Fotopoulos, N., Vamvakidou, I., Gulevska, V., Michailidis, E., Solaki, An. (2013). Students in the...

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1st International Conference «EDUCATION ACROSS BORDERS» Florina October 5 -7, 2012

http://www.edu.uowm.gr/site/EduCbr

Conference Proceedings

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STUDENTS IN THE PEDAGOGIC FACULTY OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN MACEDONIA AND IN THE

FACULTY OF EDUCATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BITOLA,

DESCRIBE THE BORDERS

Nikolaos Fotopoulos Lecturer

University of Western Macedonia, Florina [email protected]

Ifigeneia Vamvakidou Associate Professor


Valentina Gulevska Associate Professor

University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bitola [email protected]

Elias Michailidis PhD Student

Aristotle University, Thessaloniki [email protected]

Andromachi Solaki Postgraduate Student


Abstract

In this study we are trying to examine and expand our views on a border’s significance: in specific we have asked students in the Pedagogic Faculty (Florina) and in the Faculty of Education, Bitola to define by brainstorming the term ‘borders”. We collected 100 definitions and we apply the narrative analysis. When we talk about Brainstorming we refer to the technique Alex Osborn defined in his classic book Applied Imagination (3rd revised edition by the author): “a creative conference for the sole purpose of producing a checklist of ideas – ideas which can serve as leads to problem solution – ideas which can subsequently be evaluated and further processed”. Theoretical field: Scott See, (University of Maine Libra) Professor of History, invited listeners to consider borders in geographical space, in the history of nations and empires, in human interaction and in the imagination. Distinguishing the border from the borderlands on either side, he illustrated his talk with a series of maps showing the historical evolution of today’s 5,500-mile border between the United States and Canada – the world’s longest international boundary. He suggested a commonality among all people who live in the space along borders, even though it is uncertain where a borderland ends as one moves away from the boundaries between countries. In Houlton, 20 people formed concentric circles at Cary Library to talk about how language, dress, customs and value systems can become “walls.” They examined the concept of “country” and its relationship to personal identity. The Canadians will always be “over-homers” and some people will always be “from away” until the day they die and the obituary reports where they were from . . . originally. Immigrant populations begin to view themselves as “locals” as newer immigrants move in and become “the outsiders.” Methodology: We choose the narrative analysis as narrative “is a basic human way of making sense of the world – we lead ‘storied lives’ (Riessman, 1993), and also is constitutive of reality as well as of identity/subjectivity”. Thus we focus on the link between language and power because: Language is not neutral – the power to name things (Foucault, 1980 on ‘regimes of truth’). We focus on meaning and interpretation as: Who is narrating to whom and

mailto:[email protected]

Nikolaos Fotopoulos, Ifigeneia Vamvakidou, Valentina Gulevska, Elias Michailidis, Andromachi Solaki 119

CHILDREN FROM FLORINA, BITOLA, KORCE ARE PAINTING THE BORDERS




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to what aim and we are interested in the historical, social and local/interactional context of narration. Keywords: Borders, Narrative, Students, Language, Meaning, Ideology

1. Introduction 1.1. Conceptualized remarks concerning

the role of national ideology in shaping the

borders

With no doubt the aspect of borders consists one of the most significant issues in the modern cultural, historical and social theory. This means that there are many different facets and parameters in order to define, analyze and interpret the multimodal phenomenon of borders in contemporary societies. Factors such as language, religion, customs, geopolitical interests, dominant ideologies, national myths, historical backgrounds, synthesize the framework of a dynamic scientific field, specifically nowadays, under the ideological sovereignty of globalization. With no second thought, the issue of borders consists one of the main landmarks of the western social, political and cultural heritage.

The borders in Europe until the time of Louis XIV were significant only for princes and soldiers in wartime. It is characteristic that none of the conditions signed by Louis XIV contained the term border or a synonym. The French and the American Revolution that followed added a dimension of sovereignty of the people in the territorial limits of the state. This resulted in the border be strictly defined lines that divide nations - states with a high level of internal consistency.

The Cold War divided the European continent into "West" and "East". Within this outline, Western Europe was identified with the "Europe" and that Western institutions such as the European Community, the Council of Europe and NATO, were identified with the "free world". In contrast, Eastern Europe was identified with the "Eurasian unfree Europe. The borders of East - West, although imposed arbitrarily, disregarding historical and cultural bonds between peoples, were stable and not negotiable.

