First Edition - Taylor & Francis eBooks

14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

TURBOCHARGERS AND TURBOCHARGING

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ONTURBOCHARGERS AND TURBOCHARGING (LONDON UK 2021)



Edited by

Institution of Mechanical Engineers

CRC PressBalkema is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group an informabusiness

Typeset by Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd Pondicherry India

The Open Access version of this book available at wwwtandfebookscomhas been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives 40 license

Published by CRC PressBalkemaSchipholweg 107C 2316XC Leiden The Netherlandse-mail PubNLtaylorandfranciscomwwwroutledgecom ndash wwwtaylorandfranciscom

ISBN 978-0-367-67645-2 (Hbk)ISBN 978-1-003-13217-2 (eBook)DOI 1012019781003132172httpsdoiorg1012019781003132172

4

14th International Conference on Turbochargers and TurbochargingInstitution of Mechanical Engineers ISBN 978-0-367-67645-2

Table of Contents

Organising Committee ix

Design and evaluation of an active inlet swirl control devicefor automotive turbocharger compressors 1

Charles Stuart Stephen Spence Queenrsquos University BelfastSoumlnke Teichel Andre Starke IHI Charging Systems InternationalGmbH

Steady-state CFD calculation of a complete turbochargerradial turbine performance map Mass flow rate and efficiency 15

Georges Salameh Pascal Chesse David Chalet Pierre MartyEcole Centrale de Nantes

Aerodynamic design of a fuel cell compressor for passengercar application 32

Hua Chen Dalian Maritime UniversityLei Huang Kai Guo Koen Kramer Zeyu ZhangGreat Wall Motors

Design and validation of a pulse generator for the pulseshaping of the turbine inlet pressure at the hot-gas test bench 48

Philipp Nachtigal Henning Raumltz Joerg Seume Leibniz UniversityHannover Institute of Turbomachinery and Fluid DynamicsHolger Mai Kratzer Automation AG

1D gas exchange modelling of double scroll turbinesExperimental validation and improved modelling 62

Tetsu Suzuki Georgios Iosifidis Joumlrg Starzmann DietmarFilsinger IHI Charging Systems International GmbHWataru Sato Takahiro Bamba IHI Corporation

Study on analytical method for thermal and flow field of a VGturbocharger 81

Tsuyoshi Kitamura Toru Suita Toyotaka YoshidaMitsubishi Heavy IndustriesYosuke Danmoto Yoji Akiyama Mitsubishi Heavy IndustriesEngine amp Turbocharger

V

One dimensional modelling on twin-entry turbine Anapplication of TURBODYNA 97

Bijie Yang Ricardo Martinez-Botas Peter NewtonImperial College LondonToru Hoshi Bipin Gupta Seiichi Ibaraki Mitshubishi HeavyIndustries

A system-level study of an organic Rankine cycle applied towaste heat recovery in light-duty hybrid powertrains 113

Antonio Pessanha Colin Copeland University of BathZhihang Chen Jaguar Land Rover

Designing a bespoke high efficiency turbine stage for a keyengine condition through pulse utilisation 131

Craig Hasler Cummins Turbo Technologies

Development and validation of a high-pressure compressorstage 149

Robert Lotz BorgWarner Emissions

The smallest CV VNTTM developed for Euro VI+ amp JapanPPNLT light duty commercial applications with extremebraking 163

Shuichi Ikeda Ondrej Senekl Vinaey KalyanaramanGarrett ndash Advancing Motion

Integrated design optimisation and engine matching of aturbocharger radial turbine 174

Piotr Luczynski Carola Freytag Manfred Wirsum Institute ofPower Plant Technology Steam and Gas Turbines RWTHAachenKarl Hohenberg Ricardo Martinez-Botas Imperial CollegeLondon

Maximum turbocharger efficiency for an engine operating at50 brake thermal efficiency 191

Parasharan Ananthakrishnan Seaacuten Egan Jamie ArcherCummins Turbo TechnologiesTimothy Shipp Cummins Research and Technology

Transfer of turbocharger shaft motion behavior from enginetesting to hot gas component testing 204

Felix Falke Adrian Schloszlighauer Hendrik Ruppert Institute forCombustion Engines RWTH Aachen UniversityMax Stadermann Dominik Luumlckmann Richard Aymanns FEVEurope GmbH

VI

Experimental investigation on the transient response of anautomotive turbocharger coupled to an electrically assistedcompressor 219

Silvia Marelli Vittorio Usai Massimo Capobianco University ofGenoa

Steady state and transient tuning of a driven turbocharger forcommercial diesel engines 230

Thomas Waldron Ryan Sherill Jared Brin Super TurboTechnologies

Development of new generation MET turbocharger 242

Yushi Ono Yoshikazu Ito Mitsubishi Heavy Industries MarineMachinery and Equipment

An approach to thermo-mechanical fatigue life prediction forturbine housings in gasoline engine application 252

Hiroaki Nakai Masahiro Takanashi Hidenori Kojima Kotaro ItoIHI Corporation

Multidisciplinary and multi-point optimisation of radial andmixed-inflow turbines for turbochargers using 3D inversedesign method 263

Jiangnan Zhang Advanced Design TechnologyMehrdad Zangeneh University College London

Experimental and computational analysis of the flow passingthrough each branch of a twin-entry turbine 278

Joseacute Galindo Joseacute Ramoacuten Serrano Luis Miguel Garciacutea-CuevasNicolaacutes Medina Universitat Politegravecnica de Valegravencia

Design and modelling of circular volutes for centrifugalcompressors 289

Hamid Hazby Robert OrsquoDonoghue Chris Robinson PCAEngineers

SC-VNTTM a route toward high efficiency for gasoline engines 302

Nathaniel Bontemps David Francois Juan Camillo SierraPeter Davies Garrett ndash Advancing MotionLeandro Lazzarini Monaco Alois Fuerhapter AVL List GmbH

VII

Study on loss characteristic of penetrating exhaust manifoldfor low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine 313

Yingyuan Wang Ruiqi Zhang Mingyang Yang Kangyao DengShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityBo Liu Yuehua Qian China Shipbuilding Power EngineeringInstitute Co

Heat transfer modelling in vehicular turbochargers for enginesimulation 326

Yoshiyuki Watanabe Nobuyuki Ikeya Shun OkamotoIHI CorporationDietmar Filsinger IHI Charging System International GmbH

Trends in passenger car powertrains and their impact onturbocharger developments 341

Nick Baines ConsultantEric Krivitzky Dartmouth CollegeJiangtao Bai Xuefeng Zhang Xeca Turbo Technologies

Boosting the JCB Fastrac ldquoWorldrsquos fastest tractorrdquo 360

Alex Skittery JCB Power SystemsRichard Cornwall Richard King Ricardo Automotive amp Industrial

ADDITIONAL PAPERS

Development of a new vaneless variable volute turbine 381

Steve Arnold Engine Systems Innovation Inc

Twin scroll turbocharger turbine characterisation using a widerange multimap dual combustor gas stand 404

Janakiraman Thiyagarajan Nicholas Anton Carl FredrikssonPer-Inge Larsson Scania CV AB

Development of the pureflowTM compressor inlet for addedrange and efficiency 418


Optimization of a centrifugal turbine rotor for robustness andreliability against manufacturing tolerances 440

Mohamed H Aissa Tom Verstraete von Karman Institute forFluid DynamicsAlberto Racca PUNCH Torino SpACarnell E Williams General Motors - Global PropulsionSystems

VIII

Multidisciplinary adjoint optimization of radial turbine rotors 461

Lasse Mueller Tom Verstraete von Karman Institute for FluidDynamicsAlberto Racca PUNCH Torino SpA

An electric-potential turbocharger speed sensor 476

Peter Fussey Colin Bennett Arash Kermani University of Sussex

Author index 488

IX

14th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging Institution of Mechanical Engineers ISBN 978-0-367-67645-2

Organising Committee

Powertrains Systems and Fuels Group

The Institution of Mechanical Engineers

Member Credits

Ricardo Martinez-Botas (Chair)

Peter Davies (Vice-Chair)

Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori

Imperial College London

Garett ndash Advancing Motion

Cummins Turbo Technologies

MAN Energy Solutions

Jaguar Land Rover

Lloyds Register EMEA

Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath


IHI Charging System Intershynational GmbH

ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company

Mitsubishi Turbocharger and Engine Europe BV

SCANIA Power Train Sweden

BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI

Takashi Otobe Honda RampD

Prabhu Ramasamy Caterpillar

Joerg Seume Leibniz Universitaet Hannover

Stephen Spence Queens University Belfast

Bernd Wietholt Volkswagen AG

Michael Willmann ABB Switzerland Ltd

XII

Design and evaluation of an active inletswirl control device for automotiveturbocharger compressorsC Stuart SW Spence

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Queenrsquos University Belfast UK

S Teichel A Starke

IHI Charging Systems International GmbH Heidelberg Germany

ABSTRACT

It is widely accepted that large swirl angles (gt60deg) are required to deliver meaningfulsurge margin extension at the relatively low pressure ratios typical of automotiveturbocharger compressors However in order to maintain performance towards choke(and hence the rated power point of the engine) the requirement is for delivery ofzero pre-swirl These constraints cannot be met using traditional variable inlet guidevane systems as whether flat plate or cambered vanes are chosen significant lossesare to be expected at low and high mass flow rates respectively

Taking the above into account the primary intention of this study was to developa device capable of efficiently generating large swirl angles for surge margin extensionand compressor efficiency enhancement at low mass flow operating points withoutadversely affecting performance at other areas of the compressor map

The chosen concept involved placing an axial fan upstream of a standard automotiveturbocharger compressor stage The fan was designed to act as a variable pre-swirldevice which due to being driven by an electric motor was capable of operating com-pletely independently of the centrifugal impeller The chosen concept was progressedthrough 1-D and 3-D design phases to understand the feasibility of the system beforecommitting to hardware manufacture and an extensive experimental test campaign tovalidate the numerical findings and test the surge margin extension potential of thedevice

1 INTRODUCTION

In order to ensure compliance with the increasingly stringent emissions targets beinglevied by legislators around the world the uptake of the concept of engine downsizing(as well as additional complementary technologies such as Miller valve timing) in theautomotive sector is becoming increasingly prevalent From the perspective of theturbocharger these strategies place additional demands upon enhancing compressorperformance and stability at low mass flow operating conditions

One approach to achieve this goal that is common in larger scale applications is theapplication of positive pre-swirl (introduction of a non-zero circumferential velocitycomponent Vu1 in the same direction as impeller rotation) at compressor inletthrough the use of inlet guide vanes For automotive turbocharging applications theexpected improvements can be summarised as follows Firstly improvements in com-pressor efficiency can be expected at low mass flow rates due to the alleviation of inci-dence based losses One study utilising an automotive turbocharger compressor [1]cited up to a 30pt improvement in efficiency at a pressure ratio of 25 through theapplication of pre-swirl Secondly the possibility to extend the compressor surge

1


margin is a particularly attractive benefit However due to the relatively modest pres-sure ratios of automotive turbocharger compressors it has been recognised that highlevels of swirl are required to achieve a tangible improvement (60deg-70deg PRlt30)[2] Finally through effectively unloading the compressor application of positive pre-swirl has been demonstrated to offer improved transient response from the turbochar-ger and hence reduced engine time-to-torque figures [3]

In spite of the above mentioned benefits the uptake of inlet guide vane (IGV) systems(either fixed or variable) in automotive turbocharging applications has been verylimited The nature of the requirements imposed on the compressor stage necessitatea very wide operating range which creates significant issues for the application ofpre-swirl At high mass flow rates intolerably large reductions in compressor effi-ciency (arising from increased incidence losses) and choking mass flow rate [14] areto be expected Ultimately then an ideal IGV system should be capable of deliveringhigh swirl angles for low mass flow operating conditions and zero swirl towardschoke While this is clearly an impossibility from a fixed geometry system unfortu-nately even moving to a variable inlet guide vane (VIGV) configuration does notentirely overcome this limitation A comparatively recent study [5] evaluated thefeasibility of a number of advanced VIGV concepts for use with an automotive turbo-charger compressor (including variable vane camber) but ultimately could not delivermeaningful improvements in performance

As a consequence of these requirements the current study sought to develop a devicecapable of efficiently generating large swirl angles at low mass flow rates while alsobeing capable of generating zero pre-swirl for operation close to choke The chosensolution involved positioning an electrically driven axial fan upstream of a standardautomotive turbocharger compressor stage This concept was first presented ina patent document by Daimler [6] however despite apparently showing potential theauthors are not aware of it being investigated beyond an initial feasibility study Thisarchitecture is advantageous from the perspective that the fan speed can be con-trolled completely independently of the turbocharger shaft speed allowing theupstream axial fan to act as an active inlet swirl control device with the potential toutilise the work input to overcome a proportion of the losses typical of IGV systemsFurthermore it was envisioned that the capability to actively interact with the impellerinlet recirculation would yield the potential to suppress its extent and hence furthercontribute to enhancing compressor stability [2]

It is also worth addressing the reasons behind choosing to use an electric motor togenerate pre-swirl rather than direct boosting in this context Primarily targeting swirlgeneration allows the use of a much lower power motor than would be required toachieve meaningful pressure rise making the system less expensive more robust andeasier to integrate with both the base turbocharger and the vehicle itself Further-more utilising a two-stage architecture does not improve operating range which rep-resents one of the key targets of this study

