FUNDAMENTAL OF

COMPUTER &

ITS HISTORY Unit-1

FEBRUARY 20, 2020 JAGTECH INFOTECH PVT. LTD.

BEHIND LAL BANGLA, CHANDMARI, MOTIHARI-845401

Question: - What is COMPUTER?

Answer: - Computer is an electronic device which can perform our

job with great speed and accuracy.

It is a machine operating under the control of

instructions that are stored in its own memory. It can accept data

manipulate them and convert into information. It can also store the

data/Information for further use.

Some Important Words: -

Data- It is a collection of raw fact in the form of

Words,Number,Image and Sounds.

Instruction- It is anorder given by the user to computer for

performing a specific task.

Information- It is a set of data which is arranged and presented in

a logical and meaningful way.

User- A person who communicates with a computer or enter the

data & information is called user.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER NAME OF

DEVICE

PREPARED BY YEAR DESCRIPTION

Abacus Chinese

3000BC The first calculating device capable for addition and

subtraction. Used in china japan and Russia.

Pascaline Blaise Pascal 1642 Like calculator.

Leibniz wheel Von Leibniz 1671 Simple arithmetical operation

Analytical Engine Charles

Babbage

1833 Able to calculate all type of calculations automatically.

Herman Hollerith

tabulating machine

Dr. Herman

Hollerith

1880 Tabulating machine with fast speed.

Mark-I computer Howard Aiken 1937 Electric driven mechanical computer

ENIAC John Eckert &

J.W. Mauchly

1946 High speed calculator with small memory

UNIVAC John Eckert &

J.W. Mauchly

1951 First commercial computer

Note:-

ENIAC: -Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.

UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer

Note: -Charles Babbage was Known as father of computer.

FIELDS OF COMPUTER

1. Hardware: -All physical components or peripherals and touchable things are known

as hardware.

2. Software: -All programs, data, information or non-touchable things are known as

software.

A. System Software: -system software is computer software designed to

operate the computer hardware and it provide or maintain a platform for

running computer. E.g.: - WINDOWS, DOS, LINUX etc.

B. Application Software: - Application software, also known as an

application, and designed to help the user to perform a specific task.

E.g.: - Notepad, MS Paint etc.

APPLICAION OF COMPUTER Railways, Banking, Share market, Education, Entertainment, Private& Govt. factory,

Communication, Science &Research and many more

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER (i) Speed – It can calculate one million calculations in one second.

(ii) Memory –It can store large amount of data.

(iii) Accuracy – It cannot make any mistake.

(iv) Diligence- It never tired or get bore.

All Computer Systems Perform the Following Operations

(i) INPUTTING –The process of entering data and instructions into the computer

is called inputting.

Fields of Computer

Hardware Software

Application Software

System Software

(ii) STORING – Saving data and instructions so that they are available for initial

or for additional processing as and when required is called storing.

(iii) PROCESSING –Performing arithmetic operations or logical operations on

data in order to convert them into useful information, is called processing.

(iv) OUTPUTING-The process of producing useful information or result for the

user such as printed report or a visual display is called Output.

(v) CONTROLLING – Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the

above operations are performed is called controlling.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

DEVICE Any machine or component that physically attaches to a computer is an Example of devices

There are two types of devices: -

(i) INPUT DEVICE- Through which we can input or enter the data in computer is called input

device.

(ii) OUTPUT DEVICE- Through which we can get the result of our work is called output device.

Examples-:

Monitor => Output Device

(Central processing unit) CPU => Input & output Device

Keyboard => Input Device

Mouse => Input Device

Printer => Output Device

Speaker => Output Device

Scanner => Input Device

Light pan => Input Device

Touch screen => Input & Output Device

Digital camera => Input & Output Device

Web camera => Input Device

Details of various input and output devices and their types: -

1. Monitor: - It is an output device which displays the data on the screen. Each &

every character is made up of dot (.) that is called pixel.

TYPES OF MONITOR

• CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor

• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

• LED/OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode)

• 3-D Screen

• Touch Screen

• Plasma Screens

2. CPU- All operations are performed with the help of CPU. It is also known as the Brain

Of Computer and Microprocessor Chip.

INTEL CPU APPROX YEAR

8080 1975

8088 1977

8086 1980

80286 1982

80386 1987

80486 1990

Pentium-I 1993

Pentium-II 1996

Celeron 1998

Pentium-III 1999

Celeron-II 2000

Pentium-IV 2000

Intel core2 2006

Dual core 2007

Core i3 2008

3. KEYBORD: - It is an input device through which we can input or enter the data

into computer.

There are six types of keys in a keyboard.

