Factors of successful sport event security management

Table of Contents EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor Dzafer Kudumovic Secretary Nadja Sabanovic Technical editor Eldin Huremovic Cover design Almir Rizvanovic Lector Mirnes Avdic Lector Adisa Spahic Members Vilko Ziljak (Croatia) Slobodan Kralj (Croatia) Marin Milkovic (Croatia) Davor Zvizdic (Croatia) Joza Duhovnik (Slovenia) Janez Dijaci (Slovenia) Ivan Polajnar (Slovenia) Tadeja Zupancic (Slovenia) Milan Medved (Slovenia) Jelena Ivanovic Sekularac (Serbia) Nebojsa Vidanovic (Serbia) Venceslav Grabulov (Serbia) Hasan Hanic (Serbia) Zijah Burzic (Serbia) Amir Pasic (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Vesna Maric-Aleksic (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Avdo Voloder (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Samir Causevic (Bosnia and Herzegovina)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Address of the Sarajevo, Editorial Board Hamdije Kresevljakovica 7A phone/fax 00387 33 640 407

[email protected], http://www.ttem.ba Published by DRUNPP, Sarajevo Volume 8 Number 4, 2013 ISSN 1840-1503 e-ISSN 1986-809X Impact Factor 0.414 (ISI Journal Citation Reports 2012)

Postage Stamps with hidden information in security Z values ......1466Jana Ziljak Vujic, Maja Rudolf, Branka Moric, Martina Friscic

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Investments in science and technology as the key factors of the economic development .................................. 1597 Nebojsa Djokic, Ljiljana Arsic, Borislav Radevic Zoran Milicevic

Effective risk management liquidity and general standards of liquidity ............................................................. 1604 Jovo Jednak, Dejan Jednak, Goran Milosevic, Srdjan Milasinovic, Nedzad Korajlic Information technology impact on changes in company organizational structure ....................................... 1612 Zivko Kulic, Goran Milosevic, Srdjan Milasinovic, Zelimir Kesetovic, Slobodan Ristic An analysis of socially responsible business practice of multinational corporations in Serbia .............................. 1618 Marija Petrovic-Randjelovic, Maja Ivanovic-Djukic

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The nature and factors of economic prosperity ................. 1638 Zoran Njegovan, Nikola Njegovan, Drago Cvijanovic

Factors of successful sport event security management ..1645 Dejan Ilin, Zoran Milosevic, Nebojsa Maksimovic, Radenko Matic, Zoran Kekovic

Strategic games of banks in the product placement market ...................................................................................... 1651 Zdenka Dragasevic, Svetlana Rakocevic

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A new model of economic growth and development of Republic of Serbia .............................................................. 1715 Radmilo Nikolic, Aleksandra Fedajev, Zvonko Damnjanovic, Dejan Riznic, Predrag Ranisavljevic

Gray economy and tax evasion in Serbia ........................... 1723 Aleksandar M. Gajic, Mirjana I. Stevanovic, Milorad S. Gajic

The impact of social and demographic factors on management styles in sport organizations .................... 1731 Edita Kastratovic, Milan Dragic, Goran Kvrgic, Branislav Masic, Sandra Nesic

Causality and weak solutions of stochastic differential equations with applications .............................. 1736 Dragana Valjarevic, Ljiljana Petrovic, Aleksandar Valjarevic, Jasmina Jovanovic, Dragan Radovanovic

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Matke

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technics technologies education management

Volume 8 / Number 4 / 2013

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the rela-tionships between factors of successful management of sport event security. The questionnaire about sport event security containing 76 questions and composed of three logical sections, was realized on a sample of 394 respondents. Those logical sections were: 1) Identification questions, 2) Estimate of a sport event security level, 3) Evaluation of the influ-ence and the role of a sport event security subjects. By means of logistic regression analysis, with the appropriate level of statistical significance, followed by the modeling in the Path-analysis it was deter-mined that the strongest effect on the evaluation of the success of the sport event security management stems from the combined effects of two factors: the work of judicial bodies à Legal police powers = 0,034. The second strongest effect on the evalua-tion of the success of the sport event security man-agement stems from the combined effects of other two factors: Age à Legal police powers = 0.019. In conclusion, taking the educational position by the sports federations and other sports associations (professional associations, educational institutions-universities, including similar police institutions) represents a necessary first step towards the said shift in the evaluation of the sport event security.

