability(seealsotender).
Stock(Jas):Thecrossbarofananchor.
Stop(raban):Strap,line,orshockcordusedtolasharolledsail.
Stopperknot(noeudd’arrêt):aknotintheendofalinetopreventitrunningthroughablock.
StormJib(tourmentin):Averysmall,stronglybuiltjibusedinheavyweather.
StormSurge(razdemare):Amoundofoceanwaterdrawnupbythecentreofahurricane,anddrivenbythestorm’shighwinds;thiscancauseenormouswavesandwidespreaddamageasitreachesland,especiallyifitarrivesatatimeofabnormallyhightide.
StormSwell(houledetempête):Alongswelldevelopingfromthewindwavesofahurricane;movesrapidlyinadvanceofthestormcentre,andleadstodistinctivechangeintheintervalofbreakersonshore.
StormTrysail(voiledecape):Asmall,stronglybuiltsailusedinplaceofthemainsailinstormconditions.
Stow(arrimer):Toputsomethinginitsproperplace.
Strand(échouer,battureestran,ouzoneintertidale):(1)Todriveavesselashoreoraground.(2)Oneofthelaysofarope(thewoundyarnsorfibersthatarewovenwithotherstrandstomakearope).
Stratosphere(stratosphère):Thenextlayeroftheatmospherebeyondthetroposphere,fromwhichitisseparatedbythetropopause.Itextendsto50to60km,andcontainstheozonelayerinitsupperreaches.
Stringer(serre):Afore-and-aftstructuralmemberofahull.
Stripchart(carted’itinéraire):alargescalechartcoveringawaterway,designedprincipallyforpleasurecraftandprintedinalong,narrowform.
Strobelight(feustroboscopique):highintensityflashingemergencylight.
Strongwinds(ventfort):windswithsustainedspeedsintherangeof20to33knots(asdefinedbytheAtmosphericEnvironmentServiceofthefederalDepartmentoftheEnvironment).
Strut(supportd’arbre):anoutboardsupportforapropellershaft.
Sublimation(sublimation):Thetransitionoficetowatervapour,withoutgoingthroughtheliquidstate.
Sunrise(Leverdesoleil):Thecrossingofthevisiblehorizonbytheupperlimboftherisingsun:alsothetimewhenthisoccurs.
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Sunset(Coucherdesoleil):Thecrossingofthevisiblehorizonbytheupperlimbofthesettingsun:alsothetimewhenthisoccurs.
SupercooledWater(surfusion):Waterwhichremainsliquidattemperaturesbelowfreezing.Inthisunnaturalstate,itwillfreezeonimpactwithanycoldsurface.
Superfluouscommunications(communicationsuperflue):Excessiveand/orunnecessarycommunications.
Swamp(inonder):tofillaboatwithwater.
SweatUp(Étarquer):Totightenalineasmuchaspossible.
Sweep(balayage):asinglerotationofaradar'santennatypicallytakingabout3seconds.Thisresultsina`sweep'ofthescreenthatre-paintsanupdatedpictureonthescreen.
Switchandanswer(passezetrépondez):Aradiorequesttochangetoaspecificchannelandrespondtothecall.
Switchto(passezà):Aradiorequesttochangetoaspecificchannel.
SynopticObservations(synoptique):Weatherobservationstakensimultaneouslyataspecifichour,atselectedstationsaroundtheworld.Theybeginat0000UTC(UniversalCoordinatedTime,orGMT)andaretakenat6hourintervalsafterthat.Synopticobservationsareusedtoconstructtheweathermap
SystematicWind(Ventsystémique):Awindcreatedbyflowfromoneairmassintoanotherasopposedtowindcreatedbylocalizedheatingandcooling.
T
Tabernacle(tabernacle):Ahingeatthebaseofamast;permitsloweringthemast.
Tack(amure,pointd’amure,virerventdebout):(1)avesselsailingandunderway,butnot“inirons”,isalwaysoneitheraportorastarboardtack,thenamebeingthatofthewindwardside(ifthewindiscomingoverthesailboat’sportside,sheisonaporttack,andifitiscomingoverthestarboardside,sheisonastarboardtack)(noun);(2)thelowerforwardcornerofafore-and-aftsail(noun);(3)tocomeabout(verb).
Tackle(palan):Anarrangementoflineandblocksusedtoprovideincreasedmechanicaladvantage.