Common cause of disciplines that explore issues with reference to the border is that the

border of one state in one way or another has an impact on perceptions of people living or working near it. Some even argue that people in border areas (borderlanders) differ from those living in non-border areas in terms of living conditions, perceptions of the adjacent country, and forms of interaction that develop on the opposite side. In a more anthropocentric approach, the way they think, feel and behave the people near the border makes the border regions 'social constructions', where different images and concepts are meeting each other.

In geopolitical level wars are still on the border to preserve territorial level, are crossed or violated, in symbolic terms affect the identity of people with different ways of creating dichotomies, tripartite divisions and exclusions or embodiments.

The discussion above, linking the local to the European and global, refers only indirectly to the contemporary discourse on the nation - state in the era of globalization, through the role of culture and cultural identity.

If, for example, someone analyzes the proximity of areas only in terms of distances to justify the favorable context of a cross-while ignoring the perceptions of people on both sides of the border, it is certain that this analysis will be incomplete. The findings of the literature confirm that the actual distances are not always kept pace with the mental. Instead it found that there is a dialectical relationship between space and perceptions, the relationship is a continuous representation over time.

To shape a complete picture about the meaning of the border as one of the main drivers of particular forms of maintaining cultural patterns, and negotiated the largest "community" called state. This is illustrated by the fact that often a potential crisis on the border automatically converted into a total crisis of political and ideological hegemony of the state. In this light the 'boundary' is both a local and a global or supralocal symbol that constantly mutates, transforming the existing format and nations.

In this study area - Florina, Bitola - borders after the fall of the Ottoman Empire were drawn on the map, usually as a result of war or international agreements. What is interesting here is whether in making a map revision is consistent with a corresponding map of perceptions, as the history and culture as images






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are dynamic and complex collective representations in relation to the border. In this sense, coexist contrasting images and ideas from a single Balkan identity, but the divisions East - West, North - South, inside - outside the European Union. Images simultaneously even on the same side of the border is not uniform, but affected by the perceptions, expectations and interests of each group, such as business, government, the government and various agencies. However, factors such as language and religion are not in the same year the degree of "liquidity" as the historical and cultural differences, forming a sort of "fixed" at the borders in relation to their role in cross-border interaction.

2. Research Material

In this context, we have students of pedagogical faculty of Florina and Bitola asked to describe briefly the borders.

The research material in combination with research data and the theoretical searches of Social Sciences identify the research area, determine the themes of work and dictate their individual goals.

The involvement with the study of borders is opposed to the concept of globalization, implying a world "without borders", where the restriction imposed by the border makes the human factor seems to be insignificant. The global economic liberalism and developments in cyberspace caused gradual expansion up to abolition of borders. This twist has particularly affected Western Europe because of the growing European Union, where EU residents began to freely pass the boundary of the border. Faced with a world where borders are blunted, scholars have rekindled their interest in a world "without borders", claiming that each of us, but individuals, groups, countries with which we link, we live in a world with borders which eventually normalized our lives.

Boundaries and borders are cultural creations susceptible to many different explanations

(Eva 1999: 34)

During the 90’s, the Social Sciences and

Cultural Studies focused their interest on the notion boundary. The new political geography, developed sociocultural, approaches to

reconstruct the social structure. The performance of concepts such as ground boundary, diversity, identity etc. in social practice and everyday speech, urged scholars to sensitively portray the relationship between social and spatial limits.

The boundaries and their relation with power, action, interaction, mobility and identities are key points, according to which we can interpret the capacity of the modern world. The relations between the state, nation and identity reinforce the perception that government limits - not as clean lines, but as specific forms of capacity, ideology and practice - become part of everyday practice. The identity and boundaries are the two sides of the same coin, but the limits are structural components of identity.

The historical approach understands the limitations and exclusions as part of the material practices, ideologies and narratives through which social groups are formed and constructed their identities, focusing on the context in which the concepts co-exist society and space.

Lexicographically, the term border is assigned according to Babiniotis as:

a. Real or imaginary line that separates two places, which defines the end of a specific area: e.g. The Evros is the natural border between Greece and Turkey.

b. According to the Oxford dictionary, the lemma border is literally given as:

c. Border between the countries / fields with the terms border, boundary, frontier, line.

d. Metaphorically, as madness limits, limits of human knowledge with the terms verge, limits, boundaries, frontiers.

