NEMUSVol. 3 2013 101

IntroductionThe order Notostraca, branquiòpodes crustaceans con-sists of a large current distribution in North America, Eurasia, Africa and Australia, perhaps this is because of its old origin (Ombretta et al., 2005). The genus Triops Schrank 1803 has been quoted from the Trias-sic (Guthörl, 1934; Trusheim, 1938; Tröger et al., 1984; Wallossek, 1993; Kelber, 1998, 1999) or the late Permian (Gand et al., 1997). For most authors Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801), is a true living fossil existing for more than 200 million years (Cesari et al., 2004; Gall & Grauvogel-Stamm , 2005; Mantovani et al. 2008), and currently sur-vives from this time in indistinguishable forms (Cesari et al. 2004). For Kelber (1999) it is the oldest living ani-mal species on the planet. Its extraordinary survival is even more surprising taking into account the habitats it has occupyied such as the temporary pools, ponds and rice fields (Cesari et al., 2004), so ephemeral, fragile, iso-lated and unstable.Their reproductive system is extremely complex. Being cited as bisexual (gametogénesis), and also partheno-genetic and hermaphroditic, but is not yet fully under-stood (Ombretta et al., 2005) although many research-ers are concerned with genetic studies to reveal these and other issues such as variability (Cesari et al., 2004; Ombretta et al., 2005; Mantovani et al., 2008; Zierold et al., 2009). In the Iberian Peninsula it has a bisexual

reproduction (Machado et al., 1999; Boix et al., 2002; Zierold et al. 2007) while in Northern Europe there is asexual, hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis.Triops has never been documented until now in the Nat-ural Park of the Serra d’Irta or in the Baix Maestrat. The records are from Ulldecona (Boix, 2002), Ares del Mae-stre (Zierold et al. 2007) and the Ebro Delta (Alonso, 1986) (fig. 2), and would be a minimum distance of 36 Kms from this site. To the south more recordings have been quoted so far: Vilanova d’Alcolea (Margalef, 1953), but the reference is more than 50 years ago, as is el Puig (Pardo, 1932) and the rice fields of the Albufera (Bolivar 1926). Recently, however, it has been found in the Devesa de I’Albufera of Valencia (Boix, 2002). Its presence in the rice fields, which at one time was so intense to the point of being considered a scourge (Alonso, 1986), has been greatly affected by the use of pesticides. Even more effect has been made by the replacement of the organo-chlorine organophosphates (Boix, 2002). Triops cancri-formis is protected in Catalonia since 1994 (Boix, 2002, 11.23.1994 Order, Law 12/2006 of 27/07/2006).The taxonomy of the genus Triops in the Iberian Pen-insula has become rather complicated in recent years, as an article revealed that instead of three subspecies of T. cancriformis are two true species (Triops cancri-formis and Triops mauritanicus: Korn et al., 2006 ).

First observation of Triops (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) in the Natural Park of the Serra d’Irta (Peníscola, el Baix Maestrat).

Enric Forner i Valls1 & James Edward Brewster

1 | Enric Forner i Valls. Ateneu de Natura. C. Sant Roc, 125 3r 5a 12004 Castelló de la Plana. Email: fornervalls@gmail.com

First record of the tadpole shrimp Triops sp. in the Natural Park of the serra d’Irta (Peníscola, el Baix Maestrat).Key words: Notostraca, Triops, living fossil, temporary pond, biodiversity conservation, serra d’Irta, Peníscola, Ibe-rian Peninsula.

Primera observació de Triops (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) al Parc Natural de la Serra d’Irta (Peníscola, el Baix Maestrat).Es documenta per primera vegada la presència de Triops sp. (família Triopidae) al Parc Natural de la serra d’Irta (Peníscola, el Baix Maestrat).Mots clau: Notostraca, Triops, fòssil vivent, ambients aquàtics temporanis, conservació de la biodivesitat, serra d’Irta, Peníscola, península ibèrica.

102

concentrated in autumn (October, September, Decem-ber and November) and account for 71% of the sample. In a similar percentage (69%), these same months also had the highest daily precipitation throughout the year. During these periods of rainfall the pool can be filled. However, the months with minimal rainfall are recorded in winter (December and January in particular) and in July, which are expected to be the concentrated periods of drying of the pool.The study area coincides with the isotherm surface water of the Sea of 13 - 25°C, the month of February being the coldest (Brasseur et al., 1996; Bianchi, 2007). Data agrees with recent measurements of surface water of the Columbretes made by Kersting & Linares (2012) during the period from 1991 to 2010, which gave an average of 13,16°C to 26,19°C from February to August, the latter being the warmest month. The pool is located in a small plain between the sea and the Serra d’Irta. The orien-tation is NE-SW, and extends parallel to the coast and adjacent to it. At some points it goes into the sea, as for example, a little further north, in the area of cliffs where

They investigated the philogenetic relationships among the three previous recognized subspecies of the T. can-criformis using mitochondrial DNA. Moreover, in a subsequent study, for the same researchers, the lineage mauritanicus is divided in 6 different species (Korn et al., 2010). However, the separation in many species of T. mauritanicus lineage, has raised doubts to other special-ists (Vanschoenwinkel et al., 2012).

