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Kerala Veterinarians'Annual Convention 2015



December 27th, 28th, 29th

ThiruvananthapuramAl-Saj Convention Centre,

Kazhakoottam, Thiruvananthapuram

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Jungle Scout


Bamboo Groove

Jungle Camp

Pugmark Trail












Nature has everything to meet man's needs but not his greeds - Mahatma Gandhi

2 3

I am glad to know that the Annual Convention of Veterinarians of Kerala - Vetricon 2015 will be held from 27th to 29th of December in Thiruvananthapuram and that a souvenir comprising scientific articles will be released to mark the occasion.

I hope that the annual convention would provide opportunities for the participants to share their valuable experiences and to have very productive interactions. I also hope that the outcome of the convention would further strengthen the overall activities of the veterinarians of Kerala.

Wishing all success.

Oommen Chandy

OOMMEN CHANDYChief MinisterKerala

No. 1521/Pre-Sec/CM/2015 15/12/2015

No. 1573/Pre-Sec/CM/2014 24 /11/ 2014Message

Office: Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 001 Phone-Office : 2333610, 2333812, 2333197, 2332148, 2333214, 2332682, 2332184

Fax : (0471) 2333489 Resi: (O471) 2345600, 2342602 & (0481) 2351135

2 3

It gives me much pleasure to know that VETRICON 2015, the annual state conference of the Veterinarians, is scheduled to be conducted from 27th to 29th

December, 2015 at Thiruvananthapuram. I hope that technical sessions and various seminars are being conducted as part of this annual meeting , in which, experts and scientists from the veterinary scientific field would present papers on a variety of subjects. The discussions and deliberations following this would, in turn, prove to be beneficial to animal health in particular and human health in general.

It adds to my pleasure that you have planned to bring out a compendium in connection with this grand event. I wish all success to the venture.

Regards,

V.S. ACHUTHANANDAN

V S ACHUTHANANDAN THIRUVANANTHAPURAMLeader of OppositionKerala

Dated: 16/12/2015

Message

Office: cantonment House, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 033 Phone-Office : 0471-238330, 2315625 Fax : (0471) 2318330 Mobile: 9447711500

E-mail: [email protected] : Cantonment House, Vikas Bhavan.P.O., Thiruvananthapuram-695 033

Phone: 0471-2316465

5

MOHANAN

It gives me great pleasure to know that the scientific souvenir based on the them "One Health" is going to be released at VETRICON 2015, the Annual Convention of Veterinarians.

On health brings into focus the role of veterinarians in ensuring food safety and also protecting humans from zoonotic diseases.

I wish both the souvenir and VETRICON 2015 all success.

K. P. MOHANAN

K.P. MOHANANMinister for Agriculture, Animal HusbandaryPrinting and Stationery

No. 1573/Pre-Sec/CM/2014 Date: 30 /11/ 2015

Message

Office: Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 001Phone-Office : 0471-2333849, 2333772 Fax: 2332239 Residence: 0471-2334133, 2334144

E-mail: [email protected]: www.minister agriculture.kerala.gov.in

7

It gives me great pleasure to know that Veterinarians of Kerala are bringing out a Souvenir based on the theme "One Health"- Prevention at source saves health. True, current human diseases and outbreaks have their origins in animals and protecting human health in contemporary times require collaboration between Human and Veterinary professionals. It also needs no mention about the key role Veterinarians have in ensuring food safety. I hope the articles in the Souvenir will further discussions in having coordinated approach in ensuring health for all.

I wish the Souvenir and VETRICON 2015 all Success.

V.S. SIVAKUMAR

V.S. SIVAKUMARMinister for Health and DevaswomsKerala

December 1, 2015

Message

OFFICE : No. 505, 5th Floor, SECRETARIAT ANNEXE, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM - 695 001

Phone-Office : 0471-2332868 Fax : (O) 0471-2332133 Mobile : 9496266600

9

It gives me immense pleasure to learn that in the occasion of Annual Veterinarians' Convention, Vetricon-2015, a Souvenir based on the theme "One Health" is being released, emphasizing the role of Veterinarians' in the safeguard of Human Health. It is important to have multidisciplinary collaboration to combat emerging and re-emerging zoonosis and to ensure food safety and food security.

I wish all success in the conduct of Vetricon-2015 and hope this souvenir will become a spurt in one health initiative of the state.

Dr. Chandran Kutty S

Dr. CHANDRAN KUTTY SDirector (I/C),Department of Animal HusbandryGovernment of Kerala

17-12-2015

Message

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Hello Dear Colleagues,

I am very happy to present VETRICON 2015 as yet another milestone in our professional career, service, friendship and oneness. We have successfully completed one more year of devotion to the mankind. The year marked progress with manner impediments to our profession and service. We all are eagerly waiting for 2016 with great hopes of further achievements. Our profession successfully involved in commemorating and implementing scientific principles, management regimes, conservation efforts on our genetic diversity and we are indeed planning for state of the art wisdom into our Veterinary Practice. We are looking at the proposed Veterinary Practice Regulation by the Veterinary Council of India, a turning point in delivery of our professional service with more dignity and in a more scientific and meaningful environment. Let us pledge to redefine our profession to address the present day demand and rededicate ourselves to the mankind through ONE HEALTH initiatives. Thanking you all for all support.

My family and I, whole heartedly wish you, your family and friends a very happy prosperous 2016.

Warm regards,

Dr. E K EASWARAN

Dr. E K EASWARANPresident,Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala 17-12-2015

Message

13

It gives me immense pleasure to learn that in the occasion of Annual Veterinarians' Convention, Vetricon-2015, A Souvenir based on the Theme "One Health" is being released, emphasising the role of Veterinarians in safeguard of Human Health. It is important to have multidisciplinary collaboration to combat emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonosis and to ensure food safety and Food security.

I wish all success in the conduct of Vetricon-2015 and hope this souvenir will become a spurt in one health initiative of the state.

Dr. ARUNKUMAR K RPresident, Kerala Government Veterinary Officers Association

17-12-2015

Message

AÀY]‑qÀ®a‑mb {‑]hÀ¯\§f‑mÂ k^ea‑mb Hc‑p k‑wLS\‑mhÀj‑w I‑qS‑n IS¶‑p t‑]‑mI‑p¶‑p.2015 U‑nk‑w_À 27‑,28‑,29 X‑n¿X‑nIf‑nÂ \S¡‑p¶ k‑wØ‑m\ I¬s‑h³j³ s‑häd‑n\d‑n t‑U‑mÎÀa‑mc‑ps‑S I‑qS‑nt‑Nce‑n\‑p]c‑nb‑mb‑n k‑wLS\‑m d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIf‑p‑w‑,`‑mh‑n]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑p‑w Bg¯‑nÂ NÀ¨s‑N¿‑p¶X‑n\‑pÅ t‑hZ‑nb‑mb‑n X‑oc‑ps‑a¶‑v R‑m³ {‑]X‑y‑mi‑n¡‑p¶‑p.K‑oX‑mt‑]‑mä‑n I½‑oj³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v \S¸‑ne‑m¡‑ns‑bS‑p¡‑p¶X‑n\‑pÅ {‑]hÀ¯\§f‑ps‑S c‑q]t‑cJb‑p‑w kt‑½f\¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w Dc‑p¯‑nc‑nª‑p ht‑cïX‑mb‑n«‑pï‑v.I¬s‑h³j³ h‑nPb‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑pÅ N‑n«b‑mb {‑]hÀ¯\§f‑mW‑v X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc¯‑p \S¡‑p¶X‑v.Hc‑p t‑k‑mh\‑oÀ kt‑½f\¯‑nt‑\‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n‑v¨‑v {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v \½‑ps‑S A‑wK§f‑ps‑S kÀK‑mÂaI {‑]hÀ¯\§Ä¡‑v {‑]t‑N‑mZ\a‑mb‑n¯‑oc‑ps‑a¶I‑mc‑y¯‑nÂ k‑wiba‑nÃ.I‑me‑nIa‑mb i‑mk‑v{‑X‑ob h‑njb§Ä I‑qS‑n NÀ¨s‑N¿s‑]S‑p¶‑p F¶d‑nªX‑nÂ kt‑´‑mj¡‑p¶‑p.FÃ‑mh‑n[ Bi‑wkIf‑p‑w t‑\c‑p¶‑p.

tUm. A-cp¬-IpamÀ sI BÀ

15

It is my great privilege in organizing Vetricon 2015 under the auspices of IVA and KGVOA. Veterinarians of the state stand together to strengthen the noble profession and to uphold its dignity by their service and commitment to the society by providing a wide spectrum of activities from preservation of biodiversity, food safety and food security, protection of animal health, protection of public health, prevention of zoonotic diseases etc.

Vetricon 2015 hosted by the capital city, rich in its cultural heritage and scenic beauty would provide a platform for creative and constructive deliberations on’ One Health ‘and the 'cultural nite' and family get-together would be a bliss and would rejuvenate one and all. I am sure all the participants can take back to their homes sweet memories of the gala event, and would cherish the moments spent with dear ones forever.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the dignitaries, delegates, contributors and members of the organizing committee for their valuable support and cooperation for making’ Vetricon 2015 ‘a grand success.

Dr. C SREEKUMAR

Dr. C SreekumarGeneral ConvenorVetricon 2015

17

From the Editorial Desk,

Greetings to you for and on behalf of the souvenir committee of “VETRICON-2015.

Annual Veterinarians’ convention is a joyous occasion and when it is held in the capital city, the joy is manifold. The capital city is witnessing the event, once again, after a span of 10 years.

We feel extremely pleased and proud to place this souvenir in the hands of our esteemed stakeholders and fellow veterinarians. It is indeed a great honour to put life into these pages by compilation of scientific articles and literary works.

The theme “ONE HEALTH”, a movement to forge co-equals, is indeed very appropriate, considering the multifaceted role of Veterinarians in ensuring a healthy society. One Health concept calls for interdisciplinary collaboration and communication for the betterment of the society. It recognizes that the health of humans is closely interlinked with the health of animals and the environment. In the light of high disease burden brought about by emerging and re-emerging zoonoses and food safety issues it is happy to note that this souvenir is exploring this much needed interdisciplinary harmony.

This souvenir also provides a suitable platform for members to show case their creative talents in print. It contains various writes-up such as memoirs, success stories, poems, anecdote and other spontaneous reflections enriched by a galaxy of photographs.

The spirit of oneness exhibited by the authors of scientific papers from various disciplines for the noble cause of ‘one health’ is acknowledged with gratitude. We have no hesitation to state that with the whole hearted cooperation and encouragement from the organizing committee and the office bearers of the Associations, the entire team of souvenir committee worked sincerely and tirelessly to make this souvenir a wonderful reference document. We place on record heartfelt gratitude to all those who shared their time and efforts to materialise the timely release of this souvenir.

We are presenting this souvenir dedicated for the cause of ‘one health’ with the humble intention that this land mark document will prove to be an enlightening and intellectual treat to all readers and a cherished possession.

Wishing you all a happy and prosperous year ahead

19

Dr. E K EaswaranPresident

Mohanan NVice President

Velayudhakumar RJoint Secretary

Varghese K JTreasurer

Zacharia SebastianBuilding Committee

Member

Sangeeth NarayanVice President

Sanjay DevarajanJoint Secretary

Maya JamesVice President

Chenchu Maria Kurian Joint Secretary

Biju PGeneral Secretary

STAT

E O

FFIC

E B

EARE

RS I

VAState Office Bearers IVAState Office Bearers IVA

20 | Veterinarians' Annual Convention 2015

20 21

Dr ArunkumarPresident

Sajeev KumarVice President

Jyothimon P BJoint Secretary

Justin Jacob AdhikaramJoint Secretary

JosephJoint Secretary

Molly Varghese (Lady)Joint Secretary

Sajith KumarTreasurer

Mohammed HaneefaVice President

R Usha Legal Cell Convenor

Sabu S MVice President

ShamanBuilding Committee

Member

HareeshEditor

Saira R (Lady)Vice President

Sreekumar CGeneral Secretary

STATE OFFICE BEARERS KGVO

A

State Office Bearers KGVOAState Office Bearers KGVOA

Veterinarians' Annual Convention 2015 | 21

20 21

Sreekumar CGeneral Convenor

Dr ArunkumarChaiman-Finance committee

Dr. E K EaswaranChaiman

Dr. Sajith KumarConvenor-

Finance committee

Dr Biju.PChairman -Media and publicity Committee

Dr Sabu S MChaiman-

Food & Accomodation

Dr SanjayChaiman-Stage and

Decoration Committe

Varghese K JConvenor-

Finance committee

Dr Arun.SConvenor -Media and publicity Committee

Dr. ZachariahConvenor-

Food & Accomodation

Dr RenjithConvenor--Stage and Decoration Committe

Dr Saira RChaiman-

Programme committee

Dr M Ramesh Kumarchairman- Seminar

Committee

Dr Jose Christofer RajChaiman-Entertainment

Committee

Dr UshaChairman Reception

Committe

Dr. K C PrasathConvenor-

Programme committee

Dr. Nanda Kumar SConvenor - Seminar

Committee

Dr. Soya K LConvenor-Entertainment

Committee

Dr SreedeviConvenor

Reception Committe

ORG

ANIS

ING

COM

MIT

TEE

Organising CommitteeOrganising Committee

22 23

Dr. Rayne JosephMember

Dr. Dilip ChandranChairman

Dr. Bhagyalakshmi V LMember

Dr. Syamala KMember

Dr. Annie VargheseMember

Dr. Preethi DavidsonMember

Dr. Jizana PMember

Dr. Ajith KumarMember

Dr. Anand RadhakrishnanMember

Dr. Asha T TConvenor

Souvenir CommitteeSouvenir CommitteeSO

UVEN

IR COM

MITTEE

22 23


24


• One Health

• Other Scientific Articles

• Vets in Practice

• Literary Works

• Lighter Moments

On

24

1. Strategies for Implementation of One Health in Control of Infectious Diseases - Dr. Sara Varghese 27

2. Formulation of strategies for the implementation of ONE HEALTH through inter-sectoral collaboration - Dr. Arunkumar Govindakarnavar, Ph D 31

3. Farm to Fork Approach to Food Safety – Opportunities and Challenges - Dr. B. Sunil 33

4. Vector-Borne Viral Zoonoses: Role of Veterinarian in One Health approach - Dr. B Anukumar 37

5. “ONE HEALTH”: A New Parameter for Planning - Prof. (Dr.) Rama kumar V 42

6. One Health Approach for The Control of Emerging Zoonoses In Kerala - Prejit & Preethi Unnithan 52

Tackling Avian In�luenza: Collaboration between Veterinarians and Wildlife Managers is integral - Dr. Amit Mallick IFS & N. Radhakrishnan 60

8. Zoonotic Disease Of Public Health Importance - Mrs. Sandhya V K 67

9. Biodiversity conservation – the challenges and initiatives - Dr. P S Easa 69

10. Role of Animal Welfare in implementation of One Health Concept - Dr. Sanjay D 85

11. Role of Environmental studies for improving the health of Man and Animals - Dr. Nandakumar.S 90

12. Biomedical Waste Management - Dr. C. Latha 94

13. Milk-Borne Diseases : Need for Maintaining Microbiological Quality and Safety of Milk - Dr. R. Geetha & Dr. C.T.Sathian 102

14. Parasitic Zoonoses - Dr. Syamala K 106

15. Waste Management in Livestock Farms - Dr. Deepak Mathew D K 109

16. Up gradation of Livestock Farms for Additional Revenue - Dr. A Sajidas 111

17. Dermatophilosis - a zoonotically important disease - Dr. Sindhu K Rajan 114

18. m-I-t - w-b« - p-Z-{ -XIÀ- \k-t½ - - tUm. D-j BÀ 120

Contents

7.

19. p-Xm-]-s -P- m-\ - cw-k y-Km-c-t -£-W- Kr-a Ân-̄ - w-k -c- Ja-t W£ -e- n-àk]-{ S-sp-b - -t-U-m. d-mW-n. Fk-v.-F-k-v. 123

20. Canine in Kerala and its public health - Dr. Deepa Chirayath 127

21. Correction of Torsion of Uterus In Ruminants by Wooden Plank Method - Dr. R Jayachandran 129

22. Field Level Practical Tips For Getting Maximum Conception Rate In Cattle - Dr. V Prasanth 133

23. Role of Contract Farming in the Development of Kerala's Poultry Sector - Dr. Marykutty Thomas 137

24. Hydroponics Fodder Production and its Potential Use as a Livestock Feed Resource - Dr. Rajkumar G., Dr. Shyama K. and Dr. Dipu M. T 140

25. “ -ÄI´n-N v-b]-t ’’ - -t-U-m. F.Fkv. cmP³ 145

26. “ v-¡v-bn-\F o-½a A2 -q-cX Âm-] ’’ - t-U-m. F³. AP-b³ 147

27. m-X¸p-a Ân-e¯Àfhn-gm-¡-tn-̈dC ≠ v-jc-tp-k n-bm-ap-h¡g] w-p-hbNn-c] â-sn - t-U-m. ac-nb e-nk a-mX-y-q- 149

28. lu HmÄ-Uv BÀ bp? h-b-sÊ-{X-bm-bn ? kw- cw- `w Xp-S-§m-dm-bntÃ ? Ir-jn ar-K-kw-c£-Ww ^n-j-dokv hn-P-bn¡m³ an-I-̈ 10 kw-cw`§Ä -- t-U-m. ssj³ IpamÀ 156

30. My Pal !

29. "" "]Wn-'¡p-dhpw "]-Wn-'¡q-en-bpw'' -þ ImÀ«q¬

tUm. A-Pn-Xv IpamÀ Pn.F-kv. & tUm. tdm-P³ ]n.Fw. 166

Nn{X§Ä

tUm. im´n 193

- Dr. Bhagyalakshmi V L 169

31. w-bo-Ucm-] þ Ä§\v-]z-k -- tUm. _oäp tPmk^v 171

32. “ ...m-̧-tÀB - ..m-d-tÀC .’’ - -tUm. kp\nÂ-IpamÀ Fw _n 173

33. n-Xp-I â-so-Xv-bm-a-s -c-IÄ þ t-U-m. BÀ {-i-o\-n-h-m-k³ 177

34. Crossing Borders - Dr. Sindhu Balan 181

35. w-h¹n-hfh[ p-cm-e-sn-«m-\ â-sn-̄h¹n-hXn-cl - - -t-U-m.Fk-v. Pb{-i-o 185

36.

37.

Enteroliths In Horses - Dr. M.R.K. IYER 189

38. jn-̀ Kr-""a - z-K - '' -³c - - t-U-m. k-wK-oX-v \-mc-m-b¬. BÀ. 197

39. ""D½'' -- -t-U-m. \n-jm´v 198

40. “ Wn-\ -a- ½Àm-H ªn-W -IÄ-’’ - - t-U-m. t-k-mb.- s-I.-FÂ. 200

41. äh-s m-fcI-t - n-d - \-t - n-d - w-n-UÂn-_ v-k³b - p-cn-X ,-v-K -h-\-́ - w-cp-] 204 -- tUm. F.F-kv. cmP³


Dr. Sara VargheseProfessor & HeadDepartment of Community MedicineMedical College, Thiruvananthapuram

Strategies for Implementation of One Health in Control of Infectious Diseases

One Health is a concept which emphasizes the inter relationship of health of human beings, animals and the environment. The

epidemiological triad is the concept held to date where the agent is the organism or causative agent

of the disease, the host is the human involved and the environment which encompasses the climate as a whole and the vectors involved, the routes of

transmission of diseases being the link between the agent, host & environment.

In this new millennium, we cannot ignore the relationship between man & his environment. In the quest for development many a time the balance of environment is toppled and this is being reflected in climate change leading to many a phenomenon like change in the weather conditions and subsequently a change in the temperature, rainfall, humidity and direction of the wind. When these issues surface with increasing number of organisms, thrive in the changed environment and hence cause communicable diseases of various entities. One issue that needs to be mentioned in this context is the negativity of civic sense among people in maintaining nature

One Health


eg; solid waste disposal both in the rural & the urban setting, which is one of the factors responsible for the increase in certain type of vectors in the transmission of zoonotic diseases.

In general,the need to ensure the safety of the environment does not seem to be important to man. This could be in part due to ignorance and partly due to selfishness- a character which is seldom seen in animals. Man, many a times invites trouble knowingly or unknowingly in the form of vector borne diseases.

The incidence of emerging infectious diseases in humans has increased within the recent past or threatens to increase in the near future. Over 30 new infectious agents have been detected worldwide in the last three decades; 60 per cent of these are of zoonotic origin of which two thirds have originated from wildlife. These could be either bacterial, viral or parasitic diseases.

Some of these are emerging infectious diseases those diseases whose incidence has increased in the recent past or due to a new recognition of an infectious agent in the population or the realization that an established condition has an infectious origin.

Others are "Re-emerging infectious diseases"- those diseases which were once controlled or thought to be eliminated, reappear.

Epidemics or pandemics caused by these emerging and re-emerging zoonotic infections often take a heavy toll of life and by rapidly spreading across borders are responsible for much concern and panic. Besides health, emerging infections also present a grave economic, developmental and security challenges.

Many infections are associated with poor sanitation, contaminated food, inadequate personal hygiene, or inaccessibility to safe water and lack of basic health services- conditions common to large parts of India. Favorable environmental, demographic and socio-economic factors further put India at a risk of epidemics of emerging infections.

To cite a few outbreaks of zoonotic infections, the plague outbreak occurred in Surat in Gujarat in 1994 which took the lives of many and caused considerable social, political & economic impact. This has been demonstrated with focal outbreaks of plague in India in 1994, 2002 and 2004. Epidemiological investigations have attributed these recurrences to

spillover from an epizootic cycle of plague in wild rodents to commensal rodents driven by climate variation. Recent analysis of data from Kazakhstan shows that warmer springs and wetter summers increase the prevalence of plague in its main host, the great gerbil. The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has identified four sylvatic foci in India; the tri-junction of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, later Beed belt in Maharashtra, Rohru in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The plague outbreak in Surat, led not only to nationwide panic but to a near international isolation of India.

The Nipah virus was first recognized in 1999 during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia. Since then, there have been 12 additional outbreaks, all in South Asia. Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural hosts for Nipah virus. Evidence shows that geographical distribution of Henipavirus (Nipah and Hendra) overlaps with that of Pteropus . Over the years, the epidemiology of Nipah appears to have changed.

Evidence of person to person transmission and a high case fatality rate (60-70%) were some of the alarming developments seen in Nipah outbreaks in India (2001) and Bangladesh (2001, 2006). Nipah virus has also ben categorized as a food borne disease from eating dates contaminated with urine or saliva of infected bats.

A new virus belonging to family Rhabdoviridae was isolated in 1965 in the Chandipura (Nagpur) region of India in two adult patients with febrile illness during an outbreak of febrile illness caused by chikungunya and dengue viruses42. It was named as Chandipura (CHP) virus. This virus was not considered to have an epidemic potential until an outbreak of acute encephalitis in children in Andhra Pradesh, India was attributed to CHP virus in 2003 with a case fatality rate of 55 per cent. CHP virus is transmitted to humans by sandflies. Subsequently focal outbreaks have been reported from Gujarat (2004), and Maharashtra (2007). The outbreaks have predominantly focused in rural areas and sandflies seem to be the main vector and maintainence host of the virus. Case distribution was spotty without clustering and paediatric age group of 9 months to 14 years was involved.

Chikungunya fever, caused by the chikungunya virus, was first reported in Tanzania in 1953. Previous outbreaks in India (1963 and 1973) were caused by


the Asian genotypes. Non-human primates act as a main reservoir of infection. After a quiescence of three decades, a resurgence of infection from southern and central parts of the country was reported in 2006. This has been attributed to the East African genotype earlier not prevalent in this part of the world. Currently, 22 States and Union Territories of India have reported cases of chikungunya . Chikungunya is associated with joint pains lasting up to six months. Although deaths are not known to occur but the morbidity and disability caused due to chikungunya are enormous and 45.26 DALYs were lost per million population due to 2006 epidemic in India.

Avian Influenza an infection caused by Influenza A (H5N1) viruses, usually infecting poultry animals and pigs. It was first reported in 1997 in Hong Kong. In 2003, changes in the strains of virus resulted in emergence of ‘novel’ Z strain and human beings were infected by this virus, contrary to earlier belief that avian influenza virus cannot infect human beings due to differences in receptors. Vietnam reported first human case due to H5N1 in 2003. The pandemic HINI influenza virus emerged in humans in early April 2009 in Mexico and California. The H1N1 strain then quickly spread worldwide through human-to-human transmission. On August 10, 2010, the WHO Director-General Dr Margaret Chan announced that the influenza H1N1 virus has moved into the post-pandemic period..

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) was first described as a clinical entity in 1944-1945 in Crimea during World War II. CCHF virus circulates in an enzootic tick-vertebrate-tick cycle. The virus causes disease among smaller wildlife species, e.g. hares and hedgehogs that act as hosts for the immature stages of the tick vectors. A CCHF outbreak was reported in Gujarat in 2011. This outbreak was characterized by a zoonotic origin and a person-to-person spread in hospital setting.

Epidemiologically, major at-risk group are farmers living in endemic areas and animal handlers. The geographic range of CCHF virus is the most extensive among the tickborne viruses that affect human health, and the second most widespread of all medically important arboviruses, after dengue viruses. Changes in climatic conditions have been suggested to be one of the factors that has facilitated the survival of

a large number of Hyalomma spp. ticks and of the hosts of both their immature and adult stages and consequently the increased incidence of CCHF.

Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) characterized by fever and seizures each year takes a heavy toll in a few States of India, especially in children below the age of 10 years. During the past five years, the incidence of AES in the country has been on the rise . Of the five States reporting the disease during 2011, most cases and deaths were in Uttar Pradesh, followed by Bihar, Assam and West Bengal. As a seasonal disease, AES often occurs in outbreaks during summer or following the rains. In a recent outbreak in Muzzaffarpur district of Bihar, which began during late May 2012 had by mid July accounted for 389 cases and 160 deaths, with a case fatality rate of 41.1%. Characteristically, in most outbreaks, the aetiological agents responsible for this life threatening disease remain undetermined, with Japanese Encephalitis virus detected in about 15 % of cases. Unfortunately, many gaps presently exist in our understanding of the disease epidemiology including the mode of transmission, which hamper efforts at effective control.

Strategies to Combat Emerging & Re Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases:

Both emerging & reemerging infectious diseases will continue to challenge public health infrastructure, test the credibility of health services, and threaten to devastate the health and economic development unless a strategic vision and an effective plan of action are developed to combat these. This will increasingly require the application of sophisticated epidemiologic and molecular biologic technologies, changes in human behavior, and a national perspective. Based on the recommendations by the WHO, there is the need to strengthen epidemic preparedness and rapid response, public health infrastructure, risk communication, research and its utilization, and advocacy for political commitment and partnership building. Some of the initiatives in the country are

1. Strengthening surveillance and rapid response mechanisms

National Surveillance Programme on Communi-cable Diseases (NSPCD) in 1997


Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was established in 2004 in 101 districts

It has expanded to cover all States and districts in the country, meaning that each district now has a surveillance unit and a rapid response team (RRT) to quickly manage the disease outbreak in any part of the country.

To augment surveillance activities and response mechanisms a wide network of epidemiologists, microbiologists and entomologists has been made available in all district and State headquarters under IDSP. IT connectivity has been established with all the States, districts and medical colleges through 776 sites for rapid data transfer, video conferencing and distance learning activities.

2. Develop an Interface with the concerned Departments like Veterinary, Food, Agriculture & Environment

It is imperative in this era to develop an interface with the departments of Veterinary, Agriculture & Environment and establish regular reporting of diseases and concerned changes through the internet in a prescribed format. This will keep authorities updated on the changed situations in allied fields which has its effect in the spread of zoonotic diseases. Local bodies also need to be harnessed into this as waste management in the proper way is an essential component in managing the resurgence of diseases.

3. Complying with International Health Regulations

In 2005, the 194 member countries which are considered as States Parties passed the International Health Regulations known as IHR (2005). NCDC is the focal point for IHR in India and efforts are being made to strengthen core capacities needed under IHR. The National Institute of Epidemiology in Chennai has been offering a two years FETP which is an in-service training programme in applied epidemiology.

4. Building capacity in epidemiology

The NCDC has been conducting short term (3 month) FETPs since 1963-1964. A second, two year FETP was started in NCDC as a degree-granting programme, offering a Masters of Public Health in Field Epidemiology (MPH-FE).

5. Strengthening of laboratory and networks

Under the IDSP, 50 district public health laboratories are being strengthened all over the country.

6. Research and developmentCross-cutting research that informs key policy

decisions such as rational use of drugs and pesticides; climatic change; environmental impact assessment is the cornerstone of disease prevention and control.

7. Information sharing and partnershipsEffective partnerships in combating emerging

infections in combating emerging & reemerging infections were evident during the pandemic of influenza.

The strategies could also be thought of as preventive & promotive at the individual level- both for humans and animals simultaneously trying not to cause further damage to an already disturbed nature. The One Health approach is essentially a multi disciplinary approach to curbing disease in animals thereby reducing the spread of the zoonosis in question. This will also need the support from the government in terms of finance especially when it comes to culling of birds as was the case in recent times in Kuttanad in Alappuzha district. A comprehensive national strategy on infectious diseases addressing the challenges of emerging and re-emerging infections cutting across all relevant sectors, both governmental and non-governmental, should be in place. Identification of national centres of excellence and their capacity building is of critical importance. Sensitive rapid response mechanisms at various levels of health service are the cornerstone to detect public health threats and respond quickly enough to protect valuable human lives. National commitment and comprehensive efforts are necessary at all levels of health services in order to meet the threat of emerging and re-emerging infections. The challenge therefore is the realization of this approach by all stakeholders and the unflinching cooperation in a continuous manner.

References:1. Emerging & re-emerging infections in India: An

overview

2. T. Dikid, S.K. Jain, A. Sharma, A. Kumar & J.P. Narain


Dr. Arunkumar Govindakarnavar, Ph DProfessor and HeadManipal Centre for Virus ResearchManipal University, Manipal- [email protected] 9845584163

Formulation of strategies for the implementation of ONE HEALTH through inter-sectoral collaboration

Much has been talked and written about the ONE HEALTH concept, since its introduction in 2008. However in practice, we hardly find one

health approach applied in our current public health practice, excepting avian influenza.

The one health concept is conceptualized from the realization that the disease emergence is a function of social and ecosystem change. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic and nearly 75% of emerging infectious diseases are occurring at human animal environment interface. Increasing levels of anti-microbial drug resistance (AMR) is another major concern. Advances in global travel, trade, agricultural practices and the changing demography and climate have significantly changed the human-animal-environment interface. However, most of the infectious disease investigations and research is still focused on an etiology-based approach and confined to a single discipline. While this approach had significantly contributed to human, animal and plant health, the complex link between ecosystem and emergence of infectious disease requires an integrated multidisciplinary approach in identifying the root cause and developing integrated prevention, detection and response plans.

Convergence and Co-ordination

One Health


The major challenge to multidisciplinary or intersectoral approach is the prevailing disciplinary nature of the existing system and hence the difficulty of bringing together diverse sectors who are comfortable in working alone to collaborate. Soft skills rather than professional and technical skills are important attributes for engaging interdisciplinary, intersectoral collaboration. Quite often, passionate individuals with sound knowledge in their disciplines, willing to work together to solve a shared problem form the foundation of interdisciplinary/ sectoral collaboration. Formal collaboration of institutions through MOU/ MOA might help in winning a research grant but not necessarily sustain the collaboration.

Some of the suggested components of an interdisciplinary approach in one health include, promoting interdisciplinary professional social networking, support and cultivate passionate interdisciplinary advocates, building a culture of trust and respect among disciplines to enable team building and data sharing etc. Identification of shared problems and development of a vision for addressing the same can go a long way in sustaining an intersectoral collaboration. Certain institutional mechanisms such as mandatory intersectoral consultations

while developing Institutional plans, budget for intersectoral activities, breaking boundaries between disciplines in an Institution and incorporation of interdisciplinary approaches in curriculum can promote inter disciplinary collaboration.

Appropriate use of neutral agencies such as non-profit or non-governmental organizations have shown to be very effective in facilitating interdisciplinary team and culture building. The global platforms provided by the international treaties such as WHO International Health Regulation (IHR 2005), WHO Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) and UN Millennium Development Goals (MDG) can be effectively used to bridge the gap. The recent epidemics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), Ebola and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus (MERS-CoV) as well as the old but endemic or re-emerging diseases like Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Anthrax, and Kyasanur Forest Diseases (KFD) should be used as catalyst to formulate strategies for successful inter-sectoral collaborations in public health. Unless we change our attitude and adopt one health approach locally, nationally and globally in the public health practice, one cannot reach the goal of “health for all” and ensure global health security.

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Approach to Food Safety – Opportunities and Challenges

One Health


The change in the concept, largely driven by the concerns of the economically more advanced coun-tries, raises several challenges and opportunities for countries in the developing world. The most obvious concern is the impact on their trade-oriented sectors. Many developing countries are formulating strategies to expand their foreign markets for processed food-stuffs. How are export sectors coping with new inter-national environment? What exactly is the state of the food produced for the local market?

For a range of reasons, people living in developing countries face a higher level of exposure to contami-nated foodstuffs than those living in wealthier coun-tries – the tropical climate favors proliferation of pests and naturally occurring toxins, the water supplies used to clean and process food are frequently unsafe, and regulatory standards are ei-ther lower or less well en-forced. Rapid urbanization may have complicated the situation, by changing people's traditional ways of handling their food: more and more people de-pend on markets, and many rely at least in part on food pre-pared outside of the home.

Both the external and domestic chal-lenges facing developing countries like India raise questions as to how to effectively address this prob-lem. What kinds of development cooperation can best support the management of food safety? What kinds of collaborative research are needed to resolve out-standing issues? Inter-sectoral collaborations could offer solutions to these problems.

Trends in Food Safety Management

Food safety standards and international trade

A new focus on food safety issues in international trade has evolved since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round, which brought agriculture into the fold of world trading rules. Two agreements annexed to the general trade accords – the Sanitary and Phytosani-tary (SPS) Agreement and an updated Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) – were designed to lay out conditions for transparency and equivalent treatment when countries put into place regulatory measures to ensure food safety, consumer protection, and plant and animal health. Under the harmoniza-

tion principle, countries are encouraged to adopt international standards, such as those agreed to by the Commission of the Codex Alimentarius, an in-ternational expert body dealing with food safety is-sues. When they do adopt stricter measures, these need to be founded on clear scientific evidence (the principle of fundamental rights and obligations). Countries must accept control measures of their trading partners, when these are different from their own measures, if the exporting country can demonstrate that their measures permit an equiv-alent level of protection (the equivalence princi-ple). Research has shown a rise in standards-based trade obstacles over the years.

Setting up higher standardsIn response to increasing con-sumer concerns about food safe-

ty, regulators in Europe, the United States (US) and Japan

have been raising the bar that food suppliers need to meet to sell on their mar-kets. This includes strict-

er norms on pesticide and veterinary drug residues and

mycotoxins – some of which are powerful carcinogens – as well as

on microbial contaminants. Steward-ship in management of antimicrobial resis-

tance is also underway.

Quality Control to “Farm to Fork” approach

In the private sector, food safety management comes under the broader rubric of “quality assur-ance.” The past decade has witnessed nothing short of a revolution in this area. Industries have shifted away from the traditional focus on end-product testing (where sub grade products are rejected) toward quality management of the production process (where the aim is prevention of quality mishaps before they happen). With regards to food safety, two catch phrases have become om-nipresent: “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points” (or HACCP) and “farm to fork” strategies. HACCP, a 7-step method developed in the 1960s for controlling microbiological contamination of pro-cessed foods for the US space program, has been expanded to cover a range of different types of con-tamination, in a variety of production circumstanc-es. The “farm to fork” notion is that quality needs to be managed not only in the processing factory,


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Rudolf Virchow, the father of Modern Pathology once said that “Between animal and human medicine, there are no dividing lines nor should there be. The object is different,

but the experience obtained constitutes the basis of all medicine". In India, the veterinary curriculum comprises of both basic biomedical and clinical sciences. In addition, unlike their other counterparts in human medicine, veterinarians are familiar with different species of animals and their curriculum includes comparative medicine, zoonosis, epidemiology etc. Veterinarians are capable enough in preventive medicine, zoonoses and epidemiology, which provide them enough confidence in taking up a role in public health. The general view in India is that veterinary service simply focuses on pet and farm animals. However, the veterinarian has a multiple roles: pet and farm animal care, food production and safety, and public health and many more. Now a days , our politicians and policy makers have understood the importance of veterinary medicine in public health. The new concept of ‘One Health” which

addresses the human, animal as well as environmental health emphasizes the importance of the role of

veterinarian in control of zoonotic diseases.

As per World Health Organization (WHO) “A zoonosis is any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans”. Animals thus play an essential role in maintaining zoonotic infections in nature. More than half of the all human disease are animal originated.

Many zoonoses are result of vast changes in land use that affect biodiversity and relations

between animal hosts, people, and pathogens. Human contact with wildlife is increased on a large

scale through road building, human settlements inside the forest, and poaching etc. Zoonoses may be bacterial, viral,

or parasites and over 200 zoonotic diseases are reported. There are several zoonoses in India mainly anthrax, avian influenza, bovine tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus, toxoplasma, Chikungunya , Kyasanur forest disease are the greatest threat to the public health. Arboviruses forms an emerging group among medically important zoonoses that are transmitted

Vector-Borne Viral Zoonoses: Role of Veterinarian in One Health approach

Dr. B Anukumar Scientist D & Officer in-charge, National Institute of Virology-Kerala unit,Govt.T.D.Medical college hospital complex, Vandanam, Alappuzha-688005

One Health


by arthropod vectors represent major threats to human health all over the world. Zoonoses spread by ticks and mosquitoes (arboviruses) are serious and infect many people in India. Mosquito-borne viruses such as Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile Virus (WNV), dengue and Chikungunya viruses are major public health threats in India. India experiences several outbreaks of vector borne zoonosis every year.

Most of the vector-borne virus uses animal(s) as a host or amplifying host or intermediate host in their transmission cycle. Hence veterinary component is important in public health. Veterinarian plays a main role in the control of zoonoses as a public health agency. Few examples of important vector-borne zoonoses which are major concerns in India and their transmission cycles are described below.

Japanese Encephalitis virusJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile

virus (WNV) are the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex viruses, which belong to the Flaviviridae family, causing viral encephalitis in humans. These viruses cause asymptomatic infection in the majority of the infected humans. Both of the viruses are transmitted by mosquito vectors. JE is a major public

health problem in the Asian region, a recent report indicated that approximately 67900 JE cases occur annually in the 24 JE endemic countries [1]. JE is the most important viral encephalitis in Asia, especially in rural and suburban areas where rice culture and pig farming coexist. The main JEV transmission cycle involves Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes and similar species that lay eggs in rice paddies and other open water sources, with pigs and aquatic birds as principal vertebrate amplifying hosts. Humans are generally thought to be dead-end hosts because they develop

a transient viraemia to infect feeding mosquitoes. Approximately 20 – 30% of JE cases are fatal and 30 – 50% of survivors have significant neurologic sequlae. In India, many encephalitis outbreaks have been associated with Japanese encephalitis (JE). Approximately 597,542,000 people in India live in JE-endemic regions, and 1,500 to 4,000 cases are reported every year. Swine are a major amplifying host in a peridomestic environment. Japanese encephalitis is a vaccine preventable disease [2].

West Nile Virus

West Nile fever is caused by the West Nile virus (WNV). Birds are the natural reservoir of the virus. The virus is maintained in nature in a mosquito–

bird–mosquito transmission cycle. Mammals serve primarily as dead-end hosts because of the transient viraemia in the infected animals. WNV is endemic throughout Africa, the Middle East, West and Central Asia, and the Mediterranean; however, most early epidemics occurred mainly in rural populations with few cases of severe neurological disease [3]. In India, antibodies against WNV were first detected in human sera from Bombay in 1952 [4] and subsequently at the South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu [5]. Fatal cases were seen in children, unlike in older age groups in other countries [6]. Sporadic cases of the WN fever occur in many areas and states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Delhi have shown serological evidence of WNV etiology in the encephalitis cases. Recently, the presence of West Nile virus was reported in Alappuzha and Kollam districts in Kerala [7].

Chikungunya VirusChikungunya virus (CHIKV) of family Togaviridae

and genus Alphavirus, re-emerged as a serious health challenge in various countries from 2004. Chikungunya was first detected in 1952 in Makonde,

West Nile virus transmission cycle

Japanese Encephalitis virus transmission cycle


United Republic of Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) and derives its name from kungunyala, the Swahili word for the contorted posture of patients because of their arthritis symptoms. There are two epidemiological transmission cycles of CHIK fever: a sylvatic cycle, occurring primarily in Africa, mainly between wild primates and Aedes sp mosquitoes, where humans are accidental hosts; and an urban human-mosquito-human transmission cycle that typically occurs in cities in Asia. CHIKV is transmitted to humans from infected non-human primates and other humans by the bite of Aedes sp mosquitoes. In India, major epidemics of Chikungunya were reported in 1963 in Kolkata, in 1965 in Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry), Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and again in 1973 in Maharashtra [8]. Thereafter, sporadic cases continued to be recorded in Maharashtra during 1983 and 2000 [9]. Since 2003, there has been a resurgence of CHIKV outbreaks in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, including Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius and Reunion Island [10]. In January 2006, there was a very large epidemic in Reunion Island, followed quickly by the one in India [11]. Almost 1.3 million suspected Chikungunya fever cases were reported in India [12]. During the 2005-2007 outbreaks, there were reports of deaths related to CHIKV infection. This outbreak was the consequence of an adaptation of CHIKV to efficiently infect Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in addition to the normal

vector Aedes aegypti [10]. The virus is considered to be a potential agent for bioterrorism and a major public health threat in India.

Kyasanur Forest Disease VirusKyasanur Forest disease (KFD) virus is a member of

the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae. It is a highly pathogenic virus producing a hemorrhagic disease in humans and monkeys. In nature, it is maintained in mainly in Heamaphysalis sp ticks, mammals (mostly monkeys and rodents) and birds . The transmission mostly occurs during the winter and summer months. It causes febrile illness progressing to hemorrhages with mortality in 2-10% cases [13]. Ever since, KFD was first recognized in 1956; it has been reported to

Chikungunya virus transmission cycle

KFDV transmission cycle


be endemic in five districts of Karnataka, India. From 2012 onward, KFD has been reported apparently from new areas Chamarajanagar district [2012], Karnataka State, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamilnadu State [2012] [14], Wayanad and Mallapuram district of Kerala State [2013-15] [15]. Recently, KFD activity has been reported in neighboring districts of Karnataka and Goa in India.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virusCrimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

(CCHFV) is a member of the genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae. Ticks of the genus Hyalomma sp are considered to be both the main vector and the natural reservoir [16]. These ticks are present on the ground and can infest a number of small and large mammals. Most infected animals can carry the virus without showing symptoms, providing a source of virus in their blood for further transmission to other animals and/or humans. Although tick bites are the main route of transmission to humans, direct contact with the body fluids, tissue or blood of infected animals can also lead to human infections. The disease is widespread in various countries in Africa, Asia, southeastern Europe,

and Eurasia, and cases have been documented recently in India. The first confirmed cases of CCHF in India occurred during a nosocomial outbreak in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in January 2011. During 2012–2015, several outbreaks and cases of CCHF transmitted by ticks via livestock and several nosocomial infections were reported in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Recently, a CCHF case was reported from Uttar Pradesh state. The fatality rate of CCHFV infection in humans can vary from 5% to 30%, depending on the virus strain, the location and the public health infrastructure associated with outbreaks.

Role of Veterinarian in control of vector-borne zoonoses

Veterinarians contribute as epidemiologists, laboratory scientists, policymakers, researchers, and surveillance experts and in environmental and disease prevention and control programs both domestically and globally. Some of the important roles are described below.1. Animal disease surveillance

The key to success in handling disease epidemics is early detection. If a disease can be detected very

Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic fever transmission cycle


early in the phase it could be prevented from spreading to the human beings. Surveillance followed by early detection determines the control of disease. About 75% of the new diseases that have affected humans over the past 10 years have been caused by pathogens originating from an animal or from products of animal origin. Many of these diseases have the potential to spread through various means over long distances and to become global problems. Veterinarians get first hand information about the zoonoses. In coordination with public health authorities, from sharing the information makes disease control easy at its initial point of time. In India, some states have provided computer and internet connectivity to the veterinarian to report the occurrence of disease and unusual events immediately.

2. Coordination with public health and environment experts

Human health is inextricably linked to animal health and production. Sharing information with public health authorities and environment experts about unusual events helpful to detect the events in early stage in order to take preventive measure before the disease get the epidemic potential. For example, unusual death of horses and crows are early warning signs of West Nile virus activity in West Nile endemic areas. Similarly monkey death in forest area is one of the warning signs of KFD activities. The veterinarians are primary public health agencies who can transmit the relevant information to the public health authorities for further necessary action.

3. Participating in outbreak investigationsA veterinarian must be part of all the outbreak

investigation. The outbreak investigation team to investigate the disease outbreak in human being should consist of a veterinarian. The data related to animal and animal death can be collected by the veterinarian.

4. Reporting animal diseaseAny animal disease not known to exist in India,

any disease for which a control program exists, or any unexplained increase in the number of diseased animals or deaths must be reported by veterinarians.

5. Developing Preparedness measuresA veterinarian should be a part of developing the

emergency preparedness plan by public health au-thorities. The first step when developing an emergency response plan is to conduct a risk assessment to iden-

tify potential emergency scenarios. An understanding of what can happen will enable to determine resource requirements and to develop plans and procedures to prepare the field activity. The emergency plan should be consistent with performance objectives. The veter-inarian can contributes in risk assessment as well as preparedness plan for zoonotic diseaes.

To summarise, veterinarians, physicians, and public health professionals act together in following three areas via individual health, population health, and comparative medicine research. In individual health setting, input from both physicians and veterinarians are important in assessing the potential for zoonotic disease transmission from animals to humans. In population health, zoonotic disease threats should be addressed through surveillance systems that include domestic and wild animal and human populations, which would help lead to effective control measures. In a research setting, collaboration between physicians and veterinarians in comparative medicine would improve our understanding of zoonotic agent-host interactions. Finally, the veterinary profession contributes to the improvement of human and public health by improving agriculture and food systems, advancing biomedical and comparative medical research, preventing and addressing zoonotic diseases, enhancing environmental and ecosystem health, and helping manage 21st century public health challenges.

References1. Campbell GL, Hills SL, Fischer M, Jacobson JA, Hoke

CH, Hombach JM, Marfin AA, Solomon T, Tsai TF, Tsu VD and Ginsburg AS . Estimated global inci-dence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89:766 774.

2. Tiwari S, Singh RK, Tiwari R, Dhole TN. Japanese encephalitis: a review of the Indian perspective. Braz J Infect Dis. 2012;16(6): 564–573

3. Gyure KA. West Nile virus infections. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68:1053-60.

4. Banker DD. Preliminary observations on antibody patterns against certain viruses among inhabitants of Bombay city. Indian J Med Sci. 1952;6:733-66.

5. Risbud AR, Sharma V, Rao CV, Rodrigues FM, Shaikh BH, Pinto BD, et al. Post-epidemic serological survey for JE virus antibodies in south Arcot district (Tamil Nadu). Indian J Med Sci. 1991;93:1-5.


Prof. (Dr.) Rama kumar VFormer Secretary, Veterinary Council of IndiaPhone: 0471-2320773 Mobile: 9847443086 [email protected]

“ONE HEALTH”: A New Parameter for Planning

For making money man sacrifices health; to regain health man sacrifices money; in the thought of the uncertainty of future man sacrifices the pleasures of today; hoping that he will never die, he dies without living -Dalai Lama

One health (OH) is not a tool that is meant to establish commonalities of veterinary and medical professions.

