GCSE (9–1) - Hodder Education

INTERNATIONAL

GCSE (9–1)

Physics

Kimberley Walrond, Matt Shooter

for Edexcel International GCSE

Core Practicals Lab Book: Exam practice and further application

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Contents

How to use this book iiiHow you will be assessed iv

Core practical 1: Investigating the motion of everyday objects 1Core practical 2: Investigating how extension varies with

applied force 8Core practical 3: Investigating how insulating materials can be

charged by friction* 16Core practical 4: Investigating the refraction of light using

different blocks and prisms 22Core practical 5: Investigating the refractive index of glass 29Core practical 6: Investigating the speed of sound in air* 35Core practical 7: Investigating the frequency of a sound wave* 41Core practical 8: Investigating thermal heat transfer 45Core practical 9: Determining density of solids and liquids 51Core practical 10: Determining specific heat capacity* 56Core practical 11: Investigating magnetic field patterns 64Core practical 12: Investigating the penetration powers

of different types of radiation 70Core practical 13: Investigating how current varies with

voltage in wires, resistors, metal filament lamps and diodes 76

Core practical 14: Obtaining a temperature–time graph to show a change of state* 83

Key equations 90

Key terms 91

Asterisks* are used to indicate which practicals are for separate sciences only.

Answers can be found in the accompanying teacher book and also online at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexceliGCSELabBook

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We have carried out a health and safety check of this text and have attempted to identify all recognised hazards and suggest appropriate cautions. However, the Publishers and the authors accept no legal responsibility on any issue arising from this check; whilst every effort has been made to carefully check the instructions for practical work described in this book, it is still the duty and legal obligation of schools to carry out their own risk assessments for each practical in accordance with local health and safety requirements. Suitable blank and model risk assessments are publicly available and can be found readily online.The text has not been through the Edexcel endorsement process.For further health and safety information (e.g. Hazcards) please refer to CLEAPSS at www.cleapss.org.uk.

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How to use this bookThis book will help you to keep a record of the core practicals you have completed, as well as your results and conclusions. It covers the Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics specification, as well as the Physics component of the Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Science Double Award.

Practical structureCompleting the practical

At the start of each practical, we have provided a brief context to help explain how the science behind the practical ties in to the wider course. There are also page references for further information, which will direct you to the Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics Student Book.The aim of each practical is then laid out, along with a list of equipment needed to complete the practical as suggested. Your teacher will inform you whether they have decided to change any of the equipment, and if the method needs to be adapted as a result.Before you begin, you must read and understand the Health and safety notes, and take precautions as necessary. See the Health and safety feature below for more details. Once you have carried out a risk assessment, you should check with your teacher if you can start working through the method.The method provides step-by-step instructions for the practical; read it at least once before you start. Once you have understood everything, you can follow the steps to complete the practical. Tips may be provided to help.

Observations and questionsEach practical has an Observations section to record your results. You may wish to use separate sheets of paper for additional workings. Scaffolded questions are also provided to help you develop conclusions and evaluations for the practical.Once the practical is completed, there are exam-style questions related to each practical, and which provide useful practice. Your teacher may decide to set this as part of the lesson or at a later date. This is followed by a Further application section, which provides additional questions that apply the scientific theory learned from the practical to different contexts. This will help you to consolidate your understanding.Answers to all questions are provided in the accompanying teacher book. They can also be found online here: www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexceliGCSELabBook.Other features to help you through the practical include:

Health and safetyEach practical includes health and safety guidance to help you carry out the experiment safely. However, it is still the duty and legal obligation of schools to carry out their own risk assessments for each practical in accordance with local health and safety requirements.

Key termsThese are key terms and definitions that will help you understand vocabulary relevant to the practical. A full list of key terms is provided on page 91.

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Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics Core Practicals Lab Book

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Key equationsIf a practical requires the use of a particular equation in either the results or the subsequent questions, these are usually flagged in this section. Some of the more commonly-known equations may have been omitted to mimic the actual exam papers. A full list of equations is provided on page 90.

Maths opportunitiesOpportunities to cover the recommended mathematics skills are flagged in these boxes. These will usually only list the mathematics skills most relevant to the practical, and additional minor skills may also be covered.

TipsGuidance about, for example, the recommended way to complete a practical, or answer certain questions.