Taffrail(courronnement):Thebulwarkorrailacrossthesternofavessel.
Tail(embraquer):Tohaulonasheetaroundawinchbeingcrankedbyanothercrewmember.
Takewayoff(Casserl’erre):tohaltthemotionofavessel.
Tallboy(Litron):Atallnarrowsailsetclosetoleewardofthemain,usuallywhenaspinnakerisset.
Tang(lattedecapelage):Ametalstrapusedtoattachstandingriggingtothemasts.
Target(cible):Aradarreturnofavesselpaintedonaradarscreen:especiallyonetrackedbyradarunitsthatincorporateARPA,MARPAandsimilarlynamedfunctions.SeeARPA,MARPA,Return
Telltale(pennon):Awinddirectionindicatormadeofabitofcloth,orotherlightmaterial.
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Temperature(température):Commonlydescribedasthedegreeof“hotness”ofabody.Canbemeasuredwithathermometer;twostandardscalesaretheCelsius(C),wherewaterboilsat100°C,andicemeltsat0°C,andtheFahrenheit(F),whereboilingwaterindicates212°F,andmeltingiceshows32°F.
Tender(volage,annexe):(1)(ofaboat)torightitselfslowly,aslowperiodofroll,andlittleearlystability(seealsostiff);(2)asmallboatattachedtemporarilytoalargerone.
Tephigram(téphigramme):Amultiplegraphsocalibratedthatitcanbeusedtoforecastcloudbase,height,type,andprecipitation,basedonreportsfromrawinsondesandotherupperairsources.
ThermalExpansion (dilatation thermique):Physicalpropertyofamaterialbywhich itexpandsas it isheated.Conversely,itcontractsasitcools.
Thimble(cosse):Agroovedmetalloop,aroundwhicharopeorwireropemaybespliced,thusmakingthesplicedeyemoreresistanttochafing.
Throat(machoiredecorne):Upperforwardcornerofaquadrilateralfore-and-aftsail.
Thrust(poussée):theforceappliedbythepropeller.
Thunderstorm(orage):Astorminvolvingextremeverticaldevelopment,leadingtocumulonimbuscloud,andproducingheavy,shower-typeprecipitation,occasionallyofhail.Otherhazardsarelightningandverystrong,gustywindswhichleadtowavesandbadvisibilityinblowingspray.
Thwart(bancdenage):(1)Atransverseseatinaboat.(2)atransversestructuralelement
Thwartships(Parletravers):Atrightanglestothefore-and-aftline(seeAthwartship).
Tidalcurrent(courantdemare):currentduetotidalaction.
Tidaldatum(niveaudereferencemarégraphique):(1)Unlessotherwisestated,thisisthesameaschartdatumforagivenlocality.(2)Aplanebelowwhichthetidewillseldomfall.SeeChartDatum
Tide(marée):theverticalriseandfallofwatercausedbythegravitationalpullofthemoonandsun.
Tiderip(contre-courantdemare):aconfused,tumblingsurfacecondition,typicallycausedbyatidalcurrentpassingoveranirregularbottomorbydifferentcurrentsinteractingwitheachother.
Tiller(barre,barrefranche):ahandleattachedtotheupperendoftherudderpostforsteering.
Time(Heure):(1)Theinstantofthedayreckonedbythepositionofacelestialreferencepointsuchasthemeansunrelativetoareferencecelestialmeridian.(2)Ameasureoftheelapsedtimeintervalbetweentwoevents.
Timediagram(Graphiquehoraire):Adiagraminwhichthecelestialequator,asviewedfromthesouthcelestialpole,isrepresentedbyacircleandthehourcirclesarerepresentedbyradiallines.
TimeofClosestPointofApproach(TCPA)(heureaupointderapprochementmaximal):Theestimatedtimeatwhichtwovesselswillcomeclosesttoeachother.SeealsoARPA,BCPAandMARPA.
Timetoarc(Heureenarc):Theconvertingoftimeinhours(hh)minutes(mm)andseconds(ss)toarcindegrees.
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TimeToGo(tempsjusqu’auprochainpointoudestination):Thetimepredictedasremaininguntilaneventofinterestoccurs,suchasarrivingatawaypointetc.Theelectronicdisplayusually"countsdown".
Timezone(Fuseauhoraire):Azone,usually15°oflongitudewide,inwhichthesametimeiskeptthroughout.