Key words: sport event, security, risk manage-ment

Introduction

Sports organizations would not exist without appearances on the competitions, including the organization of the relevant sport events on their own grounds, in the halls and stadiums. Risk cre-ated by concentration of masses of spectators and participants of a large sport event, is one of the important aspects of the sport events management.

Therefore, after all terrorist incidents the mod-ern world was faced with, it is clear why there is such an expansion of the research on this field by a large number of authors [1, 2, 3, 4]. A significant, growing number of modern researchers focused on the problem of security of mass gatherings, such as most sport events [5, 6]. From the sociological and cultural point of view, this issue is dealt by many authors [7, 8, 9]. From the aspect of mass sport events organizing, risk management and security of sport events is dealt by [10, 11, 12, 13].

Research of deeper, socio-cultural, socio-eco-nomic, socio-psychological factors of aggressive behavior of the audience at sporting events, espe-cially the younger adolescent population, attracts the attention of researchers. Determining of the factors influencing active or passive (sedentary) lifestyle of youth, provides orientation also for un-derstanding the role of a number of institutional factors in shaping the behavior of participants in major sport events. Based on this insight, it is pos-sible to elaborate the elements of a comprehensive system of sport events security management. One of the recent surveys of lifestyle of the adoles-cents in Vojvodina [14], suggests an association between socio-economic conditions in local com-munities (municipalities) and the state of a family as a backbone in shaping of adolescents behavior. The authors of this study confirmed the special importance of a childhood lifestyle, to later suc-cumbing of the adolescents to an influence of a series of risk factors (from the use of harmful sub-stances to antisocial and criminal behavior).

Risk factors are, in terms of management, divid-ed to external and internal: external risk factors of the sport event – the fans, the audience, local com-munities, are all factors on which management has no direct influence – only can estimate the probabil-ity of influence, etc. Internal risk factors of the sport event - clubs, sports facilities, represents the factors

Factors of successful sport event security managementDejan Ilin1, Zoran Milosevic2, Nebojsa Maksimovic2, Radenko Matic2, Zoran Kekovic3

1 Police department, Novi Sad, Serbia,2 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia,3 Faculty of Security, Belgrade, Serbia.

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on which the management of the clubs and sports facilities (and the surrounding facilities, medical institutions, etc.) can influence, act proactively and directly intervene during the event so as to elimi-nate or reduce risk. Figure 1 shows a theoretical model of a sport event security management.

Figure 1. Theoretical model of a sport event security management

The aim of this study is to determine the em-pirical model of relationships between factors that explain the successful sport event security man-agement.

Method

The survey was conducted during March-April 2010. Selection of the respondents was performed randomly, by a random sampling method and in-cluded respondents from different social groups: schools, political parties, labor organizations, state agencies, sports organizations (sports athletes and judges), police, students of the Criminal Police Academy, and fans at sport events. A total of 450 respondents were surveyed, while 394 survey ques-tionnaires were entered into the statistical analysis.

Survey questionnaire about the sporting events security contains a total of 76 questions and is composed of three logical sections: 1) Identifica-tion questions, 2) Estimate of a sport event security level, 3) Evaluation of the influence and the role of a sport event security subjects. From the frame of variables which were included in the second logical section, criterion variable “The general evaluation of the sporting events security” was constructed, while the predictor variables included the first and third section of the survey questionnaire.

The second stage of the research began with the variables selection by use of cross-tabulation and corresponding tests (chi-square test, lambda test, correlation) to be able to extract samples of vari-ables, appropriate for further multivariate analysis - linear and Binomial logistic regression, so as to formulate empirical model of variables relation-ships, which may explain the successful security management of sport events in our country.

By use of logistic regression analysis in this study we aim to extract the narrower set of variables that can be used, with the appropriate level of statis-tical significance, for modeling in the path-analysis process. The procedure was performed using the BLR method Backward Stepwise (Conditional) (in SPSS19). Path coefficients of the full model (ar-rows) were derived from a series of stratified (lay-ered) multiple regression analysis (path coefficients are beta coefficients from the regression analysis).