Material and methods

Study siteThe observations were made by the sea in a temporary pool that is located near the town of Peníscola (fig. 1), within the Natural Park of the Serra d’ Irta and the Nat-ural Marine Reserve of Serra d’Irta, created by Decree 108/2002. Between the southern part of Peníscola and the northern part of Alcossebre (Alcalà de Xivert) there is still about 12 Km of shoreline which is a rare example of a relatively well preserved coast, in intensely anthro-pised part of the Valencian coast.The temporary pool is about 200 m2 in size and is sub-rectangular (fig. 1), it measures 25.4 x 8.5 m and is shal-low, less than a meter in depth. The pool, is a mere 33 meters from the water line (fig. 1 and 6G), which sepa-rates a dirt road and a narrow line of natural vegetation (fig. 1 and 3 top) comprising of Chamaerops humilis L., Pistacea lentiscus L. and Olea europaea L., with a height between 1,5 and 3 m (fig. 6E) offering protection against salt droplets. There is the same vegetation around the pool (fig. 3 top and 6C), within which there is, no veg-etation. To the west, abuts a parcel of land that was worked early in 2013, although it has since then grown.The pool contains rainwater. The rainfall in the area is typically Mediterranean, moderate and has highly vari-able distribution and seasonality. As no data are avail-able, an indication is given over a period of 42 years (1955-1997) recorded at the station of the Sant Jordi del Maestrat, located 24 Km away and 12 Km from the coast-line (table 1). The maximum annual rainfall months are

Figure 1 | Location of the Basseta (Peníscola, el Baix Maestrat)

Figura 1 | Localització de la Basseta, (Peníscola, el Baix Maestrat)

Figure 2 | Points closest to where Basseta cited Triops cancriformis.

Figura 2 | Punts més pròxims a la Basseta on s’ha citat Triops cancriformis.

NEMUS vol. 3 2013 103

the tower of Badum is located, so does the last branch to the north-east, which is a rocky island on which the town of Peníscola is situated. The maximum altitude of the Serra d’Irta is 572 m which is the highest point of the Campanilles, 4 kms from the Basseta. The eastern side of the area is drained by steep ravines which drain directly into the sea.Currently the pool is concreted, but we think that its existence predates this recent work, because the name is old and also was generated simply from the common diminutive of the name, which points to its uniqueness: there are no other pools in the area which are spcifically named. Moreover, among the recorded names in the area is a “cove Basseta” a “beach Basseta” a “plain Basseta” and a “way of Basseta.” All these indicate an ancient existence of the pool. Secondly the Basseta owes its origin to the geological conditions: the existence of outcrops of yel-low marl of the Cretaceous period, which are those that provide waterproofing and allows the collection of water supplied by rain, which if it fills will flood onto nearby land. The age of these very clayey loams according to IGME (1973) is inaccurate, the Berriasian-Barremian. The Cretaceous layers in the environment near the sea, are usually covered by Quaternary conglomerates which are reddish and porous, allowing a natural pool to be formed underneath.

Sampling and identificationsIt is important to follow the ethical principle of not dis-turbing the living animals. The investigation carried out by the authors did not cause any evironmental effects or any harm to the animals. The pool was not disturbed or entered, all observations and measurements were made from the perimeter of the pool (fig. 3 top) or in the dry edge to find remains of dead animals. The duration of external observations of the pool water was for a mini-mum of 10 minutes on each visit. It was often difficult to see any live animals swimming due to the high turbidity

of the water. Where possible, live animals were photo-graphed. The remains of dead animals were counted, gathered and kept in separate bags. Only whole, indi-vidual remains were gathered. On examination, the shells were well preserved and the furca segments of the abdomen protected by rings of fine bone, including the last one called telson (fig. 6B), which allows generic assignment (fig. 3 bottom and 4 bottom), because it has a supraanal paddle, which forms the furca, as is the case with the other gender, Lepidaurus to supplement the Triopidae family.Following Boix (2002) we take into account three aquatic habitat types for large branchiopods: a) “Temporary ponds” (With the substrate vegetated and dimensions exceeding 100 m2 of surface area and 0,5 m of depth); b) “Puddles” (unvegetated substrate); and c) Shallow tem-porary pools/ponds” (with the substrate vegetated and shallow water, less than 0,5 m of water depth). The Bas-seta has to be considered in the category “Puddles”: clay substrate, without vegetation, turbid water and of small size, even though its surface area is 200 m2.As far as the terminology is concerned, the author fol-lowed Alonso (1986 and 1996) and in terms of system-atic, Alonso (1996), Martin & Davis (2001) and Korn et al. (2006, 2010).