TitleBlock(cartouche):Anareaofthechartwhereimportantinformationaboutitisshown..
Toggle(chapecardan):AU-shapedfittinglinkingaturnbucklewithachainplate;itpermitsmovementsotheturnbuckleisnotbentwhenthestayispulledoutofline.Also,asmallwoodencrosspieceattheendofaline,passedthroughaneyeorloopofanotherlineaswhenbendingaflagontoahalyard.
ToppingLift(balancine):Alineusedtosupportaboomendand/oraspinnakerpole.
Topsides(oeuvresmortes):thesidesofahullbetweenthewaterlineandthegunwale.
Tornado(tornado):Aviolentlyrotatingcolumnofair,incontactwiththesurface,suspendedfromacumulonimbuscloud,andoften(butnotalways)visibleasafunnelcloud.
Track(tracé):(1).Ametalpieceontheafteredgeofamastortopofaboomonwhichsailslidesrun.(2),ametalstripondeckforcarswithblocksforadjustingsheetleads.(3)Theactualpathofavesselovertheground.(4)ForGPSreceiver,aseriesofpoints(definedbylatitude,longitude,andtime)thatshowsahistoryofwhereaboathasbeen.
TrackError(écartderoute):Anowrarelyusedtermtoindicatetheamountof"error"inangleordistanceyouare"offtrack"fromthedesiredcourse.SeeXTE.
Trackball(bouledecommande):acontrolpaneldevicedesignedasaballconfigurationandactivatedbyamanualrotatingmotiontocontrolfeaturesshownonanelectronicdisplay:behavessimilarlytoacomputermouse.
Tradewinds(Ventd’alizée):Circumferentialbandsofsurfacewindsflowingfromthehorse-latitudehighstowardthelow-pressuredoldrumsattheequator.Thesewindsaredeflectedwestward(makingthemeasterly)bytheCoriolisEffect.Tradewindsoccurinbothhemispheresbetween30°and0°latitude.
Traffic(traffic):Radiocommunicationbetweenstations.
Trail(piste):asolidordottedline,oraseriesofblipsonanelectronicscreen,thatmarksthepathtracedbyaboatorboats.
Transducer (transducteur): Element of a depth sounder that translates electromagnetic pulses intoultrasonicpulsesandviceversa.Usually,containsabariumtitanatecrystal.
Transit(Passage):Thepassageofacelestialbodyacrossacelestialmeridian.SeeMeridiantransit.
Transmit(transmettre):Theissuanceofradiowavesusedincommunication.
Transmitswitch(interrupteurdetransmission):Thedeviceattachedtoamicrophonethat,whendepressed,allowstheoperatortotransmitradiowaves.
Transmitter(émetteur):thatportionofaradarorradiounitthatgeneratesradiowaves.
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Transom(tableau):thetransversepartofthehullclosingoffthesternofavessel.
Transponder(transpondeur):Aradiotransceiverthatautomaticallyrespondstoaradarsignal.
Trapeze (trapeze):A line fromthemast thatcanbeusedby thecrewmanofasmallboat tosuspendhimselfoutboardoftheboat,therebyincreasingthestabilityoftheboat.
Traveller(barred’écoute)Asail-positioningsystemcomposedofatrackonwhichslidesacar,attachedtoblocks,topermitpositioningsheetleadsunderload.
Traverse(Routeéquivalente):Aseriesofdirectionsanddistancessuchasthosetakenbyasailboattackingtoreachadestinationwindward.
TraverseSailing(Parcoursparrouteéquivalente):Amethodofdeterminingcourseanddistancemadegoodbyatraverse.
Trim(réglerlesvoiles,allure,assiette):(1)thesetofasail(noun);(2)thefore-and-aftorathwartshipattitudeofavessel,withrespecttothewaterline(noun);(3)toadjustthesetofthesails(verb);(4)toalterthefore-and-aftorathwartshipbalanceofthevessel(verb).
Trimaran(trimaran):aboatwiththreehullsjoinedwithacommondeck.
Tripplan(plandecroisière):theitineraryforacruise;itisfiledwithsomeoneashore.
TropicalCyclone(cyclonetropical):Aviolentlowpressurestormofthetropics.
TropicalDepression(depressiontropicale):Aclosedcirculationlowpressureareaoftropicalorigin,withwindsof20knto34kn.