Results

Binomial logistic analysis model successfully classified 72.6% of cases, which can be considered satisfactory result of fitting the empirical data into theoretical (logistic) model. Wald’s Chi-square test applied on the constant entered into the model is at an acceptable level of p = 0,000. Based on previous methods of reduction of the total set of variables, a final set of variables was obtained. Starting from the theoretical assumptions about the relationships be-tween the variables identified in previous analysis, first the full model was formulated (Figure 2) with all paths of variables that can be meaningfully de-fined as significant for explaining of the relationships between factors of sport event security management

Figure 2. Full (over-identified) model 1

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By entering all extracted variables into the model in Figure 2, multiple linear regression procedure led to results that require further reduction of variables, primarily those for the layer of criterion variable “The general level of sporting events security”. The upper model is simplified by keeping the paths (other paths are not included in the procedure of linear re-gression). Model 2 was obtained, which corresponds to the requirements of Path-analysis (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Full (over-identified) model 2

In this model 14 parameters were defined (8 paths with arrows, three covariances defined by arch without arrows and 3 error indicators for the vari-ance Ei = SQR(1-R2). Requirement for analysis of this model is met (number of observations n = 394 is greater than the number of model parameters). Character of the variables (interval and binomial variables) allows the application of OLS multiple regression analysis used for calculation of the path coefficients (beta coefficients in linear regression).

For the full model shown above, three layers of multiple regression are needed:

1. with variable “The general evaluation of the sport event security” as criterion and “Legal police powers” and “Monitorial service” (two endogenous variables), “Age” and “Work of judicial bodies” (two exogenous variables) as predictor variables;

2. with variable “Legal police powers” as criterion and “Age” and “Work of judicial bodies” as predictor variables;

3. with variable “Monitorial service” as criterion and the “Work of judicial bodies” and “Relationship between clubs and fans” as predictor variables.

Review of the path coefficients of the obtained full model, allows conclusions:

– that for variable “The general evaluation of the sport event security” a direct proportional effect of variables “Age” and “Work of judicial bodies” can be observed, with “Work of judicial bodies” having the strongest effect. For the variable “The general evaluation of the sport event security”, the percentage of explained variance was 93.5% (Ei = SQR(1-R2) = SQR(1-0,93) = 0,63). ANOVA of this layer (sub-model) shows the value of F = 13,97 p = 0,00 and that p values of t-test for beta coefficients for all paths that lead from the variables “Legal police powers”, “Monitorial service”, “Age” and “Work of judicial bodies” are higher than 0,05, i.e. that the level of conclusion validity here is higher than the expected 95%.

– that the direct effects of variable “Legal police powers” are more clearly manifested due to higher values of the effects of variables “Age” and “Work of judicial bodies” in comparison with variables “Number of children” and “Monitorial service” entered into the full model. The two entered predictor variables explained 94,7% of the variability of criterion variable “Legal police powers”. ANOVA of this layer shows F = 16,75 with p = 0,00. T-test of beta coefficients for all paths and Subjective characteristics of informants and The general circumstances of the property law system is lower than defined value of p <0.05.

– that the direct effects on the variable “Monitorial service” were expressed by slightly lower values of beta coefficients and with no relationship be t ween this variable and the variable “Legal police powers” due to very low values of beta coefficients entered into the full model. The two entered predictor variables explain 98 , 6% of the variability of criterion variabl e “ M onitorial service”. ANOVA of this layer shows F = 5,697 with p = 0,004. T-test of be t a coefficients for both paths of the General circumstances and the Property law sys t em and the External environment of interest shows value lower than defined value of p <0.05.

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Given the previous findings, it can be conclud-ed that the full (over-identified) model 2 does not require further reduction of paths and that based on its beta coefficients, assessing of the effects of extracted factors on criterion variable “Level of sport event security” can be performed. Summa-rizing the effects of variables entered into model 2 on criterion variable “The general evaluation of sport event security”, from Tables 1 and 2, the fol-lowing results were obtained:

The presented result of path analysis shows that the overall effects - direct and indirect – give their small contribution to a set of entities rep-resented by the sample of survey respondents and sports referees as direct participants in sport matches, to more accurately assess the success of sports event security management. Indirect effects are 3.4 times greater than direct effects. The stron-gest effect on evaluation of success of sport event security management stems from the combined effects of two factors: Work of judicial bodiesà Legal police powers=0,034. The second strongest effect on evaluation of success of sport event secu-rity management stems from the combined effects of the other two factors: Ageà Legal police pow-ers=0,019. It should be noted that the full model 2 explains 93.5% of the variance of criterion vari-able The general evaluation of level of sport event security – Binomial criterion variable “The gen-eral evaluation of sport event security”, and that it also explains 95% of the variability of mediat-ing variable Police has adequate legal powers to

achieve safety on sporting events, “Legal police powers” which in an empirical model represents the operating part of the public safety system.