SystematicKingdom: ANIMALIA Linné, 1758Phylum: ARTHROPODA Latreille, 1829Subphylum: CRUSTACEA Brünnich, 1772Class: BRANCHIOPODA Latreille, 1817Subclass: PHYLLOPODA Preuss, 1951Order: NOTOSTRACA Sars, 1867Family: TRIOPSIDAE Keilhack, 1909Genus: Triops Schrank, 1803

Fig.3 bottom; fig. 4 top and bottom and fig. 6B and 6D.

Table 1 | Precipitation at Sant Jordi del Maestrat (el Baix Maestrat), period 1955-1997.

Taula 1 | Precipitacions a Sant Jordi del Maestrat (el Baix Maestrat), període 1955-1997.

Period 1955-1997Sant Jordi del Maestrat

Annual rainfall

Maximum annual daily rainfall

Number of rain days per year

Maximum monthly rainfall per year

Minimum monthly rainfall per year

n 42 42 42 42 42

Mean 577.55 mm 81.52 mm 83.81 176.68 mm 1.75 mm

Standard deviation 191.98 mm 38.09 mm 18.20 84.49 mm 2.80 mm

Maximum 1083.4 mm 187.1 mm 124 398.1 mm 10.3 mm

Minimum 291.4 mm 35 mm 53 41.6 mm 0 mm

104

During the visit of 17.02.2013, in the piles of yellow marl beside the pool, a fossil of a marine gastropod was found, from the family Cassiopidae Kollmann 1979. (fig. 6A). During the visit of 24/03/2013, at 16h 30 ‘, with the water temperature at 17.5 ° C, samples were taken for analysis, which gave the results listed in table 2. During the visits of 24/03/2013 and 12/05/2013, with a high water level in the pool, there were a high number of tadpoles of natter-jack toad (Bufo calamita) (fig. 6H) and also were present tadpoles of Perez Frog (Pelophylax perezi) (fig. 6I). In the last of these visits individuals were observed with and without visible limbs, B. calamita (fig. 6F). On neither visit due to the depth and turbidity of the water, were live or remains of Triops observed. It is difficult to assess the size of the population, but given the small size of the Basseta, it is likely to be small.The analytical data of water samples collected is in appendix 1.

ResultsAfter an accidental first observation of Triops by J. Brew-ster, the Basseta has been visited periodically. Eventually, coinciding with a low water level and low ambient tem-peratures on 17/2/2013, observations were made and 11 remains of individuals were observed and photographed on the periphery of the water surface (fig. 3 and fig. 4 top) and 3 living specimens swimming. However, due to the poor clarity of the water, they are not seen in the photographs. On 26/2/2013, with water levels even lower, the remains of another individual was found and also 5 were observed swimming, one of which was less deep and was photographed (fig. 4 bottom)The carapaces of the remains of the individuals measure between 23 and 26 mm in anteroposterior length. In late February and early March 2013 it rained and filled the Basseta. On subsequent visits, the water was very murky and no observations of individuals could be made or extract remains on the periphery of the pool.

Figure 3 | Top: overview of the Basseta, looking for specimens. Bottom: remains of Triops. Photos: E. Forner, 17/02/2013.

Figura 3 | Superior: vista general de la Basseta, cercant espècimens. Inferior: Restes de Triops. Fotos: E. Forner, 17/02/2013.

Figure 4 | Top: Remains of Triops. Photos: E. Forner, 17/02/2013.Bottom: Triops exemplary lives. Photos: J. Brewster, 02/26/2013.

Figura 4 | Superior: Restes de Triops. Fotos: E. Forner, 17/02/2013.Inferior: exemplar viu de Triops. Fotos: J. Brewster, 26/02/2013.