It is an inclusive platform of all departments or agencies# involved in public service. To attain “optimal health for people, animals and the environment- locally, regionally and globally", OH studies disease, deficiencies, crisis, hazards or disasters (DDCHD) so as to forecast their occurrence or increase and to organize preparedness to mitigate them as and when they occur. Health is a state of physical and mental ease; it can be monitored through the behavior and actions of an organism. Nature’s health often escapes attention as its tolerance is high and response subtle or gradual. It can also be precipitous as has recently happened in Chennai. [# Kerala has more than 51 depts. besides local bodies, NGO’s, CBO’s etc. funded by govt.]

MANHATTAN PRINCIPLES: We urge the world's leaders, civil society, the global health community and institutions of science to:

1. Recognize the essential link between human, domestic animal and wildlife health and the

threat, disease poses to people, their food supplies and economies, and the biodiversity essential to maintaining the healthy environments and functioning ecosystems we all require.

2. Recognize that decisions regarding land and water use have real implications for health. Alterations in the resilience of ecosystems and shifts in patterns of disease emergence and spread

One Health


manifest themselves when we fail to recognize this relationship.

3. Include wildlife health science as an essential component of global disease prevention, surveillance, monitoring, control and mitigation.

4. Recognize that public health programs can greatly contribute to conservation efforts.

5. Devise adaptive, holistic and forward-looking approaches to the prevention, surveillance, monitoring, control and mitigation of emerging and resurging diseases that take the complex interconnections among species into full account.

6. Seek opportunities to fully integrate biodiversity conservation perspectives and human needs (including those related to domestic animal health) when developing solutions to infectious disease threats.

7. Reduce the demand for and better regulate the international live wildlife and bush meat trade not only to protect wildlife populations but also to lessen the risks of disease movement, cross-species transmission, and the development of novel pathogen-host relationships. The costs of this worldwide trade in terms of impacts on public health, agriculture and conservation are enormous, and the global community must address this trade as the real threat it is to global socio-economic security.

8. Restrict the mass culling of free-ranging wildlife species for disease control to situations where there is a multidisciplinary, international scientific consensus that a wildlife population poses an urgent, significant threat to public health, food security, or wildlife health more broadly.

9. Increase investment in the global human and animal health infrastructure commensurate with the serious nature of emerging and resurging disease threats to people, domestic animals and wildlife. Enhanced capacity for global human and animal health surveillance and for clear, timely information-sharing (that takes language barriers into account) can only help improve coordination of responses among governmental and non-governmental agencies, public and animal health institutions, vaccine or pharmaceutical manufacturers, and other stakeholders.

10. Form collaborative relationships among governments, local people, and the private

and public (i.e. non-profit) sectors to meet the challenges of global health and biodiversity conservation.

11. Provide adequate resources and support for global wildlife health surveillance networks that exchange disease information with the public health and agricultural animal health communities as part of early warning systems for the emergence and resurgence of disease threats.

12. Invest in educating and raising awareness among the world’s people and in influencing the policy process to increase recognition that we must better understand the relationships between health and ecosystem integrity to succeed in improving prospects for a healthier planet.

Terms like “one medicine” and “integrated medicine” were being used before the Manhattan principle was declared in 2007. In 2006 Indian Veterinary Association (IVA) Kerala organized a National seminar, entitled “Merging modern science for sustainability, health and wellness: a vision for synergy in veterinary, medical, other sciences and Technologies”. The idea was to create a platform for “synergy of science”. Medical professionals (including all systems of medicine, Ayurveda, Homoeopathy etc.), Veterinary professionals, pure scientists, engineers, managers, technology and communication experts exchanged ideas for scientific investigations into untapped potential for development. It discussed ‘role identification’ of each sector and their possible linkages so that natural resources, human knowledge and technological skill could be optimally used for equitable development and sustainability.

Today each department draws its own limited inference of sustainable development unmindful of what happens with others. To mitigate this stalemate, ‘one health’ one must receive serious support for disease ecology* (*ecology of disease/ deficiency/ crisis/ hazard/ disaster-DDCHD), funding for hypothesis driven research, relevant to the locality than to subject matter of the dept. Most importantly we must generate positivity in an increasingly onerous regulatory (govt.) environment that inhibits collaboration among various departments. One health must become the new paradigm for development where equitable and holistic gain is ensured for the economic investments, made especially from public funds. It must be a program that manage problems like disease* (DDCHD) through a multi-sector approach. Ecology being a complex study of


interrelationship among humans, food animals, wild life and the environment, calls for an integrated surveillance and proactive intervention to reduce the response time (lag), to ensure a Rapid Response and to mitigate with minimal effort. It may prove cost effective, reduce mortality/ morbidity and minimize damage to environment (call it a cost benefit analysis).

URGENCY TO SHIFT TO ONE HEALTH AS PARAMETER FOR DEVELOPMENT• Despite 68 yrs of freedom, green revolution, 8%

growth rate, trade & economic liberalization and vast scientific advancement, India holds the largest number of mal-nourished children (42%?)

• Despite white revolution, 68% milk marketed (in India) is reported to be adulterated.

• Despite IT, ICT there are still areas of ignorance about the local situations (and stagnant pockets)

• Despite advances in molecular biology and digitalized communication technology new diseases, deficiencies, crises, hazards or disasters keep surfacing.

• Despite considerable efforts on development there is stress, low security perception, drug abuse, suicide etc. on the rise.

• Despite universalization of education, closer living, conflict of interests, social up rise, terrorism, war, pollution, waste, disasters are on the rise etc.

• Despite right to information, right to education & multiple media coverage, access is not universal.

• Despite decentralization (three tier administrative System) community participation is less than optimal

• Despite availability of advanced technology, ever increasing training institutions, modern hospitals, broader insurance policies, good laws & media coverage, health service has not received a universal coverage through proactive actions like efficient service in Primary health centers (PHC’s). Hi-tech is largely remaining limited to hi-fi hospitals/ diagnostic centers where the cream of the medical specialists gets absorbed.

• The life of population is seen shifting from a high mortality high fertility situation to a trend of low mortality low fertility. While we have expe rienced remarkable medical advances, there is a growing concern that the world's youngest generation could be the first in history to experience a

reduction in life expectancy and general health, compared to the previous generations.

Globally 162 million children are stunted, 99 million are underweight, and 51 million are wasted due to acute malnutrition. With a concerted effort across multiple sectors, we can end hunger in our lifetime

Malnourished girl Rajani from MP being weighed

Technology (IT/ ICT) is well developed with nearly 660 plus districts of India linked with National Informatics Center (NIC). But correct information from the grass root to the district is important to make information (for action) dependable ie. observable, measurable, recordable and retrievable. This information can be strengthened further by super-imposing it on Geographical Information System (GIS). Right to Information Act, 2005 (in clause i(a) of section 4 of the Act) has made it “ …mandatory for every public office to maintain all its records duly catalogued and indexed in a manner and form which facilitates the right to information under this Act and ensure that all records that are appropriate to be computerized, within a reasonable time and subject to availability of resources, computerized and connected through a network all over the country on different systems so that access to such records is facilitated.” It is time to verify its implementation. This will depend largely on the precision of data from grass root.

DISTRICTS AND TALUKS OF INDIA: Not too many people know of the existence of the term Taluk. It is interesting to know that a Taluk also known as Taluka, Tehsil or Mandal. It represents an administrative unit, covering an area of land with a city or town that serves as its headquarters, with possible additional towns and a number of villages. There are about 6,38,000 villages in India, 1609 cities and towns in 36 states (and UT’s). India has, 85 geo-climatic regions, 59 divisions, 664 districts and 6073 Taluks. The numbers vary with demand for separate Taluks and districts. Moreover, there are 1,50,546 localities. [There are 196 countries in the world; 195 if Taiwan is not counted as a country]


1. Trends and opportunities: On the positive side medical doctors are opting to be environmental health scientists and track disease or outbreaks to the source (often through molecular epidemiology). They could identify (and prevent?) chronic disease* caused by deficiency or low level chemical exposures (from air, pesticides, preservatives, processing or storage). Veterinarians are also turning to be environment health scientists and VPH (Vety. Public Health) practitioners and work on disease ecology in an effort to create healthier environment for animals, their owners and consumers of animal products. Environment scientists use naturally occurring micro-organisms or biodegradable materials to treat contaminated materials like waste water or break down the hazardous elements into non-hazardous matters. “One Health” is a perfect unifying concept that brings together human health care practitioners, veterinarians, organic agriculture specialists, environment scientists, lawyers, administrators and public men under one umbrella. By strengthening macro-epidemiologic network and standardizing investigations (say, through NABL) one can precisely assess the influences of life style changes on environment and vice-versa.

2. Paradigms shift for planning inclusive development:

Currently planning focuses on three sectors viz. (1) the production sector (ie. agriculture, fisheries, animal Husbandry, mining etc.), (2) the manufacturing sector (ie. processing, steel industry, automobile etc.) and (3) the service sector (like sales & marketing, insurance, health service, counseling, communication). If production is unable keep pace with the demands of either manufacturing or service sector, the supply constraint may affect the growth rate of the latter sectors. Shortage would result in inflation denying access to consumers especially of low income group. Inflation* force the governments to revise the pay, do retrenchments and layoffs as happened during money melting a few year years ago. While, manufacturing and service sectors primarily depend on production, production requires inputs like land, water, energy which are drawn mainly from nature. Change of life style and cracking communication tend to expose community to stress. A policy of “plenty production” must not use nature at rates that are not replenished. If this is happening there is need to invest in environmental assets, sustainability and biodiversity. Changing life style and growing population during development increases pressure on land, water and

energy leading ultimately to health hazards. Projects, prioritizing economic development alone or aiming at political popularity would be short-lived, if nature is neglected. To discuss Human development, as different from economic development, it is necessary to deliberate development on a wider canvas and include nature (ie. science of environment) and individual and social human behavior (ie. science of the soul) with the three traditional sectors viz. production sector, manufacturing sector & service sector.[*we are not to discuss inflation].

3. Macroepidemiology Epidemiology is used for determining the theory of causalty of a problem/ disease (DDCHD). It provides precise information regarding the type, nature and quantum of problem (DDCHD). Data, on disease (DDCHD) take the form of numbers, characters, texts, graphs, events and symbols or more elaborate structures such as sequences, lists and anything that can be expressed at the semantic* level. Information is derived from the mind of the person receiving the data. Socioeconomics (money, life style and attitude) do have a bearing on the incidence or trend of a disease/ crisis. Macro-epidemiology is the term we use to discuss inclusive information for actions like prevention, forecast and preparedness. [* semantic means relating to meaning or arising from distinctions between the meanings of different words or symbols; to describe the structure of the knowledge we have about that content].

4. Some Socio-Economic Indicators of Health and Disease

As of 2012 humans are subjected to 347 generic infectious diseases, distributed in a seemingly haphazard fashion among 231 countries and regions. 286 anti-infective drugs and 67 vaccines have been developed to deal with over 2,500 named pathogens. 55% of known human infections are associated with animal reservoir. 9 of 10 germ warfare agents are zoonotic. Awareness of diseases among health-care workers and lay public grew steadily with the appearance of Ebola, SARS, avian Influenza and West Nile virus infection.

Lack of physical and mental health abets emergence of disease. US is prescribing drugs worth approximately $250 Billion (Bn) each year. Of this $78 Bn (31%) is spent from the federal government. The


pharma industry spent $ 855 Million more for market lobbying. In India Approx. Rs 2000 crore was spent by both the Central & State Government in 2001-02 for medicine. Total health expenditure from all the sources was Rs. 1,337,763 million during 2004–05 constituting 4.25% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Of the total health expenditure, the share of private sector was maximum with 78.05%, public sector at 19.67% and the external flows contributed 2.28%. IMA wanted to suggest that Rs 50,000 crores to be earmarked for “Cure in India Project”. Despite rapid economic growth over the past two decades, successive governments have kept a tight rein on healthcare expenditure. India spends about 1% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on public health, compared to 3 percent in China and 8.3 percent in the United States. The government will spend about Rs 3,000 crore to double the number of drug regulators to 1,000 in three years and set up testing labs at ports to ensure that pharmaceutical export shipments meet global quality standards, a senior government official said in Mumbai. The share of drugs in health budget in Central government was 12%. Southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu incurred 15% each of their budget on drugs. Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa spend 5% or less on drugs. Expenditure of rural households on medicines comes to >6% and urban India <5%. Surprisingly, it is not always the countries that spend the most on medical care that have the healthiest populations. This was revealed during a conference in Geneva, 11 July 2005 on the health investment gap between the new accession countries and the rest of Europe.

Optimizing Human health can now be attempted through equitable “health care” and “wellness” enabling physical and emotional health, certainty and security. Targeting ‘One health’ is perhaps a practicable way. It will be in order, to go for a cost benefit analysis than simply announcing allocation without inclusive planning.

Managing One Health: Shortest definition of management is “to achieve

in spite of difficulties especially financial ones”. Managing one health requires inclusive policies and participation among all the departments, NGO’s, CBO's and people. Policy has two components viz. counting and strategy planning. Major areas where the strategies are planned are a) Development b) Welfare and c) Governance. Good governance means organizing development with available resources to ensure equitable benefits as is envisioned in the constitution of India. If we revisit article 39 of the constitution of India, from time to time (pl. see

annexure II), we may be able to revise our policy on development (vikas) and ensure that its impact is palpable, observable and measurable. A way is bound to be found with a political will. Impendence or failed attempts must encourage investigative research.

5. Some Examples Where Horizontal Information Can Achieve One Health

5.1 A study (of 2012) released recently in press by the state planning board shows that 88% of the soil of Kerala is acidic in nature and is deficient in many micro-nutrients essential for a healthy yield. The soil samples from 14 districts of Kerala were reported to be highly deficient in magnesium, boron and calcium: Some districts of Kerala showed high phosphorus due to indiscriminate use of phosphate fertilizers. Experts feel the change in soil to be one major reason for decreased production, Tamil Nadu which has comparatively richer mineral manages to have better yield. But government continues to subsidize use of NPK fertilizer.

Bovine Urine is alkaline and can be of use to correct (acid) soil. A dairy cow excretes 25 liters urine a day or 9000 liters annually. Specific projects to encourage mixed farming could be a good policy. Solid wastes (human and animal), is a source of energy and manure, provided the food and fodder they eat do not contain pesticide residues. China uses pigs in community toilets for waste utilization. They use partly dried water hyacinth along with human waste to feed pigs. In India free ranging pigs scavenge open latrines. There is ample scope to explore the role of animals and the use of animal waste for sustainable sanitation if proper veterinary intervention is ensured (through VPH, VPT and epidemiology). Use of manure gas (Gobar gas) is limited in rural and urban INDIA (0.3% & 0.1%). It is eco-friendly and need be considered for improvement suitable for each region. There is need for supporting disease ecology and for funding hypothesis driven research. Public education (Vet PR) must precede implementing innovations.

5.2. One Health and Residue ManagemntGood Governance includes more proactive

decisions than reactive ones. State must refrain from unscientific decisions yielding to populist overtures. Though on quantum basis Andhra Pradesh was the highest consumer of pesticides, Punjab is the highest consumer per hectare of land. Kerala too uses pesticides and is also a consumer of residue laden food brought from elsewhere. Farms are a major source of DDT which gets stored in the body fat and gradually


gets converted into DDE, a formidable insulin inhibitor. It is also known to affect female reproductive system and milk. Milk, especially, of the early stages of lactation which support immune system is vulnerable at that stage as milk contains more fat. Direct effect of pesticides on live-stock products and domestic animals is yet to be precisely assessed region-wise and system wise. AP and Punjab are two major sources of food grains to the country. Pesticide residues in food grains (subsidized or otherwise) are often not scanned under FSSAI. Organo-phosphate and organo-chlorides are retained in soil up to 8 years even after the use is discontinued. Residues in fruits and vegetable are well known thanks to the media hype. The consequence of a state's dependence on food grains, fruits, vegetables & milk from other states may have gradual but definite impact on health and wellness of people.

5.3. One Health and YogaA daily reported recently that 1 out of every 10

persons in India is suffering from depression. Yoga is universally considered as a process that synergizes the body with mind. It helps achieve the transcendence of ego or irrational desire. It is suggested as one of the tools to relieve stress and is also claimed by some as a spiritual discipline. In reality Yoga, brings around or the harmony among various systems of human body like the digestive, loco-motor, respiratory, reproductive, excretory etc. or organs like heart, lung, muscle, kidney etc. Though Yoga is beneficial, any attempt to manipulate human activity by force or coercion is both dangerous and often fruitless. Spreading the scientific CONCEPT OF YOGA can be rewarding if planned without political or religious overtones.

5.4: Water Use, Deficiency and Development "Any attempt to determine whether there will

be enough water to grow food for the almost 8000 million (8 Billion) people that is expected to inhabit the Earth by 2025 or 9000 million (9 Billion) by 2050) requires an understanding of the link between water availability and food production. Safe drinking water affects both animal and human life and health. Some planners feel that subsidizing drinking water is counter-productive as it will encourage the overuse and wastage. Statistics show that 18 and 28% of death of children are related to impure drinking water and air pollution respectively. Globally 1.9 million children die each year from diseases caused by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene

5.4.1 Fluoridation of drinking water once used successfully in the U.S. for dental health is now known

to cause fluorosis of children. A study conducted among slum children of Delhi showed that iron & folic acid supplied free of cost failed to rectify their anemia as fluorides in drinking water flattened the intestinal villi and impeded the absorption of aforementioned diet supplements. Low fluoride water reversed the phenomenon in 15-21 days after which anemia too disappeared. Heavy worm infestation is also known to hinder absorption of nutrients in animals and man. A number of packed snacks, churans, Pickles, garam masala, salad dressings, soups, juices etc. contained rock salt (black salt) which is a rich source of fluoride. Some tooth pastes, mouth washes, dental products, canned fish, fruit juices also use fluoride as preservative. Long term treatment with anti-depressants, anti-cholesterol drugs can also lead to fluorosis. Research on animal herds is not available.

5.4.2. Water Use and Life Style: Unfortunately, only 5% of the potable water

supplied is used for drinking or cooking. 45% is used for toilets, 20% for laundering and 30% for bath. 15,000 liters of good water is used to flush 35 kg feces and 500 Lt. urine per person per year. One click of flush depletes 18 liters of potable water (?) that too chlorinated and filtered water. If the consumers used purified water for drinking and cooking and used water from other sources like rain water, river water or pond water for other use, much of the non-performing expenses of water can be reduced. For supplying good water “Jal board” of Delhi was alleged to have spent too much money on overheads.

5.4.3 Rain Water Use The state of Mizoram has collection wells in

at least 90-95% houses that used it for domestic consumption throughout the year. It is cost effective, safe & sufficient. Kashmir has the advantage of good water from primary aquifers (you get water by drilling rocks horizontally). Rajasthan has traditional collection wells. Kerala receives an average rainfall of 3107 mm ie. some 7,030 crore m3 of water. It is about 2.5 times more than that of national average (1,197 mm). It is calculated that 0.8% of rain water is sufficient an year.

5.4.4 "Ramsar convention" (at Iran) in1971 recognized the importance and service value of wetland. India signed the agreement to preserve wetland in 1975. But between 1991 and 2001, 38% of wetlands in India were lost due to lack of appreciation. Service value of our wetland is more than forest ecosystem [3,28,402 hectares worth Rs.5,60,000 cr/


year]. Infrastructural development, Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and techno-park establishments in the name of economic development and employment generation need to be tested against the resolutions, Indian law and the rulings of Supreme Court of India. A link of Dept. of forest and environment with revenue department, dept.s of industry, irrigation, agriculture, animal husbandry, local bodies etc. could have prevented abuse of wetland. Notifications for land acquisition for public purposes if tested by law department would save future generations from lasting perils. Even, LA Act of 2013 has room for misuse which need be corrected sooner.

5.4.5 Water based animal production like fish, duck and geese production in each locality would enhance nutrition security, lessen the need to transport food (grains, meat animals, poultry, egg, milk, vegetables and fish) through highways, reducing rate of road accidents, fuel use and pollution. A number of mineral nutrients that are lost (washed off from soil in rain) can be recovered through water based animal and vegetable production. As mentioned early animal resources has the potential to optimise water use and contribute to one health in India.

5.4.6 Waste Water Management The tendency of some N.G.O.’s and political

parties to propose septic toilets (Shouchalayas) can bring a serious threat of E.coli infection, especially in population dense states like Delhi, Pondicherry and Kerala and in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Seemandhra, Goa and Gujarat. A frothy scum contaminating of “YAMALUR” lake in Bangluru is alleged to contain septic tank wastes entering the river from flats.

One Example of Septic Tank Hazard: There are more than 25 private operators with more than 60 vehicles (each with a capacity of 5,000 liters) working daily in and around Kochi in Kerala collecting and dumping about 600, 000 liters of sludge, in the open environment without any treatment. While open defecation means fecal matter is spread around in smaller quantities, septage dumping means discharge of highly concentrated pathogens with potential to cause significant health and environmental damages. Local newspapers are frequently reporting on incidences of septage dumped in water bodies and paddy fields and villagers agitating against illegal dumping, sometimes even beating up the workers of the operators. Septage brought from cities is allegedly contaminating the drinking water sources. [Kerala’s Looming Sanitation Challenge: Blog By Suseel Samuel On Wed, 04/03/2013]

6. HEALTH, FSSAI and the law(s)Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (34 of 2006)

or FSS Act, 2006 was enacted by the parliament in to consolidate the laws relating to food and to establish an authority viz. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). The purpose was laying down science based standards for articles of food and to regulate their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and import, to ensure availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. But it has low focus on animal products which is considered to be most critical in other parts of the world.

The FSS regulations were to be made by FSSAI [in exercise of the powers conferred by section 91 of FSS Act read with the sections 5,7,30,36,37,38,39,40,41,43,45,46,47, 68,70,71, 73,74,75, 76, 77,78, 81, 82, 83 and 84.] But FSS Rules, 2011 made on the basis of Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (34 of 2006) appears to have emphasis on reactive mechanisms than proactive or preventive actions.

In the rules the qualification of food safety officer is too wide beginning from medical degree (no specialization?) to degree in chemistry and had clauses for ad-hoc ism. Rules on regular inspection, role identification and linkages of various agencies are vague. Rules has too much procedural norms than technical protocols. For an example in rule 17 Food analysts shall determine samples size for each food materials or adjunct container, time of sending (no norm prescribed). There are more rules on adjudication, appeal, salary, leave, resignation, removal, fee, sitting hours of appellate tribunal, summons etc. etc. and provides, above all, the right to relax the rules.

Adulteration has to be chemically analyzed by toxicologists for the presence of toxin, and microbes or its effect on health by microbiologist. While prescribing norms, Critical Control Points (CCP) for each product / material, type of its harvesting/ collecting, transport, processing, packing or retail (if any) has to be identified

IMPORTANT: Two matters became apparent from a recent report of residue in a cook and eat product that took the nation by storm a) the manufacturers spent more on advertisement related matters than on food safety b) the only gain appeared to be the media hype that enhanced viewership/ readership associated with it. As there were enough loopholes in the law the lawyers could punch holes and some


manufacturers got orders for conditional relief. It appeared unreasonable and impossible to suddenly close down after huge production and extensive distribution were made, as it involved a shift from a long-standing acceptance of risks, zero implementation of regular inspection and low efficiency in both govt. and community who passively consider existing system to be adequate. In nutshell FSS Act, 2006 has more emphasis on reactive mechanisms than proactive preventive actions. It lacks a process wherein the public can know if the food bought by them is safe to use. It must provide, a place where public can get the food they buy tested.

7. One Health And Forest Resource Management Forest is nature's role model for harmony among

Man, animal and environment. Forests play a vital role both health and economy of the community. They provide fuel and also raw materials, useful for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes as well as pastures for grazing for cattle. Forests are vital for soil fertility (replenishing the soil nutrients). They play a major role in maintaining the water regime. Forest canopy splits down the powerful rain fall and regulate the gush of rain water downhill in four ways a) tree canopy reduces the force of rain before it hits the ground causing erosion or landslide b)roots of wild trees or rodents burrow deep and make way for percolation of water to underground reserves ie. aquifers b) sloped surface of forest offer more area for collection and percolation of water c) the organic matter like dead leaves and void of fauna enrich the soil and enhance its texture. This helps retain more water thereby reduce the run-off and regulate recharge of the streams, springs and rivers long after rains are over. The vegetation and bio-residues physically check to the velocity of the run-off and enhance the carrying capacity of soil. Forests protect the hills from soil erosion and consequently, protect foot hills and plains against desiccation or erosion. Added minerals benefit the agricultural crops. Tall forest trees (that makes man realize how small he is on earth) enhances the virtual height of hills and help block rain holding clouds to turn them to showers.

Animals and birds play a role in sustaining natural forests and wetland. They prey on plant parasites, generate carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and help pollination, seed distribution etc. in various layers of the forest environment and water holes. Crocodiles prey on eel which depletes edible fish, a vital source of protein for man and animals. Wild herbivores limit the over population of plants; the carnivores

limit population of herbivores and save the plant kingdom. Roots of Mangroves, shrubs and plants on the bank of the streams prevent erosion. Their roots help fish to breed and lay eggs. They provide food and protection to hatchlings. India has one of the richest wild animal biodiversity in the world. Its virgin forests have comparatively healthy wildlife. Western forests are more or less man made (plastic forest). African wild life is natural, but infested with diseases that are threat to human health. Indian forests being free from major diseases, the buffer zone between forests and human/ domestic animal habitat form a critical control point for disease from domestic animals and man to wild life. Veterinarians have a major role to play in the protection of its wild life through an efficient buffer zone management.

7. Disease / Disaster Ecology [Two incidences are discussed, they are not

exhaustive]

7.1 Bird Flu EcologyBird flu flared up in parts of wetland of Kerala

in 2014. Lab. tests confirmed it to be H5N1 virus and a large number of birds were culled to protect the human and avian population. It is fairly well known that H5N1 virus comes to Kerala coast through migratory birds that visit the coast every year. Though the virus is not always lethal to visitors, local birds are highly vulnerable and human infection is highly possible. Migratory birds shed virus in their saliva, droppings and nasal secretions. Avian flu virus can survive indefinitely at low temperature and is found in the northern most areas that migratory birds frequent. But the question here is though migratory birds visit Kerala Coast every year, why there was no incidence of bird flu in the previous years. Two possible reasons can be. a) The dramatic increase of free ranging duck farms expecting high demand for ducks during Christmas time and New Year eve. Possibly with some investors taking over the traditional duck rearing (or employing small rearers in a big way) the number of birds could have been beyond the carrying capacity of the wetland or encroaching too close to visitors’ brooding spots b) though migratory birds visit Kerala each year, the virus shed by these could have been contained by high tide. H5N1 virus is known to be sensitive to low pH and rough weather.

7.2 Ecology of Rabies ControlRabies so far is an incurable disease, but is very

much preventable. Mission of rabies control is often


painted as a process to rid off stray animals by the local bodies. It is misleading and therefore remained non-performing so far. Past attempts of local bodies and most NGO’s (exception exist) did not bear fruit as they have neither the technical capacity or trained personnel or comprehension about stray dog ecology. Public relation to create public awareness, solicit co-operation, provide guidelines to pet dog owners and commercial breeders, survey of the number of street dogs, monitoring the dog bite cases to ascertain the reasons or keeping abreast with the national and international development in the field of research pertaining to street dogs' control and management, development of vaccines and cost effective methods of sterilization, vaccination, etc. as provided in rules as they are never practiced. In Trivandrum when a multi-sector test program on ABC-AR was launched with the help of one NGO (Satya sai trust it began with public discussion on a ward-wise basis, 1780 could be neutered despite initial pessimism. Wet film examination revealed many positive cases for filariasis and were treated. Sero-surveillance of 100 dogs at random by Disease Diagnostic lab showed 4% prevalence of leptospira and 7% of Leishmania. This is an opportunity for a holistic disease control as veterinary hospitals or private clinics do not get street dogs to examine or treat. The same serum samples can be further used for screening stray dogs for diseases like Boreliosis, Erlichosis, JE, WNF, parasitic zoonosis, toxoplasmosis etc. provided the funds are planned (and funds procured) for kits and man power. Currently most of the information on the existence or increase of a disease is incomplete in the absence of such a holistic information for action. Experience of successful implementation of ABC-AR in Thailand and Tanzania highlighted the i mportance of Ecology of rabies and ethology of street dogs in each region and locality [Ethology is study behavior of dogs vis-à-vis local community]. It is here that one must consider serious support for disease ecology and funding for hypothesis driven research to enable disease forecast and preparedness.

CONCLUSION:One health aforementioned is a concept; it is not a

subject matter of a curriculum, a topic for specialization or part of any professional service. It is a basic concept to generate positivity in an increasingly onerous regulatory environment that inhibits collaboration among overtly individualistic and self-assertive departments in govt. This concept is applicable to everyone in daily life once positively understood and adopted. It is a “way” for anyone who has the “will”.

Between 1947 and 1949 the Constituent Assembly of India headed by Babasaheb Ambedkar provided India with a constitution ensuring both fundamental right (in chapter III) and fundamental responsibility (in chapter IV). Political compulsions sometimes force partly informed or misinformed secretariat staff, administrators, professionals or public men to lobby for projects that are convenient to them or those that can win instant clap from public. To ensure that administrative decisions are scientifically correct and relevant, ‘One health’ has to become an effective new paradigm of a holistic development. It ensures equitable gain to community in return to the economic investment made out of public funds. Training on “the concept of One Health” need be made mandatory to all office personal beginning from the lowest official who prepares office notes to bureaucrats in government. The concept is highly useful to planners and to public men who prepare laws.

Recent experience has shown that ill-conceived projects could negate the trust of the community on government. Some plans go un-noticed, but may have long standing impact for future even affecting the “Gen Next”. It is an accepted fact that adults do not learn passively, but through a process of trying to make sense of the real world and derive meaning from their experience. It may reflect facts critically on one’s experience, (critical reflection on experience or C.R.E.) taking into consideration the new knowledge and taking action, on the basis of the new insights gained but reflecting it on their experience (Dudley, 1993.)

Plans may fail a) if not infra-structure, equipment, professionals are not factually planned b) because proposal is a shift from a long-standing acceptance of risks and low efficiency; public passively consider existing system to be adequate. c) if it fails to project the cost-benefit analysis & local opportunity d) if the implementers feel that enhancing or empowering the community may reduce their importance e) Absence of role identification of persons and their linkage with rest of the team.

The concept of ‘One health’ must be a platform for “synergy of science and service” or a parameter for planning and for exercising good governance as is ordained in article 39 of the constitution of India (see annexure II). It is pertinent here to refer to a newspaper report [supplement of the New Indian express dated 19.09.2015] entitled “THE ‘GREED REVOLUTION’ SHOULD NOT OVER TAKE the ‘GREEN REVOLUTION’. In an interview the legendary scientist Dr. M.S. Swaminathan sir emphasized the need to work


for sustainability, bio-diversity and equitable social security. Equitable ‘Human development’ shall always receive a priority over economic development where there is emphasis on individual profiteering. Sustained physical and emotional wellness can only be realized through a harmony among Man, Animal and Nature, he (Swaminathan sir) insisted.

ANNEXURE I

As per regulation 13 of Veterinary Council of India (Standard of Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Code of Ethics, for Veterinary Practitioners) Regulations, 1992, - A veterinarian shall observe the laws of the country in regulating the practice of veterinary medicine and will not assist others- to evade such laws. He/ She should cooperate in the observance and enforcement of sanitary laws and regulations in the interest of public health. A veterinarian shall observe the provisions of the State Acts like Drugs Act, Pharmacy Act, Rules and Regulations made by the Central Government, State Governments or Local Self Governments and Administrative Bodies for protection and promotion of veterinary public health. .

ANNEXURE II

Sustainable development as ruled by Supreme Court of India in 1986 or in 1996 drew its strength from the provisions of the constitution of India including ARTICLE 39 and 51A. As part of good governance one has to legally review development programs and welfare projects and adhere to the rule of law

ARTICLE 39

(a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means to livelihood; [Means to livelihood is not supply of subsidized food or freebees; but opportunity to earn a decent livelihood. Unreasonable price of essentials cannot be controlled, compensated or countered by providing subsidies using public funds]

(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub-serve the common good; [common property and natural resources (like water, minerals, coal & gas) are to be so devised to serve common (public) good without depleting them. This is the essence of ruling of SCI in 1986 & 1996]

(c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment

[Unreasonable profiteering and the so called land acquisitions (often forced usurping of agricultural land or water meant for irrigation) for establishment of real estate or SEZ as part of developments should precisely not to aid concentration of wealth against constitution]

(e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength [slums erupting around factories established after acquiring private land including wetland and agriculture land in the name of value addition and job generation does not provide any shelter to the employees; with the result they are forced to settle around the factories where more often the effluents flow and waste dumps; These slums are unhygienic with no proper civic amenities and controlled by musclemen; they more often turn into hotspots of boot legging and mafia groups]

(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment [this is precisely what is not happening in most urban estates around which slums and unauthorized dwellings controlled and operated by powerful groups]

ARTICLE 51A: No one (govt. or citizen) can overlook the importance of the protection and improvement of environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, reflected in the Constitution of India, especially under directive principles (fundamental duties) which proclaims in clause (g) of article 51A that “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India” (fundamental duty) “to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures”.

EXPLANATION: The Directive Principles are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government as is set out in Part IV of the Constitution of India. Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State to its citizens and the duties of the citizens to the State. These sections comprise a constitutional bill of rights for government policy-making and the behavior and conduct of citizens. These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution, which was developed between 1947 and 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India.


Introduction

Human animal interaction is known from time immemorial, the interaction being character-ized by the complex nature of its impact on the

existence and health of both. One of the major neg-ative impact of the interaction of humans with wild and domestic animals is the occurrence of zoonotic disease. Zoonotic agents are infectious agents which are not confined to one host but can cause infection in several hosts including humans. Thus, zoonoses in simple terms refers to infectious diseases shared by vertebrates and humans in nature (Kumar et al, 2015). The concept of emerging and re-emerging diseas-es of zoonotic importance started to gain popularity around 1980's with the emergence of many previously unknown viral diseases such as Kyasanur Forest dis-ease, Rota infection, Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever, Nipah Viral Disease, SARS, Bird flu etc, in different parts of the world. Here we are concentrating on the success factors of One Health approach for control of emerg-ing zoonoses with reference to Kerala context.

PrejitOfficer-In- Charge&Preethi UnnithanSenior Research OfficerCentre for One Health Education, Advocacy Research and Training (COHEART)Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode

One Health Approach for The Control of Emerging Zoonoses In Kerala

One World for all..

One Health


A survey conducted by Woolhouse and Gowtage Sequeria (2005) revealed that as many as 177(13%) of the total pathogens surveyed were emerging and re-emerging and of these 130 (73%) were zoonotic in nature. A working definition of emerging zoonotic disease (EZD) was provided in the report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on merging zoonotic disease held at Geneva in 2004 was “a zoonosis that is newly recognised or newly evolved or that has oc-curred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range”. From this definition it can be understood that “emerg-ing disease” need not mean only new type of disease with reference to a time framework rather it also in-cludes a well-known disease which has a tendency for increased incidence.

Factors for Disease emergenceThe incidence of emerging disease is always asso-

ciated with the alteration in the human-animal-mi-crobe dynamics (King, 2004). The factors that help to alter this dynamics can broadly be enlisted as mi-crobial adaptation and change in host susceptibility, climate and weather, changing ecosystems, demo-graphics and population, issues of wildlife and exotic animals, changes in land use and economic develop-ment, increased international trade and travel, chang-es in technology and industry, reduction in animal and human public health services or infrastructure, poverty and social inequality, war, dislocations, lack of political will and biological war methods (Hamburg and Lederberg, 2003). Considering the rate at which our country has developed since our independence, we can assess the massive social and demographic change that has occurred in India. This change, that resulted in a high degree of industrialization, com-mercial and agricultural exploitation of land, defor-estation and overgrazing etc., has a marked influence in the ecology of the country thus paving way to the emergence and re-emergence of many infectious dis-eases. Kerala, when compared to other Indian states, has a higher standard of life, health status and literacy rate thus, in the public health aspect, disease associ-ated with poverty and resource depletion is lower, but in the recent past there has been a tendency for the emergence of newer diseases and re-emergence of the older controlled or eliminated diseases (Sukuma-ran and Pradeepkumar, 2015).

Emerging zoonosis in Kerala The major emerging zoonotic disease in Kerala

include bird flu,Lyme disease, KFD, Japanese Enceph-

alitis, Scrub Typhus, Kala-azar etc.. This epidemiologi-cal transition is attributed to a number of factors such as migration of labourers from other states which are endemic for diseases such as Kala azar (Sukumaran and Pradeepkumar, 2015), rapid urbanization of the rural villages resulting in congested dwelling places with shortage of safe drinking water, poor sewage and waste disposal systems (Sukumaran and Pradeepku-mar, 2015), uncontrolled encroachment of forest with massive deforestation along with commercial and agricultural exploitation of land thus affecting the normal flora and fauna of these areas and making way for the formation of fertile pockets for breeding of many vectors of diseases (Walsh, 1993), the high level of travel associated with socioeconomic reasons such as education, trade, tourism etc. thus enabling the quick spread of infections (Pray and Lemon, 2006) and the drastic change in the dietary habits of the people coupled with the highly stressful lifestyle (Sugathanet al.,2008). In Kerala, Leishmaniasis- both visceral and cutaneous have been reported in recent years, from various districts like Kozhikode, Palakkad, Thrissur and Trivandrum. Cutaneous leishmaniasis has been seen in clusters among a remote tribal population in Trivandrum district. Scrub typhus is also alarmingly on the rise in Kerala. Kozhikode, Wayanad, Trivandrum and Malappuram district has reported the disease. Recently, Trivandrum district has become an endemic focus for scrub typhus. In the year 2014, Japanese En-cephalitis case was reported and a total of three cases and two deaths were reported in Kerala. The major district affected by JE were Malappuram, Kozhikode and Kottayam

Multidisciplinary investigations by Human health, Animal health, Wild life experts, with advanced lab-oratory support is needed for early detection, prompt confirmation, and implementation of appropriate control measures. An outbreak of Lyme was detected from Noolpuzha PHC area of Wayanad district in 2013, in 5 women. One of them died, and from her body, a fully fed tick was recovered subsequently. The women were engaged in coffee plucking job for about 2 weeks, at the end of which few of them developed high grade fever, which on detailed investigation and laboratory tests done at MCVR Manipal confirmed the diagnosis as Lyme disease. There were no confirmed reports of the disease in our state earlier. A field investigation by a multidisciplinary team comprising experts from Disease State Surveillance Unit, District surveillance unit, Veterinary Public Health experts from Kerala


Veterinary University and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala, India, and Laboratory experts from Manipal helped to identify the high risk area in the district and implement prevention and control measures. Insec-ticide dusting of the deer infested area around the peridomestic locations helped to control the spread of infection. The causative spirochete and the Ixodus ticks are likely to be abundant in the forest and adjoin-ing fields of the high ranges of the state. Since the vast forest ranges of Wayanad and neighbouring districts have well protected wild life, the organisms can find enough hosts to sustain their life cycle. Vector surveil-lance and mapping of the hot spots will be useful for targeted intervention.

Control of emerging zoonosis and need for One Health approach

The occurrence of these emerging zoonotic dis-eases affect the socioeconomic status of the state and thus an understanding of the methods by which they can be controlled, is a necessity. Conventionally the control measures were initiated based on whether humans or animals were affected the most. For ex-ample, if there was a series of rabies cases in an area, the control measures were directed towards the pro-phylaxis of the humans affected, but with time, this approach has proved to be ineffective. The current line of practice aims for vaccination of all dogs and cats of the area against rabies, conduct of sterilization camps and implementation of licensing for dogs and waste management to control the stray dog popula-tion along with conduct of awareness classes for the public regarding the disease. This broader plan of ac-tion is the theme of One Health concept. Thus, the im-plementation of the One Health concept implies the need for communication between the animal health and human health professionals and a joint undertak-ing of the control measures to tackle these health is-sues. Thus, for the effective control of zoonotic diseas-es several actions have to be carried out in parallel by the animal and human health sector which includes the collection and dissemination of information, use of general precautionary measures, improvement of biosecurity and adoption of prevention and control measures.

The Centre for One Health Education, Advocacy Research and Training (COHEART) developed a health map wherein information regarding the diseases of humans, animals and zoonotic outbreaks are maped and these information can be scrutinized and actions be formulated to prevent the spread of any such epi-demics to our state.

Prevention and control of emerging zoonotic dis-eases depends on a series of One Health collaborative measures and behaviour aiming at reducing the risk of disease introduction and spread (Saegermanet al, 2012). This may include the adoption of a single or combination of approaches namely awareness cam-paigns, continuing education for animal and human health practitioners and public health officials, vacci-nation of animals and humans at risk etc.. In most cas-es, zoonotic diseases affect certain categories of peo-ple who are depicted as the risk groups. For example, tribal and forest officials form the major risk group for the disease KFD. Identifying these risk groups and providing awareness to these people regarding the control and prevention measures is a major step in combating zoonotic infections. The successful imple-mentation of this step requires a high level of co-ordi-nation between the legislative members, human and veterinary health officials, government and non-gov-ernment social activists etc

A retrospective analysis of the public health is-sues in Kerala suggest a need for multidisciplinary approach for combating all these infections especially zoonoses. Such an approach can be evolved by con-duct of joint comprehensive investigations in case of outbreaks and the sharing of infrastructural facilities such as diagnostic laboratories for the benefit of man and animal. Thus, the adoption of the One Health con-cept is the next approach for combating these emerg-ing diseases.

One Health approach model for control of Emerging disease in Kerala

Case Scenario 1

On January 6th 2015, the Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) has spread to Kerala and a forest guard from Sulthan Bathery, Wayanad who had disposed a mon-key carcass had succumbed to the disease following confirmation of the disease from Manipal institute of virology. Spot surveillance of the area by Health de-partment revealed fifteen fever cases among women working as fire line workers. Out of these, twelve cases were confirmed to be KFD. A total of five panchayats had been affected in the district. On 10th February, 2015, a resident of Madappali tribal colony died due to KFD. This is the first case of death due to Monkey fever in Kerala. Thereafter, a drastic increase in cases have occurred with a total of 102 confirmed cases and 11 deaths reported in total.


One Health approach

• The current outbreak of KFD recorded highest in-cidence, affecting 5 panchayaths and the first ever case of death in Kerala. Following the first report of mortality due to Kyasanur Forest Disease in Wayanad district, KVASU- COHEART centre orga-nized a stakeholder workshop and delegates from health and allied sectors viz., District Medical of-fice (DMO-Health/Ayurveda/ Homoeo Medicine), District Animal husbandry office, forest depart-ments, faculties and policy makers of the district had participated. This workshop formulated in-tegrated guidelines for KFD control using One Health approach.

• KVASU developed Conceptual framework and in association with the District Medical office distrib-uted public awareness leaflets to all affected areas and also conducted series of awareness camps in various parts of the district. Epidemiological sur-veillance, occupational hazard identification and environmental monitoring was also conducted in the KFD affected areas. Animated educational videos on KFD were also demonstrated to the af-fected populations

• The Health Department stood in the forefront for management of disease in Humans by conduct-ing fever surveillance, vaccination and develop-ing treatment guidelines. For vaccination, the risk group included frontline staff of the Health De-partment, Asha workers, tribal promoters, those residing in forest hamlets, veterinarians, and trib-als who depend on the forest throughout the year for their livelihood.

• Tertiary hospitals provided inpatient care and ex-pert treatments during complications

• The Animal husbandry department was active in the vector control in domestic animals

• Forest department attended all cases of monkey deaths and was also involved in tick control.

• Entomologists and parasitologists identified the ticks during surveillance at forest areas.

• The Animal Husbandry Department and Centre for Wild life studies conducted postmortem in-spection of monkeys and confirmed the disease status in monkeys.

• The tribal development office distributed com-pensation for the bereaved families.

• Media was responsible for spreading awareness message and reporting current status.

Outcome:

• Out of the 102 cases reported, 11 succumbed to the disease. Over a period of three months, a drastic decline in fever incidences and KFD cases were observed in all the five affected panchayats due to the collaborative multiple disciplinary One Health approach.

• The implemented approach encountered appreci-ation across the scientific community and allowed trans-disciplinary research priorities for the area, contributing also to create a multidisciplinary net-work of expertise

Example 2- Control of bird flu in KeralaCase Scenario

Avian Influenza outbreak was confirmed in Kera-la state on 23/11/2014 and mortality of nearly 17,000 ducks were reported from the Central Kerala. Bhopal based National Institute of High Security Animal Dis-eases has confirmed H5N1. The H5N1 strain of virus is pandemic and contagious to human beings. It was not just the duck farmers, but also the ancillary industry which was hit due to this outbreak. The outbreak also had its impact in the poultry sector. The consumption of broiler too had come down in Kerala, and it badly affected the poultry farmers.

One Health approach

The veterinarians associated with animal husbandry department had the major role to play in adopting preventive operations; which included securing and culling affected birds, 24-hour control rooms at various areas, distributing protective clothing to public in the affected areas, providing prompt treatment to disease suspected birds in other adjoining districts/ species and monitoring, conducting awareness camps etc. The veterinarians working in ADDL Thiruvalla and other labs played a pioneering role in identifying the disease prevalence in Kerala. Physicians also played an important role in treatment and prophylaxis of affected or prone individuals. The flu drug Tamiflu was promptly dispensed to individuals for prophylaxis. Physicians also conducted regular checkup of the duck farmers and their families and the neighbourhood, including the rescue teams. Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University developed and released an awareness video in local language immediately after the outbreak in order to reduce the panic among


public. KVASU was involved in creating awareness on Avian Influenza in the affected districts of Alappuzha, Kottayam and Pathanamthitta and also in the other districts of Kerala. A three tier awareness programme was implemented for local body representatives, staff of Animal Husbandry department, farmers and the public. The team from the university visited the affected areas to take necessary measures to contain the spread of the disease. Surveillance teams were formed to monitor the dead birds in water bodies and dead birds lying unnoticed in the fields. Surveillance had been stepped up around 10 km of the areas from where the mass death of ducks had been reported. Also surveillance was carried out in all other districts of Kerala with special importance to places where migratory birds were present. Avian influenza H5N1 virus is naturally found in certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds. Wild birds and the virus have become well adapted to each other over time, and infection does not usually cause overt disease in wild birds. Thus, wild life and forest department played a crucial role to report any unusual deaths among wild birds and to conduct the post mortem examination of wild birds if any found dead. These viruses could undergo genetic shift and drift and potentially cause human pandemics, with profound and global consequences for human populations. Hence, laboratory workers were updated with the new strains and the detection methods. They have a role in diagnosing disease condition in all the avian species especially chickens owing to the huge economic loss created by an outbreak. The need for biosafety level 3 (BSL 3) lab is a must for handling the virus and for diagnosis. Government played the role to offer compensation to farmers for culling their birds. A central government team also visited Thiruvalla to probe the death of hundreds of birds in that area. Tourism department was on the alert. It was reported that on an average one houseboat suffered 20 booking cancellations by tourists in two days. The tourism department personnel helped in reducing panic among local as well as foreign tourists and helped tourists to undergo health checkups before leaving the affected areas. Public health personnel looked into the application of biosecurity measures. The veterinarians conducted surveillance within a 10-km radius of the core area of high mortality of ducks. Birds within one kilometre of the affected area were culled. The area within a five km radius of the core was declared as buffer zone, where the movement of poultry and allied products was not allowed. Media had an important role to play in updating the status of bird flu and spreading

awareness and information about risks as well as the prevention measures. Food Safety officers provided information on how to properly cook poultry products so as to make it safe for human consumption. The authorities thus realized that management and prevention of influenza requires the expansion and continuing support of collaborations between human and animal health experts. Avian Influenza surveillance also allowed diverse agencies to better understand one another's values, functions, perspectives, and missions and helped build trust and forge common ground among them.

