Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences

THE Faculty comprises theSchool of Medicine, the School of Dental Science, theSchool of Physiotherapy and the School of Behavioural Science, offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs and continuing educadon courses. The SchrolofMedkmeLstheoldest medical schcolm Australia It was established in 1862, seven years after the Lriiversity formally orjened Today it enrols approximately 200 new medical students each year, with males and females approaching equal proportions. Smdents come from all social and culmral backgrounds, providing a social mix which reflects Austrahan society at large. Over 200 academic staff teach either on campus or in the School's many affiliated hospitals and research institutes with the assistance of large numbers of experienced part-time teachers who are actively invohed in general or specialist medical practice. Affiliated instimtions include teaching hospitals such as the Austin Hospital, Geelong Hospital, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Royal Children's Hospital, Royal Melboume Hospital, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Royal Women's Hospital, St Vincent's Hospital, Western Hospital and research institutions such as the Howard Florey Instimte of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, Ludwig Instimte for Cancer Research, Mental Health Research Instimte, Murdoch Instimte for Research into Child Birth Defects, St Vincent's Medical Research Instimte, and ihe Walter and Eliza Hall Instimte of Medical Research. Recent years have seen significant increases in outside research mnding, research staff and medical and science graduates smdying for higher degrees at the School and its affiliated instimtes. The School's very strong research capability plays a key role in postgraduate education and training and in fostering the highest quality undergraduate medical education. The combined undergraduate degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) take six years of full-time smdy. The School also offers a combined Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery/Bachelor of Arts degree (A1BBS/BA) over seven years of full-time smdy.

To be registered as a legally qualified medical practitioner by the Medical Board of Victoria, medical graduates undertake an addi­tional year's training as an intern on the staff of an approved general hospital. Most graduates continue to gain experience, knowledge and spe­cial skills in teaching hospitals for between two and five years. Some of this further training is provided by members of University chnical departments. Much of it is under the guidance of specialist colleges such as the Royal Australian CoUege of General Practition­ers (RACGP), Royal Australian CoUege of Obstetricians and Gynae­

cologists (RACOG), Royal Australasian CoUegeof Physicians (RACP), Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS), Royal Australasian College of Radiologists (RACR), and Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP). The School of Dental Science traces its origins back to 1884 when the Odontologjcal Society of Victoria sought to establish a coUege and hospital for the training of smdents in dentistry. EstabUshment of Ihe AustraUan CoUege of Dentistry foUowed in 1892. The College was affiliated with the University of Melbourne in 1904 and the first Bachelor of Dental Science (BDSc) degree was conferred in 1906. Today's BDSc program enrols about 50 new smdents each year. As with Medicine, new smdents are almost equaUy balanced between ihe sexes and come from many social and ethnic backgrounds. Teaching is provided by some 20 fidl-time academic staff and more than 100 part-time general and speciahst dental practitioners. The School of Dental Science shares space with the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne in a budding which is jointiy owned by the Hospital and the University of Melboume. The School of Physiotherapy was estabhshed in the Faculty in 1991- However, the Clinical Science of Physiotherapy itself com­menced its association with the University in 1896 and physiothera­pists have undertaken medical science subjects at the University since that time. The School is located in Berkeley Street, close to the Medical Sciences building and the Brownless Medical Library. The Bachelor of Physiotherapy is a four year degree and has approximately 80 smdents enroUing each year, with a relatively equal gender balance. The undergraduate program provides smdents with the opportunity to develop high quahty chnical physiotherapy and research skills. Health and medical science teaching is undertaken with medical, dental, science and optometry smdents. Physiotherapy science subjects and chnical placements in hospitals ofthe Chnical Schools associated with the University are begun in the first year. Elective smdies widiin Australia and overseas provide smdents with the opportunity to enhance their knowledge and further develop clinical practice skills. Final year smdents may participate in the School's research programs under the guidance of clinical physiotherapists and other researchers. Many physiotherapists undertake further smdy and the School offers postgraduate smdies in research and in the clinical speciali­ties of musculoskeletal, cardiothoracic and neurological physi­otherapy.

The School of Behavioural Science. Psychology has been taught at the University of Melboume since the mm of the cenmry. At that time psychology was taught within the Schools of Medicine and Education and in the Department of Philosophy. In 1925 the first chair of Psychology was created within the Faculty of Science, but it was not until 1946 that a Department of Psychology was formally estabhshed within the Faculty of Arts with an intake of 187 first-year smdents.

In January 1991 the Department of Psychology merged with the division of Psychology al the Instimte of Education and in January 1992 became the fourth School (The School of Behavioural Science) within the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences. Today there are over 1600 undergraduates enrolled in the School. Teaching is provided by over 40 academic staff and 46 professional practitioners. The School offers a Pass Major in Psychology in either Arts, Science or Education, a fourth year I lonours course in Arts or Science, and aPostgradiiateDiplomainAdolesrentand(]mTdPsychologyuirough ihe Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences. The School has an active graduate program with a range of options. Either a Master of Arts or a Master of Science can be taken in Research, or in a two-year Coursework Degree, in either Chnical

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Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, Applied Psychology orCog-nitive Science. A Master of Psychology is offered as a two year post-clinical masters' program in Child Clinical Psychology and Clinical Medical Psychology. In addition, the School has 58 graduates enrolled in the PhD program.

Faculty courses Undergraduate Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery/Bachelor of Arts

MBBS/BA Bachelor of Medical Science BMedSc Bachelor of Dental Science BDSc Bachelor of Dental Smdies BDentStiid Bachelor of Physiotherapy BPhysio Graduate Graduate Diploma in Audiology DipAud Graduate Diploma in Women's Health DipWomHlth Graduate Diploma in Epidemiology DipEpid Graduate Diploma in Clinical Dentistry DipC/inDent Graduate Diploma in Forensic Odontology DipForOdont Postgraduate Postgraduate Diploma in Physiotherapy DipPhysio Postgraduate Diploma in Adolescent and Child Psychology

DipAdol&ChildPsych Master of Medicine MMed Master of Surgery MS Master of Gynaecology and Obstetrics MGO Master of Women's Health MWomHlth Master of Dental Science MDSc Master of Physiotherapy MPhysio Master of Psychology in Child Clinical Psychology MPsych Master of Psychology in Chnical Medical Psychology MPsych Doctor of Medicine MD Doctor of Dental Science DDSc Doctor of Philosophy PhD

Objectives of the Faculty The general objectives of the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences are:

Medicine • to preserve, refine and advance knowledge in basic and

apphed medical science, relevant to understanding, preventing and alleviating human disease;

• to provide the highest quahty vindergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education in medicine and biomedical science;

• to contribute to leadership in the development of the community by effective interaction with groups outside the University.

Dental Science • to provide leadership in the refinement, advancement and

dissemination of knowledge in relation to oral health; • to provide excellence in educational programs to prepare

graduates who are competent to provide for the oral care needs of the community,

• to foster the invobement of the dental profession in relevant community groups.

Physiotherapy • to preserve, refine and advance knowledge in physiodierapy

sciences relevant to the promotion and maintenance of health and undersumding, preventing and alleviating human disease;

• to achieve excellence in undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education in physiotherapy,

• to contribute to leadership in the development of the local • and international community by effective interaction with die

physiotherapy profession and other appropriate groups outside the University.

Behavioural Science • to produce graduates with a comprehensive perspective of a

broad range of areas of psychology and its place in the community

• to equip graduates to work as independent professionals; • to train graduates to use scientific methods of investigation

for the accumulation of professional knowledge.

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Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences Introduction

Outlines of the undergraduate courses The following undergraduate degree courses offer teaching pro­grams which prepare the student to practise or to go on to graduate or postgraduate study or research.

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery The MBBS program takes six years and has mo major but overlap­ping stages: (a) the Basic Sciences and Medical Sciences and (b) the Chnical Sciences. Basic Sciences and Medical Sciences units occupy much of the first three years of the course, providing a strong basis for subsequent clinical training. However, there is now a substantially expanded medical and chnical content in the first three years, giving students a good appreciation ofthe relevance of their smdies at this time and ensuring that they are well prepared for full-time chnical trainingin the final three years of the course. First-year subjects include Medical Chemistry (incorporating an introduction to Biochemistry) and Medical Physics (in the Faculty of Science), Anatomy and Medical Biology, Physiology, and Intro­duction to Medicine (which covers Human Development, the Namre of Medical Practice, Medical IUstory and First .Aid). As part of the subject Introduction to Medicine, smdents are allocated an infant whose development they follow through its infancy and toddler years. This interesting exercise provides the smdent with a clinical perspective early in the course, in addition to interaction with families in the community. Computer facilities and state-of-the-art interactive multimedia laboratories now comprise important components ofthe learning experience in aU years ofthe course in self-directed learning and laboratory classes. Physiology, Anatomy and Medical Biology continue in second year. Also included in second year are Behavioural Science (covering Psychological Assessment Behavioural Medicine, Brain and Be­haviour, Abnormal Psychology, and the Family and the Commu­nity), Biochemistry, Neuroscience, and Integrated Body Function (AppUed Physiology and Pathophysiology). In third year, students undertake Community Medicine, Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Integrated Medical Science (appli­cation of knowledge acquired in the basic medical sciences in a problem-solving chnical context), Introduction to Clinical Medi­cine, and Advanced Smdy Units. The importance and development of effective communication skills are emphasised throughout the medical course, particularly in third year in Community Medicine 1 and in each of the fuU-time chnical years. Advanced Study Units in third year are mounted in campus and chnical departments and invobe critical review and deeper smdy in an area of medicine already introduced. Each smdent completes one 12-week or two 6-week Advanced Smdy Units in the first semester of third year. Thi rd year also introduces teaching in second semester in Introduc­tion to Chnical Medicine. Smdents are aUocated to one ofthe three general cbnical schools associated with the University of Mel­boume: the Austin Hospital/Repatriation General Hospital, the Royal Melboume Hospital/Western Hospital, and die St Vincent's Hospital/Geelong Hospital. Smdents spend much of the final three years of their course at a general clinical school, except for placements at country hospitals and specialist institutions such as the Royal Women's Hospital, Mercy Hospital for Women, the Royal Children's I lospital, Mt Royal Hospital and psychiatric hospitals.

Smdies taken in the clinical years include Medicine, Surgery, CUnical Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pathology, Radiology, Rehabilitation Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics, Psychiatry, Ethics, Legal Medicine and Forensic Pathology, Pubhc Health, Primary Medical Care (General Practice), Infectious Diseases, Geriatric Medicine, Casualty, Trauma, Resuscitation, Anaesthetics, Ophthalmology (diseases of the eye), Otorhino-laryngology (diseases of the ear, nose and throat), Immunology and Dermatology. Fourth-year smdents also undertake a chnical Advanced Smdy Unit providing a further opportunity for guided, independent smdy. At the beginning of the final year ofthe course, smdents undertake a niinimum 8-week elective period of smdy during which they pursue one or more particular approved topics in general practice, hospitals or elsewhere. Often this elective period is undertaken at approved interstate or overseas instimtions.

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery/ Bachelor of Arts The Combined MBBS/BA program takes seven years. Ordinarily smdents undertake one or hvo Arts subjects concurrent with the first three or four years ofthe medical course, foUowed by one full year of Arts smdy, by which time the Arts component would normally be completed. Smdents would then resume the final two or three years of the medical course.

Bachelor of Medical Science The BMedSc degree is a one-year course open to medical smdents with good academic records to encourage them to debe more deeply into an area they have already studied. It may be taken after completing at least third year in the medical course or, in the case of smdies in the Departments of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, after completing second year. Candidates prepare and su bmit for examinaiion a detailed research report They may be required to pass a written examination or viva voce examination or both, on the subjeci of the report

COURSE OBJECTIVES Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery This course has as its objectives mat graduates: • have a basis of essential factual knowledge and

understanding of principles relating to the structure and function of the human body;

• have an understanding of principles in the analysis of human behaviour and special functioning relevant to healdi and disease;

• have a capacity to apply scientific knowledge and attitudes in the analysis of problems at each stage ofthe educational process;

• have a capacity and motivation for continuing independent learning;

• have an understanding of disease processes and mechanisms in structural and functional terms, together with a grasp of their clinical manifesta­tions and treatment;

• have essential skills in the acquisition and interpretation of clinical observations;

• have a capacity to communicate with patients and their relatives, with medical colleagues and members of other health professions;

• have an understanding of professional responsibility in relation to individuals and the community.

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Bachelor of Dental Science The BDSc program takes five years. It prepares graduates for work in private practice, hospitals, the defence services, government health services, teaching or research. The program has two main streams: (a) the Basic Biological Sciences, and (b) the Clinical and Health Sciences, plus subject areas outside these streamssuch as Materials Science, Statistics and Community Studies. Basic Biological Sciences predominate in the fi rst three years of the course. Biology provides the essential foundation for all studies of the biological sciences, including Dental Science, and Chemistry serves as an introduction for Biochemistry, Materials Science and Physiology.

Clinical and Health Sciences begin as early as second year, with practical work in the laboratories of the School of Dental Science and clinical sessions in the clinics ofthe Royal Dental Hospital of Melboume. Other studies include Medicine and Surgery at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, plus Conservative Dentistry, Periodontics, Endodontics, Prosthodontics, Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology, Pedodontics and Orthodontics. An opportunity for the extension of clinical experience is provided by the Royal Dental Hospital during non-teaching periods. The course promotes imderstanding of human behaviour and social functioning relevant to health and disease and helps students develop skills to identify and measure oral health needs and find ways to meet those needs. Emphasis is placed on being able to practise integrated general dentistry and provide oral health care to all sectors of the commu­mty. Students train in problem-solving, decision-making, program de­sign and implementation, evaluation and advocacy, and in design­ing and carrying out scientific investigations into clinical and community oral health problems. They are expected to understand the professional responsibility of dentists to both individuals and the community and arc given the opportunity to develop career interests in areas such as general or specialist dental practice, academic teaching and research, com­mumty and school health, and hospital, instimtional and govern­ment service. Subjects taken in First Year are: Dental Smdies 1, Chemistry, Biology, Anatomy 1, Oral Anatomy 1, and First Aid. Second Year Dental Smdies 2, Anatomy 2, Physiology, Biochemis­try, and Oral Anatomy 2. Third Year Dental Smdies 3, Pathology, Microbiology, and Phar­macology. Fourth Year: Dental Smdies 4, Oral Pathology, Medicine, and Surgery. Fifth Year: Clinical Dental Science, Integrated Dental Practice. Dental Smdies 1,2 and 3 cover topics such as Community Smdies, Psychology, Dental MateriaLs Science, Growth Smdies, Introduc­tory Orthodontics, Statistics, Preventive Dentistry, Community Den­tal Health, Radiography and Radiology, and Local Analgesia.

Bachelor of Dental Studies The BDentStiid degree is a one-year course open to later-year dentistry smdents and graduates with good academic records to encou rage them to delve more deeply into an area they have already smdied. The aim is to facilitate the advanced development of academic and research skills necessary for the furtherance of a career in research or academia This course may be taken after completing at least the third year of the BDSc degree and is a one-year program of research training in any area of investigation relevant to dental science such as biological, social and clinical sciences. In passing through the program, smdents should acquire a basic understanding of current advances in research methodol­ogy in the biological and health sciences and should be able to conduct a scientific investigation into a biological, clinical or community health problem. Candidales prepare and submit for examination a detailed research report and must pass a viva voce examination on the subject of the report

COURSE OBJECTIVES Bachelor of Dental Science This course has as its objectives that graduates: • can relate the scientific university education to

the technical and vocational aspects of dental practice;

• have acquired essential factual knowledge and understanding of principles relating to the healdi, structure and function of the human body,

• understand disease processes and mechanisms in structural and functional terms, together with a grasp of their aetiology, clinical manifesta­tions, prevention and treatment;

• have acquired a basic understanding of human behaviour and social functioning relevant to health and disease;

• can identify the oral health needs of a commu­nity in order of priority and find mediods of meeting those needs;

• can induce oral health changes in individual patients and their families, and behavioural changes in the community generally;

• practise integrated general dentistry and are . able to provide oral health care to all sectors of

the community; • have developed skills in problem-solving,

decision-making, program design and imple­mentation, evaluation and advocacy,

• can design and carry out scientific investigations into clinical, basic science, and community health problems;

• can communicate effectively with patients and their relatives, professional colleagues and members of other health professions;

• exhibit professional responsibility in relation to both individuals and the community*,

• have a demonstrated capacity and motivation for continuing independent learning;

• be a personal exemplar for oral health; • have the potential to develop along a number of

routes, including general dental practice, specialist dental practice, academic teaching and research, armed services, community health, school health, hospital and institutional den­tistry.

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Bachelor of Physiotherapy The BPhysio course takes four years. It prepares graduates to work in health care settings such as hospitals, outpatient clinics, private practice, rehabilitation centres, patients' homes, schools, extended care facilities, sports venues, aged care centres, industrial and commercial premises, nursing homes, psychiatric centres and educational institutions. Students may qualify' for the degree with honou rs if they achieve fi rst or second class honou rs as determined by thei r performance in the second, third and fourth years of the course. Students qualifying for an honours degree are eligible to enter the Master of Physiotherapy program. Studies include a strong basis of physical, biological, medical, behavioural and cbnical sciences. Smdents are required to partici­pate in practical studies of human anatomy kinesiology and physi­otherapy techniques. Cbnical knowledge, skills and attimdes nec­essary for health education and the competent assessment, preven­tion , treatment and rehabilitation of patients with physical disorders and disabilities are developed. During the undergraduate years, smdents are encouraged and provided with opportunities to de­velop the capacity and motivation for continuing independent learning, inquiry and research. Smdents undertake theoretical and practical experience in en hancingtheirability to communicate with patients, colleagues and members of odier health professions. Issues of professional responsibility and ethical principles in relation to individuals and the commumty are addressed. The program has been developed to provide a strong focus on the clinical and research requirements of graduates.

Clinical smdies are commenced in the first year ofthe undergradu­ate program, with smdents allocated to the teaching hospitals of die general clinical schools of the University of Melbourne. These general chnical schools are the Austin Hospital/Repatriation Gen­eral Hospital, the Royal Melbourne Hospital/Western Hospital, and the St Vincent's Hospital/Geelong Hospital. In the second year, students attend speciahst physiotherapy prac­tices such as occupational health centres, community health cen­tres and sports clinics.

In the third and fourth years, smdents spend much of their time in chnical smdies. Smdents commence formal research methods training in the second year. Third-year smdents develop research project propos­als and in the fourth year collect and evaluate chnical research data, with selected smdents completing more extensive projects. First year subjects include Anatomy 1 (Physiotherapy), Apphed Anatomy and Kinesiology 1, Behavioural Science (Physiotherapy), Growth Development and Ageing, Medical Biology (Physiotherapy), Physics (Physiotherapy), Physiology 1 (Physiotherapy) and Physi­otherapy Principles and Practice 1. In the second year, Anatomy 2 (Physiotherapy), Apphed Anatomy and Kinesiology 2, Physiology 2 (Physiotherapy) and Physiotherapy Principles and Practice 2 continue and the foUowing further subjects are undertaken: Community Health and Integrated Physi­ology, Electrotherapy, Human Movement Development, iVeuroscience (Physiotherapy), Pathology (Physiotherapy) and Research Methods 1. The durd year introduces the discipline-specific Cardiothoracic, Neurological and Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy. Major elements of these subjects are undertaken in the teaching hospitals of the General Clinical Schools. Theoretical smdies in Pharmacology for Physiotherapy, Research Methods 2, Seminars in Physiotherapy 1 and Kinesiology and Measurement are conducted at the University. Asummer elective is normal ly undertaken between third and fourth years. This may be in approved centres interstate or overseas. In the final undergraduate year, the discipline-specific Cardiothoracic, Neurological and Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy are continued, with seminars in Physiotherapy 2 and Research Methods 3- Theoretical and clinical smdies are undertaken in Paediatrics, and Gerontology and advanced smdies in Exercise Prescription, Physiotherapy Principles and Practice 3 and Chnical Neuroscience. Smdents may choose two clinicaUy based electives during the year. Special chnical schools of the Faculty, which make a contribution to the undergraduate program in the fourth year, include the Royal Children's Hospital, the Royal Women's Hospital, the Mercy Hospital for Women and the North West Hospital.

Psychology as a major A major sequence in psychology can be smdied as part of either a Bachelor of Arts, a Bachelor of Science, a Bachelor of Education (Primary), a Bachelor of Social Science, or a combined degree course. First year gives an introduction to psychology. Topics include biological bases of behaviour, social psychology, quantitative meth­ods, human development learning, memory and thinking, person­ality and adaptation, and psychopathology. Second year covers Intermediate Psychology, mcluding topics in biological, experimental, social, developmental and quantitative psychology. Third year covers six sections: Psychological Measurement (com­pulsory) and five others chosen from approximately 20 topics. Fourth-year honou rs covers advanced smdies in five selected topics in psychology, including the compulsory serninars 'Advanced

COURSE OBJECTIVES Bachelor of Physiotherapy This course has as its objectives that graduates: • have preserved, refined and advanced knowl­

edge in physiotherapy sciences relevant to the promotion and maintenance of health and understanding, preventing and alleviating human disease;

• have a qualification registrable by the Physi­otherapists' Registration Board;

• have a strong basis of knowledge of physical, biological, medical, behavioural and physi­otherapy sciences;

• have an understanding of the bases of research methods with the opportunity to undertake defined projects;

• have the clinical knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for the competent assess­ment, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with physical and relevant psycho-behavioural disorders and disabilities;

• have a capacity and motivation for continuing independent learning;

• can communicate effectively with patients, colleagues and members of other health professions;

• have an understanding of professional respon­sibdity and ethical principles in relation to individuals and the community.

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Design and Data Analysis', 'Assessment', and "Theories in Psychol­ogy", and two topics chosen from agroup of options. An independ­ent research project is also carried out under the supervision of senior staff members. : -Quotas apply to Psychology 1 and 2. For more detailed information. see the Arts, Science and Education entries in the Handbook.

Undergraduate entry Minimum prerequisites for entry to either the medical, dental or physiotherapy courses are VCE Enghsh, Chemistry, Change and Approximation or Extensions (Change and Approximation), and one of Biology, Physics, Reasoning and Data, Extensions (Reason­ing and Data), Space and Number, Extensions (Space and Number). Apphcants should note that the prerequisites must be included in the 'best four' subjects. Entry into the second and later years of the medical, dental and physiotherapy courses is restricted to apphcants who have com­pleted appropriate science subjects at university level (enquire at School Offices for details). Special Admissions Scheme: Places under this scheme are available in the first year ofthe medical, dental and physiotherapy courses. A conditional place in second-year Medicine wdl be considered for educationally or socially disadvantaged apphcants with VCE scores between the Medicine and Science cut-offs, subject to satisfactory completion of a two-year specified program in the Faculty of Science. More details ofthe Special Admissions Scheme appear on page 14 of Volume 1 of this Handbook. 'Mature Age' Candidates: Apphcants over 21 who have had previous Year 12 or tertiary smdies should seek advice from the School of Medicine, School of Dental Science and School of Physiotherapy as appropriate. Overseas Applicants: See pages 18-20 of Volume 1 of this Handbook. Financial Assistance: Assistance is available to medical and dental smdents through cadetships with all three armed services and to dental smdents in scholarships offered by the Health Department (School Dental Service). These cadetships and schol­arships are normally available from the third year of the course and involve a commitment to serve with the sponsoring authority for a limited period after graduation. Smdents who experience financial difficulties duiing the course may apply for smdent loans within the University through the Student Financial Aid Office. Animal Experimentation in Practical Classes: Some subjects offered by the Faculty involve the use of animal experimentation. These experiments are an essential part of the course and exemp­tions are not possible. All animal experimentation in the University is subject to the rigorous control of the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee. A Faculty Smdent Animal Experimentation Review Committee, with student and academic staff membership, has also been established as a sub-committee of the Faculty's Curriculum Review Committee. In general, the University aims to reduce animal usage to the minimum consistent with academic needs. As well.neweduaitional aids invorringcomputer simulations are being used where possible as an alternative to the use of live animals. • •

Health Requirements: In order to meet health requirements for working in the wards of affiliated teaching hospitals and for the protection of other students and themselves, smdents in ihe MBBS, BDSc ovBPhysio courses need to comply with certain precaution­ary procedures. These consist of confidential tests for immune status (including blood tests and skin tests), receiving vaccines and

having X-rays where the evidence indicates these are appropriate and there are not specific contraindications in mdividual cases. This pohcy is in accord with the National Health and Medical Research Councd advice that .educational instimtions training smdents in health sciences should ensure that such smdents are protected as far as possible by vaccination against risk of infection. Prospective smdents should note that, prior to enrolment, smdents are provided with information and, as appropriate, counselling about the effect that HIV or hepatitis B infection may have on the abihty of health care workers to practice their profession. Psychology Quota: Smdies in Psychology have proved to be extremely popular. In order to maintain the quahty of the subject and the level of practical involvement within the available, resources, quotas for Psychology 1 and Psychology 2 have been approved for 1994-

Student information Smdents should be aware of their rights and obhgations while at the University. Essential information on matters such as enrolment,, assessment, special consideration in the event of illness or other difficulties, etc., is contained in we Student Diary, issued to every smdent on enrolment

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Medicine: units for the undergraduate degree

Preclinical subjects First Year Firstsemester Anatomy Medical Biology Medical Chemistry Medical Physics Introduction to Medicine Second semester Anatomy Medical Biology Medical Chemistry Physiology Second Year Firstsemester Anatomy Medical Biology General Biochemistry Physiology Second semester Neuroscience Behavioural Science Functional Biochemistry Integrated Body Function Third Year Firstsemester Pathology 1 Pharmacology Microbiology Community Medicine 1 Integrated Medical Science Advanced Study L'nit(s) Secondsemester Pathology 1 Pharmacology Microbiology Community Medicine 1 Integrated Medical Science Introduction to Cbnical Medicine

Clinical subjects Fourth Year Pathology 2 Clinical Medicine and Surgery Advanced Study Unit Fifth Year Community Medicine 2 Obstetrics and Gynaecology Paediatrics Psychiatry Sixth Year Elective Medicine Surgery

Dental Science: units for the undergraduate degree First Year Dental Studies 1 Chemistry Biology Anatomy 1 Oral Anatomy 1 Second Year Dental Studies 2

Anatomy 2 Physiology Biochemistry Oral Anatomy 2 Third Year Dental Studies 3 Pathology Microbiology Pharmacology Fourth Year Dental Studies 4 Oral Pathology Medicine Surgery Fifth Year Clinical Dental Science Integtated Dental Practice

Physiotherapy: units for the undergraduate degree First Year Anatomy 1 Applied Anatomy and Kinesiology 1 Behavioural Science Growth Development and Ageing Medical Biology Physics Physiology 1 Physiotherapy Principles and Practice 1 Second Year Anatomy 2 Apphed Anatomy and Kinesiology 2 Community Health Electrotherapy Exercise and integrated Physiology Human Movement Development Neuroscience Pathology Physiology 2 Physiotherapy Principles and Practice 2 Research Methods 1 Third Year Cardiothoracic Physiotherapy 1 Kinesiology and Measurement Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Neurological Physiotherapy Pharmacology for Physiotherapy Research Mehods 2 Seminars in Physiotherapy I Fourth Year Cardiothoracic Physiotherapy 2 Chnical Neuroscience Exercise Prescription Gerontology Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy 2 Neurology 2 Paediatrics Physiotherapy Principles and Practice 3 Research Methods 3 Seminars in Physiotherapy 2 Elective Studies

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Graduate Diplomas School of Medicine

Graduate Diploma in Audiology The Graduate Diploma in Audiology is a one-year ftdl:time course begirining in early February and finishing at the end of November each year. Applicants for the course must have a degree. Appropri­ate undergraduate subjects include physiology, physics, psychol­ogy, linguistics, speech pathology and education ofthe deaf. The majority of students enrolling in the course have science degrees, while a small number have degrees in medicine, speech pathology, education of the deaf, and arts (with a major in psychology and/or Linguistics). Course content is designed to provide tlie professional qualification in audiology. In order to do diis, the course has the following objectives: • to provide knowledge concerning the basic sciences relevant

to the practice of audiology, including acoustics, anatomy and physiology, otology and the perception of sound and speech;

• to provide die knowledge necessary to evaluate the hearing of infants, children and adults and to isolate die site of lesions within the auditory and vestibular (balance) systems;

• to provide the knowledge required to counsel hearing-impaired clients and parents of hearing-impaired children; to provide such clients with aural rehabilitation including the fitting of hearing aids and other sensory devices, training in the use of these devices and assisting clients in the use of visual cues and other compensatory mechanisms in order to communicate effectively;

• to provide the required number of hours of clinical work in' order for each student to learn to apply die above knowledge in the cbnical setting. The Audiology Society of Australia requires that each student receives at least 200 hours of supervised one-to-one clinical work in order to gain membership of the Society,

• to provide the necessary background and skills for students pioceeding to masters or doctoral degrees in audiology.