2 METHODOLOGY

Prior to engaging in a detailed description of the design methodology employed it isworth first outlining the constraints involved The primary aim from the commence-ment of the investigation was to arrive at a configuration that could be practicallytested and feasibly implemented (with reasonably limited further design effort) intoa real world application As a part of this and to control costs at the initial prototypingstage it was deemed that the electrical motor had to be a readily available ldquooff-the-shelfrdquo unit Consequently due to the relatively large dimensions of suitable productionelectric motors packaging of the system was not considered an overarching

2

limitation However the use of a very large slower rotating fan to generate the swirlwas not deemed as being feasible in this case

Regarding the choice of base compressor stage in keeping with the desire to utilise pro-duction components where possible a typical automotive turbocharger was chosenfrom a gasoline engine application The compressor impeller comprised of six main andsix splitter blades with D2=51mm and β2b = -440deg In order to focus the design efforton the most important regions of compressor operation and to streamline to presenta-tion of results and subsequent analysis six key operating points of interest weredefined as illustrated in Figure 1 The designation describing each operating point canbe decomposed in the following fashion ldquo120krdquo represents a turbocharger shaft speedof 120000rpm with ldquoNSrdquo ldquoDPrdquo and ldquoNCrdquo representing near surge design point andnear choke operation respectively

21 ModellingThe aerodynamic modelling work undertaken comprised of 1-D fan design as well as3-D CFD design and performance prediction of the coupled centrifugal stage and axialfan The 1-D design phase permitted selection of appropriate initial fan design param-eters and highlighted the need for a part span configuration to allow generation of therequired swirl levels while minimising the impact on the choke flow capacity of thecomplete compression system This point will be clarified in the coming section how-ever the unavoidable (and significant) interaction between the impeller inlet recircula-tion and the fan quickly dictated that CFD analysis was the only meaningful way toproceed

Having settled on a geometry specification the design was progressed through FEAmodelling of the fan and spinner to ensure structural integrity at the operating pointsderived from the aerodynamic study In addition a simplified brushless direct current(BLDC) motor performance model was developed and utilised to ensure that thechosen operating points were capable of being attained by the electric motor The wideranging constraints involved dictated something of an iterative approach to the abovemodelling work however it is presented herein in terms of the logical high levelglobal work flow

211 CFD methodologyThe approach used for the baseline CFD configuration was that as presented by Stuartet al [7] representing a typical single passage analysis comprising of two stationarydomains (inlet and vaneless diffuser) and one rotating domain (impeller) Conse-quently for the sake of brevity the current publication will not enter into a detaileddescription of this method However a schematic representation of the setup

Figure 1 Base compressor map highlighting key operating points of interest

3

employed has been included in Figure 2 for completeness sake In each case stageperformance was defined from measurement planes coincident with the inlet andvaneless diffuser exit (MP0 to MP3)

The first piece of analysis undertaken using the CFD setup was to evaluate the poten-tial benefits of inlet swirl at the previously defined operating points of interest Inorder to define a ldquobest case scenariordquo for this evaluation a uniformly distributed non-zero theta component was added to define the flow direction at the inlet boundarythus signifying a condition whereby the pre-swirl could be generated on an entirelyloss free basis From this it was determined that the optimum swirl levels to maximisecompressor efficiency were 60deg at the NS points 20deg at the DP points and 0deg at chokeThe overall impact of the inclusion of swirl is presented and discussed towards the con-clusion of this section

Having understood the magnitude of the theoretically achievable benefits availablethe next step was to evaluate how closely it would be possible to replicate these resultsusing the proposed concept In order to facilitate this the stationary inlet domain(represented by ldquoS1rdquo in Figure 2) was replaced with a single passage rotating domaincontaining the fan geometry All other aspects of the model remained unchanged incomparison to the baseline configuration The new inlet domain was generated inANSYS BladeGen and meshed in ANSYS TurboGrid (in both cases utilising version 172of the software) requiring approximately three million cells to satisfy mesh qualityand grid independence requirements The resulting domain setup is illustrated inFigure 3 which highlights the different measurement planes used to define perform-ance of both the fan and the overall system as well as the treatment of the differentwalls to render certain regions effectively stationary as necessary

Figure 2 Baseline CFD setup [7]

4

Figure 3 illustrates the ldquounconventionalrdquo inlet geometry brought about by the largediameter of the chosen electric motor (36mm) While this posed challenges in ensur-ing that any total pressure losses arising from the change in section were minimised itdid facilitate the use of slightly lower fan speeds to generate a given level of swirl atcompressor inlet (due to conservation of angular momentum considerations) Theprofile of the resulting ldquoS-ductrdquo connecting the fan to the impeller was optimised tominimise total pressure losses while the extended fan spinner was identified as animportant inclusion early in the CFD design process Upon removal of this featurestage efficiency was witnessed to reduce by up to 4pts due to reduced flowguidance

Figure 3 also demonstrates the relatively large axial separation between the fan andcentrifugal impeller This decision was taken during the CFD design process for tworeasons Firstly in a more closely coupled arrangement the interaction between thefan and the shroud side impeller inlet recirculating flow proved to be beyond what thesteady single passage CFD methodology could rationalise Consequently in order toallow the solver to achieve converged solutions (particularly at lower mass flow oper-ating conditions) the axial separation was increased as shown Secondly reducing(but not eliminating) the direct interaction between the fan and impeller inlet recircu-lation made it feasible to evaluate fan performance in isolation

It is worth explicitly noting at this stage that the intention for the CFD study was not togain direct insight into the potential for surge margin extension one cannot expecta steady single passage analysis to accurately predict the onset of a fundamentallyunsteady system dependant phenomenon such as surge [4] However the ability togenerate the required levels of pre-swirl (determined from the literature review) wastheorised to be sufficiently indicative for this stage of the design process Conse-quently the primary objective for the CFD was to optimise fan performance within theexisting confines of the compressor map (while maintaining the ability to generatelarge swirl angles for surge margin extension and also satisfying the operationallimits of the chosen electric motor)

The complete CFD setup which encompassed details illustrated by both Figure 2 andFigure 3 was then utilised to evaluate the fan speed that maximised overall compres-sor efficiency (MP0 to MP3) for each of the six operating points of interest A summaryof the final fan dimensions are presented in Table 1 with the corresponding operatingpoints outlined in Table 2 It is worth emphasising again that the fan was a part spandesign with the blades occupying the lower 60 of the inlet section span

Figure 3 CFD setup for fan domain and measurement plane namingconventions

5

22 ResultsThe results of the aforementioned comparisons are presented in Figure 4 for the pre-dictions of compressor pressure ratio and efficiency In order to maximise the clarityof the results the data for all six operating points have been presented as a changerelative to the baseline configuration depicted in Figure 2 It is worth noting that theapparent absence of ldquoBaseline with Inlet Swirlrdquo data for the choke points is represen-tative of the fact that the ideal swirl value at these operating points was equal to zero

Table 1 Final fan design parameters

DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11

Blade Height (mm) 48

Axial Length (mm) 9

βA30_span (deg) 590

βB30_span (deg) 441

Table 2 Chosen fan operating points

N (rpm) n (rpm) Description (-)

120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP

Figure 4 CFD predicted change in stage pressure ratio and efficiency relativeto baseline at six operating points of interest

6

Examining the pressure ratio prediction within Figure 4 first of all it is readily apparentthat the application of inlet pre-swirl even when generated on a loss free basis resultsin a decrement in total pressure ratio across the stage This is of course not an unex-pected result the Euler turbomachinery equation clearly dictates that positive pre-swirl at inlet results in a reduction in the specific work input of the stage and hencethe expected total pressure rise

Looking at performance with the fan in particular it is clear that while the fan does addwork to the flow it is a very modest contribution and with the exception of the160k_NS point it was not sufficient to overcome the swirl based decrement in impellerwork input Unfortunately the modest amount of pressure rise across the fan was nul-lified by losses through the S-duct which were an unavoidable consequence of therelatively large electric motor casing diameter (and correspondingly large fan hubdiameter) In spite of the concession to utilise a part span fan design this issue clearlyincreases in prominence as mass flow rate increases with the near choke points inparticular exhibiting significant drops in stage total pressure ratio (61 and 78 for120k_NC and 160k_NC respectively) Ultimately it was found that while increasingfan speed could help to overcome the pressure losses through S-duct at higher massflow rates the intolerance of the centrifugal stage to the additional pre-swirl gener-ated resulted in an even more significant stage performance decrement and hencethe operating points illustrated in Figure 4 represent the best compromise Away fromthe near choke points however it was promising to witness that the reductions instage total pressure ratio were comparable to what was witnessed in the baseline casewith swirl applied as an inlet boundary condition

Moving onto the efficiency comparison it is worth firstly clarifying the meaning of theadditional data field presented in Figure 4 The ldquoAxial Fan without ΔT0rdquo field representsthe stage efficiency evaluated without including the total temperature rise (workinput) across the fan ie in reference to Figure 2 and Figure 3

ηAxial Fan without ΔT0frac14

p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN

This efficiency definition relates to a situation whereby the energy required to drivethe fan is available ldquofor freerdquo From a practical perspective this is not unreasonablewith the excess of electrical energy available on modern automotive installations (48Vmild hybrid systems etc) and the relatively low power values required in this applica-tion (lt600W) The results are therefore comparable to the idealised ldquoBaseline withInlet Swirlrdquo case However while the work input from the fan was excluded in this def-inition it was not feasible to accurately isolate the total pressure loss through theS-duct in CFD While the work input could be isolated by evaluating total temperatureat Measurement Plane (MP) B completion of the same exercise with total pressurenecessitated evaluation at MP1 Unfortunately with the large amounts of inlet recircu-lation present it was not possible to extract a representative total pressure value atMP1 As a result while the ldquoAxial Fan without ΔT0rdquo results should approach thosedepicted by the idealised baseline with inlet swirl case they do not replicate the ideal-ised case exactly While not particularly relevant at the lower mass flow operatingpoints (which exhibited a relatively minor S-duct derived total pressure decrementover the idealised case) this becomes a point that is necessary to bear in mind athigher mass flow operating points where the large motor diameter (and resultingS-duct) caused significant total pressure losses

7

Focusing on the efficiency results presented in Figure 4 then the benefit of inclusion ofthe fan at the near surge points is readily apparent At the low mass flow rate operat-ing points improvements in efficiency of 14pts and 24pts for 120k_NS and160k_NS were witnessed respectively Removal of fan work saw these increase to57pts and 52pts respectively successfully matching (or exceeding in the case of120k_NS) the idealised baseline with inlet swirl case Consequently it was clear thatthe fan was successfully bringing about improvements close to the surge line

In spite of the demonstrated limitations with the system towards the choke side of theoperating range (which are recognised to originate predominantly from the largediameter motor required for the prototype system) it was hypothesised at this pointthat the predicted efficiency improvements at low mass flow rates were sufficient tojustify proceeding through to experimental validation Furthermore while the CFDresults indicated a tangible interaction between the fan and the impeller inlet recircu-lation region (demonstrating reduced inlet recirculation extent when operating withthe fan which has been correlated to improved compressor stability [2]) experimen-tal testing provides the only means of truly understanding the potential of the deviceto extend the compressor surge margin

3 DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL HARDWARE

Having demonstrated sufficient potential from the system during the numerical model-ling section to warrant undertaking experimental validation the first step was to con-sider the most appropriate means of representing the simulated configuration duringphysical testing

The intention from the outset was to mimic the configuration used in the CFD study asclosely as possible Consequently all of the main geometric parameters were main-tained including the meridional profile of the inlet duct and the axial distance betweenthe axial and radial stages The design of the axial fan and spinner targeted minimisingmass the chosen electric motor (Fusion Exceed 35T) originated from a remote con-trol car application and hence the standard bearing system was never intended tosupport a large overhung mass A static structural analysis was conducted in ANSYSMechanical 172 to evaluate the structural integrity of the chosen fan and spinnerdesigns The simulation was conducted at the maximum rotational speed of 90krpmwith no applied aerodynamic loading (very low pressure ratio design) and using7075-T6 as the chosen material The results indicated no issues with the design withadequate safety factors and insignificant deflection values throughout

8

Figure 5 Illustration of experimentally tested hardware configuration

4 EXPERIMENTAL TESTING RESULTS

The experimental test campaign was conducted using the standard methodology andinstrumentation used for compressor testing in Queenrsquos University Belfast (QUB) asoutlined in [7] The results are presented subsequently in two distinct sections firstlyevaluation of stage performance with and without the axial fan for the six previouslydefined operating points of interest This is then followed by an evaluation of thepotential of the device to extend the surge margin of the baseline compressor stageThe data in each case was non-dimensionalised using the maximum value of a givenparameter encountered during testing of the baseline configuration

41 Stage performanceThe results from the experimental test campaign for both pressure ratio and efficiencyare presented in Figure 6 depicting the cases for the baseline and with the axial fanoperating at the speed values defined in Table 2

Figure 6 Comparison of measured compressor stage performanceparameters at 120krpm and 160kpm

