FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN B-6 OF A GROUP OF INDONESIAN CHILDREN’

BUD1 SETIAWAN’, DAVID W. GIRAUD and JUDY A. DRISKELL’

Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics University of Nebraska

Lincoln, NE 68583-0806

Accepted for Publication July 22, 1999

ABSTRACT

Food sources of vitamin B-6, commonly consumed by 77 children (age =8-9 years) in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, were analyzed for total vitamin B-6 content using Saccharomyces uvarum, and compared with the vitamin B-6 values of the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. The total vitamin 8-6 analyzed values for these foods (mg/lOO were significantly lower than the USDA database values. The mean vitamin B-6 intakes of the subjects calculated using analyzed values (0.5710.26 mg/day) were significantly lower (P<O.OOOl) than the mean vitamin B-6 intakes calculated using USDA database values (0.97 * 0.31 mg/day). Mean differences between intakes calculated by the two methods were about 70%. The contribution of vitamin B-6 from plant foods (52%) was similar to that of animal sources (48%). Estimation of vitamin B-6 intakes using analyzed values of the local foods more accurately represented actual intakes than database values.

‘ Supported in part by the Nebraska Agricultural Research Division - USDA W-143 Regional Research Project; and the Third Community Health and Nutrition Project (IBRD 350 IND), Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. This paper is Journal Series No. 12550, Agricultural Research Division, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Current address: Jurusan Gizi Masyarakat dan Sumberdaya Keluarga, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Karnpus Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia.

Author for correspondence: Nutritional Science and Dieteties, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. NE 68583-0806. Phone: (402) 472-8975.

Journal of Food Quality 23 (2000) 293-304. A l l Rights Reserved. “Copyright 2000 by Food & Nutrition Press, Inc.. Trumbull. Connecticut 293

294 B. SETIAWAN, D.W. GIRAUD and J.A. DRlSKELL

INTRODUCTION

Information on the composition of foods is essential in nutritional studies. The quantitative assessment of the nutritional value of the diet or the nutrient intake of individuals or populations likewise depends on information on food composition as well as on food consumption. The planning of diets, whether at the individual or population level, also depends on this information.

Although some of this information is currently available in the USA and other industrialized countries, many countries lack the information required for creation of a comprehensive food composition database. Moreover, because of differences in cooking methods, varieties, growing conditions and locations (Driskell 1994), collection of this information and construction of new databases will ensure compatibility with other databases and systems (Greenfield and Southgate 1992).

Among the water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B-6 is unique with respect to its numerous functions. This nutrient has received much attention during the last decade as it relates to health and disease (Driskell 1994). In order to determine the vitamin B-6 intakes of Indonesians, information about the vitamin B-6 content of foods consumed by this population is essential. However, information on the vitamin B-6 content of foods consumed by Indonesian children as well as their intakes are not currently available.

The objectives of the present study were to determine the vitamin B-6 content of foods commonly consumed by third-grade elementary school children (ages=8-9 years) in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, and to calculate and compare the vitamin B-6 intakes using analyzed and USDA database values (USDA 1998).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted as part of a more comprehensive investigation of the vitamin B-6 dietary intake and status of 77 male and female children (ages=8-9 years), all from different families, in urban and rural elementary schools in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The study was approved by the Institute of Research of Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University) in Indonesia and the Institutional Review Board of the University of Nebraska.

Dietary Assessment

Foods containing vitamin B-6 consumed by subjects were obtained via two 24-h recalls utilizing food models by a trained dietary interviewer (Gibson 1990). One recall was for a weekday and the other, a weekend day.

FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN B-6 IN INDONESIA 295

Food Samples

Food samples (n=41) that were sources of vitamin B-6 for the subjects were obtained from parents of the subjects or street vendors. The parents had stored the foods appropriately prior to pickup and samples were obtained from street vendors as purchased. Three samples (one each from urban parent, rural parent, and street vendor) of each of the 41 food items were taken, placed into sealed dark plastic bags, and held in crushed ice during transportation from location to laboratory. Each food sample was homogenized (5C, distilled water) using a food processor (Black & Decker, Model HC3000, Shelton, CT), and stored (-20C) in sealed plastic bags. Freezing did not affect vitamin B-6 content values (Reiter and Dnskell 1985). The homogenized food samples were transported, packed in dry ice, to the University of Nebraska.