Graduate Diploma in Epidemiology Tlie Graduate Diploma in Epidemiology course is offered every two years and wdl next be available in 1994. The course is designed: • to provide essential epidemiological and statistical knowl­

edge for graduates in health sciences employed in the health care industry,

• to provide the necessary skills and critical processes for students proceeding to masters or doctoral degrees in epidemiology,

• to provide relevant skills in computing, particularly in epidemiological and statistical packages avadable for use on microcomputers.

The course is taken over hvo years part time and is open to any graduate of a health or related science degree. The course focuses on epidemiology and biostatistics with emphasis on their apphca­tion. Particular attention is given to critical appraisal, surveys and data sources, and protocol development

Graduate Diploma in Women's Health The Key Centre for Women's Health in Society was estabhshed in 1988 by the Department of Employment, Education and Training, specifically to develop teaching and research in women's health. The Graduate Diploma in Women's Health provides coursework study over one year full time or two years part time. It is available to graduates from medicine and other health-related disciplines. Course content is designed: • to increase the knowledge of graduates of the special health

issues affecting women; • to integrate knowledge of the humanities and social sciences

with that of the medical sciences; • to focus on strategies which will optimise health rather than

on the treatment of disease and disorder, • to produce graduates who are responsive and sensitive to

women's needs; • to provide a training ground for employment in women's

healdi as clinicians, educators, researchers and pohcy makers.

The course also may provide the coursework component for a Master of Medicine degree in Women's Health for medical gradu­ates.

School of Dental Science

Graduate Diploma in Clinical Dentistry Tliis one year full-time (or not more dian three years part-time) course is designed to furtlier the knowledge and skills of dental graduates in aspects of fields of clinical dentistry. The course is limited to a maximum of eight students. In passing through the course, a graduate student should: • acquire advanced knowledge in selected basic science

subjects; • acquire advanced knowledge and skills in one or more of the

disciplines of Preventive Dentistry, Oral Health and Oral Health Maintenance, Endodontics, Gerodontics, Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Planning, Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery, Orthodontics, Paediatric Dentistry, Periodontics and Prosthodontics.

Basic biological sciences form the core of the course and a choice of chnical subjects is offered in the range of disciplines hsted above.

Graduate Diploma in Forensic Odontology The objectives of this course are to increase knowledge and skills in forensic medicine, pathology and odontology. In passing through die program, the graduate student should be able to: • identify current developments in basic medical sciences

which are applicable to forensic odontology, • understand die disciplines of forensic medicine and forensic

pathology in their broad sense; • acqui re experience in forensic casework; • acquire an understanding of the legal system relevant to the

preparation and presentation of dental evidence. The course duration is one year full time. Students are introduced to the role of the forensic odontologist in the legal system, and their casework portfoho will form part of the assessment

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Facully of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences Introduction

School of Physiotherapy

Postgraduate Diploma in Physiotherapy The School of Phytotherapy offers postgraduate diplomas in research and in the specialist clinical fields of cardiothoracic, musculoskeletal and neurological physiotherapy. These studies are designed: • to provide condnued learning opportunities in speciahst

fields of physiotherapy practice; • to refine and advance the knowledge of postgraduate

students in physiotherapy, • to provide graduates with educational skills; • to provide graduates with an enhanced capacity to evaluate

physiotherapy practice and to undertake research activities; • to improve the quahty of health care provided to the

community by physiotherapists. Postgraduate smdents in the Postgraduate Diploma in Physiotherapy chnical streams undertake advanced clinical smdies for four full-time weeks in the fourth semester. Postgraduate Diploma in Physiotherapy research stream smdents are preparing for higher degrees. Many of these smdents will undertake clinically-based research. Fu rther graduate programs are being considered for development

School of Behavioural Science

Postgraduate Diploma in Adolescent and Child Psychology The course is designed to develop specialised knowledge in the area of adolescent and child psychology, to extend understanding of methodology and theory hi psychology (particularly in the area of developmental psychology), and to develop knowledge of, and skill in, the professional practice of psychology, including basic applied skills. Apphcants must have completed an undergraduate major in psychology widiin a degree which has been accredited by the Australian Psychological Society. Tbe course is intended to provide a fourth year of smdy in psychology, however, it will also enable other eligible professionals in psychology to undertake smdies that will extend their under­standing and skdls in the areas of adolescent and child psychology. The course is accredited by the Australian Psychological Society as a fourth year course. On completion of the course smdents should be able to: • demonstrate understanding of psychological theory and

research in die area of affective development • demonstrate imderstanding of psychological theory and

research in the area of cognitive development, with particular reference to adolescence;

• demonstrate imderstanding of psychological theory and research concerning the development transitions which occur in the context of family, school and employment

• demonstrate understanding of theoretical and practical aspects of psychological assessments by administering and reporting on a variety of psychological tests;

• demonstrate understanding of such fundamental aspects of the professional practice of psychology as professional ethics, knowledge of fields of employment for psychologists and know ledge of welfare systems, agencies and referral possibilities;

• evaluate critically the major methodological and theoretical issues hi the areas of child and adolescent development

• demonstrate skills in fundamental aspects of professional practice including the estabhshment of rapport, interper­

sonal communication, report-writing and the analysis and modification of behaviour;

• demonstrate skills in research design, data collection and the analysis and interpretation of data pertinent to the area of psychological development

• carry out an investigation which demonstrates understanding of psychological theory and research methodology relevant to a specific topic in an area of adolescent and cliild psychology.

The course is taken over two years part time. It consists of eight compulsory subjects. These are: Biological Issues in Development Affective Development Adolescent Cognition; Personal and Inter­personal Transitions in Family, School and Work; Issues in Devel­opmental Theory and Methodology, Research Proposal; Research Project and Introduction to Professional Practice.

Higher awards

Master of Medicine

Master of Surgery

Master of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Candidates for the above degrees must be medical graduates and have passed an examination (suchastheFRACP, FRACSorMRACOG) offered in a relevant discipline by an approved body. Programs are taken by supervised research over at least one year of hill-time smdy, or over two to three years part time. The MMed degree is available also by coursework and research report in disciplines such as primary medical care, radiology (including other medical imaging modalities) and women's health. Candidates must be graduates of not less than five years standing who have devoted at least three years since graduating to practice and study relevant to the discipline concerned. Enquiries in the first instance shoidd be made to the School of Medicine.

Master of Women's Health Canditates for the degree must be holders of an honou rs degree in health or social sciences, a Graduate Diploam in Women's Health, a Graduate Diploma in Women's Smdies or Part 1 examination of any of the Royal Colleges of Medicine. The Degree is gained by either supervised research over at least one year full time smdy (or two years part time) leading to submission of a major research thesis, or by a combination of a minor thesis and three coursework subjects.

Master of Dental Science The MDSc degree course is designed to take cognisance of the growth and change in the knowledge and practice of dental science. It offers candidates an opportunity to develop advanced skills and imderstanding in a particular branch of dental science by doing coursework and a supervised research project The majorernpha-sis can be on either formal smdy with clinical/laboratory work or wholly on research. The degree is gained by examination and minor thesis or by major thesis. It is offered over two years full time, or four years part time. Part-time candidates are required to enrol in not less than four sessions a week. Coursework is organised to complement and help improve the quahty of the candidate's independent work, whde extending and deepening areas of knowledge beyond the scope of the under­graduate course.

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Disciplines for study include oral and maxillofacial surgery, ortho­dontics, children's dentistry, periodontics, prosthodontics, endodontics, oral medicine, oral pathology, and preventive and community dentistry. Intending candidates should consult appropriate staff ofthe School of Dental Science preferably ayear ahead ofwhen they plan to begin work on the degree. After discussing the proposed course in detail, candidates can obtain an application form from the School. The completed form must be lodged no later than 15 May of the year prior to beginning the course.

Master of Physiotherapy Candidates fortheMasterofPhysiotherapymust be graduatesof not less than two years standing. This is a research degree taken over one year full time or normally part time over two to three years. Those normally eligible to imdertake the Master of Physiotherapy would have completed a four-year undergraduate degree in Physi­otherapy witli honours, a postgraduate diploma, or a masters preliminary course. • Details of the Master of Physiotherapy degree program by research may be obtained from the School of Physiotherapy.

Higher degrees within the School of Behavioural Science The School has an active graduate program with a range of options. Either a Master of Arts or a Master of Science can be taken in research, or in a two-year coursework degree, in either Clinical Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, Applied Psychology or Cog­nitive Science. A coursework program for Master of Psychology in Cbnical Psychology and a Master of Psychology in Clinical Medical Psychology are available. Apphcation forms and further details of the Master of Psychology, Master of Arts and Master of Science programs may beobtained from the School of Behavioural Science. In addition, the School supports PhD studies.

Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Dental Science Doctor of Philosophy TheyI//)and/?/?&degreesmayr«avvardedtoacandidatefoUovving examination of pubhshed or unpublished work deemed by the examiners to make an original and substantial contribution to the candidate's field of study. The candidate must be a graduate in an approved discipline of not less than two years standing for the/I/O and four years standing for \hcDDSc.TheMD degree may also be taken by approved candidates as a supervised research program extending over at least tw o years for full-time study or on a part-time basis. The PhD degree is a program of advanced study and research to be undertaken by a candidate under supervision and leading to presentation of a thesis. The program may be undertaken on a hdl-time or part-time basis in all schools of the Faculty. The degree is administered under the control of the Academic Board of the University. Intending candidates should seek further advice from the University's Office for Research.

The Doctor of Philosophy program is also available in the School of Physiotherapy. Candidates would normally be graduates in Physiotherapy of not less than two years standing and approved candidates woidd undertake a supervised research program in the School.

Continuing education The Continuing Medical Education and the Continuing Education in Dental Science programs offer courses directed to the needs of medical and dental practitioners and those in associated health professions. Units are usually short and intensive — from one-day lecture courses to clinical sessional sequences over several months. They cover chnical and research topics for specialists and for general practitioners. Participants gain an opportunity to interact with specialists and with their colleagues in a context designed to meet the needs of busy professionals. AContinuingand Professional Education program in Physiotherapy is also available

The Dean's Lecture Series This series reviews, debates and questions what is being done in medicine and dental science. Issues arc presented in a wide social, pohtical and philosophical context Lectures and seminars in the series look at research in the Faculty and address issues of special importance to the community. Students, graduates and those with an interest in the fields covered are invited to attend.

University of Melbourne Medical Society Medical graduates are eligible to join the University of Melbourne Medical Society (UMMS), the medical graduates' alumni society. UMMS aims to continue the relationship begun during the under­graduate years of medical training between fellow students and the School of Medicine. It produces a journal, Chiron, wiiich pubhshes important debates and lectures held at the Medical School as well as original articles exploring local medical history, the family context and die development of medical education.

Society of Alumni and Friends of Dental Science (SAFODS) Dental Science graduates are eligible to join the Society of Alumni and Friends of Dental Sciencc(SAFODS) which aims to promote and develop continuing education and scholarship and continue die relationship, begun duiing the undergraduate years of training, between fellow smdents and the Dental School. The Society pro­duces a regular newsletter which pubhshes details and dales of courses and lectures and odier matters of interest

Friends of Physiotherapy Friends of Physiotherapy was estabhshed in June 1992. Member­ship is through the Alumni Association of The University of Mel­boume and provides an active invohement with the University as well as the School of Physiotherapy. Friends of Physiotherapy aims to promote and develop the School, its prizes and scholarships, and provide support for smdents and for academic staff hi die areas of research and clinical skills within the field of physiotherapy.

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Careers for Medicine, Dental Science, Physiotherapy and Behavioural Science graduates Medicine The variety of careers available to graduates is enormous. Few professions can boast such a diversity of opportumty, ranging from General Practice to Surgery, General Medicine to Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Paediatrics to Psychiatry. Other specialties may include Anaesdietics, Geriatric Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine, Dermatology, Pathology, Radiology, Neurosurgery and Occupa­tional Medicine. Graduates may also become medical administrators in hospitals or government departments, or medical academics and/or research­ers invohed with teaching and/or medical research. Graduates are required to complete an intern year in an Australian hospital as a prerequisite for full medical registration. Many graduates vvill then stay in a hospital for at least one or hvo more y ears. Those who wish to train for one of the major specialties may need to continue in a teaching hospital for about five years after the intern year. Postgraduate training for most of the specialties is supervised by specialty collegesorsocieties. ThecoUeges run theirown qualifying examinations, specify training programs, and attend to the profes­sional needs of thei r members after they have qualified for member­ship.

Dental Science Dental graduates are offered a wide range of career opportunities. Although most graduates enter private general practice, graduate training is available in many other areas. These include Preventive Dentistry and Community Dental Health, Pedodontics (Children's Dentistry), Orthodontics (the correction of malpositioned teeth), Periodontics (treating of the supporting tissues of the teeth), Conservativ e Dentistry and Endodontics (conserving and restoring lost tooth substance), Prosthodontics (replacing lost teeth and tissue with artificial appliances), Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology (disorders of the mouth) and Oral Medicine. As die emphasis in dentistry changes from corrective to preventive work, dentists increasingly act as part of a team with auxiliary health professionals such as dental therapists, licensed dental nurses, dental hygienists and advanced dental technicians. The University of Melbourne's BDSc is recognised by the Dental Boards of all Austrahan states. Graduates may apply for registration as a dentist (without further examination) anywhere in Austraha or its territories. Registration may also be granted in some other countries, subject to entry requirements and those ofthe registering authorities. Proposals have been introduced for an internship' similar to that in Medicine, which would entail one year's paid work following graduation, leading to graduates being granted full registration to practise in Victoria A limited voluntary internship is available through the Royal Dental Hospital of Melboume.

Physiotherapy Physiotherapists work in hospitals, community centres and in private practices in a large number of fields. They work in the areas of women's health mcluding preparation for pregnancy and birth, paediatrics, exercise and sport, occupational health, accident and rehabihtation, illness and disease, and in geriatrics. Physiothera­pists work as consultants to industry, government bodies and as academics and researchers. Many physiotherapists commence their careers as junior physi­otherapists in hospitals where they rotate through speciahst physi­otherapy units and are provided with the opportunity to reinforce and consolidate their knowledge and clinical skills. Career paths in hospitals develop along chnical and administrative lines. Senior chnical physiotherapists are highly experienced in a particular area of physiotherapy and are responsiblefbrseniorand juniorstaff and undergraduate and postgraduate students. Physiotherapists continue their careers within the hospital service or by moving into other pubhc or private centres within Austraha or overseas. In community centres, the physiotherapist is a resource to provide treatment and health education for local residents. Physiotherapists also work in the Department of Community Serv­ices, in School Support Centres and in individual schools of various types. In private practices physiotherapists work in every suburb and country district for clients who require their diverse services. An increasing number of physiotherapists are undertaking post­graduate studies to enhance career opportunities in chnical prac­tice, administration, teaching and research.

Behavioural Science Psychology is concerned with the smdy of human behaviour and experience, and people trained in psychology work in a wide variety of areas in health, education, industry, commerce, welfare and government The minimum academic training for those wishing to make their career in psychology is an honours degree or a postgraduate diploma in psychology after completion of an under­graduate degree. Membership of the Australian Psychological Society requires four years of academic training in an accredited psychology course and two years of supervised postgraduate experience.

For more information Medicine: Administrative Officer (Smdent Programs), School of Medicine. Tel: +613 (03) 344 5891. Dentistry: Executive Officer (Dentistry), School of Dental Science.'Tel: +613 (03) 341 0275. Physiotherapy. Executive Officer (Physiotherapy), School of Physiotherapy Tel:+613 (03) 3444171. Behavioural Saence: Executive Officer (Behavioural Science), School of Behavioural Science. Tel: +613 (03) 3446377 Written enquiries should be addressed to the above officers at The University of Melbourne, Parkville ,VTC 3052.

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Medicine Subjects FIRST YEAR

516-011 ANATOMY Contact Eight hours per week, consisting of up to three lectures per week and practical classes. (AMyear.) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, students should: Comprehend: the terminology of anatomy; the principles relating to each of the following types of anatomical strucmres: skin, fascia and skeletal muscles, bones and joints, viscera, vessels and nerves; the subdivision of the human body into regions; the essential information relating to specific anatomical structures (which form the boundaries and contents of the regions); the applications relating direcdy to clinically important areas of anatomy, the anatomical strucmres observed, palpated or pierced in practical (including emergency) diagnostic and treatment procedures that may be required of a 'first-port-of-call' doctor; the surface mark­ings of clinically important structures, on normal living bodies; the naked-eye appearance of cut-sections of normal viscera; the ap­pearance of the human body in section at important levels; die appearance of normal strucmres of radiographs (and principles regarding the appearance of normal strucmres on cA and ultra­sound). Have developed: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret exposed anatomical strucmres and regions, surface markings on normal living bodies, the naked eye appearance of cut sections of normal viscera, cross-sections of the body at important levels, and normal strucmres on radiographs; communication skills (written and oral) to describe the normal strucmre of the body, skills in the manipulation of anatomical strucmres (with dissecting instruments). Appreciate: die range of normality of the hving human body (i.e. normal variation) due to age, sex and body build, and the effects of posture, phase of respiration, and pregnancy; the common occur­rence of anomalies (i.e. anatomical variation) which differ from 'text-book descriptions' of the typical case; the importance of one's own observations (e.g. as seen in the historical development of anatomy as a science). Content Regional, radiological, surface and apphed anatomy of the back and upper limb, thorax, neck and head. Emphasis is on clinically important aspects of anatomy. Assessment A 3-hour written examination at the end of second semester on material from both semesters (50 per cent); a 50-minute practical examination al the end of first semester (15 per cent); a 25-miriute practical examination al die end of second semester (15 per cent); and practical (including dissection) class work throughout both semesters (20 per cent). Prescribed text Eizenberg N, Murphy M and Briggs C Practical Anatomy: Guide and Dissector Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology 1994.

516-012 MEDICAL BIOLOGY Contact lectures, 80 hours. Practical classes, 62 hours. (Allyear.) This subject comprises four components: CeU Biology, Animal Biology, Histology, and Developmental Biology/Embryology. Objectives: Cell and Animal Biology: On completion of this component smdents should: Comprehend: the strucmre and function of elements within a ceU; the basic tissues of the body, the general strucmre and function of a vertebrate; the transition from organ systems to molecular events as a pre-requisite to imderstanding many aspects of biochemistry and molecular biology, the biology of parasitic and venomous

animals; the interactions between humans and their environment human evolution. Haw developed: skills to observe biological phenomena; skills to accurately record biological observations; manipulative skills in dissection; skills to analyze and solve biological problems. Appreciate: the importance of rational, critical and independent thought in biological science and in the understanding of medical science. Cell Btology andllistology: On completion of thiscomponent, smdents should: Comprehetul: the terminology of histology the principles and essential infonnation regarding the light-microscopic and elec­tron-microscopic stnicture of normal cells and tissues and the arrangement of cells and tissues into the specific organs and systems; normal histology as a prerequisite for undersumding pathology, physiology and biochemistry. Hawdewloped: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret the light-microscopic and electron-microscopic ap­pearances of normal cells, tissues, organs and systems; the ability to visualise 3-dimensional stnicture from 2-dimensional data; skills in the use of a light microscope to obtain information from liistological sections. Appreciate: the range of variation of microscopic stnicture within normal tissue; the scientific basis of knowledge of stnicture; the correlation of histological strucmre with function. Developmental Biology/Embryology: On completion ofthis component, smdents should: Comprehetul: the terminology of embryology, the principles and essen­tial factual information regarding developmental processes, formation of the embryo and development of particular organs and systems; tlie role of developmental events in the or ganlsation of adult structure; the embryological basis of certain birth defects; tlierorrelationorTilstological and embryological structure with function Have developed: skills in the use of a microscope to obtain information from embryological material. Appreciate: the embryological basis of birth defects. Content CeU and Animal Biology, Histology, and Developmental Biology/Embryology. Assessment Animal Biology: A 2.5-hourwritten examination at the end of first semester (40 per cent). Practical work is assessed continuously and, where performance is judged unsatisfactory, a smdent may be required to pass a 1-hour practical examination. CellBiology, HistologymADmelopnimtalBiology/Embryology-. A 3-hou r written examination at the end of second semester (50 per cent) and a 25-minute practical examination on work covered during practical classes in diis semester (10 per cent). Prescribed texts: Alberts B Molecular Biology of the Cell 2nd edition, Garland. Dorit R L, Walker W FJnr and Barnes R DZoology Saunders, 1991- JunqueiraLCandCarneiroJflto*'c/fo/o/f )'3rd or subsequent edition, lange. Wheater P R, Burkitt 11G and Daniels V G Functional Histology lst or subsequent edition, Churchill Livingstone. Larson WJ Human Embryology Churchdl Iivingstone 1993 (preferred) OR Moore K L Tlx Detebping Human 3rd or subsequent edition, Saunders.

610-005 MEDICAL CHEMISTRY Contact Two lecmres per week in Semester l and three lecmres per week in Semester 2 . Nine three hour practical classes in Semester 2. (All year.) Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: the elementary theory of chemical bonding in organic molecules; the stereochemistry of simple organic mol­ecules and its appUcation to the understanding of the relation

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between molecular shape and biolgical activity, the nature ofthe important classes of biologically-important molecules and their functions; the elementary theory of chemical bonding in coordi­nated metal ion complexes and the importance of trace transition metals in life processes; the thermodynamics and kinetics of biologically-important reactions and processes; elementary UV-visible spectroscopy. Haw developed: skills to observe chemical reactions and to accurately record observations on chemical systems; to safely carry out simple laboratory manipulations of chemical substances; to use several different instrumental techniques to smdy the properties of chemical systems. Appreciate: the importance of rational, critical and independent thought in all branches of science. Content Physical and chemical properties of organic substances; reactions of the functional groups found in biological molecules; basic chemistry of biological macromolecules; the strucmres of biological membranes; metal ions in biological systems; elemen­tary bonding theory, electrolyte chemistry, introduction to aspects of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics appbed to biologically-important molecules and systems; elementary UV-visible spectroscopy. Assessment A 1-hour written examination (20 per cent) at the endof first semester. One3-hourwritten examination (60 per cent) at the end of second semester on material from both semesters. Practical work is assessed continuously throughout second semes­ter (20 per cent). Prescribed texts: McTigue P T Chemistry — Key to the Earth MUP'. Brown W11 introduction to Organic Chemistry 4th edition Brooks Cole 1988. Atkins P W and Beran J A General Chemistry 2nd edition Scientific American Books 1992 "Preliminary reading

640-007 MEDICAL PHYSICS A

640-009 MEDICAL PHYSICS B Contact Three lecmres a week and one mtorial a fortnight Smdents without VCE Physics take an additional mtorial each fortnight (Firstsemester.) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the laws of motion, properties of sotid, bquid and gaseous matter and thermodynamics; the physics of light and sound and the psychophysics of vision and hearing; electromagnetism, elementary circuits and electronics; properties of ionizing radia­tion and radioactivity. Hate developed: skills to analyse and solve physical problems. Appreciate: the importance of rational, critical and independent thought in physical science and in the understanding of medical science. Content Physics, illustrated by appUcations to biological systems and cUnical technology. Selected topics in the areas of mechanics, properties of matter, thermal physics, optics, acoustics, electricity and magnetism, atomic physics and nuclear physics. Assessment A 3-hour written examination at the end of the semester, plus written assignments duiing the semester. Smdents must satisfactorily complete assignment work as specified at the start of the semester. Prescribed texts: Nave C R and Nave B C Physics for the Health Sciences' 3rd edition, Saunders. Kane J W and Stemheim N M Physics 3rd edition, Wiley. •Preliminaiy reading

585-011 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINE Contact Three lectures a week plus an additional eight lecmres, seven mtorials, four 1-hour practical classes and one visit to a general practice. (Firstsemester.) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject smdents should under­stand: normal growth, development and ageing and its physical, social and cultural determinants; the namre ofthe doctor-patient relationship and the importance of communication skills; the importance of ethical considerations in medical decision making; the basis of emergency medicine to which knowledge wiU be added as experience is gained through the course; the appUcation of basic medical sciences in practical first aid management Content Growth, development and ageing in males and females. Growth, maturation and ageing of different systems of the body. Psychological development Adolescence. SexuaUty. Nutrition and growth. Illness behaviour, medical consultation, ethnic and gender issues in health care. Local and international aspects of public health. The AustraUan health care system. Emergency medical practice and first aid. Brief history of medical practice around the world and in AustraUa Observation of growth and development of a baby during its first year of life (to be continued until Paediatrics in the fifth year of the course). Assessment A 3-hour written examination and a practical exami­nation in resuscitation. Smdents who do not pass the First Aid practical examination will be permitted to proceed with the medical course but will be required to undertake the assessment in second year and, if necessary, third year. The practical examination must be passed before the end of third year. Two reports of up to 500 words each on the clinical visits to the Royal Children's Hospital. Reports are assessed on a pass ail basis. Smdents who fail will need to resubmit their report before receiving the final assessment in Introduction to Medicine. Prescribed texts: Patrick Dand ScwMerGSociobgy as applied to Medicine, 2nd edition, BalUere and Tindall, 1988. St John Ambulance First Aid Ruskin Press. Wedding D Behaviour and Medicine Mosby, St Louis 1990. AustraUan Resuscitation Councd CardiopidmonaryResttscitatioti 1980. Sinclair!)Human Growth after Birth 5th edition, Oxford Medical Publications. McNeU et al (eds) A Textbook of Preventive Medicine Edward Arnold Mel­bourne, 1990. (This particular text can also be used in Community Medicine 1 and 2 respectively).