3. Research Tool

Content analysis is a research tool that is used to determine the existence of certain words or meanings in a text. B. Berelson believes that the analysis of this type is available for the study of the opinions or beliefs of a person or group of persons. I. De Sola Pool gives a different dimension to content analysis, noting that it is ideal for studying meanings and semiotic relationships contained in a written or spoken word. Several years later, M. Palmquist uses content analysis to written texts. However, French literature gives a different dimension to this method, rejuvenating both the technique,






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and potential use. The basic principle of content analysis is the identification and collection of data which make up a message, giving the possibility to combine quantitative and qualitative data for exploring notions and the ways in which perceive the subjects. Also provided for detecting and recording historical and cultural elements, while record and analyze the social ideologies. In other words, this analysis compiles the details of the material into thematic categories according to their importance, which are then counted and analyzed as appropriate. Interest many times shows the investigation of the absence of some issues, always in relation to the objectives of the research. The formation of thematic categories, categories and subcategories resulted from the careful study of the responses of students.

4. The Data from Florina and Bitola 4.1. Description of the Borders

4.1.1. The Borders According to Students

from the Faculty of Education in Florina

1. Borders: Borderline between states, which distinguished the people between different countries in terms of identity, religion, language, ethnicity. Identify the boundaries of a state.

2. Constitute a dividing line between the states and regions of the earth. The borders show us the limits and the area occupied but one state or country than another.

3. The word borders almost always refers to territorial boundaries. It describes the boundaries of two states, separates and defines the territorial boundaries. When used metaphorically is usually chosen to give a negative connotation to the phrase. The borders in this case used with the meaning of the obstacle

4. The term borders literally used to describe the way in which borders are separated. Metaphorically I understand the” limits” as restricting.

5. The borders are only on maps. They are strong to remind us where a country ends and another begins. Otherwise, love, love songs, emotions, thoughts do not exist on maps and should not exist

either in the mind. 6. I understand the word borders as the

boundaries of a geographical area so as to distinguish the towns, villages, countries. And that in this sense define our national identity, for example Greek, French etc.

7. Borders are certain limits that restrict us. That cannot be easily moved from one limited environment to another. If we talk about geographical boundaries / borders do not define them ourselves.

8. It is an area which separates two pieces. We choose the limits if it is for our daily lives otherwise the others set them for us.

9. The word borders mean the separating in countries. With the borders countries define their territory and separate it from neighboring countries.

10. The borders used to define the territories and avoid misunderstandings between nations.

11. Borders are the boundaries. Boundaries between countries, cities, etc. There are geographical, physical, social boundaries.

12. The borders are imaginary boundaries that separate the states together. The borders established after wars between states. The borders can be natural, geographical.

13. The borders of each country are typically set partitions under various battles that have taken place in the past. Initially the displacement of populations from the border of each country was prohibitive and then "opened" the border and there was more exchange of populations. Always with restrictions.

14. Borders are a red line on the map. Boundaries of ourselves and each other. Financial and trading institution.

15. The borders are the boundaries that come between states and thus delimit the area of each state. Many times other than the legitimate borders of a state we have a natural limit which borders us.

16. Although defined borders between countries, people certainly cannot be separated. Obviously dominate different language, religion and customs of each country. However, people may have emotional attachment and that makes






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the border look even tougher. 17. Borders are the wounds on the body of

the world. 18. Borders are an "invention" of man to

separate mentally and in fact some things that in nature do not exist.

19. Are boundaries between regions that prevent the free movement from one area to another.

20. The borders are divided into natural and human. Natural borders are the separation lines between areas for geographical reasons. Human borders are the boundaries set by people to overcome barriers between them.

21. The border is a division of the ranks of people in different countries. The separation of people but cannot be meaningful as possible people of the same race with the same cultural characteristics, customs and traditions belong to different countries because of the border to classify a country or another. We can therefore consider the boundaries in some cases as a mental separation and not as a factor which shows the cultural diversity.

22. There are two types of borders. The physical and the mental. The physical is the mountains, rivers, lakes and seas. Over time these borders have been used by people for various reasons, mainly economic, trading and social multiple times. Then these natural borders were not enough so constructed imaginary boundaries. Imaginary lines that divide the countries.

23. The borders are those that put some limits on a country or a nation, so as to avoid reflection in between. The borders show the rights that each country compared with another.

24. The borders are the geographical boundaries of a country. The boundaries, borders define what the geographical area was practically. Beyond the border there is the same country. Borders are strictly defined and need a passport for crossing the borders of a foreign country.