Vitamin B-6 Content Determination

The microbiological method using Succharomyces uvurum (ATCC 9080) was utilized in determination of total vitamin B-6 in foods (Sauberlich 1967). Vitamin B-6 was added to sample aliquots as a spike at the beginning of the analyses, and percent recovery was 89%. The coefficient of variation was 4.7%.

Statistical Analyses

Data were analyzed by using the general linear model (GLM) and paired-comparison t-test procedures of SAS (version 6.12; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The vitamin B-6 content of each food item obtained using the microbiological assay was compared with those from the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 12 (USDA 1998); this paired-comparison t-test involved comparing each of the three sample values for each food to the USDA value for that food, thus creating a new variable containing the differences and then testing whether the mean difference was signifcantly different than zero. The same comparison test was utilized in comparing analyzed vitamin B-6 content values for fruits to values given in the East Asia food composition table (FA0 1972). The total vitamin B-6 dietary intakes of the subjects were calculated using the analyzed values and the USDA database values (USDA 1998). Statistical comparisons were considered significant at p<0.05. The contribution of individual food sources to the total intake of vitamin B-6 was obtained by summing the amount of vitamin B-6 provided by the individual foods consumed by all subjects and dividing by the total vitamin B-6 intake from all foods for all subjects. The contribution of total vitamin B-6 intake of all subjects by food group was also estimated.

296 B. SETIAWAN, D.W. GIRAUD and J.A. DRISKELL

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Vitamin B-6 Content of Foods

The vitamin B-6 content of foods consumed by subjects are given in Tables 1 and 2 . The foods were categorized by the food groups used in the established food composition table produced by the Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (1995). The food groups were starch, meat, fish, egg, milk, legume, vegetable, and fruit. Analyzed values of vitamin B-6 content of some foods were lower than the USDA database values while others were higher. Considerable variation in vitamin B-6 content may occur due to differences in growing conditions, varieties, food preparation and processing, and cooking methods (Lushbough et al. 1959; Schroeder 1971; Driskell and Chrisley 1981; Leklem 1991; Driskell 1994; Williams 1996).

In the starch group, the analyzed vitamin B-6 value of rice was significantly lower (p<0.005) than the USDA database value. This most likely was due to the intensive washing in food preparation practiced in Indonesia as well as possibly other factors mentioned in the previous paragraph. Likewise, the analyzed value of potatoes was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the USDA database value. The difference between the analyzed value and the USDA database value of noodles was not significant. However, much variation was observed among the noodle samples. This might be due to the differences in vitamin B-6 content of raw materials and the processing of some brands of the noodles.

In the meat group, the analyzed vitamin B-6 values of beef and chicken were significantly lower @<0.05) than the USDA database values. The differences in feed and other animal husbandry practices as well as cooking methods may be the causes of this discrepancy. Moreover, the analyzed value of ocean fish and fresh water fish were also significantly lower @<0.05) than the USDA database values. The analyzed value of omelet was significantly lower @<0.05) than the USDA database value, but milk was not. The differences were probably due to variation in handling and cooking methods, and perhaps species differences for fishes.

In the legume group, another important source of protein for Indonesians, the analyzed value of tofu was significantly lower @<0.01) than the USDA database value. In this case, the processing as well as handling and cooking methods probably influenced the concentration of vitamin B-6.

In the vegetable group, the analyzed vitamin B-6 values of carrot and spinach were significantly lower @<0.005 and p<O.Ol) than the USDA database values. Besides the differences in cultivar, growing conditions, the differences in food preparation and cooking methods practiced in Indonesia could affect the vitamin B-6 content of these foods.