NEMUS vol. 3 2013 105

DiscussionConsidering the opinion of Korn et al. (2006) there are few morphological characters that differentiate T. can-criformis and T. mauritanicus simplex and considering the amount of material available, so far it has been cho-sen not to assign species to the population of the Triops of the Basseta.The existence of Triops in the Basseta in the Serra d’Irta seems to be an extraordinary result of chance and great persistence of life, which is extraordinary because of the very existence of the Basseta by the sea, and in a climate as dry as experienced in this region. Firstly, because it would not be possible without the impermeable marl outcrops of the Cretaceous period. However, in the last hundred thousand years, the existence of the Basseta could have been prevented by the action of Quaternary fluvial deposits that could have covered the Cretaceous sediments, as has occurred generally throughout the coastline. Looking at the photograph (fig. 5) Air Flight 1956 near the Basseta what you see is the alluvial fan of the ravine Escutxa, covered by the quaternary permeable hard crust (known as “taparàs”), features that hinder

cultivation and, in any case, would have prevented the formation of a pool. Furthermore, the existence of Cre-taceous materials is very low in all the Serra d’Irta area which comprises almost entirely of fully marine Jurassic sediments, consisting of permeable calcium packages. It is fortuitous that we have this and the characteristics of the type of marl. The origin of these impermeable marls provides valuable information about the only fossil found so far (fig. 6A): a marine gastropod fam-ily Cassiopidae. This family is nowadays extinct in the neighbouring marine environments but it was associ-ated with continental influence (such as, deltas, estuar-ies and mangroves), with a sea water salinity not com-pletely marine (Mennessier, 1984; Cleevely & Morris 1988; Forner, 2009). This would explain the very fine-grained fluvial sediments, which produce impermeable marls in a marine sedimentary basin that have allowed the existence of the pool. It is difficult to date when the fine marine sediments were generated, but during the broad range (Berriasian-Barremian) of the Cretaceous period. It is a very complicated and a fortuitous set of circumstances which have allowed the formation and existence of the Basseta considering the small dimen-sions and the closeness of the sea, and for the continuity of the water needed to enable the colonization by Triops. The origin of the pond, with high probability, is strictly natural, but which sobsequently been used by humans. This has allowed a much wider horizon to exist if we include the recent colonisation of H. sapiens, with the ullikely occupation by Triops. I should add that it also seems extraordinary that the human madness of urban-ization in recent decades has not destroyed the Basseta.Also exceptional is that this small pool has not been contaminated by pesticides. The area is separated from the fertile orchards of the Pla de Vinaròs, la Vall d’Alcalà and la Plana, by the Serra d’Irta which affords protec-tion from pesticides. (table 2). We analysed 92 potential products pollutants caused by pesticides, and none has tested positive. In fact almost all are below the detection limit for the technique used. The results of the analy-sis show no effects of eutrophication (dissolved forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in low concentration), and no contamination by heavy metals (cadmium, copper, zinc, etc.).It is difficult to explain how, with all this in mind, con-cerning the pool, and in addition to the extraordinary presence of Triops, surviving (without discarding vari-ous recolonisations which are also quite improbable) in a small pool, with no vegetation, close to the shore-line, more than 36 km away from the nearest previously recorded sighting (fig. 2). And even if they have occa-sionally suffered the aggression of humans: the last one, concreting of the pool, it is difficult to understand how

Figure 5 | 1956 aerial photography, which shows the alluvial fan of the ravine Escutxa, triangular, covering Cretaceous marls, just south of the border to Basseta.

Figura 5 | Fotografia aèria de 1956, on s’aprecia el con de dejecció del barranc de l’Escutxa, de forma triangular, tapant les margues del Cretaci, just fins al límit sud de la Basseta.

106

Figure 6 | A fossil of the Cretaceous impermeable marls of the Basseta: family Cassiopidae. B detail of ventral telson and abdominal rings last remains of Triops. C. High levels of water Basseta 12/05/2013. D posterodorsal left corner of the shell, two specimens. E detail of the lace plant (Pistacea lentiscus, Olea europaea and Chamerops humilis) that separates the sea and the Basseta, height 1,80 m benchmark. F specimens of Bufo calamita, no tail. G Proximity of the sea to the Basseta: 33 m with a calm sea. H Bufo calamita larvae I Pelophylax perezi larvae. Photos E. Forner, C, E and G 05/12/2013. Scale bars: A: 10mm, B: 2mm and D: 1 mm

Figura 6 | A fòssil de les margues cretàcies impermeables de la Basseta, família Cassiopidae. B detall de la part ventral del tèlson i últims anells abdominals de restes de Triops. C. Nivell alt de l’aigua de la Basseta 12/05/2013. D angle posterodorsal esquerre de la closca de dos exemplars. E detall del cordó vegetal (Pistacea lentiscus, Chamerops humilis i Olea europaea) que separa la Basseta de la mar, alçada model de referència 1,80 m. F exemplars de Bufo calamita, sense cua. G proximitat de la Basseta a la mar: 33 m amb la mar en calma. H Larva de Bufo calamita. I larva de Pelophylax perezi. Fotos E. Forner, C, E i G de 12/05/2013. Barres d’escala: A : 10 mm; B : 2mm i D : 1 mm.