TropicalDisturbance(perturbationtropicale):Amovinggroupofthunderstormsinthetropics,whichhasmaintaineditsidentityfor24hours.
TropicalStorm(tempêtetropicale):Atropicalcyclonewithsustainedwindsof35knto63kn
Tropopause(tropopause):Thetransitionbetweenthetroposphereandthestratospherewithalapserateof0.
Troposphere(troposphère):Thelowestmajordivisionoftheatmosphere,varyingindepthfrom16kmattheequator,to8kmatthepoles.Temperaturedecreaseswithheightthroughoutthetroposphere,whichalsocontainsthemajorityofthewatervapourwhichisthesourceofourweather.
Trough(creuxbarométrique):Anelongatedareaofrelativelylowpressure,extendingfromthecentreofalowpressureregion.Itistheoppositeofaridge.
TROWAL(valléed’airchaudenaltitude):Troughofwarmairaloft.Similarinstructuretoanocclusion,butwithnotemperaturechangeatthesurface(Notedifferentsymbolonweathercharts).
Truck(têtedemât):acapthatfitsovertheheadofamast.Itmayhavesheavesforhalyards.
Truebearing(relèvementvrai):seebearing,true.
TrueCourse(routevraie):Inradar,theactualcourseofaboatcomparedtotheground.Theradarscreendepictsrelativemotionoftargetsratherthantruecourse.
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TrueNorth(nordvrai):thedirectiontothetruenorthpole.
TrueNorthPole(pôleNordvrai):thepointatwhichtheearth’saxisintersectstheearth’ssurfaceinthenorthernhemisphere(calledalsonorthgeographicpole).
TrueSouthPole(pôleSudvrai):thepointatwhichtheearth’saxisintersectstheearth’ssurfaceinthesouthernhemisphere(calledalsosouthgeographicpole).
TrueSpeed(vitessevraie):Inradar,theactualspeedofaboatortargetovertheground.Radardepictsanobject'sspeedrelativetoaboatratherthantruespeed.
Truewind(ventvrai):thedirectionandvelocityofthewindasobservedfromastationarypoint.
Tsunami(Tsunami):Ashallowbutextremelyfastwave,whichdoesnotattaingreatheightuntilitreachestheshallows;formedbyaseismicdisturbancebelowtheocean.(Thisisnottobeconfusedwiththestormsurgeassociatedwithahurricane.)
Turn(renverse):seeslackwater.
Turnbuckle(ridoir):Atension-adjustingdevicefortighteningwireriggingorcable,composedofthreadedrodsinsideathreadedbarrel.
Turningblock (pouliede renvoie,de rappel):Ablockused tochange thedirectionofa line, suchasasheetorhalyard,tomakehaulingmoreconvenient.
Twilight(crépuscule):Theperiodofincompletedarknessfollowingsunsetorprecedingsunrise.Seeciviltwilightandnauticaltwilight.
TwoBlock(poulieavectaquetoucoinceur;àbloc):(1)Atacklethathasbeenpulledtobringtheblockstogether.(2)Ahalyardthathasbeenhoistedalltheway.
Typhoon(typhon):AtropicalcycloneintheNorthPacificOcean,withwindsinexcessof64kn.
U
Uncorrecting(adaptation):theconversionofcoursesorbearingsfromtruetomagnetictocompass.
UnderBarePoles(àsec):Sailing(underway)withnosailsetandbeingdrivenonlybytheforceofthewindonhull,spars,andrigging,usuallyaheavyweatherprecaution.
Under Power (àminimumde puissance):Any boat, including sailboats, being propelled by an engineeventhoughsailmaybeset.
Underway(faisantroute):notatanchor,aground,ormadefasttoshore.
Undocking(larguerlesamarres):themanoeuvretoleaveadock,wharf,orjetty.
UniversalCoordinatedTime(UTC)(tempsuniverselcoordonné):InternationallyusedtimestandardbasedonInternationalAtomicTimewithleapsecondsaddedatirregularintervals:equivalenttoGreenwichMeanTime.
Universaltime(Heureuniverselle):Meantimebasedontherotationoftheearthdeterminedfromastronomicalobservations.UsedintheNauticalAlmanacfortabulationofGHAanddeclinationofcelestial
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bodies.Forpurposesofmarinenavigation,equivalenttoGreenwichmeantime(GMT).SeeCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)andGreenwichmeantime(GMT).