9

Upon examining Figure 6 one obvious omission from the data is readily apparent Itwas not possible to conduct testing at the 160k_NC point due to a fan overspeedissue It transpired that even with motor turned off (at windmill conditions) the fanspeed looked set to exceed 100krpm This was beyond the operating limits set duringthe design process and those of the electric motor so to ensure safety of the hardware(and considering it is not one of the more critical operating points) the decision wastaken to neglect this operating point

Returning to the results comparison of Figure 6 with the CFD predictions depicted inFigure 4 illustrates trends in the experimental data that are effectively exaggeratedversions of what was witnessed in the numerical study While the increase in stageefficiency of 30pts at 120k_NS exceeded expectations the efficiency decrementpresent at 160k_NS was unexpected and lead to a question about whether the CFDhad in fact highlighted the most appropriate fan speed values to maximise stage effi-ciency Variations in fan speed were tested for the near surge points where it wasshown for the 160k_NS operating points that it was possible to recover from a 10ptefficiency drop at a fan speed of 60krpm to a 04pt increase by increasing the fanspeed to 75krpm By comparison at 120k_NS the CFD simulations succeeded in pre-dicting the most efficient speed to operate the fan at

Regarding the higher mass flow operating points the significant pressure ratio andefficiency reductions can have the same explanation attributed to them as during theCFD study (albeit the reductions in performance and mass flow capacity for 120k_NCproved to be more pronounced) While it would ideally be desirable to increase fanspeed at the DP and NC operating points to overcome the increasing proportion oflosses in the inlet duct this was not possible Increasing fan speed would indeedincrease the pressure ratio generated by the fan but also increases the swirl gener-ated For the near choke points in particular this was an intolerable scenario as theresulting increase in losses in the centrifugal stage were shown to far outweigh thebenefits in reducing losses upstream of the impeller

42 Impact on surge lineFollowing evaluation of stage performance within the existing stable operating rangeof the compressor the next step was to understand the potential of the fan to improvecompressor stability at low mass flow rate operating conditions Testing was con-ducted at turbocharger shaft speeds of between 100krpm and 180krpm (56 to100 speed) to ensure the key on-engine operating points were covered While therationale for choosing fan operating points within the existing stable operating rangeof the compressor stage centred on maximising fan efficiency the target for the rangeextension tests was to maximise fan speed to deliver as much swirl as possible to theimpeller The resulting comparison between the surge line for the baseline configur-ation and that with the fan are presented in Figure 7

10

Upon scrutinising the results depicted in Figure 7 it is clear that operation with the fantriggered reduced stability at low flows almost universally with the exception beingthe 100 speedline While the improvement at 100 speed could be theorized asbeing related to the fact that as pressure ratio increases the impeller becomes morereceptive to the benefits brought about by inlet swirl (as discussed in the Introduc-tion) it does not explain the reduced stability elsewhere Unfortunately it is notablethat the only point where a benefit was obtained in terms of compressor stabilityyields no tangible advantage when considering on-engine operation

Similarly measured performance at 100krpm also proved to be somewhat unex-pected whereby an apparent reduction in surge mass flow rate was nullified by thecompressor operating at significantly lower pressure ratio and a 91pt efficiencydecrement As a consequence the reduced surge mass flow rate at 100krpm cannotbe viewed as a useful stability enhancement in comparison to the baseline case

Further analysis of the experimental test results alongside additional CFD simulationwork indicated that operation of the fan on the positive slope of its pressure rise char-acteristic was at the root of the problem The aerodynamically unstable nature of thefan when operating at high rotational speeds and very low flow conditions acted todestabilise the complete compression system leading to the early onset of surgeHowever without operating at high rotational speeds the fan could not generate thehigh (gt60deg) swirl angles known to be required for surge margin extension at the rela-tively low pressure ratios typical of automotive turbochargers [2] Owing to the designcompromises imposed by the chosen electric motor and the required wide range ofoperation this was unfortunately something of an unavoidable scenario

5 CONCLUSIONS

An active inlet swirl control device concept was successfully progressed throughdesign manufacture and testing phases 1-D 3-D CFD and FEA analyses were used todevelop a functional prototype utilising off-the-shelf electrical components and hard-ware manufactured in QUB The prototype system successfully completed the testcampaign and performed in line with what was required following the initial CFD studyRegarding the CFD methodology the approach employed was ultimately shown toresult in an adequate design tool with the overall trends having been well repre-sented but ultimately more pronounced in the test data

Inclusion of the axial fan brought about both stage efficiency and pressure ratio benefitsfor the near surge operating conditions typified by a 30pt increase in efficiency for the120k_NS operating point in comparison to the baseline configuration However similarlyto what was predicted in the CFD study the fan was not capable of achieving the desired

Figure 7 Comparison of baseline surge line and surge line with axial fan

11

performanceneutral influence at the higher mass flow rate operating points This waslargely the result of the constraints on inlet geometry imposed by the relatively largediameter electric motor with the resulting total pressure losses being incapable of beingovercome by the action of the fan The natural inclination to increase fan speed to helpoffset the increasing total pressure drop in the inlet section as mass flow rate increasedwas curtailed either by mechanical considerations for the motorfan or through theintolerance of the centrifugal stage to the additional swirl generated (manifesting itselfthrough further reductions in compressor efficiency and choke flow capacity)

Similarly while the potential to generate high swirl angles with the fan was demon-strated these did not translate into improvements in surge margin for the compressorstage The high pre-swirl angles required to bring about benefits in the relatively lowpressure ratio compressor typical of automotive turbochargers combined with thedesign compromises required to enable a wide range of operation resulted in a fanthat was aerodynamically unstable at the required high rotational speed low flow con-ditions This instability ultimately triggered the onset of surge at higher mass flowrates than were witnessed for the baseline configuration

In terms of an outlook there is little doubt that a smaller diameter faster rotatingelectric motor could significantly negate the performance decrements witnessed inthis study at the higher mass flow rate operating conditions Coupling removal of therequirement for the S-duct inlet geometry with a higher speed motor would be highlybeneficial in improving choke side performance and would also open up additionaldesign freedom to overcome the surge margin issues However specification of sucha motor suitable control electronics and the fan itself may yield a system that is tooexpensive to be feasible for a product destined for series production Furthermorecombining such a system with a specific designselection of base compressor stage towork with inlet swirl would be worthy of investigation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to sincerely thank IHI Charging Systems International GmbHfor provision of the necessary compressor hardware for testing as well as for theircontinuing technical support The authors would also like to extend their thanks toANSYS Inc for the use of their CFD software and their technical support during thisprogram of research

12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)

n Electric motor speed (rpm)

N Turbocharger shaft speed (rpm)

ṁ Mass flow rate (kgs)

p Static pressure (Pa)

p0 Total pressure (Pa)

PR Total pressure ratio (-)

QUB Queenrsquos University Belfast

T Temperature (K)

T0 Total temperature (K)

U Blade speed (ms)

V Absolute velocity (ms)

Z Blade number (-)

β Relative flow angle measured from meridional direction (deg)

γ Ratio of specific heats (-)

η Isentropic total-to-total efficiency (-)

rotn Rotating

stn Stationary

BLDC Brushless Direct Current

DP Design point

MP Measurement Plane

NC Near choke

NS Near surge

VIGV Variable inlet guide vane

Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location

u Tangential direction

0 StagnationTotal conditions

(Continued )

13

REFERENCES

[1] Ishino M et al 1999 ldquoEffects of Variable Inlet Guide Vanes on Small CentrifugalCompressor Performancerdquo Proceedings of ASME International Gas Turbine ampAero-engine Congress Indianapolis IN USA 99-GTndash157

[2] Whitfield A amp Abdullah AH 1998 ldquoThe Performance of a Centrifugal Compres-sor with High Inlet Prewhirlrdquo Trans ASME Journal of Turbomachinery vol102(3)pp 487ndash493

[3] Fraser N et al 2007 ldquoDevelopment of a Fully Variable Compressor Map Enhan-cer for Automotive Applicationrdquo Proceedings of SAE World Congress Detroit MIUSA SAE 2007-01ndash1558

[4] Lϋdtke K H 2004 Process Centrifugal Compressors Basics Function Oper-ation Design Application Springer-Verlag Berlin

[5] Kleine Sextro T Steglich T Seume JR 2015 ldquoVariable Inlet Guide VaneDevice for a Turbocharger Compressorrdquo Proceedings of International Gas TurbineCongress Tokyo Japan IGTC2015ndash0161

[6] Fledersbacher P Loumlffler P Sumser S amp Wirbeleit F 2002 United StatesPatent No US 6481205 B2

[7] Stuart C Spence SW Filsinger D Starke A amp Kim SI 2018 ldquoCharacteris-ing the Influence of Impeller Exit Recirculation on Centrifugal Compressor WorkInputrdquo ASME Journal of Turbomachinery Vol140 (1) doi 10111514038120

(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet

2 Impeller exitvaneless diffuser inlet

3 Vaneless diffuser exit

max Maximum measured value for a given parameter

14

REFERENCES

Ishino M et al 1999 ldquoEffects of Variable Inlet Guide Vanes on Small Centrifugal Compressor Per-formancerdquo Proceedings of ASME International Gas Turbine amp Aero-engine Congress IndianapolisIN USA 99-GTndash157

Whitfield A amp Abdullah AH 1998 ldquoThe Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor with High InletPrewhirlrdquo Trans ASME Journal of Turbomachinery vol102(3) pp 487ndash493

Fraser N et al 2007 ldquoDevelopment of a Fully Variable Compressor Map Enhancer for AutomotiveApplicationrdquo Proceedings of SAE World Congress Detroit MI USA SAE 2007-01ndash1558

Lϋdtke K H 2004 Process Centrifugal Compressors Basics Function Operation Design Applica-tion Springer-Verlag Berlin

Kleine Sextro T Steglich T Seume JR 2015 ldquoVariable Inlet Guide Vane Device for a TurbochargerCompressorrdquo Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress Tokyo Japan IGTC2015ndash0161

Fledersbacher P Loumlffler P Sumser S amp Wirbeleit F 2002 United States Patent No US6481205 B2

Stuart C Spence SW Filsinger D Starke A amp Kim SI 2018 ldquoCharacterising the Influence ofImpeller Exit Recirculation on Centrifugal Compressor Work Inputrdquo ASME Journal of Turbomachin-ery Vol140 (1) doi 10111514038120

SAE SAE J1826 Turbocharger Gas Stand Test Code Surf Veh Recomm Pract 19951ndash12 doi 104271J1826_199503

Salameh G Chesse P Chalet D Different Measurement Techniques for Wider Small Radial TurbinePerformance Maps Exp Tech 2016401511ndash1525 doi 101007s40799-016-0107-85

Frelin M Preacutevision des caracteacuteristiques drsquoune turbine radiale agrave partir des donneacutees geacuteomeacutetriques PhDThesis Paris 6 1991

Salameh G Chesse P Chalet D Talon V Experimental Study of Automotive Turbocharger Turbine Per-formance Maps Extrapolation SAE Tech Pap 2016-01-1034 vol 2016- April 2016 doi 1042712016-01-1034

Venson GG Barros Jem TURBOCHARGER PERFORMANCE MAPS BUILDING USING A HOTGAS TEST STAND Proc ASME Turbo Expo 2008 Power L Sea Air GT2008 June 913 2008 BerlinGer 2008GT2008-509 1ndash9 doi 101115GT2008-50994

J Scharf Schorn N Smiljanovski V Uhlmann T Aymanns R Methods for extended turbocharger map-ping and turbocharger assessment ATK - 15 Aufladetechnische Konf Dokumentation Kraftfahrt-wesen eV 2010 p 443ndash465

Serrano JR Tiseira A Garciacutea-Cuevas LM Inhestern LB Tartoussi H Radial turbine performancemeasurement under extreme off-design conditions Energy 201712572ndash84 doi 101016jenergy201702118

Sieros G Stamatis A Mathioudakis K Jet engine component maps for performance modeling and diag-nosis J Propuls Power 199713665ndash674

Orkisz M Stawarz S Modeling of turbine engine axial-flow compressor and turbine characteristics JPropuls Power 200016336ndash339

Fang X Dai Q Yin Y Xu Y A compact and accurate empirical model for turbine mass flow character-istics Energy 2010354819ndash4823 doi 101016jenergy201009006

Fang X Dai Q Modeling of turbine mass flow rate performances using the Taylor expansion ApplTherm Eng 2010301824ndash1831 doi 101016japplthermaleng201004016

Jensen J-P Kristensen AF Sorenson SC Houbak N Hendricks E Mean Value Modeling of a SmallTurbocharged Diesel Engine 1991 doi 104271910070

Canova M Midlam-Mohler S Guezennec Y Rizzoni G Mean Value Modeling and Analysis of HCCIDiesel Engines With External Mixture Formation J Dyn Syst Meas Control 2009131011002 doi10111512977465

Canova M Development and validation of a control-oriented library for the simulation of automotiveengines Int J Engine Res 20045219ndash228 doi 1012431468087041549625

Payri F Benajes J Reyes M Modelling of supercharger turbines in internal-combustion engines Int JMech Sci 199638853ndash869 doi 1010160020-740328952900105-0

Payri F Serrano JR Fajardo P Reyes-Belmonte MA Gozalbo-Belles R A physically based method-ology to extrapolate performance maps of radial turbines Energy Convers Manag 201255149ndash163doi 101016jenconman201111003