NEMUS vol. 3 2013 107

they could survive there, since Triops leave their eggs which are resistant to desiccation in the sediment, which was then covered by concrete.To colonise such extreme habitats, the adaptations of Triops are very unusual. The eggs are resistant to desic-cation and generally do not hatch if there is no drain-ing after a wet period (Alonso, 1986 and 1996). If it was not like this, after a long period with water and then a drought there would be no reserve of eggs in the soil of the pool to ensure the next generation. Besides, this prevents the colonisation of permanent water. A good example is found in the highlands of Albarracin, in Ter-uel, where dams are very close, only separated by 4,5 km, and have similar features. However, one dries almost every year and the other not. T. cancriformis only lives in the temporary pool. (Escribà et al., 2009). In addition Alonso (1996) cites the eggs can withstand temperatures up to 80 ° C and can pass through the gut of vertebrates without suffering any damage. In fact, the only reason-able hypothesis we have found to explain how a settle-ment would be in the Basseta, is by birds, by the internal transport in the digestive tract or in transporting exter-nally through eggs attached by mud stuck to their legs (Sánchez et al., 2007). Now, the reason why a bird has come from the Ebro Delta to Basseta and has made a stop at the pool is more difficult to explain. Of course, everything is possible, if given the passing of a very long period of time. If the males do not need to reproduce the question is more easily answered.The final point to clarify, the pool was modified using concret, at present has no vegetation. Alonso (1996) indicates that T. cancriformis feeds on organic detritus and submerged plants and that they can survive with very little food. It also indicates that they often feed on mosquito larvae. Perhaps this and other invertebrates are the food source. Exploiting other pool inhabitants is a question that should be studied further. Boix et al. (2006) suggest that large specimens of T. cancriformis in Espolla (Girona) are greedy predators. In fact, in some places the Triops have been postulated as a weapon of biological warfare against mosquito larvae in temporary waters (Tianyun & Mula, 2002). All this forms a cluster of highly unlikely circumstances that conspire to keep the existence of this durable animal, perhaps 200 million years old, in a tiny temporary pool by the edge of the sea. Hopefully men will not affect its future survival.This new recording in the Natural Park of the Serra d’Irta fits the observation made by Boix (2002), who argues that most current observation points are included in areas that have some kind of protection. Perhaps, given the increasing pollution and pressure on the environ-ment exerted by the human species, these are the only restricted pockets where they can live.

If Triops has lived in the Basseta so far, we should not alter the current conditions. Some preliminary protec-tion tips would be:1) To no extract the pool sediments containing the reserve of eggs. Normally the pool sediments are peri-odically cleared out. If this is necessary, perhaps the pool could be divided into 2 halves, cleaning only one side at a time and so preserving the whole;2) To preserve the fragile band of vegetation that pro-tects the pool from the Sea;3) To evaluate the protection of the species by law, and4) To forbid commercialization of exotic Triops (now the American T. longicaudatus, eggs can be bought on the internet) to prevent colonization by exotic species, which may eliminate the native population. On the other hand, perhaps we should establish a program to monitor the population of Triops in the Basseta, that should be respectful to the animals. This would make observations of the Triops and other small ecosystem components, as described in the methods section, and keep track of the cycles of water in the pool, and measure the basic characteristics i.e: level, temperature, conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. A survey study in the neighbouring area in order to find more pools with Triops presence would be another action to take into account.

Acknowledgements. We thank the Department of Pub-lic Health, the Ministry of Health (Direcció General de Salut Pública, de la Conselleria de Sanitat) for analysis of water, Susan Margaret Brewster for her collaboration with tracking, Emili Gombau for correcting the text, Vicent Gual for assembling the Figures and the review-ers provides many helpful comments on the manuscript.

ReferencesAlonso, M. 1986. Els branquiòpodes: tortuguetes, puces d’aigua i afins. In (Ramon Folch i Guillén Ed.) Història Natural dels Països Catalans, Vol. 9: Artròpodes I: 231-242. Enciclopè-dia Catalana SA. Barcelona.

Alonso, M. 1996. Crustacea. Branquiopoda, vol. 7 de Fauna Ibéria, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Consejo Supe-rior de Investigaciones Científicas. Madrid.

Bianchi, C.N. 2007. Biodiversity issues for the forthcoming tropical Mediterranean sea. Hidrobiologia, 580: 7-21.