536-011 PHYSIOLOGY Contact Three lecmres/seminars, a mtorial and up to six hours of laboratorywork each week. Teaching contact averages seven hours aweek. (Secondsemester.) Objectives: On completion of dus subject smdents should: Comprehend: the terminology of physiology, the principles and essential infonnation regarding the functions of different cell types and how they interact in organ systems; the mechanisms by which these different organ systems are controUed in the normal human being; the normal numerical values for those physiological vari­ables that are commonly used as indices of disease in medical practice. Have developed: observational and organisational skills to use experimental techniques in investigating physiological systems and document the findings reUably skills in analysing and evaluating physiological experimental data. Appreciate: the ranges of normaUty for physiological parameters; the factors which influence the significance of results obtained from investigating physiological systems. Content CeU membranes, fluid balance and distribution in the body, cellular and whole body homeostasis; excitable membranes; nerve and muscle cells; chemical neurotransmission; simple reflex

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organisation; autonomic nervous system; cardiac function; haemodynamics; distribution and regulation of cardiac output control of blood pressure; whole body patterns of cardiovascular response. Assessment A 3-hour written examination at the end of the semester (85 per cent). Assessment is also based on work under­taken in laboratory classes (15 per cent). Where performance is judged to be unsatisfactory, a student will be required to pass a 3-hour practical examination. Prescribed texts: Bell C Inside Ourselves' lst edition, Green­house Publishing. Sherwood L Human Physiology (student edi­tion) 2nd edition, West Publishing Co. "Preliminary reading

SECOND YEAR

516-021 ANATOMY Contact Eight hours per week. Up to three lectures per week and practical classes. (First semester.) Objectives: As for Anatomy 516-011. Content Continuation ofthe first-year Anatomy course. Regional, radiological, surface and applied anatomy of the abdomen, pebis, and lower limb, with emphasis on the clinically important aspects of anatomy. Assessment A 3-hour written examination (50 per cent) on material from second year and a 30-minute oral examination (30 per cent) on the whole course in Anatomy (including first-year . material) at the end of the semester. Practical (mcluding dissec­tion) class work throughout the semester (20 per cent). Prescribed text As for 516-011 Anatomy.

516-023 MEDICAL BIOLOGY Contact Two lectures and two hours of practical classes a week. (First semester) Objectives: As for Medical Biology 516-012. Content Continuation of the first-year Medical Biology course. Histology: Light- and electron-microscopic structure of the respi­ratory, haemopoietic, lymphoid, alimentary, urogenital and endo­crine systems, with emphasis on the relationships between stnic­ture and function. DevelopmentalBiology /Embryology: Develop­ment of the head and neck, respiratory, alimentary, and urogenital systems, and the placenta. Assessment A 3-hour written examination (70 per cent) and a 30-minute practical examination (30 per cent) on material from second year. Held at the end of the semester. Prescribed texts: Junqueira L C and Carneiro J Basic Histology 3rd or subsequent edition Lange. Wheater P R, Burkitt II G and Daniels V G Functional Histology lst or subsequent edition Churchill Livingstone. Larsen W J Human Embryology Churchill IJvingtone, 1993 (preferred) or Moore K L The Developing Human 3rd or subsequent edition Saunders.

521-021 GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY Contact Three lectures a week and eight hours of laboratory and practical classes/tutorials a fortnight (First semester) Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the terminology of biochemistry; the principles and essential infonnation regarding the chemical strucmre and prop­erties of important cellular constituents, and the digestion, absorp­tion, transport, metaboUsm and uses of the major nutrients; the correlation of chemical strucmre with ceUular function; the inter­relationships and regulation of metaboUc pathways; the biochemi­cal interactions between tissue systems.

Have developed: observational and organisational skills in obtain­ing data using modem biochemical procedures and in reporting the findings; skills in analysing and evaluating biochemical experi­mental data Appreciate: the factors which influence the significance of labora­tory results; the role of experimentation in the development of biochemical knowledge. Content Thermodynamics of Uving systems and biochemical adaptation. The digestion of Upids, carbohydrates and proteins, and their metaboUsm in the body. The strucmre and metabolism of nucleotides and nucleic acids; their role in the synthesis of proteins, speciafised topics in relation to the structu re and function of various carbohydrates, proteins and Upids. Laboratory classes andprac­tice classes/tutorials Separative and analytical procedures in modem biochemistry, experimental design and factors which influence the significance of results. Handling biochemical data and conducting hteramre searches. Assessment A 3-hour end-of-semester written examination (85 percent) mcluding material on protein biochemistry from firstyear and material related to practical and practice classes. Laboratory — work (10 per cent) and practice work (5 per cent). Prescribed texts: Devlin T M Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations 2nd edition Wdey 1986orStryer YBiochem-istry 3rd edition Freeman 1989 or Voet D and Voet) G Biochem­istry Wdey 1990.

536-021 PHYSIOLOGY Contact Three lecmres/seminars, a tutorial, and up to nine hours of laboratory classes a week (averaging seven hours contact teaching a week). (Firstsemester) Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the terminology of physiology the principles and essential information regarding the functions of different cell types and how they interact in organ systems; the mechanisms by which these different organ systems are controUed in the normal human being; the normal numerical values for those physiological vari­ables that are commonly used as indices of disease in medical practice.

Have developed: observational and organisational skills to use experimental tecliniques in investigating physiological systems and document the findings reUably, skills in analysing and evaluating physiological experimental data Appreciate: the ranges of normality for physiological parameters; thefactors which influence the significance of results obtained from investigating physiological systems. Content Whole body metaboUsm; temperamre regulation; lung mechanics; gas exchange and transport; respiratory control; regu­lation of electrolyte and water balance; acid-base balance; digestive tract motiUty, digestion and absorption of foodstuffs; patterns of nutrition; properties of blood cells; control of blood ceU formation; haemostasis. Assessment A 3-hour written examination at the end of the first semester covering both semesters ofthe Physiology course (85 per cent). Assessment is also based on work undertaken in laboratory classes (15 per cent). Where performance is judged to be unsatis­factory, a smdent will be required to pass a 3-hour practical examination. Prescribed text Sherwood L Human Physiology 2nd edition West Publ Co.

516-022 NEUROSCIENCE Contact Three lecmres, two hours of laboratory class work and a clinical correlative session a week. (Second semester) Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should:

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Comprehend: me terminology of neuroscience; the principles and essential infonnation regarding the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the nenous system and the functional components of the nenous system including their organisation and major connec­tions; the correlation of structure with function including behav­iour; the major effects of lesions to clinically important areas and pathways. Have developed: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret the macroscopic appearance ofthe brain and spinal cord including cut sections, and the microscopic appearanceof the nervoas system; skills to analyse the structural and functional changes which may occur in disorders of the nenous system. Appreciate: the extent and limitations of current knowledge ofthe organisation of the central nervous system, particularly in the context of recent profound advances in Neuroscience; the imptica-tions of such limitations in our understanding of how the brain works. Content: The development, structure and function of the human nervous system, with emphasis on the neural basis of sensory and motor behaviour, includingvision, hearing, touch, and kinesthesis, as well as the control of posture, and the movements of the limbs, hand, head and eyes. Organisation of the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus and hmbic system, and the cerebral circulation. Clinical correlative sessions based on a chnical neurologist's presentation of patients with brain function disorders relating to die week's lecture and laboratory topics. Laboratory class work on the regional anatomy ofthe human nervous system and the organisa­tion of the sensory and motor systems; brainstem and cerebellum; dienccphalon; cerebral cortex; hypothalamus and limbic system. Assessment: A 1.5-hour examination during the course (25 per cent) and a 3-hour end-of-semester written examination (75 per cent). Prescribed text Kandal E K, SchwartzJ H and Jessel T Principles of Neural Science 3rd edition Elsevier.

554-021 BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE Contact Three lectures and two tutoriaLs/seminars a week, with six hours of field work. (Secondsemester.) Objecdves: On completion of this subject, studenLs should under­stand: major frameworks and methods of psychological assess­ment relevant to patient management; theory and chnical examples relating brain systems to behaviour; the presentation and treatment of major psychological disorders; current developments in behav­ioural medicine relevant to contemporary medical practice. Content Psychological assessment; the nature of communication; frameworks for assessment; concepts of normality, methods of assessment with chnical relevance. Brain and behaviour; memory disorders; language disorders; disorders of perception; adaptive behaviour syndrome; recovery and rehabilitation. Abnormal psy­chology models of mental illness; problems in childhood and adolescence; psychological nature and treatment of common disorders. Behavioural medicine; grief, pain, stress; sexual, eating and sleep disorders; substance dependency. Patient management common patient anxieties; preparation for medical procedures; patient compliance and treatment outcome. The sick role and illness behaviour, adjustment to chronic illness and disability. The role of the psychologist in contemporary medicine. Assessment A practical project (10 per cent); an essay of up to 2000 words (25 per cent) and a 3-hour end-of-semester written examination (65 per cent).

Prescribed texts: Wedding D Behaviour and Medicine Mosby Year Book 1990. King N and Remenyi A (eds) Health Care: A Behavioural'Approach Grune Stratton 1986. Kolb Band Whishaw 1Q Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (2nd ed) Free­man 1985. France R and Robson M Behaviour Therapy in Primary Care: A Practical GuideCroom Helm 1986.

521-022 FUNCTIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY Contact Four lectures aweek and eight hours of laboratory classes and practice classes/tutorials a fortnighL (Secondsemester.) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject students should: Comprehend: the principles of control of biochemical systems at thegeneticandgene expression levels, althecellular and intracellular levels, and by the endocrine system; the chemical strucmre, meta­bolic effects and interactions of hormones; integration of metabo­lism between tissues under different conditions including fasting and starvation; nutritional requirements and the biochemical im­phcations of nutritional diseases and deficiencies; the major effects of inborn errors of metabolism; apphcations relating direcdy to biomedical problems. Have developed: skills to analyse the changes which may occur in disorders of biochemical control systems. Appreciate: the role of the chemiad basis of cellular functions in understanding health and disease; the influence of nutritional factors on health and disease. Content CeUular control, tissue speciaUsation and the integration of metaboUsm, normally and during fasting and starvation; mecha­nisms of action and interrelationships of hormones; regulation of hormone secretion. Nutritional requirements of humans duiing various physiological states; nutritive value of foods; parenteral nutrition; nutrition in obesity and vitamin and mineral deficiency. Human molecular genetics, including inborn errors of metabo­lism, recombinant DNA techniques and genetic engineering; Con­trol of gene expression related to differentiation and carcinogenesis. Laboratory and practice classes and computer-assisted instruction reviewing lecmre topics. Assessment A 3-hour end-of-semester written examinaiion (85 per cent); laboratorywork (1 Opercent) andpradiceclasswork (5 percent). Prescribed texts: As for 521-021 General Biochemistry plus Watson J et al Molecular Biology of the Gene Vol 2 4th edition r5enjamin/Ctimmings 1987.

536-022 INTEGRATED BODY FUNCTION Contact Two or three lecmrcs/seminais/hospital demonstrations a week (averaging four hours contact teaching time a week). (Secondsemester.) Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: the principles of endocrine control systems includ­ing hormone action and the variety of hormone types in the body, the interlinking roles of hormonal and neural control mechanisms; the role of the hypothalamic/pimitary axis in the control of meta­bolic and reproductive functions; the physiological imphcations of the reproductive cycle including birth, puberty and pregnancy, the functional interrelationships that normaUy exist between the differ­ent organ systems and how given changes in various biological parameters will affect each of them; the major effects of acute and chronic disruptions to physiological control pathways. Hate developed: the ability to predict the physiological effects of changes in biological parameters; skilLs to analyse the changes which may occur in disorders of physiological control pathways. Appreciate: the role of imderstanding the interactive relationships between organ-systems in the diagnosis and treatment of clinical conditions. Content: Hormones: principles of action, specific types, hypothalamo-pituitary axis, control of metabolism, fluid balance and reproductive functions; pregnancy, postnatal growth and puberty; effects and examples of acute and chronic disruptions of circulatory, respiratory, renal, digestive, haemopoietic and endo­crine control pathways. Assessment A 3-hour end-of-semester written examination. Prescribed text As for 536-021 Physiology.

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531-031 PATHOLOGY 1 Contact Three lectures and two hours of tutorials/practical classes a week; eight 1 -hour weekly demonstrations at clinical schools in the second semester. (Allyear) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, students should: Comprehend: the terminology of pathology, the principles and essential information regarding the major types of disease proc­esses, their causes, and the responses of cells, tissues, organs and systems in these disease processes; the morphological and func­tional characteristics of common and important diseases; the molecular basis of pathological processes. Have developed: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret the macroscopic appearance of disease processes in exposed structures and cut sections of organs, and the microscopic appearance of disease processes in cells, tissues, organs and systems; communication skills to describe diseases. Appreciate: the importance of evaluating clinical manifestations of diseases in terms of disturbances of structure and function; the capabdities and limitations of special investigations (including clinical pathology, biochemistry and radiology). Content First semester - General Pathology: Injury to cells and tissues; reaction to injury vascular disorders; diabetes; disorders of growth; other pathological processes; environmental and nutri­tional disorders; genetic and developmental disorders; infectious disease; immunopathology. Second semester - Systemic Pathol­ogy: Respiratory system; cardiovascular system; gastrointestinal tract; kidney and urinary tract; bone; endocrine system; blood and lymphoid system; neuropathology. Assessment First semester: A 1 -hour end-of-semester written examination (30 per cent). Secondsemester. An essay of up to 3000 words (optional), a 2-hour written exarnination (40 per cent) and a 2-hour practical examination (30 per cent). Viva Voce examinations may be required. Prescribed text Either Cotran R S, Kumar V and Robbins S L Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease 1989 Saunders or Rubin E and?aiber) I Pathology lippincott, 2nd edition, 1993.

534-031 PHARMACOLOGY Contact Three lectures, a 1-hour tutorial and two hours of practicals/scminarsAvorkshops a week. (Allyear) Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the concept of drug receptors and the dynamics of drug-receptor interactions, and ways in which drugs act other than through receptors; the principles of pharmacokinetics (absorp­tion, distribution, metabolism and ebmination of drugs in the body); the specific physiological and biochemical processes of systems which are targets for drug action; the pharmacological characteristics ofthe prototype drugs of particular drug groups, the emphasis being on properties which are therapeutically relevant (mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, major toxic ef­fects and interactions with other drugs); the major differences between drugsofaparticular group and theprotorypedrugin terms of characteristics outlined above; the characteristics of drugs used in the treatment of common and important disorders which affect the major organ systems of the body the principles of selective toxicity and the phannacology and toxicity of drugs used in the treatment of infections and neoplastic disease; toxicological haz­ards posed by domestic, agricuimral and industrial poisons and plant and animal toxins and the principles underlying treatment of poisoning and envenomation; factors which might modify drug action (biological variation, altered renal and hepatic function, weight and body composition, age, genetic and acquired idiosyn­cratic responses, hypersensitivity', drug interactions, tolerance, pregnancy and co-existent disease).

Have detebped: measurement and recording skills relevant to the assessment of drug action, including the use of computers for data acquisition and modelling of drug use; skills in using objective sources of drug information. /4/)/>n /emeimportanceofundeistandingtheprindplesof action to therapeutics; the elements of the design of chnical trials (single and double blind factors and use of statistics). Content Principlesofpharmacology, mcludingpharma-cokinctics and pharmacodynamics; the mechanisms of action of drugs in common use in medicine; mechanism of action of environmental poisons and plant and animal toxins. Mechanisms of dnig action; principles of neurohumoral transmission;cardiovascular pharma­cology, autacoids; anti-inflammatory drugs; endocrine pharmacol­ogy analgesics and anaesthetics; psychotropic drugs; dnigs used in neurological disorders; pharmacokinetics; selective toxicity in­dustrial and environmental toxicology. Assessment A 1 -hour written examination at the end of the first semester (15 per cent) and a 3-hou r written examination at the end of the second semester (85 per cent). Reports of practicals, seminars and workshop exercises; hbrary and computer-based problem solving exercises. An ond examination may be held for smdenLs who do not pass the written examination. Prescribed texts: Goodman I. S and GUman A Pharmacological Basisfor Tberapeidics 8th edition 1991 Macmillan or Katzung B G Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 5th edition, Lange, 1992 or Rangll P and L>aleMMA'/!)w/7M ofo<g)'2nd edition 1991 Churchill Livingstone.

526-032 MICROBIOLOGY Contact Three lecmres and a 90-minute museum session aweek; a 3-hour practical class a week (including a 1 -hour mtorial) from early in the first semester to the middle of the second semester. (All year) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, smdents should: Compreljend: the characteristics and behaviour of microorgan­isms and their relationship to chnical manifestations of infection; the principles ofthe modes of spread and pathogenesis of infection; the epidemiology and control of infectious disease; the principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy, the characteristics and mecha­nisms of immune responses to infection and the possible abnor­malities of responses in infection and other disease states. Have developed: basic skills in workmg in an aspectic environ­ment; skills in applying the relevant diagnostic tests to specific case smdies; obsenational skills in identifying the appearance and behaviour of medically significant microorganisms; the abihty to collect transport and make preliminary investigations of clinical specimens.

Appreciate: the need for rational interpretation of the results of microbiological investigation and for rational judgements about the use of antibiotics; the means of preventing and controlling infec­tious diseases at the level ofboth the community and the individual. Content Characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms-. Bac­teria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi, protozoa, helminths. Pathogenesis of infection: Mechanisms of disease production. Laboratory diagnosis of infectious disease. Respiratory, alimentary, C.N.S., urinary, sexoialfy-trarisrnitted, systemic and congenital infections. Collection of specimens, laboratory investigations, interpretation of reports. Epidemiology and control of infectious disease. Routes of transmission of infection. Sanitation. Vaccines, immunisation schedules. Sterilisation and disinfection. Hospital-acquired infec­tions. Antimicrobial chemotherapy: Mode of action of antibiotics and chemother-apeutic agents. Mechanisms of resistance. Antibi­otic sensitivity-testing. Clinical apphcations. Immunology: Ontogeny, organisation and functional development of the immune system. Characterisation and effector functions of subpopulations. MHC

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restriction. Tolerance and suppression. Immunoglobulins, Cytokines, Complement Hypersensitivity. Antimicrobial immunity. Autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. MHC antigens - graft rejec­tion and disease associations. Practical Work: Based principally on case studies vvhich present microbiological and immunological material in conjunction with clinical history. Most of the practical sessions include a tutorial for which students read prescribed articles and prepare answers to pre-set questions. Practical mate­rial is supplemented with museum demonstrations and self-in­structional question-answer sheets. Assessment: A 1 -hour written examination at the end of the first semester (15 per cent). A 3-hour written examination (55 per cent) and a 2-hour practical examination (30 per cent) at the end of the second semester. Prescribed texts: Baron S (ed.) Medical Microbiology 3rd edition 1991 Churchill Livingstone or Schaechter et al (eds) Mechanisms of Microbial Disease lst edition 1989 Wiltiams & Wilkins. Brostoff et al (eds) Clinical Immunology lst edition 1991 Gower.

585-031 COMMUNITY MEDICINE Contact First semester: four lectures a week. Second semester. fifteen lecmres, 20 hours of mtorials and a 3-hour field visit (All year.) Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should under­stand: the principles of epidemiology and examples of its applica­tion; the relevance of statistical principles to die practice of preven­tive medicine; the contribution of lifestyle and behaviour to morbid­ity and mortality in the Australian community, familystructures and their impact on patient care, particularly in regard to primary medical care, and their contribution to community health services; the namre and health problems of disadvantaged groups in Aus­tralia; the strucmre and function of the Australian health care system; the significance of effective communication; how different sexual meanings and values are ascribed in particular stages of sexual development in able-bodied and disabled persons; diat medical practice is influenced by the knowledge andopinionsofthe times. Content Epidemiology and Biostatistics: Nature and role of epidemiology in preventive and clinical medicine. Morbidity and mortality as measures of 'health' in communities. Risk and cause: cause-effect relationships; confounding and modification; quanti­fication of risk. Surveys, diagnostic tests; specificity and sensitivity. Casecontrol studies; sourcesof bias. Longitudinal smdies; birth and exposure cohorts. Randomised controlled clinical triaLs and dieir interpretation. Health Promotion: life style and health; a critical view of evidence. Mechanisms bywhich health related behaviour is estabhshed and maintained. Ethical issues in health promotion; rights of the mdividual; rights of society. Analysis of health promo­tion campaigns carried out in Austraha in terms of aims, target populations and methods. Consideration ofthe need for evaluation of health promotion; methodology of such evaluations. Health Care Structure and Health Care Economics: Health care strucmre and functioning cost and financing of health services. Medical History. Changing concepts of disease; AIDS and other plagues; the evolu­tion of safe surgical practice; medicine in different societies. Communication Skills: Talking and hstening skdls; barriers to communication; bad news and emphatic responses; communica­tion specifically with regards to disadvantaged and special groups i.e. communicating with people from non-English speaking back­grounds; communicating with children, adolescents and the eld­erly; communication with the disabled, terminally ill and dying; cross professional communication; medical interviews. Demon­stration and video-modelling of skills; practice of skills. Human Sexuality: Communication; dealing with discomforts and anxiety about sexual health; sexual meanings in different stages of sexual

development taking a sexual history, different beliefs and values promoting sexual health; sexuality and ageing. Family and Com­munity. The Australian Family family and illness; women as patients and health care providers; community development com­munity health services; Aboriginal families and communities; rural and isolated communities; social inequalities and health care; institutional care and care in the community. Assessment A 2-hour written examination at the end of the first semester (55 per cent) and a 90-minute written examination (35 per cent) and a project report of up to 2000 words (10 per cent) at the end of the second semester. Performance on videotape interview: smdents must pass a competence test before sitting the end-of-year written exarnination.

Prescribed texts: Hennekens C and BuringJ Epidemiology in Medicine Little Brown and Co. 1987. Bates E and Linder-Pelz S Health Care Issues Allen and Unwin, 1987. Myerscough P R Talking with Patients - A Basic Clinical Skill 2nd edition, 1992.

531-312 INTEGRATED MEDICAL SCIENCE Contact Two lectures or a 2-hour seminar a week. (AUyear.) Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the major chnical syndromes in terms of their underlying strucmral, functional and biochemical alterations. Have developed: the skills that link understanding of basic biologi­cal sciences to clinical problem sohing. Appreciate: the importance of basic biological sciences in the understanding of clinical manifestations of disease processes; the intelligent use of knowledge of the basic biological and medical sciences in the investigation and management of patient problems. Content Underlyingstnictural, functional and biochemical altera­tions involved in the major clinical syndromes. Skills linking understanding of basic biological sciences to clinical problem sohing. Importance of basic biological sciences in understanding clinical manifestations of disease processes. InteUigent use of knowledge of the basic biological and medical sciences in the investigation and management of patient problems. Assessment A 3-hour end-of-year written examination. Prescribed texts: No single textbook adequately covers this subject; students should read recommended basic biological sci­ences textbooks in conjunction with pathological and clinical science textbooks. The foUowing books wiU serve the smdent throughout the Medicine course. Alberts B et al Molecular Biology oftheCeU 2nd edition Garland 1989 or Darnell J E elalMolecular CeU Biology 2nd edition Freeman 1990. Stryer LBiocbemustry 3rd edition Freeman 1988 or Ravvnj D Biochemistry Patterson i989. Kandel E R and Schwarz JII Principles of Neural Science 3rd edition Elsevier 1991. Cotran R S, Kumar V, Robbins S L Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease 1989 Saunders or Rubin E and Farber J L Pathology 2nd edition 1993 Lippincott CUnical medicine As for 500-490 Fourth Year CUnical Medicine and Surgery.

510-304 ADVANCED STUDY UNITS Objecdves: On completion of this subject smdents shoidd have: developed the capacity to choose an appropriate topic for smdy in depth and the motivation for learning independently, developed the abihty to interact with colleagues and research or professional staff and to interpret the findings of one's own investigations; an appreciation of the importance of critical thinking and applying scientific knowledge in the analysis of a problem. Content AU smdents must pass two 6-week or one 12-week advanced smdy unit(s) offered in the first semester of third year. The units wiU have a workload equivalent to a half-day a week. They emphasise independent but guided study by students in small groups (20 or less). The units will invobe study in depth of an area already introduced in the course. They wiU require coUection of

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information from scientific uterature, laboratory or community situations, and either written reports or verbal presentation in seminars. It is intended that this program should bring students into close contact with research and professional staff, and would be based on campus or in clinical departments. Advanced study units (ASUs) may be undertaken within any one of the following fields: cell biology, developmental biology, appUed anatomy, functional histology, introduction to ultra-structure, the physiology of particu­lar organs or functional systems, physiological control mecha­nisms, advanced neuroscience, structure and interaction of chemi­cal constituents of the body, enzymology, biosynthesis and metabo­Usm, normal or abnormal psychology and medical sociology, aspects of general pathology or the pathology of particular organs or body systems, the smdy of bacteria, viruses, immunology, epidemiology or chemotherapy, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of drug action, in the smdy of a drug or class of drugs or on topics related to drug usage, hormones or hormone action or regulation, and topics relevant to social and preventive medicine involving observation and assessment ofthe work of agencies concerned with the health, social or psychological problems of the community. An infonnation booklet containing a detailed Ust of units is available from the Faculty Office. Smdents must nominate their preferences for ASUs by lodging the application form to the Faculty Office by the due date. FacuItywuT endeavour to match these preferences with the resources available. Allocation of mdividual smdents to particular ASUs will be the responsibiUty of Faculty. Lists of approvals will be posted on notice boards prior to the end of Second Year. SmdenLs should contact the departments concerned for further details. Assessment Assessment on a pass/fad basis will be by written reports, assignments or essays and/or verbal presentations and participation in seminars. Written work wiU be 2000 to 3000words for Uterature review units and, where appropriate, of 1000 to 1500 words for other units. AU smdents are required to pass two 6-week or one 12-week unit(s) by the end of semester 1 of third year. Students who do not satisfy this requirement must undertake the equivalent of a 6-week or 12 -week unit during the winter recess and prior to the commencement of the second semester.