Mseddi M Baccar M Kchaou H Abid MS Modeacutelisation des turbines radiales de suralimentation MecInd 2002335ndash44 doi 101016S1296-213928012901131-9

Serrano JR Arnau FJ Dolz V Tiseira A Cervelloacute C A model of turbocharger radial turbines appropri-ate to be used in zero- and one-dimensional gas dynamics codes for internal combustion engines mod-elling Energy Convers Manag 2008493729ndash3745 doi 101016jenconman200806031

Salameh G Chesse P Chalet D Mass flow extrapolation model for automotive turbine and confronta-tion to experiments Energy 2018

Jawad LH Numerical Prediction of a Radial TurbinePerformanceDesignedfor Automotive enginesTurbocharger J Univ Babylon 201826132ndash146

Palfreyman D Martinez-Botas RF The Pulsating Flow Field in a Mixed Flow Turbocharger TurbineAn Experimental and Computational Study J Turbomach 2005127144 doi 10111511812322

Galindo J Hoyas S Fajardo P Navarro R Set-up analysis and optimization of CFD simulations forradial turbines Eng Appl Comput Fluid Mech 20137441ndash460

Menter FR Langtry R Hansen T CFD simulation of turbomachinery flows-verification validation andmodelling Eur Congr Comput Methods Appl Sci Eng ECCOMAS 2004

Pecnik R Witteveen J Iaccarino G Uncertainty quantification for laminar-turbulent transition predic-tion in RANS turbomachinery applications 49th AIAA Aerosp Sci Meet Incl New HorizonsForum Aerosp Expo 2011 p 660

Simpson AT Spence SW Watterson JK A comparison of the flow structures and losses within vanedand vaneless stators for radial turbines J Turbomach 200913131010

de Souza RC Krieger Filho GC Automotive turbocharger radial turbine CFD and comparison to gasstand data 2011

Liu Z Hill DL Issues surrounding multiple frames of reference models for turbo compressor applica-tions 2000

Marelli S Marmorato G Capobianco M Boulanger J-M Towards the Direct Evaluation of TurbineIsentropic Efficiency in Turbocharger Testing 2016

Zimmermann R Baar R Biet C Determination of the isentropic turbine efficiency due to adiabaticmeasurements and the validation of the conditions via a new criterion Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C JMech Eng Sci 20182324485ndash4494

Martin GModegravelisation 0D-1D de la chaicircne drsquoair des moteurs aacute combustion interne deacutedieacutee au controcircleUniversiteacute drsquoOrleacuteans 2010

Watson N Janota MS Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine 2015 doi 101007978-1-349-04024-7

httpsenwikipediaorgwikiFuel_cell_vehiclehttpsglobaltoyotaennewsroomtoyota29933463htmlpadid=ag478_from_kvT Sugawara T Kanazawa N Imai and Y Tachibana Development of motorized turbo compressor

for Clarity fuel cell SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1187 2017 doi 1042712017-01-1187T Sugawara Air supply system for Honda fuel cell vehicle Int Conf Turbochargers amp Turbocharging

Asia Pacific 8ndash9 May 2019 SingaporeHoneywellrsquos presentation at 13th International Conference on IMechE 16ndash17 May 2018 LondonK Kramer The Challenge of Fuel Cell Compressor Development Int Conf Turbochargers amp Turbo-

charging Asia Pacific 8ndash9 May 2019 SingaporeK Kramer and P M Wu Fuel Cell Compressor development a Great Wall Motors perspective Turbo-

charging Seminar 2019 10ndash11 Sept 2019 Harbin ChinaS L Dixon and C A Hall Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of turbomachinery 7th edition Else-

vier Inc 2014 ISBN 978ndash0ndash12ndash415954ndash9X Q Zheng et al Design of a centrifugal compressor with low specific speed for automotive fuel cell

Proc ASME Turbo Expo 2008 GT2008-50468 June 9ndash13 2008 Berlin GermanyK R Pullen S Etemad and R Cattelland Experimental investigation of the Turboclawreg low specific

speed turbocompressor Proc ASME Turbo Expo 2012 GT2012-69074 June 11ndash15 2012 Copen-hagen Denmark

T Lefevre The S-turbo a Low Speed turbocharger for small gasoline engine Turbocharging Seminar2015 23ndash24 Sept 2015 Tianjin China

B Richards et al A high-performance electric supercharger to improve low-end torque and transientresponse in a heavily downsized engine Int Conf Turbochargers Turbocharging 17ndash18 May 2016London

I Ghazaly and M Zangeneh Design of compressor for electrically decoupled turbocharger in downsizedgasoline engine by 3D inverse design Int Conf Turbochargers Turbocharging 17ndash18 May 2016London

H Chen and J Yin Turbocharger compressor development for diesel passenger car applications 8thInternational Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging IMechE May 2006 London

H Chen and V M Lee Casing treatment amp inlet swirl of centrifugal compressors ASME Turbomachin-ery Journ July 2013 Vol 135041010-1~8

H Tamaki Experimental study on matching between centrifugal compressor impeller and low soliditydiffuser Turbocharging Seminar 2017 19ndash20 September 2017 Dalian China

T Ceyrowsky A Hildebrandt M Heinrich and R Schwarze Assessment of the loss map of a centrifu-gal compressorrsquos external volute ASME Turbo Expo 2020 GT2020-14291 June 2020

Sens M Grigoriadis P Nickel Pucher Helmut Untersuchungeen zum dynamischen Verhalten vonAbgasturboladern im Fahrzeug 11 Aufladetechnische Konferenz 2006

Zimmermann R Hakansson SWirkungsgrad von Turbolader-Turbinen bei Beaufschlagung mit pulsier-endem Abgasstrom FVV Vorhaben Nr 1103 FVV Abschlussbericht 2016

Winterbone D E Nikpour B Frost H A contribution to the understanding of turbocharger turbineperformance in pulsating flow IMechE paper C433011 1991

Iosfidis G Walkingshaw J Dreher B Flisinger D Ikeya N Ehrhard J Tailor-Made Mixed FlowTurbocharger Turbines for best Steady-State and Transient Engine Performance Engine processesISBN 9783816932222 2013

Zinner K Aufladung von Verbrennungsmotoren ISBN 978-3-540-07300-0 DOI 101007978-3-662-05914-2 1975

Winterbone D E Nikpour B Alexander G IMeasurement of the performance of a radial inflow tur-bine in conditional steady and unsteady flow 4th international conference IMechE C405015 1990

Capobianco M Marelli S Transient Performance of Automotive Turbochargers Test Facility and Pre-liminary Experimental Analysis SAE paper 2005-24-066 DOI 1042712005-24-066

Karamanis N Martinez-Botas R F Su C C Mixed Flow Turbines Inlet and Exit Flow UnderSteady and Pulsating Conditions ASME Journal of Turbomachinery Vol 123 DOI 10111511354141 2001

Reuter S Erweiterung des Turbinenkennfeldes von Pkw-Abgasturboladern durch ImpulsbeaufschlagungDissertation 2010

Nachtigal P Mai H Raumltz H Seume J Willers O Auslegung und Regelung eines Pulsationsgenera-tors fuumlr Turbolader-Heiszliggaspruumlfstaumlnde Baar Gedenkschrift TU Berlin 2020

Copeland C D Newton P Martinez-Botas R F Seiler M 2012 ldquoA comparison of timescaleswithin a pulsed flow turbocharger turbinerdquo IMECHE - 10th Int Conf on Turbochargers and Turbo-charging p389ndash404

Teng C Liping X 2014 ldquoA low order model for predicting turbocharger turbine unsteady perform-ancerdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2014-25913

Costall A Szymko S Martinez-Botas RF Filsinger D Nincovic D 2006 ldquoAssessment ofunsteady behaviour of turbocharger turbinesrdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2006-90348

Aymanns R Scharf J Vedder R Wedowski S Uhlmann T 2011 ldquoA Revision of Quasi SteadyModelling of Turbocharger Turbines in the simulation of Pulse Charged Enginesldquo Proc 16th Super-charging Conference Dresden

Luumlddecke B Filsinger D Bargende M2014 ldquoEngine crank angle resolved turbocharger turbine per-formance measurements by contactless shaft torque detectionrdquo IMECHE - 11th Int Conf on Turbo-chargers and Turbocharging

Newton P Martinez-Botas R F Seiler M 2014 ldquoA 3-dimensional computational study of pusatingflowinside a double entry turbinerdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2014-26151

Gamma Technologies 2017 GT-Suite Flow Theory Manual Gamma Technologies LLCWalkingshaw J Iosifidis G Scheuermann T Filsinger D Ikeya N 2015 ldquoA comparison of a

Mono Twin and Double Scrollrdquo Turbine for Automotive Applications Proceedings of ASME TurboExpo GT2015-43240

Luumlckmann D Stadermann M Aymanns R Pischinger S 2016 ldquoInvestigation of cross flow indouble entry turbocharger turbinesrdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2016-57190

Uhlmann T Luumlckmann D Aymanns R Scharf J Houmlpke B Scassa M Schorn N Kindl H2013 ldquoDevelopment and Matching of Double Entry Turbines for the Next Generation of HighlyBoosted Gasoline Enginesrdquo 34 Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2013

BrinkertNSumser S Schulz A Weber SFieweger K Bauer H 2011 ldquoUnderstanding the TwinScroll Turbine - Flow Similarityrdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2011-46820

Luumlddecke BMai H Spietzack A Walterscheid-Muumlller P Altvater S Weigl S 2011 ldquoHot gas teststand technology in the context of multi-scroll turbocharger turbine developmentrdquo Proc 21st Super-charging Conference Dresden

Szymko S Martinez-Botas R F and Pullen K R 2005 ldquoExperimental evalulation of turbochargerturbine performance under pulsating flow conditionsrdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2005-68878

Martinez-Botas R F et al 2018 ldquoInvestigation of steady and unsteady double entry turbine perform-ance of automotive turbochargersrdquo Internal technical report Imperial College London UK

Martinez-Botas R F Srithar R and Newton P 2019 ldquoInvestigation of unsteady double scroll turbineperformance of automotive turbocharger under pulsating inflow conditionrdquo Internal technical reportImperial College London UK

Rode M Suzuki T Iosifidis G Durbiano D Filsinger D Starke A Starzmann J Kasprzyk NBamba T 2019 ldquoBoosting the Future with IHI a comparative evaluation of state-of-the-art TGDIturbo conceptsrdquo Proc 24th Supercharging Conference Dresden

Watson N and Janota MS 1982 ldquoTurbocharging the Internal Combustion Enginerdquo The MacMillanPress Ltd

Bohn D Heuer T and Kusterer T 2003ldquoConjugate Flow and Heat Transfer Investigation of aTurbo Charger Part I Numerical Resultsldquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2003-38445 Atlanta-Geor-gia USA

Bohn D Heuer T and Kusterer T 2005ldquoConjugate Flow and Heat Transfer Investigation of aTurbo Chargerldquo ASME J Eng Gas Turbine Power 127(3) pp 663ndash669

Heuer T Engels B and Wollscheid P 2005 ldquoThermomechnical Analysis of a Turbocharger Based onConjugate Heat Transferldquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2005-68059 Reno-Tahoe USA

Heuer T Engels B Klein A and Heger H 2006 ldquoNumerical and Experimental Analysis of theThermo-mechanical Load on Turbine Wheels of Turbochargersrdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2006-90526 Barcelona Spain

Heuer T and Engels B 2007 ldquoNumerical Analysis of the Heat Transfer in Radial Turbine Wheels ofTurbochargersrdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2007-27835 Montreal Canada

Diefenthal M Tadesse H Rakut C Wirsum M and Heuer T 2014 ldquoExperimental and NumericalInvetigation of Temperature Fields in a Radial Turbine Wheelrdquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2014-26323Duumlsseldorf Germany

Diefenthal M Luczynski P Rakut C Wirsum M and Heuer T 2017 ldquoThermomechanical Ana-lysis of Transient temperatures in a Radial Turbine Wheelrdquo ASME J turbomach 139(3) 091001ndash1ndash10

Dimelow A 2018 ldquoSteady and Transient Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis of TurbochargersrdquoIMechE The 13th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging CON6516202London UK

Kitamura T Ibaraki S Kihara Y Hoshi T and Ebisu M 2019 ldquoStudy on Analytical Method forThermal and Flow Field of a Turbocharger with the Catalyst Unitldquo ASME Turbo Expo GT2019-90451 Phoenix Arizona USA

Menter FR 1993 ldquoZonal Two Equation k-ω Turbulence Models for Aerodynamic Flowsrdquo AIAApaper 93ndash2906

IEA ldquoEmissions from Fuel Combustion Highlightsrdquo Paris International Energy AgencyLeduc P Dubar B Ranini A Monnier G ldquoDownsizing of Gasoline Engine An Efficient Way to

Reduce CO2 Emissionsrdquo Oil amp Gas Science and Technology 58(1) 2006 pp 115ndash127Watson N Janota M ldquoTurbocharging The Internal Combustion Enginerdquo Macmillan InternationalHigher Education 1982