Boix, D. 2002. Aportació al coneixement de la distribució d’anostracis i notostracis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) als Països Catalans. Butlletí Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, 70: 55-71.

Boix, D., Sala, J., Gascón, S. & Brucet, S. 2006. Predation in a temporary pond with special attention to the trophic role of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca). Hydrobiologia, 571: 341-353.

108

Boix, D., Sala, J. & Moreno-Amich, R. 2002. Population dynamics of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) of the Espolla temporary pond in the northeastern Iberian peninsula. Hydrobiologia, 486: 175-183.

Bolívar, C. 1926. Los branquiopodos. In Zoología (Inverte-brados). Història Natural: 99-101. Publicaciones del Instituto Gallach. Barcelona.

Brasseur, P: Becker, J.M., Brankart, J.M. & Schoenauer, R. 1996. Seasonal temperature and salinity fields in the Med-iterranean Sea: climatological analyses of an historical data set. Deep Sea Research 42 (2): 159-192.

Cesari, M., Mularoni, L., Scanabissi, F. & Mantovani, B. 2004. Characterization of dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the living fossil tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis (Crus-tacea Nranchiopoda Notostrace). Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 733-735.

Cleevely, R.J.& Morris, N.J. 1988. Taxonomy and ecology of Cretaceous Cassiopidae (Mesogastropoda). Bulletin of the British Musseum (Natural History), 44 (4): 233–291.

Escribà, A., Armengol, J. i Mezquita,F. 2009. Estudio comparativo de la limnología de dos lagunas de montaña de Teruel, con especial referencia al zooplancton y los ostracodos. Teruel. Revista del Instituto de Estudios Turolenses, núm 92 (I): 165-192.

Forner, E. 2009. Gymnentome pizcuetana (Vilanova, 1859): 150 anys de la descripció del primer fòssil castellonenc. Rib-alta, Quaderns d’aplicació didàctica i investigació 15: 55-64.

Gall, J.C. & Grauvogel-Stamm, L. 2005. The early Middle Triassic “Grès à Voltzia” Formation of eastern France: a model of environment refugium. Compres Rendus Palevol 4: 637-652.

Gand, G., Garric, J. & Lapeyrie J. 1997. Biocenoses à tri-opsides (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) du Permien du bassin de Lodève (France). Geobios 30: 673-700.

Guthörl, P. 1934. Die arthropoden aus dem Carbon und Perm des Saar-Nahe-Pfalz-Gebietes. Abh Preuss Geol Lande-sanst 164: 1-219.

IGME. 1973. Mapa Geologico de España. E. 1:50.000. Hoja 594. Alcalà de Chivert. IGME. Madrid. 17 p. 1 Mapa.

Kelber, K.P. 1998. New Triopsids (Crustacea, Notostraca) from the Upper Triassic of Frankonia – Epicontinental Triassic International Symposium. Hallesches Jb Geowissenschaften Beiheft, 5: 85.

Kelber, K.P. 1999. Triops cancriformis (Crustacea, Notos-traca). Ein bemerkenswertes Fossil aus der Trias Mitteleuropas. In N. Hauschke & V. Wilde (Ed.): Trias – Eine ganz andere Welt, III.16: 383-394. Verl. Dr. F. Pfeil. Munich.

Kersting, D. & Linares, C. 2012. Cladocora caespitosa bio-constructions in to Columbretes Islands Marine Reseve (Spain, NW Mediterranean) distribution, size structure and growth. Marine Ecology: 1-10.

Korn, M., Green, A.J., Machado, M., García-de-Lomas, J., Cristo M., Cancela de Fonseca, L., Frisch, D., Pérez-Bote, J.L. & Hundsdoerfer, A.K. 2010. Phylogeny, mo-lecular ecology and taxonomy of southern Iberian lineages of Triops mauritanicus (Crustacea: Notostraca). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution: 32pp.

Korn, M., Marrone, F., Pérez-Bote, J.L., Machado, M.,

Cristo, M., Cancela da Fonseca, L. & Hundsdoerfer, A.K. 2006. Sister species within the Triops cancriformis lineage (Crustacea, Notostraca). Zoologica Scripta, 35: 301-322.

Llei 13/2006, de 27/07/2006, de mesures en matèria de medi ambient. DOGC núm. 4690 03/08/2006.

Machado, M., Cristo, M., Reis, J. & Cancela da Fonseca, L. 1999. “Biological data on Triops cancriformis mauritanicus (Ghigi, 1921) and Cyzicus grubei (Simon, 1886) in SW portu-gal temporary pools.”. Limnetica 16: 1-7.

Mantovani, B., Cesari, M., Luchetti, A. and Scanabissi, F. 2008. “Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA variability in the living fossil Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801) (Crustacea, Bran-chiopoda, Notostraca). Heredity 100: 496-505.