510-302 INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE Contact A1 -hour seminar/demonstration and a 1 -hour bedside mtorial a week for the first eight weeks. {Secondsemester?) Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: have developed a basic understanding of and farniUarity with the tech-niquesof communication, history takingand physical examination; understand the basis of symptoms and signs produced by disease in terms of pathological, radiological, biochemical and microbio­logical changes. Content Introductory course in commumcation, history taking and physical examination; integration of pathology and cbnical medicine. Assessment Continuous assessment Attendance at aU classes is compulsory. Smdents who receive unsatisfactory attendance/as­sessment reports may be considered for unsatisfactory progress at the end of the year and may be required to successfully complete additional work before being permitted to proceed to fourth year.

FOURTH YEAR

510-490 CLINICAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY Contact Lecmres, mtorials and small group cUnical demonstra­tions; clerking in medical and surgical wards with an active role in patient assessment and care; autopsies and clinico-radiological conferences. (Allyear.) This subject comprises teaching in Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Principles of CUnical Phannacology, Microbiology and Radiology. Objectives: Clinical Medicine and Surgery: On completion of this sub­ject smdents should have: developed skills in communicating with and relating to patients; developed the ability to take a comprehen­sive history and make a complete physical examination; acquired a knowledge base about the clinical feamres and natural history of medical and surgical diseases; learned to synthesise the informa­tion gained at the bedside in order to arrive at rational diagnoses; leamed and understood the principles of management of surgical and medical patients, (including an appreciation of prognosis, when to treat and what may be achieved by treatment treatment as a potential cause of illness, and the effect of injury and illness -including ageing - on social, occupational and recreational activi­ties of individual patients); gained a critical perspective ofthe uses and Umitations of laboratory and other investigations in diagnosis and management

Principles ofCUnical Pharmacology: On completion ofthis subject smdents should: be able to bring previous knowledge of pharmacology into the context of clinical disease so as to provide a rational basis for the use of drugs; understand the place of dnig therapy in the diagnosis and management of patients; have gained a knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of important dnigs and of therapeutics which wiU provide a basis for further experience in the use of drugs and in patient management in fifth and sixth years. Microbiology: Smdents should leam to apply to the cUnical practice of medicine, the general principles of microbiology, immunology and epidemiology encountered during die basic course in Third Year. On completion ofthis subject, students shoidd have a w orking knowledge of: the role of laboratory investigations in the diagnosis and management of all diseases in which infection plays a part, including infections ofthe young, the old, the pregnant the newborn, and the inj u red; infections of the ear, nose and th roat the eye and the genital tract the causes, prevention and control of infections acquired or spread in hospitals, including post-operative infection, cross-infection, medical and surgical conditions predis­posing to infection, and iatrogenic infection foUowing common ward procedures; the principles and practice of antimicrobial chemomeiapy,mcliidmglalx)ratorysur\dllance, joindy with cUni­cal pharmacology. Radiology: On completion of this subject, students should have: an understanding of the uses, limitations and relative costs of imaging methods in a wide range of clinical situations. They should leam to use these methods prudendy and be aware of possible comptications, including radiation effects; an understanding of what is invohed for patients when undergoing the various imaging investigations; an elementary level of interpretation of radiographs, particularly in the management of emergendes. Content Clinical Medidne and Surgery-iheory \2iang; medi­cal and surgical physical exanunation. Medical and surgical dis­eases; principles of medical and surgical treatment The role of laboratory tests and other investigations (complete familiarity' with simple side-room tests, eg. urine testing, wiU be required). Wound care; metabotic response to injury, asepsis, antisepsis and use of antibiotics; fluid and electrolyte balance; shock; resusdtation; blood transfusion; anaesthesia; pain control. Acddent and emer­gency medicine, geriatric medicine. Principles of surgical subspecialties (eg. vascular, orthopaedic and urological surgery).

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Clinical examination of the eye, nose, throat and ear. Integration with teaching of pathology, microbiology, radiology and other disciplines. Principles of Clinical Pharmacology - Taking a drug history; drug-induced disease, presentation and diagnosis; princi­ples of patient management including nutrition, when to use drug therapy, appropriate drugs for common medical conditions and principles of their use; generic names in prescribing, instructions to patients and the expectations of doctors and patients for treat­ment The cbnical importance of pharmacokinetics; plasma drug measurements; drug reactions and interactions; methods for ap­praising estabhshed and new drugs and treatment regimens; sources of drug information; special requirements of drug treat­ment in the young and the elderly, drug misuse, abuse of drugs of addiction and drug overdosage. Emphasis on clinical aspects such as the way in which hepatic, cardiac or renal failure may modify the response to drugs and the consequences of these effects for drug usage. Microbiology - Spread of infection widun the hospital environment with respect to both patients and staff. Specimen collection and laboratory methods in diagnosis of diseases in which infection plays a part. Antimicrobial chemotherapy. Joint teaching sessions where appropriate. Radiology - Case presentations on specific topics, in association with pathologists. Observation of organ imaging investigations. Assessing the scope and limitations of imaging methods. Assessment: A 3-hourend-of-yearwritten examination, including questions related to clinical pharmacology, microbiology and radiology. A joint long-case clinical examination and an examina­tion comprising clinical problem-sobing exercises; students must pass the long-case examination as well as overall in both compo­nents to pass fourth year. Chnical teachers' reports throughout the year. Prescribed texts: Kincaid-Smiui et al Problems in Clinical Medicine 1989 Maclennan & Petty or Macleod Clinical Examina­tion 7th edition 1986 Livingstone or Talley and O'Connor Clinical Examination - A Guide to Physical Diagnosis 1988 Williams & Wilkins. Davidson The Principles and Practice of Medicine 15th edition 1987 Churchill Iivingstone or Weatherall, Ledingham & Warrell Oxford Textbook of Medicine 2nd edition 1987 Oxford Iniversity Press or I larrison Principles ofInternal Medicine 12th edition 1990 McGraw Hill. Iaurencc & Bennett Clinical Pharma­cology 6th edition 1987 Churchill Livingstone or Reid, Rubin & whiting Lecture Notes on Clinical Pharmacology 2nd edition 1985 Blackwell Scientific Oxford. Cohen-Cole S A Medical Inter­view: 3 Functions Mosby Year Book. Swartz M II Textbook of Physical Diagnosis W B Saunders 1989. Rees and Trounced New Short Textbook of Medicine 1988 Edward Arnold. Kuman & Clarke Clinical Medicine Bailliere Tindall 1990 2nd edition. Browse N/lra Introduction to the Symptoms ami Signs of Surgical Disease 1978 Arnold or Macleod J Clinical Examination 7th edition 1986 Churchill Livingstone or Way L W Current Surgical Diagnosis and Treatment 8th edition 1988 Lange or Ijechtig R D and Soper R T Fundamentals of Surgery 1989 C V Mosby or Rains AJ H and MannCV^%<&to«'^5/borr/y^//ceo/5«*^20m edition 1988 Churchill Livingstone. Dudley H A Y An Aid to Clinical Surgery 4th edition 1989 Churchill Livingstone. Apley G and Solomon L Systems of Orthopaedics and Fractures 1988 Butterworths or Adams J C Oidline of Fractures 9th edition 1987 Churchill Livingstone. AdamsJ CAn Oidline of Orthopaedics 1986 Churchill Livingstone. Fozen E H M Lecture Notes on Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat 1980 Blackwell. Vaughan D & Astbury T General Ophthalmology 1983 Lange. Hare W S C Clinical Radi­ology L'nbersity of Melboume Publications and Printing Services. Lau (ed.) Imaging Guidelines Victorian Medical Postgraduate Foundation (P 0 Box 27, Parkville 3052). Chung D C and Lam A S Essentials of Anaesthesiology 2nd edition 1990 Saunders.

510-492 ADVANCED STUDY UNITS Contact A 6-week advanced study unit with a workload equivalent to half day a week. Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should have: developed the capacity to choose an appropriate topic for smdy in depth and the motivation for learning independendy, developed the abihty to interact with colleagues and research or professional staff and to interpret the findings of one's own investigations; an appreciation of the importance of critical thinking and applying scientific knowledge in the analysis of a problem. Content In depth smdy of an area already introduced in the cou rse, emphasising independent but guided smdy in small groups. Collection of information from scientific hteramre, laboratory or community situations; written reports or verbal presentation in seminars. This program should bring students into close contact with research and professional staff, and will be based primarily in clinical departments.

Assessment Written reports, assignments or essays (2000-3000 words for literature review units and 1000-1500 words for other units as appropriate) and/or verbal presentations and seminar participation. Assessment is on a pass/fad basis. All smdents must pass one unit by the end of fourth year, a student who does not meet this requirement may be considered for unsatisfactory progress and may be required to complete the requirement before proceed­ing to fifth year.

531-491 PATHOLOGY 2 Contact Sessions with physicians, surgeons, radiologists and other specialist teachers. Autopsy teaching seminars; assistance in at least one autopsy. Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should: have a working knowledge of general and systemic pathology, which can be apphed to diagnosis and management have leamed to correlate clinical features and namral history of diseases with macroscopic, microscopicand molecular patterns of disease; learned to commu­nicate with medical professionals using appropriate terminology, appreciate that die basic pathological processes are reactions to injury, and are extensions of namral healing mechanisms; have developed an appreciation of the range of the possible changes that can occur in disease processes; be able to apply such understand­ing to the recognition of disease and the planning and evaluation of therapeutic intervention; acquire farniharity with the tools of inves­tigation used by pathologists; understand the limitations of these investigations and feel confident in seeking advice from a patholo­gist

Content A series of lecmres and demonstrations to reinforce and expand on third-year subjects, arranged by the Professor/Directors of Pathology in each clinical school, covering the major areas of pathology; clinico-pathological sessions with physicians, surgeons and radiologists, and other specialist teachers. Teaching rounds centered on post mortem material and current surgical specimens.Introduction to pathology as laboratory-based investi­gative medicine in the related disciplines of haematology, biochem­istry and microbiology. Smdents are expected to assist with at least one post mortem examination and are encouraged to follow the process of evaluation of biopsy material from patients with whom they have direct contact on the ward. The pathology program continues throughout the fifth and sLxth years in the form of clinico-pathological correlations and conjoint sessions with hospital de­partments invohed in providing diagnostic services. Assessment A 2-hour end-of-year written examination on third and fourth year material; pathology components may also be assessed through clinical problem-sobing exercises in medicine and surgery.

Prescribed texts: As for 531 -031 Pathology 1.

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FIFTH YEAR

510-591 PAEDIATRICS Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should have: an understanding of normal childhood development in all its aspects - physical, emotional and intellectual; an awareness ofthe importance of the interactions of the child and the family, and the social interactions between the child and the community; the ability to handle problems of growth, development and behaviour, the necessary skills and knowledge required for the provision of acute primary care to the sick child; an understanding of the important aspects of secondary care so that a wide variety of medical and surgical illnesses can be recognised, and use made of the appropri­ate hospital and community resources; familiarity with preventive paediatrics - nutrition, immunisation, health screening and acci­dent prevention. Content Growth and development, concepts of mam ration; norms for physical development; the development of normal behaviour patterns; the use of percentile charts; assessment of developmental achievement Common disorders requiring primary care; impor­tant and serious medical and surgical disorders of childhood. Paediatric diagnosis; history taking; physical examination of chil­dren; abibty to establish rapport with patients and parents. The interaction of the child and the family, basis of development of personabty basis for understanding behaviour and emotional disorders; influence of emotional problems on disease. The impact ofthe community on the family; the effect of social disadvantage on the family (e.g. poverty, single parent families, migrants). Chronic disease and handicap in childhood; community facilities for the handicapped child, e.g. the blind, deaf, physically handicapped, or mentally retarded child, children in need of care. School failure. Child development study. During the fifth year, smdents com­mence a development smdy of an infant extending for a period of 9-12 months; a report must be submitted in sixth year. Assessment A 3-hour written examination (60 per cent), a 95-minute cUnical examination in paediatric medicine (25 per cent) and a 10-minute oral examination in paediatric surgery (15 per cent); smdents must pass the cUnical examination to pass the subject Child Development Smdy a report of up to 4000 words submitted in sixth year. A smdent failing this smdy wdl be required to pass a special oral examination in sixth year. Smdents who do not meet this requirement wiU not receive credit towards this subject for the up to two questions relating to paediatrics on the sixth year medicine written paper.

Prescribed texts: Robinson MJ PractiadPaediatrics1990 (2nd Ed) ChurchiU Livingstone and Hutson J M, Beasley S W and Woodward A A Jones' Clinical Paediatric Surgery 2nd edition BlackweU Scientific PubUcations. Pretiminary reading: lllingworth RS The Normal Child 1986 ChurchiU Livingstone; HutsonJ Mand Beasley S W The Surgictd Examination: An Illustrated Guide 1988 Heinemann Professional PubUshing; Lewis IC, Oates R Kand Robinson M J Consulting with Children 1989 Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Group.

510-592 PSYCHIATRY Contact A 9-week period of cUnical clerking. Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, smdents should: have estabUshed a core knowledge of general psychiatry, have learned skilLs in interviewing and in the evaluation of the patient's mental stale; have become familiar with principles of supportive care and gained experience in counselbng, and the principles of behaviour therapy including cognitive behaviour therapy, understand the principles of physical treatment in psychiatry including pharmacotherapy, have developed an understanding of the prob-lenisthatpeoplewimemotionalorpsyeluauicmsmrbancespresent

and have developed a positive attitude toward assisting them by the appUcation of appropriate skills and knowledge. Content Involvement with patient care and the families of the patient experience in 'tiaison psychiatry', the smdy of problems of patients in the general hospital wards in addition to the care of patients in psychiatric units. The development process through the ages and stagesof Ufe: natal factors, infancy', pre-school, school age, adolescence, adulthood and old age. The interaction of the psychi­atric patient and family. The social and culmral aspects of psychia­try. Psychiatric diagnosis; history taking, psychiatric examination and interviewing techniques; ability to estabtish rapport with pa­tients and family. Common disorders requiring care at a family doctor level. Important and serious psychiatric disorders; chronic psychiatric disorders. Referral to psychiatrists. Social, psychologi­cal and physical methods of treatment The impact of the commu­nity on the psychiatric patient and the patient's family. Hospital and community resources. Psychiatric hospitals and cUnics, mental hospitals; day care faciUties, training centres and rehabiUtation units.

Assessment Continuous internal assessment including contribu- — tions to clinical presentations, and other teaching activities; a written case history in the 5th week; a one and a quarter hours mental and physical assessment of a long psychiatric case foUowed by a 10 minute case presentation, and a 15-20 minute clinical examination based on the case. This long case assessment will be held during the last week of the psychiatric placement along with a 3-hourendofsubjectwritten examination. Students must pass both the chnical case presentation/examination and the written exami­nation to pass the subject. Prescribed texts: Beaumont PJ V and Hampshire R B Textbook of Psychiatry 1989 BlackweU Scientific PubUcations. Davies BAn Introduction to Clinical Psychiatry 4th edition 1986 iMelboume University ITCSS.

510-593 OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY Contact A10-week period, including attendance at special clinics (family planning, sexual counselling, infertility, oncology). Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should: have estabhshed a sound knowledge of the strucmre and function of the female reproductive tract, the fetus and neonate; be able to interpret clinical experience in normal and abnormal aspects of female development, pregnancy, labour and delivery and the puerperium, and the menopause; have gained an understanding of practical obstetrics and the aspects of the specialty which will be met in general practice, especially problems of pregnancy, care of the newborn, contraception, and simple gynaecological disorders. Content Normal obstetrics and care of the normal neonate. Early recognition of obstetrical abnormaUty. Management of obstetrical emergencies. Family planning and infertility. Marital and sexual problems. Vaginal discharge, menstrual disorders, pelvic tumours and office gynaecology. Recognition and treatment of neonatal emergencies. Participation in patient care, especially delivery room procedures and practice in examination ofthe female genital tract Assessment Continuous internal assessment (25 per cent). A 2-hour objective-structured cUnical examination of cUnical problem-sobing exercises in Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Neonatal Paedi­atrics (37.5 percent) and a 3-hour written examination (37.5 per cent) at the end of the subject. Smdents must pass both the written examination and the chnical examinations to pass the subject Prescribed texts: Beischer N A and Mackay E V Obstetrics and the Newborn 1986 Saunders Sydney. Mackay E V, Beischer N A PeppereU R J and Wood C Illustrated Textbook of Gynaecology (2nd Edition) 1992 Saunders Sydney. Beischer N A and Mackay E V Colour Atlas of Gynaecology (lst Edition) 1982 Saunders Sydney.

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510-594 COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should under­stand: the principles of public health medicine including the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations; the concepts of the law in medical practice and their relevance in forensic medicine; fundamental ethical considerations in the prac­tice of medicine; the principlesof general practice and its role in the Austrahan health care svstem and have developed an appreciation of the range of physical, social and psychological problems seen in general practice; the concept of total patient care and working as a member of a team of health professionals. Content- General Practice: The spectrum of problems seen in metropolitan and rural general practice; chnical decision making, diagnostic and management skills relating to a range of common conditions; a patient centred approach to consulting and commu­nication skills; the interaction of physical, social and psychological factors in the health of patients and their families; identification of opportunities and strategies for preventive care; the delivery of palliative care, family care and continuing care for general practi­tioners. Legal Issues and Forensic Medicine: Concepts of law relevant to medicine; medico-legal aspects of injuries; the pohce and the coroner's court psychiatry and the law; sudden unexpected death; asphyxia; toxicology, physical and sexual abuse; human tissue transplantation. Ethics: Medicine, science and moral phi­losophy, the concepts of life and death; consent and responsibility die right of the patient to be informed; confidentiality, the social impUcations of ethical decisions; professional conduct medical fallibility. Public Health: Women's health; nutrition; sexually transmitted diseases; Aboriginal health; alcohol and drugs; infec­tions and communicable diseases; inteUectual disabilty; clinical epidemiology, occupational and environmenud health. Assessment One 90-minute cUnical examination in the final week of the course (45 percent). One 3-hour written examination (45 per cent) in the final week of the course. A written assignment in general practice (10 per cent). Students must pass the chnical examination to pass the subject overall. Prescribed texts: fraserRCCIinicalMetlxxl:A GeneralPractice Approach Butterworths. Skene I You, Your Doctor and the Law, OUP, 1990.

SIXTH YEAR Prescribed texts: As for Fourdi Year Medicine and Surgery, Fifth Year Paediatrics, Psychiatry, Community Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, plus: Wyngarden J BandSmithLll Textbookof Medicine 18th edition 1988 Saunders or Stein J H Internal Medicine 2nd edition 1987 Litde Brown or Souhami & Morham Textbook of Medicine 1990 ChurchiU Livingstone or Rubinstein & Wayne Lecture Notes in Clinical Medicine 1991 -

OPTIONS Contact A minimum of eight weeks devoted to an approved program of study. The period may be subdivided into hvo 4-week periods, but periods of attachment of less than five weeks are unlikely to be approved Attachments may begin during the long vacation and the timing can be varied. Special requirements: Students must make their own arrange­ments for options, which should be planned during fifth year. A proposal stipulating the duration of attachment nature of the work and its location, and a proposed supervisor must be submitted through the CUnical Dean for approval by die faculty. Smdents should seek advice from the Clinical Dean of their teaching hospital, the Head of the Department of Community Medicine (with respect to general practice), or the Heads of other academic departments.

Objectives: Students are to widen their experience in one of the foUowing ways: by examining in greater depth some aspect of medicme, either through supervised work on a project, or by close contact in clinical activities with members of the teaching staff or other members of the profession; by working in situations giving greater responsibility in the care of patients than ordinarily apphes in the undergraduate course; by sampling the broad demands of medical practice in the community; by travel away from the parent hospital and experience of health care in the country, in interstate or overseas hospitals; by study in an academic or professional field not taught within the course but which could be of value in later professional Ufe; experience of possible fields of future speciaUsa­tion so as to facititate career choice. Content One of the following: examination of an aspect of medicine in greater depth, either through supervised project work or close contact in clinical activities with members of die teaching staff or other members of the profession. Work with greater responsibiUty in patient care than ordinarily appUes in the under­graduate course. Sampling the broad demands of medical practice in the community. Experience of health care in the country, in interstate or overseas hospitals. Study in an academic or profes­sional field not taught in the course which could be of value in later professional life. Experience of possible fields of future specialisa­tion to facilitate career choice.

Assessment The Clinical Dean or the Head of the Department of Community Medicine wiU obtain reports from both student and supervisor. Remedial options will be undertaken by smdents who have failed one subject in the fifth year of the course; these will be foUovved by supplementary assessment in the unit concerned. With this exception, options wiU not be approved which consist of normal clinical teaching in the general teaching hospitals. Note: See the Faculty Office for information about loans to assist in overseas travel.

510-691 MEDICINE Contact Chnical attachments in wards and outpatient clinics in general medicine, and in special units according to the organisation of die hospitals within each chnical school. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should have: consolidation of knowledge of clinical method learnt in fourth year, and gaining of knowledge of illness in greater depth; reinforcement of chnical experience with a more detailed knowledge of the major branches of tiierapeutics and ancillary' investigations. Content Theory and practice of Internal Medicine and its main subspecialties, building on the experience gained in fourth year, and learned primarily as a result of supervised chnical experience during the medical attachments in 6th year>Fhe scope includes general medicine, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, haematology, infectious diseases, medical oncology, nephrology, neurology, respiratory medicine, rheumatology, cUnical immunol­ogy, dermatology, gerontology and rehabilitation medicine. Thera­peutics in a chnical setting and the uses and limitations of diagnostic tests. Common diagnostic or therapeutic procedures: e.g. venepuncture, abdominal paracentesis, pleural aspiration, lumbar puncture. Further development of skills in communication with patients and professional coUeagues. Handhng of medical emer­gencies: e.g. cardiopulmonary arrest acute blood loss, severe asthma, hypoglycaemia, anaphylaxis. Medical record keeping. Ethical aspects of medical practice. AUocation of health resources. Some skills, such as interviewing and counselling patients' relatives begin to be learnt in sixth y ear but are mainly learnt in the Intern year.

Assessment A 3-hour end-of-year written examination; a 90-minute clinical examination. Smdents must pass both the written and chnical examinations.

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510-692 SURGERY Contact Practical experience and tuition in specialty surgical areas and the emergency department Objectives: The major objective ofthe final year surgical course is the provision of a broad base of general knowledge, skills and attitudes, which will provide sufficient detailed factual knowledge and practical skills to enable the student to recognise surgical problems, and to allow correct decisions to be made about management. -During the year the student is expected to: consolidate the bedside methods and skills learned in fourth and fifth years; acquire a greater depth of knowledge of surgically related disease, with emphasis on surgical investigation and management, through involvement in the activities of general surgical services, gain practical experience in a variety of surgical specialist services, which will provide a general understanding of the principles of examination, diagnosis and management acquire the ability to -undertake assessment and treatment of the injured and acutely ill patient carry out cardiopulmonary resuscitation, diagnose and treat simple fractures' and joint inju ries, undertake the care of clean wounds at non-critical sites; develop - a general understanding of the methods employed in the conduct of general and local anaes­thesia and the physiological aspects ofthe peri-operative period, basic skills in anaesthetic procedure. " Particular emphasis will be given to the acquisition and strengthen­ing of clinical skdls by invobemcnt in patient care. Content More detailed teachingin general surgery, with emphasis on surgical anatomy, surgical pathology, investigation and manage­ment solid tumour oncology, the management of bums and processes of rehabilitation. Principles of specialty surgical areas, including cardiac and thoracic surgery, neurosurgery, spinal cord injury, orthopaedic surgery plastic and reconstructive surgery, otorhinolaryngology ophthalmology and the surgical techniques of pain relief. Emergency department: initial assessment of injured or acutely ill patients; initial resuscitation ofthe seriously injured patient technique and conduct of cardiopulmonary resuscitation; management of soft tissue inj ury; skin grafting and wound dressing; diagnosis and management of common fractures and joint injuries, including the application of splints and piaster casts. The methods employed in general and local anaesthesia; the pharmacology of anaesthetic agents; functioning of anaesthetic equipment, care of the unconscious patient peri-operative care; the basic skills of anaesthetic procedures, including maintenance of an airway. May include some revision of overlap areas in other major disciplines. Assessment A 3-hour end-of-year written exarnination; a 1 -hour long-case presentation and a 20-minute confined short case/ patient management oral at the end of the 14-week surgical rotation. Students must pass both the written and clihical/oral examinations: : '

Dental Science Subjects FIRST YEAR

- By the end of the first year, each fiZ>5fc student should have:..... • attained some understanding of basic biological, physical and

psychological sciences and knowledge of their teiTninology,. • developed the habit of integrated learning, in which

scientific, technical and clinical aspects are seen as intimately interrelated and not independent of one another;

•- developed some manual skills, and have the ability to carry out elementary clinical procedures; -

• appreciated that dentistry is a human service activity and ': always exists vvidiin a particular social and cultural environ-..ment

511-101 DENTAL STUDIES 1 Contact 210 hours, including lectures, mtorials, demonstrations and practical work. (AUyear.) . . . Objecdves: On completion of this subject, students should:

' Comprehend: the principles of the aetiologyof common-oral diseases; the general growth and development of the skull, jaws and dentition; the principles of materials science; the concept of communities and the implications for dentistry, the relevance of psychology to health care and good dental practice; the principles of statistical theory. Have developed: skill in identification and charting of dental plaques; ability to analyze skull and dental arch dimensional changes with age; awareness of the communities' expectations of dentistry and the delivery of dental care; skills in collating, graphing and interpreting data Appreciate, the wisdom of health maintenance rather than die treatment of preventable disease; the responsibility of dentists and the dental profession towards the provision of preventive care and dental treatment of oral disease at individual and community levels. Content Behavioural Science-Community Smdies and Psychol­ogy, Biostatistics, Introductory Preventive Dentistry and Community Dental Health, mtroductory Clinical Dental Science, Growth Smd­ies, Dental Materials Science, Introduction to EmergencyMedicine. Assessment A practical examination in First Aid during the first semester; a 2-hour written examination at the end of the first semester covering Biostatistics (10 per cent), Introduction to Emergency Medicine (10 per cent) and Introduction to Clinical Dental Science (10 per cent); two 2-hour written examinations at the end ofthe year, one of which will cover Introductory Preventive Dentistry and Commumty Dental Health (10 per cent), Dental Materials Science (lOper cent),andGrowth Smdies (20 per cent); the other will cover Community Smdies (15 per cent) and Psychol­ogy (15 per cent); practical work during the year. Smdents who do not pass the practical examination in First Aid will be permitted to proceed with the dental course but must pass the practical exami­nation before the end of third year.