Information on the vitamin B-6 values of some raw foods are available from the Food Composition Table for Use in East Asia (FA0 1972). Therefore, the analyzed

FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN B-6 IN INDONESIA 297

TABLE 1. VITAMN B-6 CONTENT OF FOODS CONSUMED BY SUBJECTS

USDA-SR12 Analyzed Values of Vitamin B-6 Content Foods NDB' Vit.B-6 n M e a ~ S D Lowest Highest

STARCH: Bread, white, commercially

prepared Corn, yellow, boiled Doughnut, yeast-leavened Noodle, cooked Rice, white, medium-grain,

Snack, corn-base, extruded Potatoes, boiled, cooked in skin,

flesh MEAT: Beef, retail cuts, all grades,

cooked Chicken, cooked, fried Meatballs FISH: Fish. fermented, cooked Fish, fresh water, mixed

Fish, ocean, mixed species,

EGG: Egg, whole, hard-boiled Egg, whole, omelet MILK: Milk. whole, dry LEGUME: Tempeh Tofu, fried VEGETABLE: Cabbage, cooked, boiled Cabbage, napa, cooked Carrots, cooked, solids &

Cassava leaves, cooked KaruP, domestic leafy green,

Spinach, cooked, solids &

Water spinachiswamp cabbage,

cooked

species, cooked

cooked

liquids

cooked

liquids

cooked

18069

11168 18436 20310 2005 1

19008 11365

13004

05012 0602 1

b

15187

15201

01129 01 I30

01090

16114 16129

11110 1 I970 11126

h

11855

11504

0.064

0.060 0.057 0.036 0.05 I"'

0.133 0.299'

0 330'

0.480' 0.020

b

0.138'

0.381'

0.121 0.109'

0.302

0.299 0.099"

0.113 0.037 0. I 12"'

h

0.080"

0.081

3

3 3 3 3

3 3

3

3 3

3 3

3

3 3

3

3 3

3 3 3

3 3

3

3

1

0.046*0.015

0.078*0.012 0.060-10.012 0.0561 0.062 0.007i 0.004

0.0951 0.049 0.1 79*0.018

0.199*0.023

0.283*0.041 0.029*0.011

0.185*0.021 0.059*0.019

0.23Qt0.023

0.076-tO.024 0.072 *0.008

0.407+0.114

0.122*0.085 0 . 0 2 ~ 0 . 0 0 7

0.08310.020 0.029 10.005 0.029*0.005

0.055*0.015 0.05Qt0.008

0.048m0.003

0.126*0.017

0.027

0.061 0.049 0.006 0.004

0.028 0.154

0.164

0.241 0.015

0.160 0.041

0.208

0.052 0.063

0.258

0.038 0.020

0.058 0.023 0.022

0.034 0.041

0.043

0.104

0.064

0.086 0.077 0.144 0.012

0.145 0.193

0.219

0.338 0.041

0.21 1

0.086

0.262

0.109 0.082

0.535

0.238 0.034

0.108 0 035 0.034

0.067 0.061

0.051

0.147

Yardlong bean, cooked, boiled 11899 0.024 . 0.077-tO.038 0.030 0.124 'NDB is the number of the food item in the USDA nutrient database (USDA 1998). bNot available. ' Indonesian name. *Significantly different than analyzed values, p<0.05. **Significantly different than analyzed values, p<O.OI "'Significantly different than analyzed values, p<0.005

298 B. SETIAWAN, D.W. GIRAUD and J.A. DRISKELL

TABLE 2 VITAMIN 8-6 CONTENT OF FRUITS CONSUMED BY SUBJECTS

USDA-SRI2 East Analyzed Values of Vitamin B-6 Fruit NDB' Vit. B-6 Asiab n MeaniSD Lowest Highest

---(mg/100 g)--- Apple, with skin Avocado, all

Banana, common Banana, plantain Guava, common Jackfruit Kedondong', domestic

fruit Kemang, domestic fruit Mango Mangosteen Oranges, all commercial

varieties Papayas Pineapple Rambutan' domestic

fruit SalaP, domestic fruit Tomatoes, red, ripe Watermelon

commercial varieties

09003 0.048' 0.030 09037 0.280 -'

09040 0.578' 0.320 09278 0.240' -'

09139 0.143 0.140 09144 0.108 -'

09176 0.134 0.130 09177 0.018 -' 09200 0.060 0.040

09226 0.019 0.040' 09266 0.087 0.090

11529 0080 0080 09326 0.144"" 0.050'