Martin, J.W. & Davis, G.E. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum of los Ange-les Country Contributions in Science 39: pp 1-124.

Margalef, R. 1953. Los crustaceos de las aguas continen-tales ibéricas. In Instituto Forestal de Investigadiones y Ex-periencias (Ed.) Biologia de las aguas continentales, vol. 10. Ministerio de Agricultura. Madrid.

Mennessier, G. 1984. Révision des gastéropodes ap-partenant à la famille des Cassiopidae Kollmann (= Glauco-niidae Ptchelintsev). Travaux du Département de Géologie de l’Université de Picardie. 190 pp., 17fig., 17 t., 29 pl. Université de Picardie. Amiens.

Ombretta, M., Cesari, M., Eder, E., Scanabissi, F., & Mantovani, B. 2005. Chromosomes in sexual population of Notostracan and Conchostracan taxa (Crustacea, Branchiopo-da). Caryologia, Vol. 58 (2): 164-170.

Ordre de 23 de novembre de 1994, per la qual s’amplia la relació d’espècies protegides a Catalunya. DOGC num.1980 02/12/1994.

Pardo, L. 1932. Datos para el estudio de la fauna hidrobi-ológica española. Boletín de Pesca y Caza 4 (10): 321-334.

Sánchez, M.L., Green, A.J., Amat, F. & Castellanos, E.M. 2007. Transport of brine shrimps via the digestive system of migratory waders: dispersal probabilities depend on diet and season. Marine Bioloy, 151: 1407-1415.

Tianyun, S. & Mula, M.S. 2002. Factors Affecting Egg Hatch of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops newberryi, a Potential Biological Control Agent of Immature Mosquitoes. Biological Control, vol. 23 (1): 18-26.

Tröger K.A., Ruchholz, H.K., Watznauer, A. & Kahlke, H.D. 1984. Abriss der Historischen Geologie. Berlin. Akad-emie Verlag.

Trusheim, V.F. 1938. Triopsiden (Crust. Phyll.) aus dem Keuper-Frankens. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 19: 198-216.

Vanschoenwinkel, B., Pinceel, T. Vanhove, M. P. M., De-nis, C., Jocque, M., Timms, B. & Brendonck, L. 2012. To-ward a Global Philogeny of the “Living Fossil” Crustacean Or-der of the Notostraca. Plos One, vol 7, issue 4, e34998: 19pp.

Wallossek, D. 1993. The Upper Cambrian Rehbachiella and the phylogeny of Branchiopoda and Crustacea. Fossils and Strata, 32: 1-202.

Zierold, T., Hanfling, B. i Gómez, A. 2007. “Recent evo-lution of alternative reproductive modes in the “living fossil Triops cancriformis”. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7 (161): 12pp.

NEMUS vol. 3 2013 109

Forner, E. & Brewster, J.E. 2013. First observation of Triops (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) in the Natural Park of the Serra d’Irta (Peníscola, el Baix Maestrat). Nemus nº 3 pp 101-110. Ateneu de Natura, Castelló de la Plana.

Zierold, T. Montero-Pau, J. Hänfling, B. & Gómez, A. 2009. “Sex ratio, reproductive mode and genetic diversity in Triops cancriformis”. Freshwater Biology: 14 pp.

Data d’arribada 2 agost 2013Data d’acceptació 29 novembre 2013

110

Parameter 24/03/13

Microbiological

Escherichia coli (ufc/100 ml) 1,6E +01 Enterococcus (ufc/100 ml) 6,2E +01 Total coliforms (ufc/100 ml) >8,0E +02

Clostridium perfringens (ufc/100 ml) 1,5E +01

Physicochemical

PH 7.83 Isophenphos metil (µg/l) <0,03 Fipronil (µg/l) <0,1

Hardness (mg Ca/l) <46 Lindane (µg/l) <0,02 Flusilazole (µg/l) <0,1

Conductivity at 20º C (µS/cm) <250 Malathion (µg/l) <0,03 Imidacloprid (µg/l) <0,1

Suspended particles (mg/l) 26 Metolachlor (µg/l) <0,03 Iprovalicarb (µg/l) <0,1

DBO5 (mg O2/l) <3 Pirimiphos-methyl (µg/l) <0,03 Isoproturon (µg/l) <0,1

DQO (mg/l) <100 Procymidone (µg/l) <0,03 Kresoxim-methyl (µg/l) <0,1

Ammonium (mg NH4/l) <0,35 Trifluralin (µg/l) <0,02 Mepanipyrim (µg/l) <0,1

Nitrite (mg NO2/l) <0,05 Lambda cyhalothrin (µg/l) <0,1 Myclobutanil (µg/l) <0,1

Nitrate (mg NO3/l) <5 Cypermethrin (µg/l) (sum of isomers) <0,1 Molinato (µg/l) <0,1