Outcome: During mid of December 2014, Kerala government

lifted all restrictions imposed on the movement of poultry following the successful containment of H5NI virus in the affected areas.

Reference:• Kumar. R, Singh S.P and Sawalia C.V. 2015. Over-

view of emerging zoonosis in India: Areas of con-cern. J. Trop. Dis 3:3: 165-169

• Woolhouse M.E.J and GowlageSequeria S. @005. Host range and emerging and Re-emerging pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 11:1842-1847

• King L.J.2004. Emerging and re-emerging zoonot-ic diseases: challenges and opportunities in the 72nd general session of World Organisation for An-imal Health.

• Hamburg M.A and Lederberg. J, Co-Chairs. 2003. Microbial threats to health. Institute of medicine of the national academics. National academy press. Washington D.C USA 53-55

• Sukumaran A and Pradeepkumar A.S. 2015. One Health approach: A platform for intervention in merging public health challenges of Kerala state. Int. J.One. Health 1:14-25

• Walsh J.F. Molyneux D.H and Birley M.H. 1993. De-forestation :Effects on vector-borne diseases. Para-sitology; 106 suppl:355-75

• Pray L and Lemon S. 2006. Workshop summary, forum of microbial threat. Impact of globalization on the infectious disease emergence. Ch.2. Wash-ington D.D. National academics press.

• Sugathan T.N, Soman C.R and Sankaranarayanan K. 2008. Behavioural risk factors for non-commu-nicable diseases among adults in Kerala, India. In-dian J Med Res 127(6):555-63

• Saegarmen.C, Pozzo F.D and Humblet M.F. 2012. Reducing hazards for humans from animals: Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. Ital. J. Public Health 9(2):13-24

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Kerala has witnessed a very drastic face of the dreaded pandem-ic disease, the Bird Flu (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, the H5N1) during 2014 when the outbreakhappened in certain parts

of Kottayam, Alappuzha and Kollam Districts in the State. The entire State has been alerted for taking war foot measures to prevent every possibility of spread of the disease to adjoining areas and also to hu-man population. The situation was so severe that the people fretful of the situation. It ishighly appreciable that the outbreak was brought under control through the timely interference of the State Animal Husbandry Department and other concerned Government machin-ery,thoughsporadic incidences of causalties among domestic birds suspected of Avian Influenza waslater reported from some other parts of the State.

The outbreak of avian influenza left its entire brunt on our wild birds especially the migratory wetland birds. “If the dead one is ‘Keecha-ka’ then for sure the murderer would be Bheema” was the approach of all except nature conservationists and bird lovers. There were hues and cries from different corners to shoot wetland birds suspecting them

Tackling Avian Influenza: Collaboration between Veterinarians and Wildlife Managers is integralDr. Amit Mallick IFS

Chief Conservator of Forests & Field Director, Project Tiger,[State Nodal Officer, Avian Influenza],Kerala Forest & Wildlife Department&N. RadhakrishnanDeputy Director (Wildlife Education), Kerala Forest & Wildlife Department

Together We fought Together We Won

One Health


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Together We fought Together We Won

as the carriers. The entire wetland of the State were brought under scanner and faecal samples of wetland birds were collected and sent for pathological test for H5N1, but none was found positive. Thank God, in case of any positive test result, none could have saved our ‘winged friends’ from the wrath of the public.

It is the responsibility of the Veterinarians and Wildlife Managers to alleviate the fear and misunder-standing of the public about the disease and possible health hazards through appropriate awareness build-ing endeavors in situations like this. Media also need to be alerted to abstain from spreading stories which are far from realities which would create unnecessary panic among the public about the dreadfulness of the situation.

Kerala: A haven of Avian Diversity

Kerala is a haven of avian diversity gifted with more than 510 species of birds. Many of them are en-dangered species and are listed under the Schedule of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The fact that about 165 species of birds among our avian community includes migratory species, both local and continental, invites our attention. Most of the migrants are water birds or water dependent ones, which includes grebes, peli-cans, herons, egrets, storks, ibises, spoon bills, ducks, coots, rails, waders, gulls, terns, skimmers etc. A list of water birds seen in Kerala including migratory species is given in table 1 below;

Table 1. List of water birds of Kerala including the migratory birds

Common Name Scientific nameGREBES1. Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollisPELICANS2. Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis3. Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalusCORMORANTS & DARTERS4. Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo5. Indian Shag Phalacrocorax fuscicollis6. Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger7. Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogasterHERONS & EGRETS8. Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris9. Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis10. Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus

11. Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis12. Malayan Night-Heron Gorsachius melanolophus13. Black Crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax14. Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii15. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis16. Little Green Heron Butorides striatus17. Western Reef Egret Egretta gularis18. Little Egret Egretta garzetta19. Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia20. Great Egret Egretta alba21. Purple Heron Ardea purpurea22. Grey Heron Ardea cinereaSTORKS23. Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala24. Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans25. Black Stork Ciconia nigra26. Wooly-necked (White-necked) Stork Ciconia episcopus

27. White Stork Ciconia ciconia

28. Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicu

IBISES & SPOONBILLS

29. Black-headed (White) Ibis Threskiomis melanocephalus

30. Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa31. Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus32. Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodiaFLAMINGOS33. Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseusDUCKS34. Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica35. Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus36. Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea37. Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos38. Indian Cotton Teal Nettapus coromandelianus39. Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope40. Gadwall Anas strepera41. Common Teal Anas crecca42. Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha43. Northern Pintail Anas acuta

44. Garganey Anas querquedula

45. Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata

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RAILS, GALLINULES & COOTS46. Slaty-breasted Rail Gallirallus striatus47. Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla48. Ruddy Crake Porzana fusca49. White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus50. Watercock Gallirallus cinerea

51. Moorhen Gallinula chloropus52. Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio53. Common Coot Fulica atraJACANAS54. Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus

55. Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus

SHOREBIRDS – WADERS 56. Greater Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis57. Crab-Plover Dromas ardeola58. Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus59. Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus60. Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta61. Great Stone-Curlew Esacus recurvirostris62. Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola63. Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum64. Little Pratincole Glareola lactea65. Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malarbaricus66. White-tailed Plover Vanellus leucurus67. Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus68. Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus69. Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva70. Grey Plover Puvialis squatarola71. Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula72. Little-ringed Plover Charadrius dubius73. Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus74. Lesser (Mongolian) Sandplover

Charadrius mongolus

75. Greater Sandplover Charadrius leschenaultii76. Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa77. Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica78. Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus79. Eurasian Curlew Numenius arguata80. Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus81. Redshank Tringa totanus82. Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis

83. Greenshank Tringa nebularia84. Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus85. Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola86. Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus87. Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos88. Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres89. Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus90. Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura91. Common Snipe Gallinago gallingo92. Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus93. Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris94. Red Knot Calidriscanutus95. Sanderling Calidris alba96. Little Stint Calidris minuta97. Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii98. Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta99. Dunlin Calidris alpina100. Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea101. Broad-billed sandpiper Limicola falcinellus102. Pectoral Sandpiper Ereunetes melanotos103. Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis104. Ruff Philomachus pugnaxGULLS, TERNS & SKIMMERS105. Brown Noddy Anous stolidus106. Lesser Noddy Anous tenuirostris107. White Tern Gygis alba108. Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla109. Sabine’s Gull Xema sabini110. Slender-billed Gull Chroicocephalus genei

111. Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus

112. Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus

113. Pallas’s Gull Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus114. Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus115. Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica116. Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia117. Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii118. Lesser Crested Tern Thalasseus bengalensis119. Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis120. Little Tern Sternula albifrons121. Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus


122. Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus123. River Tern Sterna aurantia124. Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii125. Common Tern Sterna hirundo126. White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa127. Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda128. Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida129. White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus

Our State is criss-crossed with a large number of wetlands comprising of lakes, Lagoons, Rivers, marsh-es, paddy fields etc. which is a haven fora large number of water birds. The Bird Life International has recog-nized thirty six sites in the State as Important Bird Ar-eas (IBAs),most of which are forested areas or Protect-ed Areas (PAs), as given in table 2. below;

Table 2. Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the State

Sl. No. Location District Conservation Status Forest Division

1 Amarambalam RF Malappuram Reserve Forest Nilambur South2 Aralam WLS Kannur Protected Area Aralam WL3 Chimmony WLS Thrissur Protected Area Peechi WL4 Chinnar WLS Idukki Protected Area Munnar WL5 Eravikulam NP Idukki Protected Area Munnar WL6 Idukki WLS Idukki Protected Area Idukki WL7 Kattampally Kannur Private Land Kannur Social Forestry

8 Kole Wetlands Ernakulam and Thrissur Ramsar site Social Forestry Dn. Ernakulam and Thrissur

9 Konni RF Pathanamthitta Reserve Forest Konni10 Kottiyoor RF Kannur Reserve Forest Kannur11 Kulathuppuzha RF Kollam Reserve Forest Thiruvananthapuram12 Nelliyampathy RF Palakkad Reserve Forest Nenmara13 Neyyar WLS Thiruvananthapuram Protected Area Thiruvananthapuram WL14 Parambikkulam WLS Thrissur Protected Area Parambikkulam TR15 Peechi- Vazhani WLS Thrissur Protected Area Peechi WL16 Peppara WLS Thiruvananthapurm Protected Area Thiruvananthapuram WL

17 Periyar TR Idukki and Pathanamthitta Protected Area Periyar Tiger Reserve (East and West Divisions)

18 Ranni RF Pathananthitta Reserve Forest Ranni19 Shendurney WLS Kollam Protected Area Shendurney WL20 Silent Valley NP Palakkadu Protected Area Silent Valley WL21 Thattekkad BS Eranakulam Protected Area Idukki WL22 Vazhachal RF Thrissur Reserve Forest Vazhachal

23 Vembanad Kollam, Kottayam and Alappuzha Ramsar site Social Forestry Dn. Kollam,

Kottayam and Alappuzha24 Wayanad WLS Wayanad Protected Area Wayanad WL

25 Camel's hump mountain Wayanad Reserve Forest Wayanad South

26 Banasura Hills and Malabar WLS Wayanad and Kozhikkod Reserve Forest and

Protected AreaNorth Wayanad and

Kozhikkod

27 Muthikkulam-Siruvani RF Palakkad Reserve Forest Mannarghat

28 Purathur estuary Malappuram Wetland Social Forestry Malappuram

29 Mankulam RF Idukki Reserve Forest Mankluam30 Achenkoil RF Kollam Reserve Forest Achenkoil31 Kurinjimala Sanctuary Idukki Protected Area Munnar WL32 Anamudi Shola NP dukki Protected Area Munnar WL33 Pampadum Shola NP dukki Protected Area Munnar WL


34 Mathikettan Shola NP Idukki Protected Area Munnar WL

35 Ponmudi Hills Thiruvananthapuram Reserve Forest Thiruvananthapuram

36 Idamalayar- Pooyamkutty Eranakulam Reserve Forest Malayattur

The Causes of ConcernThe above list of IBAs increases the gravity of the subject as well as our concern as some of our IBAs and

many wetlands are situated outside the forested areas viz; Lakes, paddy fields, mangrove areas, Kole lands etc. and these harbour a large number of water birds and water dependent birds and also such areas are preferred destinations of migratory birds. The agony is that many of these areas are in close proximity with human habitations and livestock comprising of ducks, fowls etc.

These birds may act as carriers of diseases, even though there is no proven evidence in our country. The experience of Qinghai Lake shows that it is a possible route. Sick and dying wild birds are obviously inca-pable of migrating, but there may be some species which can become infected and transmit the virus without showing any serious symptoms. This has yet to be proved and the migration of healthy birds (car-riers) may not be the main cause of the spread. Also it is equally significant that our State comes within the limit of international fly ways or migratory route of birds.

There are also many wetlands, paddy fields and waterlogged areas near human habitations across the State which support aquatic birds, both resident as well as migratory. Some of such locations are Vel-layani and Akkulam- Veli (Thiruvananthapuram); Po-lachira, Kandanchira and Karalichathuppu (Kollam); Vembanad; Vypin and Mangalavanam (Ernakulum), Chavakkad (Thrissur), Purathur,Kadalundi (Malappu-ram), Kottuli (Kozhikode), Kuriva( wayanadu), Ezhom wetland (Kasragod) etc

Even though monitoring of the entire avian hab-itat is significant, more focused effort is needed in wetlands areas considering its vulnerability owing to visitation of these areas by migratory wetland species especially of water fowls and proximity of such areas to poultry farms and human habitations.

Wetlands of Kerala are part of the central Asian-In-dian Flyway. Unhygienic poultry practices, transport and sale of poultry and trade and trafficking in wild birds are also matters of great concern. It has been reported that within Russia, the movement of virus has not followed migratory flyways but rather railway

routes across the country. H5N1 virus was isolated from two Mountain Hawk-eagles (Spizaetusnipalen-sis) illegally imported to Belgium from Thailand. A South American parrot quarantined in Britain died due to the virus. Such incidents, though sporadic, calls for extreme vigil and schematic action in case of emergency. Trade of pet birds, primarily of the exotic ones are reported from across the country, including Kerala, which is a luring market. This is quite prevalent in our State as all kinds of exotic pet birds are being transported in length and breadth of the country without any check. There is no mechanism as on now to regulate and more importantly to undertake any health check and quarantine mechanism for these pet birds. It shall be made mandatory to have health card issued by competent veterinary authority to every pet bird. Moreover it is high time to have specific and comprehensive legal measures in place that defines the minimum standards for keeping of, rearing of and trading of pet birds.

In the context of localized reports of avian influ-enza outbreaks, monitoring of these sites are highly crucial. This could not be achieved by the government machinery alone but only with the support of local community, especially that of the bird watchers and NGOs working in the field. The State Animal Hus-bandry department has to take the lead to deal with such issues.

The Handicap:

Presently there is neither any institutional mecha-nism under the Kerala Forest Department nor the staff are trained or equipped to tackle such emergency sit-uations like outbreak of avian Influenza among wild and migratory birds. Taking stock of the situation, the State Forest Department has recently come out with an Action plan of its own within the broad ambit of the National Action Plan for equipping the Department in situations of Avian Influenza outbreak.

The action plan proposes long term as well as short term measures for equipping the Department for immediate action on the instances of any disease


outbreaks such as Avian Influenza. This includes de-velopment of surveillance protocol, establishment of an Avian Monitoring and Disease Surveillance Centre at Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary and capacity building for the implementing machinery. The center will cater to the need of supporting the Department in matters related to management of wild birds, disease surveil-lance, quarantine and imparting management orient-ed training of forest staff with the objective of capacity building and skill development. The Institution will be equipped with tools facilitating bird observation, bird trapping, ringing etc., library for reference and a full-fledged mini laboratory for specimen storage, clinical examination etc., basic facilities for bird reha-bilitation, caring of wounded birds, bird observation etc. and quarantine facility for a period not less than the incubation period of bird flu. The Center will be strengthened in future incorporating Veterinary ex-perts also.

The proposed Surveillance protocol of the For-est Department to contain Avian influenza

Even though Kerala is a destination of large num-ber of migratory birds, especially during Septem-ber-March every year, but for the isolated attempts of bird surveys in selected Protected Areas and wetlands, attention was not focussed in the field of monitoring of birds and disease surve illance. To overcome this handicap the Department proposes the following protocol.

• Each Forest Division (Wildlife, Territorial and Social Forestry Divisions) shall identify and map the areas visited by wild/migratory species of birds, which are its feeding or breeding ground, such as important wetlands, Protected Areas (PAs) and IBAs in the State within their respective area of jurisdiction.

• Identify the nearest Veterinary institution for each site and liaise for required intervention.

• Monitoring shall be a regular activity in all the above identified areas, both within and outside forest areas. As an initial step, sites in Ashtamu-di, Kole wet lands and Kattampally fields may be monitored at random. The idea is t o understand the regularity in arrival/ departure timings of water birds–and to link it with possible outbreaks–thereby zeroing in on a set of suspect species. Subsequently more wetlands can be brought under the scanner.

• Staff in each Forest Division will be alerted to maintain strict vigil against the possibility of disease

outbreak among wild birds especially the wetland birds.

• Surveillance will be extended to all wetlands and habitats that provide staging grounds to migra-tory birds and where there is a possibility of interac-tion of migratory birds and poultry.

• The staff on patrol will collect information, especially during the bird migration season com-mencing from September to March, on unusual cases of death of birds/ or sighting of weak/ sick birds from the sites referred to in action point first above, falling within their jurisdiction and report the same within 24 hours to the nearest Veterinary Institution and to the Wild Bird Monitoring and Disease Surveillance Centre.

• Faecal samples will be collected under the guidance of Veterinary experts, taking due personal care, as per the protocol issued by MoEF in this respect andwill be send for clinical examination observing guidelines/ procedures in practice, under intimation to the Wild Bird Monitoring and Disease Surveillance Centre, Thattekkadu.

• Blood sample / tracheal or cloacal swabs/ faecal samples will be attempted only as per the direc-tion and involvement of Veterinary Officers and the same will be intimated to the State Nodal Officer, Avi-an Influenza (Field Director, Project Tiger, Kottayam).

• In the case of wetlands and other bird areas outside the forests, the Social Forestry Wing of the District will follow the protocols with support from NGOs or bird watchers in the locality. One or two vol-unteers from each organization may be trained and oriented to these aspects.

• Each Social Forestry/ Wildlife/ Territorial Di-vision will identify NGOs or Birders who are active in their respective areas in bird monitoring and associate them in the bird monitoring activities.

• If clinical examinations confirm the occur-rence of the disease, PAs and other tourist destina-tions from where or in the vicinity of which samples were collected, will be closed immediately for visitors and precautionary measures against the outbreak of the disease shall be taken with the help of nearest Vet-erinary Office in this regard, as per the protocol issued by MoEF. The matter will also be brought to the notice of the concerned revenue authorities.

• Public awareness campaigns will be orga-nized in such locations with the involvement of NGOs


/ experts. People should be madeaware to reportsight-ing of dead birds to nearest Forest / Animal Husband-ry office.

• Arrange training to the staff / officers in col-laboration with Animal Husbandry Department on disease surveillance, sample collection etc.

• Information to press shall be given only through responsible senior officials to prevent any possibility of undue panic.

• The exotic pet bird's trade will be closely monitored and all pet bird trade centers would be insisted to keep health certificate periodically issued from Veterinary Officer that the birds are free from in-fectious diseases.

Collaborative Role of Veterinarians and State Forest Department

Since avian health monitoring is not a regular activity in the Forest Department, the staff is sel-dom familiar with identifying birds and procedures for collecting data/ samples on health monitoring. Hence it is practically impossible for the Depart-ment to achieve its mandatory role without the sci-entific and technical support from Veterinarians. To overcome this handicap, it is necessary to undertake capacity building and training programmes and the staff at different levels in all the Protected Areas and Territorial Forest Divisions, which are identi-fied as IBAs in the State, need tobe given training in observing birds for Avian Influenza, collection of fecal samples, basics of preparedness in case of an unexpected Avian Influenza outbreak among wild birds, disposal of carcass etc.

Here comes the vital role of Animals Husbandry Department and Veterinary Colleges in the State. The State Forest Department shall collaborate with Animal Husbandry Department and Veterinary Colleges regarding monitoring of Avian Influenza and disease surveillance among wild birds both, resident and migratory. They may be associated in training and capacity building to the field staff of the Department on bird conservation, bird moni-toring, data collection, disease surveillance, sample collection, caring and rehabilitation of stranded / wounded / seized birds and subsequent release to its natural habitat, collecting samples from birds and temporary storage before quarantine to the re-puted laboratories as well as in pathological exam-ination of samples collected and obtaining results, and building awareness among the public.

Radio-telemetry studies could also be conduct-ed, to understand details on the movements of wild birds over varying spatial scale Radio telemetry has important applications in the investigation of infec-tious diseases of migratory species, including H5N1 AI virus ecology. On the one hand, concurrence between the migratory patterns of some Palearctic breeding water birds and the spread of the H5N1 HPAI virus across Asia and Europe in the northern fall and winter of2005-06 illustrates the importance of studies de-signed to identify specific migratory routes, stop over points and non-breeding areas that may span entire continents. On the other hand, studies documenting the local movements of wild birds between poultry farms and nearby wetlands may be invaluable to es-tablish viable pathways ofH5N1 HPAI transmission from poultry to wildlife (or vice versa).

The Animal Husbandry Department and Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University need to come forward with their facilities for imparting train-ing to the forest personnels. There are Veterinarians with talent, interest, dedication and exposure in wild-life conservation whose service and expertise could be extended to the Forest Department to meet the chal-lenges of disease outbreaks among wildlife in general and birds in particular. Let us open up new areas of as-sociation/ cooperation. The Human Resource Devel-opment wing of the State Forest Department shall in-corporate these areas of Bird Monitoring and Disease control in their training modules and shall approach the Animal Husbandry department for cooperation and assistances. Definitely such an association will be an exposure for the field officers in the Forest De-partment to hither to unfamiliar fields and this associ-ation will ultimately contribute to avian conservation, promote the quality of the ecosystem of our State and bring benefits to the society. Moreover, being a signa-tory to International treaties like Ramsar Convention, it is the mandate of our country to take every step for the (towards the cause of) conservation of migratory birds.

We cannot wait till a next outbreak to happen. Let us initiate dialogue, build a common platform, identify areas of association, and oil the machin-ery to tackle any emergency in future, instead of searching in the darkness in time of needy hours. Being the principal agency in the sector the Animal Husbandry Department is expected to take the lead role in the subject.


The word ‘Zoonosis’ (plural : Zoonoses) was in-troduced by Rudolf Virchow in 1980 to include collectively the disease shared in nature by man

and animals. Later WHO in 1959 defined that zoonoses are “those disease and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.” Zoonoses include only those infections where there is either a proof or a strong circumstantial evidence for transmission between man and animals.

Historically, zoonotic disease had a tremendous impact on the evolution of man, especially in those cultures and societies that domesticate and breed an-imals for food and clothing. Zoonoses are among the most frequent and dreaded risks to which mankind is exposed.

Zoonoses occur throughout the world transcend-ing the natural boundaries. Their important effect on global economy and health is well known extending from the international movement of animals and im-portation of disease to bans on importation of all an-imal products and restrictions on other international trade practices. So zoonoses no longer is solely a na-tional problem. For effective control of zoonoses glob-al surveillance is necessary.

Zoonoses is an emerging problem. Over the three decades, there has been considerable change in the

Mrs. Sandhya V KMicrobiologist, Virus Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Health and family welfare services, Government of Karnataka.

Zoonotic Disease Of Public Health Importance

importance of certain zoonotic disease in many parts of the world, resulting from ecological changes such as urbanization, industrialization and diminishing proportion of persons working in the so called prima-ry sector.

We do not know with what challenge nature will confront us with, in this world of constant interference with ecology. Most of the infections of man that have been discovered in the last 30 years are being shared with lower animals and a number of other disease previously thought to be limited to man have now been found to be zoonotic. Reference may be made to various types of encephalitis, eosinophilic meningitis, capillariasis, lyme disease, monkey pox disease in hu-mans, lassa fever, Marburg disease and Ebola for all of which an animal link has been established.

Among those zoonotic diseases recognized today as particularly important are anthrax, plague, brucel-losis, bovine tuberculosis, leptospirosis, salmonello-sis, spotted fever caused by Rickettsiae, rabies, several common arthropod borne viral infection(arboviral infection),certain parasitic disease especially cystic-ereosis, hydatid disease, trypanosomiasis and toxo-plasmosis.

With the advanced laboratory techniques and increased awareness among medical and veterinary

Health is Wealth

One Health


scientists, ecologist and biologists, more than 300 zoonoses of diverse etiology are now recognized. Thus a very large number of zoonoses calls for classification especially for easy understanding.

Zoonoses can be classified according to the etio-logical agents, mode of transmission and according to the reservoir host.

a) Classification according to etiological agents:-

Bacterial zoonoses:-e.g. anthrax, brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, salmonellosis. lyme disease.

Viral zoonoses:-e.g. rabies, arbovirus infections, Kyasanur Forest Disease, yellow fever, influenza.

Rickettsial zoonoses:- e.g.murine typhus, tick typhus, scrub typhus, Q-fever.

Protozoal zoonoses:- e.g. toxoplasmosis trypano-somiasis, leishmaniasis.

Helminthic zoonoses:- e.g. echinococcosis (hydatid disease), taeniasis, schistosomiasis, dracun-culiasis.

Fungal zoonoses:- e.g. deep mycosis-histoplasmo-sis, cryptococcosis, superficial dermatophytes.

Ecto parasites:- e.g. scabies, myiasis.

b) Classification according to mode of transmission:-

Direct zoonoses:- These are transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a susceptible host(man) by direct contact, by contact with fomite or by a me-chanical vector. The agent itself undergoes little or no propagative or developmental changes during trans-mission.e.g. rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, leptosprosis, toxoplasmosis.

Cyclo zoonoses: - These require more than one ver-tebrate host species, but no invertebrate host for the completion of life cycle of the agent .e.g echinococco-sis, taeniasis.

Meta zoonoses: - These are transmitted biological-ly by invertebrate vectors, in which the agent multi-plies and/ or develops and there is always an extrinsic incubation period before transmission to another ver-tebrate host. e.g. plague, orbovirus infection, schisto-soiasis, leishmaniasis.

Sapro zoonoses: - These require a vertebrate host and a non – animal developmental site like soil, plant material, and pigeon dropping etc, for the develop-ment of the infectious agent. e.g. aspergillosis, coccid-ioidomycosis, cryptococosis, histoplasomosis, zygo-mycosis.

c) Classification according to the reservoir host:- Anthropozoonoses:- Infections transmitted to

man from lower vertebrate animals. e.g.rabies, lepto-spirosis, plague, arboviral infections, brucellosis and Q fever.

Zoo anthroponoses:- Infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrate animals. e.g. streptococci, staphylococci, diphtheria, entero bacteriaceae, hu-man tuberculosis in cattle and parrots.

Amphixenoses:- Infections maintained in both man and lower vertebrate animals and transmitted in either direction. e.g. salmonellosis, staphylococcosis. Conclusion

The occurrence of significant number of out breaks of new and emerging zoonotic disease over the past few years is a matter of concern. Similar occur-rences can be expected in the future as the continuous alteration of the environment and the establishment of human settlements in formerly inhabitated areas, particularly in the tropics are factors that favour the emergence of disease, the agents of which may have remained undiscovered in nature for centuries. To these problems are added the ever-increasing de-mand for animal protein foods, the acceleration of international trade especially, of food products and livestock, and the increasing number of people who are potentially more susceptible to opportunistic in-fection by agents of animal origin. Apart from the direct impact on human health through sickness and death, these new emerging zoonoses can have other important consequences such as the following.To serve as the reminder of the existences of infec-

tious disease and the capacity of these disease to occur very unexpectedly in new locations and new animal species.

To stress the need for stronger international co-operation, better local, regional and global net-works for communicable disease surveillance and pandemic planning.

To contribute to the definition of new paradigms, especially relating to the protection of public health.

To reinforce the importance of inter sectoral col-laboration for disease containment in addition to that of independence of sectoral interests and transparency when managing certain health risks.

The challenge to public health posed by effective surveillance, prevention and control of zoonotic disease can be met. Veterinary public health is an essential part of public health and includes various types of co-operation between the disciplines that link the health triad. People-animal-environment and all its interaction.


Dr. P S EasaDirector (Rtd.)Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi & Member National Board for Wild Life

Introduction

Biological diversity or biodiversity has become one of the most popular terms in the present day society. Biodiversity has been defined with all its complexity in the Biodiversi-

ty Convention. Accordingly, Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, be-tween species and ecosystem. However, the simplest is the sum total of all living organisms in the earth. The species assemblag-es, the ecosystems, the physical and chemical atmosphere, the hydrosphere all contribute to its complexity. Biodiversity com-ponents interact extending the much needed healthy ecosystem providing physical, social and survival security.

It is also necessary to have an economic valuation of biodi-versity, a value for the benefits in the form of ecosystem services and the natural processes. The benefits of these services could be local, regional or global. This is probably one of the most dif-ficult but most important tasks. A number of reasons have been attributed to conserve biodiversity. The natural assets are trans-formed into ecosystem services in the form of provisioning (food and water), regulating (controlling calamities), cultural (spiri-tual, recreational) and supporting (like nutrient cycling main-

Biodiversity Conservation – THe Challenges and Initiatives

In Harmony

One Health


taining the required conditions). These are probably the reasons for supporting the cause for biodiversity conservation, the reasons why we should have biodi-versity.

Where and how muchAccording to the Millenium Ecosystem Assess-

ment, the total number of species on Earth ranges from 5 to 30 million of which only 1.7–2 million have been formally identified. Another estimate indicates that the living species could be about 15 -20 mil-lion of which only 1.2 million have been named. These statistics indicate the level of knowledge even on the number of species. We look for the species everywhere and include the microscopic to more complex plants and animals. There are lots of unanswered questions on measuring biodiver-sity and it is argued that we need no precise figures and answers to devise an effective understanding of where biodiversity is, how it is changing over space and time, what are the drivers re-sponsible for this change, its consequences for ecosystem services and human well-being, and the available response op-tions. However, Species Richness (the number of spe-cies in a given area) represents a single but important metric that is valuable as the common currency of the diversity of life. It does not capture the whole charac-teristics of biodiversity and hence several indices have also been suggested integrating several metrics, espe-cially for comparison between areas.

The loss of speciesThe most important and complex aspects of biodi-

versity are the interaction within the species, between different species and the species and ecosystem. This lack of knowledge on the ecological processes makes it difficult to understand the impact of human ac-tivities on the system. It is generally agreed that the human activities adversely affect the biodiversity. The problem of the loss of biodiversity is a problem of hu-

man behaviour and aspirations. The ever increasing demand for the finite natural resources lead to rapid decline in the quality of ecosystem naturalness and biodiversity. This in turn erodes the earth's capacity in providing the services to living beings including hu-man communities. It is feared that, if this continues, there will be the next wave of extinctions in billions of years of history. An estimate suggest that two of every three bird species are in decline worldwide, one in every eight plant species is endangered or threat-

ened, and one-quarter of mammals, one-quarter of amphibians and one-fifth of reptiles

are endangered or vulnerable. The World Resources Institute esti-

mates that only one-fifth of the earth's original forest cover is in its primary state and

contiguous. An estimated 180 million hectares were deforested between 1980 and 1995 in developing countries.

There had been at least a few known extinctions be-

cause of hunting for various purposes. Aurochs, a long-

horned, forest-dwell-ing ancestor of mod-ern domestic cattle

was hunted for sport and food. Along with the

pressure on habitat, its last hold-out in a private game reserve in Poland

was killed by poachers. The last one died in 1627. The Great Auk, a 3-foot tall flightless seabird was in hun-dreds of thousands in the North Atlantic. They were hunted mainly for their feathers which were used for mattress and pillow stuffing. The last breeding pair was killed by two fishermen, who also smashed the last egg. The Carolina Parakeets, the only endemic parrot of North America were shot in huge numbers by farmers because they fed in large flocks on fruit and other crops. There was also demand for their feathers and for sale to zoos. The last pair survived in the Cincinnati zoo until 1917-18. The passenger pigeon is believed to have been the most abundant bird ever to have lived. John James Audubon observed a flock of pigeons passing over a period of three days at a rate he estimated at over 300 million birds an hour. The last wild passenger pigeon was seen in Michigan in 1889 and the last captive bird ("Martha") died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914. The Caribbean monk seals,


a native to the Gulf of Mexico were hunted for food and oil. The last confirmed sighting was in 1952 and after numerous searches, the species was formally declared extinct by the IUCN in 1996.

The hunting of animals for their hides (for leath-er) or fur led to a drastic reduction in the abundance of many kinds of fur-bearing animals. These include mainly small animals such as squirrels, martens, sa-ble and foxes. Several hundred squirrel pelts were needed to make one cloak, so the numbers killed were enormous. After exhausting the fur-bearing animal population in Western Europe, the traders started exploration of the northern forests of Russia. The fur-bearing animals of the vast Siberian forests were virtually eliminated by the end of the 18th century. A good example of animals killed for wool is the Tibetan antelope found in India, Tibet and China, which have been killed for shathoosh shawl.

With the exhaustion of the terrestrial fur-bearing animals, the attention was on the sea otters that were discovered in 1741 in the north Pacific, on the Russian and Alaskan coasts. Most of the 150,000 - 300,000 ot-ters living along the north American coast from Alaska to Baja California were killed by hunters by 1790 lead-ing to "commercial extinction" and the trade collapsed. By 1911, there were only 1-2,000 animals left through-out their range. The population recovered well and the Alaskan (Aleutian Island) population reached a peak in the mid-1970s of about 50,000-100,000 ani-mals. But from 1992 to 2000, it declined by 95% and now as few as 6,000 otters may be remaining in the entire Aleutian chain. This is considered to be a part of a catastrophic ecosystem collapse that is occurring in the area. Another population of about 2,400 sea otters surviving along the California coast between Point Conception and Monterey Bay are increasingly on conflict with inshore fisheries for sea urchins.

Partly because of the decline of the Russian fur bearing animals, from the earliest days of European settlement in North America, the fur trade has been one of the main incentives for westward expansion. For a long time, the colonists simply traded their goods for fur that the Native Americans collected. Later the Eu-ropeans became trappers as well as traders. A similar trend was seen in North America, where beaver was a favourite target. From a species of abundance, beaver population declined in 1638. By 1840 the beaver had been overexploited to the level where it was no longer worth hunting. A number of other species in the North America have also been almost eliminated by the fur

trade. Fur seals, Harp seal, Elephant Seals and walrus-es are hunted for food, oil, skin and tusks.

Species loss and ecosystem functionThe current rate of biodiversity loss greatly exceeds

the rate that nature can compensate for and adapt to. Studies by Tilman and Downing (1994) on grassland ecosystem and Naeem et al. (1994, 1995) on artificial ecosystems comprising of several trophic levels concluded that biodiversity mattered for ecosystem functioning. Jonsson (2012) reviewed the relation between biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

There were also debates whether the species per se or the composition of several species that could affect the ecosystem functioning. The interactions and relations between species could be of greater impact on ecosystem functions. The question of importance of functional group diversity in ecosystem functioning was also debated. This argument is based on the belief that species belonging to the same functional group are redundant. According to this line of reasoning, species may be lost without any effect on ecosystem functioning, as long as each functional group is represented by at least one species.

The studies found strong effects of changed biodiversity even though the species used performed the same function. Studies have also shown that in addition to definite effects on ecosystem functioning when the last species in a functional group is lost, species loss within functional groups is also of significant importance (Jonsson and Malmqvist, 2000; Jonsson et al., 2001; Cardinale et al., 2002; Dangles et al., 2002; Huryn et al., 2002; Jonsson et al., 2002; Jonsson and Malmqvist, 2003a & b). Although some of these studies have found increased ecosystem functioning with decreasing biodiversity, they still show that species redundancy, in this sense, is a dysfunctional concept. Species redundancy is an important trait of natural systems, where a species could take over the function of another one in case of environmental changes affecting one of them.

Exploring the mechanisms behind effects of biodiversity loss is of critical importance if we are to understand the consequences of the current, rapid biodiversity loss. Niche complementarities is often used as the most likely explanation for effects of changed biodiversity, especially if both ‘niche differentiation’ and ‘facilitation’ are included in the definition (Loreau and Hector, 2001).


The characteristics of a species determine how, when and where it utilises resources (the niche). While all individuals within a species share these characteristics, they often differ between species (niche differentiation). Thus, niche differentiation allows species to coexist, to avoid strong competition, and thus to perform a process efficiently (Volterra, 1926; Lotka, 1932; Jonsson and Malmqvist, 2003a). Loss of species may therefore lead to fewer utilised niches, stronger competition, and lower process rates thus affecting ecosystem functioning negatively. Positive interactions between species, such as facilitation, have the potential to be of great importance for ecosystem functioning. Although several studies have found evidence of facilitation between pairs of species (Soluk and Collins, 1988; Kotler et al., 1992; Soluk, 1993; Soluk and Richardson, 1997; Cardinale et al., 2002; Jonsson and Malmqvist, 2003a), it is not well known how common or important such interactions are in natural ecosystems. However, both niche differentiation and facilitation are likely to be important for maintaining process rates and ecosystem functioning. Thus, in the event of species loss, ecosystem functioning could be negatively affected either by increased competition, niche vacancy, or loss of facilitative interactions.

The prioritisation and conservationBiodiversity is not evenly distributed. A very small

number of countries in the tropics contain a high per-centage of the world's species - these are known as mega biodiversity countries. Together they contain 60-70 per cent of the world's species. There had been several initiatives to prioritize and conserve the most natural wilderness. The concept of mega diversity countries was first developed by Russell Mittermei-er in 1988, as a way to prioritize conservation action. Based on an analysis of primate conservation priori-ties, he found that four countries accounted for two-thirds of all primate species. The analysis was then expanded to include other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, plants and selected groups of insects. This resulted in 17 countries being identified, repre-senting more than two-thirds of all known life forms and the majority of tropical rainforests, coral reefs and other priority systems. The results of the assessment were published by Mittermeier et al. (1997).

A paper by Myers (1988) first identified ten tropi-cal forest “hotspots” characterized both by exceptional levels of plant endemism and by serious levels of hab-itat loss. Myers (1990) added a further eight hotspots, including four Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In

1996, a reassessment of the hotspots concept was undertaken, including an examination of whether key areas had been overlooked. Three years later an extensive global review was undertaken, which intro-duced quantitative thresholds for the designation of biodiversity hotspots: In the 1999 analysis, published in the book Hotspots: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions and a year later in Nature (Myers, et al. 2000), 25 biodiversity hotspots were identified. Collectively, these areas held as en-demics no less than 44% of the world's plants and 35% of terrestrial vertebrates in an area that formerly covered only 11.8% of the planet's land surface. The habitat extent of this land area had been considerably reduced. The wealth of biodiversity was restricted to only 1.4% of Earth's land surface. Hotspots analysis is in constant evolution. Myers (2003) revisited the exist-ing hotspots, to assess the status, refine their bound-aries, update the information associated with them and to consider a number of potential new hotspots. Consequently, six previously overlooked areas qual-ified for hotspot status. In addition, two hotspots have been subdivided as data are now sufficient to show that they contain quite distinctive biotas. The Himalaya and Indo-Burma regions are now listed as separate hotspots, with the former extending further to the west into Pakistan and the northeast Afghan-istan than did the Himalayan portion of the original Indo-Burma Hotspot.

Myers et al. (2003) had suggested prioritization of areas within the hotspots. The attempt of the Gadgil Committee was to identify the most critical conser-vation important areas within Western Ghats. There could be areas, which are to be preserved at any cost and there could be areas, where development could be regulated. Unfortunately, the importance of such an exercise was not completely understood by the concerned. This also reminds us of social, political and scientific collaborations to achieve the goals of biodi-versity conservation.

Conservation initiativesThe major attempts to conserve the biodiversity

in India had been through declaration of Protected Areas – the Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, Ti-ger Reserves, Community Reserves and Conservation Reserves. We have also delineated areas into Elephant Reserves, Biosphere Reserves and Heritage Sites. A number of Laws, Rules, Acts and guidelines have also been issued for protection of biodiversity. The promi-nent ones are the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 with


several amendments, Environment Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act and Biodiversity Act. However, most of the thrusts are on the forest, marine and other natural ecosystems. There are also a number of sacred groves protected by the community due to the social beliefs. The country, rich in cultural diversity are also rich in biodiversity in villages and even in urban areas. As mentioned earlier, the conservation is also the re-flection of human behaviour and aspirations.

Conservation of biodiversity is a challenge where there are competitions for resources and land utili-zation competing with agriculture, recreation and urban and industrial development. Though we do have several reasons for conservation, the criteria for conservation prioritization have to be scientific and reasonable. The major threats to the conservation of biodiversity remain to be the habitat loss, its degrada-tion and fragmentation due to various reasons. The policy of the Government is crucial in conservation. Moreover, a vigilant and learned public combined with generation of scientific information could help the biodiversity conservation objectives.

Conservation and development have always been in loggerhead and development has been cited as anti-social and harmful. However, there had been several examples of mutual dependence (World Con-servation Strategy, 1980). Development, as defined by World Conservation Strategy, is the modification of the biosphere to improve the quality of human life whilst living within the carrying capacity of the eco-systems. Conservation is the management of human use of the biosphere for sustainable benefit of the present generations but ensuring its availability for the future generation. Development normally results in modifications of the environment as in the case of activities of any organism in the planet. As pointed out in the World Conservation Strategy, all these transfor-mations, as a part of the development need not always achieve the social and economic objectives of devel-opment. If not guided by the ecological, social, cul-tural and ethical considerations, it is bound to fail to achieve the desired objectives. It is suggested to have an integration of conservation and development lead-ing to sustainable development so that the wellbeing of the people is ensured. It has also been suggested to consider the basic objective of development, the social and economic welfare and an understanding of the limitations of the resources and carrying capacity of ecosystems. The Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD), adopted in 1992 and entered into force in 1993, also deals with the sustainable use of biological re-sources, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.

Veterinarians in conservation

There had been several initiatives the world over for saving the endangered species from extinction. One of the major programmes is the conservation breeding. Global Species Management Plans (GSMPs), which focuses on long term sustainability of wild ani-mal populations in human care involves management of selected taxon. The GSMPs include those for the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch), red panda (Ailurus fulgens), blue-crowned laughingthrush (Dryonastes courtoisi), Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus goodfellowi) and Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). These programmes are developed by the scientists of the zoos. The critically endangered Sumatran tiger is managed by five ex situ regional programmes.

There had been programmes to go for captive breeding and reintroduction for several species, which include Guam rails (Rallus owstoni) found in Guam in the Mariana Archipelago in the Pacific, golden lion tamarins (GLTs) a native to Brazil’s Atlantic coastal for-est, Black-Footed Ferret in the plains of the American West, scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), addax (Addax nasomaculatus), dama gazelle (Gazella dama), slender-horned gazelle (G. leptoceros), and Cuvier’s gazelle (G. cuvieri) in the deserts of North Africa, fen-nec fox of Arabian deserts, gray wolf of the Northern Hemisphere, Amur leopard of the Russian Far East and NE China, the vultures in India, Przewalski's horse of Mongolia, Pere David's deer in China and Pygmy hog of India. The recently highlighted death of near-ly 12,000 Saiga antelopes of the Ural population in western Kazakhstan due to some disease also poses several questions on wildlife health monitoring and research. The conservation breeding programmes of the threatened species the world over is a multidis-ciplinary initiative, where the Veterinarians play an important role. The conservation challenges in India include management of sick and injured wild ani-mals, managing the animals in conflict and rearing of orphaned wildlife. The Rescue and Rehabilitation programmes, managed by a team of experts in dif-ferent parts of the country have contributed a lot in


saving the animals in danger. The Veterinarians play vital roles in rearing these in captivity, developing nu-tritional diets, behavioural studies and reintroduction and monitoring. It is heartening that the Veterinarians in the country are in the fore front of wildlife conserva-tion programmes.

Selected References

Cardinale, B. J., Palmer, M. A. and Collins, L. 2002. Species diversity enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation. Nature 415: 426-429

Dangles, O., Jonsson, M. and Malmqvist, B. 2002. The importance of detritivore species diversity for maintaining stream ecosystem functioning following the invasion of a riparian plant. Biological Invasions 4: 441-446

Huryn, A. D., Huryn, V. M., Arbuckle, C. J. and Tsomides, L. 2002. Catchment land-use, macroinvertebrates and detritus processing in headwater streams: taxonomic richness versus function. Freshwater Biology 47: 401-415

Jonsson, M. and Malmqvist, B. 2000 Ecosystem process rate increases with animal species richness: evidence from leaf-eating, aquatic insects. Oikos 89: 519-523

Jonsson, M., Dangles, O., Malmqvist, B. and Guérold, F. 2002. Simulating species loss following perturbation: assessing the effects on process rates. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 269: 1047-1052

Jonsson, M. and Malmqvist, B. 2003a. Mechanisms behind positive diversity effects on ecosystem functioning: testing the facilitation and interference hypotheses. Oecologia 134: 554-559

Jonsson, M. and Malmqvist, B. 2003b. Importance of species identity and number for process rates within stream invertebrate functional feeding groups. Journal of Animal Ecology 72: 453-459

Jonsson, M., Malmqvist, B. and Hoffsten P.O. 2001. Leaf litter breakdown in boreal streams: does shredder species richness matter? Freshwater Biology 46: 161-171

Jonsson, M. 2012. Biodiversity Loss and the Func-tioning of Ecosystems. ECOLOGY.INFO

Kotler, B. P., Blaustein, L. and Brown, J. S. 1992. Predatory facilitation effects: the combined effect of snakes and owls on the foraging behavior of gerbils. Annales Zoologica Fennici 29: 199-206

Loreau, M. and Hector, A. 2001 Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature 412: 72-76

Lotka, A. J. 1932. The growth of mixed populations: two species competing for a common food supply. Journal of Washington Academy of Sciences 22: 461-469

Mittermeier, R.A. 1988. Primate diversity and the tropical forest. In E.O. Wilson. (Ed.), BioDiversity. 145–154. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

Mittermeier, R.A., Gil P.R. and Mittermeier, C.G. 1997. Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Na-tions. Conservation International, Cemex

Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. and Kent, J 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.

Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: ‘Hotspots’ in tropical forests. The Environmentalist 8: 1–20.

Myers, N. 1990. The biodiversity challenge: Ex-panded hot-spots analysis. The Environmentalist 10: 243–256.

Myers, N. 2003. Biodiversity hotspots revisited. BioScience 53: 916–917.

Naeem, S. Thompson L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H. and Woodfin, R. M. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368: 734-737

Naeem, S. Thompson L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H. and Woodfin, R. M. 1995. Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 347: 249-262

Norse, D. E. and McManus, R. E. 1980. Ecology and Living Resources – Biological Diversity.11th Annual Report of Council on Environment Quality. 31-80. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Soluk, D. A. 1993. Multiple prey effects: predicting combined functional response of stream fish and invertebrate predators. Ecology 74: 219-225

Soluk, D. A. and Collins, N. C. 1988. Synergistic interactions between fish and stoneflies: facilitation and interference among stream predators. Oikos 52: 94-100

Soluk, D. A. and Richardson, J. S. 1997. The role of stoneflies in enhancing growth of trout: a test of the importance of predator-predator facilitation within a stream community. Oikos 80: 214-219

Tilman, D. and Downing, J. A. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367: 363-365

Volterra, V. 1926. Variations and fluctuations of the numbers of individuals in animal species living together. In Animal Ecology. Chapman RN (ed.). McGraw Hill, New York

Wilson, E. O. and Peters, F.M. (Eds.) 1988. Biodiversi-ty. National Academy Press, Washington DC. USA.