3 0.017*0.007 0 -d

3 0.381i0.073 3 0.393*0.035 3 0.071*0.026 3 0.135*0.023 3 0.054*0.010

3 0.025i0.007 3 0.105io.019 3 0.018*0.009 3 0.057+0.020

3 0.01 1*0.005 3 0.078*0.007 3 0.074+0.016

3 0.075i0.016 0 -d

3 0.019i0.002

0.008 0.026 d d

0.293 0.473 0.361 0.441 0.047 0.106 0.105 0.161 0.044 0.068

0.015 0.034 0.080 0.125

0.010 0.031 0.037 0.084

0.006 0.017 0.069 0.088 0.054 0.094

0.052 0.086 d d

0.016 0.021

' NDB is the number of the food item in the USDA nutrient database (USDA 1998). FAO. 1972. Food Composition Table for Use in East Asia. pp. 252-277. Food and Agriculhve Organization

of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. ' Not available.

Not analyzed, only consumed by a few subjects. ' Indonesian name. 'Significantly different than analyzed value, p<0.05. "'Significantly different than analyzed value, p<0.005. .*-' Significantly different than analyzed value, p<O.OOOl.

values of fruits obtained in the current study were compared with values in the East Asia as well as the USDA databases. The vitamin B-6 content of fruits consumed by subjects are given in Table 2. The analyzed value for apple was significantly lower (~~0.05) than the USDA database value, but not significantly different than the East Asia value. On the contrary, the analyzed value of papaya was significantly lower @<0.05) than the East Asia value, but not significantly different from the USDA database. The analyzed vitamin B-6 value of watermelon was lower than both the East Asia and the USDA databases (p<0.005 and p<O.OOOl, respectively).

Analyses of the differences between the paired values of all the foods in the food groups, indicated that the analyzed values of protein source food groups (meat, fish, egg, milk, and legume) were significantly lower (pc0.05) than those

FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN B-6 IN INDONESIA 299

in the USDA database. In the same way, the analyzed values of the fruit group were also sigmficantly lower (p<O.O5) than the USDA database values. However, there were no significant differences (p>O.O5) between the analyzed values of the fruit group and the East Asia values. This most likely was due to the similarity in cultivars and growing conditions in Indonesia and the rest of East Asia. Overall analyses of the differences for all the foods combined indicated that the vitamin B-6 content of analyzed values were significantly lower (p<O.O5) than the USDA database values.

Estimated Dietary Intakes of Vitamin B-6

The total vitamin B-6 intakes among subject groups based on the USDA nutrient database and analyzed values are shown in Fig. 1. No significant differences (p>O.O5) were observed in the intake values by gender. This was expected in that the subjects were children (National Research Council 1989; Institute of Medicine 1998). The estimated mean vitamin B-6 intake of all subjects calculated using the USDA nutrient database was 0.97k0.3 1 mg/day. Based on the vitamin B-6 analyzed values, the estimated mean vitamin B-6 intake of all subjects was 0.57k0.26 mg/day. The total vitamin B-6 intake using the analyzed values was significantly lower (p<O.OOOl) than the total vitamin B-6 intake using the USDA values. The difference between the paired mean values of the total vitamin B-6 intake was about 70%. Clearly, the database utilized in calculating vitamin B-6 intakes affects the intake values obtained.

Kirksey et al. (1978) reported that the mean vitamin B-6 intake of 127 females 12-14 years was 1.24*0.70 mg/day, as calculated from 24-h recall records. Studies with younger children were conducted by Lewis and Nunn (1 977) and Fries et al. (1981). The mean vitamin B-6 intake of 22 males and females 2-9 years was 1.10 mg/day (Lewis and Nunn 1977); moreover, the mean vitamin B-6 intake of 35 males and females 3-4 years was 1.20 mg/day (Fries et al. 198 1). The estimated mean dietary intake from the study of Driskell et al. (1985) with 583 Caucasian and African-American girls living in five southern states in the USA, 12- 16 years, was 1.2W0.06 mg/day. Based on either USDA nutrient database or analyzed values, the vitamin B-6 intakes of subjects in the current study were lower than those of the studies conducted in the USA mentioned previously. In addition, the choice of using USDA nutrient database versus analyzed vitamin B-6 values would affect conclusions made about individual intakes. Although not intended for use with Indonesians, the newly released 1998 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamin B-6 are 0.6 mg for children 4-8 years and 1 .O mg for those 9- 13 years (Institute of Medicine 1998). More of the subjects in the present study would be consuming less than the 1998 RDA for vitamin B-6 if their mean intake level was 0.57 mg/day rather than 0.97 mglday.