Residual free chlorine (mg Cl2/l) <0,2 Ciflutin (µg/l) (sum of isomers) <0,1 Paraoxon methyl (µg/l) <0,1

Total chlorine (mg Cl2/l) 0 Deltamethrin (µg/l) <0,1 Pyrifenox (µg/l) <0,1

Oxidizability(mg O2/l) 4.78 Permetrina (µg/l) (sum of isomers) <0,1 Simazine (µg/l) <0,1

Not ionized amonia 0.007 DDE (µg/l) <0,02 Tebuconazole (µg/l) <0,1

Surfactant agents (µg LSNa/l) <100 DDD (µg/l) <0,02 Terbuthylazine (µg/l) <0,1

Phosphorus (mg P/l) <0,1 O-P'DDT (µg/l) <0,02 Terbutryn (µg/l) <0,1

Dissolved mercury (mg Hg/l) <0,00003 P-P'DDT µg/l) <0,02 Triclorfon (µg/l) <0,1

Dissolved Zn (µg Zn/l) 0 Aldrin + Dieldrin (µg/l) <0,03 Acetamiprid (µg/l) <0,1

Dissolved cooper (µg Cu/l) 14 Endosulfan (a+b+sulfato) (µg/l) <0,03 Ametrina (µg/l) <0,1

Dissolved Cd (µg Cd/l) <0,5 HCE + Heptachlor (µg/l) <0,03 Carbaryl (µg/l) <0,1

Chloride (mg Cl/l) 25 DDE+DDD+DDT (µg/l) <0,025 Dimethoate (µg/l) <0,1

Sulphate (mg SO4/l) <10 Clorprofam (µg/l) <0,03 Malaoxon (µg/l) <0,1

HCB (µg/l) <0,01 Fenitrotion (µg/l) <0,03 Metalaxyl (µg/l) <0,1

Alachlor (µg/l) <0,15 Metil-paration (µg/l) <0,03 Methiocarb (µg/l) <0,1

Aldrin (µg/l) <0,03 Pirimetalin (µg/l) <0,03 Omethoate (µg/l) <0,1

Bromopropylate (µg/l) <0,03 Vinclozolin (µg/l) <0,03 Pirimicarb (µg/l) <0,1

Chlorfenvinphos (µg/l) <0,05 Alpha HCH (µg/l) <0,02 Prometryn (µg/l) <0,1

Chlorpyrifos (µg/l) <0,02 Beta HCH (µg/l) <0,02 Propazine (µg/l) <0,1

Chlorothalonil (µg/l) <0,03 Atrazine (µg/l) <0,1 Simetryne (µg/l) <0,1

Diazinon (µg/l) <0,03 Azoxitrobin (µg/l) <0,1 Tiabendazole (µg/l) <0,1

Dieldrin (µg/l) <0,03 Bitertanol (µg/l) <0,1 Benzo(a)pireno (µg/l) <0,0025

Alpha endosulfan (µg/l) <0,03 Bromacil (µg/l) <0,1 Benzo(b)fluoranthene (µg/l) <0,025

Beta endosulfan (µg/l) <0,03 Cadusafos (µg/l) <0,1 Benzo(g,h,l)perylene (µg/l) <0,025

Endosulfan sulphate (µg/l) <0,03 Carbendazim (µg/l) <0,1 Benzo(k)fluoranthene (µg/l) <0,025

Endrin (µg/l) <0,03 Cianzina (µg/l) <0,1 Indenol(1,2,3-cd)pireno (µg/l) <0,025

HCE endo (µg/l) <0,03 Cyproconazole (µg/l) <0,1 Sum HAP's (µg/l) <0,025

HCE exo (µg/l) <0,03 Diuron (µg/l) <0,1 Antrracene (µg/l) <0,025

Heptachlor (µg/l) <0,03 Ethoprophos (µg/l) <0,1 Fluoranteno (µg/l) <0,025

Isodrin (µg/l) <0,03 Fenhexamine (µg/l) <0,1

Annex 1 | Analyses of the Basseta water. Taken on the 24/03/2013. Abbreviations: cfu = colony forming units; < = less than the detection limit of the technique used.

Appendix 1 | Analítica de l’aigua de la Basseta. Mostra del 24/03/2013. Abreviatures: ufc = unitats forjadores de colònies; < = menor que el límit de detecció amb la tècnica emprada.