(i) Alphabet key (A-Z)

(ii) Numeric key (0-9)

(iii) Function key (F1-F12) (iv) Symbolic key

(v) Special key

(vi) Multimedia key

SYMBOLIC KEY ~ => Tilde

! => Not

Core i5 2009

Core i7 2012

Central

Processing

Unit

(CPU)

@ => At the rate of

# => Hash

$ => Sign of dolor

% => Modulus operator or percentage

^ => Caret

& => Am percent/ and

* => Star/ asterisk

; => semi colon

: => colon

\ => Backward slash

/ => Forward slash

‘ => Single inverted comma

“ => Double inverted comma

| => Pipe

( ) => Opening and closing braces

{ } => Opening and closing curly braces

[ ] => Opening and closing square braces

SPECIAL KEYS:- a) Escape Key– It is used to cancel any type of unwanted massage or window.

b) Enter Key- It is used to insert or break the line and also perform the selected work.

c) Space Bar– It is used to leave the blank space.

d) Back Space Key– It is used to delete or remove a letter from right to left.

e) Caps Lock– It is used to write the letter on upper and lower case (Capital & small)

f) Shift Key – It is used for multiple purposes.

g) Window Key– It is used to open the menu option pad of start button.

h) Del or Delete – It is used to delete or erase the selected data or file or folder.

i) Home Key– It is used to come at the beginning of current line.

j) End Key – It is used to com at the last of current line.

k) Tab Key – It is used to set the position of cursor and also jump the selection pointer at

required option.

l) Multimedia Key – Type of key is used in the internet or multimedia.

m) Mouse Key– It is used to display the menu or option pad.

FUNCTION KEY (i) Alt +F4–It is used to closed the any types of open window and also used to shut

down the computer.

(ii) F1– It is used to take the help about any type of soft-ware.

(iii) F2– It is used to rename the selected item.

(iv) F3– It is used to find the all files or folders.

MOUSE

It is an input device through which we can

display the menu pad and also used to

select or draw the picture. It is

also called pointing device.

PRINTER

It is an output device which is used to produce the hard copy of data.

There are two types of Printers: -

A. Impact printer

B. Non-Impact printer

A. Impact printer – It doesn’t produce the

high quality in printing. The data are printed

in dot (.) form

B. Non-Impact printer – It produces high

quality in printing. The data are printed

with ink.

E.g.: - Laser (Black& White)

Ink-Jet (Color) etc.

SCANNER

LEFT BUTTON: -

WHICH IS USED TO

DRAW A PICTURE OR

SELECT THE ITEM. SCROLL BUTTON: -

WHICH IS USED TO

UP & DOWN THE

PAGE.

RIGHT BUTTON: -

WHICH IS USED TO

DISPLAY THE MENU

PAD/ OPTION PAD.

It is an input device which sends the photo copy of data as well as

Original data in the computer.

SOME POPULAR SCANNING DEVICE: - (I) OCR (Optical Character Reader)

(II) OMR (Optical Mark Reader)

(III) MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognizer)

(IV) Image Scanner.

SPEAKER

It produces the voice/Sound. It is an output device which is plug in

computer to play the sound.

LIGHT PEN

It is an input device, which is used to input

the data in computer.

DIGITAL CAMERA

It is an input &output device which is used to take the picture of an

object and also displays it.

WEB- CAMERA

It is an input device which is used to record/send/

receive the live telecast/data/information from

one place to another through the internet.

PORTS It is the interface or point of attachment of input and

output device to the system unit.

(A) PS2 (Personal system): - Connect the

mouse and keyboard

(B) SERIAL PORT – A serial port is one type

of interface used to connect a device to the system unit. It transmits only one

bit of data at a time.

(C) PARALLEL PORT – It is interface used to connect device that are capable of

transferring more than one bit at a time.

(D) USB PORT (Universal Serial Bus) –It allows the used to connect any type

of Devices with the computer.

(E) VGA (Video Graphics Array):- connected the monitor.

(F) SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS):-It takes AC current and converts

it into DC12 volt and supplies in the motherboard.

MAIN/MOTHER BOARD

All small or tinny chips are installed in a single board is

known as Mother/Main board.

ALU – All arithmetic operations are performed with the help of ALU. It is also known as Math

co-processor.

MEMORY

It is a place/space where we can store the data temporarily or permanently.

TYPES OF MEMORY

(I) Primary (Internal) memory – ROM, RAM etc.

(II) Secondary (External) memory – Disk etc.

1. ROM (Read Only Memory) – It holds the instructions that

prepare a computer for use. It also consists of program that checks

the proper working of all the computer parts when the user turns on

computer. We cannot make any modification in this memory. It is

provided by manufacturing company. It is also known as Non-

volatile memory.