300 B. SETIAWAN, D.W. GIRAUD and J.A. DRISKELL

h n T

3 0.8 3 .g 0.6 ' C 0.4 E g 0.2 5

.-

0

1

10.53

1.02

1 0 . 6 1

0.97

--I

Female Male Female + Male

FIG. I . MEAN VITAMIN B-6 INTAKES OF INDONESIAN SUBJECTS BASED ON USDA AND ANALYZED VALUES

Intake values calculated using analyzed values for females, males, and females + males were significantly lower (p<O.OOOl) than those calculated using the USDA database values.

Contribution of Various Foods to Dietary Vitamin B-6 Intakes

Knowing which foods are the primary contributors of dietary vitamin B-6 may be useful in nutritional intervention programs to improve the nutritional status of the subjects. The contribution of individual foods to vitamin B-6 intake of the subjects based on analyzed values are given in Table 3 and contribution by food group are shown in Fig. 2. Foods contributing 5% or more of the vitamin B-6 intakes of subjects (72% of total vitamin B-6 intake) in descending order were: chicken, banana, noodle, fish, milk, rice, and bread (Table 3).

As shown in Fig. 2, the meat group was the primary contributor (28%) of vitamin B-6 daily intake. Within the meat group, chicken was the top source of vitamin B-6 (84% of meat group, or 24% of the total vitamin B-6 intake). This finding may be due to availability of the food and perhaps also affordability of the food to the population. Meat is the most expensive food source of vitamin B-6 for most Indonesians. The mean dietary intakes of chicken and of all meats were 49 and 62 glday.

The fish group contributed about 9% of the total vitamin B-6 intake. As an archipelago tropical country, both fresh water fish and ocean fish are relatively available and affordable in Indonesia. The vitamin B-6 content of ocean fish was more than three-fold higher than fresh water fish. However, the mean dietary intakes of fresh water fish and ocean fish were each about 20 glday.

Milk contributed about 7% of the total vitamin B-6 intake. Within this group, only dry milk and condensed milk were found to be consumed, and mostly by the

FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN B-6 IN INDONESIA 301

Fruit 17% Vegetable

5%

Meat 28%

5% Milk Egg Fish 7% 3% 9%

FIG. 2. FOOD GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS TO TOTAL VITAMIN B-6 INTAKES

TABLE 3.

Ranking Foods Quantity (g) % of Contribution Cumulative % 1 Chicken 49 24.0 24.0 2 Banana 17 11.6 35.6 3 Noodle 99 9.6 45.2 4 Fish 39 8.9 54. I 5 Milk 17 6.8 60.9 6 Rice 510 5.8 66.7

CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL FOODS TO VITAMIN B-6 INTAKE OF SUBJECTSab

7 Bread 56 8 Beef 12 9 Tempeh 15

10 Egg 20 11 Com-based snack 15

12 Mango 13 13 Potatoes 8

food

5.1 71.8 3.9 15.1 3.1 78.8 3.1 81.9 2.4 84.3

2.4 86.7 2.1 88.8

a Mean of vitamin B-6 intakes of subjects based on analyzed values was 0.569 mg/day. Foods contributing less than 2% of vitamin B-6 intakes in descending order: spinach, water

spinach, cabbage, mung beans, yardlong bean, tofu, corn, rambutan, shrimp, jackfruit, avocado, carrots, cassava leaves, oranges, tomatoes, oyster, cassava, apple, papayas, pineapple, salak, squid, lamb, and sweet potatoes

302 B. SETIAWAN, D.W. GlRAUD and J.A. DRISKELL

urban population. The mean intakes of dry and condensed milks were 9 and 8 glday, respectively.