Prescribed texts: Bootzin R R et al Psychology Today: An Introduction 6th edition 1986 Random House.

511-102 ORAL ANATOMY 1 Contact 41 hours including lecmres and practical work. (First semester.) Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: the fundamental terminology and nomenclature of anatomy and dentistry that is essential to apph/ basic science knowledge to future smdies in dentistry the morphology of all teeth in the.human dentition, the manner of their occlusion and other pertinent anatomical relationships; the life history of individual teeth and the development of the dentition as a whole; the relation-

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ship of human beings to other members ofthe animal kingdom with respect to diet, dentition, mastication and speech. Have developed: the ability to observe and record simple cbnical and laboratory findings in a coherent and systematic way, the abdity to find information from textbooks and scientific articles to aug­ment lecture notes; manual dexterity by carving human teeth to scale from blocks of wax. Appreciate: the fundamental importance of oral anatomy to the present state of knowledge in dental science and to future develop­ments in the practice of dentistry, that different aspects of the course in oral anatomy are treated with different emphasis, expressly to prepare the smdent for a career in dentistry and in a way that is complementary to knowledge already acquired in the course; the contribution that oral anatomy can make to other disciplines; that learning is a continuous process for staff and smdents. Content: Anatomy of the human oral cavity. Comparative dental anatomy. Assessment A practical examination of two hours during the semester (60 per cent); a 90 minute end-of-semester written examination (40 per cent); progress during the course. Further practical and/or viva voce exammations may be required. A pass is required in both sections. Prescribed texts: Scon J11 and Symons Introduction to Dental Anatomy 9th edition 1982 Churchill Livingstone.

516-018 ANATOMY 1 Special requirements: Dissecting instruments. Smdents are required to wear white coats in the dissecting room. Attendance at practical classes is compuLsory. Contact 80 hours, includinglectures, mtorials and practical work. (Allyear.) Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents shoidd: Comprehetul: the terminology of anatomy the principles relating to each of the following types of anatomical strucmres: skin, fascia and skeletal muscles; bones and joints; viscera; vessels and nerves; the subdivision of die human body into regions; the essential information relating to specific anatomical structures (wiiich form the boundaries and contents of the regions); the apphcations relating direcdy to chnicahy important areas of anatomy, the anatomical strucmres observed and palpated in practical diagnos­tic procedures; the surface markings of clinically important struc­mres, on normal living bodies; the naked-eye appearance of cut-sections of normal viscera; the appearance of the human body in section at important levels; the appearance of nonnal stnictures on radiographs. Hate det.eloped: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret exposed anatomical strucmres and regions, surface markings on normal hving bodies, the naked eye appearance of cut sections of normal viscera, cross-sections ofdie body al important levels, normal structures on radiographs; communication skills (written and oral) to describe die normal strucmre of the body skills in the manipulation of anatomical strucmres (with dissecting instruments). Appreciate: the range of normality of the hving human body (i.e. nonnal variation) due to age, sex and body budd, and the effects of posture, phase of respiration and pregnancy, the common occur­rence of anomalies (i.e. anatomical variation) which differ from 'text-book descriptions' of the typical case; die importance of one's own observations (e.g. as seen in the historical development of anatomy as a science). Content Strucmre, organisation and development of the human body, with emphasis on the clinically important aspects of anatomy. Introductory anatomy including osteology, radiological anatomy, and anatomy of the thorax and abdomen.

Assessment A 3-hour written examination (50 per cent) and a 30-minute practical exanunation (30 per cent) on the whole course at the end of the second semester; practical (dissection) class work (20 per cent) throughout the second semester. Prescribed texts: McMinn RMH Last's Anatomy Regional and Applied 8th edition 1990 Churchill Livingstone. Romanes G J Cunningham'sManualof'Practical'AnatomyVol. 2 15th edition 1986 OUP.

516-019 DENTAL BIOLOGY This subject comprises three components: Cell and Animal Biology, Histology Developmental Biology/Timbryology. Contact 143 hours, including four lecmres and three hours of practical work a week in the first semester; two lecmres and two hours of practical classes a weekin the second semester. (Allyear.) Objectives: Cell and Animal Biology: On completion of this program, smdents should: Compreliend: the stnicture and function of elements within a cell; the basic tissues of the body, the general strucmre and function of a vertebrate; the transition from organ systems to molecular events as a pre-requisite to understanding many aspects of biochemistry and molecular biology die biology of parasitic and venomous animals; the interactions behveen humans and their environment human evolution. Have developed: skills to observe biological phenomena; skills to accurately record biological observations; manipulative skills in dissection; skilLs to analyze and sobe biological problems Appreciate, the importance of rational, critical and independent thought in biological science and in the understanding of medical and dental science. Histology: On completion of this program, smdents should: Comprehend: the terminology of histology.; the principles and essential information regarding: the light-microscopic and elec­tron-microscopic strucmre of normal cells and tissues and the arrangement of cells and tissues into the specific organs and systems.; normal histology as a pre-requisite for understanding pathology, physiology and biochemistry. Have developed: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret the light-microscopic and electron-microscopic ap­pearances of normal cells, tissues, organs and systems; the abihty to visualise 3-dimensional strucmre from 2-dimensional data; skilLs in the use of a hght microscope to obtain infonnation from histological sections.

ApprecUde: the range of variation of microsopic strucmre within normal tissue; the scientific basis of knowledge of strucmre; the correlation of histological stmcmre with function. Developmental Biology/Embryology: On completion ofthis program, smdents should: Comprehend: the terminology of embryology, the principles and essential factual infonnation rt arding: developmental processes, formation of the embryo, development of particular organs and systems; the role of developmental events in the organization of adult strucmre; the embryological basis of certain birth defects; the correlation of histological and embryological stnicture with func­tion.

Have developed: skills in the use of a microscope to obtain information from embryological material. Appreciate: the embryological basis of birth defects. Content Cell and Animal Biology-Cell Biology, Functional Anatomy of a Vertebrate, Parasitic and Venomous Animals, Ecological Systems. Histology - light and electron - microscopic strucmre of cells and the basic tissues of the human body. Strucmre of blood vessels, skin and exocrine glands. Emphasis is placed on the

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relationship between stnicture and function. Developmental Biol­ogy/Embryology - mammatian reproduction, embryo formative processes, foetal-maternal relationships and the development of the basic tissues of the human body. The development of the cardiovascular system. Practical workincludes dissection of repre­sentative vertebrates; invertebrate animals with emphasis on para­sitic or toxic organisms. Assessment First semester a 3-hour end-of-semester written examination in Cell and Animal Biology and Developmental Biol­ogy/Embryology (50 per cent) if performance in practical work is unsatisfactory, a 1-hour practical examination may be required. Second semester a 2 1/2-hour end-of-semester written examina­tion on Histology and Developmental Biology/Embryology (40 per cent); a 25-minute practical examination in practical classes during the second semester (10 per cent). Prescribed texts: Don't RLetal Zoology Saunders. Alberts B et al Moleadar Biology of tbe Cell 2nd edition 1989 Garland. Junqueira L C, Carneiro J and Long }A Basic Histology 6th edition 1989 lange Medical. Wheater P R, Burkitt H G and Daniels V G Functional Histology 2nd edition 1987 Churchill Livingstone. Moore K L The Developing Human 4th edition 1988 Saunders.

610-003 CHEMISTRY (DENTAL SCIENCE) Contact Lecnires: 65 hours at 2 per week in semester one, and 3 per week in semester two. Laboratorywork: nine 3 hour sessions in semester two. Objectives: On completion ofthis course, students should: Comprehend: ihe elementary theory of chemical bonding in organic molecules. The stereochemistry of simple organic mol­ecules and its application to the understanding of the relation between molecular shape and biological activity. The nature ofthe important classes of biologically-important molecules and their functions. The elementary theory of chemical bonding in co­ordinated metal ion complexes and the importance of trace tran­sition metals in life processes. The tliermodvnamics and kinetics of biologically-important reactions and processes. Elementary UV-visible spectroscopy. Haie developed skills:: To observe chemical reactions and to accurately record obsenations on chemical systems. To safely carry out simple laboratory manipulations of chemical substances. To use several different instrumental techniques to study the properties of chemical systems. Appreciate: the importance of rational, critical and independ­ent thought in all branches of science. Content Physical and chemical properties of organic substances. Reactions of the functional groups found in biological molecules. Basic chemistry of biological macromolecules. The structure of biological membranes. Metal ions in biological systems. Elemen­tary bonding iheory. Electrolyte chemistry. Introduction to aspects of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics apphed to biologicalry-important molecules and systems. Elementary UV-visible spectroscopy. • Assessment A one hour written exarnination ,at the end of semesterone (20percent);a3-hourwritten exarnination at theend of semester two on material from both semesters (60 per cent); continuous assessment of laboratory exercises during semester two (20 per cent). Prescribed texts: McTigue, P T Chemistry: Key to the Earth MUP*; Brown W H Introduction to Organic Chemistry 4th edition Brooks Cole. 1988; Atkins, PW &Beran,JA General Chemistry 2nd edition Scientific American Books, 1992 * Preliminary Reading

SECOND YEAR By the end of the second year, each BDSc student should have: • attained a basic understanding of the development, form,

function and health of the human body, •' understood the process of enquiry and critical thinking; • developed an appreciation of three-dimensional form and an

" abihty to work manually with precision; • developed some basic skills in communicating with people in

a clinical setting. • appreciated the importance of history taking, diagnosis and

records, and the desirability of maintenance of oral health in patients.

511-201 DENTAL STUDIES 2 Contact 285 hours, including lectures, clinical and laboratory work. (Allyear.) Objecdves: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the principles of the relationship between oral healdi, behaviour and oral diseases; the processes of somatic, _ physiological and psychological growth and development; the properties and uses of dental materials; the range of oral functions and the principles involved in protecting oral tissues against diseases and the maintenance of oral functional integrity. Have developed: skills in understanding and counselling people; skills in assessing growth and development; skills in using dental materials; skills in identifying oral functions; skills in intercepting diseases in the periodontium, enamel, dentine and pulp and the effects of partial edentulousness; skills in the prevention of sports injuries.

Appreciate: the importance ofhistory-taking, diagnosis and records for success in patient care; the principles of chnical practice; the implications of behaviour in the delivery of dental care; die desir­ability of the maintenance of oral health in treated patients. Content Preventive Dentistry and Community Dental Health, Growth Smdies, Behavioural Science, Dental Materials Science, Clinical Dental Sciences, Oral Function and Oral Protection. Assessment A 2-hour written examination at the end of each semester (35 per cent each); written assignments and laboratory reports during theyear (20 percent) and clinical work assignments dirough the year (10 per cent). Viva voce examinations in special cases.

Smdents will be pennitted to proceed to clinical work ONLY after having satisfactorily completed the preclinical units. Prescribed texts: Baum L B Phillips R W and Lund M R Textbook of Operative Dentistry 2nd edition 1985 Saunders. Lindhe J Textbook of Clinical Periodontology 2nd edition 1989 Munksgaard. Phillips RW' Skinner's Scienceof Dental Materials 9th edition 1991 Saunders.

511-202 ORAL ANATOMY 2 Contact 50 hours, includinglecmres and practical work. (Second semester.) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the process of odontogenesis and the formation of the periodontium in detail; the development of the oral cavity and the tongue; the major developmental abnormalities that affect oro­facial strucmres; the fine stnicture of all 5 skeletal hard tissues; the basic principles of bone growth and tooth movements through bone; the development strucmre, functions and age changes ofthe human jaw joint; the production and functions of saliva; the strucmre of the salivary glands; the strucmre and role of oral mucosa and how its. integrity is maintained; the fundamentals of tooth decay.

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Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences Dental Science

Have developed: the abihty to make observations with the micro­scope and record them by drawing; the abihty to find information from books and articles to enhance their knowledge and under­standing of the taught course; the skills of criticism and judgement Apprecude: the dynamic nature of biological processes; the contri­bution that a sound knowledge of anatomy and dentistry can make to forensic investigations; that in certain areas of teaching the students have been taken to me limits of present knowledge and that they will inevitably be exposed to conflicting or incomplete expla­nations of observed events and phenomena; that although, of necessity, factual information has had to be taught as discrete subjects by different departments and at different times it has eventually to be synthesized into a single entity in the mind ofthe clinician if it is to be utilized to effect in diagnosis and treatment Content Embryology, development and developmental abnor­malities of the craniofacial region. 1 hstology of the oral and dental tissues. Introduction to forensic odontology. Assessment A 3-hour written examination (70 per cent) and a practical examination of two hours (30 per cent) at the end of the semester. Progress during the course may be taken into considera­tion. Additional tests may be required, including viva voce and/or practical examination.

Prescribed texts: Cottone J A and Miles Standish S Oidline of Forensic Dentistry 1982 Year Book Medical Publishers. Scott J H and Symons N B B Introduction to Dental Anatomy 9th edition 1982 Churchill Livingstone. SperberGI 1 Craniofacial Embryology 4th edition 1989 Wright

516-028 ANATOMY 2 This subject consists of two distinct parts which are taught and assessed separately. A pass in each is required for an overall pass in the subject

Topographic Anatomy The aim is to give smdents an understanding of the strucmre and organisation oftheheadandneckandincludes developmental and functional perspectives. Emphasis is placed on those areas of clinical relevance to dentists.

Neuroscience Special Requirements: Dissecting instruments. Smdents are required to wear white coats in the dissecting room. Contact 150 hours, mcluding lecmres and practical work. (All year.) Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: die terminology of neuroscience; the principles and essential information regarding the macroscopic and microscopic strucmre of the nervous system and the functional components of the nervous system including their organisation and major connec­tions; the correlation of strucmre with hmction including behav­iour; the major effects of lesions to clinically important areas and pathways. Have developed: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret the macroscopic appearance of the brain and spinal cord including cut sections, and the microscopic appearance ofthe nervous system; skills to analyse the structural and functional changes which may occur in disorders ofthe nervous system Afjpreciate: The extent and limitations of current knowledge of the organisation of the central nervous system, particularly in the context of recent profound advances in Neuroscience; the imphca­tions of such limitations in our understanding of how the brain works. Content Anatomy of 1 lead and Neck, including development and apphed anatomy. Neuroscience - strucmre and function of the nervous system.

Assessment First semester A 3-hour written examination on the anatomy of head and neck (25 per cent) two 30-minute practical examinations - one held during the semester, and one at the end of the semester (15 per cent); practical class work (10 per cent) Second Semester: A 2-hourwritten exarnination in neuroscience at the end of the year (40 per cent) and a 1 -hour examination during the semester (10 per cent). A pass in each semester is required for an overall pass. Prescribed texts: McMinn R M11 Last's Anatomy Regionaland Applied 8th edition 1990 Churchill Livingstone. Moore KIThe Developing Human 4th edition 1988 Saunders. Romanes G J Cummingham 's Manualof'Practical'Anatomy \o\ 315th edition 1986 OUP. Kandel E R, Schwartz J11 and Jessel T M eds Principles of Neural Science 3rd ed, 1991 Elsevier.

521-029 BIOCHEMISTRY Contact 91 hours, including lecmres and practical work. (First semester.) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject smdents should: Comprehend: die terminology of biochemistry, the principles and essential information regarding the chemical strucmre and prop­erties of important cellular constituents, and the digestion, absorp­tion, transport, metabolism and uses of the major nutrients; the correlation of chemical structure with cellular function; the inter­relationships and regulation of metabolic pathways; the biochemi­cal interactions between tissue systems. Haw developed: observational and organisational skills in obtain­ing data using modem biochemical procedures and in reporting the findings; skills in analysing and evaluating biochemical experi­mental data.

Appreciate: the factors which influence the significance of labora­tory results; the role of experimentation in the development of biochemical knowledge. Content The thermodynamics of living systems and biochemical adaption. The digestion of Upids, carbohydrates and proteins, and their metabolism in the body. Tlie structure and metabolism of nucleotides and nucleic acids with an outline of their role in the synthesis of proteins. Specialised topics in relation to the strucmre and function of various carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Specific experiments on Dental Biochemistry. Assessment A 3-hour written examination at the end of the first semester including material from the first year lectures on proteins (85 per cent); practical and laboratory work during the semester (15 percent). Prescribed text Devlin T M Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations. 3rd ed. Wiley 1992

536-029 PHYSIOLOGY Special Requirements: White coat name tag, dissecting instru­ments, recording paper and practical note book (details in labora­tory manual). Contact 120 hours, including lecmres, mtorials and laboratory work. (Allyear.) Objecdves: On completion ofthis subject smdents should: Comprehend: the terminology of physiology, the principles and essential information regarding the functions of different ceU types and how they interact in organ systems; the mechanisms bywhich these different organ systems are controUed in the normal human being; the normal numerical values for those physiological vari­ables that are commonly used as indices of disease. Haw dewloped: observational and organisational skills to use experimental techniques in investigating physiological systems and document the findings reUably skills in analysing and evaluating physiological experimental data

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Appreciate, the ranges of normality for physiological parameters; thefactors which influence the significanceofresute investigating physiological factors. Content Principles of physiological integration. The interface between tissue cells and the internal environment Biophysics of excitable and contractile tissue. The physiology of mammalian organ systems: circulation of blood, respiration, electrolyte bal­ance, digestion and absorption, sensation and movement The co­ordination of bodily function by hormonal and net) ral mechanisms. Brain functions and behaviour. Assessment One 90-minute mid-year examination; a2-hourend-of-year examination; assignments during the cou rse; practical note book. Prescribed texts: Sherwood LHuman Physiology: From Cells to Systems 1989 West Publishing OR West J B Physiological Basis of Medical Practice 12th ed. 1991 Williams and Wilkins.

THIRD YEAR By the end of the third year, the BDSc student must have: • understood the basic principles of the causes and processes

of disease affecting human beings and of their treatment with drugs;

• developed meticulousness in examination and diagnostic method and the ability to make reasoned plans in managing routine problems;

• the capacity to apply knowledge gained in the physical, sociobehavioural and biological sciences to cbnical situations;

• the capacity to apply epidemiology to solve problems in dental public health;

• appreciated the concept of total patient care and the dentist's responsibibty for the safe and effective management of patients;

• appreciated that oral health is an integral part of general health.

511-301 DENTAL STUDIES 3 Contact 525 hours, including lectures, tutorials, clinical and laboratorywork. (Allyear.) Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the appbeation of epidemiology to solving dental pubhc health problems; the value and use of topical fluorides and other caries preventive measures; normal and abnormal growth and its assessment the principles of intra-oral radiography and radiation protection; use of dental materials in a clinical setting; basic medical and surgical principles and pain management through the use of local analgesia; die principles of patient management the principles of conservative management of destructive lesions of the teetoandtheirsuprK)rtingstractures;to of the dentition, and partial denture therapy, the principles of occlusion and occlusal analysis.

Have developed: skills in collection, analysis and presentation of oral health data; skills in communication, counselling and patient management skills in clinical oral examination, diagnosis and treatment planning of simple cases; skills in intra-oral radiography and local analgesia adrrunistration; psychomotor skills in the consenative treatment of dental caries and periodontal disease; clinical skills for the treatment of partially dentate patients. Appreciate: the needs and difficulties associated with instituting effective preventive programs at an individual and community level; the concepts of total patient care and the dentist's responsibility for the safe and effective management ofpersonsinthe dental situation; the need for precision, accuracy and self-evaluation.

Content Community Dental Health, Preventive Dentistry, Growth Studies and Introductory Orthodontics, Radiography and Radiol­ogy, Biomaterials science, Introductory Medical andSurgical Prin­ciples, Patient Management, Local Analgesia, Conservative Den­tistry, Periodontics, Endodontics, Paediatric Dentistry, Removable Prosthodontics, Diagnosis andTreatment Planning, Occlusal Analysis and Clinical Practice. Assessment Two 3-hour written examinations at the end of the year (35 per cent each); Clinical, practical and written work throughout theyear (20 per cent); specificwritten assignments (no more than three) (10 per cent) Prescribed texts: Baum LB, Phillips R Wand Lund M R Textbook of Operative Detdistry 2nd edition 1985 Saunders. Goaz P W and White S C Oral Radiology, Principles and Interpretation 2nd edition 1987 Mosby, Thylstnip A and Fejerskov 0 Textbook of Cariology 1986 Munksgaard. Students will be permitted to proceed to clinical work ONLY after having satisfactorily completed the preclinical units.

526-039 MICROBIOLOGY Contact 90 hours, including lectures and practical work. (All year.) Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, students should: Compreljend: the characteristics and behaviour of microorgan­isms and their relationship to clinical manifestations of infection; die principles ofthe modes of spread and pathogenesis of infection; the epidemiology and control of infectious disease; the principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy the immune response to infection and the possible abnormalities ofthis response; the principles and characteristics of the microbial ecology of the oral cavity. Have developed: basic skills in working in an aseptic environment skills in applying the relevant diagnostic tests to specific case studies; observational skills in identifying the appearance and behaviour of medically significant microorganisms; the abihty to collect transport and make preliminary investigations of chnical specimens. Appreciate: die need for rational interpretation of the results of microbiological investigation and for rational judgements about the use of antibiotics; the means of preventing and controlling infec­tious diseases at the level of both the community and the individual. Content Microorganisms and their role in human infection. Principles of host resistance, immunity and hypersensitivity. Indig­enous oral flora of humans. Control of microbes: disinfection, sterilization, asepsis and chemotherapy. Assessment A 1-hour written examination (20 per cent) at the end of semester 1; a 3-hourwritten exainination (50 per cent) and a 1-hourpractical examination (lOpercent) at the end of semester 2; practical work during the year (20 per cent). Viva voce examination in special cases.

Prescribed texts: Marsh P D and Martin M V Oral Microbiology 2nd edition 1984 Van Nostrand Reinhold, and Schuster G S (ed) Oral Microbiology and Infectious Disease 3rd edition 1990 BC Decker.

531-039 PATHOLOGY Contact 110 hours, mcluding lectures and practical work. Stu­dents are required to attend autopsy presentations. (Allyear.) Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the terminology of pathology, the principles and essential information regarding the major types of disease proc­esses, their causes, and the responses of cells, tissues, organs and systems in these disease processes; the morphological and func­tional characteristics of common and important diseases; the molecular basis of pathological processes.

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Have developed: observational and organisational skilLs to identify and interpret the macroscopic appearance of disease processes in exposed structures and cut sections of organs, and the microscopic appearance of disease processes in cells, tissues, organs and systems; communication skills to describe diseases. Appreciate: the importance of evaluating clinical manifestations of diseases in terms of disturbances of structure and function; the capabilities and limitations of special investigations (including clinical pathology, biochemistry and radiology). Content: Major concepts of general pathology (including disor­ders of growth and neoplasia, inflammation and repair, circulatory disturbances) and a survey of the special pathology of the major organ systems. Pathology of the connective tissues and the effects of failure in major organ systems. Assessment: First semester: A 1 -hour end-of-semester written examination (30 per cent). Second semester An essay of up to 3000 words (optional), a 2-hour written examination (40 per cent) and a 2-hour practical examination (30 per cent). Viva Voce examinations may be required. Prescribed text Either Cotran R S, Kumar V and Robbins S L Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease 1989 Saunders or Rubin E andFarberJ YPatlnlogy Lippincott, 2nd edition, 1993-

534-039 PHARMACOLOGY Contact 52 hoursconsisting of approximately 44 hoursof lectures and 8 hours of practical classes and tutorials. (Allyear.) Objecdves: On completion ofthis subject, students should: Comprehend: the principles of the absorption, distribution and ebmination of drugs in the body; the basic mechanisms of drug action; the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system; the pharmacology of drugs used to treat diseases of the cardiovasvular and central nervous systems and the pharmacology of local anaes­thetics; the pharmacology of drugs used for the treatment of inflammation; the use and mechanisms of action of antibiotics, antiviral and antinimour drugs; the nature of drug interactions; the nature and use of drugs of abuse Have developed: measurement and recording skills relevant to the assessment of drug action, including the use of computers for data acquisition and modelling of drug use; skills in using objective sources of drug information. Appreciate: the responsibilities of dentists under the Dentistry and Poisons Act the relevance of an imderstanding of drug action and reaction to dental science; the importance of understanding the principles of drug action to therapeutics; The elements of thedesign of clinical trials (single and double blind factors and use of statistics). Content Principles of pharmacology and mechanisms of action of drugs in common use in dentistry and medicine. Route of admin­istration, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Principles of selective toxicity. Drug interactions and toxicol­ogy. Drug dependence. Drug Schedules. (Poisons Act). Assessment A1 -hour written multiple-choice question examina­tion at the end of semester 1 (20 per cent); a 3-hour final examination multiple choice and short answer questions al the end of semester 2 (80 per cent). Oral examinations may be required. Prescribed texts: Katzung B GBasicand Clinical Pharmacology 4th edition 1989 Appleton and Lange. Walton J G, Thompson J W and Seymour R A Textbook ojrDental'Pharmacology and Thera­peutics 1989 OUP.

FOURTH YEAR By the end of the fourth year, the BDSc student must have: • achieved a sound imderstanding of the principles of

medicine and surgery and their employment in dental practice;

• an understanding of oral health promotion and a sound knowledge of ways bywhich oral health can be achieved;

• an understanding of the way the instruments of government work and the ability to evaluate quality of care in the public and private sectors;

• developed the communication and psychomotor skilLs necessary for providing total patient care in a general practice setting.