Unship(Retirer;detacher;débarquer):Toremoveanobjectfromitsregularplaceofuse.
Unstable(instability):Aturbulent,convectivestateintheatmosphere,resultingfromarapiddecreaseinairtemperaturewithaltitude.
UnstableWave(ondeinstable):Waveonafrontalsurface,havingacriticalwavelengthwhichmayleadtofrontogenesis.
UpperAirChart(cartedel’airenaltitude):Basedonreportsfromrawinsondesandhigh-flyingaircraft,thesearecoordinatedwithsurfaceweatherplotstocreateanin-depthpictureoftheweather.
Upperbranch(Branchesupérieure):Thathalfofameridianorcelestialmeridianfrompoletopolewhichpassesthroughaplaceoritszenith.
Upperlimb(Limbesupérieur):Theupperpartofthecircumferenceofthesunormoon.
Urgencycommunications(communicationd’urgence):ThetrafficthatfollowstheUrgencykeyword‘PanPan’.
URL(URL):Uniformresourcelocator;anaddressontheInternet.
UT(UT-heureuniverselle):SeeUTC
UTC(UTC–heureuniversellecoordonnée):CoordinatedUniversalTime;Theprimarytimestandardbywhichtheworldregulatesclocksandtime.FormostpurposesUTCissynonymouswithGreenwichMeanTime,butGMTisnolongerpreciselydefinedbythescientificcommunity.MaybereferredtoasZULUtime.
UTM(quadrillageUTM):UniversalTransverseMercatorGrid.Gridsystemusedontopographicalchartsinsteadoflatitudeandlongitude.
V
Vang(palandegardeouderetenue):Alineorpurchaseusedtoassistinpositioningaboomorgaff.
VariableRangeMarker(VRM)(marqueursdedistancevariable:Amovableringonaradardisplayscreen,whichcanbevariedinitspositionbymeansofatrackballorrotatingcontrol.Themarkplacedoverareturnallowstherangetobedeterminedanddisplayed.
Variation(déclinaison):theangulardifferencebetweentruenorthandmagneticnorth.
Vector (vecteur):Aquantity thathasbothmagnitudeanddirection,commonlyrepresentedbyanarrow.The lengthof thearrow represents themagnitude; thedirection inwhich thearrow flies represents thedirectioninwhichthequantityacts.
VectorChart(cartevectorielle):andelectronicchartbasedondigitizedinformationfromapaperchart
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Veer(adonner,haler):Achangeofwinddirectioninaclockwisedirection(e.g.,fromwesttonorthwesttonorth):theoppositeof“backing”.Note:Winddirectionisalwaysreportedasthedirectionfromwhichthewindisblowing.
VelocityMadeGood(vitesseefficace):Thespeedthevesselismakingdirectlytowardsaparticulardestinationsuchasaselectedwaypoint.
Vernalequinox(Équinoxevernal):SeefirstpointofAries.
Vernier(Vernier):Ashortauxiliaryscalealongsidethegraduatedscaleofamarinesextanttoallowprecisereadingoffractionsofaminute.
VerticalBeamwidth(largeurverticaldufaisceau):Theangularwidth(theanglebetweenhalf-powerintensifies)ofradarenergytransmittedintheverticalplane.
Verticalcircle(Cerclevertical):Agreatcircleofthecelestialsphererunningthroughtheobserver’szenithandnadirinaplaneperpendiculartothehorizon.Seeprimevertical.
VHF(VHF):VeryHighFrequency(30MHz–300MHz).
VHF-DSC(VHF-DSC):VeryHighFrequencyDigitalSelectiveCalling.
Visibility(visibilité):Theextremehorizontaldistanceatwhichprominentobjectscanbeseenandidentifiedbytheunaidedeye.
Visiblehorizon(Horizonvisible):Thelinewhereearthandskyappeartomeet.
W
WAAS(WAAS):WideAreaAugmentationSystem.AsystemdevelopedbytheUSFederalAviationAgencytoprovideextremelyaccurateGPSsignalsforaircraftnavigation.PrecisioncoverageextendsfromHawaiitoPuertoRicoandMexicotosomeofthesouthernpartsofCanadaandabout100+milesouttoseaaroundmostofthecontinent.