NotesThese are used to highlight additional practical notes that needed flagging. For example, if there is a particular recommended way to carry out a practical, or if there are multiple ways that a question can be answered to get the mark.

Answers are available online at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/EdexceliGCSELabBookThe accompanying teacher book is available at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/iGCSEPhysTeacherLabBook and can also be bought as part of a classroom pack at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/iGCSEPhysLabClassroomPack.

How you will be assessedAssessment information

In Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics, you are not assessed on the core practicals independently. However, you are expected to complete these experiments as part of the wider science course in the exam.For Edexcel International GCSEs, it is important to note that the exams are not restricted to asking questions on these specific core practicals, and instead are designed to focus on investigative skills. This means that they are likely to test how well you can apply practical knowledge to unfamiliar contexts. It is for this reason that we have included Further application within this lab book.You should be sure to keep this book safe as it may prove a useful resource when it comes to revising for your exams.

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AimInvestigate the refraction of light using: rectangular blocks, semi-circular blocks, right-angled triangular prisms and equilateral triangular prisms.

Equipment• Different blocks and prisms: rectangular block, semi-circular block,

right-angled triangular prisms (x2) and equilateral triangular prisms• Ray box and power source• Pencil• Ruler• Plain paper• Protractor

Health and safety• This experiment must be completed in a darkened room. Before starting the

experiment, you must ensure that there are no trip hazards around you, for example lab stools and bags.

• If using traditional ray boxes, they will get hot. Do not leave them turned on for long periods of time, and only use them when you need to.

• Ensure that the light from your ray box is not directed at yourself or another student in the room, as it can be bright and could damage someone’s eyes.

• If a laser box/pointer is used, it should have a power rating less than 1 mW and you should not look directly into the laser.

• If using glass blocks, dropping them can result in the corners becoming chipped and leaving behind sharp shards of glass. If this occurs, inform your teacher, who will ensure any fragments of glass are placed in a glass bin.

Maths opportunities

• Recognising and using numbers in decimal form• Calculating arithmetic mean values• Substituting values into, rearranging and solving algebraic equations

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Refraction is where a wave’s speed changes as it crosses the boundary from one medium to another. This can also result in a change of direction. The refractive index of a material determines how much the speed will change.If a light wave is travelling from a medium with a higher refractive index to a medium with a lower refractive index, then total internal reflection may occur. This happens when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.

MethodPart A: Rectangular blocksUse the method described in Core practical 5 (see page 29). To complete part A of Core practical 4 successfully, you do not need to take any numerical measurements. However, you do need to be able to draw a diagram of the pathway of the light. Observation, Conclusion and Evaluation questions for part A are dealt with in Core practical 5, and you may be asked to complete them now or later.

Core practical 4: Investigating the refraction of light using different blocks and prisms

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Further information can be found in the Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics Student Book on the following pages:• 107–109: Refraction of light• 110–111: Total internal reflection

NoteYou may be asked to complete this practical alongside Core practical 5 as the equipment and science are closely linked.

Key termsMedium: when considering the nature of light, this is the name given to a material that waves travel through.Refractive index: a property of a material that describes the ratio of the speed of light in the medium relative to the speed of light in air. For example, glass has a refractive index of approximately 1.5, which means that light travels 1.5 times faster in air than in glass.Total internal reflection: when light travels from a more-dense medium to a less-dense medium at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, and so is reflected back rather than refracted across the boundary.Critical angle: the angle of incidence where the angle of refraction will equal 90°.

Key equationThe critical angle can be calculated using the equation:

sin c = 1n

Where:• c is the critical angle measured in

degrees• n is the refractive index.

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Core practical 4: Investigating the refraction of light using different blocks and prismsCore practical 4: Investigating the refraction of light using different blocks and prisms

Part B: Semi-circular blocks1 Measure the length of the straight edge of the block and calculate the

distance to the centre of this straight edge (this is the block’s radius). Record this in the Observations section.

2 Before turning off the lights, place the glass block in the middle of the plain piece of paper and draw around it using a pencil. Mark on the paper the centre of the straight edge. When this is done, turn off the lights.

3 Align your ray box to produce a single beam of light incident on the curved surface of the semi-circular block. You should line up the incident ray so that it aims at the centre of the straight edge of the block on the opposite side.

Ray box

Ray box

Ray box

4 Observe the path of the light and using a pencil, trace over the light ray travelling both into and out of the block onto the plain paper.