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Animal welfare is the physical and psychological well-being of animals. Hewson, Caroline J. (2003). It is measured by indicators including behavior, physiology, longevity, and

reproduction(Francione, G.L., 1996). The term animal welfare can also mean human concern for animal welfare or a position in a debate on animal ethics and animal rights. This position is measured by attitudes to different types of animal uses(Jenia Meng., 2002). Western public policy in 19th-century Britain began to take serious note of Animal Welfare. In the Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, animal welfare is defined as "the avoidance of abuse and exploitation of animals by humans by maintaining appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and general care, the prevention and treatment of disease and the assurance of freedom from harassment, and unnecessary discomfort and pain.(http://thefreedictionary.com, 2010)

Those who are directly concerned with the management of animals whether livestock or draft animals have a responsibility to promote their welfare through the practice of good husbandry. (Webster. J.2005)

The expression ‘animal welfare’ means different things to different people (and other animals). The scientist defines it as ‘the state of an animal as it attempts to cope with its environment’ and gathers evidence relating to the physical and mental state of a sentient animal (i.e. how it feels) as it seeks to meet its physiological and behavioral needs. (Fraser, D. & Broom, D.B., 1990)

Welfare is of paramount importance and responsibility of the people directly or indirectly associated with animal rearing. It is not only the commitment and unconditional love and service rendered by the animals but also the contribution of these animals in improving the life of human beings by way of production and draft power. (http://sover.net)

Dr. Sanjay DVeterinary Surgeon, RAHC, Ranni

Role of Animal Welfare in implementation of One Health Concept

Harmony, Happiness Health

One Health

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There are three reasons for being concerned about animal welfare. First is in respect for animals and a sense of fair play, Second is poor welfare can lead to poor product quality and third is risk of loss of market share for products which acquire a poor welfare image.

Animal Welfare is of paramount importance and responsibility of the people directly or indirectly associated with animal rearing. It is not only the commitment and unconditional love and service rendered by the animals but also the contribution of these animals in improving the life of human beings by way of production and draught power. Violation of Animal Welfare not only damages Animal Health but also affects production and productivity.

Animal Welfare is closely connected with the absence of a physiological stress response, or at least with the absence of a large stress response (Barnett J.L. & Hemsworth P.H. ,1990).

For a good welfare, the animal must be able to satisfy its biological needs(Curtis S.E.,1987)

Many of us would probably agree with these sentiments, and we would go further in saying that there should be effective control and prevention of needless suffering in almost all aspects of animal handling and husbandry (Rollin. B.E., 1997).

Animal Welfare and Management

Anyone who ‘owns’ an animal, whether on the farm, in the laboratory or in the home, has a responsibility of care which should, at the very least, seek to ensure that the animal is ‘fit’; i.e. healthy, protected from injury and able to achieve normal growth and function. It is, moreover, reasonable to expect that this state of fitness should be sustainable. Most farmers would claim that the whole point of livestock farming is to promote good health and normal function since it would be economically foolish to do otherwise. Many will go further and claim that these things matter more, both to them and to the animals, than some fuzzy concept of happiness, linked perhaps to the freedom to exhibit ‘natural’ patterns of behaviour.(Webster. J., 1993)

In order to maintain good welfare, the animal should be able to ‘cope’ with its environment(Broom D. & Johnson K., 1993).

Chronic stress in animals can lead to several adverse effects such as increased susceptibility to diseases.( Glamielle, 2013)

Veterinarians are at the perfect intersection of welfare and protection of public health that may seem somewhat unrelated. Good welfare practices enable proper control of infectious diseases thereby indirectly protecting public health too. Veterinarians do have a major role to prevent unnecessary suffering

in animals and it is important to recognize that promoting animal

welfare goes beyond an ethical imperative, it is also a necessary step to improving public health.

Education always plays a pivotal role in development of populations and it is important that leaders

in animal health such as veterinarians be

good resources on proper animal management practices. However, when trying to promote animal welfare in culturally

diverse environments, it is also important to recognize the local

cultural or religious values that guide these communities. We must find ways to work within this framework if we want the changes to be well-received and integrated in the lifestyle of these communities. This is why cooperation with local leaders such as governmental but also religious is essential. It is important to realize that animal welfare and good animal welfare practices should not just be the agenda of animal activist groups, but is now considered as a serious component by international organizations such as the OIE ( Glamielle, 2013)

Animal welfare, environmental health and veterinary legislation are important and are being addressed not only by governmental agencies and standard-setting bodies but also by a growing number of stakeholders in the agricultural supply chain. A number of national, regional and global initiatives have therefore emerged to provide


standards and guidance on acceptable practices. Animal welfare brings important benefits for humans in terms of food security, nutrition and increased income, thereby contributing to GDP and improved livelihoods through higher productivity and quality. On the other hand, livestock production operations, in particular industrial intensive operations, are confronted with environmental health impacts that need to be managed for the sake of both human and animal health. Environmental health practices in livestock production operations that should be considered include waste management, disaster prevention and response, biodiversity, disposal of hazardous materials, vector control, air pollution control and surface and ground water pollution control, and these must be integrated with animal welfare management practices. To ensure that animal welfare and environmental health principles are adhered to and are fully implemented, it is imperative to have good veterinary governance and enforceable veterinary legislation.

Investment in animal welfare, environmental health and animal health produces economic benefits through a wide range of factors such as increased livestock productivity through higher carcass yields, reduced losses of meat due to bruises caused by in appropriate pre-slaughter animal handling and transport, higher quality of animal products, hence wider market access, higher prices and earnings and increased contribution to GDP, greater efficiency of draft power through the use of animal-welfare-compliant equipment, fewer risks to public health, and sustainable use of natural resources, accessibility to higher-end market opportunities requiring animal welfare compliance, sound environmental health and animal health assurance schemes. It is thus recommended that animal welfare, environmental health and veterinary legislation be integrated in livestock production operations to ensure efficient and cost-effective livestock production, for the livestock industry to contribute significantly to food security and the agriculture GDP. (Bahari. M. M.2013). This is of more relevance in control of Rabies in India.

The proliferation of factory-style animal production has been blamed for creating environmental and public health concerns, including pollution from high concentrations of animal waste and extensive use of

antibiotics. Humans residing near large intensive livestock production operations have been reported to be affected, with illnesses from airborne emissions and the negative impact of noxious odours (Donham K.J. et al, 2007)

The concept of welfare in animals is strictly followed in developed western countries but often neglected in developing world and majority of animals suffer neglect or mistreatment. Animal welfare is never a priority

Recommendations for better Animal Welfare

Enough space should be provided for the animals to move around freely-to stretch their limbs to turn around and groom themselves.

All surfaces, especially flooring, must be comfortable and unlikely to cause injury.

A suitable micro-climate should be provided, that is, appropriate ambient temperature, humidity, air movement and ventilation.

All measures must be taken to ensure healthy stock by providing adequate medicines and vaccination cover.

A balance ration should be available in sufficient quantity and of a suitable consistency for the animal digestive system. Clean water or another appropriate liquid should be always be accessible.

Group of animals should be evenly matched. If the animals are kept individually they should be within site of others.

All sick animals must be removed and isolated from healthy stock.

There should be adequate provision to cope with emergencies, such as fire and electrical or mechanical failures.

Where ever possible bedding should be provided, such as straw, wood shaving.

Lighting should be generous for management of animal and adequate at all other times.

Bran Roof Sprinklers can be provided comfort as well as increase production. (Sainsbury.,1983, 1998)


General Recommendation for better animal welfare

In 1965, the British government commissioned an investigation in to the welfare of domestic animals and thereafter proposed five freedoms which are followed world over.

A. Follow The Five Freedoms and Provisions.( (FAWC, 1993)

(1) Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour.

(2) Freedom from discomfort – by providing a suitable environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area.

(3) Freedom from pain, injury and disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.

(4) Freedom from fear and distress – by ensuring conditions that avoid mental suffering.

(5) Freedom to express normal behavior – by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind.

B. As of now there are no strict rules (laws and regulation) for protecting animal right/animal welfare with respect to providing basic care, standards for feeding and watering of draft animals, working hours, providing veterinary health care, preventive measures, providing shelter, load limit( no written document). An ideal Animal Welfare Act defines the terms “use of good practice”, “use of scientific knowledge” and “use of technology”( Jessica. V and Megan C., year unknown)

C. There is a need to create awareness among public and animal owner's regarding Animal welfare

Human progress depends on the judicious utilization of animals and nature resources in a balanced way. Massive and intensive campaigns are required to create awareness among farmers that better animal care would lead to tangible economic benefits to them by way of increased income. This can only be achieved through massive input of technology and management.

The economic benefits arising from improvement in productivity would adequately justify the investment required for modernising the existing system. For proper welfare of animals either draft

animal or farm animals, animal owners, farm manager's should try to make the animals free from thirst, hunger and malnutrition, provide appropriate comfort and shelter, provide proper preventive measures for diseases such as vaccination, rapid diagnosis and treatment of injury, disease, make the animal free from distress and the animal should be able to display normal patterns of behaviour. Gregory. N G and Grandin. T (1998)

Animal welfare violations intentional or by ignorance or by situation should be prevented by powerful legislations.

In the development of legislation on animal welfare, many national governments and international organizations rely on multi-disciplinary animal welfare science in addition to broad animal welfare principles such as those just reviewed. Animal welfare science combines disciplines such as the study of animal behaviour, stress physiology, nutrition, genetics and veterinary medicine to determine, for instance, how various farming practices affects animal welfare. This scientific foundation helps to move animal welfare legislations away from reliance on” common sense” or the tendency to equate “traditional “or “natural” husbandry practices with animal welfare (Fraser, 2005 from NAWC 2009). It also reinforces the connection between animal welfare and animal health.

Reference

1. Bahari. M. M 2013, the importance of integrating animal welfare, environmental health and veterinary legislation in improving food security and contributing to Agricultural Gross Domestic Product in Africa. Conf OIE.

2. Barnett J.L. & Hemsworth P.H. (1990). – The validity of physiological and behavioural measures of animal welfare. Appl. anim. Behav. Sci., 25 (1-2), Page No. - 177-187.

3. Broom D. & Johnson K. (1993). – Stress and animal welfare. Chapman and Hall, London. Page No. -122 - 126

4. Chakrabarti. A., (2003), A Text Book of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 3rd edn, Kalyani Publishers, Page No - 542

5. Curtis S.E. (1987). – Animal well-being and animal care.Vet. Clin. N. Am. (Food Anim. Pract.), 3 (2), Page No. - 369-382.


6. Donham K.J., Wing S., Osterberg D., Flora J.L., Hodne C., Thu K.M., Thorne P.S. (2007).– Community health and socioeconomic issues surrounding concentrated animal feeding operations. Environ Health Perspective.; 115(2): 317–320

7. Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) (1993) Second Report on Priorities for Research and Development in Farm Animal Welfare. DEFRA, London.

8. Francione, G. L. , (1996). Rain without thunder: the ideology of the animal rights movement. ISBN 978-1-56639-461-1. (Internet reference)

9. Fraser, D. & Broom, D.B. (1990) Farm Animal Behavior and Welfare. CAB International., Wallingford, Oxon. (Internet reference)

10. Glamielle(2013) in http://globalhealthvet.com/ 2011/04/03/animal-welfare-and-public-health)

11. Gregory. N G and Grandin. T (1998)., Animal Welfare and Meat Science, CABI Publications Page No. – 9

12. http://sover.net - Animal Rights and Animal Welfare

13. http://thefreedictionary.com(2010) "Animal". Retrieved 28 November 2010. (Internet Reference)

14. Jenia Meng(2002) - Animal Rights Index - Animal Welfare Index - JM Welfare Index - JM Rights Index - Online Calculator and Public Perceptions(Internet Reference)

15. Jessica. V and Megan C, Legislative and regulatory options for animal welfare, FAO LEGISLATIVE STUDY Page No. (6 - 8, 29, 72 - 75).

16. Rollin. B.E. (1997) Animal ethics, social change, and the meat industry. In: Bass, J.(ed.) Proceedings of the 43rd International Congress of Meat Science andTechnology, Page No.. 140–142.

17. Sainsbury. D (1983, 1998), ANIMAL HEALTH, 2nd edition, Page No. 17

18. Webster. J., (1993) Animal Welfare, Limping towards Eden, Blackwell Publishing. Page No. 87

19. Webster. J.( (2005) Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden, Blackwell Publishing Page No. 4


We always think, and have become convinced that genetic predis-position, pathogens and altered lifestyles are the most important factors affecting human health. When it comes to animal health,

management, housing, nutrition and breeding play an equally important role in health and disease. Nobody ever thinks about the environment in which the body is subjected to and the adverse/beneficial impact of environ-ment on human and animal health. It is becoming increasingly important that changes in the environment like global climate change, air and water pollution, particulate dust etc seriously affect the health of man, animals and all living things as a whole. Let us take the study report published in The New York Times which suggests that environmental influences, including those that occur during pregnancy, may be as important as genetic factors in causing autism. Shared environmental factors accounted for 58 percent of autism spectrum disorders in the cases studied. Research is underway to investigate how environmental exposures early in pregnancy may be linked to autism. Environmental studies deal with every issue that affects an or-ganism. It is essentially a multidisciplinary approach that brings about an appreciation of our natural world and human impacts on its integrity. It is an applied science as it seeks practical answers to making human civilization sustainable on the earth’s finite resources. Its components include Biology, Geology, Chemistry, Physics, Engineering, Sociology, Health, Anthropology, Economics, Statistics and Philosophy.

Role of Environmental studies for improving the health of Man and Animals

Dr. Nandakumar.S Veterinary Surgeon, Chief Disease Investigation Office, Palode

We care and share

One Health


Little Drops of Contamination Make an Ocean of Diseases

Water can be considered as the nectar of life. Depri-vation of food has only minimal impact on human and animal health but non availability of water seriously affects the health of man and animals. Ground water gets contaminated by the runoff water and effluents from factories and industries. Water consumed by a large section of the people in India is not potable and hence poses a serious threat to health. There are inter-national standards on water quality for potable and packaged drinking water and as per the FSSA rules all producers are forced to comply with those standards. Yet, we find lapses in the present system not because of lack of rules but lack of wilful execution. Clean and plentiful water provides the foundation for prosper-ous communities. We rely on clean water to survive, but right now we are heading towards a water crisis. Changing climate patterns are threatening lakes and rivers and key sources that we tap for drinking water are being overdrawn or tainted with pollution. Secure, safe and sufficient water for people and the environ-ment can be provided by:

• Promoting water efficiency strategies to help de-crease the amount of water wasted

• Protecting our water from pollution by defend-ing relevant acts and advocating for solutions like green infrastructure

• Helping prepare cities and states for water-relat-ed challenges they will face as a result of climate change

• Ensuring that waterways have enough water to support vibrant aquatic ecosystems.

Dirty water is the world's biggest health risk, and continues to threaten both quality of life and public health. When water from rain and melting snow runs off roofs and roads into our rivers, it picks up toxic chemicals, dirt, trash and disease-carrying organisms along the way. Many of our water resources also lack basic protections, making them vulnerable to pol-lution from factory farms, industrial plants, and ac-tivities like fracking. From more severe and frequent droughts to unprecedented flooding, many of the most profound and immediate impacts of climate change will relate to water. Other impacts will include sea level rise, saltwater intrusion, harm to fisheries and more frequent and intense storm events.

Breathe Good & Live LongSmog, smoke and resultant pollution pose a con-

stant threat all over the globe and has not even spared the so called "developed nations" too. Rising tempera-tures can make smog pollution worse and increase the number of "bad air days" when it's hard to breathe. As the climate changes, unhealthy air pollution will get worse. Ozone smog forms when pollution from vehicles, factories, and other sources reacts with sun-light and heat. Increasing temperatures speed this process and result in more smog. Added to the mix are ragweed and other allergens in the air -- which are expected to worsen as rising carbon dioxide lev-els cause plants to produce more pollen. Also, as dry areas get dryer, wildfire risks go up and smoke from burning landscapes intensifies poor air quality. Expo-sure to increased smog, pollen pollution, and wildfire smoke puts a wide range of people at risk for irritated eyes, throats and lung damage. This includes outdoor workers, children, the elderly, and those who exercise outside. But people with asthma, allergies, and oth-er respiratory diseases face the most serious threats, since exposure to increased pollution heightens sen-sitivity to allergens, impairs lungs, triggers asthma attacks, sends people to the hospital, and even results in death. Communities must take steps to improve air quality, but everyone should know the risks that climate change poses and learn how to best protect themselves when bad air days get worse.

Sound Impacts Never Heard BeforeMost of us are very used to the sounds we hear

in everyday life. Loud music, the television, peo-ple talking on their phone, the traffic and even pets barking in the middle of the night. All of these have become a part of the urban culture and rarely dis-turb us. However, when the sound of the television keeps you from sleeping all night or the traffic starts to give you a headache, it stops becoming just noise and start turning into noise pollution. For many of us, the concept of pollution is limited to nature and resources. However, noise that tends to disrupt the natural rhythm of life makes for one solid pollutant. By definition, noise pollution takes place when there is either excessive amount of noise or an unpleasant sound that causes temporary disruption in the natu-ral balance. The causes of noise pollution are mainly industrialisation, poor urban planning, social events, transportation, construction activities and household chores. The effects can be hearing problems, other health issues like aggressive behaviour, sleeplessness, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, communica-


tion difficulties and also it has a tremendous impact on aquatic life. Let us take the effects of sound on the whales which have caught the attention of research-ers in the field. Numerous mass strandings and whale deaths across the globe have been linked to military sonar use. Whales and other marine mammals rely on their hearing for life's most basic functions, such as orientation and communication. Sound is one medium by which they find food, find friends, find a mate, and find their way through the world every day. So when a sound thousand times more power-ful than a jet engine fills their ears, the results can be devastating -- and even deadly. This is the reality that whales and other marine mammals face because of human-caused noise in the ocean, whether it's the sound of airguns used in oil exploration or submarines and ships emitting sonar. Manmade sound waves can drown out the noises that marine mammals rely on for their very survival, causing serious injury and even death. Active sonar systems of submarines produce in-tense sound waves that sweep the ocean like a flood-light, revealing objects in their path. Some systems operate at more than 235 decibels, producing sound waves that can travel across tens or even hundreds of miles of ocean. Many of these beached whales have suffered physical trauma, including bleeding around the brain, ears and other tissues and large bubbles in their organs. These symptoms are akin to a severe case of "the bends" -- the illness that can kill scuba divers who surface quickly from deep water. Scientists be-lieve that the mid-frequency sonar blasts may drive certain whales to change their dive patterns in ways their bodies cannot handle, causing debilitating and even fatal injuries.

Global Warming not to be given a Warm Response

Global Warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gas-es, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect. Human beings have increased the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere by about thirty percent, which is an extremely significant in-crease, even on inter-glacial timescales. It is believed that human beings are responsible for this because the increase is almost perfectly correlated with increases

in fossil fuel combustion, and also due other evidence, such as changes in the ratios of different carbon iso-topes in atmospheric CO2 that are consistent with "anthropogenic" emissions. The simple fact is that un-der "business as usual" conditions, we'll soon reach carbon dioxide concentrations that haven't been seen on Earth in the last 50 million years. Combustion of Fossil Fuels, for electricity generation, transportation, and heating, and also the manufacture of cement, all result in the total worldwide emission of about 22 billion tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere each year. About a third of this comes from electricity gen-eration, and another third from transportation, and a third from all other sources. This enormous input of CO2 is causing the atmospheric levels of CO2 to rise dramatically. In 1998, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in recogni-tion of the threat that global warming presents to the world. The IPCC is open to all members of the UNEP and WMO and consists of several thousand of the most authoritative scientists in the world on climate change. The role of the IPCC is to assess the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change. It does not carry out new research nor does it monitor climate related data. It bases its assessment mainly on published and peer reviewed scientific technical literature.

The following may be considered as the major ef-fects of global warming:• Rising Seas--- inundation of fresh water marsh-

lands, low-lying cities, and islands with seawater.• Changes in rainfall patterns --- droughts and fires

in some areas, flooding in other areas. • Increased likelihood of extreme events-- such as

flooding, hurricanes etc• Melting of the ice caps --- loss of habitat near the

poles. Polar bears are now thought to be greatly endangered by the shortening of their feeding season due to dwindling ice packs.

• Melting glaciers - significant melting of old gla-ciers is already observed.

• Widespread vanishing of animal populations --- following widespread habitat loss.

• Spread of disease --- migration of diseases such as malaria to new, now warmer, regions.


• Bleaching of Coral Reefs due to warming seas and acidification due to carbonic acid forma-tion --- One third of coral reefs now appear to have been severely damaged by warming seas.

• Loss of Plankton due to warming seas --- The enormous (900 mile long) Aleution island eco-systems of orcas (killer whales), sea lions, sea otters, sea urchins, kelp beds, and fish popula-tions, appears to have collapsed due to loss of plankton, leading to loss of sea lions, leading or-cas to eat too many sea otters, leading to urchin

explosions, leading to loss of kelp beds and their associated fish populations.

ConclusionIt hardly makes any sense in pursuing one chal-

lenge which is likely to affect the wellbeing of man and animals but take it altogether with different per-spectives in mind considering the inherent strengths, weaknesses of individual species and opportunities for meaningful interventions getting rid of the proba-ble threats for the welfare of each and every diatom of this biosphere.

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IN Trivandrum & Kollam DISTRICTS

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Latest techniques and instruments are being used for the diagnosis and treatment of vari-ous diseases, at present, with advancement of medical sciences. The most important as-pect associated with a hospital, is the safe management of the waste generated from the

establishment. The Bio-medical waste generated from various sources has become a problem and much attention is being given worldwide to find out solution for this problem. Inadequate and inappropriate handling of health care waste may have serious public health consequences and a significant impact on the environment. Appropriate management of these waste is thus a crucial component of environmental health protection, and it should become an integral feature of health care services.

Biomedical waste [BMW]:-

The biomedical waste is the waste that is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or im-munization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto, or in the pro-duction or testing of biological components. Biomedical waste consists of solids, liquids, sharps, and laboratory waste that are potentially infectious or dangerous. It must be properly managed to protect the general public, specifically healthcare and sanitation workers who are regularly ex-posed to biomedical waste as an occupational hazard. Common producers of biomedical waste include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, medical research laboratories, offices of physi-cians, dentists, and veterinarians, home health care, and funeral homes. The different location or points of generation of waste in a health care establishment are operation theatres / wards/ labour rooms, dressing rooms, injection rooms, intensive care units, dialysis room, laboratory, animal houses, blood bank, corridor and compounds of hospital or nursing home.

C. LathaProfessor and Head,

Department of Veterinary Public Health,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

Mannuthy, Thrissur. 680651

Biomedical Waste Management

One Health


CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH CARE WASTE

WASTE CATEGORY

DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES

Infectious waste

Waste suspected to contain pathogens e.g. laboratory cul-tures; waste from isolation wards; tissues (swabs), mate-rials or equipments that have been in contact with infected patients; excreta

Pathological waste

Human tissues or fluids e.g. body parts; blood and other body fluids; foetuses

SharpsSharp waste e.g. needles; in-fusion sets; scalpels; knives; blades; broken glass

Pharmaceutical waste

Waste containing pharma-ceuticals e.g. pharmaceuticals that are expired or no longer needed.; items contaminated by or containing pharmaceuti-cals (bottles, boxes)

Genotoxic waste

Waste containing substances with genotoxic properties e.g. waste containing cytostatic drugs (often used in cancer therapy); genotoxic chemicals

Chemical waste

Waste containing chemical substances e.g. laboratory re-agents; film developer; disin-fectants that are expired or no longer needed; solvents

Waste with high content of heavy metals

Batteries; broken thermom-eters; blood pressure gauges; etc.

Pressurized containers

Gas cylinders; gas cartridges; aerosol cans

Radioactive waste

Waste containing radioactive substances e.g. unused liquids from radiotherapy or laboratory research; contaminated glass ware; packages or absorbent paper; urine and excreta from patients treated or tested with unsealed radio nuclides; sealed sources

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF HOSPITAL WASTE IN INDIA

MATERIALPERCENTAGE

(WET-WEIGHT BASIS)Paper 15Plastics 10Rags 15Metal (sharp etc.) 1.0Infectious waste 1.5Glass 4.0General waste (food waste, sweepings from hospital premises etc.)

53.5

Biomedical Waste Rules

Biomedical Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998, prescribed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, came into force on 28th July 1998 and on 24th August 2011, it has been amended for better and more effective implementa-tion. This deals with the generation/handling/treat-ment/disposal of Bio Medical Waste. These rules ap-ply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or handle bio-medical waste in any form. It is mandatory for such institutions to set up requisite biomedical waste treatment facilities like incinerators, autoclave and microwave systems for treatment of the waste, or ensure requisite treatment of the waste at a common waste treatment facility.

Biomedical Waste Management Process

There is a big network of Health Care Institutions in India. The hospital waste from infected and con-taminated areas are very essential to be properly col-lected, segregated, stored, transported, treated and disposed of in safe manner to prevent nosocomial or hospital acquired infection. Various steps involved in biomedical waste management are

1. Collection of waste

2. Segregation

3. Transportation and storage

4. Treatment

5. Transportation to final disposal site

6. Final disposal


Collection and segregation of biomedical waste

Creating a system for collection and segregation of waste is the first step. Segregation at source of differ-ent types of biomedical wastes and their appropriate storage and/or disinfection or sterilization would en-sure that infectious wastes do not get mixed with non- infectious wastes as this would infect the entire waste. Only a small fraction of waste generated by health care institutions is actually infectious or hazardous. It is estimated that 80-85 per cent is non-infectious, 10 per cent is infectious and 5 per cent is hazardous. Seg-regation of waste into infected or contaminated waste and non-infected waste is mandatory and is a prereq-uisite for safe and hygienic waste management. Seg-regation at source makes it easier to prevent spread of infection, help to choose among the options of dis-posal, and can reduce the load on the waste treatment system and prevent injuries.

The Schedule 1 of the Rules has laid down cer-tain directions regarding segregation and storage to ensure safe and hygienic handling of infectious and non-infectious waste. The segregation of biomedical waste into various categories and storage in four dif-ferent coloured containers are taking into account the treatment and disposal facilities available. The Biomedical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation in accordance with Schedule II prior to its storage, transportation, treat-ment and disposal. The containers shall be labelled according to Schedule III of the rule. Apart from the biomedical waste the general waste or the garbage generated in health care establishments such as office waste, food waste and garden waste is advisable to be stored in green coloured containers. The local bodies are duty bound to collect such general waste stored in green coloured containers. The Rules recommend different colour codes for waste containers in which different types of wastes needs to be stored. Clinical and general wastes should be segregated at source and placed in colour coded plastic bags and contain-ers of definite specifications prior to collection and disposal. The container should comprise of an inner plastic bag of varied colour depending on the type of waste. It should be of a minimum gauge of 55 micron (if of low density) or 25 micron (if of high density), leak proof and puncture proof, and should match the cho-sen outer container. The outer container is a plastic bin with handles, and of a size which will depend on the amount of waste generated. The inner polythene

bag should fit into the container with one-fourth of the polythene bag turned over the rim. Labelling has been recommended to indicate the type of waste, site of generation, name of generating hospital or facility. This will allow the waste to be traced from the point of generation to the disposal area.

Categories of waste

The biomedical wastes are categorized into ten ac-cording to its characteristics taking into account treat-ment and disposal.

The different categories of waste as per the Schedule I

No. Treatment & Disposal Waste Category

1 Incineration /deep burial

Human Anatomical Waste (human tissues, organs, body parts)

2 Incineration /deep burial

Animal Waste (Animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste gener-ated by veterinary hospitals/colleges, discharge from hos-pitals, animal houses)

3

Local au-toclaving/ micro waving/ incineration

Microbiology & Biotechnology waste (wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro-organisms live or at-tenuated vaccines, human and animal cell culture used in re-search and infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories, wastes from pro-duction of biological, toxins, dishes and devices used for transfer of cultures)

4

Disinfections (chemical treatment /autoclaving/micro waving and mutila-tion shredding

Waste Sharps (needles, syring-es, scalpels blades, glass etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used & unused sharps)

5

Incineration / destruction & drugs disposal in secured landfills

Discarded Medicines and Cyto-toxic drugs (wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines)


6 Incineration , autoclaving/micro waving

Solid Waste (Items contam-inated with blood and body fluids including cotton, dress-ings, soiled plaster casts, line beddings, other material con-taminated with blood)

7

Disinfection by chemical treatment autoclaving/micro waving and mutila-tion shred-ding.

Solid Waste (waste generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps such as tubing, catheters and intrave-nous sets)

8

Disinfection by chemical treatment and discharge into drain

Liquid Waste (waste generated from laboratory & washing, cleaning, house-keeping and disinfecting activities)

9 Disposal in municipal landfill

Incineration Ash (ash from in-cineration of any bio-medical waste)

10

Chemical treatment & discharge into drain for liquid & se-cured landfill for solids

Chemical Waste (chemicals used in production of biolog-ical, chemicals, used in disin-fect ion, as insecticides)

Color Coding & Type Of Container For Disposal Of Bio-Medical Waste

Colour Coding

Type of Containers

Waste Category

Treatment Options as per

Schedule 1

Yellow Plastic bag 1,2,3,6 Incineration/deep burial

RedDisinfected Container/ Plastic bag

3,6,7Autoclaving/Micro waving/ Chemical

TreatmentBlue/

White translu-

cent

Plastic bag/puncture

proof con-tainer

4,7Autoclaving/Micro waving/ chemical treatment and de-struction/shredding

Black Plastic bag 5,9,10 (Solid)

Disposal in se-cured landfill

Notes:

• Color coding of waste categories with multiple treatment options as defined in Schedule 1, shall be selected depending on treatment option cho-sen, which shall be as specified in Schedule 1.

• Waste collection bags for waste types needing in-cineration shall not be made of chlorinated plas-tics.

• Categories 8 and 10 (liquid) do not require con-tainers/bags.

• Category 3 if disinfected locally need not be put in Containers/bags.

Segregation of Waste in color coded bags

Yellow Bags Red Bags Blue bagsBlack

Carboy

Infectious waste, bandages, gauzes, cotton or any other things in contact with body fluids, hu-man body parts, placenta

Plastic waste such as catheters, injections, syrubgesm tubings i.v. bottles

All types of glass bottles and broken glass articles, outdated & discarded medicines

Needles without syringes, blades, sharps, and all metal articles

Transportation and Storage

Untreated biomedical waste shall be transported only in specially designed vehicles. The waste should be transported for treatment either in trolleys or in covered wheel barrows. Manual loading should be avoided as far as possible. The bags/container con-taining biomedical wastes should be tied/lidded be-fore transportation. Before transporting the bag con-taining biomedical wastes, it should be accompanied with a signed document by Nurse/Doctor mentioning date, shift, quantity and destination. Special vehicles must be used so as to prevent access to, and direct con-tact with, the waste by the transportation operators, the scavengers and the public. The transport contain-ers should be properly enclosed. The effects of traffic accidents should be considered in the design, and the driver must be trained in the procedures he must fol-low in case of an accidental spillage. It should also be possible to wash the interior of the containers thor-oughly

If for any reason, it becomes necessary to store the waste beyond such period, permission from the pre-scribed authority (established by the government of every State and Union Territory) must be taken, and it must be ensured that it does not adversely affect human health and the environment. Once collection occurs, then biomedical waste is stored in a proper place. No untreated biomedical waste shall be stored beyond a period of 48 hours. Segregated wastes of dif-ferent categories need to be collected in identifiable


containers. The duration of storage should not exceed for 8-10 hours in big hospitals and 24 hours in other health care institutions. Different labels for Bio-med-ical waste containers and bags shall be required for identification and safe handling of this waste. The reason for this labelling is that it may be necessary to trace the waste back to its source. Besides this, storage area should be marked with a caution sign. These la-bels for storage/transportation of Biomedical waste are as under,:

Label For Bio-Medical Waste Containers/Bags

Label For Transport Of Bio-Medical Waste Containers/Bags

Day:______ Month _________

Year ______________Waste Category No. _________ Date of generation__________

Waste Class

Waste Description

Sender's Name & Address Receiver's Name & Address

Phone No.:_____________ Phone No.:_______________

Telex No. ______________ Telex No. :_______________

Fax No. ________________Fax No. :________________

Contact Person _________ Contact Person:____________

In case of emergency please Contact:Name & Address: Phone No.

Health hazards of Biomedical waste:-

All individuals exposed to hazardous waste are po-tentially at risk and the main risk groups include

Medical doctors, nurses, health care auxiliaries and hospital maintenance personnel

Patients in health care establishments

Visitors to health care establishments

Workers in support service allied to health care establishments such as laundries, waste handling and transportation

Workers in waste disposal facilities such as land-

fills or incinerators including scavengers

The hazardous biomedical waste can result in dis-ease or injury from different categories such as

1. Hazards from infectious waste and sharps

The pathogens in infectious waste may en-ter through a puncture, abrasion or cut in the skin, through mucous membranes, by inhalation or by in-gestion. There is particular concern about infection with HIV and Hepatitis B and C, for which there is strong evidence of transmission through biomedical waste.

2. Hazards from chemicals and pharmaceutical waste

Many of the chemicals and pharmaceuticals used in the health care establishments are toxic, corrosive, genotoxic, flammable, reactive, explosive or shock sensitive. Although present in small quantities, may cause intoxication, either by acute or chronic expo-sure, and injuries, including burns. Disinfectants are important members of the group.

3. Hazards from genotoxic waste

The severity of hazardous effect depends on the extent and duration of exposure to genotoxic waste. Exposure may occur during the preparation or treat-ment with particular drug or chemical. The main pathway of exposure is inhalation of dust or aerosol, absorption through the skin, ingestion of food acci-dentally contaminated with such drugs.

4. Hazards from radioactive waste

The disease due to exposure can range from head ache, dizziness and vomiting to much more serious problem. Since it is genotoxic it can also affect the ge-netic material.

5. Public Sensitivity

Apart from health hazards, the general public is very sensitive to visual impact of health care waste particularly anatomical waste.

Personnel safety devices

The use of protective gears should be made man-datory for all the personnel handling waste.

Gloves:

Heavy-duty rubber gloves should be used for waste handling by the waste retrievers. This should be bright yellow in colour. After handling the waste, the


gloves should be washed twice. The gloves should be washed after every use with carbolic soap and a disin-fectant. The size should fit the operator.

Aprons, gowns, suits or other apparels:

Apparel is worn to prevent contamination of cloth-ing and protect skin. It could be made of cloth or im-permeable material such as plastic. People working in incinerator chambers should have gowns or suits made of non-inflammable material.

Masks:

Various types of masks, goggles, and face shields are worn alone or in combination, to provide a protec-tive barrier. It is mandatory for personnel working in the incinerator chamber to wear a mask covering both nose and mouth, preferably a gas mask with filters.

Boots:

Leg coverings, boots or shoe-covers provide greater protection to the skin when splashes or large quantities of infected waste have to be handled. The boots should be rubber-soled and anti-skid type. They should cover the leg up to the ankle.

Biomedical waste treatment system

The Biomedical waste treatment and disposal are to be done very carefully, as it is infectious in nature. Considering the then level of information and knowl-edge, the Government of India has specifically laid down the treatment and disposal options. All health care institutions are required to follow this without fail. As per the Rule, the biomedical waste has to be treated and disposed of in accordance with options suggested under Schedule I, and in compliance with the standards prescribed in Schedule V of the Rule.

The treatment options for biomedical waste as per the schedule I of the Rules are incineration, deep burial, autoclaving, microwaving, chemical treatment, destruction and shredding, and disposal in secured landfills.

1. IncinerationIncineration is used to be the method of choice for

most biomedical waste, and is still widely used. Incin-eration is a high temperature dry oxidation process that reduces organic and combustible waste to inor-ganic incombustible matter and results in a very sig-nificant reduction of waste – volume and weight. The process is usually selected to treat wastes that cannot

be recycled, reused or disposed off in a land fill site.

The incineration requires no pre treatment, pro-vided that certain waste types are not included in the matter to be incinerated. Characteristics of waste suitable for incineration are: (a) low heating volume – above 2000Kcal/Kg for single – chamber incinerators, and above 3500 Kcal/Kg for Pyrolytic double – cham-ber incinerators; (b) content of combustible matter above 60% ; (c) content of non combustible solids below 5%; (d) content of non combustible fines below 20%; (e) moisture content below 30%.

Waste types not to be incinerated are: (a) pres-surized gas containers; (b) large amount of reactive chemical wastes; (c) silver salts and photographic or radiographic wastes; (d) halogenated plastics such as PVC; (e) waste with high mercury or cadmium content, such as broken thermometers, used batteries and lead- lined wooden panels; and (f) sealed ampoules or ampoules containing heavy metals. 2. Chemical disinfection

Chemicals are added to waste to kill or inactivate the pathogen it contains. This treatment usually re-sults in disinfection rather than sterilization. Chemical disinfection is most suitable for treating liquid waste such as blood, urine, stools or hospital sewage. How-ever, solid wastes including microbiological cultures and sharps may also be disinfected chemically with certain limitations.

3. Wet and dry thermal treatmentWet thermal treatment: Wet thermal treatment or steam disinfection is

based on exposure of shredded infectious waste to high temperature, high pressure steam and is similar to the autoclave sterilization process. The process is inappropriate for the treatment of anatomical waste and animal carcasses, and will not efficiently treat chemical and pharmaceutical waste.

Screw feed technology:Screw feed technology is the basis of a non – burn,

dry thermal disinfection process in which waste is shredded and heated in a rotating auger. The waste is reduced by 805 in volume and by 20-35% in weight. The process is suitable for treating infectious waste and sharps, but it should not be used to process patho-logical, cytotoxics or radioactive waste.

4. Microwave irradiation Most microorganisms are destroyed by the action


of microwave of a frequency of about 2450MHz and a wave length of 12.24nm. The water contained within the waste is rapidly heated by the microwaves and the infectious components are destroyed by heat con-duction. The efficiency of the microwave disinfection should be checked routinely through bacteriological and virological tests.

5. Land disposalMunicipal disposal sites:If a municipality or medical authority genuinely

lacks the means to treat waste before disposal, the use of a land fill has to be regarded as an acceptable disposal route. There are two types of disposal land- open dumps and sanitary landfills. Health care waste should not be deposited on or around open dumps. The risk of either people or animals coming into con-tact with infectious pathogens is obvious.

Sanitary landfills are designed to have at least four advantages over open dumps: geological isolation of waste from the environment, appropriate engineering preparation before the site is ready to accept waste, staff present on site to control operations, and orga-nized deposit and daily coverage of waste.

6. InertizationThe process of inertization involves mixing waste

with cement and other substances before disposal, in order to minimize the risk of toxic substances con-tained in the wastes migrating in to the surface water or ground water. A typical proportion of the mixture is 65% pharmaceutical waste, 15% lime, 15% cement and 5% water. A homogenous mass is formed and cubes or pellets are produced on site and then trans-ported to suitable storage sites.

Biomedical waste management by image

The management of biomedical wastes in individ-ual health care institutions is economically not feasi-ble. IMAGE was conceived and launched to support healthcare providers to face the challenges and re-sponsibilities of the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998. Indian Medical Association Kerala State Branch established a Common Biomedi-cal Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility at Palakkad which was dedicated to the nation on 14thDecember 2003. IMAGE (Indian Medical Association Goes Eco-friend-ly), the biomedical waste treatment and disposal scheme of Indian Medical Association has been a different cup of tea altogether, unique in conception

and execution. IMA has invested in IMAGE around Rs 3 crore for the project. This liability is being shared on a cooperative basis by the affiliated institutions. However, this expenditure will amount to only one tenth of the cost the institutions would incur if they choose an individual facility. Health care institutions can affiliate with IMAGE by paying a non-refundable one time affiliation fee along with the duly filled up prescribed application form. The affiliation fee is Rs. 1000/- per bed. The minimum affiliation fee for clin-ics, laboratory, and diagnosis centre and dental clinics with two chairs will be Rs. 5000/- only. Government hospitals have been exempted from paying affiliation fee. IMAGE provides comprehensive service to health care institutions by training hospital staff, advice and assistance in procuring materials for installing a waste management system, collection of biomedical waste from hospitals in colour coded bags, transpor-tation in specially designed vehicles, treatment and final disposal in the common facility. Thus infectious waste generated from hospitals is disposed off most scientifically within 48 hours. The expenditure for service is by collecting daily charges. As of today, IM-AGE serves in all the 14 districts of the state. More than 2500 health care establishments are affiliated to IMAGE. This amounts to total bed strength of about 65000. Today IMAGE handles more than half of the biomedical waste generated in Kerala. IMAGE con-sists of a common treatment and disposal facility and a fleet of 28 specially designed vehicles which collect and transport biomedical waste from all the affiliated hospitals everyday conforming to all the legal regula-tions. The treatment facilities consist of three incin-erators, two autoclaves, a plastic shredder, sharp pits, facility for storage of incineration ash and waste water treatment plant. The IMAGE has made an agreement with the KEIL (Kerala Environmental Infrastructure Limited) Ernakulum for collecting and transporting to their common facility all incineration ash and waste water treatment plant sludge. This is an institution of excellence. This model is unique to Kerala and has pro-pelled the state ahead of other states.

Training the staff of the institutions for scientific segregation of biomedical waste; provision to make available colour coded bags and containers with em-blem; daily collection of segregated and contained biomedical waste from institutions; safe disposal of the biomedical waste in the plant as per the rules; to make available monthly statement regarding the quantity of biomedical waste collected and disposed


on behalf of the institutions and facilitate to obtain authorization from the State Pollution Control Board are some of the services extended to health care facili-ties in the state by the IMAGE.

Main Advantages and Disadvantages of Treatment and Disposal Options

Treatment/ Disposal Method

Advantages Disadvantages

Rotary kiln

Adequate for all infectious waste, most chemical waste and pharmaceutical waste.

High invest-ment and oper-ating costs.

Pyrolytic incineration

Very high disinfection efficiency. Adequate for all infectious waste and most pharma-ceutical and chemical waste.

Incomplete destruction of cytotoxics. Relatively high investment and operating costs.

Single chamber incineration

Good disinfection efficiency. Drastic reduction of weight and volume of waste. The residues may be disposed off in landfills. No need for highly trained operators. Relatively low investment and operating costs.

Significant emission of atmospheric pollutants. Need for peri-odic removal of slag and soot. Inefficiency in destroying ther-mally resistant chemicals and drugs such as cytotoxics.

Drum or brick incin-erator

Drastic reduction of weight and volume of the waste. Very low investment and operating costs.

Destroys only 99 % of micro-organisms. No destruction of many chemicals and pharma-ceuticals. Mas-sive emission of black smoke, fly ash, toxic gas and odours.

Chemical disinfection

Highly efficient dis-infection under good operating conditions. Some chemical disin-fectants are relatively inexpensive.

Requires highly qualified technicians for operation of the process. Uses hazardous substances that require compre-hensive safety measures.

Wet thermal treatment

Environmentally sound.Relatively low invest-ment and operating costs.

Shredders are subject to frequent break downs and poor functioning Operation re-quires qualified technicians

Microwave irradiation

Good disinfection efficiency under ap-propriate operating conditions.Drastic reduction of volume of waste.Environmentally sound.

Relatively high investment and operating costs.Potential operation and maintenance problems.

Encapsula-tion

Simple, low cost and safe. May also be applied to pharmaceuticals.

Not recom-mended for non sharp infectious waste.

Safe burying

Low costs. Relatively safe if access to site is restricted and where natural infiltration is limited.

Safe only if access to site is limited and cer-tain precautions are taken.

Inertization Relatively inexpen-sive.

Not applicable to infectious waste.

CONCLUSIONSafe and effective management of waste is not

only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility. Lack of concern, motivation, awareness and cost fac-tor are some of the problems faced in the process of proper hospital waste management. The segregation of waste at source is the key step and reduction, reuse and recycling should be considered in proper perspec-tives. We need to consider innovative and radical mea-sures to clean up the distressing picture of lack of civic concern on the part of hospitals and slackness in gov-ernment implementation of bare minimum of rules, as waste generation particularly biomedical waste im-poses increasing direct and indirect costs on society. Lack of apathy to the concept of waste management is a major stymie to the practice of waste disposal. An ef-fective communication strategy is imperative keeping in view the low awareness level among different cate-gory of staff in the health care establishments regard-ing biomedical waste management. A lesser amount of biomedical waste means a lesser burden on waste disposal work, cost-saving and a more efficient waste disposal system. Hence, health care providers should always try to reduce the waste generation in day-to-day work in the clinic or at the hospital.


The presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk has been a subject of public health concern since the early days of the dairy industry. Although the

incidence of milk- borne illness has been considerably reduced in most of the developed countries due to the adoption of strict sanitary measures during the production, processing and transportation of milk, the situation still continues to be serious in developing countries like India. Milk -borne zoonoses are of both public health and economic importance. In addition to causing serious economic losses in dairy cattle production, they pose a major barrier for trade of animals and animal products and this could seriously impair socio-economic progress (Revathy et al., 2012). In view of the dietary importance of milk and dairy products, the need for production of safe, clean and wholesome milk is very significant.

Hygienic milk productionIn the livestock sector, different farm animals

naturally carry a wide range of zoonotic pathogens. In the dairy industry sector, zoonotic pathogens normally present in raw milk are carried over to milk products depending upon the unhygienic practices prevailing in a dairy processing plant. These zoonoses can be transmitted to human in several ways that include contact with infected dairy animals and consumption of infected raw milk and milk products (Marth and Steele, 2001). Raw milk may become contaminated from the following sources.

1. Cow faeces coming into direct contact with the milk2. Infection of the cow’s udder (mastitis)3. Cow diseases (e.g., bovine tuberculosis)4. Bacteria that live on the skin of cows

Dr. R. GeethaAssistant Professor&Dr. C.T.SathianProfessor & HeadDepartment of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy

Milk-Borne Diseases : Need for Maintaining Microbiological Quality and Safety of Milk

One Health


5. Barn environment (e.g., faeces, dirt, dust)

6. Insects, rodents, and other animal vectors

7. Milking personnel, for example, by cross-con-tamination from soiled clothing, hands and un-hygienic practices.

8. Milking equipment and utensils

Milk borne infections and intoxicationsMilk, a highly nutritious food is also ideally

suited for growth of both pathogenic and spoilage organisms. Milk-borne illnesses are usually infectious or toxic in nature and caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical substances and most often evident with gastro-intestinal symptoms, which can vary in severity and length. A variety of bacteria can produce specific type of milk- borne illness and may subsequently lead to food poisoning out breaks. Among the bacterial pathogens, the following types are more prevalent.

Salmonella:

Salmonella conta mination of raw milk and milk products has been the source of several outbreaks in recent years. Salmonella can produce three types of milk-borne diseases, namely typhoid, paratyphoid and food poisoning. Almost all types of Salmonella are pathogenic to human. However, organisms of typhoid and paratyphoid are not pathogenic to animals. It is from human they are transferred to animals (Yadav et al., 1993).

Shigella dysenteriae: Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery) is one of the most

common food-borne infections caused by Shigella. Infection is characterized by diarrhoea with blood, fever, vomiting and abdominal cramps. Rigid sanitary measures in dairy farms and milk processing plants can minimise the incidences of shigellosis since milk is the vehicle responsible for transmitting this pathogen.

Among the milk-borne illness, intoxication is of serious public health concern. Most common types of

intoxication happen through milk and milk products are mentioned here.

Staphylococcus aureus:

S. aureus elaborates enterotoxin that causes explosive vomiting and gastro enteritis in human beings. The disease may be considered as a consequence of actual food poisoning from consuming the toxin, rather than from an actual infection. Adequate heating can destroy the organism, but not the enterotoxins produced by them. Infected human handlers should not be allowed to handle

milk and milk products.

Escherichia coli:

This particular strain of E. coli has been associated with a

number of food-borne out-breaks and is the cause of

bloody diarrhoea. Milk and milk products can also be contaminated with these strains of E.coli which can elab-orate enterotoxins under favourable con-

dition. Water supply contaminated with fae-

cal matter and unhygienic practices followed by the

milker or handler may act as the source of contamination.

Precaution should be taken to avoid such situations.

Clostridium perfringens:

Welchii type of food poisoning is observed due to the consumption of canned dairy products like condensed milk. The organism is strictly anaerobic in nature and the same condition prevailing in canned products favours their growth and toxin production. By virtue of their ability to produce enterotoxins, food poisoning is observed in human.