Egg contributed about 3% of the total vitamin B-6 intake. Within this group, omelet was the favorite. However, the content of vitamin B-6 of omelet is lower than boiled or fried eggs. The three samples of omelet in the current study had been cooked until crispy. The mean dietary intake of egg was about 20 glday.

The legume group, another important source of protein for Indonesians, contributed about 5% of the total vitamin B-6 intake. Within this group, tempeh was the top source of vitamin B-6, and 65% of group’s contribution to total vitamin B-6 intake. Tempeh, traditional fermented soybean, is relatively available, acceptable, and affordable.

The starch group was the second largest contributor of total vitamin B-6 intake (26%). This was mostly due to the relatively high amount of food consumed. Rice, the main staple food of the subjects (510 glday, mean consumption), contributed only 0.034 mg (5.8%) to the total vitamin B-6 intake. However, based on vitamin B-6 content of rice in the USDA nutrient database, the contribution of rice increased dramatically to 0.255 mg (26.2 %). This is one of the major causes of the discrepancy between the total intake based on the USDA nutrient database and analyzed values in the current study. The highest contributor of vitamin B-6 in the starch group was noodle, which provided 0.055 mglday (9.6% of total intake).

The fruit group was the third largest contributor of total vitamin B-6 intake (1 7%). Within this group, banana was the top source of vitamin B-6, contributing about 70% of h i t group or about 12% of total vitamin B-6 intake. Moreover, banana is dense in vitamin B-6 content, and is relatively available especially to rural households practicing home gardening. However, the mean dietary intake of banana, including plantain, was just 17 glday. Another potentially dense source of vitamin B-6 in the h i t group is mango, which is available on a seasonal basis in Indonesia.

The food group with the lowest contribution to total intake of vitamin B-6 was the vegetable group (5%). Each individual vegetable contributed less than 2% to total vitamin B-6 intake of the subjects. On the other hand, vegetables are inexpensive and available, and some of them, such as water spinach, can be potentially dense sources of vitamin B-6.

In the current study, the contribution of plant foods (0.30 mglday, or 52% of total vitamin B-6 intake) was about the same as the contribution of the animal sources (0.27 mglday, or 48% of total vitamin B-6 intake). Individual subjects with higher vitamin B-6 intakes, consumed more chicken, fish, egg, banana, and mango.

Subar et al. (1998) examined the contribution of specific foods to nutrient intakes of USA adults using the 1989-1 99 1 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), and found that ready-to-eat-cereals, which are usually fortified with nutrients, were the top source of vitamin B-6 (14.6%), followed by beef and poultry which contributed about the same percentage (9.6%). USA food-supply

FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN B-6 IN INDONESIA 303

data (LSRO and FASEB 1995) indicated that the major sources of dietary vitamin B-6 in descending order were: meatlpoultrylfish (38.7%), vegetables (22.3%), grain products (1 1.5%), fruits (10.4%), dairy products (10.4%), legumes (3.4%), eggs (2.1%), and others (1.3%). Differences in how foods contributed to the total intake of vitamin B-6 of the subjects in the current study versus individuals living in the USA were most llkely due to dlfferences in food habits as well as food availability.

Implications

The discrepancy between the USDA nutrient database and analyzed values strengthens the recommendation that analyzed values should be used in calculating vitamin B-6 intake. The calculation of vitamin B-6 intake using analyzed values of the local foods can provide a reasonably good estimation of vitamin B-6 intake of a population of subjects. Consumption of vitamin B-6 dense foods, especially foods that are routinely available locally, should be emphasized to ensure adequate vitamin B-6 intake of the subjects. In addition, this study gave the proportion of total dietary vitamin B-6 consumed fiom various food groups by the subjects. This information should be useful for researchers investigating the bioavailability of nutrients, particularly vitamin B-6, in Indonesian children. Moreover, the quantitative data provided in this study can be used in food and nutrition planning and intervention programs, in nutritional education, and in nutritional assessments. The findings of this study may also be useful in indicating foods that might be considered for fortification with vitamin B-6.

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