Chen H Hakeem I Martinez-Botas RF ldquoModelling of A Turbocharger Turbine Under PulsatingInlet Conditionsrdquo Journal of Power and Energy 210(5) 1996 pp 397ndash408

Winterbone DE Pearson RJ ldquoTheory of Engine Manifold Design Wave Methods for IC EnginesrdquoWiley-Blackwell 2000

Costall AW ldquoA One-Dimensional Study of Unsteady Wave Propagation in Turbocharger TurbinesrdquoPhD thesis Imperial College London 2008

Costall AW Mcdavid RM Martinez-Botas RF Baines NC ldquoPulse Performance Modeling of ATwin Entry Turbocharger Turbine Under Full and Unequal Admissionrdquo Journal of Turbomachinery133 2011 pp 021005

Chiong M Rajoo S Romagnoli A Costall A Martinez-Botas RF ldquoOne Dimensional Pulse-FlowModeling of A Twin-Scroll Turbinerdquo Energy 115 2016 pp 1291ndash1304

Yang B Martinez-Botas RF ldquoTURBODYNA CentrifugalCentripetal Turbomachinery DynamicSimulator and Its Application on A Mixed Flow Turbinerdquo Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbinesand Power 141(10) 2019 pp 101012

Roe P ldquoApproximate Riemann Solvers Parameter and Difference Schemesrdquo Journal of ComputationalPhysics 372 1981 pp 357ndash372

Yang B Newton P Martinez-Botas RF ldquoUnsteady Evolution of Secondary Flows in A Mixed FlowTurbinerdquo Global Propulsion and Power Forum Zurich Switzerland 2017 pp GPPFndash2017ndash188

Poinsot TJ Lelef SK ldquoBoundary Conditions for Direct Simulations of Compressible ViscousFlowsrdquo Journal of Computational Physics 101(1) 1992

Thompson KW ldquoTime Dependent Boundary Conditions for Hyperbolic Systemsrdquo Journal of Compu-tational Physics 68(1) 1987 pp 1ndash24

Newton P Martinez-Botas RF Seiler M ldquoA Three-Dimensional Computational Study of PulsatingFlow Inside A Double Entry Turbinerdquo Journal of Turbomachinery 137(3) 2015 pp 031001

Chiong M ldquo1d Gas Dynamic Modelling of Twin Entry and Variable Geometry Turbine for Automo-tive Turbochargersrdquo PhD thesis Universiti Teknology Malaysia 2015

The International Council on Clean Transportation ldquo2017 Global Update ndash Light Duty Vehicle Green-house Gas and Fuel Economy Standardsrdquo Washington 2017

Advanced Propulsion Centre UK ldquoTowards 2040 A Guide to Automotive Propulsion Technologiesrdquo2018

TA Horst W Tegethoff P Eilts J Koehler ldquoPrediction of dynamic Rankine Cycle waste heat recov-ery performance and fuel saving potential in passenger car applications considering interactions withvehiclesrsquo energy managementrdquo Energy Conversion and Management vol 78 pp 438ndash451 2014

C Sprouse C Depcik ldquoReview of organic Rankine cycles for internal combustion engine exhaust wasteheat recoveryrdquo Applied Thermal Engineering vol 51 pp 711ndash722 2013

M Jimenez-Arreola R Pili F Dal Magro C Wieland S Rajoo A Romagnoli ldquoThermal Power Fluc-tuations in Waste Heat to Power Systems An Overview of the Challenges and Current SolutionsrdquoApplied Thermal Engineering vol 134 pp 576ndash584 2018

M Flik S Edwards E Pantow ldquoEmissions Reduction in commercial vehicles via thermomanagementrdquoin Proceedings of the 30th Wiener Motorensymposium Vienna Austria 2009

F Zhou S Joshi R Rhote-Vaney E Dede ldquoA Review and Future Application of Rankine Cycle toPassenger Vehicles for Waste Heat Recoveryrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 75 pp1008ndash1021 2017

S Risse ldquoMotornahe thermoelektrische Rekuperation der Abgasenergie an einem turboaufgeladenendirekteinspritzenden Ottomotorrdquo Dissertation University of Dresden Germany 2012

B Mazar ldquoGesamtsystemoptimierung eines thermoelektrischen Generators fur eine FahrzeuggrupperdquoDissertation University of Dresden Germany 2010

Bell I CoolProp Team (2010) CoolProp Available httpwwwcoolproporg Last accessed 31st Oct2019

Bouilly J Lafossas F Mohammadi A and Van Wissen R ldquoEvaluation of Fuel Economy Potentialof an Active Grille Shutter by the Means of Model Based Development Including Vehicle Heat Man-agementrdquo SAE Int J Engines 8(5) 2015 doi 1042712015-24-2536

ldquoRegulation (EU) 20191242 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 setting CO2emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles and amending Regulations (EC) No 5952009 and (EU) 2018956 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 9653ECrdquo Published 25th July 2019 weblink httpseur-lexeuropaeuelireg20191242oj

Delgado O Rodriguez F Muncrief R 2017 ldquoFuel efficiency technology in European heavy-dutyvehicles baseline and potential for the 2020ndash2030 timeframerdquo The International Council on CleanTransportation white paper

Walkingshaw J Iosifidis G Scheuermann T Filsinger D Ikeya N 2015 ldquoA Comparison of aMono- Twin- and Double-Scroll Turbine for Automotive Applicationsrdquo ASME Turbo Expo 2015Volume 8 GT2015ndash43240

Watson N Janota MS 1982 ldquoTurbocharging the internal combustion enginerdquo ISBN 978ndash0ndash333ndash24290ndash2

Whitfield A Baines NC 1990 ldquoDesign of radial turbomachinesrdquo ISBN 0ndash582ndash49501ndash6Palenschat T Marzolf R Muller M Martinez-Botas RF 2017 ldquoDesign process of a radial turbine

for a heavy duty engine application taking into consideration load spectra and unsteady engine bound-ary conditionsrdquo Aufladetechnische Konferenz 2017 Dresden

Zhang J Zangeneh M 2015 ldquoIncreasing Pulse Energy Recovery of Radial Turbocharger Turbines by3D Inverse Design Methodrdquo ASME Turbo Expo 2015 Volume 2C GT2015ndash43579

Filsinger D Leonard TM Spence S Early J 2014 ldquoA numerical study of inlet geometry for a lowinertia mixed flow turbocharger turbinerdquo ASME Turbo Expo 2014 Volume 2D GT2014ndash25850

Roclawski H Bohle M Gugau M 2012 ldquoMultidisciplinary design opitimization of a mixed flow tur-bine wheelrdquo ASME Turbo Expo 2012 GT2012ndash68233

Dale A 1990 ldquoRadial vaneless turbocharger turbine performancerdquo PhD thesis Imperial CollegeLondon UK

Japikse D Baines NC 1994 ldquoIntroduction to turbomachineryrdquo ISBN0-933283-10-5

Dixon SL 2005 ldquoFluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachineryrdquo ISBN 978ndash07506ndash7870ndash4

Rogers GFC Cohen H Saravanamutoo HIH 2001 ldquoGas Turbine Theoryrdquo ISBN978ndash0ndash13ndash015847ndash5

Lee SP Rezk A Jupp ML Nickson AK ldquoThe Influence of Pulse Shape on the Performance of aMixed-Flow Turbine for Turbocharger Applicationsrdquo International Journal of Mechanical Engineer-ing and Robotics Research Vol 7 No 2 March 2018

Nikpour B 1990 ldquoMeasurement of the performance of a radial inflow turbinerdquo PhD thesis UMISTBelfast UK

Szymko S 2006 ldquoThe development of an eddy current dynamometer for evaluation of steady and pul-sating turbocharger turbine performancerdquo PhD thesis Imperial College London UK

Development of a High-efficiency commercial diesel turbocharger suited to post Euro VI emissions andfuel economy legislation Watson et al IMechE 2014

Further development of a high-efficiency compressor stage suited to post Euro VI emissions and fueleconomy legislation Lotz et Al IMechE 2018

Baines N 2005 ldquoFundamentals of Turbochargingrdquo Concepts ETI Inc ISBN 0-933283-14-8Mueller L Alsalihi Z and Verstraete T 2013 ldquoMultidisciplinary Optimization of a Turbocharger

Radial Turbinerdquo Journal of Turbomachinery 135 021022-1-9Lotz R D 2017 ldquoAerodynamic Optimization Process for Turbocharger Compressor Impellersrdquo

GT2017-64365 Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2017 June 26-30 2017 Charlotte North Caro-lina USA

Lotz R D ldquoOptimization of a Turbo Charger Compressor using AxCent and modeFrontierrdquo ESTECOUser Meeting presentation Detroit Michigan 2015

AxCent User Manual Concepts NRECMerkle CL et al 1992 ldquoThe Relationship Between Pressure-based and Density-based Algorithmsrdquo

AIAA 92-0425 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting amp Exhibit January 6-9 1992 Reno NVSpalart P R and Allmaras S R 1002 ldquoA One-Equation Turbulence Model for Aerodynamic Flowsrdquo

AIAA Paper 92-0439modeFrontier User Manual EstecoTurco A 2011 ldquoHYBRID Descriptionrdquo Esteco Technical Report 2011-003Turco A 2011 ldquoHYBRID Benchmark Testsrdquo Esteco Technical Report 2011-004Deb K et Al 2002 ldquoA Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm NSGA-IIrdquo IEEE Transac-

tions of Evolutionary Computation Vol 6 No 2SAE Engine Power Test Code Committee Turbocharger Gas Stand Test Code March 1995 01 SAE J

1826Considerations for gas stand measurement of turbocharger performance Schwartz JB and Andrews

DN IMechE 2014Wilcox DC ldquoMultiscale model for turbulent flowsrdquo In AIAA 24th Aerospace Sciences Meeting

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1986Menter FR ldquoTwo-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applicationsrdquo AIAA-

Journal 32(8) pp 1598ndash1605 1994ANSYS CFX-Solver Theory Guide Turbulence and Wall Function TheoryWallin S and Johansson A ldquoModelling streamline curvature effects in explicit algebraic Reynolds

stress turbulence modelsrdquo International journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 23(5) pp 721ndash730 2002Smirnov PE and Menter FR ldquoSensitization of the SST turbulence model to rotation and curvature

by applying the Spalart-Shur correction termrdquo ASME Paper GT 2008-50480 Berlin Germany 2008xANSYS CFX-Solver Theory Guide Basic Solver Capability Immersed SolidsANSYS CFX-Solver Theory Guide GGI and MRF TheoryMills A F Heat Transfer CRC Press 1992 ISBN 0-256-07642-1Heuer T et al ldquoThermomechanical Analysis of a Turbocharger Based on Conjugate Heat Transferrdquo

GT2005-68059 Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2005 June 6-9 2005 Reno Nevada USA pp829ndash836

Baines N et al ldquoThe Analysis of Heat Transfer in Automotive Turbochargersrdquo J Eng Gas TurbinesPower Apr 2010 132(4) 042301

P Barthelet et al ldquoThe new family of VNTTM turbocharger developed by Honeywell Turbo Technolo-gies for Eu6 and beyondrdquo ATK Conference Dresden 2013

Thierry Lamquin Kostandin Gjika Honeywell ldquoPower losses identification on turbocharger hydro-dynamic bearing systems test and predictionrdquo ASME Turbo Expo Orlando 2009

B Remyab Thierry Lamquina B Bou-Saidb aHoneywell bCNRSINSA ldquoThe modified Phan-Thienand Tanner model applied to turbochargers thrust bearingrdquo IMECHE London 2014

A Kulkarni et al ldquoTurbine wheel high cycle fatigue reliability predictionrdquo Institution of MechanicalEngineers 9th Intl Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging London UK 2011

A Kulkarni G LaRue ldquoVibratory response characterization of a radial turbine wheel for automotiveturbocharger applicationrdquo GT2008-51335 Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2008 Berlin Germany2008

Pierret S Van den Braembussche RA ldquoTurbomachinery Blade Design Using a Navier-Stokes Solverand Artificial Neural Networkrdquo Journal of Turbomachinery vol 121 no 2 pp 326ndash332 1999 DOI10111512841318

Pierret S Demeulenaere A Gouverneur B Hirsch C Van den Braembussche R ldquoDesigning Tur-bomachinery Blades with the Function Approximation Concept and the Navier-Stokes Equationsrdquo8th Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization 06ndash08 September 2000 DOI 10251462000-4879

Mueller L Alsalihi Z Verstraete T ldquoMultidisciplinary Optimization of a Turbocharger Radial Tur-binerdquo Journal of Turbomachinery vol 135 no 2 pp 021022 (9 pages) 2013 DOI 101115140075078

Winkler N Aringngstroumlm H E ldquoStudy of Measured and Model Based Generated Turbine PerformanceMaps within a 1D Model of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Operated During Transient ConditionsrdquoSAE World Congress amp Exhibition 16ndash19 April 2007 DOI 1042712007-01-0491

Chen T Zhuge W Zheng X Zhang Y He Y ldquoTurbocharger design for a 18 Liter TurbochargedGasoline Engine Using an Integrated Methodrdquo ASME Turbo Expo 2009 08ndash12 June 2009 DOI101115GT2009-59951