Other infectious microbes found in milk

Bacillus cereus:

B. cereus food poisoning is another type of toxi- infection which occur as a result of ingestion of milk and milk products contaminated with this organism or their spores. These bacteria produce toxins that


can cause either diarrhoea or vomiting. Bacillus cereus spores are heat-resistant and may survive pasteurization.

Brucella:

Brucella is a bacterium that is found in raw milk and Brucellosis is one of the most common disease affecting animals. The disease in man is acquired primarily from dairy cows infected with Brucella either by direct contact or indirectly through discharges or through contaminated milk. Brucellosis has also been called “Undulant Fever” because of the regular recurrence of fever associated with the disease. Adequate heat treatment should be given to milk for the destruction of causative organism. As a control measure, infected animals should be segregated or slaughtered. Proper vaccination against this disease is another control measure.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Tuberculosis has been recognized as the

most important zoonotic disease because of its global impact in the poor sections of the society. Mycobacterium bovis associated with raw milk was one of the most common contaminants prior to the practice of pasteurization. But adoption of adequate time temperature combination of pasteurization could reduce the incidences. There are two types of tuberculosis, pulmonary type and non pulmonary type. Bovine type bacillus causes non pulmonary type TB. Human type of tubercle bacilli may gain direct access to milk from milkers or handlers. As a preventive measure all cattle should be periodically subjected to tuberculin test and affected animal should be slaughtered. Handlers should also be periodically tested to find out the chance of infection. The traditional habit of boiling milk before consumption help in overcoming the incidences of TB through milk.

Bacillus anthracis: Milk-borne anthrax is not much prevalent as

compared to meat- borne infection. However in certain situations the causative agent can pass from blood of infected animals into their milk. Apart from this there is also possibility of transfer of B.anthracis into milk from different sources like infected animal or farm environment. Milk from infected animal should not be used. The discharges of the animal should be properly disinfected for controlling the disease.

Coxiella burnetii: Coxiella infects variety of animals, including

livestock and pets. The microbe can be found in cow's milk and is highly heat resistant. Infection by Coxiella

results in Q fever, a high fever that may last up to 2 weeks.

Emerging patho.gensListeria monocytogenes:

Listeriosis is a food- borne illness. The disease has attracted global attention recently. Listeria is a common bacterial pathogen that is found in soft cheeses and unpasteurized milk. It can even survive below freezing temperatures and can therefore withstand refrigeration. The organism is particularly dangerous to individuals who have weakened immune systems, including pregnant women, children and very old person.

Campylobacter jejuni: Campylobacter jejuni is one of the common bacteria

to cause diarrhoeal disease and is found in raw milk and poultry. A number of outbreaks of this type have been reported worldwide and the reason was traced to be the consumption of raw milk. Milk should be properly pasteurized before consumption since the organism cannot survive pasteurization temperature.

Yersinia enterocolitica: Associated with raw milk and ice cream. Among

other foods, contamination is believed to be a consequence of a breakdown in sanitization and sterilization techniques at dairy processing plants. This organism causes yersiniosis in human beings. The illness causes acute syndrome with appendicitis. Animals are also frequently infected. The disease can be controlled by adopting strict hygienic practices in all respect.

Need for microbiological quality control for milk and milk products

The health problems arising from consumption of microbiologically contaminated milk and milk products has increased in recent years and has resulted in national and international intensification of food hygiene programmes. To maintain quality standards in fluid milk and products made out of it, control operations at frequent intervals are necessary. Initial quality of raw milk, adequate pasteurization, protection from post pasteurization contamination, proper conditions of storage and transport of milk, prevention of recontamination from dairy plant and plant equipments are essential requirements in maintaining quality standards of dairy products.


Success in controlling microbiological health hazards are possible only by constant vigilance over the health of dairy herds and by adequate control at all points from the production point till it reaches the hands of the consumer WHO (2015). World health organization (WHO) helps countries to prevent, detect and respond to milk-borne disease outbreaks in line with the Codex Alimentarius. World Health Organization together with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) alerts countries to food safety emergencies through an international information net work. World Health Day, is a global campaign to aware people working in different government sectors especially veterinary and human health practitioners, dairy farmers, dairy product manufacturers, retailers and consumers about the importance of food safety,

and the part each of them can play to make sure that the food they consume is safe and wholesome.

ReferencesMarth, E.H and Steele, J.L (2001). Applied dairy

microbiology, 2nd ed. pub by Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 59-67.

Revathi .D., Sindhura. A and Arvind. N. (2012). Milk-borne infections. An analysis of their potential effect on the milk industry. Published online. Germs. 2(3): 101–109.

WHO (2015). Food safety Fact sheet 399 November http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs399/en.

Yadav.J.S.,Grover,S. and Batish, V.K. (1993) A com-prehensive dairy microbiology. Metropolitan, NewDelhi. pp86-89.

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Zoonotic infections may be defined as the infections in an-imals that are naturally transmitted to human. Zoonot-ic infections are worldwide and often spread to human

through companion animals and domestic animals. Changes in the social, dietary and cultural habits, environmental changes, improved recognition of neglected infections and improved abil-ity to diagnose infections are the reason for emergence of new zoonotic infections.

The zoonotic infections may be viral, bacterial, mycotic or par-asitic in origin. The significance of parasitic zoonoses is growing continuously due to the potential of parasites for producing large number of transmissive stages, their environmental rebuses and ability to survive in moist microclimate for prolonged time. Many of these parasitic zoonoses like hydatidosis, cysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, taeniasis, scrub typhus and larva migrans pose a potential threat to public health

Taeniasis :Taeniasis is a zooanthroponosis where man is an essential

definitive host where as cattle/pig act as intermediate host. Both worms lodge in the small intestine of man. Man acquires infec-tion by ingesting raw or undercooked beef/pork containing cys-ticerci. Control measures consist of interrupting the epidemio-logical chain at the level of definitive host and intermediate host.

Both taeniasis is characterized by mild and nonspecific symp-toms like abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea and constipations. In endemic areas infected people will develop palpable nodule beneath the skin. Improving the personnel hygiene and environ-mental hygiene in rural areas is very important for control of this

Dr. Syamala K Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy

Parasitic Zoonoses

One Health

Spots, Spies, Touch,Ties


infection. . Meat should be properly cooked and the thermal death point of cysticerci is 57o c. Freezing of meat at -10o c for 10days will kill the cysticerci.

Cysticercosis: Human cysticercosis occurs due to larval stages of pork tapeworm Taenia solium. Human cysticercosis occurs when man become the interme-diate host because of auto infection and ingestion of food contaminated with taenid eggs.

Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infestation of the central nervous system and the sin-gle most common cause of epilepsy. This disease is increasingly diagnosed in affluent countries owing to human migration from endemic region. This has been designated as a biological marker for the social and economic development of a community.

Clinical symptoms of NCC depend on the local-ization of cyst in brain. The other clinical conditions include headache, hydrocephalus, chronic meningitis, dementia and psychological disorders.

Since cysticercosis is a preventable and eradica-ble disease, appropriate measures like health educa-tion, mass awareness, better medical facilities, mass treatment of T solium carriers and restriction of sale of measly pork should be initiated for the effective control of this diseases.

Hydatidosis: Hydatidosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused

by the larval stages of Echinocccus granulosus & Echino-coccus multilocularis the smallest tape worm in dogs and wild felidae. The usual intermediate hosts are sheep, goat, and cattle. Man contract the infection by accidental ingestion of cestode eggs along with con-taminated food and water. In human beings organs like lungs, spleen, kidney and brain are usually affect-ed. For individual protection close contact with dogs should be avoided and correct personal and food hy-giene should be maintained.

Cutaneous Larva Migrans:

Cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitic skin infec-tion caused by hook worm larvae that usually infect cats, dogs and cattle. Human can be infected with the larvae from contaminated moist soft soil. It is also known as creeping eruption as the larva migrate under the skin's surface and cause itchy red lines and tracks. Major etiology of CLM are Ancylostoma brazil-iense, Ancylostoma caninum Uncinaria stenocephala and Bunostomum phlebotomum. This infection caused by larval nematode that wanders in the subcutaneous tissue cannot complete their normal lifecycle in the human host but continue to migrate in the skin for several months.

These eruptons are slightly raised, flesh-co-loured or pink and cause intense itching. Sites most commonly affected by cutaneous larva migrans are the feet, spaces between the toes, hands, knees and buttocks.

Viseral Larva MigraToxocarosis is another zoonotic infection caused

by ascarid eggs of dogs and cats. Infective eggs can sur-vive in the soil for more than one year. Infections occur from unwashed hands and eating unclean raw vege-tables. The diseases are manifested as visceral larval migrans and ocular larva migrans. The symptoms of VLM may range from mild eosinophilia to fatal hep-atomegaly, pneumonitis and neurological disorder. The larvae of the parasites enter the portal circulation by and get entrapped in liver where they initiate a granulomatous reaction and micro abscess forma-tion. Majority of the diagnosed cases are in kids with pica and the habit of geophagia. Patients with OLM show symptoms like endophthalmitis with loss of vi-sion. As the larval development is arrested in human examination of patients will not give any clue of the infection. This condition is more common in children

whose parents are poor and illiterate.

Angiostrongylus sp.,Bayliascarasis sp. and Gnathostoma spinigerum are the three major parasitic infection associated with eosino-phillic meningitis. These infections occur by ingestion of third stage larva which may be found in improperly cooked fresh water fish,snail and frog. The major clinical symp-toms are severe headache, vomiting, facial paralysis, neck stiffness and fever. Control of the infection in dogs is crucial in the control of the infection in humans.


Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic infection caused by

an intracellular protozoan organism Toxoplasma gondii .Cats are the only known primary host while all warm blooded animals are the intermediate host.

Human acquire infection via eating under cooked /raw meat with tissue cyst or food or water contami-nated with cat faeces with sporulated oocyst .Mater-nal to faetal transmission can occur if mother is get-ting the infection during pregnancy..

Choriorectinitis or ocular toxoplasmosis is a rel-atively common manifestation of T gondii infection. Clinical presentation is with eye pain and decreased visual activity. Seroconvertion in pregnant women would result in the transmission of the parasite to the foetus with severe sequele like abortion hydrocepha-lus or with a delayed damage like choriorectinitis in adult stage. This disease transmission can be prevent-ed by strict food hygiene, hand washing and environ-mental measures.

Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium is an intrecellular protozoan par-

asite of zoonotic importance. It is a major cause of di-

arrhoea in developing countries mainly affecting chil-dren and HIV infected individuals. It is severe and life threatening in immunocompromised and malnour-ished. Cryptosporidium sp. contaminated water is the major source of infection. The oocyst are resistant to the environmental stress and also the standard disin-fection procedure of drinking water like chlorination. Transmission occur by direct person to person spread, ingestion of contaminated food and water or contact with infected animals.

Climatic changes associated with global warm-ing, increased vector population ,tourism ,demand for livestock food products ,changing socio-economic condition, poverty, lack of safe drinking water, large number of stray animals, certain cooking practices ,poor personal hygiene ,habit of defecating out door and high population density are responsible for the rising prevalence of parasitic zoonoses in India. Health education, vector control, control of animal move-ments, controlled slaughter and proper post mortem inspection, higher socio economic developments and a coordinated approach of the Animal Husbandry and Health Departments can help to control the parasitic zoonoses in the country.

Index India SurgicalsPharmaceutical ServicesGangapadmam, SreevarahamManacaud.P.O., Trivandrum - 09Ph: 253771, 9846067495. Tin: 32010868102


Waste Management in livestock farms is a matter of current importance when livestock farming operations are considered as polluting and a causative of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. The reduced land

availability and proximity of households makes it ever more important. Proper management of farm waste is also important for maintaining the health of the animals. The wastes are also rich source of plant nutrients and can be income to the farmer, if properly processed and sold.

The waste generated in farms can be broadly classified as solid waste and liquid waste. The success of waste management depends on the segregation of solid and liquid waste. Reducing the liquid waste generated in a farm, is of prime importance in waste management. Steps should be taken to reduce wa-ter usage and water wastage. Automatic watering systems and pressure washers along with proper shed designing, will aid in this. The provisions for collection, segregation and transportation of waste should be thought about at the stage of building construction. The standing space for the animals should be as per the recommendations with a dung channel. There should be a gradient towards the dung channel for easy cleaning. In a properly designed shed the major part of dung falls in or near the channel and will be easy to collect.

Dung is the most important solid waste available in livestock farms and if it can be dried would fetch a very good price. Drying should always be done un-der shade to prevent destruction of the microbes. The earlier practice of build-ing dung pits should be avoided, instead, dung holding sheds where dung can be stored with facilities for water drainage would be ideal. Stacking of dung in plastic sacks for dung drying is gaining popularity in Kerala.

Dr. Deepak Mathew D KAssistant Professor, Department of Livestock Production Management,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy

Waste Management in Livestock Farms

One Health


Other solid waste including placenta can be man-aged in livestock farms utilizing microbes. The Carbon and Nitrogen ratio is one of the primary factors which should be kept in mind before planning solid waste management. An ideal carbon nitrogen ratio should be about 25 to 30:1. A high carbon waste will result in shortage of nitrogen wherein the multiplication of microbes is reduced and the biodegradation is slowed down. Solid wastes can be handled by different meth-ods like vermicomposting, aerobic composting or bio-gas. The appropriate method may be selected in each case with due consideration to the nature of output, the initial investment and recurring expenditure, the technicalities involved and the additional labour re-quired.

Vermicomposting is a simple method of convert-ing farm waste to good quality manure. Earthworms are used to aid in the conversion of waste along with bacteria in a bin or tank. The tank size is usually of 75 cm height and a width of maximum 1 m, the length may be variable according to the requirements. About one kg of worms is added to a bed of about 1 meter and the time for conversion is about 40 days. Care is required to maintain the moisture and to protect the earthworms from ants and other predators.

Biogas is another practical and efficient method of converting waste to useful energy and manure rich slurry. There are basically two types, the fixed dome and the drum type. The fixed dome type is easier to construct and is popular. The drum type is also found but cost may be higher and maintenance of the drum is a problem. The biogas plant consists of a digester tank into which the substrates are added. The mi-crobes present in the bioreactor or digester converts the waste material into biogas. The slurry which is the leftover part of digestion is collected in the slur-ry tank. The substrate or feed stock is usually diluted with water in the ratio 1:1 or 1: 2. The waste supplied to the bioreactor remains in it for about 40 days for the microbes to act and this is called the Hydraulic re-tention time (HRT).Some farmers save the dung and send most of the wash water into the bio digester. The amount of waste available as feed stock determines the size of the plant. The table below gives a rough es-timate of the size of plant required.

Size of plantQuantity of cattle

dung required daily

No. of cattle heads

required1 cubic metre 25 kg 2-32 cubic metre 50 kg 4-6

3 cubic metre 75 kg 7-94 cubic metre 100 kg 10-12

Aerobic composting is a third method of han-dling waste. This is one of the oldest and time tested method which is also easy to understand and cheap to install. KVASU had done some trials in aerobic composting and has fine tuned a bin suited for Kerala condition, a layering system was also developed and named Thumburmuzhy model aerobic composting. The basic requirement is a bin of 4 x 4 x 4 feet size with aerated sides with a protection against rain. The lay-ering system consists of lowest layer of six inch dung, next layer above it consisting of dry leaves or straw as carbon source and above that a six inch layer consist-ing of any bio degradable waste. The layering is con-tinued till the bin is filled and then it is let to compost for about 90 to 120 days. The system has the advan-tage that there is temperature development within a week which reaches about 60-65 degree celsius in 2-3 weeks. This destroys parasites, some pathogenic bac-teria and weeds. The absence of malodour during the bioconversion is another advantage. The end product is a compost of good quality.

Burial or incineration should be opted for when there is requirement to dispose carcass with potent contagious infections. Disinfection of the site and equipments used is a must. While burying, ensure deep burial with protection from dogs and other ver-mins that may bore in.

Waste water and urine can be handled by sedi-mentation in tanks. The urine and wash water that flows out should be collected in proper pits. There should be appropriate traps to remove as much solid matter as possible. There should be appropriate sed-imentation tanks for urine and wash water. At least four tanks may be required and the dimension will depend on the quantity of waste water generated. Aerated lagoons are another option but it is costlier and requires more space. Effluent treatment plants can also be utilised in farms with very high stocking density with less of available land.

Utilisation of waste in livestock farms ensures an improved living condition for the animals, better envi-ronment protection in the farm and increased income for the farmer from the sale of good quality fertilizers. Proper guidance and management of waste is a mat-ter of great importance for the farmer to sustain in this changing scenario.


The role of livestock farms for the development of community is very important. The requirements of milk, egg and meat necessary for the healthy life of people are being produced from these livestock farms.

Thus different types of livestock farms like dairy, poultry, piggery etc have to be promoted on a priority basis. Like any other Industry, livestock farms are also facing different problems like atmospheric pollution, disposal of excreta of animals and birds. Due to the urbanization and consequent in-crease in population the protests from the general public against existence of the livestock farms is also increasing day by day. By the introduction of green technology / Biomethanation these problems can be tackled effec-tively to overcome such issues. In addition to the direct and indirect benefits this technology enables the farmers to run the farms in a more profitable way by converting waste materials discharged from farms into value added products.

Problems faced by dairy farms:

The excreta management problem in the dairy farms, Poultry farms, Pig farms causes serious concerned to the farm owners especially in respect of larger farms. Due to the moisture content in the excreta, the process of drying and sale of excreta as organic fertilizer is found to be very expen-sive. Another problem is the handling of liquid waste including the urine discharged from dairy and pig farms. Purifying the waste water discharged from the livestock farms is also a big problem for farmers. Setting up of an efficient water treatment plant is an expensive remedy to overcome the contamination of waste water problems. Due to the accumulation of excre-ta and discharge of waste water, neighbours living around the farms protest against the running of these livestock farms.

Dr. A SajidasManaging DirectorBIOTECH Renewable Energy Pvt.Ltd., Trivandrum.14, Kerala, India

Up gradation of Livestock Farms for Additional Revenue

One Health


Application of Bio methanation TechnologyTo overcome solid and liquid waste disposal prob-

lems in the livestock farms Biomethanation is a cost effective technology. This helps to generate more income through the hygienic treatment of solid and liquid waste materials discharged day by day. Bio-methanation is a multi beneficial technology. Solid and liquid waste can be treated either separately or together within a limited space. Biogas generated through the Biomenthanation process can be used as fuel for heating and for the generation of electric-ity and as auto fuel. The treated waste that comes out from the plant is rich in NPK content. It can be utilized as a soil conditioner. It improves the water retention capacity of the soil. The liquid discharge from the plant is also a good quality manure and it can be sold as liq-uid fertilizer. This liquid fertilizer can be sprayed to the leaves of the plants directly or to the roots of any crops. Through the application of Biomethanation technolo-gy the farm and surroundings can be kept hygienical-ly clean and free of odours. This will improve the ac-ceptance tendency of neighbors against the livestock farms. Through the use of modern equipments the entire treated solid from the slurry discharged from the Biomethanation plant can be separated and it can be utilized as solid organic fertilizer.

Biomentanation TechnologyBiomethanation is a universally accepted and

proven technology for Bio energy generation from bio waste. It is very simple and user friendly. Through the adoption of biomethanation technology any degrad-

able waste can be treated with the help of different types of anaerobic bacteria/ microbes in a concealed chamber/ digester. These microbes will be converting degradable materials into different types of acids and then to biogas – a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and some other gases in traces. Treated biomaterials, that are coming out from the digester in the form of liquid and semi liquid can be as a very good bio ma-nure/organic fertilizer.

Advantages of this TechnologyFully and semi-automatic biomethanation plants

are available. Semi automatic designs are cost effec-tive when compare with other designs. It is suitable for small, medium and large scale farms. Compared to other treatment methods the Biomethanation plants are low cost systems. The service and maintenance required is also very less. The operation expenses of Bio methanation plants are less than that of other technologies. The working life span of a properly con-structed plant is more than 15 to 20 years. It is works on continues basis so that organic waste generated every day can be treated on the same day when it is generated.

Revenue PosibilitiesThrough the application of Biomenthanation

technology the revenue from the livestock farms can be increased considerably. There are different revenue earning possibilities such as biogas and organic fer-

tilizer. The biogas generated can be used for the gen-eration of electricity. This will reduce the use of grid electricity and it will help to reduce the electricity bill. If the farm has a diesel generator, it can be modified into biogas mode. The fuel requirement for making hot water, cooking or heating of feed materials can be reduced through the use of biogas as heating fuel. Treated materials can be sold either as solid and liquid fertilizer. This will provide additional income from the livestock farms.


Return on investment (ROI)The ROI of a biomenthanation plant is less than 4

years. From a cattle farm having 10 cows, the biogas generated will be about 8 Cum every day. It is equiv-alent to 4 KG of LPG or 12 Kwh of electricity. Organic solid fertilizer output is approximate to 5% of feed materials. That is 10 Kg / day. The revenue from the liquid fertilizer is based on the utilization of it. If the farm has its own grass or vegetable cultivation the liquid fertilizer can be directly use. It will reduce the use of chemical fertilizer. The liquid fertilizer can be bottled and sold through fertilizer out lets. For bulk requirements it can be filled in tanker vehicle and sent to the utilization points. Another revenue possibilities is from carbon credit

Environmental benefits.The farm and surroundings can be maintained

quite tidy and clean. There is no chance for emission of any dangerous gases from the manure pits of livestock farms. Through the treatment of organic waste water the chances of contamination of soil and ground water can be reduced considerably. Apart from this the reve-nue in the form of Carbon Credit is a bonus revenue for the environmental protection. One cubic meter size of

biogas plant is capable enough for generating 3.5 car-bon credits every year. BIOTECH is purchasing carbon credits at the rate of Rs. 1000/- as onetime payment.

How to implement Waste to Electricity projects in dairy farms

This project is suitable for small and medium Dairy farms. For a farmer having a minimum of five cows can produce 4 Cum biogas daily. This is sufficient to gen-erate 6 Unit of electricity every day. A 3 KVA generator will run for a minimum time of 2 to 3 hrs every day. Those who have existing diesel generators can convert it into dual fuel-biogas mode. This will help the farm-ers to ensure the smooth operation of the plant even in the absence of grid electricity. Approximate project cost excluding the cost of generator will be 2 Lakhs. The project cost may vary according to the capacity of the project. Those who have more cattle can generate more electricity based on their requirements.

As a conclusion, it is found that the application of Biomethanation technology in the livestock farms makes it more profitable, customer friendly, neigh-bour friendly, and also eco friendly. Due to clean sur-roundings this will also improve the health conditions of the animals and birds. Through the generation of Biogas each farm can become a part of the green en-ergy generation projects…

More information about this project is available from Dr.A.Sajidas , Managing Director, BIOTECH Re-newable Energy,

BIOTECH TOWERS, PB.NO.520, M.P.AppanRoad, Vazhuthacadu,T hycadu.P.O, Trivandrum. Pin.695 014, KERALA, INDIA, Tel.+91 471-2332179,2 321909,

E mail - [email protected], website: www.bio-tech-india.org, www.drsajidas.com

Iron bridge P.O., Alappuzha 688011MOB: 9847743266

Dealer in all kinds of: Canine Vaccines, Cat Vaccines, Poultry Vaccines & Hormones

TKGVACCINES & BIOTECH


Dermatophilosis is a contagious zoonotic disease with wide host range and mainly affects cattle, horses and sheep. The causative agent of der-matophilosis is Dermatophilus congolensis which is an aerobic, actinomy-

cete, gram positive bacterium that produces motile zoospores. It has a worldwide distribution and most frequently reported in low altitude areas with tropical and sub tropical climates with high ambient temperature and high rain fall. The dis-ease was first described in 1910 by Van Sacegham in the Belgian Congo as “con-tagious dermatitis” in cattle. A wide range of animals, including terrestrial and aquatic mammals and reptiles are affected. Among domestic animals, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses are affected most frequently, whereas pigs, dogs, and cats affected rarely. In human, few cases have been reported. It is commonly called cutaneous streptotrichosis in cattle and mycotic dermatitis or lumpy wool in sheep and rain scald in horse. According to Radostits, Dermatophilosis is a name common to the disease in all species. The disease is non-pruritic, and is characterized by exudative, proliferative or hyperkeratotic dermatitis, accompa-nied by the production of crusts and foliculitis.

Etiology Dermatophilosis congolensis is a gram positive, non-acid fast, aerobic actinomy-

cete. It has two characteristic morphologic forms, namely filamentous hyphae and motile zoospores. The hyphae are characterized by branching filaments (1–5 μm in diameter) that ultimately fragment by both transverse and longitudinal septation into packets of coccoid cells. The coccoid cells mature into flagellated ovoid zoospores (0.6–1 μm in diameter). The organism persists in dry scabs and crusts, and can survive in the environment for long periods (up to 42 months). The principle source of infection for dermatophilosis is affected animals, includ-ing the healthy carrier and the apparently recovered animals. Dermatophilus congolensis is not highly invasive and does not normally breach the barriers of healthy skin. Since these barriers are easily broken by abrasive terrain or thorny

Dermatophilosis - a zoonotically important disease

Dr. Sindhu K RajanAssistant Professor Dept. of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy9496316769 [email protected]

One Health


and spiny forage, dermatophilus may invade these ar-eas easily. Factors such as prolonged wetting by rain, high humidity, high temperature, and various ecto-parasites that reduce or permeate the natural barriers of the integument influence the development, prev-alence, seasonal incidence, and transmission of der-matophilosis.

PathogenesisMinor trauma, or maceration by prolonged wet-

ting allows establishment of infection and multiplica-tion of the organism in the epidermis. Repeated cycles of invasion in to the epidermis by hyphae, bacterial multiplication in the epidermis, rapid infiltration of neutrophils and regeneration of epidermis results in formation of typical pyramidal shaped crust. The in-vaded epithelium cornifies and separates in the form of a scab. In wet scabs, moisture enhances the prolifer-ation and release of zoospores from hyphae. The mo-tile zoospores are aided in their movement to the skin surface by the moisture of fleece and their positive chemotactic response to carbon dioxide at the skin surface, thus completing the unique life cycle. Zoo-spores germinate to produce hyphae, which penetrate into the living epidermis and subsequently spread in all directions from the initial focus.

Natural resistance to the acute infection is due to phagocytosis of the infective zoospores, but once in-fection is established, there is little or no immunity. In most acute infections, the filamentous invasion of the epidermis ceases in 2–3 wk, and the lesions heal spon-taneously. In chronic infections, the affected hair fol-licles and scabs are the sites from which intermittent invasions of non infected hair follicles and epidermis occur.

Clinical signsIn cattle, the lesion

commences as a circum-scribed moist patch, of-ten with raised or matted hairs, giving a charac-teristic “paint brush” or “dome shaped” appear-ance (fig.1.). Sometimes, wool or hair will tend to “lump” together creating a pyramid-shaped mass bound to the wool fiber, forming a mat seen most often along the animal’s back. In general, the

onset of dry weather speeds healing. Typical lesions consists of circular, dome shaped scab 2-9 cm in diam-eter. Scab may be of variable thickness and on removal show a concave underside coated in thick, yellowish exudates, leaving a row, bleeding epidermis. In sheep, the only characteristic is palpated crust at the surface of skin, since the lesions are obscured by the fleece. Whereas, lesions in horses are almost similar to that of cattle.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is mainly from the appearance of lesions in clinically diseased animals and demonstration of D. congolensis in stained smears or histologic sections from scabs. A definitive diagnosis is made by demon-strating the organism in cytologic preparations, isola-tion via culture, and/or via skin biopsy. Fresh crusts are minced on a glass microscope slide with a sterile scal-pel blade in several drops of sterile saline. The slide is allowed to air dry and is then stained with a fast Giem-sa, Methylene blue or Romanowski stain. The organ-isms are seen under oil immersion as 2–6 parallel rows of gram-positive cocci that look like railroad tracks or tram track appearance (fig.2). However, the distinctive formation can be disrupted during the preparation of smears when the material is spread too vigorously over the slide. Blood agar or tryptose agar is commonly used for isolating the organism. Small yellowish white h a e m o l y t i c colonies firmly embedded into agar are the col-ony characteris-tics. Biochemi-cal tests such as catalase, urase, glucose, fruc-tose, maltose, gelatine, sucrose, salicin and xylose show positive re-action whereas negative reaction is seen with indole. Polymerised chain reaction PCR, Indirect fluorescent antibody technique and a single dilution ELISA test have been developed for diagnosing this disease. Dif-ferential diagnosis include warts, lumpy skin disease, contagious ecthyma, ulcerative dermatosis, dermato-

Fig: 1. Lesion characterised by yel-lowish exudates, circular, dome

shaped thick swab formation

Fig: 2. Direct microscopical examination of smears with methylene blue. Blue coloured thin septate filaments having rows of coc-

coid bodies with tram track appearance.


phytosis, staphylococcal dermatitis, scabies, pediculo-sis and immune-mediated scaling diseases.

Treatment, Prevention and controlOrganisms are susceptible to a wide range of

antimicrobials: like erythromycin, spiramycin, peni-cillin G, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, amoxicillin, tetracyclines. For cattle, tetracycline @ 5mg/kg twice weekly and long acting oxytetracy-cle @ 20 mg/kg of one injection is recommended. Procaine pencillin combined with streptomycin @ 70000 unit/kg and 70 mg/kg respectively is effec-tive in sheep. Gentle soaking and removal of scabs is very effective for enhancing healing in horses. Topical antibacterial therapy with chlorhexidine or povidone iodine can be used as adjuvant therapy. In severe cases, pencillin @ 20000 units/kg alone or in combination with streptomycin @ 10 mg/kg is the drug of choice. Successful treatment of mixtures of tincture iodine and glycerine (1:1) for dermatophi-losis was also reported.

Isolation of infected animals, culling of severe-ly affected animals, treatment with antibiotics and controlling ectoparasites are the methods for pre-vention and control. Avoidance of skin trauma also prevents the occurrence of disease.

Economic and zoonotic importanceThe economic importance of the disease is estimat-

ed in millions of dollars, due to the loss in productivity in terms of infected wool, hides and skin, decreased milk and meat production and failure of reproductive performance in male and female ruminants. Activities related to handling of infected material or animal are the reported cause of dermatophilosis in human. The clinical appearance in human include abcesses, furun-culosis, eczematoid exudative lewions and folliculitis. The lesions heal spontaneously in most cases. And since dermatophilosis is of zoonotic importance, it is recommended the use of disposable gloves while han-dling the animal with skin lesions.

ConclusionDermatophilosis is an economically important con-

tagious zoonotic disease with wide host range. Several factors like trauma or damage to skin, rain fall, tick in-festation and immune compromise contribute the es-tablishment of infection. Definitive diagnosis is based on isolation, identification of organism and biochemical tests. Parentrally administered antibiotics such as tetra-cycline is effective for treating the disease. As per zoonot-ic point of view, it is recommended to wear disposable gloves while handling the disease.

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]-gbI-S t-^-m¬: 2260236-, 9495209495

h-n-i-zk-v-X t-k-h-\¯-n-s-â-b-p-w-, B-ß-mÀ-°-X-b-p-s-Sb-p-w

22 hÀj-§Ä ]-n-¶-n-«-v {-X-n-t-h-W-n {-]-b-m-W-w X-p-S-c-p¶-p-.

FÃ‑m‑h‑n‑[ C‑w‑¥‑o‑j‑v a‑c‑p‑¶‑p‑IÄ‑¡‑p‑w k‑v‑s‑]‑j‑yÂ B‑b‑pÀt‑h‑Z a‑c‑p‑¶‑p‑IÄ‑¡‑p‑w

a‑r‑K‑H‑u‑j‑[‑§Ä¡‑p‑w k‑a‑o‑]‑n¡‑p‑I

R‑§‑f‑p‑s‑S k‑t‑l‑m‑Z‑c Ø‑m]\‑w{-X-n-t-h-W-n s-a-U-n-¡Âk-v,

s-\Ã-n-a-qS-v, t-^-m¬: 2260854

M/s. Sara AgenciesWholesale Dealers of

Pharmaceuticals & SurgicalsAryasala, Thiruvananthapuram-695036

Ph: 2477791 Mob: 9447163669Email: [email protected]

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t‑I‑m‑«b‑w‑ {‑Z‑p‑XIÀ‑½t‑k\

tUm. D-j BÀshän\‑dn kÀP³, \m«‑Iw, tIm«bw

“I®‑m‑S‑n‑ BZ‑y‑a‑m‑s‑b³.....................‑a‑q‑f‑n‑¸‑m‑«‑n‑s‑\‑m‑¸‑w‑ H¶‑p‑s‑R«‑n‑‑! CX‑m‑c¸‑m?‑ C{‑X

Ic‑p‑h‑m‑f‑n‑¨‑p‑w‑ Id‑p‑¯‑p‑w.‑ Quarantine Z‑n‑\§Ä‑ Ig‑n‑t‑ª‑m‑s‑«.‑ a‑p‑J‑w‑ a‑n‑\‑p‑¡‑n‑b‑n‑«‑p‑Xs‑¶I‑m‑c‑y‑w.‑ R‑m‑t‑\‑m‑t‑]S‑n‑¨‑p‑,‑ C\‑n‑ \‑m‑«‑p‑I‑m‑c‑p‑w.‑......‑

2014 þÂ‑ t‑I‑m‑«b‑w‑ P‑n‑Ãb‑n‑e‑p‑w‑ Be¸‑p‑g þ ]¯\‑w‑X‑n‑« P‑n‑ÃIf‑n‑e‑p‑w‑ Birdflu d‑n‑t‑¸‑mÀ‑«‑v‑ s‑N¿s‑¸«I‑m‑e‑w.‑ {‑i‑o‑aX‑n‑ Ac‑p‑ÔX‑n‑ t‑d‑m‑b‑v‑ {‑]ik‑v‑X‑n‑b‑n‑t‑e¡‑v‑ s‑s‑I]‑n‑S‑n‑¨‑p‑ \S¯‑n‑b‑,‑ Ct‑¸‑mÄ‑ t‑Icf‑w‑ H«‑m‑s‑I {‑i²‑n‑¨ Ab‑v‑a\‑w‑ F¶ DÄ‑\‑m‑S³‑ {‑K‑m‑a¯‑nÂ‑ RRT X¿‑m‑d‑m‑bX‑v‑ P‑n‑Ã‑m‑ k‑w‑Ø‑m‑\ Xe§f‑nÂ‑ Gs‑d NÀ‑¨IÄ‑¡‑p‑t‑ij‑w. ]‑p‑gb‑p‑w‑ t‑X‑m‑S‑pa‑p‑Å {‑]t‑Zi¯‑n‑s‑â k‑z‑`‑m‑h‑w‑ I‑d‑n‑ª‑v‑,‑ X‑m‑d‑m‑h‑p‑If‑p‑s‑S k‑w‑k‑v‑IcW‑w k‑w‑_Ô‑n‑¨ [‑m‑cWIÄ‑ t‑U‑m‑ÎÀ‑a‑mÀ‑¡‑v‑ Bß‑mh‑n‑i‑z‑m‑kt‑aI‑n.‑ F¦‑n‑e‑p‑w‑ BZ‑y‑s‑¯ A\‑p‑`h‑w‑,‑ hfs‑c s‑k³‑k‑n‑ä‑o‑h‑m‑b h‑njb‑w‑,‑ ]X‑n‑\‑m‑b‑n‑c¡W¡‑n‑\‑v‑ X‑m‑d‑m‑h‑p‑If‑p‑s‑S P‑o‑h³‑,‑ t‑Icf¯‑n‑s‑â FÃ‑m‑ t‑I‑m‑W‑p‑If‑nÂ‑ \‑n‑¶‑p‑w‑ X‑p‑d¶‑p‑ h¨‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶ a‑o‑U‑n‑b I‑y‑m‑adIÄ‑,‑ a‑n‑ï‑m³‑ ]‑m‑S‑n‑s‑Ã¶ IÀ‑i\a‑m‑b h‑ne¡‑p‑IÄ....‑ Hs‑¡ R§Ä‑ t‑I‑m‑«b‑wI‑m‑c‑p‑s‑S s‑\©‑p‑d¸‑n‑s‑\ Hce‑v‑]‑w‑ ]‑n‑S‑n‑¨‑p‑e¨‑p‑t‑h‑m?‑ I‑y‑m]‑v‑ä³‑ P‑n‑Ã‑m‑ H‑m‑^‑o‑kd‑p‑s‑S h‑m‑¡‑p‑If‑n‑s‑e s‑s‑hdk‑v‑ `‑o‑Ics‑\ s‑hS‑n‑h¨‑p‑ h‑o‑g‑v‑¯‑m³‑ P‑o‑h³‑ AhKW‑n‑¨‑p‑w‑ R§f‑m s‑\©‑p‑d¸‑v‑ X‑n‑c‑n‑¨‑p‑]‑n‑S‑n‑¨‑p.‑

F§‑p‑w‑ a‑n‑g‑n‑X‑p‑d¶ a‑o‑U‑n‑b I‑y‑m‑adIÄ‑¡‑v‑ a‑p‑¶‑nÂ‑ ]c‑n‑i‑o‑e\‑w‑ Ig‑n‑ª‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑ps‑h¦‑nÂ‑ I‑q‑S‑n‑,‑ S‑o‑a‑w‑K§Ä‑¡‑m‑b‑n‑

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t‑U‑m.‑ t‑P‑m_‑‑n‑t‑P‑mÀ‑P‑v PPE demontsration \S¯‑n. Face BookþÂ‑ t‑P‑m_‑n‑s‑b Bt‑c‑m‑ k‑q‑¸À‑a‑m³‑ F¶‑p‑h‑n‑f‑n‑¨‑p‑,‑ At‑±la‑m‑Wt‑Ã‑m‑ ]‑mâ‑n‑\‑p‑t‑as‑e \‑n‑¡d‑n‑S‑p‑¶X‑v.‑‑!

As‑X‑m‑s‑c‑m‑s‑¶‑m‑¶c RRT b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.‑ 45 t‑]t‑P‑m‑f‑w‑ hc‑p‑¶ guide line Ac¨‑p‑Ie¡‑n‑ I‑p‑S‑n‑¨ ]t‑X‑m‑fP‑n‑k‑v‑ä‑v‑ _‑n‑P‑p P‑, Asepsis Hygiene‑ Hc‑n‑©‑p‑ h‑n‑«‑p‑s‑I‑mS‑p‑¡‑m‑¯ Ethical committee t‑P‑m‑_‑n‑‑,‑ I‑m‑b_e‑w‑ s‑I‑mï‑‑v‑ F´‑p‑w‑ t‑\c‑n‑S‑m³‑ X¿‑m‑d‑m‑b I‑p‑c‑y‑mt‑¡‑m‑k‑v‑,‑ Hc‑p‑ 15 hÀ‑js‑¯ H‑m‑U‑n‑ä‑v‑ a‑p¶‑nÂ‑ Iï‑‑v‑ I‑m‑c‑y‑§Ä‑ s‑N¿‑p‑¶ M.K.kX‑y³‑‑,‑ k‑u‑a‑y‑\‑m‑b _‑n‑t‑\‑m‑b‑v‑ t‑P‑m‑k^‑v‑,‑ t‑P¡_‑v‑,‑ a‑n‑Y‑p³‑,‑ a‑m³‑k‑n‑,‑ a‑m‑X‑y‑p‑ ^‑n‑e‑n‑¸‑v‑ X‑p‑S§‑n t‑I‑m‑«b¯‑n‑s‑â b‑p‑hX‑m‑c§Ä.‑ ]‑p‑d¯‑v‑ ChÀ‑¡‑v‑ t‑h‑ï kl‑m‑b§f‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑ I‑p‑c‑y³‑,‑ t‑P‑mÀ‑Ö‑v‑ I‑p‑c‑y³‑,‑ k‑p‑_‑n³‑,‑ ^e‑n‑k‑n‑ä‑,‑ I‑r‑j‑vW I‑n‑t‑j‑mÀ‑,‑ a‑m‑b‑,‑ P‑n‑Ã‑m‑ H‑m‑^‑o‑kÀ‑ X‑p‑S§‑n‑bhÀ‑ ]‑p‑gb‑v‑¡¡s‑c‑,‑ h‑n‑P\a‑m‑b Øes‑¯ s‑s‑{‑]ad‑n‑ k‑v‑I‑qÄ‑ _©‑n‑e‑pd§‑p‑¶ C‑u‑ ]«‑m‑f¡‑m‑s‑c H‑mÀ¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ‑ DÅ‑n‑s‑e‑m‑c‑p‑ \‑o‑äÂ.‑ AX‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑‑p‑Xs‑¶ R§f‑p‑w‑ P‑n‑Ã‑m‑ H‑m‑^‑o‑k‑p‑w‑ FÃ‑m‑b‑v‑t‑¸‑m‑g‑p‑w‑ h‑n‑f‑n‑b‑v‑¡‑p‑Ib‑p‑w‑ s‑at‑kP‑p‑IÄ‑ Abb‑v‑¡‑p‑Ib‑p‑w‑ s‑Nb‑v‑X‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.‑

Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑ {‑]i‑v‑\§Ä‑,‑ þ I‑p‑c‑y‑m‑t‑¡‑m‑k‑n‑s‑â Zb\‑o‑b a‑p‑J‑w‑ ]{‑Xa‑m‑[‑y‑a§f‑nÂ‑ Iï‑‑v‑ N¦‑v‑ XIÀ‑¶hÀ‑ R§Ä‑ t‑Icf¯‑n‑s‑e Vets, local, Political, X‑m‑d‑m‑h‑p‑I‑m‑c‑p‑s‑S If‑n‑IÄ‑ A§s‑\ Fs‑´Ã‑m‑w‑ {‑]i‑v‑\§Ä......‑ CSb‑v‑s‑¡‑m‑c‑m‑i‑z‑m‑k‑w‑ Dr. Ac‑p¬‑I‑p‑a‑mÀ N‑m‑\e‑p‑If‑nÂ‑ ]db‑p‑¶ I‑m‑c‑y‑§Ä‑.‑ a‑r‑Kk‑w‑c£W hI‑p‑¸‑p‑w‑ t‑U‑m‑ÎÀ‑a‑m‑c‑p‑w‑ A§s‑\ t‑Icfs‑a‑m‑«‑m‑s‑I \‑n‑dª‑p‑ \‑n‑¶ I‑m‑eL«‑w.‑ I‑n‑t‑e‑m‑¡‑v‑ 25 c‑q‑] t‑I‑m‑g‑n‑¡‑p‑Åt‑¸‑mÄ‑,‑ t‑U‑m‑Îd‑m‑b A½b‑p‑Åt‑¸‑mÄ‑ R§s‑f´‑n‑\‑v‑ N‑n‑¡\‑p‑t‑]£‑n‑¡W‑w.‑ a¡s‑f¶‑nÂ h‑n‑i‑z‑m‑kaÀ‑¸‑n‑¨‑p......‑ AXt‑Ã FÃ‑m‑w‑‑! A¡‑m‑e¯‑v‑ h‑o‑«‑n‑s‑e AS‑p‑¡f {‑]i‑v‑\‑w‑ t‑I‑m‑g‑ns‑I‑m‑ï‑v I‑p‑ds‑¨‑m‑s‑¡ ]c‑n‑lc‑n‑¨‑p.‑ Fs‑´Ã‑m‑w‑ h‑n‑`h§Ä‑ AX‑p‑w‑ Hc‑p‑ I‑m‑e‑w.‑

Ab‑v‑a\‑w‑ Ig‑n‑ª‑n‑Ã‑,‑ AX‑n‑\‑p‑wa‑p‑t‑¼ I‑p‑acI‑w‑ RRT hs‑¶¯‑n.‑ t‑Icf¯‑nÂ‑,‑ Hc‑p‑ ]t‑£ C³‑U‑y‑b‑n‑e‑m‑Z‑y‑a‑m‑b‑n‑ 2 h\‑n‑X‑m‑ t‑U‑m‑ÎÀ‑a‑mÀ‑ Birdflu RRT A‑w‑K§f‑m‑b‑n‑ R§f‑p‑s‑S a\Ê‑nÂ‑ Q‑m³‑k‑n‑d‑m‑W‑n‑a‑m‑c‑m‑b‑n‑ \‑n‑dª‑p‑\‑n‑¶‑p‑,‑ aR‑v‑P‑p‑ s‑k_‑m‑k‑v‑ä‑y‑\‑p‑w‑,‑ aR‑v‑P‑p‑jb‑p‑w.‑ I‑p‑acI‑w‑ Kh.‑ s‑s‑{‑]ad‑n‑ k‑v‑I‑q‑f‑n‑s‑e a‑p‑d‑n‑If‑nÂ‑ _©S‑p‑¸‑n‑¨‑n‑«‑v‑ Dd§‑n‑b‑p‑w ‑(AS¨‑p‑d¸‑v‑ R§Ä‑s‑¡‑m‑c‑p‑h‑n‑jbt‑a AÃ‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p‑)‑ k‑v‑

I‑qÄ‑ t‑S‑m‑b‑v‑eä‑p‑IÄ‑ D]t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¨‑p‑w‑ DÅ k‑u‑Ic‑y‑¯‑nÂ‑ X‑p‑W‑n‑IÄ‑ Ig‑p‑I‑n‑b‑n‑«‑p‑w‑,‑ S‑o‑w‑ {‑]hÀ‑¯\§Ä‑ Bß‑mÀ‑°Xt‑b‑m‑s‑S s‑Nb‑v‑X‑p‑w‑ Aä³‑UÀ‑a‑mÀ‑ DÄ‑s‑¸s‑Sb‑p‑Å h\‑n‑XIÄ‑ Ahc‑p‑s‑S k‑m‑¶‑n‑²‑y‑w s‑]‑m‑X‑p‑ka‑q‑l¯‑nÂ‑ \‑n‑t‑j[‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑m‑h‑m‑¯ h‑n‑[‑w‑ hc¨‑p‑h¨‑p.‑ A big salute to them. k‑v‑I‑q‑Ä‑ _©‑n‑e‑p‑d§‑n‑ \S‑p‑t‑hZ\ X‑p‑S§‑n‑bt‑¸‑mÄ‑ Hc‑p‑ ]t‑£ Dr. Jose E Philip H‑mÀ‑¯‑p‑I‑m‑W‑p‑w‑ C¯‑n‑c‑n‑ I‑q‑S‑n‑ XS‑n‑ BI‑m‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.‑ At‑¸‑m‑t‑g¡‑p‑w‑ KSVC ̂ ‑nÂ ‑I‑n‑S¡IÄ‑ F¯‑n‑¡‑m³‑ k‑m‑[‑n‑¨‑p.‑