Discussion

The riots in stadiums involving the conflict be-tween the organized groups of fans-hooligans and security forces, along with the destruction and ca-sualties, placed the security issue both in front of the sport event organizers and the police, and the researchers. Because of the specificity and com-plexity of security situation in the most frequent public meetings in the South-Backa district, the issue of sporting events security also gained im-portance in this largest urban area of Vojvodina.

Binomial logistic regression allowed the ex-traction of the following set of seven v a riables (one from each of the postulated groups of factors) as factors that contribute to the classification of re-spondents into a group that assesses the level of security as low or a group that assesses that level as high: 1) Year of birth, 2) Number of children in the family (only child or more) is reflected in the behavior of family members at sport events, 3) The total work of the judiciary bodies in achieving security at sporting events is mostly su ccessful, 4) The relationships between sport clubs and fan groups have impact on the sport events security, 5) Sport referees influence sports events security (the variable is not statistically sign ificant at p <0.05, 6) The police has adequate legal powers to

Table 1. The direct effects of variables from model 2 on criterion variable the general evaluation of sport event security

The direct effects of variablesAgeàThe general evaluation of the sport event security 0,119Work of judicial bodiesà The general evaluation of the sport event security 0,207Total direct efects 0,119 * 0,207 = 0,024

Table 2. The indirect effects of variables from model 2 on criterion variable the general evaluation of sport event security

The indirect effects of variablesAge à Legal police powers 0,150*0,132 = 0,019Work of judicial bodies à Legal police powers 0,262*0,132 = 0,034Work of judicial bodies à Monitorial service 0,128*0,124 = 0,015Relationship between clubs and fans à Monitorial service 0,108*0,124 = 0,013Total indirect efects 0,083

The total effect = Total direct * Total indirect = 0,024 * 0,083 = 0,002

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achieve security at sporting events and 7) Moni-torial service has a appropriate role in achieving sport events security.

This research is oriented towards the practice of sport events security management. It revealed a gap between the public security system, especially police and judiciary, on the one hand, and an unde-veloped system of internal risk management and, within it, the security management at sport events, organized or participated in by sport organizations. The notion that so-called sports public, from hetero-geneous sports audience, the media and sports su-perstructure (unions, etc.) to sport organizations (in-cluding clubs and sports facilities), takes a passive approach to security. The risk of security incidents is transmitted to other security structures (especially the police), setting the requirement to reverse the sport-police relationship, so the focus of ensuring of sport events security is on sport, especially on sport clubs, and then, the sports facilities (if not owned by sport clubs, societies, etc.). This finding is in line with the suggestions for the successful organization of sports events, stated by [15, 16]. Achieving of this turnaround assumes the changed attitude towards safety in sport clubs, both in terms of the value (adoption of the importance of security, nurturing the culture of mutual support, protect persons and property, etc.) and in terms of investment in sport facilities safety equipment. Taking the educational position by sports federations and other sports as-sociations (professional associations, educational institutions (universities), including such police in-stitutions) is a necessary first step towards the said turnaround in the evaluation of sport security. The knowledge about how to treat security aspects in sports management research is closely related to the above suggestion [17, 18, 19, 7, 20].

For the science of sports management and se-curity of public mass events, such as most sports events, open questions and topics for further re-search may be indicated. From the conclusions of this paper several of these questions derive: How to provide reliable information on the internal risk management as a component of the overall management of sports clubs? How to connect a sport event security management emanating from the system of management of sport organizations (clubs, facilities, associations, Olympic Commit-tee) with the system of public safety?

Finally, there is an important question of the role of the judiciary and its coordination with the opera-tional actions of the police, whose prompt effects are necessary for ending the flourishing of the cul-ture of aggression and violence at sports events.

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12. Milašinović S, Kešetović Z. Crisis Management. Faculty of Civil Defense, Belgrade, 2009.

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Corresponding AuthorDejan Ilin,Police department, Novi Sad, Serbia,E-mail: [email protected]

Appendix 1. List of variablesExternal risk factors for sports events Internal risk factors for sports events

Subjective characteristics of respondents • Athletes• Referees

Socio-cultural and social environment - Police–security management factor• School • Peers• Family-parents • Substance consumption• Religion• Parties-politicians

Actions, restrictions

General circumstances and property law system - Other security management factors• Еconomic and political circumstances• Legislation• Judiciary• Government• Ministries• Clubs privatization

• Spоrts Federations• Clubs• Experts • Objects • Monitorial service

External environment of interest Criterion variable• Fans• Меdia• Spоrts public

• Security level

Factors of successful sport event security management

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