Wake(sillage):thedisturbedcolumnofwateraroundandbehindamovingboat,whichissetintomotionbythepassageoftheboat.
WAN(WAN):WideAreaNetwork,connectingcomputersbetweendistantlocations(possiblyothercitiesorcountries).SeeLAN
WarmFront(frontchaud):Thesurfaceboundarybetweenwarmandcoldairwherethewarmairisreplacingretreatingcoldair.
WarmSector(secteurchaud):Inafrontaldepression,thewarmairbetweenthewarmandcoldfronts.Theweatheratbothwarmandcoldfrontsisactuallydependentonthecharacteristicsoftheairinthewarmsector.
Warp(Déhaler;traînard):(1)Tomanoeuveraboatbyhaulingonalinefastenedtoafixedobjectsuchasacleat,pile,bollardoranchor.(2)Thelineusedinwarping.(3)Alinestreamedbehindaboattoslowitdown.
Wash (houache, remous):Turbulent flowofwater leftbyamovingboatorasa resultofaboat’s turningpropeller(s).Also,therushorsweepingofwavesonabank,shore,orvessel.
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Watch(Veille/Quart/Montre):(1)Inweatheradvisories,abulletinindicatingthatahazardousconditionsuchasatornadoorflashfloodmaydevelop.(2)Aperiodoftimeduringwhichacrewmemberisonduty.(3)Aportablemechanicalorelectronicdeviceformeasuringtime.
WatchTime(Heuredelamontre):Thehourofthedayasindicatedbyawatchorclock;usuallyexpressedin24-hourtimeora12-hourcycleandlabeledAMorPM.
WaterVapour(vapeurd’eau):Agas.Thevapourstageofwater.Presentinallatmosphericair.
Waterline(lignedeflottaison):meansthewaterlineattherecommendedmaximumgrossloadcapacity.
WaterlineLength(longueuràlalignedeflottaison):Themeasurementalongthewaterlinefromthepointwherethebowtouchesthewatertothepointwherethesternemergesfromthewater.
Waterspout(trombe):Maybeatornadowhichispassingoverwater.Morecommonisawaterspoutwhichoccursbelowafast-buildingcumulusortoweringcumuluscloud.Althoughmuchlessdestructivethanthetornado,thistypeisstillnottobeignoredbecausethecorewindscanstillbedangeroustosmallervessels.
WaveintheEasterlies(ondesdanslesventsd’est):Basically,animperfectioninthesmoothflowofthetradesneartheequator;mustbewatched,sinceitmayeventuallydevelopintoahurricane.
Way(Erre):Movementofavesselthroughthewater,suchasheadway,sternwayorleeway.
Waypoint(pointderoute):anylocationwhichcanbedefinedbyitscoordinatesandstoredwithinanelectronicnavigationsystem.
Wear(empanner):Changetacksbyjibinginsteadoftacking.
Weather(météo,côtéauvent):(1)Theconditionoftheatmosphereatanygiventimeandplace.(2)Thewindwardside.
WeatherHelm (barredessous,ardent):Aconditionof imbalance that requires the tiller tobeheld toweathertokeeptheboatonastraightcourse.
WeatherMap(cartemétéo):AmapproducedintheWeatherOfficebyplottingdatareceivedfrommanyobservingstations.Theobservationsaremadesimultaneouslyatsettimes(“synoptics”),andtheresultsareanalyzedtoproducetheforecasts.
Weatherwarning(avertissementmétéo):Messageaboutcurrentlyoccurringorimminentsevereorhazardousweather.
Weatherwatch(veillemétéo):messageaboutconditionswhichareconductivetothedevelopmentofsevereorhazardousweatherinazone.
WeatheradioCanada(Radio-MétéoCanada):Providesthemostuptodatewarningandforecastavailable;transmitsmarineandotherweatherinrepeatedcycles,ondedicatedVHFfrequencies.
Well-Found(Bienéquipé):Havingallnecessaryequipmentonboard,ingoodcondition.
WettedSurface(surfacemouillée):Theportionofavessel’sexteriorwhichisincontactwiththewater.
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WGS84(WGS84):theWorldGeodeticSystem1984datum,usedasastandardfortheGPS,andequivalenttotheNAD83datum.
Wharf(quai):astructurebuiltatthewater¹sedge,paralleltooratanangletotheshoreline,towhichavesselcanbesecured.