I‑r‑X‑y‑a‑m‑b a‑m‑\ZÞ§Ä‑ ]‑m‑e‑n‑¨‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑‑v‑ RRT IÄ‑ X‑p‑Sct‑h AX‑m‑ hc‑p‑¶‑p‑ ]Å‑w‑ h‑n‑f¡‑p‑ac‑w.‑ S‑o‑a‑n‑\‑p‑t‑h‑ï k‑m‑[\ ka‑m‑{‑K‑n‑IÄ‑ Hc‑p‑¡Â‑,‑ ]©‑m‑b¯‑p‑a‑m‑b‑p‑Å CSs‑]SÂ‑‑,‑ IÀ‑jIÀ‑¡‑p‑Å \ã]c‑n‑l‑m‑c‑w‑ C§s‑\b‑p‑Å I‑m‑c‑y‑§f‑nÂ‑ local VS S‑o‑a‑n‑\‑p‑Å‑n‑e‑m‑b‑n‑ Ig‑n‑ª‑m‑e‑p‑Å s‑s‑hja‑y‑t‑a‑mÀ‑¯‑v‑ C{‑]‑m‑hi‑y‑w‑ VS ]‑p‑d¯‑v‑ \‑nÂ‑¡s‑« F¶‑p‑ X‑o‑c‑p‑a‑m‑\a‑m‑b‑n.‑ k‑p‑P‑m‑ t‑P‑m‑W‑p‑w‑,‑ Ak‑n‑k‑v‑äâ‑p‑a‑m‑c‑m‑b‑n‑ a‑m‑b‑m‑ s‑Pb‑n‑w‑k‑p‑w‑ Djb‑p‑w‑ (Best Team.....) I\‑mÂ‑ Icb‑n‑e‑p‑Å Fisheries office R§Ä‑ Base camp B¡‑n‑ PPE k‑q‑£‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑p‑w‑ D¨`£W‑w‑ Ig‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑p‑w‑ D]t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¨‑p.‑ X‑m‑ak‑w‑ Ac I‑n‑t‑e‑ma‑o‑äÀ‑ AIs‑e Hc‑p‑ t‑I‑m‑t‑fP‑v‑ s‑I«‑n‑S¯‑nÂ‑,‑ 10 Z‑n‑hk‑w‑ Ah[‑n‑I‑n‑«‑n‑bX‑nÂ‑ R§t‑f‑m‑S‑v‑ \µ‑n‑ ]dª‑v‑ I‑p‑«‑n‑IÄ‑ t‑]‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.‑ I\‑mÂ‑ Icb‑n‑s‑e HäbS‑n‑¸‑m‑Xb‑n‑e‑q‑s‑S 2 km \S¡‑m‑w‑‑,‑ As‑Ã¦‑nÂ‑ hÅ¯‑nÂ‑ culling site s‑e¯‑m‑w‑ hÅ‑w‑ kabs‑¯¯‑m‑¯X‑n‑\‑mÂ‑ a‑n‑¡Z‑n‑hkh‑p‑w‑ 4 t‑\c‑w‑ S‑o‑a‑w‑K§Ä‑ \S¶‑p.‑ AX‑p‑s‑I‑m‑s‑ï‑´‑m?‑ c‑m‑h‑n‑s‑eb‑p‑Å Health check up Â‑ Sphygmomanometer t‑\‑m‑¡‑n‑ k‑p‑[‑o‑d‑p‑w‑ at‑\‑m‑P‑p‑I‑p‑a‑m‑d‑p‑w‑ t‑P‑m‑P‑n‑b‑p‑w‑ I\‑m‑e‑n‑s‑e B¼Â‑t‑]‑m‑s‑e N‑n‑c‑n‑¨‑p.‑ Hurrai..... BP is normal.

ch‑o‑{‑µs‑â Bt‑hi X‑n‑a‑nÀ‑¸‑nÂ‑ RRT ]‑p‑t‑c‑m‑Ka‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.‑ H¸‑w‑ t‑I‑m‑«b‑w‑ a‑p‑\‑n‑k‑n‑¸‑m‑e‑n‑ä‑n‑b‑n‑s‑e Health Inspector a‑m‑c‑p‑s‑SAhKW\b‑p‑w‑.‑ Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑ t‑aJeb‑v‑¡‑m‑W‑v a‑p‑\‑n‑k‑n‑¸‑m‑e‑n‑ä‑n‑ RRT \S¯‑n‑¸‑v‑ N‑p‑aXe \Â‑I‑n‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶X‑v.‑ I\‑m‑e‑n‑s‑â At‑§¡cb‑nÂ‑ \‑n‑¶‑v‑ AhÀ‑ t‑£a‑m‑t‑\‑z‑jW‑w‑ \S¯‑p‑w.‑ C¸‑p‑d¯‑v‑ ]£‑n‑ ]\‑n‑b‑m‑Wt‑Ã‑m‑,‑ ]Ic‑p‑w....‑ h‑n‑dI‑n‑\‑p‑w‑ as‑®®b‑v‑¡‑p‑w‑ `£W¯‑n‑\‑p‑w‑ hÅ¯‑n‑\‑p‑w‑ s‑hÅ¯‑n‑\‑p‑w‑ FÃ‑m‑ä‑n‑\‑p‑w‑ R§Ä‑¡‑v‑ Ahc‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑ t‑]‑m‑cS‑n‑t‑¡ï‑‑n‑h¶‑p.‑ _e‑q¬‑ t‑]‑m‑s‑e ak‑n‑e‑p‑]‑n‑S‑n‑¨‑p‑h¶

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Hc‑m‑s‑f h‑m‑¡‑p‑IÄ‑s‑I‑mï‑‑v‑ I‑p‑¯‑n‑ I‑m‑äg‑n‑¨‑p‑h‑n‑«‑p.‑ Lady Vets s‑\ Ab‑m‑f‑m‑Z‑y‑a‑m‑b‑n‑ I‑m‑W‑p‑Ib‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑n‑c‑n‑¡W‑w.‑....‑

c‑‑ïm‑w‑ Z‑n‑hk‑w‑ c‑m‑h‑n‑s‑e Area surveillance \‑v‑ t‑]‑m‑e‑o‑k‑n‑s‑\‑m‑¸‑w‑ Ahc‑p‑s‑S speed boat Â‑ R§Ä‑ 4 t‑]À‑ b‑m‑{‑XX‑n‑c‑n‑¨‑p.‑ h‑n‑f¡‑p‑ac‑w‑ Gc‑n‑bb‑p‑s‑S At‑§¡cb‑nÂ‑ I‑m‑ª‑n‑c‑w‑ `‑m‑K¯‑v‑ \‑n‑¶‑v‑ \‑m‑e‑m‑b‑n‑ct‑¯‑m‑f‑w‑ X‑m‑d‑m‑h‑p‑Is‑f Ct‑§‑m‑«‑v s‑I‑m‑ï‑p‑hc‑p‑¶‑p‑s‑‑¶‑v‑ X‑n‑c‑p‑h‑mÀ‑¸‑v‑ ]©‑m‑b¯‑v‑ {‑]k‑n‑Uâ‑v‑ h‑n‑f‑n‑¨‑p‑ ]db‑p‑¶‑p.‑ AX‑v‑ XSbW‑w.‑ H¸‑w‑ I‑m‑bÂ‑¡cb‑n‑s‑e h‑o‑S‑p‑If‑n‑s‑e X‑m‑d‑m‑h‑v‑/ t‑I‑m‑g‑n‑Is‑f culling site s‑e¯‑n‑b‑v‑¡W‑w.‑ ]‑m‑b‑p‑¶ speed boat‑,‑ N‑pä‑p‑w‑ N‑o‑ä‑n‑s‑Xd‑n‑¡‑p‑¶ s‑hÅ‑w‑,‑ s‑hb‑n‑e‑n‑s‑â N‑q‑S‑v‑,‑ IcI‑m‑W‑m‑ I‑m‑bÂ‑,‑ k‑m‑¼‑n‑fb¨X‑n‑\‑p‑t‑ij‑w‑ Hc‑m‑g‑v‑Ns‑¯ s‑S³‑j\‑p‑w‑ Dd¡a‑n‑Ã‑m‑b‑vab‑p‑w.‑ k‑p‑P I‑q‑S‑p‑XÂ‑ ]chib‑m‑b‑n.‑ I®S¨‑v‑ s‑Nh‑n‑s‑]‑m‑¯‑n‑ t‑_‑m‑«‑n‑\‑p‑\S‑p‑h‑nÂ‑ k‑z‑]‑v‑\‑m‑SIb‑m‑b‑n.‑ Dd¡‑w‑ s‑IS‑p‑¯‑n‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶ I‑m‑c‑y‑§Ä‑ I‑m‑be‑n‑t‑\‑m‑S‑v‑ clk‑y‑a‑m‑b‑n‑ ]db‑p‑¶ k‑p‑Ps‑b Iï‑t‑¸‑mÄ‑ R§Ä‑ \S‑p‑¡‑m‑be‑nÂ‑ Bi¦‑m‑I‑p‑ec‑m‑b‑n.‑

Ahk‑m‑\Z‑n‑hk‑w‑ k‑m‑\‑n‑t‑«j³‑ \S¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ‑ R§Ä‑ Base camp vets‑, sodium hypochlorite spray s‑N¿‑p‑¶ s‑X‑m‑g‑n‑e‑m‑f‑n‑¡‑v‑ a‑p³‑Ic‑p‑Xe‑n‑\‑m‑b‑p‑Å Hc‑p‑ I‑p‑¸‑n‑ ]‑mÂ‑ X‑n‑f¸‑n‑¨X‑v‑ hÅ¡‑m‑cs‑â s‑s‑Ihi‑w‑ s‑I‑m‑S‑p‑¯‑p‑h‑n‑«‑p.‑ ]‑m‑e‑n‑\‑p‑w‑ Antiviral Activtiy D‑ï‑m‑h‑m‑w‑‑,‑ AX‑p‑w‑ burial sites‑e‑m‑g‑n‑¨‑v‑ sanitation ]‑qÀ‑¯‑n‑b‑m‑¡‑n‑ S‑o‑w‑ aS§‑n.‑

BÀ‑¸‑q‑¡c RRT b‑nÂ‑ culling- burial site IÄ‑ X½‑nÂ‑ Aca‑p‑¡‑mÂ‑ aW‑n‑¡‑qÀ hÅb‑m‑{‑X‑m‑Z‑q‑ca‑pï‑v‑‑.‑ burial \‑m‑b‑n‑ P\h‑m‑ka‑n‑Ã‑m‑¯ Øe‑w‑ Is‑ï‑¯‑m³‑ ]©‑mb¯[‑n‑I‑r‑XÀ‑ _‑p‑²‑n‑a‑p‑«‑n‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p.‑ aä‑v‑ 3 I‑y‑m‑¼‑p‑Is‑f At‑]£‑n‑¨‑v‑ BÀ‑¸‑q‑¡cb‑nÂ‑ S‑o‑a‑n‑t‑e¡‑v‑ s‑X‑m‑g‑n‑e‑m‑f‑n‑Is‑f I‑n‑«‑m³‑ {‑]b‑m‑ka‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑s‑Ã¶‑p‑a‑m‑{‑XaÃ‑,‑ AhÀ‑ X½‑nÂ aÕca‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.‑ HS‑p‑h‑nÂ‑ 10 s‑X‑m‑g‑n‑e‑m‑f‑n‑IÄ‑ S‑o‑a‑nÂ‑ CS‑w‑ ]‑n‑S‑n‑¡‑p‑Ib‑p‑w‑ R§t‑f‑ms‑S‑m‑̧ ‑w‑ a‑p‑g‑p‑h³‑ Z‑n‑hk§f‑n‑e‑p‑‑w‑ k‑v‑I‑q‑f‑nÂ‑ X‑m‑ak‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑p‑w‑ aä‑v‑ {‑]hÀ‑¯\§f‑nÂ klIc‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑p‑‑w‑ X¿‑m‑d‑m‑b‑n.‑ F{‑X A`‑n‑a‑m‑\t‑¯‑m‑S‑p‑I‑q‑S‑n‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p‑ AhÀ‑ \½‑p‑s‑S PPE AW‑n‑ª‑n‑c‑p‑¶X‑v‑‑! AX‑nÂ‑ A¸¨‑m‑b‑n‑ F¶ {‑]‑m‑ba‑p‑Å s‑X‑m‑g‑n‑e‑m‑f‑n‑b‑p‑s‑S k‑vt‑\l`‑m‑P\§f‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p‑ R§Ä‑ t‑U‑m‑ÎÀ‑a‑mÀ.‑

PPE ]À‑± [c‑n‑¨‑v‑‑,‑ I‑m‑e‑p‑IÄ‑ s‑]d‑p‑¡‑n‑ h¨‑v‑ I‑u‑X‑p‑I I®‑p‑IÄ‑¡‑v‑ a‑p‑¼‑nÂ‑ A¶‑v‑ F§s‑\t‑b‑m‑ hÅ¯‑nÂ‑ Ibd‑n‑]ä‑n.‑ hg‑n‑ \‑o‑s‑f IÅ‑v‑ j‑m‑¸‑v‑ t‑_‑mÀ‑U‑p‑IÄ.....‑ hÅ¯‑ne‑m‑s‑c‑ms‑¡t‑b‑m‑hg‑n‑IÄ‑ ASb‑m‑fs‑¸S‑p‑ ‑̄p

¶X‑v‑ Iï‑‑p.‑ culling site e‑n‑d§‑m³‑ Hc‑p‑ s‑X‑mg‑n‑e‑m‑f‑n‑ k‑p‑l‑r‑¯‑v‑ kl‑m‑b‑n‑¨‑p.‑ B I‑r‑iK‑m‑{‑X\‑v‑ PPE b‑v‑¡‑p‑Å‑n‑s‑e ic‑o‑c`‑m‑c¯‑ns‑\¡‑p‑d‑n‑¨‑v‑ Hc‑p‑ [‑m‑cWb‑n‑Ã‑m‑s‑X t‑]‑m‑bX‑v‑ Fs‑â s‑Xä‑m‑h‑p‑¶s‑X§s‑\?‑ F´‑m‑b‑m‑e‑p‑w‑ R§Ä c‑ï‑p‑t‑]c‑p‑w‑ hÅ¯‑n‑\‑p‑Å‑nÂ‑ Ae¨‑p‑s‑I«‑n‑ h‑o‑W‑p.‑ At‑X‑m‑ c£I³‑ Fs‑â s‑s‑Ih‑n‑S‑m‑¯t‑X‑m?‑ AX‑n‑\‑m‑W‑v‑ k‑m‑²‑y‑X.‑ I‑mcW‑w‑ “hÅ¯‑nÂ‑ h‑o‑W‑mÂ‑ XÃ‑n‑s‑I‑m‑ÃW”‑s‑a¶‑v‑ Ad‑n‑b‑m‑¯hcÃ AhÀ.‑ \µ‑n‑ k‑p‑l‑r‑t‑¯.‑

4500 H‑m‑f‑w‑ X‑m‑d‑m‑h‑p‑Is‑f D¨t‑b‑m‑s‑S 3þ4 N‑n‑XI‑q‑«‑n‑ I¯‑n‑¨‑p.‑ X‑o‑b‑p‑w‑ ]‑n‑S‑n‑¨‑p‑. I‑n‑gt‑¡ BI‑m‑i¯‑p‑\‑n‑¶‑p‑w‑ l‑p‑¦‑m‑ct‑¯‑m‑s‑S BÀ‑¯es‑¨¯‑n‑b ag X‑o‑ a‑p‑g‑p‑h³‑ AW¨‑p.‑ H¸‑w‑ R§Ä‑ 30 t‑]c‑p‑s‑S a\Ê‑p‑w‑ \‑p‑d‑p‑§‑n.‑ ]‑m‑X‑n‑s‑h´ a\Ê‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n k‑v‑I‑q‑f‑nÂ‑ X‑n‑c‑n‑s‑¨¯‑n.‑ Idâ‑n‑Ã‑,‑ s‑hÅa‑n‑Ã PKs‑]‑m‑K....‑ c‑m‑{‑X‑n‑ I‑y‑m‑¼‑w‑K§f‑p‑s‑S ‑a‑o‑ä‑n‑w‑K‑nÂ‑ \‑m‑fs‑¯ ]c‑n‑]‑m‑S‑n‑IÄ‑ {‑]t‑X‑y‑I‑n‑¨‑p‑w‑ X‑o‑I¯‑n‑b‑v‑¡‑m‑\‑p‑Å k‑m‑a{‑K‑n‑IÄ‑ F¯‑nb‑v‑¡‑m³ I‑q‑e¦ja‑m‑b‑n‑ N‑n‑´‑n‑¨‑p.‑ OT X¦¨³‑ k‑mÀ‑ k‑w‑k‑m‑c‑n‑¡‑m³‑ £W‑n‑¡s‑¸«‑p.\‑nÀ‑¯‑n‑ \‑nÀ‑¯‑n‑b‑p‑Å _‑p‑²‑n‑P‑n‑h‑n‑ {‑]k‑w‑K‑w‑ A§s‑\ a‑p‑t‑¶d‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ‑ CSt‑hfIÄ‑ hÃ‑m‑s‑X I‑q‑S‑p‑¶‑n‑t‑Ã F¶‑v‑ k‑w‑ib‑w.‑ A´‑n‑IÅ‑nÂ‑ Dd¡‑w‑ ]‑n‑S‑n‑a‑p‑d‑p‑¡‑p‑¶X‑m‑W‑v‑ B CSt‑hfIÄ‑ F¶‑v‑ a\Ê‑n‑e‑m‑b a‑p‑¶‑n‑e‑n‑c‑p‑¶hÀ‑ h‑n‑«‑p‑t‑]‑m‑b h‑m‑¡‑p‑IÄ‑ I‑q‑«‑n‑t‑¨À‑¯‑v‑ {‑]k‑w‑K‑w‑ ]‑q‑À‑¯‑n‑b‑m‑¡‑n‑¨‑p.‑

Ahk‑m‑\ Z‑n‑hk‑w‑ BÀ‑¸‑q‑¡c I‑y‑m‑¼‑nÂ‑ h¨‑v‑ DAHO a‑p‑¯È\‑m‑bX‑n‑s‑â a[‑p‑c‑w‑ I‑n‑«‑n.‑ Handsome a‑p‑¯Ès‑\¶‑v‑ R§Ä‑ agb‑v‑s‑¡‑m‑¸‑w‑ BÀ‑¯‑p‑h‑n‑f‑n‑¨‑p.‑ (RRT I‑y‑‑m‑¼‑p‑If‑nÂ‑ ]s‑¦S‑p‑¯ FÃ‑m‑ t‑U‑m‑ÎÀ‑a‑mÀ‑¡‑p‑w‑,‑ aä‑pt‑Z‑y‑m‑KØÀ‑¡‑p‑w‑ R§f‑ps‑S {‑]‑n‑b DAHO ii‑o‑{‑µ³‑ k‑m‑d‑n\‑p‑w‑ _‑n‑µ‑p‑ a‑m‑X‑y‑p‑h‑n‑\‑p‑w‑ \µ‑n‑t‑b‑m‑s‑S‑,‑ k‑v‑t‑\lt‑¯‑ms‑S kaÀ‑¸‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.‑)‑


P\‑§‑f‑ps‑S Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑k‑w‑c‑£‑W‑t‑¯‑m‑s‑S‑m¸‑w Bl‑m‑c‑w‑, ]‑mÀ¸‑n‑S‑w‑, I‑pS‑n‑s‑h‑Å‑w‑, i‑pN‑nX‑z‑w‑, h‑nZ‑y‑m‑`‑y‑m‑k‑w‑, s‑X‑mg‑nÂ F¶‑n‑h‑s‑b‑ms‑¡ Dd‑¸‑m‑¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mt‑g Hc‑p ka‑ql‑w ]‑qÀ® Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑a‑p‑Å‑X‑m‑h‑p‑I‑b‑p‑Å‑q. {‑K‑ma‑oW t‑aJeb‑ns‑e

P\‑§‑f‑ps‑S P‑oh‑n‑X‑¯‑nÂ a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W t‑aJ‑eb‑ps‑S ]¦‑v hfs‑c he‑p‑X‑mW‑v. t‑]‑mj‑I‑m‑l‑m‑c‑w‑, s‑X‑mg‑nÂ‑, hc‑pa‑m\‑w F¶‑n‑h‑b‑n‑e‑qs‑S Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑y \‑nÀ½‑mÀÖ‑\‑¯‑n\‑p ]‑pdt‑a k‑v{‑X‑o i‑mà‑o‑I‑cW‑w Dd‑¸‑m‑¡‑n‑b‑p‑w k‑ma‑q‑l‑nI hfÀ¨‑b‑nÂ C‑u t‑aJe \‑nÀ®‑m‑b‑Ø‑m\‑w hl‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. I‑mÀj‑nI h‑nI‑k‑\‑¯‑nÂ Hc‑p growth engine BI‑p‑h‑m³ C‑u t‑aJ‑e‑b‑v¡‑v Ig‑n‑b‑p‑s‑a¶‑v h‑nZ‑K‑vZÀ h‑ne‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¯‑p‑¶‑p‑ï‑v.

I‑mÀj‑nI h‑r¯‑n‑b‑nÂ k¼¯‑v a®‑p‑w I¶‑p‑I‑m‑e‑n‑I‑f‑p‑a‑m‑W‑v. I¶‑p‑I‑m‑e‑n‑I‑f‑ps‑S F®‑w k¼‑¯‑n‑t‑âb‑p‑w A[‑n‑I‑m‑c‑¯‑n‑t‑âb‑p‑w N‑nÓ‑§‑f‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. Z‑m\h‑p‑w Z£‑n‑Wb‑p‑w hs‑c I¶‑p‑I‑m‑e‑n‑I‑f‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p a‑p³]‑v. C‑u t‑aJ‑e‑b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v {‑It‑aW Bf‑p‑IÄ ]‑n·‑md‑n bt‑¸‑mÄ AX‑v I‑mÀj‑nI t‑aJ‑e‑b‑ps‑S Xs‑¶ A]‑N‑b‑¯‑n\‑v I‑mc‑W‑a‑m‑b‑n. ]t‑£ C¡‑mc‑y‑w X‑nc‑n‑¨‑d‑n‑b‑m³ \‑m‑w Gs‑d s‑s‑hI‑n. `£‑y k‑pc‑£b‑v¡‑p‑w Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑c‑£b‑v¡‑p‑w a‑rK‑k‑¼¯‑v hÀ[‑n‑¡‑W‑w. H¸‑w i‑mk‑v{‑X‑o‑b‑a‑mb a‑rK‑]‑c‑n‑]‑m‑e\ c‑oX‑nIf‑n‑t‑e¡‑v (Good Animal Husbandry Practises) \‑m‑w ]‑qÀW‑a‑mb‑p‑w a‑md‑p‑Ib‑p‑w t‑hW‑w.

P´-p-P-\-y a-m-wk-¯-ns-â Bh-i-y-IX

]‑me‑n‑e‑qs‑Sb‑p‑w a‑p«‑b‑n‑e‑q‑s‑Sb‑p‑w a‑m‑wk‑¯‑n‑e‑q‑s‑Sb‑p‑w e`‑y‑a‑m‑I‑p¶ s‑s‑Ph‑a‑q‑e‑y‑t‑ad‑nb a‑m‑wk‑y‑w a\‑p‑j‑ys‑â hfÀ¨‑b‑ne‑p‑w Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑c‑£‑b‑ne‑p‑w {‑][‑m\ ]¦‑p hl‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. hc‑p‑a‑m\ hfÀ¨‑, Bt‑K‑m‑f‑hÂ¡‑c‑W‑w‑, \K‑c‑hÂ¡‑cW‑w F¶‑nh a‑qe‑w Bl‑mc i‑oe‑§‑f‑n‑e‑p‑ï‑mb a‑mä‑w‑, P\‑k‑w‑J‑y‑m‑h‑fÀ¨ F¶‑nh ]c‑n‑K‑W‑n¨‑v P´‑p‑P‑\‑y‑a‑m‑w‑k‑y‑¯‑ns‑â Bh‑i‑y‑IX 2020 BI‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ a‑q¶‑n‑c‑«‑n‑b‑m‑I‑p‑s‑a¶‑v t‑e‑mI a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W k‑wL‑S\ IW‑¡‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.

s‑]‑mX‑p‑P‑\‑m‑t‑c‑mK‑y k‑wc‑£‑W‑¯‑nÂ a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W t‑aJ‑e‑b‑ps‑S {‑]kà‑n

t-U-m. d-mW-n. Fk-v.-F-k-v. Ak‑n‑Ìâ‑v Ub‑d‑ÎÀ‑, a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W hI‑p¸‑v

One Health


DX-v]-m-Z\ hÀ²-\h-p-w A\-p-_Ô {-]i-v\-§f-p-w

A[‑n‑t‑I‑m‑X‑v]‑m‑Z\‑w e£‑y‑a‑m¡‑n X‑o{‑h‑c‑o‑X‑n‑b‑n‑e‑pÅ a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W a‑pd‑IÄ Ah‑e‑w‑_‑n‑¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ a‑rK‑§f‑p‑w a\‑p‑j‑y‑c‑p‑a‑m‑b‑pÅ k‑ma‑o‑]‑yh‑p‑w k¼À¡h‑p‑w I‑qS‑p‑w. s‑]‑mX‑p‑h‑mb A´‑c‑o£‑w ]¦‑p‑h‑b‑v¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ N‑ne Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑{‑]‑i‑v\‑§Ä Dï‑m‑I‑m‑s‑a‑¶X‑v k‑z‑m`‑m‑h‑nI‑w a‑m{‑X‑w. P‑oh‑\‑pÅ F´‑n\‑p‑w t‑c‑mK‑a‑p‑ï‑m‑I‑m‑w. a\‑p‑j‑y\‑v t‑c‑mK‑a‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑p¶ 60 iX‑a‑m\‑w t‑c‑mK‑m‑W‑p‑¡f‑p‑w a‑rK‑§‑f‑ne‑p‑w t‑c‑mK‑a‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑h‑b‑m‑W‑v. a\‑p‑j‑y‑c‑nÂ Iï‑p‑h‑c‑p¶ ]‑pX‑nb t‑c‑mK‑§‑f‑nÂ 70 iX‑a‑m‑\h‑p‑w P´‑p‑P‑\‑y‑t‑c‑m‑K‑§‑f‑m‑W‑v. a‑rK‑§‑f‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w a\‑p‑j‑y‑c‑n‑t‑e¡‑p‑w A]‑qÀÆ‑a‑mb‑n X‑nc‑n¨‑p‑w ]I‑c‑p¶ t‑c‑mK‑§‑f‑m‑W‑v. P´‑p‑P‑\‑y‑t‑c‑m‑K‑§Ä (zoonotic diseas-es). `‑oIc {‑]hÀ¯‑\‑§Ä¡‑p‑]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑m³ k‑m[‑yX‑b‑pÅ t‑c‑mK‑m‑W‑p‑¡‑f‑nÂ (Bio terrorism) 80 iX‑a‑m‑\h‑p‑w P´‑p‑P\‑y t‑c‑mK‑m‑W‑p‑¡‑f‑m‑s‑W¶‑p‑w X‑nc‑n‑¨‑d‑n‑ª‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v. F¶‑mÂ s‑X‑mg‑ne‑p‑w hc‑p‑a‑m‑\h‑p‑w t‑]‑mj‑I‑m‑l‑m‑c‑§f‑p‑w {‑]Z‑m\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ Ak‑w‑J‑y‑w a‑rK‑§s‑f t‑c‑mK‑k‑m‑[‑y‑X‑b‑ps‑S t‑]c‑nÂ Hg‑n‑h‑m‑¡‑m³ Ig‑n‑b‑n‑Ã. ad‑n¨‑v ]£‑n‑a‑r‑K‑m‑Z‑n‑I‑f‑ps‑S t‑c‑mK {‑]X‑n‑t‑c‑m‑[‑¯‑n\‑p‑w \‑nb‑{‑´‑W‑¯‑n‑\‑p‑a‑mW‑v {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \Ât‑I‑ï‑X‑v.

t-c-mK-\-n-b-{-´W-w

N‑ne t‑c‑mK‑§‑f‑ps‑S \‑nb‑{‑´W‑w IÀj‑I‑t‑ât‑b‑m Xt‑±‑i‑h‑m‑k‑n‑I‑f‑p‑t‑St‑b‑m a‑m{‑X‑w Bh‑i‑y‑a‑Ã‑, ad‑n¨‑v Bt‑K‑mf Bh‑i‑y‑a‑mW‑v (Global Public Good). a‑rK‑§‑f‑nÂ Iï‑p‑h¶‑n‑c‑p¶ I‑me‑n‑h‑k´ \‑nb‑{‑´‑W‑h‑n‑t‑[‑b‑a‑m‑¡‑p‑h‑m‑\‑pÅ \S‑]‑S‑n‑IÄ s‑s‑Is‑¡‑mït‑¸‑mÄ t‑e‑mI‑a‑m‑I‑a‑m\‑w t‑c‑mKh‑na‑p‑à‑a‑m‑b‑n‑¡‑g‑n‑ª‑p. IÀj‑IÀ¡‑p‑w c‑mP‑y‑¯‑n\‑p‑w Hc‑p‑t‑]‑ms‑e k‑m¼‑¯‑nI _‑m[‑y‑X‑b‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑p¶ I‑pf‑¼‑p‑t‑c‑mK‑w \‑nb‑{‑´‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w t‑Zi‑ob Xe‑¯‑nÂ \‑nb‑{‑´W \S‑]‑S‑n‑IÄ s‑s‑Is‑¡‑m‑ï‑p‑h‑c‑p‑¶‑p. C¯c‑w I‑me‑n‑t‑c‑m‑K‑§‑f‑n‑e‑qs‑S `t‑£‑y‑m‑X‑v]‑m‑Z‑\‑¯‑nÂ I‑pd‑h‑p‑ï‑m‑I‑p‑s‑a‑t‑¶‑b‑p‑Å‑q. F¶‑mÂ a\‑p‑j‑y‑c‑ne‑p‑w t‑c‑mK‑a‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑p¶ N‑ne P´‑p‑P‑\‑y‑t‑c‑m‑K‑§‑f‑ps‑S \‑nb‑{‑´W‑w s‑]‑mX‑p‑P‑\‑m‑t‑c‑mK‑y k‑wc‑£‑W‑¯‑nÂ AX‑oh {‑]‑m[‑m‑\‑y‑aÀl‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.

2014‑þÂ tIc‑f¯nÂ ̀ ‑oX‑n ]SÀ¯‑nb ]£‑n‑¸‑\‑n‑b‑ps‑S (H5N1) \‑nb‑{‑´‑W‑¯‑n‑\‑mb‑n b‑p²‑I‑me CS‑s‑]‑Se‑p‑w t‑c‑mK‑{‑]‑X‑n‑t‑c‑m[ {‑]hÀ¯‑\‑§‑f‑p‑w \‑S¶‑Xv \‑½Ä I‑ ‑ï‑Xm‑WtÃm. t‑c‑mK‑w Is‑ï‑¯‑nb Øe‑§‑f‑nÂ I‑nt‑e‑m‑a‑o‑äÀ N‑pä‑f‑h‑nÂ t‑I‑mg‑n‑Is‑f s‑I‑m¶‑p‑I‑p‑g‑n‑¨‑p‑a‑q‑S‑n‑bX‑v ]£‑n‑I‑f‑nÂ t‑c‑mK‑w \‑nb‑{‑´‑n‑¡‑m³ a‑m{‑X‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑nÃ; ad‑n¨‑v Ch‑b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w a\‑p‑j‑y‑c‑n‑t‑e‑¡‑pÅ t‑c‑mK‑h‑y‑m‑]\‑w \‑nb‑{‑´‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w a\‑p‑j‑y‑c‑nÂ AX‑n‑t‑hK‑w t‑c‑mK‑w ]S‑c‑p‑¶‑X‑p‑a‑q‑e‑a‑pÅ Bt‑K‑mf Z‑pc‑´s‑¯ XS‑b‑p‑¶‑X‑n‑\‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.

Kt-h-j-W-§-f-ps-S {-]kà-n

a\‑p‑j‑y‑þ‑a‑rK s‑s‑hZ‑y‑i‑m‑k‑v{‑X‑§Ä X½‑nÂ AX‑nÀh‑c‑¼‑p‑IÄ CÃ; ]‑mS‑nÃ X‑m\‑p‑w þ F¶‑mW‑v X‑mc‑Xa‑y s‑s‑hZ‑y‑i‑m‑k‑v{‑X‑¯‑ns‑â ]‑nX‑mh‑v F¶‑d‑n‑b‑s‑¸‑«‑n‑c‑p¶ d‑pt‑U‑mÄ^‑v h‑nä‑vt‑j‑m 1958‑þÂ ]d‑ª‑X‑v. F¶‑mÂ Bt‑K‑mf k‑wL‑S‑\‑I‑f‑mb t‑e‑mI‑m‑t‑c‑m‑K‑y‑k‑wLS\ (WHO) t‑e‑mI ̀ £‑y‑k‑w‑

L‑S\ (FAO), t‑e‑mI‑a‑r‑K‑k‑w‑c‑£W k‑wL‑S\ (OIE) F¶‑nh \S‑¯‑p¶ Gt‑I‑m‑]\ {‑]hÀ¯‑\‑§Ä X‑mt‑g‑¯‑«‑n‑t‑e¡‑v C\‑nb‑p‑w F¯‑p‑¶‑n‑s‑Ã‑¶X‑v P´‑p‑P‑\‑y‑t‑c‑m‑K‑\‑n‑b‑{‑´‑W‑¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p ]c‑n‑a‑n‑X‑n‑b‑m‑W‑n‑¶‑p‑w. a\‑p‑j‑y‑c‑nÂ t‑c‑mK‑w ̀ ‑oX‑n ]c‑¯‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ a‑m{‑X‑w Kt‑h‑jW {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \ÂI‑p¶ c‑oX‑n‑b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑a‑md‑n a‑rK‑§‑f‑n‑e‑p‑ï‑m‑I‑p¶ FÃ‑m ]‑pX‑nb t‑c‑mK‑m‑W‑m‑¡‑f‑p‑t‑Sb‑p‑w t‑c‑mK‑k‑m‑[‑y‑X‑IÄ h‑ni‑Z‑a‑mb‑n ]T‑n‑¡‑p‑h‑m‑\‑pÅ k‑wh‑n‑[‑m\‑w Dï‑m‑h‑W‑w.

\½‑ps‑S c‑mP‑y‑t‑¯¡‑v IS‑¶‑p‑h‑c‑m‑h‑p¶ a‑rK‑§f‑p‑w Ah‑b‑nÂ\‑n‑¶‑pÅ DX‑v]‑¶‑§f‑p‑w hg‑n ]e ]‑pX‑nb t‑c‑mK‑§f‑p‑w {‑]X‑y‑£‑s‑¸‑S‑m‑\‑pÅ k‑m[‑yX K‑uc‑h‑t‑¯‑m‑s‑Sb‑p‑w Ic‑p‑X‑t‑e‑m‑s‑Sb‑p‑w I‑mt‑W‑ï‑X‑p‑ï‑v. Cd‑¡‑p‑aX‑n s‑N¿‑s‑¸‑S‑p¶ a‑rK‑§‑f‑p‑t‑Sb‑p‑w DX‑v]¶ §f‑p‑t‑Sb‑p‑w I‑mc‑y‑¯‑nÂ IÀi‑\‑a‑mb K‑pW‑\‑n‑e‑h‑m‑ch‑p‑w ]c‑n‑t‑i‑m‑[‑\‑If‑p‑w Dd‑¸‑m‑¡W‑w. h‑nI‑k‑n‑X‑c‑m‑P‑y‑§Ä C¯c‑w K‑pW‑\‑n‑e‑h‑mc \‑nb‑{‑´‑W‑§Ä \‑nÀ_‑Ô‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑v \½‑ps‑S DX‑v]‑¶‑§Ä¡‑v Ah‑n‑S‑§‑f‑nÂ h‑n]W‑n I‑n«‑p‑¶‑n‑s‑Ã‑¶X‑p‑w a‑rK‑t‑c‑mK \‑nb‑{‑´‑W‑¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w h‑yà‑a‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.

Bt‑K‑m‑f‑X‑m‑]‑\h‑p‑w X·‑q‑e‑a‑p‑ï‑m‑I‑p¶ I‑me‑m‑h‑Ø‑m‑h‑r‑X‑n‑b‑m‑\h‑p‑w k‑rã‑n‑¡‑m‑h‑p¶ Bt‑c‑mK‑y {‑]i‑v\‑§Ä C\‑nb‑p‑w h‑yà‑a‑m‑t‑I‑ï‑X‑p‑ï‑v. F´‑m‑b‑me‑p‑w s‑I‑mX‑pI‑p P\‑y‑t‑c‑m‑K‑§Ä hÀ[‑n‑¡‑p‑s‑a¶‑v CX‑n‑t‑\‑m‑SI‑wXs‑¶ h‑yà‑a‑m‑b‑n‑¡‑g‑n‑ª‑p. \‑nÀa‑mÀÖ\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p‑s‑h¶‑p Ic‑p‑X‑nb ]e s‑I‑mX‑p‑I‑p‑P‑\‑y‑t‑c‑m‑K‑§f‑p‑w hÀ[‑nX h‑oc‑y‑t‑¯‑ms‑S X‑nc‑n¨‑p hc‑p‑¶‑p. H¸‑w a‑mc‑I‑a‑mb ]‑p¯³ t‑c‑mK‑§‑f‑p‑w. ]e ]‑pX‑nb t‑c‑mK‑§f‑p‑w AX‑nÀ¯‑n IS‑¡‑m³ I‑m¯‑p‑\‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶‑p. Ai‑m‑k‑v{‑X‑ob a‑m‑wk k‑wk‑v¡‑c‑W‑¯‑n‑e‑q‑s‑Sb‑p‑w ]c‑n‑Ø‑nX‑n ae‑n‑\‑o‑I‑c‑W‑¯‑n‑e‑q‑s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑nh‑n[ t‑c‑mK‑§Ä {‑]i‑v\‑§‑f‑m‑I‑p‑¶‑p‑ï‑v. t‑]h‑nj _‑m[b‑p‑w Fe‑n‑¸‑\‑nb‑p‑w ]£‑n‑¸‑\‑nb‑p‑w ]¶‑n‑¸‑\‑nb‑p‑w X‑pS§‑n `‑qa‑p‑J¯‑v \‑n¶‑p a\‑pj‑ys‑\ D·‑q‑e\‑w s‑N¿‑p‑h‑m³ hs‑c k‑m[‑y‑a‑m‑I‑p¶ P´‑p‑P‑\‑y‑t‑c‑m‑K‑§Ä Is‑ï‑¯‑s‑¸‑«‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v. k‑wl‑m‑c‑t‑i‑j‑n‑b‑pÅ Bb‑p‑[‑§Ä¡‑p ]Ic‑w i{‑X‑p‑c‑m‑P‑y‑§s‑f I‑og‑S‑¡‑m\‑p‑w I‑q«‑¡‑pc‑pX‑n \S‑¯‑p‑h‑m\‑p‑w C¯c‑w t‑c‑mK‑m‑W‑p‑¡s‑f D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑pt‑a‑m F¶ Bi‑¦b‑p‑w t‑e‑mI‑k‑a‑q‑l‑¯‑n‑\‑p‑ï‑v.

a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W t‑aJ‑e‑b‑nÂ {‑]hÀ¯‑n‑¡‑p¶ FÃ‑m h‑n`‑mK‑w Bf‑p‑IÄ¡‑p‑w C‑u t‑aJ‑e‑b‑ps‑S h³ hfÀ¨‑m‑k‑m‑[‑y‑X‑I‑t‑f‑m‑s‑S‑m¸‑w Dï‑m‑I‑m‑h‑p¶ {‑]i‑v\‑k‑m‑[‑y‑X‑I‑s‑f‑¡‑p‑d‑n¨‑p‑w h‑yà‑a‑mb [‑mcW \ÂI‑W‑w. a‑rK‑t‑c‑mK \‑nb‑{‑´‑W‑w‑, s‑s‑Ph‑a‑m‑e‑n‑\‑y‑k‑w‑k‑v¡cW‑w h‑yà‑n‑i‑p‑N‑n‑X‑z‑w‑, ]c‑n‑k‑c‑i‑p‑N‑nX‑z‑w X‑pS‑§‑nb h‑nj‑b‑§‑f‑nÂ ià‑a‑mb t‑_‑m[‑hÂ ¡cW‑w ]c‑a‑{‑]‑[‑m‑\‑y‑aÀl‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.

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Dr. Deepa ChirayathAssistant Professor, Dept. of Veterinary Clinical Medicine Ethics and Jurisprudence

Filarial parasites are highly evolved nematodes which complete their life cycle in two different hosts, one vertebrate host and another invertebrate host. Definite hosts are vertebrates

which can be either human beings or animals. Intermediate hosts are mostly different species of mosquitoes. Blood of affected vertebrate host contain pre-larval stages of filarial parasites, microfilariae, which enter into mosquitoes when the mosquitoes feed on affected host. Blood sucking mosquitoes can feed on both human beings and animals during their life span and thus a wide variety of filariae of animals may infect humans.

All canine filariae have the potential to infect humans and remain important from a public health perspective (Megat Abd Rani et al., 2010). Dirofilaria repens, Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi, and Acanthocheilonema reconditum were reported from dogs in Kerala. (Radhika, 1997, Suprabha and Devada, 2003, Sabu et al., 2005, Anup et al., 2006, Ambily, 2009 and Ravindran et al. 2010). Among the different filariae, D. repens and B. malayi are the common species found in dogs in Kerala.

Dirofilaria repens infection is common in dogs in Kerala and it is now considered as an emerging zoonosis causing subcutaneous dirofilariasis in humans (Sabu et al., 2005). Recently pre-larval stages of filariae- microfilariae similar to human filarial parasite Brugia malayi have been reported in dogs from Kerala (Ambily, 2009, Ambily et al., 2011, Chirayath, 2013). Ravindran, (2010) also reported the presence of a filarial worm (Brugia sp.) in dogs whose microfilariae showing similar acid phosphatase staining as that of Brugia malayi. Recent researches reveal that dogs of Kerala harbor microfilariae of D. repens and B. malayi. Infections due to both these filarial parasites are prevalent in human beings of Kerala state. Our state is endemic for lymphatic filariosis due to B. malayi. Detection of B. malayi in domestic dogs, in a highly endemic area for

Canine filariosis in Kerala and its public health significance

One Health


lymphatic filariasis, poses great threat to the control and eradication of human lymphatic filariasis. The role of dogs (and cats) as reservoirs of brugian filariasis has important implications for parasite control strategies. If canine and feline reservoir hosts exist in these areas, a more inter-sectorial approach in control strategies may be required in addition to the traditional use of mass drug administration programs advocated by the World Health Organization.Therefore, accurate differentiation of canine microfilariosis and successful treatment and elimination of microfilariae from canine host is very important from the public health aspect.

On giemsa staining of peripheral blood smears, D. repens microfilariae appears unsheathed, bright blue in colour with clear demarcation of head space, nerve ring, excretory pore and anal pore and tail (Chirayath et al. 2015). They have a smoothly curved body. Cephalic end appear conical with two or three nuclei in the anterior end of the head space. The tail was long and tapering, free of any nuclei. B. malayi microfilariae are sheathed ones. They have a bluish violet coloured body and a pink colored sheath extending beyond both the anterior and posterior ends (Figure 1). Microfilariae are smaller in size compared to the unsheathed microfilariae and have multiple kinks over the body. The anterior end is blunt and there is a clear area devoid of nuclei called head space or cephalic space. Cephalic space is twice long compared to the width and devoid of any nuclei.

In general, anorexia, pyrexia and congested mucous membranes are common symptoms in microfilariosis. Dermatological, gastrointestinal, respiratory and nervous symptoms, renal failure and coagulopathies have been associated with microfilariosis caused by unsheathed microfilaria of D. repens. Lymphatic, ophthalmological and reproductive problems are associated with sheathed microfilariae of B. malayi.

For unsheathed microfilariae, single day oral administration of microfilaricidals such as Ivermectin 100 µg/kg body weight is effective where as for sheathed microfilariae, levamisole @7.5 mg/kg body weight for 7 days is effective. It is better to administer prednisolone at anti inflammatory dosage during treatment of severe microfilariosis in order to prevent the unwanted inflammatory response in the body.

ReferencesAmbily, V.R. 2009. Clinico-therapeutic studies on

canine microfilariosis. M.V.Sc. thesis, Kerala agricultural University, Thrissur, 137 p.

Ambily, V.R., Pillai, U.N., Arun, S., Pramod, S. and Jayakumar, K.M. 2011. Detection of human filarial parasite B. malayi in dogs by histochemical staining and molecular techniques. Vet. Parasitol. 181: 210-214

Anup, J.K., Pradeep, S.V., Baby, P.G., Subramanian, H. and Sreekala, S. 2006. Prevalence, micrometry and serum protein profile in microfilarial infection of dogs. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 37: 44-47

Chirayath, D. 2013. Molecular characterization and therapeutic management of microfilariosis in dogs. Ph.D. thesis, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, 173 p.

Chirayath, D., Alex, P.C. and Usha, N.P. 2015. Microscopic characteristics of canine filariosis in Thrissur district of Kerala. Ind. Vet. J., 92: 81-82

Megat Abd Rani, P. A., Irwin, J.P, Gatne, M., Coleman, G.T., Mcinnes, M.L., and Traub, R.J. 2010 A survey of canine filarial disease of veterinary and public health significance in India. Parasites and Vectors. 3: 30

Radhika, R.1997. Prevalence, clinical pathology and treatment of microfilariosis in dogs in Thrissur. M.V.Sc thesis. Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur.122 p.

Ravindran, R. 2010. Investigation on the role of dogs in the transmission of brugian infections to humans and molecular epidemiology of filarial infections (020/SRSAGR/2006/CSTE). KCSTE. Kerala. 78 p.

Sabu, L. Devada, K. and Subramanian, H. 2005. Dirofilariosis in dogs and humans in Kerala. Indian J. Med. Res. 121: 691-693

Suprabha, P. and Devada, K. 2003. Detection of canine microfilariosis in Thiruvananthapuram. Anim. Welfare Prod. J. Blue Cross Society. 1: 7-8


Torsion of uterus or twisting of uterus on its own long axis is not so uncommon a case faced by a practicing veterinarian. Often it goes unnoticed till the animal shows the signs of

parturition and the animal fails to deliver in spite of severe strain-ing. Then the case comes before a vet for examination. So cases of torsion of uterus are usually diagnosed only at the time of par-turition. Rarely more severe cases of ‘complete torsion’, wherein blood supply to the uterus is completely cut off causing ischemia and gangrene of the myometrium and may exhibit symptoms of abdominal pain and colic well before the time of parturition. Most often, torsion of uterus appears as a complication of first or early second stage of labour.

IncidenceThe incidence of torsion is more common in the advanced

stages of gestation when the center of gravity and center of buoy-ancy of the foetus which is situated in the dorsally curved uterine horn, always hav-ing a tendency to twist on its long axis.

Dr. R JayachandranDisease Investigation OfficerChief Disease Investigation Office, Palode

Correction of Torsion of Uterus In Ruminants by Wooden Plank Method

Other Scientific Article


Etiology The instability of gravid uterus with greater cur-

vature on the dorsal side, along with other causes like foetal over weight, accidental rolling of cow, hill terrains etc usually leads to torsion. Usually torsion of uterus occur as a complication of first stage or early second stage of labour. Though causes like accidental rolling of cow can cause torsion any time prior to par-turition, it is very rare.

Clinical symptomsIf torsion occurs in the first stage of labour, the

symptoms usually appear as a prolonged period of restlessness and straining. Cow usually lies down and stand up at frequent intervals with a very anxious expression. Sometimes it kicks the abdomen due to severe pain. But the labour never progress to the sec-ond stage. If not closely observed by the owner, these symptoms may go unnoticed leading to further com-plications like death of foetus, maceration, toxemia ,rupture of uterus etc. due to delay in seeking veteri-nary assistance.

On clinical examination, sometimes an uneven-ness of the external vulval lips can be noticed external-ly in very severe cases, due to the stretching & twisting of vaginal mucosal folds. In most cases, the twisting on long axis of uterus include the vaginal mucosa also posterior to cervical opening (post cervical torsion). In very rare cases, torsion can be pre cervical also.

Per vaginal examination reveals spiral folds of mu-cosa of vagina, careful palpation of which gives a clue to the direction of torsion especially in post-cervical torsion.

If torsion occurs in early second stage of labour, usually foetal extremities will be presented in the cervix, and may be misdiagnosed as dystocia due to faulty foetal position. Only on palpation of the deep interior of birth canal (which often is very difficult due to the tight twisting of birth canal around the foetus), the condition can be diagnosed as torsion.

DiagnosisA prolonged first stage of labour, failure of delivery

in spite of severe straining, presence of spiral, oblique mucosal fold in vagina, difficulty in access to cervix etc helps in the diagnosis of torsion of uterus. In pre cervi-cal torsion, the diagnosis can only be made by careful per rectal examination. In cases of torsion in early sec-ond stage of labour, foetal extremities will be present-ed in vaginal canal in abnormal positions.