2. RAM (Random Access Memory) – It stores the information

temporarily and works like a whiteboard which can be constantly

overwritten with new data. The information stored in this memory

is lost when computer is turned off. All soft-ware or programs are

loaded in this memory during execution. It is also known as

volatile memory.

SECONDARY(EXTERNAL)MEMORY- DISKS

(I)FD (Floppy Disk) – Unsecure disk, of two sizes 3’’and 5” having

1.44MB and 2.88MB capacity. Common drive name A: and B:

(II) HD (Hard Disk) – Main storage medium. Available of different

size Maximum size up to 2T.B. (Tetra byte). Common drive name

starts from C: & go on like D: E: etc.

(III) CD (Compact Disk) – An Optical storage media of 4.7”

diameter. Having capacity of 700MB. Common drive name just after

hard disk like If hard disk last partition name is E: then CD drive name

will be F:

(IV) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) – its look like a CD having Grater

storage capacity. It can store 4.7GB data.

Two types CD &DVDs are available in market i.e.

A.) CD-R/DVD-R (One Time Recordable)

B.) CD-RW/DVD-RW (Re-writable)

(V) USB Flash Drive– These are easy to carry and can store large

volume of data. In current market (on 2013) flash drive of approx.

800GB is available. (E.g. Pen drive, memory card etc.)

MEASUREMENT OF DATA/DISK

0 And 1are bit A group of 4 bit =One Nibble

A group of 8 bit =One Byte

A group of 2 Nibble =One Byte

A character =1 Bite

1024 byte =One kilo Byte

1024 K.B. =One Mega Byte

1024 M.B. =One Gaga Byte

1024 G.B. =One Tetra Byte

BUS

It is a set of thin wires is used to fetch the data from memory to

CPU/ALU and vice-versa with the help of control unit.

TYPES OF COMPUTER 1. Analog Computer – A computer which measures continuously changing

conditions, such as temperature and pressure and converts them into

quantities. These computers are used in scientific and engineering fields.

2. Digital computer– A computer which measures digital data and performs

arithmetic and logical operation on such data. These are the most popularly

used computers.

3. Hybrid computer – A computer system that have combine features of both

analog and digital computers.

TYPES OF DIGITAL COMPUTER

(1) Micro Computer/Personal Computer –It is a computer that is designed

to be used by one person at a time. It can perform a variety of jobs and so

it is widely used computer.

It can be also divided in to following categories

(A)Desktop Computer: - The personal computers that we have in our

schools, homes etc. This may easily fit on a desk. It has a CPU box (i.e.

System Unit). It contains hard disk, Floppy Drive, CD Drive and various

other Input and Output Devices, that are externally connected with CPU.

(B)Laptop Computer: - Laptop computers are compact, light and thin

enough to be carried around. It is powered by a chargeable battery so

can be used even as we travel. Although it is just similar to desktop

computers but all components are installed in a single box having light

weight and size.

(C)Palmtop Computer: - It is lighter and smaller so can easily fit on our

palm. Tablets, Digital organizer are the best examples

(2) Minicomputer: - It is more powerful and larger than a PC. It often can

more than one connected user at the same time. The Example of this kind

is VAX (Virtual Address extension) computer and PDP (Programmed Data

Processor)-8.

(3) Mainframe computer: - It Provides higher processes power and speed. Its

capacity is greater than a mini computer even many users can work on it

the same time also. These are specialized for use in organization like

banking, airways etc.

(4) Super computer: - These are the most advanced computers. They can carry

out millions of calculations per second. In fact, it has many processors so they

are able to carry out many processes at a time. These are used in specialized

fields for special work like weather forecasting Defense work etc.

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

There is five generation of computer.

First Generation (1942-1955): - These computers were made of very

large and heavy electronic vacuum tube. Examples are ENIAC, ADSAC,

EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM (International Business Machine)-707.

Second Generation (1956-1964): - In this generation transistors were

used for CPU components. These computers were smaller in size. IBM-

1401, IBM-1620, IBM-7090 and CDC-1604 are the examples of this

generation.

Third Generation (1965-1975): - In this generation the IC (Integrated

circuit) was used that is capable to combine many components into a

single chip.

Fourth Generation (1975-Till Now): - In this generation the small chips

or VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) are used for both CPU and memory.

IBM-PC, Macintosh, ICL -2900And IBM-3090 are the examples of this

generation.

Fifth Generation (Present Beyond): - In this generation the intelligent

software will be used. The intelligent software has artificial intelligence

which is called robot.