25. The borders help us to set some boundaries between different geographical areas, so as not to create problems as they show the rights that

each country has. 26. Borders: national, psychological, racial,

enemy 27. Borders are imaginary lines that establish

the principles for an overall peace between the countries. But sometimes borders lead to alienation of people social and psychological. People are alienated.

28. Boundaries separating the areas between them.

29. Borders are a kind of restriction and especially separation of states between them which are set by various governments. Some can be more easily accessible than others. Depending on the purpose and procedure used was the use of positive or negative results. in some cases are artificial, while in some other course such as mountains, rivers etc. My view is that the objective existence of the border is not the protection of national identity of peoples, is political reason. National identity is preserved in other ways.

30. Borders are the delimitation of countries. Are those points separating between states, people and languages. The borders are limits which usually changes after wartime situations.

31. Imaginary set lines. War, green card, homeland, sacrifice, diplomatic, soldier, wires.

32. Border in a fenced part. An idea that separates people and places with rules, ideas, tradition

33. Borders are the coordinates that define a place.

34. Limits, restrictions, rules and laws. 35. Florina, Komotini, Orestiada. 36. Borders are imaginary lines set by the

states. Boundaries determine the size and population of each state also distinguish the various characteristics such as culture, language and religion sometime of a state.

37. I think that the term border is a barrier imposed on the people to alienate, either the border is a geographical or a linguistical one. The term border has its significance as something that limits the space owned and occupied a country. Also to put border between people,






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reinforces racist attitudes. 38. Border: boundaries, separation, diversity,

countries. We set limits and define the diversity and a specific area.

39. Borders are the boundaries that define the geographic area of a state, its history, its language, its differences with other states.

40. Borders are some limits that bound geographical areas or human relations. For example, geographical areas separated by limits that put them. Likelihood human relations bounded by various social imperatives of the area.

41. Borders: delimitation separation, change, placement of concrete things and people in one place, away from other people.

42. Borders are the boundaries that put the state to anyone unable to enter or come out of a country. Especially when trying illegally.

43. Borders: The limits set a state for its territorial integrity. Also, are the limits that set the man in his social milieu. Generally it is the "groups" created depending on each culture, language and beliefs.

44. Borders are the invention of man creates boundaries between people in order to differentiate them (tribes, peoples, etc.). Many times are natural boundaries. Through relationships developed borders, even hatred.

45. Borders: Is a human/ geographical approach of nations – border, is the so called “red line”, is the separation of communities into groups, i.e. nation-mores -culture-customs.

46. It is an imaginary line that separates people who differ among themselves linguistically, religiously, culturally, etc. In some cases people are victims of oppression of states to exploit their advantage without really caring for them.

47. The borders have a practical reason of existence. Divide land. But not people and communities.

48. Borders are the boundaries between nations. They are usually clearly defined and not arbitrary.

49. Borders = Florina 50. Small lines on a map, but which create

huge social and cultural distances between people.

4.1.2. The Borders According to Students

from the Faculty of Education in Florina

1. Border is an imagined line which divides the people from one country of the people from other country.

2. Border is a limitation of the things according to certain human attitudes and conclusions.

3. The border is a space without real existence.

4. The border is a measure. It exists in order not to exceed the golden mean.

5. The border between the countries presents a natural difference between languages, cultures and beliefs.

6. The border is a mathematical segment. Its beginning is the differentiation, but his end is the division.

7. In my opinion, the borders between the countries don't exist. Οnly common points exist, which should be identified.

8. The border is a fence which confines a person in a certain space.

9. The borders between the countries exist only in the human mind.

10. The borders between the countries don’t exist really, because the rigid division of two or three neighboring people, de facto, is impossible.

11. The border doesn't confine only the countries, but it localize and the human thought.

12. Border is a crossing from one state to other.

13. The borders divide not only the territories, but people as well.

14. Border is a goal towards which we are ready to go.

15. The border is a human creation for understanding of the cultural diversity.

16. The border presents a kind of impediment.

17. Border is a term which denotes a division between certain geographical territories.

18. The things which encompass diversities have any borders.

19. The term border, in my opinion, is associated with some ultimate achievements.

20. The borders define something different






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or something unknown. 21. The borders between the countries

always were a reason for a war. 22. The borders are establishing there where

confidence doesn’t exist. 23. The human kind is undivided. Why do

the borders exist? 24. The borders, actually, save the security

of the people. 25. The borders have done the people more

incommunicative; more than different languages have done.