5 Remove the glass block from the piece of paper and using a ruler join up the two lines that you have drawn with a single straight pencil line.

6 Repeat steps 3–5 for different angles of incidence until you find the angle of incidence that gives an angle of refraction of 90°. Record this angle of incidence as your critical angle in the Observations section.

Part C: Right-angled triangular prisms1 Take two right-angled triangular prisms and set them up on a piece of plain

paper as in the diagram below. Ensure that the horizontal edges of the prism (see the diagram) are parallel to each other.

2 Draw around the prisms using a pencil. When this is done, turn off the lights.

3 Align the ray box so that the incident light travels into the first prism along the normal.

4 Observe the path of the light and, using a pencil, trace over the light travelling into and out of the block onto the plain paper.

Part D: Equilateral triangular prism1 Place the equilateral triangular prism in the middle of the plain piece of

paper and draw around it using a pencil. When this is done, turn off the lights.

2 Align the ray box so that a single beam of white light is incident on the left-hand surface of the glass block at a large angle of incidence (greater than 45°).

3 Observe the path of the light and, using a pencil, trace over the light travelling into and out of the block onto the plain paper.

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

Front

Back

TipFor this practical, you must use a white light source.

TipFor accurate results, ensure that your glass block remains inside this semi-circle throughout the practical.

TipIn doing this, you are ensuring that the angle of incidence is 0 as it enters the glass block because it will travel along the normal to the curved surface.

Key termNormal: an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface used to calculate angles of incidence and refraction.

TipYou will probably observe more than one ray after the incident ray because some light will be refracted and some light reflected. Always draw the refracted line unless you cannot see one, then draw the reflected ray.

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ObservationsQuestions related to part A can be found in the Observations, Conclusions and Evaluation sections of Core practical 5 on pages 30–31. You may be completing both practicals together or you may be completing Core practical 5 during another lesson.1 In part B, what value did you find for the critical angle?

2 In the space below, draw a diagram of the path of light in part C. You should include the directions of the rays of light and show the normal where appropriate.

3 In the space below, draw a diagram of your observations in part D.

Conclusions4 Using your value for the critical angle in part B, estimate the refractive index of the semi-circular glass block.

5 In part D, you should observe the dispersion of light. Describe the differences in the paths of the red light and the violet light.

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Evaluation6 In part C, it was important to ensure that the horizontal edges of the right-angled triangular prisms were parallel.

Describe the method you used to achieve this.

7 State a difficulty that you encountered during these practicals, and how you overcame it.

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Exam-style questions1 A student is investigating the refraction of light with a triangular prism. They shine a ray of red light onto the

prism at 90° to the surface, as shown in the diagram below.

Red light

Z

A

B

Triangular prism

a) State the name of the line labelled AB. [1]

b) The critical angle of the prism is 55°.

i) Explain what the term ‘critical angle’ means. [2]

ii) Calculate the refractive index of the prism. [3]

Refractive index =

c) Explain why the refractive index has no unit. [2]

d) Suggest a value for the angle labelled Z, and give a reason for your suggestion. [2]

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2 A student is investigating refraction in a semi-circular prism. The critical angle of the prism is 42°.The student directs a ray of light at the curved surface of the semi-circular prism as in the diagram below.

15°

Semi-circular block

a) Draw onto the diagram the path of the ray of light. [2]

b) State the two conditions for total internal reflection to occur. [2]

1

2

c) The student increases the angle of incidence to 50°. Explain what will happen to the ray of light. [2]

d) State a use of total internal reflection. [1]

[Total = /17 marks]

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Further application1 a) A triangular prism is used to investigate the effects of dispersion. Explain how dispersion occurs? [5]

b) A student shines a white ray of light into the triangular prism. The diagram below shows the path of a green ray of light.

i r

i) Draw onto the diagram the path of a red ray from the same white light source. [2]

ii) Draw onto the diagram the path of a violet ray from the same white light source. [2]

c) Describe a method to measure the angle of refraction of the green ray as it leaves the triangular prism. [5]

d) i) A red filter is put in the path of the white light source before it reaches the prism. State and explain what the student will see. [2]

ii) The student then places a blue filter on the right-hand side of the prism to intercept the emerging rays. State and explain what the student will now see. Remember that the red filter is still in place. [3]

[Total = /19 marks]

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