VIRUSES

Virus is a destructive program which can destroy any files and folders. It

is Non-living thing. It is a software program written by the programmer.

Virus programs were first written just for fun sake in bell labs. It can enter

into a system through infected disk, networking and internet. It can effect

executable files (.com, .bat, .exe) and also increase or decrease the size of

files. It can also make “New Folder” itself in a disk.

SOME POPULER VIRUSES ARE

a) Birth Day Viruses

b) The Brain Viruses

c) Boot Viruses

d) Bye Viruses

e) C-Brain Viruses

f) Crazy Eddie viruses

g) CMOS Death Viruses

h) Die hard viruses

i) Scores Viruses

j) Jerusalem viruses

k) Trojan horse Viruses

NOTE: -The viruses can be removed by Anti-virus program.

EG: - Norton anti-viruses, Avira anti-viruses etc.

LANGUAGE

It is the source of communication through which we can communicate

with another.

There are two types of languages: -

1. Low Level Language

2. High Level Language

Low Level Language: - There are two types of low level language-

i. Machine Language -it is the first generation of language. The

only language that the computer understands. It is 0 and

1digit which correspond 0 for ‘’OFF’’ and 1 for ‘’ON’’.

ii. Assembly Language -Before the invention of high level

language programmers used to write program in the assembly

language. This language is the symbolic representation of

machine language. A Special program called assembler is

required to translate the program written in assembly

language into machine language.

iii. High Level Language -it is third generation of language. In these

languages the instruction is written as a series of English like words. It is

easy to read, write and understand.

E.g.: -C, C ++, C#, java, Pascal, FORTRAN, logo, Basic, COBOL, HTML etc.

FORTRAN -Formula Translator.

LOGO -Logic / language oriented graphics oriented.

BASIC -Beginner All-purpose symbolic instruction code.

COBOL -Common business oriented language.

HTML -Hypertext markup language.

FOURTH GENERATION OF LANGUAGE The fourth generation of language is a non-procedural language. It is so easy to use that

uses with very little programming background or knowledge.

E.g.: - Visual FoxPro, Oracle etc.

NOTE: - Lady Ada Lovelace was the first programmer & ADA is the first programming

language developed in 1840.

TRANSLATEOR/ LANGUAGE PROCESSER It is system programming or software that translate/converts the assembly and high

level language in to machine language and vice –versa.

There are three types of translators-

1. Assembler:-It is system software program which converts assembly language into

machine language and vice-versa.

2. Interpreters:-It is a system software programming which converts/translates the high

level language into machine language and vice-versa. It reads /checks the program line

by line and then performs the execution.

3. Compiler:-It is a software program which converts high level language into Machine

language and vice-versa. But it read/checks the whole programs at a time and then

performs the execution.

NOTE: -Each and every character has its ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) value.

E.g.: - A-65 to Z-90, a-97 to z-122

NUMBER SYSTEM There are four numbers system.

(i) Decimal Number system -Base is 10 (0 to 9)

(ii) Binary number system -Base is 2 (0 to 1)

(iii) Octal number system -Base is 8 (0 to 7)

(iv) Hexadecimal no. system -Base is 16(0 t0 9 and A to F)

CONVERSION OF H.L.L TO M.L.L (Decimal to Binary)

E.g.: -

2 65 Remainder

2 32 1

2 16 0

2 8 0

2 4 0

2 2 0

1 0

= (1000001)2Ans.

CONVERSION OF M.L.L to H.L.L(Binary to

Decimal)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Position of number / digit

(1 0 0 0 0 0 1) 2

(1×26 +0×25+0×24+0×23+0×22+0×21+1×20)

= (64+0+0+0+0+0+1)

= (65)10 Ans.

TABLE OF CONTENT

HISTORY OF COMPUTER ............................................................................ 1

FIELDS OF COMPUTER ............................................................................... 2

APPLICAION OF COMPUTER ..................................................................... 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER ........................................................... 3

DEVICE ........................................................................................................... 3

PORTS ............................................................................................................. 8

MEMORY ........................................................................................................ 9

SECONDARY(EXTERNAL)MEMORY- DISKS ........................................ 10

MEASUREMENT OF DATA/DISK ............................................................. 11

BUS ................................................................................................................ 11

TYPES OF COMPUTER ............................................................................... 11

TYPES OF DIGITAL COMPUTER.............................................................. 11

GENERATION OF COMPUTER ................................................................. 12

VIRUSES ....................................................................................................... 13

LANGUAGE .................................................................................................. 14

TRANSLATEOR/ LANGUAGE PROCESSER ........................................... 15

NUMBER SYSTEM ...................................................................................... 15