26. The borders between the countries are an artificial creation of the man.

27. The borders between the countries have both a political and a historical nature.

28. The borders exist in order to justify human's selfishness.

29. The people invented the borders because they haven't a love for others which are different.

30. In place of borders and fortress, wisely is to build bridges.

31. The border is formal pass from one country to other.

32. Various kind of borders exist: natural (between life and death), ontological (between the good and the evil), artificial (for example, between the countries or between the people) and so on.

33. The borders imprison the human experience in an inner circle.

34. In the past the borders signified a security, today the borders signify some barriers between the people which want to unite.

35. The border has a double signification: to save something own and to fence from foreign.

36. The border is a term which signifies disjunction and separation.

37. The border is invented to provide a protection from the human greediness.

38. For me, the border presents a line for recognizing the spread of the own cultural identity.

39. The borders between the countries should be treated like crossroads. Only ask where the right way is.

40. The globalization of the world makes the borders between the countries needless.

41. Border is something which denotes an end.

42. The border presents a marked territory. 43. The border is a demarcated line, fully

controlled by two countries. 44. The borders are obstacles for the man's

free moving. 45. According to me, the term border

denotes, firstly, some geographic boundaries, and the second, some political creatures.

46. The borders render more difficult the intercultural communication.

47. The borders between the countries were changing in the history. So, its existence isn't category for ever.

48. In my opinion, the borders are a picture of the huffy humanity.

49. Until tempers cool down, i.e. the thirst for a power, the humankind will place the borders.

5. Results of Content Analysis

After using content analysis on 100 references of students of the Pedagogic Faculties of Florina and Bitola, emerged three thematic areas. According both Florina’s and Bitola’s references the basic concepts-key words for describing the borders are:

a. The negative connotations about limits as national, ideological.

b. The positive connotations as geographical and political significations.

c. The mixed positive (positive-political, geographical borders) and negative (limits among populations and cultures).

In the following tables we present the distribution of references based on resulted the thematic areas together with a summary inventory of references to each thematic area.

During the conference, the syllabuses of the Faculties of the three Universities were presented and scientific ideas/views were exchanged, suggestions about cooperation at pre-graduate and post-graduate studies were made, as well as cooperation among Teaching Staff of the three Universities in some research projects were discussed.






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Table 1: References of Florina

Nr Negative Connotations Positive Connotations Mixed (Positive and Negative) Connotations

1 Territorial boundaries, negative connotations, obstacle

Borderline between states A division of the ranks / a mental separation and not as a factor which shows the cultural diversity

2 “Limits” as restricting Dividing line between the states and regions of the earth

The physical and the mental / imaginary lines

3 Only on maps Boundaries of a geographical area

some limits / show the rights

4 Limits that restrict us define the territories, avoid misunderstandings

Imaginary lines / distinguish the various characteristics. Of a state

5 Separates two pieces, other set them for us

Geographical, physical, social boundaries

Invention of man / Many times are natural boundaries. Through relationships developed borders, even hatred.

6 Separating in countries Divided into natural and human.

A practical reason of existence. Divide land / But not people and communities.

7 imaginary boundaries, separate the states

geographical boundaries of a country

8 Partitions under various battles, with restrictions.

help us, different geographical areas

9 Are red lines, financial and trading institution

national, psychological, racial, enemy

10 wounds on the body Boundaries separating the areas

11 delimit the area

12 Borders are an "invention" define a place

13 prevent the free movement Florina, Komotini, Orestiada

14 imaginary lines, alienation We set limits and define the diversity and a specific area.

15 Is political reason, national identity is preserved in other ways

the geographic area

16 delimitation of countries Limits that boundaries geographical areas or human relations.

17 Imaginary set lines. War, green card, homeland, sacrifice, diplomatic, soldier,

The limits set a state for its territorial integrity.






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Nr Negative Connotations Positive Connotations Mixed (Positive and Negative) Connotations

wires.

18 fenced part Human/ geographical approaches of nations – border, is the so called as “red line”, is the separation of communities into groups, i.e. nation-mores -culture-customs.

19 Limits, restrictions, rules boundaries between nations

20 Barrier imposed on the people to alienate, reinforcing racist attitudes.

Borders = Florina

21 Delimitation, separation Emotional attachment

22 boundaries that put the state

23 imaginary line, in some cases people are victims of

24 huge social and cultural distances between people

SUM: 24 SUM:20 SUM:6

Table 2: References of Bitola

Nr Negative Connotations

Positive Connotations

Mixed (Positive and Negative) Connotations

1 an imagined line

is a measure, the golden mean

Mathematical segment. Its beginning is the differentiation / end is the division.