Wheel(roue):Thesteeringwheelorsometimesthepropeller.
Whip(surlier):Tobindtheendofaropewithlightline.
Whipping(surliure):awrappingofsmallstuffappliedtopreventtheendofalinefromunlaying.
WhiskerPole(tangondefoc):Apoleusedtoholdtheclewofajibtowindwardwhenrunningwing-on-wing.
WillyWilly(willywilly):AtropicalcyclonewhichoriginatesintheTimorSeaandturnssouthwardoverthenorthwestcoastofAustralia.
Winch(winch):Ageareddrumturnedbyahandleandusedtopulllinessuchassheetsandhalyards.
Wind(Vent):Horizontalmotionoftheairreportedinbothspeedanddirection.
Winddirection(directionduvent):thedirectionfromwhichthewindblows.
WindShear(cisaillementduvent):Sharpchangesofwindspeedand/ordirectionovershortdistances,eitherverticallyorhorizontally.Frequentlyencounteredbeneaththunderstorms,theyarehazardoustoaircraftandmarinecraftalike.
Wind’sEye(litduvent):Theexactdirectionfromwhichthewindisblowing.
Windage(Résistanceauvent):Resistancetothewind.
Windlass(guindeau):Awinch,poweredbyhandormotor,forhaulinganchors.
Windsurfer(véliplanchiste):seesailboard.
Windward(Auvent):Towardsthewind.Thedirectionfromwhichthewindisblowing.
Windwardside(côtéauvent):(1)onasailboat,thesideoppositetothatonwhichthemainsailiscarried.(2)thesideonwhichthewindisblowing
Wing-on-Wing(ciseaux):Sailingonarunwiththejibandmainsailsetonoppositesides.
Working Jib (foc de route): A normally used jib that has an area about equal to the area of theforetriangle.
WorldGeodeticSystem(systèmeinternationalgéodésique):Theadventofsatellite"soundings"hasmadeitpossibletoproduceasingleworldmodelwithonedatumandonesetofdimensions.ThelatestdatumisWGS(19)84whichisusedbyGPSandinallVectorCharts.
WovenRoving(tissuestratifil):Looselywovenfibreglasscloth.
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WWNWS(WWNS):WorldWideNavigationalWarningSystem.
X
X-Band(BandeX):the3cmradarbandusedbymostrecreationalboats.Itsfrequencyisabout9400Mhz.SeeS-Band.
XTE(écartderoute):SeeCrossTrackError.
Y
Yaw(embarder):toswingoffcourse,asinafollowingsea,orcausedbybadsteering.
YawingMoment(momentdelacet):Amomenttendingtorotatethehullaboutaverticalaxis,usuallyduetodispositionofthecentreofeffortofthesailsoutboardofthecentreofresistanceofthehull.
Yawl(cotreàtapecul):Atwo-mastedvesselwhosemizzenissteppedabafttherudderpost.
Z
Zenith(Zénith):Thepointonthecelestialspheredirectlyoverheadoftheobserver.
Zenithdistance(Distanceduzénith):Angulardistancealongaverticalcirclefromthezenithtoabody:sameasco-altitude.Thesideoftheterrestrialnavigationaltrianglebetweentheassumedposition(AP)ordeadreckoningposition(DR)andthegeographicalposition(GP)ofthebody.
Zodiac(Zodiaque):Bandoftheskyextendingabout8°toeithersideoftheeclipticinwhichtheplanetsandmoonappear.Eachofthezodiac’s12areasisnamedforaconstellationandrepresentedbyasign.
Zonedescription(Nomdezone):AnumberincludingapositiveornegativesignaddedtoorsubtractedfromzonetimetoobtainGreenwichmeantime.ZoneDescription(ZD)isdeterminedbydividingtheLoby15androundingtheanswertoawholenumber.Thesignispositiveinwestlongitudeandnegativeineastlongitude.
Zonemeridian(Méridiencentral):Thecentralmeridianofatimezone.Thoselongitudeswhichareevenlydivisibleby15°.
Zonetime(Heuredufuseau):Localmeantimeusuallykeptthroughoutadesignatedzonebasedonthenearestmeridianwithalongitudeexactlydivisibleby15°.
Zoom(zoom):Ameansofmagnifyingthesizeofanelectronicimageonadisplayscreen.
ZT(ZT–heured’unfuseau):SeeZoneTime.