TreatmentAssessing the direction of torsion is the key to suc-

cess in the non surgical correction of torsion of uterus.

In post cervical torsion this can be easily done by carefully palpating the direction of the oblique spiral vaginal mucosal folds. Right sided torsion is the most common type. Left sided torsion, though rare, is not uncommon. The presence of rumen on the left side prevents the left sided twisting of the uterus. The au-thor has attended about 20-25 cases of torsion in large and small ruminants, out of which only three were left sided torsion. In right sided torsion, the direction of the mucosal spiral fold is progressing anteriorly to-wards the right side in the vaginal canal. In left sided torsion it is vice versa.

In cases where foetal extremities are present in the birth canal, the torsion can be corrected by twist-ing the uterus to the opposite side of torsion using the foetus as a tool. For this the foetal limbs (forelimbs in anterior presentation and hind limbs in posterior presentation) are crossed diagonally and rotated in the opposite direction of torsion. This is easier said than done. Those vets who have tried this know the extent of effort required for this procedure. The foetal extremities present within the uterus, increased intra abdominal pressure when the cow is in recumbency, space availability within the cattle shed etc are some of the several factors interfering with this procedure in field condition. A live foetus may give good result due to its own struggling. However, a dead foetus with rigor mortis, may not give the result as expected.

The second method is to roll the cow in the same direction of torsion to unwind the twisting. For this, the animal is cast on the same side of torsion, fore-limbs and hind limbs are tied up separately and with the help of assistants, the animal is rolled to the same side of torsion quickly. When the body of the animal is rolled to the same side of torsion quickly, before the uterus bearing the weight of the foetus moves along with, the torsion is corrected. But it requires a lot of at-tempts, since usually the uterus also moves along with the body. The success can be assessed by per vaginal examination after each attempt.

Another method is a modified form of the above method, in which a wooden plank is used to press on the abdomen firmly to prevent rotation of the uterus while rotating the body of dam. After casting on to the same side of torsion, a wooden plank is placed in a slanting manner over the para lumbar area with one end of wooden plank touching the ground. One


person start climbing the wooden plank to apply his body weight on the belly of cow to hold the uterus firmly, while other persons roll the body of the cow to

the same side of torsion. This method generally gives good results and usually only one rolling is enough to correct torsion

Correction of right sided torsion with wooden plank method

Correction of left sided torsion with wooden plank methodRolling towards right side for correction of right sided torsion

Placing the wooden plank

After completing the rotation

Applying pressure by climbing towards the plank

Delivering the calf after correction of torsion


Some prefer placing wooden plank from the ven-tral side of the animal. But in this case when the ani-mal is rolled, the belly moves away from the cone of the angle formed by the wooden plank. But when the wooden plank is placed from the dorsal side of the an-imal as shown in the pictures above, when the body is rotated ,the belly is firmly held in the cone of the angle formed by the wooden plank and floor, thereby mak-ing the correction easy. This method gives successful results in a single attempt.

Surgical correction of torsion is yet another alter-native, but usually resorted to only when the above methods fail. Manual correction of torsion through a laparotomy wound or direct caesarean operation can be done as indicated.

Common complications are death of foetus, maceration, toxemia of dam, rupture of uterus due to strong myometrial contractions or injury from foetal

extremities, subsequent peritonitis etc. All these usu-ally result from a delay in veterinary assistance or neg-ligence of owner. In some cases after the correction of torsion the cervix remain closed. In such cases also caesarean operation is indicated.

ConclusionWooden plank method of correction of torsion

proved to be a very successful method in veterinary obstetrics in field conditions. If attended in time, the lives of both calf and dam can be saved by this meth-od. In small ruminants like goats, this can be done very simply by applying pressure with our palm on a small wooden plank. But extreme care is needed, as trauma to the uterus by excess handling or rupture due to tor-sion easily leads to shock and death in goats.

(Ref:- Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics by G.H. Arthur, D.E. Noakes and H.Pearson.)

CENTRAL MEDICALSEdackadu Market Junction, Thadiyoor, Pathanamthitta

Phone: 0469-2655564, 9846373730


Proper housing, proper feeding, good health and ideal management are prerequisites for good reproductive performance of cattle. Feeding has a major role to

play. By attaining 35-45 % of mature body weight, normally heifers become sexually mature and able to reproduce. As the feeding level increases, the age at puberty decreases. Average age of puberty is 7 -18 months. Deficient energy intake adversely affects reproductive performance. Dairy heifers should be growing at a rate of 0.7 kg/day to achieve optimum fertility. Cows which have lost least weight after calving and were gaining weight at the time of service had a higher chance of conceiving to first service than those cows which exhibited a lower recovery of body weight during early lactation.

While doing inseminations, our aim is to get higher conception percentage. For that, we should take extreme care in the following aspects:

Field Level Practical Tips For Getting Maximum Conception Rate In Cattle

Dr. V PrasanthAssistant Director, Special Livestock Breeding Programme, KannurMob: 9447263687 email: [email protected]



i) Care should be taken not to lift the canister con-taining semen straws above the lower neck level of the container (most of the time semen loading will be done by non-technical staff). The temperature of the liquid nitrogen is -1960C, temperature at the upper part of the container where there is nitro-gen vapour is -1840C and temperature at the lower neck level of the container is -1490C. But tempera-ture at the upper neck level is +150C. If we lift the straws up to upper neck level of the container, then there is no meaning in doing further insemina-tions using that particular s traws.

ii) After lifting the canister to the lower neck level of the container (maximum allowed level) we should manage to take straws out within 10-12 seconds. Otherwise canister should be lowered back into the liquid nitrogen.

iii) One should not take one straw after the other without giving one minute time between lifting.

iv) Use only precooled forceps for taking straws.

Care should be taken to inseminate only animals in proper heat. Advise owners not to expose animals to stress both before and after insemination. The vul-val lips of the animal should be properly separated to avoid chance of introducing infection into reproduc-tive tract during insemination.

Regarding the site of deposition of semen, there are different options. For better results, it is advisable to deposit half the quantity semen at anterior cervix and the other half from anterior cervix to middle cer-vix by withdrawing the tip of gun through the cervical folds. Avoid any minor injury to the cervix. It is better to deposit at the part of the cervix up to where it is pos-sible to pass gun without causing injury, than deposit-ing at anterior cervix after making prolonged efforts to pass gun by causing injuries in the cervical folds. It is found that immediately after insemination, tickling at lower part of vulval lips hastens timely ovulation. Don't hesitate to do repeat inseminations, if heat signs persist for 24 hours of last insemination. Metoestral bleeding in mild quantity is normal. But if it is profuse, then antibiotic coverage is a must.

Embryonic and fetal death in apparently healthy cattle is possible up to 20-50% of the pregnant ani-mals. If the embryonic death occurs before 12th day of the oestrus cycle, animal will have oestrus at the regu-lar interval. Maximum embryonic death occurs during first 10 days of insemination. Hence proper advice has to be given to the farmers not to expose inseminated animal to the hot sun for 10 days after insemination.

Investigation of both feeding and management prac-tices is also a must for giving better advice.

Perform thorough examination, if animal fails to conceive even after two inseminations. Timely treat-ment should be provided. There are many causes for infertility, of which nutrition plays the major role. This is clearly evident especially in the case of SLBP ani-mals, which get adequate and better nutrition. The percentage of Permanent Total Disability claims of SLBP animals that arise due to reproductive reasons is very low.

Beyond nutritional issues, other major infertility problems that we face, in the field, are ‘repeat breed-ering’ (cyclic non-breeders) and ‘prolonged oestrus’. The repeat breeder condition can occur only if there is failure of fertilization or embryonic death before 12th day of the oestrus cycle. Causes can be infertile semen, incorrect timing of insemination, nutritional imbal-ances (deficiency or excess), occluded uterine tubes, anatomical defects, endometritis, delayed ovulation, anovulation and luteal deficiency. Presently the more common causes are mild endometritis, delayed ovu-lation, anovulation and luteal deficiency. So after rul-ing out other causes, the treatment should be aimed to correct the common causes. Do inseminations at proper heat and give parentral antibiotics (streptope-ncillin/amoxicillin and cloxacillin) for three days. In addition, at the time of insemination GnRH (Receptal 2.5ml) intramuscularly and on the 7th, 14th and 21st day of insemination, progesterone (250/500 mg) intra-muscularly would be ideal.

Check for cysts in case of Prolonged Oestrus. Then treat accordingly based on the type of cyst. Otherwise inseminate the animal 24 hours after of the beginning of heat and give antibiotics for the next three days. At the time of insemination, GnRH intramuscularly would be appropriate. Don't forget the repeat inseminations, if the heat persists for more than 24 hours. Before start-ing hormonal treatment, causes of infertility need to be diagnosed and management failures in proper housing and feeding must be corrected. Without proper manage-ment, the use of intensive hormonal treatments will not improve reproductive performance.

Majority of the reproductive problems in cattle can be solved by coordinated scientific approach of the vet-erinarian and farmer. However, a few cases may not be rectified. It is the veterinarian’s responsibility to think seriously about the economics of cattle rearing and give timely advice to the farmers for disposal of animals with uneconomic conditions and incurable defects.


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Manufacturer of Allopathic and Veterinary Medicines.


Poultry production sector in India has taken a quantum leap in the last five decades, emerging from backyard farming prac-tice to commercial production system with state-of-the-art

technological interventions. Being the third largest broiler meat producer in the world, broiler industry in India has a 90,000 crore market. Poultry meat production was estimated to be 3.8 million tons in 2014. There is an ample scope for the growth of poultry meat industry in India in view of the wide gap existing between the recommended and actual levels of consumption and availability of poultry meat (Saran et al, 2005).

The contract farming systems, small holder participation, low-er market price, and the vertical integration of broiler enterprises coupled with economic growth have been the major reasons for this spectacular advance of poultry meat industry in India (Mau-rice et al, 2004). Being a commodity that is vulnerable to produc-tion and market risks, it is almost impossible for small holders in India to enter poultry farming without contract farming. Contract broiler farming is witnessing tremendous progress in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra (Thamizhelvi and Rao, 2010; Kalamkar, 2012; Murthy and Madhuri, 2013).

Role of Contract Farming in the Development of Kerala's Poultry SectorMarykutty Thomas Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad


Chip 'n' Chick


Although much later than the neighboring states, Kerala has been witnessing a steady yet silent prog-ress in the last five years in this segment. The broiler birds reared in Kerala showed a rising drift from 16.78 crores in 2009 (Department of Economics and Sta-tistics, 2009) to 44.52 crores in 2013 (Department of Economics and Statistics, 2014) those meeting 32.88% and 52.42% of domestic demands in 2009 and 2013 respectively. Needless to say, the renaissance and growth of broiler farming industry in the state is pro-pelled by contract farming. Broiler sector is not only providing livelihood security to many small holder farmers but also to two to three times that number of households who are depending on these farms.

Contract FarmingWith Globalization and market liberalization, the

agro-marketing system has metamorphosed into an organized, consumer-driven, highly competitive sec-tor. Consequently, agriculture has diversified out from traditional subsistence farming towards demand driv-en high value agriculture. Transformation into vibrant entrepreneurs catering to new dynamic markets, though not so easy, is probably the only viable option for small holders. Peasant farmers are confronted with constraints in accessing market, inputs, technol-ogy, credit, resources and services and of production risks among many others (Gulati et al, 2010; Birthal 2008; IFAD, 2015).

Contract farming and co-operatives are the two institutional support options available for small hold-ers to tackle the aforementioned challenges and to build up their linkages with modern markets and supply chains (Mudhary, 2013). Contract farming can be described as an agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketing firms for the production and supply of agricultural products with conditions arranged in advance (Baumann, 2000;Eaton and Shepherd, 2001). Legally, farming contracts involve the sellers’ (farmers’) obligation to supply the volumes and qualities as specified, and the buyers’ (processors’/ traders’) obligation to off-take the goods and realize payments as agreed (Will,2013).Contract farming imparts many benefits like strengthening farm firm linkages, institutional support and market assurance (Baumann, 2000; Vermeulen and Goad,2006; Palieti and Sabrie,2013).

Contract farming involving small holders plays a crucial role in the expansion of broiler sector world-wide with an annual growth of 5%. Almost all the broiler poultry in United States, Brazil, Malaysia and

Thailand are produced through contract farming (Goodwin et al, 2005; UNCTAD, 2009.Areerat et al, 2012; Majida and Hassan, 2014).

Organizational structure and social aspects of contract broiler farming in Kerala

Two broad types of broiler farming systems are functioning in Kerala. Contract and non contract type. In, non-contract type, the integrator supplies the in-puts like chick, feed, medicine and technical knowhow to farmers on regular cash basis. The farmer takes the responsibility of land, infrastructure, labour and sale of birds. The non-contract poultry growers constitute approximately 30% of the total broiler farming com-munity. Contract type, comprising of 70% of broiler farmers is the focus of present discussion.

The model for contract broiler farming in the state is centralized model where the buyers provided most of the inputs such as chick, feed medicines, transport and technical advice and controls most of the produc-tion aspects with an assurance for buy back broiler birds. The farmers afford the sheds, equipment, water, electricity, litter and labour.

The buyers/integrators are associated with large number of farmers. The relation with the integrator and the farmer is vertically organized. The integrator or their agents have relationships with the individu-al farmers rather than farmer groups or associations. The birds are marketed by the integrator though local retail outlets without processing. The high demand in the local market itself attracts the big broiler compa-nies to this area. The farmers commence broiler farms after getting proper certificates and license from local self-government department, pollution control board and health department.

In a recent survey conducted among contract broil-er farmers in Malappuam and Palakkad districts, it was found out that most of the broiler farmers were youth below 40 years of age and broiler farming was the main source of income for them. Surprisingly, most of farmers had the broiler farms on lease land indicating that most of them are small holder land less farmers. Gulathi et al (2008) opined that contract farming is meant for small farmers as an institutional support or platform to rise above the level of subsistence farming and participate in high value agriculture.

Though flock size ranges from 560 to 2000, most of the farmers have bird strength of 2500- 5000 birds as they can manage with their own family labour. The small farmers could provide abundant disguised la-bour into farming system. Contract farming provides them the opportunity to translate their disguised family labour into livelihood opportunities.


Mostly, there are no written contracts or agree-ments between the integrators and farmers. Both the farmers and integrators reveal that contract broiler farming is based on the foundation of mutual trust.

Economical aspects of contract broiler farming in Kerala

The fixed cost comprising of construction of shed and purchase of equipments is solely borne by the integrator. Expenditure for the construction of 2000 bird unit is 2 and 1.25 lakhs respectively for tin and plastic sheet roofed sheds. More than 97% of the vari-able cost of production including the cost of chick and feed cost is afforded by the integrator. The variable cost incurred by the farmer is in a range of Rs. 2.25 to 3 per kg of live bird and comprises of electricity and wa-ter charges and litter and maintenance cost. The gross return for the contract farmer is around Rs. 6.5/kg live weight produced. The net returns excluding the fixed cost, earned by the contract farmer is Rs.4 per kg live body weight. One can rear 5-6 batches in a year. Break even will attain at 8 to 9 batches. Being a commodi-ty that is susceptible to production and market risks, contract farming provides excellent livelihood oppor-tunities for small holder broiler farmers in Kerala.

Future prospectsThe annual broiler meat consumption was 112580

tons in 2013 in Kerala (Department of Economics and Statistics, 2014) where 97% of population is non-veg-

etarians. Forty eight percent of the domestic demand for broiler poultry meat is met from neighboring states especially Tamil Nadu. There is ample scope for further expansion of broiler poultry farming in the state

Contract broiler producers mainly comprise of small holder marginal farmers. Contract farming min-imizes the production and market risks of the broiler farmers here. However, contract farming can work only under enabling environment conditions. The various stakeholders have their own roles in providing such environment for contract farming. Government should frame a long term vision for agribusi-ness development. They can support the farmers by formulating legal frame works, proper regulations and guide-lines. The responsibility of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univer-sity in the promotion of contract broiler farming in the state is immense. Veterinary extension services, technology transfer, and research are the key areas where the university can intervene.

M/S. FARHA MEDICALSVadakke Junction, Vilappilsala

Thiruvananthapuram


ABSTRACTHydroponics fodder production technology involves

growing of plants in water without soil. Maize, barley, oats, cowpea, wheat, sorghum and alfalfa seeds can be used for hydroponic cropping. In India, maize is the most suitable crop for hydroponic fodder production because of its easy availability, biomass production and growth potential. One kg of maize grain can give 6 to 8 kg of hydroponics maize fodder within 7-10 days of time and compared to conventional fodder, only 2-3% of water is required for the production of hydroponic fodder.

Key words: Hydroponics fodder, conventional fodder, mazie, feed resource

INTRODUCTION Animal production plays a significant role in income

and employment generation and it accounts for about 30 per cent of entire GDP output from the agricultural sector in India. India is facing huge shortage of feed and fodder resources for ensuring the sustainable livestock produc-tion. The various constraints faced by dairy farmers for production of green fodder include unavailability of land

Hydroponics Fodder Production and its Potential Use

as a Livestock Feed Resource

Rajkumar G., Shyama K. and Dipu M. T*Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur- 680 651Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University*Corresponding Author: Dr. Dipu M.T., Assistant Professor, CPPR, Mannuthy [email protected]



for fodder cultivation, overgrazing in the limited area under fodder crops, scarcity of water or saline water and poor availability of good quality fodder seeds or fodder varieties. Furthermore, the non availability of green fodder throughout the year adversely affects the production and performance of dairy animals. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to explore and de-velop the possibility of improving the fodder produc-tion in a better way.

Hydroponics fodder production technology has emerged as an alternate among dairy farmers in ur-ban areas, who do not have enough land to cultivate the required quantity of green fodder. Kerala Dairy Development Department has introduced a scheme to implement hydroponics fodder production unit for 14 and 10 farmers in Thrissur and Kannur districts (Manoj, 2015). Production of hydroponics fodder in-volves growing of plants, especially cereals and le-gumes in water without soil or nutrient rich solution in a green house for a period of 7-10 days (Bradley, and Marulanda, 2000). Plants are growing in this technol-ogy under a wide variation of temperature (220C to 270C) and humidity (70% to 90%). The sprouting fa-cilitates the improvement of total proteins, fat, certain amino acids especially lysine, total sugars and B-com-plex vitamins present in sprouting grains.

At the onset, it was thought that hydroponic for-age can be produced only by hi-tech greenhouse (automatic or semi-automatic); but, later on it was proved that it can also be produced by low cost de-vices or shade net structure (Naik et al., 2013). In low cost system, racks can be prepared by bamboo sticks or stainless steels, which depend on the tray size. Au-tomated or semi-automated irrigation system can be incorporated with the help of micro sprinklers.

Hydroponics fodder cropsDifferent type of forage crops viz. maize, barley,

oats, cowpea, sorghum, wheat and alfalfa can be pro-duced by this technology. The choice of hydroponic fodder to be produced depends on the geographical and agro climatic conditions and also on the seed availability. Under the Indian context, maize grain can be used for production of hydroponics fodder due to its easy availability, lower cost, good biomass produc-tion and better growing potential (Naik et al., 2015). The grain used should be clean, sound, undamaged and free from insect or fungus infestation.

Production of hydroponics fodder Seed preparation and sprouting

Seeds should be cleaned from debris and foreign materials before loading in trays. Soaking of seeds, where there is a rapid uptake of water for facilitating the metabolism and utilization of reserve materials of the seeds for the growth and development of plants is a very important step during production of hydropon-ic forage. Maize seeds are soaked in water from 4 (Naik et al., 2015) to 12 hours (Krishi, 2015) and seeds are kept in gunny bag for 24-48 hours during which the sprout-ing can also occur.

IrrigationAutomated or semi automated water spraying

systems should be installed and spraying of water de-pends on the requirement. It has been reported that hydroponic fodder production requires only about 2-3% of the water used under field conditions to pro-duce the same amount of fodder (Al-Karaki and Al-Hashimi, 2012). One kg of hydroponics maize fodder requires about 1.5 (if water is recycled) to 3 liters (if water is not recycled and drained out) of water (Naik et al., 2013).

The use of nutrient solution for production of hy-droponics fodder is not essential as it can also be pro-duced by fresh tap water.

Growth and yield of hydroponics fodderThe starting of germination and visibility of roots

varies with the type of seeds used for hydroponics fod-der production. In case of maize seeds germination starts after 1 or 2 days and the roots are clearly visible after 2 or 3 days. The grains are generally kept inside the green house for 7 days and on eighth day, the for-age is harvested for feeding of animals.

The fresh yield and dry matter (DM) content are important criteria for successful hydroponics fodder production. Hydroponics maize fodder has given 5 to 6 folds production [1 kg seed produces 5-6 kg fodder] and its DM content varies from 11-14% on the seventh day of cultivation (Naik et al., 2013). One kg of maize seed has given 8 kg of hydroponic maize fodder with 18.25% of DM content on the eighth day of cultivation (Krishi, 2015). In case of hydroponics barley fodder, four fold increase from their original weight is report-ed (Dung et al., 2010). The production cost of one kg hydroponic maize fodder varied from Rs. 2-3 for home-grown seeds to Rs. 3-3.5 for purchased seeds (Naik et al., 2013).

Nutrient content of hydroponic fodderDuring sprouting of grains, there are changes in

the nutrient content of plants. The nutrient contents


of hydroponics fodder are superior to common non-le-guminous fodders, but comparable to leguminous fodders. In camparison to conventional maize fodder, the hydroponics maize fodder contains more crude protein (13.6 vs 10.7%), ether extract (3.5 vs 2.3%) and nitrogen free extract (66.7 vs 51.8%); however, the crude fibre content is low (14.1 vs 25.9 %) (Naik et al., 2012). The increase in crude protein content can be attributed to the losses in DM. On the eighth day of growth, hydroponics barley fodder has DM-13.3%, ether extract - 3.86%, crude protein -14.67% and total ash-4.11% when comparaed to barley seeds, which has DM-91.4%, ether extract-1.9%, crude protein-11.73% and total ash-2.81% (Fazaeli et al., 2012).

Performance of animals with hydroponics fodder

Hydroponics green fodder is palatable and is well relished by dairy animals. The intake of fresh hydro-ponics fodder maize by dairy cows can be up to 25 kg/animal/day along with limited amount of concentrate mixture. However, it is recommended to supply 5-10 kg fresh hydroponics maize fodder per cow per day. Feed-ing of hydroponics fodder increases the digestibility of nutrients of the ration, which could be attributed to the tenderness of the fodder due to its lower age. The milk yield was improved by 7.8-13.7% in cows fed ration containing hydroponics forages (Reddy et al., 1988; Naik et al., 2014).

Advantages of hydroponics fodder• Alternate technology for farmers in urban areas

where grazing land is not available

• Suitable technology in areas of water scarcity

• Free from pesticides or herbicides. So it can sup-port the organic milk and meat production

• Grain in the diet of animals can be replaced with hydroponics fodder

Challenges in hydroponic fodder production• High initial investment on green house (machine).

For the cost effective production of hydroponics fodder, future research should be focussed on de-veloping low cost devices suitable to each agro-cli-matic conditions

• Different types of seeds should be evaluvated for their biomass production and nutrient contents

• Feeding strategies for different species of livestock based on hydroponics fodder should be developed and standardised

CONCLUSIONIn future, it is unlikely that green fodder de-

mand of ruminants will rely only on conventional approach. So, alternative startegies need to ex-plored for bridging the gap between demand and supply. The potential of hydroponics fodder should be further evaluated through researches as a viable option to meet the scarcity of feed resources and once the technology is standardized, it should be popularised among farmers.

REFERENCESAI-Karaki, G.N. and AI-Hashimi, M. 2012. Green

fodder production and water use efficiency of some forage crops under hydroponic condition. Internl. Schol. Res. Network. DOI: 10.5402/2012/924672.

Bradley, P. and Marulanda, C. 2000. Simplified hy-droponics to reduce global hunger, Acta Horticulture, vol. 554, pp. 289– 295.

Dung, D.D., Godwin, I.R. and Nolan, J.V. 2010. Nu-trient content and in sacco degradation of hydroponic barley sprouts grown using nutrient solution or tap water. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9 (18): 2432-2436.

Fazaeli, H., Golmohammadi, H.A., Tabatabayee, S.N. and Tabrizi, A.M. 2012. Productivity and nutritive value of barley green fodder yield in hydroponics sys-tem. Wld. Appl. Sci. J. 16(4): 531-539.

Krishi, B.S. 2015. Effect of growing media on nutri-ent profile of conventional and hydroponic maize Vet. sci. 2015. ISSN No 2277 – 8179.

Manoj, E.M. 2015, Hydroponic fodder to revitalise dairy sector. The Hindu. September 20, p.11.

Naik, P.K., Dhuri, R.B., Swain, B.K. and Singh, N.P. 2012. Nutrient changes with the growth of hydropon-ics fodder maize. Ind. J. Anim. Nutr. 29: 161-163.

Naik, P.K., Gupta, M.J., Dhumal G.M. and Singh, N.P. 2013. Low cost devices for hydroponics fodder Production. Ind. Dairyman. 65: 54-58.

Naik, P.K., Dhuri, R.B., Karunakaran, M., Swain, B.K. and Singh, N.P. 2014. Effect of feeding hydropon-ics maize fodder on digestibility of nutrients and milk production in lactating cows. Ind. J. Anim. Sci. 84(8): 880-883.

Naik, P.K., Dhuri, R.B., Swain, B.K. and Singh, N.P. 2015. Production and Utilisation of Hydroponics Fod-der. Ind. J. Anim. Nutr. 2015. 32 (1): 1-9.

Reddy, G.V., Reddy, M.R. and Reddy, K.K. 1988. Nutri-ent utilization by milch cattle fed on rations containing artificially grown fodder. Ind. J. Anim. Nutr. 5(1): 19-22.


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Literary Works


t-U-m. F³. AP-b³ Rtd. Joint Director (AHD)

[email protected](9447324846)

“\‑mg‑q‑c‑n‑¸‑m‑e‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑v \‑mS‑ms‑I Ie‑y‑mW‑w‑’’ \S‑¯‑nb KX‑I‑me‑w H‑mÀ½‑b‑n‑s‑e‑m‑X‑p‑§‑p‑¶‑p. “h‑o«‑p‑a‑r‑K‑§‑f‑nÂ k‑nÔ‑n‑¸i‑p’’ Xs‑¶‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p A¶‑p t‑Ia‑n; ]‑n¶‑oS‑v t‑]c‑d‑n‑b‑m¯ I‑ps‑d \‑mS³ ]i‑p‑¡‑f‑p‑w. kÔ‑y‑m‑t‑\‑c¯‑v as‑®®h‑nf‑¡‑ns‑â Ac‑ï‑s‑h‑f‑n¨ ¯‑nÂ I‑p«‑n‑IÄ ]‑mT‑w Dc‑p‑h‑n‑«‑X‑n‑§s‑\ “R§‑f‑ps‑S h‑o«‑nÂ Hc‑p ]i‑p Dï‑v‑, ]i‑p R§Ä¡‑p ]‑mÂ Xc‑p‑¶‑p. A½ R§Ä¡‑v I‑m¨‑nb ]‑mÂ Xc‑p‑w. ]‑mÂ I‑pS‑n‑b‑v¡‑m‑ª‑mÂ A½ iI‑m‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑w. R‑m³ AÑ‑t‑\‑mf‑w hfÀ¶‑p he‑p‑X‑m‑IW‑w‑’’. I‑me‑wa‑md‑n ]‑ms‑e‑¶‑mÂ I‑p«‑n‑IÄ¡‑p a‑nÂa‑b‑m‑b‑n. t‑Icf‑w Fc‑p‑¯‑n‑e‑p‑IÄ h‑mg‑m¯ \‑mS‑m‑b‑n. I‑mfb‑p‑w Ie‑¸b‑p‑w Fc‑p‑¯‑n‑e‑p‑If‑p‑w X‑pd‑p‑h‑p‑s‑a‑ms‑¡ AhÀ¡‑\‑y‑a‑m‑b‑n. Gäh‑p‑w HS‑p‑h‑n‑e‑mb‑n \‑y‑qP‑\‑t‑d‑j³ I‑pª‑p‑§Ä H¶‑p‑I‑qS‑n a‑pt‑¶‑m‑«‑p‑t‑]‑m‑b‑n. Ah³ Bh‑i‑y‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¶‑p. “a½‑o F\‑n¡‑p A2 ]‑me‑p Xc‑q; R‑m³ ]‑me‑p I‑pS‑n¨‑p ck‑n‑¡s‑«‑’’. t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑â X\X‑p I¶‑p‑I‑me‑n hÀ¤‑§‑f‑mb s‑h¨‑qc‑p‑w I‑mkÀt‑K‑mU‑p U‑mÀ^‑p‑w Xc‑p‑¶‑X‑v Gs‑d H‑uj‑[‑K‑p‑Wh‑p‑w t‑]‑mj‑I‑K‑p‑W‑h‑p‑a‑pÅ A2 ]‑me‑m‑s‑W‑¶‑h³ a\‑Ê‑n‑e‑m‑¡‑n‑b‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. k¦‑c‑hÀ¤‑w ]i‑p‑¡Ä I‑qS‑p‑XÂ ]‑mÂ N‑pc‑¯‑p‑s‑a‑¦‑ne‑p‑w Ah‑b‑ps‑S \‑nt‑X‑y‑\‑b‑pÅ D]‑t‑b‑mK‑w A{‑X Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑I‑c‑a‑m‑h‑n‑s‑Ã¶‑v Ahs‑â t‑U‑mÎÀ Xs‑¶ D]‑t‑Z‑i‑n‑¡‑p¶‑p; AX‑v A1 ]‑me‑m‑W‑t‑{‑X.

F´-mW-v A2 ]-mÂ

]‑me‑nÂ 85 iX‑a‑m\‑w s‑hÅh‑p‑w 15 iX‑a‑m\‑w ]‑mÂ]©‑k‑m‑c‑b‑mb e‑mt‑Î‑m‑k‑p‑w‑, t‑{‑]‑m«‑o‑\‑p‑w‑, s‑I‑mg‑p¸‑p‑w [‑mX‑p‑e‑h‑W‑§‑f‑p‑a‑m‑W‑v. t‑{‑]‑m«‑o³ LS‑I‑¯‑nÂ 80 iX‑a‑m\‑w t‑Ik‑n\‑p‑w (]‑mÂ t‑{‑]‑m«‑o³‑) 20 iX‑a‑m\‑w Jc‑w a‑mä‑nb ]‑me‑p‑a‑m‑W‑v. ]‑me‑ns‑e s‑a‑m¯‑w t‑{‑]‑m«‑os‑â 30 iX‑a‑m‑\h‑p‑w _‑oä‑m t‑Ik‑o‑\‑m‑W‑v. _‑oä‑m t‑Ik‑n‑\‑p‑IÄ {‑][‑m‑\‑a‑mb‑n A2 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n³ A1 _‑oä‑m t‑Ik‑n³ F¶‑n‑§s‑\ cï‑p‑X‑c‑a‑p‑ï‑v. GX‑mï‑v 10000 hÀj‑§Ä¡‑p a‑p¼‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ ]i‑p‑hÀ¤‑§‑f‑ps‑S ]‑mÂ 100 iX‑a‑m‑\h‑p‑w A2 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n³ a‑m{‑X‑a‑S‑§‑n‑b‑X‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p (A2 ]‑mÂ‑). Ah \½‑ps‑S Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑¯‑n\‑p l‑m\‑n‑I‑c‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑XÃ F¶‑p‑a‑m‑{‑X‑aÃ t‑]‑mj‑I‑Z‑m‑b‑Ih‑p‑w K‑pW‑{‑]‑Z‑h‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑o‑s‑S‑t‑¸‑mt‑g‑m I‑pt‑d‑s‑È‑b‑mb‑n P\‑n‑X‑I‑a‑mä‑w hc‑p‑¯‑nb c‑q]‑t‑`‑Z‑a‑mW‑v A1 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n\‑p I‑mcW‑w (A1 ]‑mÂ‑). Aa‑nt‑\‑m Bk‑nU‑p N§‑e‑b‑ns‑e (209‑þ‑m‑

“a½‑o F\‑nb‑v¡‑v

A2 ]‑mÂ Xc‑q‑’’

Vets in Pratice


a‑s‑¯‑) 67‑þ‑m‑w Aa‑nt‑\‑m Bk‑nU‑v I®‑n t‑{‑]‑mf‑o‑\‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w l‑nÌ‑n‑U‑n‑\‑mb‑n ]c‑n‑W‑a‑n‑¨‑t‑X‑ms‑S A1 _‑oä‑m t‑Ik‑n‑\‑S‑§‑nb A1 ]‑mÂ Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑¯‑n\‑p A{‑X ]ä‑n‑b‑X‑s‑Ã¶ kX‑y‑w s‑R«‑t‑e‑ms‑S i‑mk‑v{‑X‑t‑e‑mI‑w Ad‑nª‑p. (A2 ]‑me‑nÂ CX‑v t‑{‑]‑mf‑n‑\‑mb‑n \‑ne‑\‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶‑p‑). Zl\ F³s‑s‑k‑a‑n‑s‑\‑m‑¶‑ns‑\ a‑pd‑n¨‑v Hc‑p “7 Aa‑nt‑\‑m Bk‑nU‑v‑’’ JÞ‑w t‑{‑]‑m«‑o‑\‑nÂ k‑rã‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. _‑oä‑m t‑It‑k‑m‑t‑a‑mÀ^‑n³ þ 7 (BCM - 7) F¶‑d‑n‑b‑s‑¸‑S‑p¶ C‑u Z‑pÀ`‑q‑X‑a‑mW‑v A1 ]‑me‑ns‑â i‑m]‑w. C‑u c‑q]‑t‑`Z‑w h¶ JÞ‑¯‑n\‑v t‑a‑mÀ^‑o³ H‑mt‑¸‑m‑b‑vU‑ns‑â k‑z`‑m‑h‑a‑m‑W‑v B2 ]‑me‑nÂ BCM - 7 Dï‑m‑I‑p‑¶‑n‑Ã. {‑^‑m³k‑v Hg‑ns‑Ib‑pÅ b‑qt‑d‑m‑]‑y³ c‑mP‑y‑§‑f‑n‑s‑e‑b‑p‑w‑, At‑a‑c‑n‑¡‑, Bk‑vt‑{‑X‑e‑nb‑, \‑y‑qk‑n‑e‑m³U‑v F¶‑n‑h‑n‑S‑§‑f‑n‑s‑eb‑p‑w ]i‑p‑¡Ä N‑pc‑¯‑p‑¶X‑v A1 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n³ AS‑§‑nb (A1 ]‑mÂ‑) ]‑me‑m‑W‑v. F¶‑mÂ t‑K‑m¬k‑n hÀ¤ ]i‑p‑¡‑f‑ps‑S ]‑me‑nÂ 70 iX‑a‑m‑\h‑p‑w A2 ]‑me‑m‑W‑v. t‑l‑mg‑vÌ‑n³‑, AbÀ jbÀ F¶‑n‑hb‑v¡‑v A1 P\‑n‑XI K‑pW‑w (A1 ]‑mÂ‑) ]‑me‑m‑W‑v. F¶‑mÂ t‑K¬k‑n hÀ¤]i‑p‑¡‑f‑ps‑S ]‑me‑nÂ 70 iX‑a‑m‑\h‑p‑w A2 ]‑me‑m‑W‑v. t‑l‑mg‑vÌ‑n³‑, AbÀj‑bÀ F¶‑n‑hb‑v¡‑v A1 P\‑n‑X‑I‑K‑pW‑w (A1 Allele) I‑qS‑p‑w. C´‑y³ P\‑p‑Ê‑p‑I‑f‑mb s‑dU‑v k‑nÔ‑n‑, K‑nÀ‑, d‑m¯‑n‑, kl‑n‑h‑mÄ‑, X‑mÀ¸‑mÀ¡À F¶‑nhb‑ps‑S ]‑mÂ 100 iX‑a‑m‑\h‑p‑w A2 K‑pW‑a‑pÅ‑h‑b‑m‑W‑v.

]-me-ns-e s-NI-p-¯-m³

2007‑þÂ s‑Ib‑v¯‑v h‑pU‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑ns‑â “s‑Uh‑nÄ C³ Z a‑nÂI‑v‑’’ F¶ ]‑pk‑vX‑I‑a‑mW‑v A1‑, A2 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n³ AS‑§‑nb ]‑me‑ns‑â s‑s‑hP‑mX‑y N‑n´‑IÄ¡‑p‑w Kt‑h‑j‑W‑§Ä¡‑p‑w hg‑n‑s‑b‑m‑c‑p‑¡‑n‑b‑X‑v. s‑h¨‑qÀ ]i‑p‑h‑ns‑e _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n³ P‑o\‑ns‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑v

t‑U‑m. C.‑F‑w. a‑pl‑½Z‑v F¶ b‑ph‑i‑m‑k‑v{‑X‑Ú³ a®‑p¯‑n s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑I‑mt‑f‑P‑ns‑e P\ä‑nI‑vk‑v h‑n`‑mK‑w s‑{‑]‑m^‑kÀ t‑U‑m. Ì‑o^³ a‑mX‑y‑p‑h‑ns‑â t‑aÂt‑\‑m‑«‑¯‑nÂ \S¯‑nb ]T‑\‑§Ä A2 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑ns‑â k‑m¶‑n[‑y‑w Is‑ï‑¯‑n‑bX‑v Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑c‑w‑K¯‑p ]‑pX‑nb {‑]X‑o‑£‑I‑f‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑n. Ub‑_‑ä‑n‑I‑vk‑v‑, l‑rt‑{‑Z‑m‑K‑w‑, H«‑n‑k‑w‑, kU³ C³^â‑v s‑U¯‑v k‑n³t‑{‑U‑m‑w (SIDS) DZ‑c‑t‑c‑m‑K‑§Ä Chs‑b s‑Nd‑p‑¡‑m³ s‑h¨‑q‑d‑ns‑â A2 ]‑me‑n\‑p Ig‑n‑b‑p‑a‑t‑{‑X. I‑mkÀt‑K‑mU‑p U‑mÀ^‑ns‑â

]‑me‑p \‑nt‑X‑y\ I‑pS‑n‑¡‑p¶ I‑mkÀt‑K‑mU‑p U‑mÀ^‑ns‑â ]‑me‑p \‑nt‑X‑y\ I‑pS‑n‑¡‑p¶ ]‑me‑¡‑m‑«‑p‑I‑m‑c‑\‑mb Hc‑p a‑p³ N‑o^‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n ‑b‑ps‑S A\‑p‑`‑hh‑p‑w h‑yX‑y‑k‑vX‑a‑Ã. t‑\cs‑¯ k‑qN‑n‑¸‑n‑¨X‑pt‑]‑ms‑e Aa‑nt‑\‑m Bk‑nU‑v t‑{‑iW‑n‑b‑ns‑e 67‑þ‑m‑w Ø‑m\¯‑v A2 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n‑\‑nÂ t‑{‑]‑mf‑n\‑p‑w A1 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n³ t‑hc‑n‑bâ‑nÂ l‑nÌ‑n‑U‑n\‑p‑w \‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶‑X‑mW‑v Ch‑b‑ps‑S K‑pW‑\‑n‑e‑h‑m‑cs‑¯ h‑yX‑y‑k‑vX‑a‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. A2 AÃ‑oÂ P‑o\‑ns‑â (A2 Allelegene) k‑m¶‑n[‑y‑w A2 ]‑me‑ns‑\ DÂ¡‑r‑ã‑a‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. BCM - 7 F¶ ]‑me‑ns‑e s‑NI‑p‑¯‑m³ CX‑n‑e‑n‑Ã. X‑ri‑qÀ P‑nÃ‑b‑nÂ s‑I‑mS‑p‑§‑Ã‑qÀ X‑me‑q‑¡‑ns‑e N{‑µ³ a‑mÌÀ¡‑v \‑mS³ P\‑p‑k‑p‑I‑f‑ps‑S Hc‑p t‑iJc‑w Xs‑¶‑b‑p‑ï‑v. k‑wØ‑m‑\¯‑v {‑]P‑\\ \b‑¯‑ns‑â hà‑m‑¡‑f‑mb k‑wØ‑m‑\ ‑I‑¶‑p‑I‑me‑n h‑nI‑k\ t‑_‑mÀU‑v N{‑µ³a‑m‑k‑vä‑d‑ps‑S s‑h¨‑qÀ X\‑na Iï‑v 5 ]i‑p‑¡‑p‑«‑n‑Is‑f h‑neb‑v¡‑p h‑m§‑p‑I‑b‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n.

Bt‑K‑m‑f‑X‑e‑¯‑nÂ ]‑mÂ h‑n]‑W‑\‑c‑w‑Ks‑¯ a‑mä‑§Ä DÄs‑¡‑m‑Å‑m³ ae‑b‑mf‑n b‑v¡‑p Ig‑n‑b‑W‑w. ]‑me‑p‑e‑v]‑m‑Z\ hÀ²‑\‑h‑p‑a‑m{‑X‑w e£‑y‑w hb‑v¡‑p¶ \½‑ps‑S {‑]P‑\\ \b‑¯‑n‑e‑qs‑S t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑e ]i‑p‑¡Ä a‑pg‑p‑h³ k¦‑c‑b‑n‑\‑a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n‑b‑t‑¸‑mÄ Ah‑b‑ps‑S ic‑m‑ic‑n ]‑me‑p‑e‑v]‑m‑Z\‑w t‑Ihe‑w 8 e‑näÀ a‑m{‑X‑a‑m‑W‑v. `‑mc‑n¨ X‑oä‑s‑¨‑eh‑p‑w k‑wc‑£‑Wh‑p‑w DbÀ¶ t‑]‑mj‑Wh‑p‑w k¦‑c‑b‑n\‑w ]i‑p‑¡Ä Bh‑i‑y‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ Ch‑ns‑S Ah‑t‑i‑j‑n‑¡‑p¶ s‑h¨‑qÀ‑, I‑mkÀt‑K‑m‑U‑p‑I‑p‑Å³ F¶‑n‑hs‑b t‑]‑mä‑m³ I‑pdª a‑qe‑[\‑w aX‑n. Ah‑b‑ps‑S ]‑m‑e‑m‑Is‑« s‑Nd‑nb s‑I‑mg‑p‑¸‑p‑I‑W‑§Ä; s‑a¨‑s‑¸« Ca‑y‑mt‑W‑m K‑vt‑f‑m_‑p‑e‑n³‑, s‑a¨‑s‑¸« {‑]X‑n‑t‑c‑m‑[‑t‑ij‑n‑, DbÀ¶ A2 _‑oä‑m‑t‑I‑k‑n³ F¶‑n‑h‑b‑mÂ k‑w]‑p‑ã‑h‑p‑w.

hc‑p¶ \‑mf‑p‑IÄ A2 ]‑me‑n‑t‑â‑X‑m‑W‑v. {‑_‑n«³‑, AbÀe³U‑v‑, Bk‑vt‑{‑S‑e‑n‑b‑, \‑y‑qk‑n‑e‑m³U‑v‑, s‑s‑N\ X‑pS‑§‑nb c‑mP‑y‑§‑f‑n‑s‑e‑ms‑¡ A2 ]‑me‑n\‑v he‑nb U‑na‑mâ‑m‑b‑n‑¡‑g‑n‑ª‑p. A2 ]‑me‑ns‑â DbÀ¶ {‑]X‑n‑t‑c‑m‑[‑t‑i‑j‑nb‑p‑w h‑n]‑W\ k‑m[‑y‑Xb‑p‑w I‑pdª De‑v]‑m‑Z\s‑Neh‑p‑w IW‑¡‑n‑s‑e‑S‑p‑¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ £‑oc IÀj‑IÄ \‑mS³P‑\‑p‑k‑p‑I‑f‑n‑t‑e¡‑v aS‑§‑n‑b‑mÂ AÛ‑p‑X‑s‑¸‑t‑S‑ï‑X‑n‑Ã. I‑mcW‑w “]‑me‑ns‑e s‑NI‑p‑¯‑m³’’ `‑oI‑c‑\‑m‑W‑v.

Friends Goat FarmMalampurath House, Valakuzhy.P.O.

Pathanamthitta(Dist.), Kerala Pin- 689544Ph: 9446754905, 9747415825


“ac‑nb t‑U‑mI‑vdt‑Ã?‑’’ t‑I‑m«b‑w s‑db‑nÂt‑h t‑Ìj\‑nÂ N‑nc‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v AS‑pt‑¯¡‑v h¶ a[‑yhbk‑v¡s‑\ F\‑n¡‑v s‑]s‑«¶‑v ]‑nS‑nI‑n«‑nb‑nÃ. Iï‑p ad¶ a‑pJ‑w.

“At‑X‑’’“t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ¡‑v Fs‑¶ a\k‑ne‑mt‑b‑m?‑’’“t‑]c‑p‑w Øeh‑p‑w ad¶‑p.‑’’ Ceb‑v¡‑p‑w a‑pÅ‑n\‑p‑w t‑IS‑nÃ‑m¯ ad‑p]S‑n.

“R‑m³ 1984 Â Cd¨‑nt‑¡‑mg‑n hfÀ¯Â X‑pS§‑nb k‑pt‑cj‑v.‑’’ “H‑m C¸g‑m H‑mÀ½ h¶X‑v.‑’’ “k‑pt‑cj‑v Ct‑¸‑mÄ F´‑v s‑N¿‑p¶‑p?‑’’ “Cd¨‑nt‑¡‑mg‑n Xs‑¶‑’’“Dt‑Æ‑m? GX‑mï‑v a‑p¸X‑p hÀja‑mb‑n?‑’’ F\‑n¡X‑nib‑w R§Ä¡‑v cï‑p t‑]

À¡‑p‑w t‑]‑mIïX‑v X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc¯‑n\‑v. hï‑n H¶c aW‑n¡‑qÀ s‑eb‑nä‑v. k‑pt‑cj‑ns‑â Cd¨‑nt‑¡‑mg‑n h‑nt‑ij§Ä ]db‑q. H¯‑nc‑ns‑¡‑mÃa‑mbt‑Ã‑m. t‑I‑mg‑n hfÀ¯e‑nÂ Dk‑vX‑mZ‑mbt‑Ã‑m.‑’’

“F´‑m t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ¡‑v Ad‑nbïX‑v?‑’’“X‑pS¡‑w a‑pXÂ‑’’

Cd¨‑nt‑¡‑mg‑nhfÀ¯e‑nÂ a‑p¸X‑mï‑ns‑â ]c‑nNbh‑p‑w ]g¡h‑pa‑mb‑n k‑pt‑cj‑v

t-U-m. ac-nb e-nk a-mX-y-q-tPm‑bnâv U‑b‑d‑ÎÀ (dn‑«.), ar‑K‑kw‑c‑£‑W‑h‑Ip¸v

Vets in Pratice


“84 Â R§Ä a‑q¶‑p t‑]c‑v I‑qS‑n s‑jbÀ Bb‑n«‑m X‑pS¡‑w. A¶‑v‑! t‑I‑mg‑n¡‑pª‑n\‑p h‑ne cï‑p c‑q]. Ad‑p]X‑p Z‑nhk‑w hfÀ¯‑nb‑mÂ 1.800. Hc‑p I‑nt‑e‑mb‑v¡‑v ]¯‑p c‑q] I‑n«‑p‑w.‑’’

“I‑pª‑p§Ä Fh‑nS‑p¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p?‑’’“{‑X‑n¸‑qW‑n¯‑pdb‑ne‑pÅ t‑Icf l‑m¨d‑o¶‑v‑!‑’’“I‑pª‑p§Ä F§s‑\ Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p?‑’’“t‑d‑mk‑v C\¯‑ns‑\ I‑pd¨‑pI‑me‑w hfÀ¯‑n. \Ã

c‑pN‑nb‑pÅ Cd¨‑n‑, {‑UÊ‑v‑ s‑N¿‑p¼‑w \ã‑w I‑pdh‑v. I‑qS‑pXÂ Cd¨‑n I‑n«‑p‑w... ]s‑£ t‑c‑mK§Ä h‑nS‑ms‑X ]‑pds‑I.‑’’

“t‑c‑mK{‑]X‑nt‑c‑m[t‑ij‑n I‑pdh‑v As‑Ã‑’’“As‑X. \½‑ps‑S I‑me‑mhØ ]ä‑nÃ. ]‑ns‑¶ A¶‑v

s‑X‑m«‑n¶‑phs‑c t‑I‑m_‑v C\‑w Xs‑¶. AX‑v ]‑pt‑c‑mKa‑n¨‑v ]‑pt‑c‑mKa‑n¨‑v t‑I‑m_‑v 100‑, t‑I‑m_‑v 200‑, t‑I‑m_‑v 300‑, Ct‑¸‑mÄ t‑I‑m_‑v 400 hs‑cs‑b¯‑n.‑’’

“84 a‑pXÂ 87 hs‑c R§Ä a‑q¶‑mf‑p‑w I‑qS‑n Ht‑c kab‑w ]X‑n\‑md‑mb‑nc‑w t‑I‑mg‑n hfÀ¯‑n. t‑I‑m«b‑w‑, ]‑me‑m A§s‑\ ]e Øe§f‑nÂ t‑\c‑n«‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p h‑ne‑v]\. {‑UÊ‑v‑ s‑N¿‑vX‑mW‑v s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑pI. Hc‑p t‑I‑mg‑ns‑b {‑UÊ‑v‑ s‑N¿‑m³ a‑p¸X‑p s‑s‑]k‑m. As‑¶‑ms‑¡ Cj‑vS‑w t‑]‑ms‑e ]¿³a‑ms‑c I‑n«‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Ahc‑nÂ ]ec‑p‑w Ct‑¸‑mÄ h‑nt‑Zi¯‑v.‑’’ k‑pt‑cj‑v N‑nc‑n¨‑p.