2 Limitation of the things A natural difference between languages, cultures and beliefs

Denotes an end

3 a space without real existence

Border is a crossing Marked territory.

4 Resembles on a prohibition for enamored couple to look himself

goal towards which we are ready to go

Some geographic boundaries / political creatures

5 Don’t exist A division between certain geographical territories

6 Exist only in human mind Associate with some ultimate achievements

7 don’t exist really, the rigid division of two or three neighboring people, de facto, is impossible

Define something different or something unknown. Save the security of the people

8 it localize and the human thought

Have a political and historical nature

9 divide not only the Is to build bridges






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Nr Negative Connotations

Positive Connotations

Mixed (Positive and Negative) Connotations

territories, but and the people.

10 Human creation Is formal pass from one country to other

11 Kind of impediment various kind of borders

12 A reason for a war A line for recognizing of the spread of the own cultural identity.

13 where doesn't exist a confidence

Treated like crossroads

14 The humankind is undivided. Why the borders exist?

Denotes an end

15 Artificial creature of the man Marked territory.

16 Justify human's selfishness.

17 They haven't a love for others which are different

18 Imprison the human experience in an inner circle.

19 disjunction

20 Protection of the human greediness

21 Needless

22 Demarcated line, fully controlled by two countries.

23 Obstacles

24 render more difficult the intercultural communication

25 The huffy humanity

26 Until tempers cool down, i.e. the thirst for a power, the humankind will place the borders

SUM:26 SUM:15 SUM:4

6. Conclusive Remarks and Discussion

There are no ideologically 'neutral' sign systems: signs function to persuade as well as to refer. Modern semiotic theory is often allied with a Marxist approach which stresses the role of ideology. Ideology constructs people as subjects through the operation of codes. According to the theory of textual positioning, understanding the meaning of a text involves taking on an appropriate ideological identity (see 'Ideal

readers'). For Althusser, ideology was a system of

representation involving 'transparent myths' which functioned to induce in the subject an 'imaginary' relation to the 'real' conditions of existence. For those inclined towards realism ideology involves a 'distortion' of an 'objective' 'reality'.

Barthes argues that the orders of signification called denotation and connotation combine to produce ideological myths.






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Ideological forces seek to naturalize codes - to make dominant cultural and historical values, attitudes and beliefs seem 'natural', 'self-evident' and 'common-sense', although the operation of ideology in signifying practices is typically made to appear transparent. Barthes saw myth as serving the ideological interests of the bourgeoisie.

It is explicit that the dominant representation concerning the function of borders is not a politically neutral category in social thinking. There are many mediations and cultural dispositions which are based on the role of sovereign social structure: national myths, cultural stereotypes, historical narrations, educational systems play a ground role in shaping a social basis for the creation of an imaginary myth about what we define as “different”, “foreign”, “better” or “worse”. Finally, based on the Marxist dialectical thought it is certain to understand that apart from the signification, the social function of borders, consist a politically useful instrument for the maintenance of the dominant structure of powers both at local - regional and national - international geopolitical level.

References

Bampiniotis, G. (2012) Dictionary of Modern Greek language. Athens: Lexicology Center

Eva, F. (1999) International Boundaries, Geopolitics and the (Post) Modern Territorial Discourse, in D. Newman (ed) (pp. 32-52). Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity London: Frank Cass.

Febvre, L. (1973) A New Kind of History, in P. Burke (ed) (pp. 27-43). A New Kind of History: from the Writings of Lucien Febvre. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul

Foucault, M. (1980) Power / Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-77, New York: Pantheon Books

Riessman, C.K. (1993) Narrative Analysis. Qualitative Research Methods Series 30. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Rosaldo, R. (1989) Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis. Boston: Beacon Press.

See, S. W. (2005) Variations on a Borderlands Theme: Nativism and Collective Violence in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, in St. J. Hornsby and J. G. Reid. N. England and the

Maritime Provinces: Connections and Comparisons. McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Stavropoulos, D. N. (2012) Oxford English – Greek Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wallace, W. (2002). Where Does Europe End? Dilemmas of Inclusion and Exclusion, in

J. Zienlonka (ed) (pp.51-77). Europe Unbound: Enlarging and Reshaping the Boundaries of the European Union. London: Routledge.

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