Zhuge W Zhang Y Zheng X Yang M He Y ldquoDevelopment of an advanced turbocharger simula-tion method for cycle simulation of turbocharged internal combustion enginesrdquo Journal of AutomobileEngineering vol 223 pp 661ndash672 2009 DOI 10124309544070JAUTO975

Pesiridis A Salim WS-I Martinez-Botas RF ldquoTurbcharger Matching Methodology for ImprovedExhaust Energy Recoveryrdquo 10th International Conference on Turbocharging and Turbochargers 15ndash16May 2012 DOI 10153397808570961354a203

Gugau M Roclawski H ldquoOn the Design and Matching of Turbocharger Single Scroll Turbines forPass Car Gasoline Enginesrdquo Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power vol 136 no 12 p122602 (10 pages) 2014 DOI 10111514027710

Halamek M Hohenberg K G Maeda K Lafossas F A Newton P J Martinez-Botas R FldquoDevelopment and Application of Physical Turbine Model for Multi-Objective Design OptimizationrdquoAufladetechnische Konferenz 20ndash21 September 2018

Whitfield A Baines NC ldquoDesign of Radial Turbomaschinesrdquo Longman Scientific amp Technical 1990ISBN 0582495016

Hohenberg K Luczynski P Wirsum M Martinez-Botas R ldquoAnalytic Approach for a Prediction ofRadial Turbine Performance Based on the Experimental and Numerical investigationrdquo In acceptedfor ASME Turbo Expo 2020 22ndash26 June 2020 GT2020ndash15698

Wasserbauer C A Glassman A J ldquoFORTRAN program for predicting off-design performance ofradial-inflow turbinesrdquo NASA Technical Paper 1975

Glassman A J ldquoEnhanced analysis and users manual for radial inflow turbine conceptual design codeRTDrdquo NASA Contractor Report 195454 1995

Rode M Suzuki T Iosifidis G Durbiano L Filsinger D Starke A Starzmann J Kasprzyk NBamba T ldquoBoosting the Future with IHI a comparative evaluation of state-of-the-art TGDI turboconceptsrdquo 24 Aufladetechnische Konferenz 26ndash27 September 2019

ldquoHigh Altitude Observatory of the National Center for Atmospheric Researchrdquo [Online] Availablehttpswwwhaoucaredumodelingpikaiapikaiaphpsec2 [Accessed 23 02 2020]

The Future of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Khan S Chicago 9th Integer Emissions Summit ampDEF Forum 2016

Thiruvengadam Arvind et al Heavy-Duty Vehicle Diesel Engine Efficiency Evaluation and Energy Auditsl Center for Alternative Fuels Engines amp Emissions West Virginia University 2014

Evaluation of the Influence of Volute Roughness on Turbocharger Compressor Performance From a Manu-facturing Perspective Javed A and Kamphues E Duumlsseldorf Germany ASME 2014 Proceedingsof the ASME Turbo Expo 2014 Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition Volume 2D Turbo-machinery V02DT42A040

Rolling bearings in turbocharger applications Schweitzer F Adleff K sl MTZ Worldw 67 16ndash192006

The thermodynamic design analysis and test of Cumminsrsquo Supertruck 2 50 brake thermal efficiencyengine system Shipp Timothy Mohr Daniel and Lu Xueting sl SAE International 2019 SAE2019-01-0247

D Luumlckmann A Schloszlighauer A Muumlller K Kannan R Wohlberg S Yadlaa A Balazs T Uhlmannand M Thewes ldquoAssessment of an Electrified Boosting System to Increase the Efficiency of a HybridPowertrain by Exhaust Energy Recoveryrdquo in 22 Aufladetechnische Konferenz Dresden 2017

S Pischinger H Stoffels C Steffens R Aymanns and R Stohr ldquoAcoustics Development for ExhaustGas TurbochargersrdquoMTZ vol 69 032008

H Nguyen-Schaumlfer Rotordynamics of Automotive Turbocharger Stuttgart Springer 2012L San Andreacutes A Maruyama K Gjika and S Xia ldquoTurbocharger Nonlinear Response With Engine-

Induced Excitations Predictions and Test Datardquo in Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2009Power for Land Sea and Air Volume 6 Structures and Dynamics Parts A and B pp 637ndash647Orlando Florida 2009

S Sahay and G LaRue ldquoTurbocharger rotordynamics instability and controlrdquo in RotordynamicInstability Problems in High-Performance Turbomachinery Texas 1996

A Schloszlighauer M Stadermann J Kluumltsch F Falke D Luumlckmann and R Aymanns ldquoVirtual develop-ment of a mixed-sequential boosting system for small gasoline enginesrdquo in 24 Aufladetechnische Kon-ferenz Dresden 2019

B Luumlddecke P Nitschke M Dietrich D Filsinger and M Bargende ldquoUnsteady Thrust Force Loadingof a Turbocharger Rotor During Engine Operationrdquo J Eng Gas Turbines Power pp GTP-15-12862015

Bandel W Fraidl GK Kapus PE amp Sikinger H ldquoThe turbocharged GDI engine boosted syner-gies for high fuel economy plus ultra-low emissionrdquo SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1266 doi 1042712006-01-1266 2006

Guzzella L et al ldquoVehicle Propulsion Systemsrdquo Springer 2013Leal Filho W et al ldquoE-Mobility in Europerdquo Springer 2015Edwards R et al Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European

context ndash Well-to-Wheels Reportrdquo Version 2c 2007Padula AD et al ldquoLiquid Biofuels Emergence Development and Prospectsrdquo Springer-Verlag London

2014Onori S et al ldquoHybrid Electric Vehiclesrdquo Springer-Verlag London 2016Nikowitz M ldquoAdvanced Hybrid and Electric Vehiclesrdquo Springer International Publishing 2016Baines N ldquoEncyclopedia of automotive engineering Intake boostingrdquo John Wiley amp Sons 2014Bermuacutedez V et al ldquoAssessment of pollutants emission and aftertreatment efficiency in a GTDi engine

including cooled LP-EGR system under different steady-state operating conditionsrdquo Applied Energy2015

Tavcar G Bizja F amp Katrasnik N ldquoMethods for improving transient response of diesel engines ndashinfluences of different electrically assisted turbocharging topologiesrdquo Trans Journal of AutomobileEngineering vol 255 no9 pp 1167ndash1185 2011

Marelli S amp Capobianco M ldquoMeasurement of Instantaneous Fluid Dynamic Parameters in Automo-tive Turbocharging Circuitrdquo SAE Technical paper 2009-24-0124 1042712009-24-0124 2009

Marelli S Marmorato G amp Capobianco M ldquoEvaluation of heat transfer effects in small turbo-chargers by theoretical model and its experimental validationrdquo Energy Elsevier Volume 112 264ndash272 doi 101016jenergy201606067 2016

Sherrill R Brown J and Waldron T ldquoDesign and Testing of a Mechanically Driven Turbochargerfor Improved Efficiency and Drivabilityrdquo in 13th International Conference on Turbochargers andTurbocharging London 2018

Koegeler Hans-Michael et al ldquoFinal Report on Fuel Consumption and Emission Reduction Evalu-ationrdquo 2019 httpwwwimperium-projecteufileadminuser_uploadIMPERIUM_D62_Final_report_on_FC_and_Emission_reduction_evaluationpdf Accessed 21 Feb 2020

Suelter B Itou T Waldron T and Brin J ldquoOptimizing Steady State Diesel Efficiency and EmissionsUsing a SuperTurboTM on an Isuzu 78L Enginerdquo SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0318 2019 httpsdoiorg1042712019-01-0318

Boriboonsomsin K Johnson K Scora G Sandex D et al Collection of Activity Data from On-Road Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles Final Report California Air Resources Board and the CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection Agency May 2017

California Air Resources Board (CARB) ldquoCalifornia Air Resources Board Staff Current Assessment ofthe Technical Feasibility of Lower NOx Standards and Associated Test Procedures for 2022 and Sub-sequent Model Year Medium-Duty and Heavy-Duty Diesel Enginesrdquo White Paper April 2019httpsww3arbcagovmsproghdlownoxwhite_paper_04182019apdf

Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (MECA) ldquoTechnology Feasibility for Heavy-DutyDiesel Trucks in Achieving 90 Lower NOx Standards in 2027rdquo White Paper February 2020 httpwwwmecaorgresourcesMECA_2027_Low_NOx_White_Paper_FINALpdf

Brown J and Waldron T ldquoDrivecycle Benefits of Controlling Airflow with the SuperTurboTMrdquo SAETechnical Paper 2018-01-0970 2018 httpsdoi-org1042712018ndash01ndash0970

Y Ono ldquoDevelopment of New radial Turbocharger MET-ER Seriesldquo CIMAC Congress 2019Y Ito ldquoDevelopment of New Generation MET Turbochargerldquo CIMAC Congress 2019Neu R W and Sehitoglu H ldquoThermomechanical fatigue oxidation and creep Part I Damage mech-

anismsrdquo Metallurgical transactions A Volume 20A pp 1755ndash1767 1989Neu R W and Sehitoglu H ldquoThermomechanical fatigue oxidation and creep Part II Life predic-

tionrdquo Metallurgical transactions A Volume 20A pp 1769ndash1783 1989Guth S and Lang K-H ldquoAn approach to life time prediction for a wrought Ni-base alloy under

thermo-mechanical fatigue with various phase angle between temperature and mechanical strainrdquoInternational journal of fatigue Volume 99 pp 286ndash294 2017

Laengler F Mao T and Scholz A ldquoInvestigation of application-specfic phenomena to improve thelifetime assessment for turbine housings of turbochargersrdquo Procedia engineering Volume 10 pp1163ndash1169 2011

Nagode M Laengler F and Hack M ldquoDamage operator based lifetime calculation under thermo-mechanical fatigue for application on Ni-resist D-5S turbine housings of turbochargerrdquo Engineeringfailure analysis Volume 18 pp 1565ndash1575 2011

Voese F Becker M Fischersworring-Bunk A and Hackenberg H-P ldquoAn approach to life predic-tion for a nickel-base superalloy under isothermal and thermo-mechanical loading conditionsrdquo Inter-national journal of fatigue Volume 53 pp 49ndash57 2013

Ohmenhaeuser F Schwarz C Thalmair S and Evirgen HS ldquoConstitutive modeling of thermo-mechanical fatigue and lifetime behavior of the cast steel 14849rdquo Materials and design Volume 64pp 631ndash639 2014

Rajkumar G Kannusamy R Kulkarni A and Kumar A ldquoDevelopment of high temperature mater-ial constitutive model for thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) loadings in turbochargersrdquo IMechELondon pp 217ndash230 2018

ASTM international ldquoASTM E606-12 Standard test method for strain-controlled fatigue testingrdquo 2012International organization for standardization ldquoISO 12111-2011 Metallic materials ndashfatigue testing-

strain-controlled thermomechanical fatigue testing methodrdquo 2011International organization for standardization ldquoISO 12106-2017 Metallic materials ndashfatigue testing-

axial-strain-controlled methodrdquo 2017The American society of mechanical engineers ldquoASME Boiler amp Pressure Vessel Code 2015 edition Sec-

tion III Division 1-Subsection NB Rules for construction of nuclear facility componentsrdquo 2015Dornberger R Buche D amp Stoll P 2000 Multidisciplinary Optimization in Turbomachinery Design

European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and EngineeringLian Y amp Liou M 2005Multiobjective Optimization Using Coupled Response Surface Model and Evolu-tionary Algorithm AIAA Journal

Goel T Vaidyanatham R Haftka R T Shyy W Queipo N V amp Tucker K 2007 Response Sur-face Approximation of Pareto Optimal Front in Multi-objective Optimization Computer Methods inApplied Mechanics and Engineering 196879ndash893

Bonataki E amp Zangeneh M 2009 On the Coupling of Inverse Design and Optimization Techniques forthe Multi-objective Multipoint Design of Turbomachinery Blades Journal of Turbomachinery 131(2)021014

Kim J-H Choi J-H Husain A amp Kim K-Y 2010 Performance Enhancement of Axial fan Bladethrough Multi-objective Optimisation Techniques Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 24(10)2059ndash2066

Verstraete T Alsalihi Z amp Van den Braembussche R A 2007 Multidisciplinary Optimization of ARadial Compressor for Micro Gas Turbine Applications Journal of Turbomachinery 132(3)031004

Pierret P 2005 Multi-objective Optimization of Three Dimensional Turbomachinery Blades EuropeanConference for Aerospace Sciences

Pierret P Filomeno Coelho R amp Kato H 2007Multidisciplinary and Multiple Operating Points ShapeOptimization of Three-dimensional Compressor Blades Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization33(1)61ndash70

Roclawski H Bohle M amp Gugau M 2012 Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of A Mixed FlowTurbine Wheel ASME Turbo Expo 2012 GT2012-68233499-509

Chahine C Seume J R amp Verstraete T 2012 The Influence of Metamodeling Techniques on the Multi-disciplinary Design Optimization of A Radial Compressor Impeller ASME Turbo Expo 2012 GT2012-683581951ndash1964

Mueller L Alsalihi Z amp Verstraete T 2013 Multidisciplinary Optimization of A Turbocharger RadialTurbine Journal of Turbomachinery 135(2)021022

Chung H-S amp Alonso J J 2004Multiobjective Optimization Using Approximation Model-based GeneticAlgorithms 10th AIAAISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization

Siller U Vob C amp Nicke E 2009 Automated Multidisciplinary Optimization of A Transonic AxialCompressor 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aero-space Exposition

Queipo N V Haftka R T Shyy W Goel T Vaidyanathan R amp Tucker P K 2005 Surrogate-based Analysis and Optimization Progress in Aerospace Sciences 41(1)1ndash28

Zhang J Zangeneh M amp Eynon P 2014 A 3D Inverse Design based Multidisciplinary Optimization onthe Radial and Mixed-inflow Turbines for Turbochargers IMechE 11th International Conference onTurbochargers and Turbocharging pages 399ndash410

Zangeneh-Kazemi M 1986 Three-Dimensional Design of Radial-Inflow Turbines PhD thesis CambridgeUniversity Engineering Department

Fraser N Blaxill H Lumsden G and Bassett M laquoChallenges for increased efficiency through gasolineengine downsizingraquo SAE Int J Engines vol 2 pp 991ndash1008 2009

Payri F Serrano JR Fajardo P Reyes-Belmonte MA and Gozalbo-Belles R laquoA physically basedmethodology to extrapolate performance maps of radial turbinesraquo Energy Conversion and Manage-ment vol 55 pp 149ndash163 2012

Baines N laquoTurbocharger turbine pulse flow performance and modelling ndash 25 years onraquo 9th Inter-national conference on turbochargers and turbocharging pp 347ndash362 2010

Palfreyman D and Martinez-Botas R laquoThe Pulsating Flow Field in a Mixed Flow Turbocharger Tur-bine An Experimental and Computational Studyraquo Journal of Turbomachinery vol 127 No 1 p144 2005

Galindo J Tiseira A Fajardo P and Garciacutea-Cuevas LM laquoDevelopment and validation of a radialvariable geometry turbine model for transient pulsating flow applicationsraquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 85 pp 190ndash203 9 2014

Galindo J Climent H Tiseira A and Garciacutea-Cuevas L laquoEffect of the numerical scheme resolution onquasi-2D simulation of an automotive radial turbine under highly pulsating flowraquo Journal of Compu-tational and Applied Mathematics vol 291 pp 112ndash126 1 2016

Galindo J Fajardo P Navarro R and Garcia-Cuevas LM laquoCharacterization of a radial turbochargerturbine in pulsating flow by means of CFD and its application to engine modellingraquo Applied Energyvol 103 pp 116ndash127 3 2013

Serrano JR Tiseira A Garciacutea-Cuevas LM Inhestern LB and Tartoussi H laquoRadial turbine perform-ance measurement under extreme off-design conditionsraquo Energy vol 125 pp 72ndash84 4 2017

Walkingshaw J Spence S Ehrhard J and Thornhill D laquo An investigation into improving off-designperformance in a turbocharger turbine utilizing non-radial bladingraquo ASME Turbo Expo 2011GT2011 pp 2023ndash2032

Binder N Carbonneau X and Chassaing P laquo Off-design considerations through the properties of somepressure-ratio line of radial inflow turbinesraquo International Journal of Rotating Machinery vol 2008pp 1ndash8

Brinkert N Sumser S Schulz A Weber S Fieweger K and Bauer HJ laquoUnderstanding the TwinScroll Turbine Flow Similarityraquo de Volume 7 Turbomachinery Parts A B and C 2011

Romagnoli A Martinez-Botas RF and Rajoo S laquoSteady state performance evaluation of variablegeometry twin-entry turbineraquo International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow vol 32 No 2 pp 477ndash489 4 2011

Aghaali H and Hajilouy-Benisi A laquoExperimental and theoretical investigation of twin-entry radialinflow gas turbine with unsymmetrical volute under full and partial admission conditionsraquo ASMETurbo Expo 2007 GT2007ndash27807

Cerdoun M and Ghenaiet A laquoCharacterization of a twin-entry radial turbine under pulsatile flow con-ditionraquo International Journal of Rotating Machinery vol 2016 pp 1ndash15 12 6 2016

Fuumlrst J and Žaacutek Z laquoCFD analysis of a twin scroll radial turbineraquo EPJ Web of Conferences vol 180 p02028 4 6 2018

Ghenaiet A and Cerdoune M laquoSimulations of steady and unsteady flows through a twin-entry radialturbineraquo ASME Turbo Expo 2014 GT2014ndash25764

Cerdoun M and Ghenaiet A laquoUnsteady behaviour of a twin entry radial turbine under engine like inletflow conditionsraquo Applied Thermal Engineering vol 130 pp 93ndash111 5 2 2018

Yokoyama T Hoshi T Yoshida T and Wakashima K laquoDevelopment of twin-entry scroll radial tur-bine for automotive turbochargers using unsteady numerical simulationraquo de 11th International Con-ference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging Elsevier 2014 pp 471ndash478

Hajilouy-Benisi A Rad M and Shahhosseini MR laquoFlow and performance characteristics of twin-entry radial turbine under full and extreme partial admission conditionsraquo Archive of Applied Mech-anics vol 79 No 12 pp 1127ndash1143 12 2009

Serrano JR Arnau FJ Garciacutea-Cuevas LM Samala V and Smith L laquoExperimental approach forthe characterization and performance analysis of twin entry radial-inflow turbines in a gas stand andwith different flow admission conditionsraquo Applied Thermal Engineering vol 159 2019

Galindo J Hoyas S Fajardo P and Navarro R laquoSet-up analysis and optimization of CFD simulationsfor radial turbinesraquo Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics vol 7 pp 441ndash4602013

Chiong M Rajoo S Romagnoli A Costall A and Martinez-Botas R laquoIntegration of meanline andone-dimensional methods for prediction of pulsating performance of a turbocharger turbineraquo EnergyConversion and Management vol 81 pp 270ndash281 2014

Japikse D 1996 ldquoCentrifugal Compressors Design and Performancerdquo ISBN 0-933283-03-2Weber C R and Koronowski M E 1986 ldquoMeanline Performance Prediction of Volutes in Centrifu-

gal Compressorsrdquo Proceedings of the ASME 1986 International Gas Turbine Conference and ExhibitVolume 1 Turbomachinery Dusseldorf West Germany June 8ndash12 1986 V001T01A091 ASME

Van den Braembussche R A Ayder E Hagelstein D Rautenberg M and Keiper R 1999ldquoImproved Model for the Design and Analysis of Centrifugal Compressor Volutesrdquo ASME J Turbo-mach July 1999 121(3) 619ndash625

Van den Braembussche R A (2006) Flow and Loss Mechanisms in Volutes of Centrifugal Pumps InDesign and Analysis of High Speed Pumps (pp 12-1 ndash 12-26) Educational Notes RTO-EN-AVT-143Paper 12 Neuilly-sur-Seine France RTO

Xiaoyang Gong amp Rui Chen 2014 ldquoTotal Pressure Loss Mechanism of Centrifugal CompressorsrdquoMechanical Engineering Research Vol 4 No 2 ISSN 1927-0607 E-ISSN 1927-0615

Khoshkalam N Mojaddam M and Pullen K R ORCID 0000-0001-8501-9226 (2019) Characteriza-tion of the Performance of a Turbocharger Centrifugal Compressor by Component Loss Contribu-tions Energies 12 (14)2711 doi 103390en12142711

Sanz Solaesa S 2016 ldquoAnalytical Prediction of Turbocharger Compressor Performance A Comparisonof Loss Models With Numerical Datardquo Master of Science Thesis MMK 2016176 MFM 169 KTHIndustrial Engineering and Management

ANSYS manual Version 192 ANSYS Inc 2019Aungier R H 2000 ldquoCentrifugal Compressors A Statagy for Aerodynamic Design and Analysisrdquo

ISBN 0-7918-0093-8Cumpsty N A 1989 ldquoCompressor Aerodynamicsrdquo ISBN 0-470-21334-5F Eichler W Demmelbauer-Ebner J Theobald B Stiebels H Hoffmeyer M Kreft Volkswagen AG

The New EA211 TSIevo from Volkswagen 37Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2016Vienna

G Fraidl M Brunner P Kapus W Schoumlffmann H Sorger G Teuschl M Weiszligbaumlck bdquoICE 4x ndashImplementation as Modular Electrificationldquo 40Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium 2019Vienna

K Prevedel P Goetschl O Dumboumlck AVL List GmbH Austria Lambda 1 Extended RDE EU7Hybrid Electrified Boosting as Enabler 6 International Engine Congress 2019 Baden-Baden

K Prevedel AVL List GmbH Austria Lambda 1 Goal or boundary condition with regard to EURO 724 Supercharging Conference 2019 Dresden

Woodyard D Pounderrsquos marine diesel engines and gas turbines[M]Liu Zheng Wang Jianxin Automotive engine fundamentals[M] Tsinghua University Press

2011113ndash114Liu Fenghua Research on Performance Matching Optimization of Marine Two-stroke Low Speed

Diesel Engine [D] 2014Lamas M I Rodriacuteguez Vidal C G Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of the Scavenging Process in

the MAN BampW 7S50MC Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine[J] Journal of Ship Research 2012 56(3)154ndash161

Ito H and Imai K Energy losses at 90degpipe junctions[J] J Hydraul Engng ASCE 1973 99(9) 1353ndash1368

Bing JF and Blair G P A Improved Branched Pipe Model for Multi-cylinder Automotive EngineCalculation[J] Proc Insten Mech Engrs Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering 1985 19965ndash77

Ethier C R Prakash S Steinman D A et al Steady flow separation patterns in a 45 degree junction [J] JFluid Mech 2000 411 1ndash38

N I Abou-Haidar et al Pressure losses in combining subsonic flows through branched ducts[J] TransASME Turbomachinery 1992 114 (1) 264ndash270

Perez-Garcia Sanmiguel-Rojas A Viedma New coefficient to characterize energy losses in compressibleflow at T-junctions[J] Applied Mathematical Modeling 2010 34 4289ndash4305

Perez-Garcia Sanmiguel-Rojas A Viedma New experimental correlations to characterize compressibleflow losses at 90-degree T-junctions[J] Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2009 33 261ndash266

Perez-Garcia Sanmiguel-Rojas Hernandez-Grau et al Numerical and experimental investigations oninternal compressible flow at T-type junctions[J] Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2006 361ndash74

CT Shaw DJ Lee SH Richardson et al Modeling the effect of plenum-runner interfacegeometry onthe flow through an inlet system[J] SAE Technical paper series 2000 2000ndash01ndash0569

Y Zhao DE Winterbone A study of multi-dimensional gas flow in engine manifolds[J] ProcInstMech Eng 1994 218 D04892

Duan Shaoyuan Deng Kangyao Yang Mingyang Performance and Loss-mechanism Analysis of Plug-in Exhaust Pipe for Low Speed Marine diesel engine [J]Diesel Engine 2018 v40No279(03)7ndash11

Duan Shaoyuan Study on the performance and loss mechanism of the low speed Marine diesel engineinjection exhaust pipe [D] Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2015

Otobe T Grigoriadis P Sens M Berndt R (2010) bdquoMethod of performance measurement for lowturbocharger speedsrdquo 9th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging of theIMechE 2010

Sirakov B Casey M V (2013) Evaluation of Heat Transfer Effects on Turbocharger PerformanceJournal of Turbomachinery Vol135 ASME

Luumlddecke B Filsinger D Ehrhard J Bargende M Heat Transfer correction and torque measure-ment for wide range performance measurement of exhaust gas turbocharger turbines Aufladetech-nische Konferenz Dresden 2012

Luumlddecke B Filsinger D Bargende M On wide mapping of a mixed flow turbine with regard to com-pressor heat flows during turbocharger testing Proceedings of 10th International Conference onTurbochargers and Turbocharging of the IMechE Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-0-85709-209-02012

Starke A Leonard T Hehn A Model M Hoppe L Kotzbacher T Weiszlig MSegawa KBamba T amp Iosifidis G The Next Generation of Variable Geometry Turbochargers from IHIAufladetechnische Konferenz Dresden 2018

Hoepke B Uhlmann T Pischinger S Lueddecke B Filsinger D Analysis of Thrust Bearing Impacton Friction Losses in Automotive Turbochargers Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines andPower Vol 137 August 2015

Cames M Helmers E 2013 Critical evaluation of the European diesel car boom global comparisonenvironmental effects and various national strategies In Environmental Sciences Europe Bridging Sci-ence and Regulation at the Regional and European Level 2515 httpsdoiorg1011862190-4715-25-15

ACEA 2019 Euro Standards httpswwwaceabeindustry-topicstagcategoryeuro-standards Accessed2442019

Baines N C 2005 Fundamentals of Turbocharging Concepts NRECBaines N C 2018 A comparison of boosting technologies in the automotive light duty sector Turbochar-

ging Seminar Shanghai China 16-17 OctoberWorld Health Organization Health and Sustainable Development Air Pollution httpswwwwhoint

sustainable-developmenttransporthealth-risksair-pollutionen Accessed 2442019ACEA 2019 Share of diesel in new passenger cars httpswwwaceabestatisticstagcategoryshare-of-

diesel-in-new-passenger-cars Accessed 2442019Statistica 2019 Sales of passenger cars in selected countries worldwide from 2005 to 2017 httpswww

statistacomstatistics257660passenger-car-sales-in-selected-countries Accessed 31 102019Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the Peoplersquos Republic of China 2019 China Vehicle Environ-

mental Management Annual Report httpwwwmee govcngkmlsthjbgwqt201806t20180601_442293htm Avai lable at http dqhj meegovcn jdchjg l zhgldt 201806P020180604354753261746pdf Accessed 442019