511-401 DENTAL STUDIES 4 Contact 610 hours, including lectures and clinical, laboratory, fibrary and research work. (Allyear.) Objecdves: On completion ofthis subject students should: Comprehend: the apphcations and use of pharmacological agents in the practice of dentistry, the differential diagnoses of oral diseases and the use of special diagnostic procedures; the principles of extra-oral radiography and radiology, the management of the psychological and psycho-social feamres encountered in dental practice and dental health education; the diversity of factors associated with the prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease and the potential for their control; the delivery and evalu­ation of dental care in both pubhc and private sectors; normal and abnormal growth and development including behavioural growth; tlie biomechanical principles of orthodontics; the theory and practice of total patient care for both dentate and edentulous individuals. Have developed: the communication and psychomotor skills necessary for providing total patient care in a general dental practice setting. Appreciate: the concept and practice of ongoing total patient care in the prevention, identification, assessment and treatment of oral diseases - as opposed to the episodic management of symptomatic oral problems; the concept and practice of maintaining oral health; the need for the dentist to provide leadership in advocating and practising total patient care; an awareness ofthe range of differing dental health care needs of individuals and groups within the community and the diversity of the methods needed to provide them; that dental health is an integral part of general health. Content Research projects: supervised group project supervi­sors will provide further infonnation in relation to the research project and facilities. Research Project - completion of project and preparation of reports. One session of three hours per week during first semester for the completion of the research project com­menced in fourth year, Dental Smdies 4. By the end ofthe Research Project teaching program in the fifth year, the dental smdent should: Comprehend: the principles of research methodology; the impor­tance of formulating precise objectives for a research project the need for a thorough review of the existing knowledge of the research topic; the necessity for thoughtful planning for the execu­tion of the project die need for the scientific assessment of the results and the presentation of the findings in a manner acceptable to the scientific community.

Have developed: skills in working as a member of a research team; skills in formulating an hypothesis and in planning how the hypothesis may be tested; skills in planning the execution of the research, in carrying it out recording data and in analysing results; theability to assess thevalidity of results and to set thesein theoverall knowledge on the topic; skilLs in writing up the project its oral presentation and in responding to questions.

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Appreciate: the necessity of research as the means of furthering advances in all aspects of dentistry, a commitment to research in dentistry, the value of team research; the need for the lucid and accurate presentation of results; ways of evaluating the findings in research reports. Content (cont): Clinical Oral Therapeutics, Radiography and Radiology, Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Planning, Applied Behav­ioural Science, Preventive Dentistry, Community Dental Health, Growth Smdies, Applied Basic Sciences, Conservative Dentistry, Periodontics, Paediatric Dentistry, Endodontics, Orthodontics, Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery, Removable Prosthodontics and General Practice. Assessment A 2-hour written oral or practical examination (or any combination of these) at the end of semester 1 (20 per cent); two 3-hour written examinations at the end of semester 2 (25 per cent each); one essay on periodontics (2500-3000 words) to be submitted by the end of July (10 per cent) ; practical and clinical work throughout the year (20 per cent). Further clinical, labora­tory and/or viva voce examinations may be required. Prescribed texts: Bond M R Pain its Nature and Analysis and Treatment 2nd edition 1984 Churchill Livingstone. Howe G L The Extraction of Teeth revised 2nd edition 1980 Wright Howe G L Minor Oral Surgery 3rd edition 1985 Wright Goaz P W and White S C Oral Radiology, Principles and Interpretation 2nd edition 1987 Mosby.

511-402 ORAL PATHOLOGY (ALL YEAR) Contact 70 hours, including lecmres, mtorials and practical work. Objectives: On completion of this subject students should: Comprehend: the application of die principles of pathology to the oral region; in detail all the commonly occurring oral diseases and oral manifestations of systemic diseases, and have an understand­ing of the less commonly occurring diseases, how they develop and how they affect the host Have developed: the abdity to apply a sound knowledge of oral pathology to the clinical simation. Appreciate: \hc fundamental role that oral pathology'has for all who seek to prevent or manage oral disease; diat oral disease must not be considered in isolation but must be related to the whole patient Content Extension of the third year pathology course, with special reference to the pathology of the oral and related structures, systemic influences on die development of oral and dental struc­mres, the pathology of teeth and their supporting strucmres, the pathology of the jaws, the salivary glands, temporomandibular joints and associated strucmres due to local and distant causes. The pathology of oral diseases correlated with cbnical and radiological features. Assessment A 3-hour end-of-year written examination (55 per cent); a 2 hour practical examination at the end of the year (25 per cent); practical and written work during the year (20 per. cent). Further clinical, laboratory and/or viva voce examinations may be required. A pass in each of the three components is required to achieve an overall pass.

553-411 MEDICINE Contact 60 hours, including lectures, mtorials and clinical dem-onstratioas. (Allyear.) Objecdves: On completion ofthis subject, smdents should: Comprehend: common presentations of medical disease; the use of investigations; the uses and side effects of drugs. Have developed: an imderstanding of the clinical feamres and namral history of medical conditions; skills in communicatingwiih and relating to patients; the abihty to take a comprehensive history,

the abihty to formulate possible differential diagnoses; an under­standing of the possible use of investigations in diagnosis and management of disease; an understanding of prognosis. Appreciate: the effect of illness on the social, occupational and recreational activities of patients. Content Common medical problems and diseases, diagnosis and treatment Diseases of particular importance to dentists, including bacterial endocarditis, hepatitis, bleeding diseases and acute and chronic cardiac and respiratory disorders. Assessment A 2-hour written examination and a chnical exami­nation at die end of the year.

556-411 SURGERY Contact 40 hours, including lecmres and chnical demonstrations. (Allyear.) Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: the surgical pathology of acute and chronic infec­tion; the role of immunity in surgical disease; antibiotic usage in surgical practice; the processes of wound healing and wound management the distribution of body fluids and die diagnosis and treatment of Quid abnormalities; the padiology, treatment and prevention of cancer, the principles of analgesic usage; airways management and respiratory support the diagnosis and treatment of common surgical conditions affecting the head and neck includ­ing face, oral cavity, accessory nasal sinuses, salivary glands, oesophagus and thyroid. Have developed: an understanding of basic surgical principles as apphed to dental practice; the basic clinical skills required to recognise surgical conditions affecting the head and neck; basic first aid skills necessary to manage acute surgical conditions of head and neck. Appreciate: tlie pathological processes underlying the manifesta­tion of surgical conditions; the need to evaluate the whole patient when assessing a localised surgical problem; the importance ofthe apphcation of sound surgical principles in the management of traumatic, infective and neoplastic processes affecting the head and neck. Content Surgical pathology of acute and chronic infection. Immu­nity, control of infection, asepsis and sterilization. Antibiotics and surgical infection. Surgical shock, the control of haemorrhage. Surgical aspects of fluid and electrolyte balance. Wound healing and wound management Principles of respiratory support Meth­ods of pain rchef. Surgical affections of face, mouth, nose and throat Assessment A 2-hour end-of-year written examination. An oral examination may be required. Prescribed text Dudley II A F and Waxman Aid to Clinical Surgery 4th ed 1989 Churchill Livingstone.

FIFTH YEAR By the end of the fifth year, the BDSc student must be able to: • manage competendy each patient as an individual person

with particular needs and expectations of health; • deal in a rational manner with all common problems in

clinical dentistry, • design and implement pubhc dental health programs, and

advocate the importance of dentistry within health services; • communicate effectively with patients, other health workers,

the pubhc, community groups and stamtory bodies; • evaluate scientific hteramre and data relevant to dentistry • accept the legal, ethical, personal and social responsibihties

of dentists.

1B8

Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences Dental Science

511-501 CLINICAL DENTAL SCIENCE Contact A total of 372 hours, mcluding lectures, seminars, clinical, practical and laboratory work. Objectives: By the end of the Clinical Dental Science teaching in the fifth year the dental student shoidd: Comprehend: the nature, pathogenesis and management of diseases and disorders affecting oral tissues, including the systemic manifestation of oral diseases, oro-facial pain, periodontal dis­eases, malocclusion and dental caries; the behavioural and man­agement aspects of patients including people with disabilities, complicated psychological or social histories, problems of anxiety, pain control or physical handicaps, and of the homebound, hospi-tabsed and institutionalised; the effect of sedative and anaesthetic drugs on the nonnal physiology of a patient and the management of patients in theatre and recovery room; the central role of detailed diagnosis and treatment planning in the successful management of mdividual patients; the importance of a preventive and minimal intervention approach to the treatment of routine dental disorders; the role of a professional in contemporary Australian society, the relevance of basic sciences to the care of patients and the necessity for continued research and education to improve all aspects of dental care.

Have developed: skill to assess the dental health needs of mdividu -als presenting from a wide variety of socio-cultural backgrounds with a wide range of oral conditions; skill to assess the appropriate­ness for referral and/or additional consultation; ability to synthesise information collected and plan appropriate treatment and manage­ment of a dental patient ability to communicate with patients to establish and maintain appropriate oral health regimens; ability to work within a dental team; sufficient technical skill to provide a comprehensive range of clinical dental services. Appreciate: the diversity of people within the community and the responsibilities and problems in delivering dental care to them; the necessity for accurate examination, diagnosis and treatment plan­ning before commencing the care of all patients whether or not diey have advanced or complicated problems; the value of ensuring the maintenance of oral health after treatment of all patients including those with advanced or compbcated problems; the life-long neces­sity for continuing education and quahty assurance in dental care. Content The apphcation of basic sciences to the management of oral health problems; Diagnostic and management aspects of patients with multiple and/or complex general and dental prob­lems; speciahst referral; advanced radiological interpretation; ra­diographic management care of the special patient Management of patients with complex psychological and social histories such as psychotic and neurotic disorders; Relaxation therapies; systematic desensitisation and hypnosis; the special needs of the elderly, the special needs of children; pain and pain control, general anaesthe­sia; Management and welfare of dental health personnel; practice management and legal aspects of dental practice; the validation of the preventive philosophy at the individual and community levels;Evaluation of current trends in periodontal treatment and research; Case analysis and treatment planning in orthodontics; Management of complex endodontic problems; Advanced aspects of prosthodontics, fixed prosthodontics, maxillo-facial appliances, precision attachments, aesthetics, magnetodontics and dental im­plants; Conduct and presentation of a research project (continued from the previous year). Assessment Two 3-hour written examinations at the end of semester one (55percent);Twoessay/assignments (2,500-3,000 words each) to be submitted by the end cf June (15 per cent); Two 15 minute viva voce examinations at the end of semester two (15 per cent) Presentation of a research report project (collective work, oral and written) (15 per cent)

Prescribed texts: Kasle M J An Atlas of Dental Radiographic Anatomy 3rd edition 1989 Saunders. Bond M RPain its Nature andAnalysisandTreatment 2nd edition 1984Chu rchiU Livingstone. Howe GV.The Extraction of Teeth revised 2nd edition 1980 WrighL Howe G IMinor Oral Surgery 3rd edition 1985 Wright

511-502 INTEGRATED DENTAL PRACTICE Contact A total of 260 hours mcluding seminars and clinical experience in all aspects of general dental practice. Objecdves: By the end of the Integrated Dental Practice teaching in fifth year the dental student should: Comprehend: the philosophy of total oral health care for each patient and the interactions of general dental practice with specialty care in the overall treatment plan for the mdividual; the biological, behavioural and ethical principle of chnical dental services and their apphcation to total oral health care for each patient die diversity of settings in which general dental practice may be delivered; the diversity of clinical techniques and dental materials avadable to meet each individual's specific oral health needs; the limitations of particular treatment modalities Have developed: skills in the examination, diagnosis, radiography, treatment planning and management of an mdividual seeking routine dental health care; competency and expertise in providing general dental care to an individual; skills in evaluating success and fadure in chnical dentistry, skilLs in workingas part ofacomprehen-srve health team; the abihty to communicate with the patient about their oral healdi status, treatment options and potential outcomes; the ability to communicate about clinical cases with other health providers; the abihty to assess and manage a patient who has collapsed; a commitment to ethical practises, quahty assurance in dentistry, and life-long continuing education. Appreciate: the role and responsibihties of the general dental practitioner in the provision of comprehensive total patient care; the need for referral in those situations which cannot be success­fully managed in general dental practice or requi re speciahst advice or intenention; safety in general dental practice; the need for constant evaluation of techniques, peer review of processes, and the application of scientific rigour and piinciples to the resolution of chnical problems.

Content Clinical experience in total patient care at both the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourneand selected clinical teaching centres and hospitals; Observational experience in private general practice; Seminars, demonstrations and assignments in special and general aspects of clinical dental practice. Assessment Case presentations at the end of Semester two - Four patients that the student has treated, one of whom must be a child and one of whom must be dentate but over 55 years of age AND Diagnostic exarnination of a patient (55 per cent) A pass in this section is required for an overall pass. Two essay/assignments (2,500-3,000words each) to be submitted by theend of September (15 per cent) Two 15 minute viva voce examinations at the end of semester two (15 per cent) Assessment of clinical work throughout theyear (15 percent)

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Physiotherapy Subjects FIRST YEAR

516-116 ANATOMY 1 (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Two hours oflectures and four hours of practical classes aweek. (AUyear.) Coordinator Dr C A Briggs. Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, students should: Comprehend: the terminology of anatomy; the principles relating to each of the following types of anatomical structures: skin, fascia and skeletal muscles; bones and joints; viscera; vessels and nerves; the subdivision of the human body into regions; the essential infonnation relating to specific anatomical stnictures (which form the boundaries and contents of the regions); the applications relatmgcUrectlytocbnicallyimportantarea markings of clinically important structureson normal Living bodies; the appearance of the human body in section at important levels; the appearance of normal structures on radiographs (and principles regarding the appearance of normal stnictures on c/t and ultra­sound).

Possess: observational and organisational skilLs to identify and interpret: exposed anatomical structures and regions; surface markings on normal living bodies; cross-sections of the body at important levels; normal structures on radiographs; communica­tion skills (written and oral) to describe the normal strucmre ofthe body; skills in the manipulation of anatomical strucmres (with dissecting instruments). Appreciate, the range of normality of the living human body (i.e. normal variation) due to age, sex and body build, and the effects of posture, phase of respiration, and pregnancy; the common occur­rence of anomalies (i.e. anatomical variation) which differ from "text-book descriptions" of the typical case; the importance of one's own observations (e.g. as seen in the historical development of anatomy as a science). Content The principles of anatomical stnictures. Regional, radio­logical, and appUed anatomy of the back, upper Umb, abdomen, pelvis, and lower Umb. Exposed anatomical strucmres and regions; cross-sections of the body at important levels; normal structures on radiographs. Descriptions of the normal strucmre of die body. Manipulation of anatomical structures with dissecting instruments. Nonnal variation due to age, sex and body build. The common occurrence of anatomical variation. Assessment First semester a 35-minute practical exammation (19per cent) and fourdissection assessments (6per cent). Second semester a 30-minute practical examination (19 per cent), four dissection assessments (6 percent) and a 3-hour written examina­tion (50 per cent). Prescribed texts: Eizenberg N, Murphy M and Briggs Practical Anatomy Guide and Dissector Department of Anatomy and CeU Biology 1994

516-117 MEDICAL BIOLOGY (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Two hours of lecmres a week in the first semester; two hours of lecmres and two hours of practical classes in the second semester. (AUyear) Coordinator. Dr S Rees. Objectives: Cell and Animal Biology: On completion of this program, students should: Comprehend: the strucmre and function of elements within a cell; the basic tissues of the body, the general strucmre and function of a vertebrate; the transition from organ systems to molecular events as a prerequisite to understanding many aspects of biochemistry and molecular biology, human evolution.

Appreciate: the importance of rational, critical and independent thought in biological science and in the imderstanding of medical science. Histology: On completion ofthis program, smdents should Comprehend: the terminology of histology the principles and essential information regarding: the light-microscopic and elec­tron-microscopic strucmre of normal cells and tissues; the ar­rangement of cells and tissues into the specific organs and systems; normal histology as a prerequisite for understanding pathology, physiology and biochemistry. Have developed: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret the Ught-microscopic and electron-microscopic ap­pearances of normal cells, tissues, organs and systems; the ability to visualise 3-dimensional structures from 2-dimensional data; skills in the use of a light microscope to obtain information from histological sections. Appreciate: the range of variation of microscopic stnicture within normal tissue; the scientific basis of knowledge of strucmre; the correlation of histological structure with function. Content Cell and Animal Biology The basic tissues of the body. The structure and function of organeUes and inclusions within the ceU. Introduction to molecular biology of the cell. Functional anatomy of a vertebrate: evolutionary history of vertebrates. Func­tional anatomy of organ systems with emphasis on evolutionary adaptation: skin, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excre­tory, reproductive and nervous systems. Human evolution. Histol­ogy Light and electron-microscopic strucmre of cells and the basic tissues of the human body. Structure of blood vesseLs, exocrine glands, and the skin. Respiratory, lymphoid, female and male reproductive and endocrine systems. The correlation of histologi­cal stnicture with function. Assessment First semester: a 90-minute written examination (40 percent). Second semester a 2-hourwritten examination (50 per cent) and a 25-minute practical examination (10 per cent). Prescribed Text Alberts B Molecular Biology of the Cell 2nd edition, Garland. Dorit R L, Walkerjnr W F and Barnes R D Zoology 1991 Saunders. Junqueira L C and Carneiro J Basic Histology 3rd or subsequent edition, Lange. Wheater P R, Burkitt H G and Daniels V G Functional Histology lst or subsequent edition ChurchiU Livingstone.

513-118 APPLIED ANATOMY AND KINESIOLOGY 1 Contact A lecmre, a mtorial and a practical class a week (three hours a week). (Allyear) Coordinator. Ms ETully. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the principles of mechanics which apply to physi­otherapy work; the relationship between stnicture and hmction of die synovial joints of the upper and lower Umbs; the contribution of skeletal muscles to movement of joints during functional activities and how this is affected by mechanical and physiological factors; the concepts of reliability and validity in relation to procedures for measurement of human function and movement; the integrated and coordinated movement of the trunk and the joints of the Umbs moving together to produce normal purposeful movement Have developed: skill in applying mechanical principles to selected Physiotherapy tasks, including exercise, manual treatment tech­niques involving push or pull, lifting and transferring patients and equipment and the use of apparatus for exercise; skuT in the obsenation and analysis of normal movement of the Umbs and trunk, and selected examples of abnormal movement skilLs in collecting and interpreting objective data relating to normal move­ment and function. Appreciate, the complexity of normal human movement in order to detect and analyse abnormal movement

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Content: Introduction to normal human movements and the reladonships between structure and function, with emphasis on movement of the upper and lower limbs during the first year, but also study of movements of the trunk. Mechanical principles and their application to physiotherapy, structure and function of the synovial joints of the limbs; muscles and movements ofthe trunk; mechanical and physiological factors that affect skeletal muscle in its functional role; introduction to analysis and objective measure­ment of normal movement. This subject is taught in conjunction with Anatomy 1 and Physiotherapy Principles and Practice. Assessment Firstsemester a 2-hourwritten examination (35 per cent) and a 15 minute practical examination on surface anatomy (10%). Second semester: a 2 hour written examination (35 per cent), a 15 mmute practical examination in surface anatomy (10%) and a 1500 word assignment (10%). Prescribed Text Norkin C & Levange P Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis F A Davis & Co.

513-111 PHYSIOTHERAPY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 1 Contact Four hours of practical classes and a 1-hour clinical session a week throughout the year; two hours a week of Introduc­tion to Emergency Medicine classes during the first semester. (All year.) Coordinator: Ms G Webb. Objectives: On completion of tins subject students should: Comprehetul: tlie role ofthe physiotherapist in tlie community, the principles involved in assessment procedures and problem solving processes as applied to clinical decision making; the principles invobed in exercise prescription; the need to be able to accurately identify structures for diagnosis and treatment Have developed: basic skilLs in First Aid.; basic skilLs in moving, positioning and Lifting of patients; skilLs in selected massage tech­niques; skills in the observation and analysis of normal movement and posture; the abihty to prescribe and teach exercises; skilLs in specific assessment procedures; skills in measurement procedures as used by physiotherapists; skilLs in identification of body surface markings, bones and bony prominences and the course of major nerves and blood vessels; skilLs in palpation and differentiation of superficial and some deep muscles, joint lines and ligaments. Appreciate: the need to integrate the knowledge of anatomy, physiology and kinesiology in the understanding of the theory and practice of physiotherapy the need to apply scientific attitudes of inquiry and critical analysis to physiotherapy practices. Content Introduction to Emergency Medicine An approach to emergency medicine, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; woimds, bleeding, shock; boneand soft tissue injuries; burns and poisoning; bites and stings; medical emergencies. Movement Observation, analysis and critical evaluation of normal body movements. Inter­personalskills Awareness of personal space, verbal and non verbal communication, touch.AssessmenttechtiiquesAn introduction to Physiotherapy assessment procedures. Massage Theory of mas­sage, massage techniques, positioning and comfort of patients. Exercise prescription Purpose of exercises, piinciples in teaching exercise, mechanical principles apphed to exercise, individual and class exercises, apparams, evaluation and modification of exer­cises. Patient handling Safety and comfort, patient positioning, patient transfers, safe lifting techniques, patient therapist relation­ships.

Assessment First semester, a 30-minute practical examination (30 per cent); a written examination and a 40-minute practical examination in First Aid (First Aid isahurdle requirement that must be completed by the end of second year). Second semester a 30-minute practical examination (60 per cent); exercise diary (10 per cent); attendance at clinical sessions is a requirement

Prescribed Text Please consult the coordinator before purchas­ing at least one of the foUowing: Maitland G D Vertebral Manipu­lation 5th edition 1986 Butterworth Heineman. Maitland G D PeripljeralManipidation rAeMon 1991 Butterworth Heinemann. Corrigan B and Maitland G D Practical Orthopaedic Medicine Butterworth & Co Ltd 1983 Sydney Toronto Wellington. Clarkson H&GiMchGMtisadoskektalAssessmentJointRangeofMotion and Manual Muscle Strength Williams & Wilkins

640-100/101 PHYSICS A/B (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Three hou rs of lecmres a week and one mtorial a fortnight Smdents without VCE Physics take an additional mtorial each fortnight (First semester.) Coordinator: Dr Z Barnea Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: the laws of motion, properties of solid, liquid and gaseous matter and thermodynamics; the physics of light and sound and the psychophysics of vision and hearing; electromagnetism, elementary circuits and electronics; properties of ionizing radia­tion and radioactivity. Have developed: skilLs to analyse and solve physical problems. Appreciate: the importance of rational, critical and independent thought in physical science and in the understanding of medical science. Content Physics ulustrated by applications to biological systems and cUnical technology. Selected topics in the areas of mechanics, properties of matter.thermal physics, optics, acoustics, electricity and magnetism, atomic physics and nuclear physics. Assessment A 3-hour written examination at the end of semester, plus written assignments during the semester. Smdents must satisfactorily complete assignment work as specified at the start of semester. Prescribed texts: Nave C R and Nave B C Physics for the Heidtb Sciences *3rd edition, Saunders Kane JW and Sternheim NM Physics 3rd edition, Wiley. *Preliminary Reading

585-100 GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGEING Contact Two hours of lecmres; four mtoriaLs a semester. (First semester) Coordinator: Professor II Peach. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should be able to imdcrstand normal growth, development and ageing and its physical, social and culmral determinants. Content Concept and control of growth; concept of psychological development ageing: growth, maturation and ageing of musculo­skeletal, nervous and respiratory systems; development of intellec­tual, social and emotional factors, motor-positive, language and thought; nutrition; adolescence; sexuaUty. Assessment A l.5-hour written examination (lOOpercent).

536-112 PHYSIOLOGY (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Three hours each of lecmres and three hours of practical classes a week. (Second semester) Coordinator Dr M Hargreaves. Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: the terminology of physiology the principles and essential information regarding the functions of different cell types and how they interact in organ systems; the mechanisms by which these different organ systems are controUed in the normal human being; the normal numerical values for those physiological vari­ables that are commonly used as indices of disease in physiotherapy practice.

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Have developed: observational and organisational skilLs to use experimental techniques in investigating physiological systems and document the findings reUably skills in analysing and evaluating physiological experimental data. Appreciate, the ranges of normality for physiological parameters; mefactorswmchinfluencemesignificanre investigating physiological systems. Content Functions of different cell types and how they interact in organ systems. Mechanisms bywhich organ systems are controlled in the nonnal human being. Normal numerical values for physi­ological variables commonly used as indices of disease in physi­otherapy practice. Cell membranes; fluid balance and distribution in the body, cellular and whole body homeostasis; excitable membranes; nerve and muscle cells; chemical neurotransmission; simple reflex organisation; autonomic nenous system; cardiac function; hemodynamics; distribution and regulation of cardiac output; control of blood pressure; whole body patterns of cardio­vascular response.

Assessment A 3-hour end-of-semester written examination (85 per cent); laboratory class work (15 per cent). If laboratory work is unsatisfactory, a student must pass a further 3-hour practical examination to pass the subjecL Prescribed Text Sherwood I. Human Physiology 2nd edition 1993 WesL

554-112 BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Two hours of lectures and a 1-hour mtorial a week. (Second semester) Coordinator Associate Professor D Home. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdenLs should have been introduced to psychological construcLs which can facilitate their professional development and practice as physiotherapists, and encouraged to develop a holistic model of their work. General Objectives: SmdenLs will be presented with information on, and will be expected to appreciate the implications of, psycho­logical theory for physiotherapy practice in each of the syllabus areas described below. Content of lecture program: Three blocks of lecmres. Block 1: Communicating with and assessing clienLs; (includes) physio-client anxieties, communication skills, clinical decision­making, concepts of normality, loss and grief, abnormal psychol­ogy and relevant personabty constructs. Block 2: Teaching and motivating clients; (includes) sport psychology, motivation and rehabilitation, increasing desired behaviours. Block 3: Physical and psychological interactions in illness; (includes) stress and stress management, psychology of pain and chronic illness, sys­temic interaction of psychological and physical factors. Content of tutorial program: Largely, but not exclusively, parallels lecmre program. The mtorials are about discussing, reflecting on, and in some cases, applying the concepts raised in the lecmres. Assessment An essayofup to2000words (25percent) anda2.5-hour end-of-semester written examination (75 per cent).

SECOND YEAR

513-200 APPLIED ANATOMY AND KINESIOLOGY 2 Contact A1-hour lecm re and a 1-hour mtorial aweek. (Allyear) Coordinator Ms E Tulry. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the principles of mechanics which apply to Physi­otherapy work; the integrated and co ordinated movement of the joints and muscles of the Limbs and trunk, duiing normal walking; the effect on walking of loss of joint range of motion and muscle

weakness, and how a patient may compensate for this; basic concepts relating to the energy cost of human gait; the relationship between structure andfunction of the joints of the vertebral column; the contribution of muscles to vertebral movement and stability; the principles involved in safe lifting techniques; the role of the thoracic joints and muscles in producing normal respiration; the need for valid and reliable measurement of human movement, for the purpose of assessment and evaluation of treatment outcomes. Have developed: skill in applying mechanical principles to selected areas of physiotherapy practice; skill in obsenation and analysis of normal movement ofthe trunk and vertebral column, the move­ments of respiration, and human walking; skul in collecting and analysing selected objective data relating to normal movement and function.