Heywood J B 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 2nd ed McGraw HillICCT 2019 Chart library Passenger vehicle fuel economy httpwwwtheicctorgchart-library-passen

ger-vehicle-fuel-economy Accessed 2062019Els P 2019 Turbocharging - fuel efficiency and the path to EVrsquos httpswwwautomotive-iqcompower

trainarticlesturbocharging-fuel-efficiency-and-path-evs Accessed 2442019

Stuhldreher M Kargul J Barba D McDonald J Bohac S Dekraker P Moskalik A 2018 Benchmarkinga 2016 Honda Civic 15-liter L15B7 turbocharged engine and evaluating the future efficiency potentialof turbocharged engines SAE paper 2018-01-0319

Molden N 2018 QampA Automotive IQ Real Driving Emissions conference httpswwwautomotive-iqcompowertrainarticlesqa-nick-molden-founder-and-ceo-of-emissions-analytics-united-kingdomAccessed 1642019

Sepe R B Morrison C M Miller J M et al 2001 High efficiency operation of a hybrid electric vehiclestartergenerator over road profile In IEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting Chicago921ndash925

Chan C C 2014 Overview of electric hybrid and fuel cell vehicles Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineer-ing John Wiley amp Sons Ltd DOI 1010029781118354179auto061

Winward E Rutledge J Carter J Costall A Stobart R Zhao D Yang Z 2014 Performance testing of anelectrically assisted turbocharger on a heavy duty diesel engine Inst Mech Engrs 12th InternationalConference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging London

Cooper A Bassett M Hall J Harrington A et al 2019 HyPACE - Hybrid Petrol Advance CombustionEngine - Advanced boosting system for extended stoichiometric operation and improved dynamicresponse SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0325 DOI1042712019-01-0325

Bassett M Hall J Warth M Mahr B 2014 Development of a range extender engine family FISITAWorld Congress F2014-TMH-016 Maastrict The Netherlands 2-6 June

Union of Concerned Scientists 2017 Accelerating US Leadership in Electric Vehicles wwwucsusaorgEV-incentives Accessed 2442019

Lithiumminecom Lithium mining and environmental impact 2018 httpwwwlithiumminecomlithium-mining-and-environmental-impact Accessed 2442019

Emissions Analytics 2019 Hybrids are 14 times better than battery electric vehicles at reducing real-world carbon dioxide emissions httpswwwemissionsanalyticscomnewshybrids-are-betterAccessed 1962019

Zhao H Burke A F 2009 Optimization of fuel cell system operating conditions for fuel cell vehicles Jour-nal of Power Sources 186(2) 408ndash416

Zhao H Burke A F 2014 Fuel cell powered vehicles Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering John Wileyamp Sons Ltd DOI 1010029781118354179auto066

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the Peoplersquos Republic of China 2019 Guidancefrom the eight departments on the application of methanol vehicles in some regions Document no 61httpwwwmiit govcnn1146295n1652858n1652930n3757016c6684042contenthtml Accessed 1262019

Anon 2019 Methanol hydrogen production + fuel cell technology has become the new favorite of theautomotive industry httpwwwcbeacomyldc201904587801html Accessed 1262019

Wan V Asaro M 2015 Propane dehydrogenation process technologies IHS Chemical PEP Report 267AhttpsihsmarkitcompdfRP267A-toc_237249110917062932pdf Accessed 2322020

Zhang F Zhao P Niu M Maddy J 2016 The survey of key technologies in hydrogen energy storage IntJourn Hydrogen Energy 41(33) 14535ndash14552

Heywood J MacKensie D (eds) 2015 On the road toward 2050 Potential for substantial reductions inlight-duty vehicle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions MIT Energy Initiative Report httpmiteimitedupublications Accessed 1422020

Rodgers C 1991 The efficiencies of single stage centrifugal compressors for aircraft applications ASMEpaper 91-GT-77

Casey M V Robinson C J 2006 A guide to turbocharger compressor characteristics In Bargende M (ed)Dieselmotorentechnik 10th Symposium 30-31 March Ostfildern TAE Esslingen

Casey M V Robinson C J Zwyssig C 2010 The Cordier line for mixed flow compressors ASME paperGT2010-22549

Krivitzky E M 2012 The quest for wider-range higher-efficiency automotive turbocharger compressorsConcepts NREC Automotive Engineering International

Dixon S L Hall C A 2010 Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery 6th ed Butter-worth-Heinemann

Japikse D 1996 Centrifugal Compressor Design and Performance Concepts ETI Inc Wilder VTDean R 1977 On the unresolved fluid dynamics of the centrifugal compressor Advanced CentrifugalCompressors ASME 77ndash149815 ASME Publications

Rusch D Casey M V 2013 The design space boundaries for high flow capacity centrifugal compressorsTrans ASME Journ Turbomach 135(1) 031035ndash1

Hazby H Casey M V Numakura R Tamaki H 2015 A transonic mixed flow compressor for an extremeduty Trans ASME Journ Turbomach 137(5) 051010

Krivitzky E M Larosiliere L M 2012 Aero design challenges in wide-operability turbocharger centrifugalcompressors SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0710 httpsdoiorg1042712012-01-0710

Tamaki H 2019 A study on matching between centrifugal compressor impeller and low solidity diffuserand its extension to vaneless diffuser Trans ASME Journ Eng Gas Turbines Power 141(4) 041026

Japikse D 1982 Advanced diffusion levels in turbocharger compressors and component matching Proc1st Int Conf on Turbocharging and Turbochargers London

Ziegler K U Gallus H E Niehuis R 2003 A study on impeller-diffuser interaction ndash Part I Influence onthe performance Trans ASME Journ Turbomach 125(1) 173ndash182

Hu L Yang C Krivitzky E Larosiliere L et al 2009 Numerical study of ultra low solidity airfoil diffuserin an automotive turbocharger compressor SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1470 httpsdoiorg1042712009-01-1470

Dai Y Engeda A Cave M Di Liberti J-L 2010 A flow field study of the interaction between a centrifugalcompressor impeller and two different volutes Proc Inst Mech Engrs Part C Journ Mech Eng Sci 224(2) 345ndash356

Chen H Baines N C 1994 The aerodynamic loading of radial and mixed flow turbines Int Journ MechSci 36 63ndash79

Baines N Dubitsky O 2016 A novel non-radial turbocharger turbine created using numerical optimiza-tion Turbocharging Seminar September 22-23 Beijing China

Oxford English Dictionary Definition of tractor in English [Online] 17 December 2019 httpswwwlexicocomendefinitiontractor

AgWebcom (Wyatt Bechtel) Worldrsquos Fastest Tractor Gets to the Field in a Flash [Online] 28 April2015 [Cited 17 December 2019] httpswwwagwebcomarticleworlds-fastest-tractor-gets-to-the-field-in-a-flash-NAA-wyatt-bechtel

Guinness World Records (Rachel Swatman) Top Gear smashes record for worldrsquos fastest tractor afterdriving at more than 140 kmh Guinness World Records [Online] 22 March 2018 [Cited 17 Decem-ber 2019] httpswwwguinnessworldrecordscomnews20183top-gear-smashes-record-for-worlds-fastest-tractor-after-driving-at-more-than-14-519246

Farmscom (Diego Flammini) Farm family sets speed record with tractor [Online] 9 November 2018[Cited 17 December 2019] httpswwwfarmscomag-industry-newsfarm-family-sets-speed-record-with-tractor-387aspx

WTAPcom (Megan Vanselow) Local family sets tractor speed record [Online] 7 June 2018 [Cited 17December 2019] httpswwwwtapcomcontentnewsLocal-family-setsndash484795101html

JCB JCB DieselMax Ten Year Anniversary [Online] 23 August 2016 [Cited 17 December 2019] httpswwwjcbdieselmaxcom

Ricardo plc Fastrac A QampA with Matt Beasley and Alan Tolley Ricardocom [Online] 20 November2019 [Cited 17 December 2019] httpsoffhighwayricardocomnews-and-blogsfastrac-a-q-a-with-matt-beasley-and-alan-tolley

Fleiss M Burenius R Almkvist G Bjoumlrkholtz J The New Volvo 235hp Diesel Engine with ExtremeTake-Off Performance 24th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology 6 October 2015

Watson N and Janota MS ldquoTurbocharging the Internal Combustion Enginerdquo (MacMillan Press LtdPublication 1982) p 152 ISBN 0 471-87082-2

Arnold S Slupski K Groskreutz M Vrbas G et al ldquoAdvanced Turbocharging Technologies forHeavy-Duty Diesel Enginesrdquo SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3260 2001 1042712001-01-3260

Arnold S ldquoSchwitzer Variable Geometry Turbo and microprocessor Control Design and EvaluationrdquoSAE Technical Paper 870296 1987 104271870296

Cho K Lee JL Lee JI ldquoComparison of Loss Models for Performance Prediction of Radial InflowTurbinerdquo International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems Vol11 No1 Jan-Mar 2018 httpdxdoiorg105293IJFMS2018111097

Dixon SL ldquoFluid Mechanics Thermodynamics of TurbomachineryrdquoBernhardt L Dietmar F and Jan E (2012) International Journal of Rotating Machinery ldquoOn Mixed

Flow Turbines for Automotive Turbocharger Applicationsrdquo vol 2012 Article ID 589720 14 pages2012 1011552012589720

Piscaglia F Onorati A Marelli S and Capobianco M (2007) ldquoUnsteady Behavior in TurbochargerTurbines Experimental Analysis and Numerical Simulationrdquo SAE Technical Paper 2007-24-00811042712007-24-0081

Bjoumlrnsson H Ottosson A Rydquist J-E Spaumlder U and Schorn N (2005) ldquoOptimizing des SI-engineturbo system for maximum transient response Methods factors and findingsrdquo in Proceedings 10ATK Dresden

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Organising Committee13

Design and evaluation of an active inlet swirl control device for automotive turbocharger compressors

REFERENCES

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ONTURBOCHARGERS AND TURBOCHARGING (LONDON UK 2021)



Edited by

Institution of Mechanical Engineers






4


Table of Contents














V

















VI

















VII









ADDITIONAL PAPERS









VIII





Author index 488

IX





Member Credits



Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori





Jaguar Land Rover


Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath



ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company



BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES






4


Table of Contents














V

















VI

















VII









ADDITIONAL PAPERS









VIII





Author index 488

IX





Member Credits



Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori





Jaguar Land Rover


Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath



ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company



BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES


Table of Contents














V

















VI

















VII









ADDITIONAL PAPERS









VIII





Author index 488

IX





Member Credits



Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori





Jaguar Land Rover


Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath



ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company



BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES

















VI

















VII









ADDITIONAL PAPERS









VIII





Author index 488

IX





Member Credits



Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori





Jaguar Land Rover


Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath



ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company



BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES

















VII









ADDITIONAL PAPERS









VIII





Author index 488

IX





Member Credits



Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori





Jaguar Land Rover


Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath



ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company



BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES









ADDITIONAL PAPERS









VIII





Author index 488

IX





Member Credits



Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori





Jaguar Land Rover


Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath



ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company



BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES





Author index 488

IX





Member Credits



Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori





Jaguar Land Rover


Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath



ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company



BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES





Member Credits



Jamie Archer

Lutz Aurahs

Alan Baker

Kian Banisoleiman

Andrew Banks

Dr Elias Chebli

Colin Copeland

Michael Dolton

Dietmar Filsinger

Dino Imhof

Steve Johnson

Rogier Lammers

Per-Inge Larson

Nathan McArdle

Takashi Mori





Jaguar Land Rover


Ricardo

Porsche

University of Bath



ABB Turbocharging

Ford Motor Company



BorgWarner

IHI Corporation

XI







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES







XII



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES



S Teichel A Starke


ABSTRACT




1 INTRODUCTION



1






2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES





2 METHODOLOGY


2







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES







3





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES





4






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES






5



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES



DAh (mm) 36

DAs (mm) 52

Z (-) 11


Axial Length (mm) 9





120000 50000 NS

120000 60000 DP

120000 70000 NC

160000 60000 NS

160000 90000 DP

160000 90000 DP


6





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES





p03p00

γ1γ 1

T03T0B

1eth1THORN


7






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES






8






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES






9





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES





10




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES




5 CONCLUSIONS




11




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


12

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES

NOMENCLATURE

D Diameter (m)








T Temperature (K)


U Blade speed (ms)


Z Blade number (-)




rotn Rotating

stn Stationary


DP Design point


NC Near choke

NS Near surge


Subscripts

a Axial direction

A Fan leading edge

b Blade

B Fan trailing edge

corr Corrected

h Hub location

s Shroud location



(Continued )

13

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES

REFERENCES








(Continued )

1 Impeller inlet




14

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES

REFERENCES





















































































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES





























































































































































































































































































































Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents



REFERENCES

First Edition - Taylor & Francis eBooks

Documents

Transcript of First Edition - Taylor & Francis eBooks