Appreciate: the complexity of normal human movement in order to detect and analyse abnormal movement Content This subject will be taught in conjunction with Anatomy 2 and Physiotherapy Principles and Practice 2 and will develop an appreciation of normal movement and die relationship between strucmre and function. Emphasis will be on the head, neck, thorax and vertebral column.Topics asfor Apphed Anatomy andKinesiology 1. Assessment Semester 1:1-hourwTitten examination (35%), a 30-minute practical examination (15%) and a 1500 word assign­ment (15%) • Second semester 1 -hour written examination (35%). PrescribedText BogdukN &T\\omcylClinicalAnatomy ofthe Lumbar Spine ChurchiU Livingstone.

513-201 PHYSIOTHERAPY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 2 Contact Three hours ofpractical classes aweek; a 1 hourclinical session a week. (Allyear) Coordinator: Ms G Webb. Objectives: This subject is taught in conjunction with thesubject Theory of Physiotherapy Practice. On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehetul: The importance of effective communication and interpersonal skilLs in physiotherapy practice; the aetiology, pathol­ogy, physiotherapy and medical management of major soft tissue injuries; the normal detemunants of gait and how they are meas­ured; the principles of the theory and practice of motor skill learning and its apphcation to the retraining of movement; the principles involved in assessment procedures and problem sohing processes as apphed to clinical decision making; the principles involved in exercise presription; die principles involved in mobilis­ing techniques; the principles involved in basic neurological treat­ment; the principles of basic cardiothoracic treatmenL Have Developed: An ability to obtain and interpret appropriate assessment details foUowing subjective and objective assessment, and to record these findings; an ability to problem solve in assessment and treatment selection; an ability to analyse posture and movement, both normal and abnormal; satisfactory skills in patient handling, positioning and transfers; skills in the selection and perfoimance of appropriate techniques to mobilise joints and soft tissue strucmres; skills in the selection, performance and prescription of exercises including strengthening, mobihsing, postural and movement re-education; skills in the assessment, measurement and treatment techniques for the management of balance and co-ordination problems; skills in the observation, analysis and treatment techniques of gait disorders; an ability to apply slings, bandages, tape, plasters andavarietyof orthotics; skills in the observation of normal breathing patterns; skills in proprioceptive neuromuscular faciUtation techniques; skills in the safe lifting and transferring of patients.

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Appreciate: The need to apply scientific attitudes of inquiry and critical analysis to physiotherapy techniques and practices; the need for objective measurement and its analysis and interpretation. Content Continuation of die first year Physiotherapy Principles and Practice. Assessment procedures: Specifically related to soft tissue inju ries of peripheral and vertebral joints. Problem solving, subjective and objective assessments, recording, measurement of peripheral and vertebral joints; gait training and re-education; the measurement and use of gait aids, transfers and activities of dady living, observa­tion and analysis of gait deficits, gait re-education and measurement systems. Balance and co-ordination: assessment and measurement of balance reactions, co-ordination and sensation, treatment tech­niques; exercise prescription: individiial and class work. The application of bio-mechanical principles and motor skdl learning to exercise. Rehabditation including the use of selected apparatus, hydrotherapy and isokinetics; mobilising techniques: an introduc­tion to the selection and apphcation of a variety of mobilising techniques, including physiological and accessory passive move­ments for peripheral and vertebral joints, stretching techniques, active and passive, massage, active exercise; bandaging: theory and apphcation of slings, bandages, tape; indications; plaster making; theory and apphcation of selected orthotics for upper and lower bmbs; introduction to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques; introduction to breathing exercises and posttiral drain­age.

Assessment First and second semester continuous class assessment of skilLs (40 per cent). Second semester: 2x 30 minute practical examinations (60 per cent). Prescribed Text Maitland G D Vertebral Manipulation 5th edition 1986 Butterworth Heineman. Maitland G D Peripheral Manipulation 3rd edition 1991 Butterworth Heinemann. Corrigan B and Maitland G D Practical Orthopaedic Medicine Butterworth & Co Ltd 1983 Sydney Toronto Wellington.

513 206 THEORY OF PHYSIOTHERAPY PRACTICE Contact 1-hour lecture and 1-hourtutorial aweek (All Year) Coordinator: Ms G Webb. Objectives: This subject is taught in conjuction with Physi­otherapy Principles and Practice 2. On completion of this subject, smdents should: Compreljend: The importance of effective communication and interpersonal skills in physiotherapy practice; die aetiology, pathol­ogy, physiotherapy and medical management of major soft tissue injuries of peripheral joints and the vertebral area; the normal determinants of gait and how they are measured; the principles of the theory and practice of motor skill learning and its application to the retraining of movement die principles of exercise prescrip­tion; the principles of hydrotherapy, the principles involved in assessment procedures and problem solving processes as apphed to chnical decision making; the principles invobed in basic neuro­logical treatment the principles of basic cardiothoracic treatment Have Developed: An abihty to interpret appropriate assessment details following subjective and objective assessment and to record these findings; an abihty to problem sobe in assessment and treatment selection; an abihty to analyse posture and movement both normal and abnormal; skills in the prescription of exercises including strengthening, mobilising, postural and movement re­education; skill in collecting and analysing selected objective data relating to normal movement and hmction, skilLs in researching current hterature in soft tissue injury management Appreciate: The need to apply scientific attimdes of inquiry and critical analysis to the theory of physiotherapy practice; the need for objective measurement and its analysis and interpretation.

Content Continuation of first year Physiotherapy Principles and Practice. Assessment procedures: problem sohing, subjective and objective assessments, recording, measurement; gait: analysis, normal and pathological gaits, causative factors in gait pathologies, energy requirements of gait measurement systems; exercise prescription: knowledge of the physiology, biomechanical and motor skill learning principles as apphed to exercise. Theory of hydrotherapy, theory of mobilising and stretching techniques and their role in rehabilitation, including massage; soft tissue injuries: pathology, repair processes, classification of injuries, differential diagnosis, and choice of treatment techniques, for peripheral and vertebral joints. Biomechanics of soft tissues; collagen, ligaments, tendons, muscle Assessment First semester: Two assignments (1500 words each) (40 per cent). Second semester a 3-hour written paper (60per cent) Prescribed Text Maitland G D Vertebral Manipulation 5th edition 1986 Butterworth Heineman. Maitland G D Peripheral Maniptuation 3rd edition 1991 Butterworth Heinemann. Corrigan B and Maitland G D Practical Orthopaedic Medicine Butterworth & Co Ltd 1983 Sydney Toronto Wellington.

513-202 ELECTROTHERAPY Contact A One hour lecmres and 90-minutes of practical classes aweek (AUyear). Coordinaton ProfessorJ McMeeken. Objectives: On completion ofthis subject smdents should: Compreljend: the requirements for electrophysical agents in the management of patients; the necessity of safety in patient manage­ment and equipment operation: the reasons for the selection of particular electrophysical agents for patients; the need to evaluate the results of treatment continuing advances in electrotherapy. Have developed: safe procedures in the practical application of electrophysical agents; an ability to appropriately select electrophysical agents for patient management; experience in die recording of physiotherapy treatments; the abihty to maintain electrotherapy equipment to an adequate safety standard. Appreciate: the need for the integration of chemistry, physics, physiology, anatomy and pathology in the selection of electrophysical agents; the importance of scientific attimdes of inquiry and critical analysis in the practice of electrotherapy. Content A practical and theoretical smdy of die principles and practiceoftreatmentand diagnosis bythermal, electrical, mechani­cal and allied forms of energy. The syllabus includes electrical safety, therapeutic heat and cold, electromagnetic radiations, elec­trical stimulation, and electromyography. The effects of these forms of energy on pathological processes is addressed. The agents are considered in terms of physics, biophysics, physi­ological effects, indications, contra-indications, dosage, principles and techniques of apphcation, recordingand care of theapparatus. Theoretical considerations will normally precede practical classes. This subject commences the integration of the theory and practice of electrotherapy with the apphcation to selected clinical condi­tions. This includes the use of electrotherapy in differing age groups.

Assessment A 2-hour written examination (40 per cent) and a 30-minute practical examination (60 per cent). Prescribed texts: Low J & Reed A Electrotherapy Explcdned: Principles and Practice London: Butterworth Heinemann 1990.

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516-205 ANATOMY 2 (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Two hours of lectures and three hours of practical classes aweek. {Firstsemester) Coordinator Dr C A Briggs. Objectives: On completion ofthis subject students should achieve the general objectives as hsted in Anatomy 1. Content Continuation of the first year Anatomy course: regional, radiological, surface and apphed anatomy of the head, neck and thorax. Assessment First semester: a3-hourwritten examination (60 per cent), a 40-minute flagrace examination (28%) and 3 dissection assessments (12%). Prescribed texts: Eizenberg, N Murphy M and Briggs C Practical Anatomy Guide and Dissector Department of Anatomy and CeU Biology 1994

536-204 PHYSIOLOGY 2 (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Three hours of lectures and three hours of practical classes a week. (First semester) Coordinator Dr M llargreaves. Objecdves: On completion of this subject, students should have achieved the general objectives as Usted hi Physiology 1. Content Whole body metaboUsm; temperature regulation; lung mechanics; gas exchange and transport; respiratory control; regu­lation of electrolyte and water balance; acid-base balance; digestive tract motility, digestion and absorption of foodstuffs; patterns of nutrition; properties of blood cells; control of blood cell formation; haemostasis. Assessment A 3-hour written examination (85 percent) covering both semesters of the Physiology course; laboratory class work (15 per cent). If laboratory work is unsatisfactory, a student must pass a further 3-hour practical examination to pass the subject. Prescribed Text Sherwood I. Human Physiology 2nd edition 1993 West

531-200 PATHOLOGY (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Two hours of lectures and a 1-hour tutorial/museum class a week. (First semester) Coordinator Dr M Myers Objecdves: On completion ofthis subject students should: Comprehend: the terminology of pathology the principles and essential information regarding the major types of disease proc­esses, their causes, and the responses of cells, tissues, organs and systems in these disease processes; the effects of injury on ceUs, organs and systems; the morphological and functional character­istics of common and important diseases; the molecular basis of pathological processes. Havedevehped: observational and organisational skills to identify the macroscopic appearance of disease processes in exposed structures and cut sections of organs, and the microscopic appear­ance of disease processes in cells, tissues, organs and systems; communication stalls to describe diseases. :' "

. Appreciate: the importance of evaluating clinical manifestations of diseases in terms of disturbances of structure and function; the capabilities and limitations of special investigations (including clinical pathology, biochemistry and radiology) • Content Injury to cells and tissues; reaction to injury, vascular disorders; diabetes; disorders of growth; other pathological proc­esses; environmental and nutritional disorders; genetic and devel­opmental disorders; infectious disease; immunopathology. Evalu­ating cUnical manifestations of diseases in terms of disturbances of

structure and function. The capabiUties and limitations of special investigations (mcluaingchnicalpathology.biochemistry and radi­ology). Assessment A 2-hour end-of-semester written examination.

513-204 RESEARCH METHODS 1 Contact One hour lecture and a one hour tutorial per week. (Secondsemester) Coordinator Dr I Story. Objecdves: This course forms the first of a three stage sequence of research methods. On completion of this subject, students should: Ccwr/ff-eAenrf.Theprinciplesof research methods and examplesof their apphcation in cUnical research and practice. Hate Developed: Skills in statistical computing and in critically evaluating pubUshed research. Content Criteria for evaluating published research. Types of research designs. Internal and external validity. Descriptive statis­tics. Measurement in physiotherapy. Z-scores. Confidence inter­vals. Significance testing. Tests of differences between groups. Tests of relationships between variables. Reliability. Assessment 1.5 hour examination (75%). 1000 word statistical computing assignment (25%).

513-203 HUMAN MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT Contact Two hours per week. (Second Semester) Coordinator Ms E Williams Objectives: On completion of this subject students should: Comprehend: the nonnal sensory motor development from con­ception through to adolescence with some attention to ageing as a sequential process; the principles involved in the assessment and testing of sensori-motor reactions in the neonate; the importance ofthe sequential development of the sensory and motor systems; the variations that occur in normal development the principles in­volved in percepto-motor development the principles involved in neuro developmental assessment Hate developed: an abihty to observe and analyse normal posture and movement in the child; an abihty to interact with cluldren; basic skills in the assessment and testing of the sensori-motor system; skills in neurodevelopmental assessment Content This subject wiU be taught using a variety of methods including lecmres, mtorials, practicals and clinical sessions. The students wdl be encouraged to develop observational and practical ski Us with a variety of age groups and will be introduced to assessing children receiving physiotherapy for developmental conditions. To include: Observation and analysis of cluldren's posture and movement changes in skill development concentrating on the pre­school years; development ofthe musculoskeletal system in a child to an adult assessment and testing ofthe sensori-motor reactions in the neonate, differences between reactions and reflexes and thei r importance as a precursor to normal development development of the tactile and proprioceptive systems; development of the vestibu­lar, ocular and auditory systems; percepto-motor development neuro-developmental assessment assessment of children, includ­ing children receiving physiotherapy. Assessment Assignment (40percent);90-minutevvrittenexami­nation (40 per cent); Attendance and class work (20 per cent) Prescribed Text Eckersley P M Elements of Paediatric Pliysi-o//.^tf/y ChurchiU Livingston. Sheridan MDBirthto5 Years, Acer 1990

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513 205 COMMUNITY HEALTH Interpersonal processes and issues in health care Contact Two hours of lectures and a 1-hour tutorial a week. {Secondsemester) Coordinator: ProfessorJ McMeeken Objecdves: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: The principles of oral and non-verbal commumca­tion skilLs and interpersonal processes in physiotherapy. Issues in health from the perspective of differentagegroups, gender, cultural and ethnic backgrounds and the disabled in the community. The impact of illness and disability in the commumty. Have Developed: The ability to communicate effectively. Appreciate: The importance of effective communication in physi­otherapy practice. The diversity of individuals in the community and their differing perspectives on health and illness. Content Communication Skills: Attending behaviour, ques­tions, observation and active hstening. Communicating effectively with people from different backgrounds in a personal and profes­sional context. The opportunity to practise skills with role play and videotaping. Health Issues in the Community: Adolescent health, contempo­rary issues, coping with acute trauma and illness, and chronic longterm illness: sexuality, different beliefs about sexuality, dealing with patient's anxieties about sexuality; the influence of gender on health, health pohcy and research; aboriginal health; ethnic and cultural issues affecting health and illness. Assessment A2-hour end-of-semester written examination. Per­formance on videotape interview.

536-205 EXERCISE AND INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY Contact Two hours of lectures a week, and a total of seven 3-hour practical/tutorial sessions. (Secondsemester.) Coordinator: Dr M Hargreaves. Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the principles of endocrine control systems includ­ing hormone action and the variety of hormone types in the body; the integration of die different systems in exercise; the provision of the metabolic requirements for exercise. Haw developed: the abihty to integrate the changes in different systems that occur with alterations hi various parameters. Content: Hormones: principles of action, specific types, hypodialamo-pituitary axis, control of metabolism; fluid balance and reproductive functions; pregnane, postnatal growth and puberty. Physiological responses of the body to physical activity, with special reference to muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Skeletal muscle-structure and function; mechanical, elec­trical and histochemical characteristics. Muscle bioenergetics. Energy production, central and peripheral processes in oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle. Anaerobic and aerobic power and capacity. Specific physical performance and stress testing. Physi­ological changes in the mnscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems with training and fatigue. The physiological bases of exercise prescription. Physical performance and physiological responses in adv erse environments. Equipment used to monitor the responses of the muscular, cardiovasailar and respiratory systems to physical activity. Measurement of oxygen consumption, heart rate, anaerobic threshold, aerobic and anaerobic power output, force-velocity relationship, fatigue and the use of electromyography to investigate muscular involvement. Assessment A 3-hour end-of-semester written examination, (90 per cent). Written laboratory reports (10 per cent). Prescribed texts: Powers S and Howley E T Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application toFitnessandPerformance. In addition, prescribed review articles for scientific hterature.

516-206 NEUROSCIENCE (PHYSIOTHERAPY) Contact Three hours of lectures and two hours of practical classes a week and 6 hours clinical sessions. (Secondsemester) Coordinator Dr A Goodwin. Objecdves: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the terminology of neuroscience; the principles and essential information regarding the macroscopic and microscopic strucmre ofthe nervous system and the functional components of the nervous system including their organisation and major connec­tions; the correlation of strucmre with function including behav­iour; the major effects of lesions to clinically important areas and pathways.

Have developed: observational and organisational skills to identify and interpret the macroscopic appearance of the brain and spinal cord including cut sections, and the microscopic appearance of the nervous system; skills to analyse the strucmral and functional changes which may occur in disorders of the nervous system. Appreciate: the extent and limitations of current knowledge of the organisation of the central nervous system, particularly in the context of recent profound advances in Neuroscience; the imphca­tions of such limitations in our understanding of how the brain works. Content The development, stnicture and function of the human nenous system, widi emphasis on the neural basis of sensory and motor behaviour, including vision, hearing, touch, as well as the control of posture and die movements of the limbs, hand, head and eyes. The organisation of diecerebral cortex, the hypothalamus and hmbic system. The regional anatomy ofthe nenous system and the organisation of the sensory and motor systems. Assessment A 90-minute examination during the semester (25 per cent); a 3-hour end-of-semester written examination (75 per cent). Prescribed texts: Kandel E R, Schwartz J H andjessell 1 Princi­ples of Neural Science 3rd edition Elsevier 1991

THIRD YEAR

513-300 CARDIOTHORACIC PHYSIOTHERAPY 1 Contact 33 hours of lecmres and practical/mtorial classes in Theory Blocks 1,2 & 3 and 180 hours clinical rotation including theory (30 hours), demonstrations and cUnical practice. Coordinaton MsLDenehy. Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: the pathophysiology of medical and surgical cardiothoracic conditions; the methods of accurate assessment of patients in order to formulate effective treatment strategies; the principles of problem sohing and formulation of treatment aims based on patient assessment the basic cardiothoracic management techniques and the pathophysiological bases for their use; the principles behind effective and efficient cardiothoracic workload management die role of the cardiothoracic physiotherapist within the patient management team.

Have developed: an understanding of medical terminology used in medical records; skills in assessment of cardiothoracic patients; basic skills in clinical problem sobing; the ability to perform basic cardiothoracic treatment techniques; the capacity to evaluate and mochfy basic treatments; safe and effective cardiothoracic physi­otherapy management of uncomplicated medical and surgical patients. Appreciate: the importance of treatment selection based on sound knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of the disease condition being managed, and accurate initial assessment proce­dures; the importance of safe handhng and movement of cardiothoracic patients and equipment

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Content Theoretical component will cover the pathophysiology of the less complex cardiothoracic disorders, such as infective disorders of the respiratory system, diseases of airflow limitation, cancer, cardiology and paediatric respiratory conditions. Clinical practice will emphasise performance of accurate assessment and treatment skills and an ability to formulate basic managementplans for less complex medical and surgical patients. Further theoretical knowledge of equipment used in cardiothoracic physiotherapy. Assessment Clinical assessment including continuous assess­ment, examination and mtorial presentation and paper (totalling 50 per cent), and a 3-hour end of year written examination (50 per cent). Smdents must pass both clinical and written assessment in order to pass the overall subject

Prescribed Text Webber B A Brompton Hospital Guide to Chest Physiotherapy

513-301 MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY 1 Contact 45 hours of lecmres, seminars, practical and mtorials in Theory Blocks 1,2 & 3 and 180 hours clinical rotation including theory (30 hours), demonstrations and cbnical practice. Coordinaton Mr H Wajswelner. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: principles of professional and effective communica­tion with patients and other health professionals; the aetiology, physiology medical and physiodierapy management of fractures, dislocations, joint surgery, the arthridities, soft tissue injuries, vertebral and peripheral joint conditions. Have developed: skilLs in subjective and objective assessment of the relevant patient groups; the ability to identify and prioritise assess­ment findings in order to develop an appropriate treatment plan; skills in physiotherapy treatment the ability to continually and immediately evaluate treatment techniques in order to plan and monitor treatment the ability to progress and modify treatment with regard to both pathology and patient response; the ability to accurately and concisely record and com municate assessment and treatment details; the abihty to select appropriate electrotherapy equipment and apply it an effective and safe manner, die ability to understand and interpret X-rays.

Appreciate: the need to safely and effectively perform appropriate assessment and treatment techniques; the need for continuing responsibibty for self learning and development the concept of a team approach to patient management. Content The cause, pathophysiology, progress and physiodierapy management ofmusculoskeletal disorders. Investigative techniques will emphasise the use of x-rays. Clinical practice provides experi­ence of effective and safe management of pathological and surgical conditions, with patients in splints, plaster, slings and traction, in emergency procedures, Lifting, transfering and gait Treatment planning, appUcation and progression will be undertaken. Appro­priate selection and appUcation of electrotherapy and continuous passive motion devices.

Assessment CUnical assessment, including continuous assess­ment examination and mtorial presentation and paper (totalling 50 per cent), and an end of year 3-hour written examination (50%). Smdents must pass both clinical and written assessment in order to pass the overall subject. Prescribed Text Maitland G D Vertebral Manipulation 5th edition 1986 Butterworth Heineman. Maitland G D Peripheral ManipiuationSrdedition 1991 Butterworth Heinemann. Corrigan B and Maitland G D Practical Orthopaedic Medicine Butterworth & Co Ltd 1983 Sydney Toronto Wellington.

513-302 NEUROLOGICAL PHYSIOTHERAPY 1 Contact 49 hours of lecmres, practical classes/tutorials and self guided learning in Theory Blocks 1,2 and 3 and 180 hours cUnical rotation including theory (30 hours), demonstrations and cUnical practice. Coordinator. MsJ Goldman-Reznik. Objectives: On completion ofthis subject smdents should: Comprehend: the principles of analysis of abnormal movement; the principles of motor learning and facibtation and their appUca­tion to the physiotherapy management of the neurological patient; medical and surgical management of specific neurological disor­ders; the reasons for selection of treatment techniques. Have developed: skills in observation, assessment and treatment techniques for patients with neurological problems; the ability to safely manage cUnical problems; measurement and recording skills; the ability to communicate with patients and their families, with physiotherapy staff and with other health professionals; expe­rience in coUaborative learning, presentation and patient manage­ment; skills in identifying priorities for treatment of the patient presenting with multiple problems.

Appreciate, the need to integrate learning theory, neuroscience, physiology, anatomy, pathology, in the analyses of patient problems and selection of appropriate treatment techniques; the importance of critical thought in the imderstanding of functional analyses and application of treatment procedures for the neurological patient the particular communication, cognitive and comprehension diffi­culties that may present in the patient witli neurological problems; the necessity for safe handling in patient management. Content Theories of motor control and learning, methods of assessment, chnical decision makingand selection of physiotherapy techniques, and functional analysis of patients presenting with stroke, head injury, neurosurgery, neurological disease and spinal injury. Assessment Physiotherapy techniques, including video observa­tion assessment (10%), clinical assessment including continuous assessment, examination, log book and mtorial presentation/paper (50%), and a 3-hour end of year written examination (40%). Smdents must pass bodi clinical and written assessment in order to pass the subject Prescribed texts: Kandel E R, Schwartz J H andJesseU T Princi­ples of Neural Science 3rd edition Elsevier 1991

534-308 PHARMACOLOGY FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY Contact 26 hours lecmres and mtorial/seminar in Theory Block 1. (FirstSemester) Coordinator Dr C Laska and Dr O Woodman. Objectives: On completion ofthis subject smdents should: Comprehend: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeu­tic uses and toxicology of drugs generally used in medical practice and in particular those which influence the delivery and outcome of physiotherapy treatment, and those which are (or may in future be) used in the practice of physiotherapy, the actions of proprietary drugs, socially used Licit drugs and illicit drugs with the emphasis on comprehension of consequences for the delivery and outcome of physiotherapy treatment

Have developed: abiUties to find up-to-date information on drugs and apply that information to the practice of physiotherapy skills in detecting the effects of drugs on their patients and in delivering appropriate patient counsellingor referral to medical practitioners Appreciate: the role of drug therapy vis a vis physiotherapy. Content Basic prmciples of pharmacology', the level of drug action with the emphasis on the effect on the physiological systems of the

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intact human and effects on motor and effective behaviour; the pharmacokinetics of absorption, distribution, metabobsm, and excretion; methods of drug administration; pharmacology for specific clinical proposes mcluding the mechanism of action, uses/ indications, dosage, side effects, contra-indications; tlie effects of multipharmacy; the use and affects of anaesthetics; dnigs of de­pendence used in society. Assessment A 2-hourwritten examination (100 percent). Prescribed texts: Rang II P and Dale M M Pharmacology 2nd edition, 1991 Churchill Livingstone orNeal MJ Phannacology at a Glance 2nd edition, 1992 Blackwell.

513-303 KINESIOLOGY AND MEASUREMENT Contact 29 hours lecnires, mtorials and practical sessions. Coordinaton MsETully. Objectives: On completion of dus subject smdents should: Comprehend. The relationship behveen strucmre and function of the joints ofthe bmbs and vertebral column at an advanced level; the biomechanical basis of selected musculoskeletal problems, and the clinical tests associated with these problems; the need for reliable and valid measurement tools for die evaluation of human movement and function; the basic principles of dynamic spbnting for preventive and corrective purposes. Haw developed: skill in manufacmring and evaluating selected splints to aid hand function; skill in reviewing current and relevant literamre related to the appbed anatomy and biomechanics of selected musculoskeletal topics; including the ability to evaluate positive and negative aspects of the material, to demonstrate critical thinking in relation to the topic, and to communicate the findings of research by way of a verbal presentation. Appreciate: The need for sound knowledge ofthenormal stnictu re and function of the musculoskeletal system to enable accurate analysis of disordered human movement the use, basic operation and limitations of selected instruments used for the measurement of human movement and function; that measurement tools used by physiotherapists to evaluate human performance may vary from simple inexpensive cbnical measurement techniques to highly technical computerised instruments; the need forvab'd and reliable measurement of human movement to provide objective assessment of human movement disorders, and to evaluate the results of physiotherapy intenention; that life long learning requires the abihty to criticaUy review the information provided and/or relevant research Uterature relating to a topic. Content Dynamic splinting to aid hand function. Introduction to and evaluation of measurement instniments such as isokinetic dynanometer, the cUnical stride analyser, computerised video analysis system, force platform, and electromyography, fitness testing procedures and measurement of balance. Small group hterature review ofthe apphed anatomy and biomechanics related to a selected musculoskeletal topic.

Assessment Attendance at spbnting workshops. Evaluation of measurement instilments (50 per cent). Kinesiology literamre reviewAerbal presentation (50 per cent). Smdents must pass each assessment component in order to pass each assessment compo­nent in order to pass the subject

513-304 SEMINARS IN PHYSIOTHERAPY 1 Contact 36 hours of lecmres, seminars and mtorials in Theory Blocks 1,2 and 3. (All Year) Coordinaton ProfessorJ McMeeken. Objecdves: On completion ofthis subject smdents should: Comprehend: the links between health and illness and sociocul-mral and economic factors; environmental factors in health; the

principles of pubhc health including the distribution and determi­nants of disease in human populations; the role of Government in Health; community health care modeLs and the role of physi­otherapy. Haw developed: skills in resourcing information related to health issues Appreciate: the multifactorial determinants of health and illness; the concepts of total community patient care and working as a member of a team of health professionals. Content The smdy of the health care system and the interaction of physiotherapists with the community, their patients and other health professionals. Addressing physiotherapy interaction and management in private and public community practice settings, the influence of sociocultural groups on health eduction and care, the special health needs of women and occupational health. Assessment Two mtorial presentations (15 per cent each) and written assignments (70 per cent). Topics to be smdied include: Socioculmral Context of Health (10 hours); Occupational Health (8 hours); Women's Health (8 hours); Professional Practice & Management (10 hours).

SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH Objecdves: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the links behveen health and illness and sociocul­mral and economic factors; environmental factors in health; the principles of public health including the distribution and determi­nants of disease in human populations; the role of Government in Healdi; community health care modeLs and the role of physi­otherapy. Haw developed: skills in resourcing information related to health issues Appreciate: the multifactorial determinants of health and illness; the concepts of total community patient care and working as a member of a team of health professionals. Content The interaction of the social, political, gender and culmral influences on health, illness and disease in Austrahan society morbidity profiles in AustraUa Environmental hazards: includingaspectsofinfectiousand sexually transmitted disease; physical and chemical hazards; occupational health; dnig dependence; epidemiology, mass screening; health education; public health pohcy formulation. Health Care System and Special Senices: including the roles of federal, stale and local government Medicare and the Health Insurance Commission, issues of pubhc and private care, psychiat­ric senices and physiotherapy services in the community.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Objectives: On completion ofthis subject smdents should: Comprehend: the role and hmction of a physiotherapist in health promotion and occupational injury prevention; the theory of ergonomics in physiodierapy practice; the role of Government regulatory bodies and stamtory authorities in occupational health. Hawdeveloped: skills in ergonomic assessment; skdls in resource retrieval for occupational health. Appreciate, the need for the integration of knowledge and skilLs from medical, behavioural and physiotherapy subjects in occupa­tional physiotherapy; the need for collaboration with management union representatives, workers and other health professionals. Content: Ergonomic assessment including task analysis, work site modification. Manual handling program development Strategies for injury prevention, rehabilitation and management Government regulatory bodies andstatutory authorities invohed in occupational health.

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WOMEN'S HEALTH Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: anatomy and physiology pertaining to pregnancy, parturition and the puerperium; medical and surgical gynaecology, including incontinence; a knowledge of basic physiotherapy skills used in the treatment of women in obstetrics and gynaecology and maintenance of their fitness; the role of physiotherapy in childbirth education, prevention and management of incontinence, and gy­naecology. Have developed: skills in teaching specific ante- and post-natal physiotherapy; skills in the management of women following obstetrical and gynaecological surgery. Appreciate, the need for the integration of physiology, anatomy, kinesiology, pathology, behavioural sciences and physiotherapy principles and practice when considering physiotherapy relevant to obstetrics and gynaecology, the need for physiotherapy in the prevention and management of musculoskeletal problems arising in obstetrics and gynaecological patients; the importance of using further resources in the physiotherapy profession for the develop­ment of these skills; the particular needs of women in health maintenance; the need to work in collaboration with other mem­bers of the health care team. Content A theoretical study ofthe basic physiotherapy for obstet­rics and gynaecology. The syllabus includes general exercise and advice for the maintenance and increase of fitness in pregnancy and the post partum, and in the middle and later years. Theory and management of specific musculoskeletal problems during pregnancy and the post partum.

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE & MANAGEMENT Objectives: On completion ofthis subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the medico-legal issues related to physiotherapy practice; the need for the development of management skills; the need for adequate interpersonal skilLs in order to function effec­tively in the health care setting. Have developed: skilLs in comprehensive record keeping appro­priate to physiotherapy, knowledge and imderstanding ofthe ethics of the physiotherapy profession; understanding of the role, devel­opment and implementation of quahty assurance systems in health care professions; an understanding of group dynamics and group participation in order to effectively interact as part of a multidisciplinary team; skills in assertiveness, verbal presentation and conflict resolution within a team setting. Appreciate: the non-clinical skills associated with physiotherapy required to function as a competent member of the physiotherapy profession. Content Theory and practice in written and verbal communica­tion, team functioning, time management, new program develop­ment, group dynamics, assertiveness and conflict resolution, teach­ing, presentation and supervision. Professional and medico-legal issues encompassing the role of professional and industrial organisations, pubhc and private sector practice needs, health economics, quahty assurance, professional ethics and medico-legal issues such as record keeping specifically related to physiotherapy.

513-305 RESEARCH METHODS 2 Contact 60 hours of lecmres and computer labs in Theory Blocks 1,2 and 3. (All Year) Coordinaton Dr I Story. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: the role of statistics in research; the differences between types of smdy design; the importance of reliability and validity in measurement; the conditions required for the various

analytical techniques; the epidemiology of disease; ethical consid­erations in conducting research; the role of research in physi­otherapy practice; the importance of clear communication of research reports Have developed: an abihty to identify a research issue and design a smdy which would answer the question of interest; the skills required in searching the hteramre; the abihty to interpret pub­hshed research papers; the abihty to use a computer to sobe a range of statistical problems; scientific writing skdls in reporting research Appreciate, the importance of scientific inquiry for the develop­ment of the physiotherapy profession. Content This subject builds on the knowledge and skills taught in Research Methods 1. Smdents will increase their understanding of, and facility with, the design and analysis techniques introduced in Research Methods 1, as well as covering issues of reliability and validity of measurement, epidemiology, research ethics, factorial ANOVA/ANCOVA, and introduction to multivariate techniques. Theo­retical and practical appUcations of specific research skills such as the research proposal, the Uterature review, scientific writing styles and single-case research designs will also be presented. Assessment Class papers (30 per cent), computing assignment (20 per cent), and research proposal (50 per cent).

SUMMER ELECTIVE Smdents are normally expected to undertake diree periods of electivesmdyduringthephysiotherapy course. The electiveperiods are intended to broaden smdents' experience, to increase their self confidence and to explore different areas of physiotherapy which may interest individual smdents. Smdents normally seek an elective in community practice, in rural placements, or overseas in the Asia Pacific region and are responsible for organising their own elective in conjunction with the senior physiotherapy staff at the placement. Smdents develop an understanding of the social, cultural and political context of health care management, the role of the physiotherapist, and the apphcation of physiotherapy within the elective placement The first elective is a summer elective during die vacation between third and fourth year, and there are hvo furtlier electives in two out of the seven 4-week rotations in fourth year. Contact 140 hours duringsummervacationthirdandfourth year. Coordinaton ProfessorJ McMeeken and Ms G Webb. Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: the terminology used in health care management particularly vvithin the context of the elective placement, the appU­cation of physiotherapy management principles to health education and patient treatment the role of the physiotherapist and the other health care disciplines in the particular healdi care environment, the role of family, community members and Government instrumentaUties in health education and patient care. Have developed: further physiotherapy technical sldlls; skills in observation and organisation, communication, education, consul­tation and referral; accurate and comprehensive report writing skills.

Appreciate, social, culmral and political context of health care practice in the area; impUcations of resource differences and the need for planning, the use of initiative and improvisation; the need for consultation and planning with other health professionals, patients' famiUes, other centres and the community; personal Umitations and strengths and the need for continuing education in physiotherapy practice. Content Smdents wiU develop a document indicating the planned program and their expectations ofthe program, keep a record of the actual program undertaken and evaluate their own perform­ance in terms of their goals and expectations and identification of

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their own actions and feelings. Evidence of knowledge of the health care system of the region and the role of physiotherapy within that system will be identified in the document Assessment Attendance (25 per cent), documentation of the planned and actual program (25 per cent), self-evaluation report (25 per cent), and report from the elective placement supervisor (25 percent). This elective is not weighted towards the degree but will be reported on the student's record.

FOURTH YEAR

513-401 CARDIOTHORACIC PHYSIOTHERAPY 2 Contact 4 weeks clinical practice of an average of 27 hours per week. (Allyear). Coordinaton Ms L Denehy. Objectives: On completion of this subject students should: Comprehetul: the theory relevant to diagnostic procedures used in cardiothoracic patient assessment the theory of ventilation and ventilators and Intensive Care management of patients al an intro­ductory level; the theoretical basis for Cardiac and Pulmonary rehabibtation; the rationale for the appUcation of more advanced cardiothoracic treatment techniques; the clinical decision making process, leading to development of comprehensive treatment plans for most medical and surgical conditions treated by physiothera­pists. This includes patients widi more complex problems; the role of a cardiothoracic physiotherapist working in a speciaUsed unit Have developed: further skills in cardiothoracic assessment including an ability to interpret diagnostic findings; further skills in the selection and appUcation of cardiothoracic treatment tech­niques, including those used in a speciaUsed unit setting; skilLs in evaluating and modifying treatment in more compUcated medical and surgical conditions; skills in the design and execution of cardiac and pulmonary rehabibtation classes; an ability to perform treatment techniques in a safe effective manner. Appreciate: the importance of understanding relevant pathophysiology to enable safe and effective patient management in acute care areas; the role of physiotherapy in speciaUsed unit settings mcluding Intensive Care, Open Heart Surgery and Thoracic Surgical Units.

Content A theoretical and cUnical study of the principles and practice of cardiothoracic physiotherapy. The theoretical compo­nent wiU build on knowledge of respiratory and cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology and smdies undertaken in Cardiothoracic Physiotherapy 1. It vvill include more advanced pathophysiology, interpretation of diagnostic findings, and ration­ale for cardiothoracic treatment techniques used in specialised units including endotracheal suction, manual hyperinflation, uscof continuous positive airways pressure and care of tracheostomies. Clinical practice will place emphasis on the consoUdation of management and cUnical problem sohing skdls, and the way these may be apphed to more complex patients in speciaUsed units. Specific skills necessary to manage these patients will be intro­duced. Smdents will also understand the value of health promotion in the prevention of thoracic and cardiovascular disease and participate in activities related to this area Assessment Practical Continuous clinical assessment (30%); Case presentation (10%); Fmal Theory 2 hour written exam at end ofyear (30%); Final Clinical exam at end of year (30%). Smdents must pass both chnical and written assessment in order to pass the subject Prescribed Text Webber B A Brompton Hospital Guide to Chest Physiotherapy

513-405 MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY 2 Contact 4 weeks chnical practice of an average of 27 hours per week. (All Year) Coordinaton Mr H Wajswelner. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should achieve the general objectives as hsted in Musculoskeletal Physi­otherapy 1 and also: Comprehend: principles of professional and effective communi­cation with patients and professional colleagues; the aetiology, physiology medical and management of fractures, dislocations, joint surgery, the arthritidies, soft tissue injuries (vertebral and peripheral joints); the physiotherapy management of fractures, dislocations, joint surgery, the arthritidies, soft tissue injuries and disorders of the vertebral and peripheral joints; assessment, treat­ment and overall management of musculoskeletal disorders. Have developed: expertise in the use of measurement systems for the objective assessment of human movement the capacity to perform differential assessment to be aware of indications and contraindications, to select and execute appropriate treatment techniques, be able to evaluate treatment effectiveness and to modify treatment as necessary; the abihty to integrate knowledge and practical skills of physiotherapy in the chnical setting of outpatients and to satisfactorily manage an outpatient workload; skdl in independent chnical decision making; the abihty to compile an appropriate record; skills in case presentation. Appreciate: the role of the physiotherapist in multidisciptinary clinical settings; the need for continuing responsibility for self learning and development

Content Tliis subject is a continuum of Musculoskeletal Physi­otherapy I and will further develop the smdent's understanding of musculoskeletal conditions, burns and plastic surgery, and rheumatology. More highly skilled treatment techniques of exer­cise, soft tissue and joint mobdisation and manipulations wdl be developed. The emphasis will be on outpatient management Assessment During clinical rotation: Practical Continuous clinical assessment (30%); Patient case presentation (10%); Final Theory 2 hour written exam at end of year (30%); Final Clinical exam at end of year (30%). Students must pass both clinical and written assessment in order to pass the subject Prescribed Text Maitland G D Vertebral Maniptdation 5th edition 1986 Butterworth Heineman. Maitland G D Peripheral Manipulation 3rd edition 1991 Butterworth Heinemann. Corrigan B and Maitland G D Practical Orthopaedic Medicine Butterworth & Co Ltd 1983 Sydney Toronto WeUington.

513-406 NEUROLOGICAL PHYSIOTHERAPY 2 Contact 4 weeks clinical practice of an average of 27 hours per week. (All Year) Coordinaton MsJ Goldman-Reznik. Objectives: On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehend: rehabilitation procedures in relation to patients with neurological deficits; the rationale of selected treatment approaches in the management of patients with neurological deficits; other factors such as pharmacological intervention, that have an impact on outcome of rehabiUtation. Hate developed: advanced skills in subjective and objective assessment and measurement of outcome of intervention pro­grams for patients with neurological deficits; skilLs in a variety of patient treatment methods; skills in report writing and case presen­tation. Appreciate: The importance of critical and innovative thought in the clinical practice of neurological physiotherapy and in the understanding of the biological, psychological and social issues involved in the rehabibtation of patients with neurological deficits.

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Content The course will address ihe impaci of neurological disability on the patient with emphasis on the complex biological, psychological and social issues involved in rehabibtation of the patient Particular emphasis will be given to the pathology of the conditions and the theoretical rationale for intervention. The theoretical framework for various treaunent methods will be explored with emphasis on the measurement of outcome, both qualitative and quantitative, and evaluation of efficacy of treatment implemented. Team participation and effective written and verbal communication will be developed throughout the unit The subject integrates theory and practice of neurological physi­otherapy for all age groups. Specific case presentations will be used to demonstrate aspects of assessment treatment objective evalua­tions and specific aspects of clinical decision making. Assessment During clinical affiliation: Assessment (30%); Case presentation (10%); Final Theory 2 hour written exam at end of year (30%); Final Cbnical exam at end of year (30%). Students must pass both cbnical and written assessment in order to pass the overall subject Prescribed texts: Kandel E R, Schwartz J 11 and Jessell T Princi­ples of Neural Science 3rd edition Elsevier 1991

513-404 GERONTOLOGY Contact 4 weeks clinical practice of an average of 27 hours per week. (All Year) Coordinator ProfessorJ McMeeken. Objectives: On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the impbcations of an ageing population for the health sector in particular and the community in general; the changes likely to occur with normal ageing, pathological problems associated with ageing, and the importance of differentiating nor­mal from pathological changes; die heterogeneity of the elderly population and the spectrum of needs within this group; the likehhood of multiple pathologies occurring in this age group and die subsequent involvement of die multidisciplinary team; the need to evaluate methods of physiotherapy management with particular emphasis on assessment and outcome measures; the need to be conversant with advances in gerontology and relate these advances to physiotherapy practice. Have developed: skills in physiotherapy management of elderly dients; a knowledge of the role of the physiotherapist and other health team members in the management of elderly cbents; a knowledge of agencies involved in the delivery of aged care services; a knowledge of speciaUsed equipment such as mobibty equipment, wheelchairs and aids for dady living and how to source equipment; skills ui recording of physiotherapy assessments and treatments. Appreciate: the need for integration ofthe previous major theoreti­cal and cbnical units with the specific needs of elderly patients; the importance of rational, critical and independent thought in the management of elderly cbents by physiotherapists. Content The course will comprise both cbnical and theoretical components. During clinical experience smdents will spend time in some or all of the following areas: acute assessment wards, Residential Care Program, Aged Care Assessment Team visits and day hospital. The smdents will have the opportunity to attend relevant multidisdptinary case conferences. Visits will be organ­ised to representative examples of residential care including private nursing homes, hostels and special accommodation homes. The mtorial program will include the topics of balance and postural control, gait in the elderly, dementia, incontinence, Aged Care PoUcy, service networks, pain and the elderly and amputees. Assessment Cbnical Report (60%); Essay (25%); Case Presen­tation (15%)

513-411 ELECTIVE STUDIES Contact Elective smdies will comprise 110 hours over 4 weeks. Each smdent will undertake two electives, totaUing 220 hours. Coordinator ProfessorJ McMeeken and Ms G Webb Content Electives for 1994 wiU include: Women's health; theweU aged; occupational health; cUnical research; sports physiotherapy, rural health; private practice. Others may be offered from time to time. During the Fourth year, aU smdents will undertake two 4-week periods of elective smdy. Students may undertake their elective within their affiliated institutions, but they are encouraged to seek at least one of the electives in community practice, rural health, research, women's health, sports physiotherapy, private practiceor one of the other electives available from time to time. In considering alternatives, smdents should seek appropriate advice. Elective proposals wiU stipulate the hours of practice, its location, the namre of work to be undertaken and the name of the proposed supervisor. Objectives: The key objectives of these units are lo provide smdents with the opportunity to broaden and deepen their experi­ence of physiotherapy practice in a number of the following ways: by examining in greater depth some aspect of physiotherapy by close contact in activities with members of the profession; by working in situations giving greater responsibility in the care of patients than ordinarily appUes in the undergraduate course; by sampling the broad demands of physiotherapy in the community, by working in a professional field not fully developed within the compulsory elements of the course but which cotdd be of value in Liter professional life; experience of possible fields of future specialisation so as to faciUtate career choice. On completion ofthe two elective placements, the smdent should: Comprehend: the role of physiotherapy widiin the elective place­ment die rationale of selected physiotherapy approaches to man­agement the role of odier health professionals and members of the communityintheoutcomeof physiotherapy management; the need for continuing professional education in physiotherapy. Have developed: advanced knowledge and skilLs in the elective area of physiodierapy, further skills in writing, oral presentation and physiotherapy program development. Appreciate: the diversity and depth of physiotherapy as a profes­sion; the need for continuing professional learning. Content Details of the syllabus wiU vary according to the specific elective.

Assessment Written essays or assignments (up to 3000 words) (40%); Presentation/s (20%); Clinical report/s (40%)

513-407 PAEDIATRICS Contact 4 Weeks cUnical practice of an average of 27 hours per week (total: HO hours) Coordinator MsEWiltiams. Objectives: The subject will build on a knowledge of normal development from the previous subjects Growth, Development and Ageing, Human Movement Development, Physiotherapy Principles and Practice and Commumty Health and developed aspects of paediatric management integrated into units of Musculoskeletal, Neurological andfardiothoracic Physiotherapy given in Year 3. On completion of this subject smdents should: Comprehetul: the clinical appUcation and physiotherapeutic techniques with respect to the principles of normal development which encompasses the motor system and other related systems; the prindples of physiotherapy cUnical management of children presenting with abnormal development and/or movement prob­lems as related to musculoskeletal, cardiothoracic and neurologi­cal conditions.

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Have developed: observation skills to identify variations in normal and abnormal movement development and associated systems; skilLs to record assessment of delayed and/or abnormal movement development, either congenital or acquired; skills to identify and record physiotherapy aims and specific objectives for cluldren presenting with movement problems. The ability to plan and deliver treatment programs to children presenting with movement problems; communication skills and rapport with children and their famities. Appreciate: the specific needs and the complex nature of cluldren with long term and/or multiple problems; the importance of the interaction between children and their families and the family units as a whole; the importance of physiotherapy as part of the interdis­cipUnary team invohed in the management of cluldren. Content The student will be introduced to major paediatric conditions within the musculoskeletal, cardiothoracic and neuro­logical systems. Assessment, treatment, principles and physiotherapeutic techniques appropriate to the major paediatric conditions will also be incorporated. Students will be introduced to the concept of management of children with long term and/or multiple problems. Assessment During clinical rotation: CUnical assessment (60%); Case and topic presentation (20%); End of Year Annotated bibU­ography (20%).

513-408 PHYSIOTHERAPY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE 3 Contact 60 hours Coordinaton Mr P Lew. Objectives: This subject wiU further develop knowledge and practical skills in manipulative physiotherapy and the management of sporting and occupational injuries, have achieved the general objectives as Usted in Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy 1. On com­pletion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the aetiology, physiology and medical management of muscle and neural tissue injuries as weU as intra/extracapsular vertebral and peripheral joint injuries; the physiotherapy manage­ment ofthe above-mentioned physiotherapy conditions; the ration­ale behind the systematic and differential assessment, treatment and overall management of musculoskeletal disorders; the notion of'joint feel'. Hate developed: expertise in the use of manual measurement systems for the objective assessment of human movement; exper­tise in the perception of normal and abnormal accessary move­ments in vertebral and peripheral joints; the capacity to perform differential assessment, be aware of contra-indications, to select and execute appropriate treatment techniques; the ability to evalu­ate treatment effectiveness and to modify treatment as necessary. Appreciate: the value of specificity in manual therapy approach to treatment; the need for continuing responsibiUty for self learning and development of skuT. Content This subject will further develop the student's under­standing of neuromusculoskeletal conditions. More highly skuTed soft tissue and joint mobitisation and manipulations will be devel­oped. The emphasis wiU be on occupational, private and sports medicine practice. Assessment Continuous assessment employing mastery learning (60%); Practical examination (40%)

513- 400 EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION Contact 35 hours Coordinaton Mr H Wajswelner. Objecdves: This subject wiU butfd on knowledge and skilLs from previous subjects and clinical experience in Year 3, have integrated these attributes in the development, delivery and documentation for

preventative and rehabditative exercise programs for individuals and for special groups. On completion of this subject, students should: Comprehend: the theoretical basis of adult and group learning; effective presentation and teaching strategies; the role of physi­otherapy in health promotion and education and the attainment and maintenance of optimal health and w eUbeing in the normal popu­lation and in those with specific conditions; the pathophysiological constraints of exercise in special groups; the need for safe exercise delivery. Have developed: skills in critical observation of group activities; skills in teaching, class taking and group dynamics including the capacity to motivate groups; documentation ability in advertising, writing and recording for professional and group participants; the abibty to plan and deliver programs; the abitity to communicate with groups. Appreciate: the specific exercise needs of particular groups of individuals; the importance of the interaction of mdividuals within the group; the importance of physiotherapy preventative, health promotional and rehabiUtative exercise and recreational activity. Content Current research on the affects of exercise in normal mdividuals and those with abnormal physiology or biomechanics or with pathology. The foUowing matters wiU be addressed: nutrition for exercise, biochemistry, dietary advice, behavioural management and motivation. RehabiUtation exercise for special groups: children, including those with asthma, cystic fibrosis and neurological damage; elderly, cardiac; pulmonary diabetic; ar­thritic; spinal cord injured; multitrauma; amputees, athletes. Assessment Preparation, delivery and documentation for two exercise programs (100%) comprised of class work (50%) and documentation (50%).

513-402 CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE Contact 25 Hours Coordinaton MsJ Goldman-Reznik. Objecdves: On completion of this subject, the smdent should: Comprehend: the theoretical bases, cbnical application and physiotherapeutic techniques of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in neurological conditions. Have developed: handling skills in the patterns and specific techniques in proprioceptive neuromusailar faciUtation. Apprecicde: the use of proprioceptive neuromusailar faciUtation as an additional therapeutic mode in the physiotherapeutic man­agement of the patient with neurological dysfunction. Content The neurophysiological bases of proprioceptive neuromuscular faciUtation, revision of upper and lower Umb patterns, demonstration and experience in the of delivery of trunk and com bined patterns andtheuseofprinciplesin activities of daily living including walking. Assessment Practical assessment (100%)

513-409 RESEARCH METHODS 3 Contact 30 hours consisting of 1 x 2 hour mtorial, 4 hours of guided self learning, 6 hours of cUnical discussions with tutor and 18 hours of planning and implementation. Coordinaton Dr I Story. Objecdves: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: thevalueofobjective measurement in devaluation of cUnical practice; the varying designs for single case smdies; the necessity for carelul planning prior to the execution of a research projecL Hat e developed: skills in objective cUnical measurement; skills in the planrung and implementation of a single case smdy written scientific communication skills.

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Appreciate the complexities of coUecting objective data in a clinical situation; the importance of selecting a valid assessment tool; the importance of clinical research as a means of justifying physiouierapy practice. Content This subject provides students with an opportunity to use skills gained during Research Methods 1 and 2. Students must design, conduct and write up three single case studies of patients they treat during their fourth year neurology, cardiothoracic and musculoskeletal clinical placements. Topics such as design, measurement and outcome evaluation which were initially presented in Research Methods 2 will be revised during the preliminary tutorial. The tutors will be available to visit all students during their designated cbnical placements to provide guidance during both the planning and implementation phases as required. Assessment Threesmglecasesmm'es(nomorethanl500words each) must be submitted within fou r weeks of the completion of the clinical placement in which they were conducted. Each case study is worth 33.3%. Students must submit all three assignments in order to receive a pass grade.

513-410 SEMINARS IN PHYSIOTHERAPY 2 Contact 75 hours through the year Coordinator ProfessorJ McMeeken. Objectives: On completion of this subject, smdents should: Comprehend: principles of patient management in the clinical problems presented in the series; pobcies and processes of the health care system. Have Developed: the abdity to participate and present in a public forum; skills in written communication. Appreciate: the diversity and depth of physiotherapy practice; the interaction of health pohcy decisions with professional practice. Content Seminars in Physiotherapy will comprise lecmres, seminars and mtorials. The topics will include, pain management, intensive care practice, professional practice and management, physiotherapy in psychiatry, management of the burns patient, physiotherapy in the plastic surgery patient, amputee management, pubhc health issues, Government health pohcy. Assessment Assignment (60%); Presentation (30%); Attend­ance (10%)

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Library Digitised Collections

Author/s:The University of Melbourne

Title:Handbook: Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences 1994

Date:1994

Persistent Link:http://hdl.handle.net/11343/129061