“87 Â s‑jbÀ ]‑nc‑nª‑p. t‑I‑mg‑n hfÀ¯Â \‑nÀ¯‑n ]eNc¡‑v IS X‑pS§‑n.‑’’

“As‑X´‑m t‑I‑mg‑n hfÀ¯Â \‑nÀ¯‑nbX‑v?‑’’ “Ij‑vS¸‑mS‑mW‑v. F¶‑me‑p‑w F\‑n¡‑v k‑zá‑mb‑n

X‑pS§t‑W‑m¶‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]s‑£ hg‑n‑, s‑hÅ‑w‑, Idï‑v Cs‑X‑m¶‑pa‑nÃ‑ms‑X F§s‑\ X‑pS§‑m\‑m. 90 Â k‑zá‑mb‑n s‑jU‑v‑ Dï‑m¡‑n 2000 t‑I‑mg‑nIf‑pa‑mb‑n h‑oï‑p‑w. t‑e‑mW‑n\‑p s‑N¶t‑¸‑mÄ a‑mt‑\PÀ¡‑p k½X‑w... ]s‑£ d‑oP‑nbWÂ a‑mt‑\PÀ¡‑v t‑I‑mg‑n F¶‑v t‑IÄ¡‑p¶X‑pXs‑¶ Ie‑n. t‑I‑mH‑m¸s‑dä‑nh‑v _‑m¦‑v Hc‑p e£‑w c‑q] t‑e‑mW‑p X¶‑p. I‑rX‑ya‑mb‑n R‑m\X‑v AS¨‑p‑w X‑oÀ¯‑p.‑’’

“Fg‑pX‑n¯Å‑ms‑\‑m¶‑p‑w I‑m¯‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ?‑’’ “CÃ. F\‑n¡X‑nj‑vSaÃ. IS‑w Ibd‑p¶X‑v a\‑x{‑]

b‑mka‑m.‑’’“96 hs‑c he‑y I‑pg¸a‑nÃ‑ms‑X t‑]‑mb‑n. 96 Â ]‑nt‑¶‑w

\‑nÀ¯‑n.‑’’“As‑X´‑p]ä‑n?‑’’“k‑n BÀ U‑nb‑p‑w (Chronic Respiratory Disease)‑,

t‑I‑ms‑s‑dt‑k‑w (coryza) Hc‑p ct‑£a‑nÃ. Bd‑pa‑mk‑w AS¨‑n«‑q. s‑jU‑pIÄ BW‑p\‑mi‑n\‑n s‑I‑mï‑v \¶‑mb‑n Ig‑pI‑n‑, s‑s‑hä‑p h‑mj‑v s‑Nb‑v‑X‑p‑, Bd‑pa‑mk‑w s‑hd‑ps‑X C«‑p.‑’’

“AW‑p¡f‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nXN{‑I‑w a‑pd‑n¨‑p At‑Ã‑’’“As‑X. 6 a‑mk‑w Ig‑nª‑v ]‑nt‑¶‑w X‑pS§‑n.‑’’“h‑mI‑vk‑nt‑\j³ Hs‑¡?‑’’“et‑k‑m«b‑p‑w‑, s‑F _‑n U‑n (IBD) b‑p‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑p‑w.

et‑k‑m« BZ‑y Z‑nhk‑w Xs‑¶ s‑F_‑nU‑n 9‑þ14 Z‑nhk¯‑ns‑\Sb‑v¡‑v.‑’’

“s‑hÅ¯‑nÂ At‑Ã?‑’’“AÃ. cï‑p‑w Hc‑p X‑pÅ‑n I®‑nt‑e‑m‑, a‑q¡‑nt‑e‑m.‑’’“]W‑n I‑qS‑pXet‑Ã?‑’’“F¶‑me‑p‑w I‑pg¸a‑nÃ. FÃ‑m I‑pª‑p§Ä¡‑p‑w

I‑n«‑pat‑Ã‑m. s‑hÅ¯‑ne‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mÄ N‑ne I‑pª‑p§Ä I‑pS‑n¡‑nÃ.‑’’

“]‑ns‑¶ Ft‑´‑ms‑¡ s‑N¿‑p‑w?‑’’ 28 Z‑nhka‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mÄ 5 Z‑nhk‑w R‑ms‑\‑mc‑p \‑m«‑pac‑p¶‑v s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑p‑w. X‑oä FSp‑¡‑m\‑p‑w‑, N‑qS‑v s‑I‑mï‑v {‑]i‑v\‑w Dï‑mI‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w‑, t‑c‑mK§Ä hc‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w \ÃX‑m. {‑]t‑X‑yI‑n¨‑v Aä‑m¡‑v.‑’’

“kU³ s‑U¯‑v k‑n³t‑{‑U‑m‑w F¶‑v ]db‑p‑w. Fs‑´‑ms‑¡ t‑NÀ¯‑m ac‑p¶‑pï‑m¡‑p¶X‑v?‑’’

“P‑mX‑n¡‑m‑, I‑pc‑pa‑pfI‑v‑, N‑p¡‑v‑, aªÄ... H‑mt‑c‑m¶‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m I‑nt‑e‑m h‑oX‑w s‑]‑mS‑nb‑v¡‑p‑w. Bb‑nc‑w t‑I‑mg‑n¡‑v CX‑n¶‑v‑ 40{‑K‑m‑w‑, 40{‑K‑m‑w s‑hf‑p¯‑pÅ‑nb‑p‑w AX‑nt‑e¡‑p 150 a‑nÃ‑n k‑v]‑nc‑nä‑p‑w t‑NÀ¯‑v 5 Z‑nhk‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑mÂ t‑I‑mg‑nIÄ Dj‑mÀ... N‑qS‑v I‑qS‑pt‑¼‑mÄ s‑hÅ¯‑nÂ s‑s‑Xt‑c‑m‑, \‑mc‑m§‑m\‑ot‑c‑m t‑NÀ¯‑v s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑p‑w.‑’’

“a‑p¸X‑p hÀjs‑¯ ]c‑nNb‑w s‑I‑mï‑v ]e Iï‑p ]‑nS‑n¯§Ä Dï‑mh‑pat‑Ã‑m.‑’’

“As‑X‑mï‑v. {‑_‑qUÀ \‑y‑pt‑a‑mW‑nb (Brooder pneumonia) Hc‑p {‑]i‑v\‑w Xs‑¶ Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p. t‑IP‑nÂ {‑_‑qU‑n‑wK‑v B¡‑n. At‑X‑ms‑S B {‑]i‑v\‑w ]c‑nlc‑n¨‑p. t‑IP‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w X‑ms‑g h‑og‑p¶ I‑mj‑vTa‑mb‑n AS‑p¯ {‑]i‑v\‑w. _t‑b‑mK‑y‑mk‑v ¹‑m³d‑v Dï‑m¡‑n. AX‑ps‑I‑ms‑ï´‑m R§Ä a‑q¶‑p h‑o«‑pI‑mÀ¡‑pÅ ]‑mNI h‑mXI‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. F¶‑n«‑p‑w C‑uïe‑y‑w Akl\‑oba‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p e‑näÀ t‑^‑mÀa‑me‑n³ Hc‑p e‑näÀ s‑hÅ¯‑ns‑e‑mg‑n¨‑v Hc‑p ]‑m{‑X¯‑nÂ h¨t‑¸‑mÄ C‑u¨ ]d ]d¶‑p.‑’’

“t‑a‑mi‑w s‑hÅa‑mW‑p t‑I‑mg‑n t‑c‑mK§Ä¡‑v {‑][‑m\ I‑mcW‑w F¶‑v‑ F\‑n¡‑v ]dª‑p X¶X‑v s‑I‑maÀf‑m l‑m¨d‑ns‑e t‑{‑]‑wI‑pa‑mÀ t‑U‑mI‑vSd‑m. a\‑pj‑yc‑p I‑pS‑n ¡‑p¶ s‑hÅt‑¯¡‑mÄ \ÃX‑mb‑nc‑n¡W‑w t‑I‑mg‑os‑S


s‑ht‑Å‑m‑w¶‑p‑w. 15 hÀj‑w a‑p¼‑v ^‑ma‑nÂ t‑c‑mK§Ä Hg‑nb‑m_‑m[ Bbt‑¸‑mÄ s‑hÅ‑w t‑I‑mb¼¯‑qÀ s‑I‑mï‑v t‑]‑mb‑n ]c‑nt‑i‑m[‑n¸‑n¨‑p. h‑n«‑pa‑md‑m¯ t‑c‑mK§Ä¡‑v I‑mcW‑w C‑u t‑I‑mf‑n _‑mI‑vS‑oc‑nb‑m. s‑hÅ‑w {‑S‑oä‑v‑ s‑N¿‑m³ ¹‑m³d‑v Ø‑m]‑n¨‑p. {‑S‑oä‑p s‑Nb‑vX‑v b‑p h‑n t‑db‑ne‑qs‑S (UV Ray) IS¶‑phc‑p¶ s‑hÅ‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑m³ X‑pS§‑nbt‑X‑ms‑S t‑I‑mg‑nIÄ¡‑v t‑c‑mK§Ä CÃ‑mX‑mb‑n.‑’’

“¹‑mâ‑n\‑v F{‑Xb‑mb‑n?‑’’“65000/ c‑q]. 15 hÀj‑w a‑p¼‑mW‑v. Hc‑p a‑n\‑nä‑nÂ 16

e‑näÀ s‑hÅ‑w ]‑y‑qc‑ns‑s‑^ s‑N¿‑p‑w.‑’’

“t‑I‑mg‑n¡‑v Ig‑nª s‑I‑mÃs‑¯ h‑nes‑b‑ms‑¡?‑’’“h‑neb‑v¡‑v Ø‑ncX CÃt‑Ã‑m. I‑pª‑n\‑v 15 c‑q] a‑pXÂ

45 hs‑c h¶‑p.‑’’“Cd¨‑n s‑s‑eh‑v I‑nt‑e‑mb‑v¡‑v 30 c‑q] a‑pXÂ 103 hs‑c.‑’’“X‑oä h‑ne a‑m{‑X‑w a‑mäa‑nÃ. I‑nt‑e‑m 30.‑’’“t‑I‑mg‑n C\‑w s‑a¨s‑¸«‑p s‑a¨s‑¸«‑p hc‑pht‑Ã?‑’’“As‑X. 35 Z‑nhk¯‑nÂ ]‑nS‑n¡‑p¶X‑m s‑_Ì‑v‑’’“F{‑X I‑nt‑e‑m I‑mW‑p‑w?‑’’1.600þ1.800 I‑n{‑K‑m‑w

“F{‑X I‑nt‑e‑m X‑oä X‑n¶‑p‑w 35 Z‑nhk‑w s‑I‑mï‑v?‑’’“2 I‑nt‑e‑m þ 600{‑K‑m‑w.‑’’“AX‑v Ig‑nª‑mÂ X‑oä I‑qS‑pXe‑p X‑n¶‑p‑w. AX‑n\

\‑pkc‑n¨‑v X‑q¡‑w s‑h¡‑nÃ. 45 Z‑nhk‑w BI‑p¼‑w ic‑mic‑n 2.400 I‑n{‑K‑m‑w X‑q¡‑w Dï‑mI‑p‑w.‑’’

“X‑oä?‑’’

“i‑m´‑n ^‑oU‑vk‑v. I‑nt‑e‑m a‑p¸X‑p c‑q]. {‑]‑n Ì‑mÀ«À (BZ‑ys‑¯ 10 Z‑nhk‑w‑) ]‑ns‑¶ Ì‑mÀ«À‑, ^‑n\‑njÀ.‑’’

“Hc‑p _‑m¨‑v Ig‑nb‑pt‑¼‑mÄ s‑{‑_b‑v¡‑v s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑pt‑a‑m?‑’’

“CÃ. Bï‑nÂ cï‑p XhW H‑mt‑c‑m a‑mk‑w AS¨‑nS‑p‑w. C‑uÌd‑ns‑â t‑\‑mb¼‑v X‑pS§‑p¶X‑n\‑pa‑p¼‑pÅ Hc‑p a‑mk‑w‑, ]‑ns‑¶ H‑mW‑w Ig‑nª‑v Hc‑p a‑mk‑w.‑’’

“t‑I‑mg‑n hfÀ¯‑n t‑\«t‑a‑m‑, t‑I‑m«t‑a‑m?‑’’

“t‑I‑mg‑n hfÀ¯‑n F\‑n¡‑v ]‑pt‑c‑mKX‑ns‑b DÅ‑q. Øe‑w t‑aS‑n¨‑p‑, cï‑v \‑ne h‑nS‑p h¨‑p‑, I‑md‑v h‑m§‑n‑, a¡Ä a‑q¶‑p t‑]s‑cb‑p‑w ]T‑n¸‑n¨‑p... ]‑ns‑¶ CSb‑vs‑¡‑ms‑¡ H‑mt‑c‑m X«‑v t‑IS‑p I‑n«‑p‑w. AX‑n¸‑w GX‑p _‑nk‑n\k‑n\‑m CÃ‑ms‑¯.‑’’

“s‑{‑Sb‑n³ hc‑md‑mb‑n. kt‑´‑mja‑mb‑n k‑pt‑ct‑j‑’’

“F\‑n¡‑p‑w.‑’’ “t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ hc‑nt‑Ã Fs‑â ̂ ‑m‑w I‑mW‑m³?‑’’

“X‑oÀ¨b‑mb‑p‑w.‑’’

cï‑mg‑vN Ig‑nª‑v R‑m³ k‑pt‑cj‑ns‑â ^‑ma‑ns‑e¯‑n. k‑pt‑cj‑v ]db‑m³ h‑n«‑pt‑]‑mb t‑]‑m«‑v {‑_‑qU‑n‑wK‑v Iï‑p. Ie¯‑nÂ N‑nc«¡c‑n I¯‑n¨‑n«‑v t‑I‑mg‑n¡‑pª‑n\‑v N‑qS‑v ]Ic‑p¶ ]W¨‑neh‑nÃ‑m¯ {‑_‑qU‑n‑wK‑v.

tIm-«p-ImÂ-t¡mWw £o-tcmÂ-]m-Z-I k-lI-c-W kw-Lw(¢n-]vXw) \w. än. 195 (D) APCOS

I«¨Â-¡p-gn ]n.H., t^m¬: 2403436

sk{I-«dn: jn-_pemÂ


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FÃ‑m‑hÀ¡‑p‑w Hc‑p \‑nc‑p‑]a c‑mP‑o‑h‑m‑I‑m³ Ig‑n‑b‑pt‑a‑m F¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w k‑zb‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n‑¨‑mW‑v l‑u H‑mÄU‑v BÀ b‑p k‑n\‑na Iï‑v ]ec‑p‑w ]‑pd‑¯‑n‑d§‑p‑¶‑X‑v. aR‑vP‑p h‑mc‑yÀ Hc‑p c‑m{‑X‑n

a«‑p‑¸‑m‑h‑nÂ N‑mc‑n‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑v Dd‑§‑n‑¡‑g‑n‑b‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ ]‑pec‑n s‑h«‑¯‑nÂ k‑z]‑v\‑¯‑n‑s‑e‑¶‑t‑]‑ms‑e Hc‑p ]‑q¦‑m‑h‑\‑w. h‑oS‑p‑I‑f‑ps‑S a«‑p‑¸‑m‑h‑n‑s‑eÃ‑m‑w ]¨‑¡‑d‑n‑IÄ ]‑q¯‑p‑eª‑p \‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶‑p. AX‑n‑\‑pÅ A[‑z‑m\‑w N‑nÃ‑d‑s‑b‑m‑¶‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑n‑Ã. F¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑]¬a‑\‑Ê‑p‑I‑f‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v B Bib‑w k¶‑n‑t‑h‑i‑n‑¸‑n¨‑v aR‑vP‑p h‑mc‑yÀ k‑n\‑n‑a‑b‑nÂ h‑nP‑b‑n‑¨‑p. I‑pS‑p‑w‑_‑{‑i‑o‑ ]¨‑¡‑d‑n‑I‑rj‑n‑b‑ps‑S K‑pU‑v h‑nÂ A‑w_‑m‑k‑n‑U‑d‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n.

C\‑n‑b‑mW‑v I‑mc‑y‑w. k‑n\‑n‑a‑bÃ P‑oh‑n‑X‑w. AX‑v \ÂI‑p¶ kÀK‑m‑ß‑I‑Xb‑p‑w Bh‑n‑j‑v¡‑mc k‑z‑mX‑{‑´‑yh‑p‑w XÅ‑n‑¡‑f‑b‑m³ Ig‑n‑b‑nÃ F¶X‑p t‑hs‑d. ae‑b‑mf‑n Fs‑¶‑¦‑n‑e‑p‑w C¯c‑w I‑rj‑nIÄ¡‑mb‑n kab‑w \ÂI‑pt‑a‑m F¶X‑v I‑me‑¯‑ns‑â a‑p¶‑nÂ Hc‑p t‑N‑mZ‑y‑a‑m‑W‑v. ac‑p‑`‑q‑a‑n‑b‑nÂ B¸‑nÄ Dï‑m‑I‑p‑¶‑X‑p‑t‑]‑ms‑e AX‑v IT‑n‑\h‑p‑w t‑¢i‑]‑qÀ®‑h‑p‑a‑mb Hc‑`‑y‑m‑k‑h‑p‑a‑m‑W‑v. F¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑md‑p¶ I‑me‑t‑¯‑mS‑v {‑I‑nb‑m‑ßI‑a‑mb‑n CS‑s‑]‑S‑m³ I‑pd‑¨‑p‑t‑]‑s‑c‑¦‑ne‑p‑w Xb‑m‑d‑m‑h‑p‑¶‑pï‑v F¶‑X‑m‑i‑z‑m‑k‑w. I‑rj‑n Bß‑k‑m‑£‑m‑X‑v¡‑m‑c‑¯‑ns‑â Ie‑b‑m‑s‑W¶‑v N‑ne‑s‑c‑¦‑ne‑p‑w X‑nc‑n‑¨‑d‑nª‑p Ig‑n‑ª‑p. Hc‑p I‑me¯‑v \‑mS‑ns‑â k‑zch‑p‑w X‑mfh‑p‑w i‑z‑mkh‑p‑w k‑wk‑v¡‑m‑c‑h‑p‑s‑a‑m‑s‑¡‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ I‑rj‑n Fs‑¶¦‑ne‑p‑w X‑nc‑n‑¨‑p‑ht‑¶ X‑oc‑q. s‑s‑Ib‑nÂ ]W‑w h¨‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑v \‑m‑w ]«‑nW‑n I‑nS‑¡‑p¶ I‑me‑w h‑nZ‑q‑c‑a‑s‑Ã‑¶‑d‑n‑b‑p‑¶‑X‑p‑hs‑c XÂ¡‑me‑w Bi‑z‑k‑n‑¡‑ms‑at‑¶‑b‑p‑Å‑q.

a\‑Ê‑nÂ C\‑nb‑p‑w Ah‑t‑i‑j‑n‑¡‑p¶ ]¨¸‑p‑I‑f‑ps‑S lc‑n‑X‑I‑m‑´‑n‑b‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v H‑mS‑n‑b‑W‑b‑m³ B{‑K‑l‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑hÀ¡‑mW‑v C‑u I‑pd‑n‑¸‑v. {‑]‑mN‑o‑\h‑p‑w I‑pe‑o‑\‑h‑p‑a‑mb Hc‑p s‑X‑mg‑n‑s‑e¶ \‑ne‑b‑nÂ A¶‑¯‑n\‑p‑w Hc‑p

t-U-m ssj³ IpamÀP‑nÃ‑m a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W H‑m^‑okÀCS‑p¡‑n



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s‑Nd‑p hc‑p‑a‑m‑\‑¯‑n\‑p‑w I‑qS‑n DX‑I‑p¶ H¶‑mW‑v I‑rj‑n k‑wc‑w‑`‑§Ä. s‑s‑]¡f‑p‑w ]¨‑¡‑d‑nIf‑p‑w aÕ‑y‑§‑f‑p‑s‑aÃ‑m‑w i‑ne‑v] ]c‑a‑mb Hc‑p `£‑y‑`‑{‑ZX \ÂI‑p‑s‑a‑¶‑X‑nÂ k‑wi‑b‑t‑a‑X‑p‑a‑n‑Ã. k‑zb‑w Hc‑p k‑wc‑w‑`‑I‑\‑m‑I‑m³ ]ec‑p‑w a‑pX‑n‑c‑m‑¯‑X‑n\‑v I‑mc‑W‑§‑f‑p‑a‑p‑ï‑v. h‑nP‑b‑t‑¯‑¡‑mÄ ]c‑m‑P‑b‑I‑Y‑I‑f‑mW‑v I‑qS‑p‑XÂ F¶‑X‑p‑Xs‑¶ a‑pJ‑y‑w. F¶‑mÂ ]c‑m‑P‑b‑s‑¸‑S‑m‑\‑p‑Å‑XÃ k‑wc‑w‑`‑§Ä. I‑rX‑y‑a‑mb Bk‑q‑{‑X‑W‑§‑f‑n‑e‑q‑s‑Sb‑p‑w A\‑p‑`‑h‑§‑f‑ps‑S t‑\c‑d‑n‑h‑q‑s‑Sb‑p‑w AX‑v Dt‑±‑i‑n‑¨‑n‑S‑s‑¯‑¯‑W‑w. I‑pdª ]£‑w AX‑n‑\‑S‑p‑s‑¯‑¦‑n‑e‑p‑w. AX‑n‑\‑pÅ Aá‑n DÅ‑nÂ k‑q£‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑hÀt‑¡ \Ã k‑wc‑w‑`‑I‑\‑m‑I‑m³ Ig‑n‑b‑q. \Ã k‑wc‑w‑`‑I‑c‑m‑I‑m³ hc‑p‑¶‑hs‑c I‑m¯‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶ ]¯‑v k‑wc‑w‑`‑§Ä Ch‑ns‑S Ah‑X‑c‑n‑¸‑n‑¡s‑«.

1-) ]W-w s-N-mc-nb-p-w N-oc

h\‑h‑mk kab‑w Z‑pÀh‑m‑k‑mh‑v alÀj‑nb‑p‑w A\‑p‑N‑c‑·‑mc‑p‑w b‑p[‑n‑j‑vT‑cs‑â I‑pS‑o‑c‑¯‑nÂ kµÀi‑n¨ IY‑t‑b‑mÀ¡‑p‑¶‑p‑ï‑m‑h‑p‑w. £‑n{‑]‑t‑I‑m‑]‑n‑b‑mb Z‑pÀh‑m‑k‑mh‑n\‑p‑w ]X‑n‑\‑m‑b‑nc‑w A\‑p‑N‑c‑·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w I‑pf‑n¨‑v X‑nc‑ns‑I hc‑p¶ ka‑b¯‑v ̀ £W‑w s‑I‑mS‑p‑¡‑m³ Ig‑n‑b‑ms‑X h‑nj‑a‑Ø‑n‑X‑n‑b‑n‑e‑mb ]©‑me‑n I‑rj‑vWs‑\ {‑]‑mÀ°‑n‑¨‑p. A£‑b‑]‑m‑{‑X‑¯‑ns‑â Ig‑p¯‑ne‑nc‑p¶ s‑Nd‑nb N‑oc‑b‑ps‑S Ce `K‑h‑m³ `£‑n‑¨‑t‑X‑ms‑S Z‑pÀh‑m‑k‑mh‑p‑w I‑q«c‑p‑w hbÀ \‑nd‑ª‑X‑p‑t‑]‑ms‑e t‑X‑m¶‑n \‑nj‑v{‑I‑a‑n‑¨‑p‑s‑h¶‑v al‑m‑`‑m‑cX‑w h\‑]Àh‑w ]d‑b‑p‑¶‑p‑ï‑v.

N‑oc‑b‑n‑e‑b‑ps‑S CX‑n‑l‑mk X‑pe‑y‑a‑mb CS‑s‑]‑Ss‑e¶‑v CX‑ns‑\ ]d‑b‑m‑\‑m‑I‑n‑s‑Ã‑¦‑ne‑p‑w At‑¶ Hc‑p s‑s‑Zh‑oI ]c‑n‑t‑h‑j‑a‑pÅ Ce Xs‑¶‑b‑mW‑v N‑oc. I‑mW‑p‑¶‑h‑c‑ne‑p‑w Ig‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑h‑c‑ne‑p‑w X‑r]‑vX‑n \ÂI‑p‑¶‑X‑m‑Wt‑Ã‑m Z‑nh‑y‑m‑\‑p‑`‑h‑w.

N‑oc ae‑b‑m‑f‑n‑b‑ps‑S F¡‑m‑e‑t‑¯b‑p‑w he‑nb A`‑n‑\‑n‑t‑hi‑w Xs‑¶‑b‑m‑W‑v. Ac‑p¬ F¶ N‑ph¶ C\‑¯‑n‑\‑mW‑v U‑na‑m‑t‑â‑s‑d. If ]d‑n¨‑v s‑Nd‑p {‑S‑nÃ‑d‑ns‑â kl‑m‑b‑t‑¯‑ms‑S I‑rj‑nØe‑w Dg‑pX‑p ad‑n‑¡‑W‑w. ]‑ns‑¶ a®‑v \‑nc¯‑n \‑nc‑¸‑m‑¡‑W‑w. A{‑Xt‑b t‑hï‑q. C\‑n N‑oc h‑n¯‑v ]‑mIÂ. Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w t‑\ct‑¯ I‑ng‑n s‑I«‑n \\¨‑v X¿‑m‑d‑m¡‑n h¨‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p¶ N‑oc‑h‑n¯‑v DW‑§‑nb t‑I‑mg‑n hf‑¯‑nÂ a‑nI‑vk‑v s‑N¿‑p‑w. Hc‑p s‑kâ‑n\‑v 25 {‑K‑m‑w h‑n¯‑p‑w 1 I‑nt‑e‑m t‑I‑mg‑n hfh‑p‑w F¶‑X‑mW‑v IW‑¡‑v. \‑nc‑¯‑nb a®‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v CX‑v h‑nX‑d‑n‑b‑mÂ ]‑ns‑¶ Z‑n\h‑p‑w \\‑b‑v¡‑m‑w. s‑s‑I\‑\‑b‑mW‑v \Ã‑X‑v. \‑me‑m‑w ]¡‑w Xs‑¶ N‑oc s‑]‑mS‑n¨‑v a®‑n\‑p a‑pI‑f‑nÂ hc‑p‑w. Bd‑m‑w ]¡‑w h‑oï‑p‑w hf‑{‑]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑w. DW‑§‑nb t‑I‑mg‑n‑hf‑w Xs‑¶ aX‑n. F«‑m‑w ]¡‑w s‑s‑Ph‑I‑o‑S‑\‑m‑i‑n‑\‑n‑b‑m‑I‑m‑w. ]‑pI‑b‑ne X‑nf‑¸‑n¨‑v Ac‑n‑¨‑q‑ä‑n‑bX‑p‑w s‑hf‑p‑¯‑pÅ‑n a‑nI‑vk‑n‑b‑n‑e‑S‑n¨‑v Ac‑n‑s‑¨‑S‑p¯ N‑md‑p‑w 3:1 F¶ A\‑p‑]‑m‑X‑¯‑nÂ K‑mÀU³ k‑vt‑{‑]b‑d‑nÂ \‑nd¨‑v Ce‑I‑f‑nÂ Xf‑n‑¡‑m‑w. ]X‑n‑\©‑m‑w ]¡‑w s‑s‑Ph‑h‑f‑þ‑c‑m‑k‑hf a‑n{‑i‑nX‑w \ÂI‑m‑w. a‑nI‑vk‑vNÀh‑fh‑p‑w t‑I‑mg‑n‑h‑fh‑p‑w CX‑n‑\‑mb‑n t‑NÀ¡‑m‑w. s‑kâ‑n\‑v 1 I‑nt‑e‑m t‑I‑mg‑n hfh‑p‑w 1.5 I‑nt‑e‑m a‑nI‑vk‑vN‑d‑p‑a‑mh‑m‑w.‑ ]‑pg‑p I‑mW‑p¶ N‑ocs‑b ]‑ng‑pX‑p If‑b‑m‑w. Aa‑n‑X‑a‑mb‑n t‑IS‑p‑s‑ï‑¦‑nÂa‑m{‑X‑w C³t‑U‑m‑^‑nÂ 5 a‑nÃ‑n 1 e‑näÀ s‑hÅ‑¯‑nÂ Ie¡‑n k‑vt‑{‑] s‑N¿‑m‑w.

\Ã s‑hb‑n‑e‑p‑s‑ï‑¦‑nÂ Cc‑p‑]‑¯©‑m‑w ]¡‑w Xs‑¶ N‑oc Xï‑p‑d¨‑v Ce‑h‑n‑SÀ¯‑n Xf‑nÀ¯‑v ]d‑n‑¡‑m³ ]‑mI‑a‑m‑I‑p‑w. a®‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v D‑uc‑n‑s‑b‑S‑p¯‑v \¶‑mb‑n Ig‑pI‑n 10 I‑nt‑e‑m h‑oX‑a‑pÅ s‑I«‑p‑I‑f‑m‑¡‑m‑w. 10 I‑nt‑e‑m‑b‑pÅ s‑I«‑n\‑v 250 c‑q]‑b‑nÂ I‑pd‑b‑m¯ h‑ne a‑mÀ¡‑ä‑nÂ I‑n«‑p‑w. Xï‑n\‑v s‑s‑Ib‑ns‑e s‑]c‑p‑h‑n‑cÂ I\‑a‑p‑s‑ï‑¦‑nÂ 100 s‑s‑XIÄ aX‑n 10 I‑nt‑e‑m F¯‑m³. Bc‑p h‑nf‑s‑h‑S‑p‑¯‑mÂ A¶‑p‑Xs‑¶ a®‑v \‑nc¯‑n AS‑p¯ I‑rj‑n Bc‑w‑`‑n‑¡‑m‑s‑a‑¶X‑v as‑ä‑m‑c‑\‑p‑{‑K‑l‑a‑m‑W‑v.

N‑oc h‑n¯‑p‑IÄ e`‑n‑¡‑m³ _Ô‑s‑¸‑S‑pI : C³k‑v{‑S‑£‑WÂ ^‑m‑w‑, s‑hÅ‑m‑bW‑n þ 0471 þ 2383573

2-) Ic-na-o³ {-]-nb-a-o³

t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑â k‑z´‑w a‑o\‑mW‑v Ic‑n‑a‑o³. AgI‑p‑w c‑pN‑n‑b‑p‑w‑s‑I‑mï‑v a‑o³{‑]‑n‑b‑c‑ps‑S lc‑a‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb a‑o³. I‑mb‑t‑e‑m‑c¯‑v X‑ma‑k‑n‑¡‑p¶ k‑wc‑w‑`‑IÀ as‑ä‑m‑¶‑p‑a‑m‑t‑e‑m‑N‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑n‑Ã. I‑mb‑e‑nÂ Ic‑n‑a‑o‑\‑n‑d¡‑n I‑mi‑v s‑I‑mb‑vs‑X‑S‑p‑¡‑p‑I Xs‑¶. F¶‑mÂ Ic‑n‑a‑o³ I‑rj‑n¡‑v ]t‑ï‑t‑]‑ms‑e heb‑p‑w hÅ‑h‑p‑s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w t‑hï. I‑q«‑n‑\‑p‑Å‑nÂ Ic‑n‑a‑o³ k‑pJ‑a‑mb‑n h‑mW‑p‑s‑I‑m‑Å‑p‑w. a‑o³I‑q‑S‑p‑IÄ \‑nÀ½‑n‑¡‑m³ I‑mb‑e‑ns‑â D¸‑ns‑\ t‑X‑me‑v]‑n‑¡‑p¶ ]‑n.‑h‑n.‑k‑n. s‑s‑]¸‑p‑I‑f‑mW‑v \Ã‑X‑v. s‑s‑]¸‑p‑IÄ ka‑N‑X‑p‑c‑m‑I‑r‑X‑n‑b‑nÂ BdS‑n \‑of‑¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑oX‑n‑b‑ne‑p‑w t‑b‑mP‑n‑¸‑n¨‑v a‑pI‑f‑ne‑p‑w X‑ms‑gb‑p‑w _Ô‑n‑¸‑n‑¨‑mÂ a‑o³ I‑qS‑ns‑â LS‑\‑b‑m‑b‑n. s‑s‑\t‑e‑m¬ X«‑p‑h‑e‑b‑mW‑v Ih‑N‑w. DÅ‑ns‑e Ic‑p‑¯‑·‑mÀ N‑mS‑n ]‑pd‑¯‑n‑d‑§‑m‑X‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑m³ Cc« he‑s‑I‑mï‑v aX‑n‑e‑p‑IÄ hi‑§‑f‑ne‑p‑w X‑ms‑gb‑p‑w X‑oÀ¡‑m‑w. I‑mb‑e‑nÂ I‑mä‑m‑S‑n‑¡‑g‑s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m a‑pf s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m \‑m«‑nb ]´‑e‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ I‑qS‑p‑IÄ‑H‑s‑¶‑m‑¶‑mb‑n Cd‑¡‑n‑s‑¡‑«‑m‑w. a‑p¡‑mÂ`‑m‑Kh‑p‑w s‑hÅ‑¯‑n‑\‑S‑n‑b‑n‑e‑m‑I‑p¶ I‑qS‑p‑IÄ¡‑v a‑pI‑f‑nÂ X‑pd¶ h‑mb‑q‑k‑©‑m‑c‑a‑p‑ï‑v. Hc‑p \‑nc‑b‑nÂ Cc‑p‑]‑¯‑t‑©‑mf‑w I‑qS‑p‑IÄ\ \‑nc‑\‑n‑c‑b‑mb‑n s‑I«‑m‑w. hÅ‑¡‑m‑c‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w s‑Nd‑p Ic‑n‑a‑o³ I‑pª‑p‑§s‑f h‑m§‑n I‑qS‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ \‑nt‑£‑]‑n‑¡‑m‑w. ]g‑¡‑S‑I‑f‑ns‑e s‑I‑mg‑nª a‑p´‑n‑c‑n‑¸‑g‑§f‑p‑w t‑IS‑mb B¸‑nf‑p‑w I‑mä‑d‑n‑wK‑v kÀh‑o‑k‑nÂ _‑m¡‑n hc‑p¶ A¸h‑p‑w t‑Z‑mib‑p‑w ]¨‑¡‑d‑n‑¡‑S‑b‑nÂ ]‑mg‑m‑h‑p¶ t‑hÌ‑p‑I‑f‑p‑s‑a‑ms‑¡ I‑q«‑nÂ \‑nt‑£‑]‑n‑¡‑m‑w. Bd‑m‑w a‑mk‑w Xs‑¶ Ic‑n‑a‑o‑\‑p‑IÄ 250‑þ300 {‑K‑mt‑a‑mf‑w X‑q¡‑s‑a‑¯‑p‑w. hÃ‑t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w he‑b‑p‑e¨‑v I‑mbÂs‑h‑Å‑¯‑nÂ¯s‑¶ Ig‑p‑I‑m‑w. Bh‑i‑y‑¡‑mÀ¡‑v A¸‑t‑¸‑mÄ¯s‑¶ ]‑nS‑b‑v¡‑p¶ Ic‑n‑a‑o³ h‑nÂ¡‑m‑w.

Ae‑v]‑w a\‑Ê‑p‑h‑¨‑mÂ Ic‑n‑a‑o³ {‑]P‑\‑\‑¯‑n\‑p‑w I‑qS‑p‑IÄ D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑m‑w. P‑q¬‑þ‑P‑qs‑s‑e a‑mk‑§‑f‑n‑e‑mW‑v t‑b‑mP‑n¨ ka‑b‑w. Ic‑n‑a‑o³ 15 s‑k.a‑o \‑of‑w hb‑v¡‑p¶ H¶‑c‑hÀj‑w {‑]‑mb‑¯‑nÂ \Ã {‑]P‑\\ t‑P‑mU‑n‑I‑f‑m‑¡‑m‑w. ac‑¨‑n‑Ã‑, H‑me‑a‑SÂ‑, ]c¶ IÃ‑v X‑pS§‑n I«‑n‑b‑pÅ {‑]X‑e‑§‑f‑nÂ 1000‑þ2000 a‑p«‑IÄhs‑c Ic‑n‑a‑o³ H«‑n‑¨‑p‑h‑b‑v¡‑p‑w. CX‑n‑\‑mb‑n I®‑n‑h‑e‑n¸‑w X‑os‑c I‑pdª he X‑mg‑v¯‑n‑s‑¡«‑n I‑mb‑e‑nÂ H¶‑c‑a‑o‑äÀ Bg‑a‑pÅ CS¯‑v h‑nk‑vX‑r‑X‑a‑mb I‑qS‑p‑IÄ \‑nÀ½‑n‑¡‑m‑w. hi‑§‑f‑ns‑e he ]‑n.‑h‑n.‑k‑n. s‑s‑]¸‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ

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s‑]‑mX‑nª‑v Bg‑§‑f‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v X‑mg‑n‑¯‑n‑b‑n‑d¡‑n k‑pj‑n‑c‑§‑f‑p‑ï‑m¡‑n h‑ncÂ he‑n‑¸‑¯‑n‑e‑pÅ I¼‑n‑IÄ IS¯‑n Bg‑§‑f‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v AS‑n‑¨‑p‑X‑m‑g‑v¯‑m‑w. H¯ \S‑p‑h‑ns‑e he a‑pd‑n¨‑p a‑mä‑m‑w. B¬ aÕ‑y‑w a®‑nÂ XS‑a‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑p‑Ib‑p‑w h‑nc‑n‑ª‑n‑d‑§‑p¶ I‑pª‑p‑§s‑f k‑wc‑£‑n‑¡‑p‑Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p‑w. 36þ50 aW‑n‑¡‑q‑d‑n‑\‑p‑Å‑nÂ h‑nc‑n‑b‑p¶ I‑pR‑vR‑p‑§‑f‑ps‑S BZ‑y Bl‑mc‑w a‑mX‑r‑a‑Õ‑y‑¯‑ns‑â ic‑o‑c‑¯‑ns‑e hg‑p‑h‑g‑p‑¸‑m‑W‑v. {‑]P‑\\ I‑qS‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ Ac‑n‑¯‑h‑nS‑p‑w IS‑e‑¸‑n‑®‑m¡‑p‑w ka‑m‑ka‑w t‑NÀ¯‑v I‑nt‑e‑mb‑v¡‑v 10 {‑K‑m‑w [‑mX‑p‑e‑hW a‑n{‑i‑n‑X‑a‑pÄs‑¸s‑S X‑oä‑b‑m‑¡‑m‑w. h‑ncÂ he‑n‑¸‑¯‑nÂ I‑pª‑p‑§Ä he‑n‑¸‑s‑a‑¯‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ t‑I‑mc‑p‑h‑e‑I‑f‑p‑]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n¨‑v t‑I‑mc‑n‑s‑b‑S‑p‑¡‑m‑w. F¶‑mÂ I‑rj‑n‑s‑N‑¿‑m³ I‑mbÂ¯‑o‑c‑a‑n‑Ãt‑Ã‑m F¶‑v h‑yk‑\‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑hÀ t‑hs‑d‑b‑p‑ï‑v. AhÀ¡‑v he‑nb k‑naâ‑v S‑m¦‑v H¶c a‑oäÀ Bg‑¯‑nÂ Z‑oÀL‑N‑X‑p‑c‑m‑I‑r‑X‑n‑b‑nÂ \‑nÀ½‑n‑¡‑m‑w. cï‑mg‑vN CS‑h‑n«‑v a‑q¶‑n‑s‑e‑m¶‑v s‑hÅ‑w ]‑pd‑t‑¯b‑v¡‑v If‑b‑m‑\‑pÅ h‑mÂh‑p‑IÄ Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑mÂ aX‑n. k‑nÂ]‑m‑f‑n³ S‑m¦‑p‑I‑f‑ne‑p‑w At‑I‑z‑d‑nb‑w S‑m¦‑p‑I‑f‑ne‑p‑w Ic‑n‑a‑o³ hfÀ¯‑m‑w. C\‑n‑s‑b‑´‑n\‑p aS‑n‑¡W‑w? eh‑W‑P‑e‑¯‑ne‑p‑w i‑p²‑P‑e‑¯‑ne‑p‑w hfÀ¯‑m‑h‑p¶ C‑u a‑p¯‑p‑aW‑n t‑a\‑n‑¡‑m‑cs‑\ k‑z´‑a‑m¡‑q. Aª‑qd‑v c‑q] h‑n]W‑n h‑ne‑b‑nÂ h‑nÂ¡‑q. aS‑n \‑nd‑b‑v¡‑q. A`‑n‑a‑m‑\‑n‑¡‑q.

Ic‑n‑a‑o³ h‑n¯‑p‑IÄ e`‑n‑¡‑m³ _Ô‑s‑¸‑S‑pI : P‑nÃ‑m ^‑nj‑v ^‑m‑w‑, Bb‑nc‑w s‑X§‑v‑, s‑I‑mÃ‑w 0474 ; ^‑nj‑v ^‑m‑w‑, ]Å‑w. t‑^‑m¬: 9446379027

3-) s-Fi-z-c-y-¯-ns-â I-rj-n-b-nS-w h-mgb-p-w t-N\b-p-w

Ht‑c‑¡‑d‑nÂ hc‑n s‑Xä‑ms‑X \‑nc¶‑p \‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶X‑v \½‑ps‑S t‑\{‑´³ h‑mg. t‑I‑mW‑p‑I‑f‑ns‑e \‑me‑v t‑\{‑´s‑â ka‑N‑X‑p‑c‑¯‑n‑\‑p‑Å‑nÂ \S‑p‑h‑n‑e‑mb‑n H‑mt‑c‑m t‑N\ I‑pS‑]‑n‑S‑n¨‑p \‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶‑p. H‑mt‑c‑m t‑\{‑´‑\‑p‑a‑n‑S‑b‑nÂ ags‑b a‑p¯‑p‑a‑W‑n‑I‑f‑m‑¡‑p¶ t‑N¼‑v. s‑Fi‑z‑c‑y‑k‑a‑r‑²‑a‑mb C‑u t‑X‑m«‑w Bc‑p‑t‑Sb‑p‑w I®‑p‑Is‑f a‑mS‑n h‑nf‑n‑¡‑p‑w. N´‑a‑mW‑v I‑rj‑n‑`‑q‑a‑n‑b‑ps‑S Hc‑p t‑\«‑w. k½‑n‑{‑i‑I‑r‑j‑n‑s‑b‑¶‑mÂ FÃ‑m‑a‑m‑s‑W¶ s‑Xä‑n‑²‑m‑cW t‑hï. H‑mt‑c‑m‑¶‑n\‑p‑w AX‑n‑t‑â‑X‑mb Øeh‑p‑w k‑qc‑y‑{‑]‑I‑m‑ih‑p‑w t‑hW‑w. H‑mt‑c‑m‑¶‑n‑t‑\b‑p‑w AX‑mX‑v I‑me¯‑v \«‑v ]c‑n‑]‑m‑e‑n‑¡‑W‑w. H¶‑p‑t‑]‑m‑b‑mÂ H¶‑v F¶‑X‑mW‑v X{‑´‑s‑a‑¦‑ne‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w I‑n«‑p¶ c‑oX‑n‑b‑nÂ t‑X‑m«‑s‑a‑m‑c‑p‑¡‑n‑b‑mÂ t‑\«‑w N‑nÃ‑d‑s‑b‑m‑¶‑p‑a‑Ã. t‑\{‑´³ ]¯‑m‑w a‑mkh‑p‑w t‑N\ F«‑m‑w a‑mkh‑p‑w t‑N¼‑v Bd‑m‑w a‑mk‑h‑p‑a‑mW‑v h‑nf‑h‑v. h‑rÝ‑n‑I‑t‑¯‑ms‑S t‑\{‑´³ \«‑mÂ DbÀ¶ h‑ne \‑nÂ¡‑p¶ H‑mW‑¡‑m‑e¯‑v s‑I‑m¿‑m‑w. I‑p‑w`‑¯‑nÂ t‑N\b‑p‑w t‑aS‑w ]I‑p‑X‑n‑t‑b‑ms‑S t‑N¼‑p‑s‑a‑m‑s‑¡‑b‑m‑b‑mÂ ags‑b B{‑i‑b‑n‑¨‑pÅ I‑rj‑n XI‑r‑X‑n‑b‑m‑I‑p‑w. N§‑g‑n‑t‑¡‑m‑S\‑p‑w s‑\S‑p‑t‑\‑{‑´\‑p‑w Bä‑p‑t‑\‑{‑´\‑p‑w I‑mf‑n‑b‑t‑¯‑\‑p‑s‑a‑m‑s‑¡‑b‑mW‑v a‑nI¨ t‑\{‑´³ C\‑§‑s‑f‑¦‑nÂ hi‑§‑f‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v hf‑c‑p¶ ]‑nÅ‑t‑¨‑¼‑mW‑v CS‑h‑n‑f‑I‑r‑j‑n¡‑v \Ã‑X‑v. Kt‑P‑{‑µ³ F¶ H‑ma‑\‑t‑¸‑c‑nÂ Ad‑n‑b‑s‑¸‑S‑p¶ I‑p‑w`‑t‑¨\ I‑pS‑w‑t‑]‑ms‑e hf‑c‑p‑¶‑h‑b‑m‑W‑v.

\Ã \‑oÀh‑mÀ¨b‑p‑w hf‑¡‑q‑d‑p‑a‑pÅ ]i‑n‑a‑c‑mi‑n a®‑mW‑v I‑q«‑p‑I‑r‑j‑n¡‑v \Ã‑X‑v. Ht‑c‑¡‑d‑nÂ Bb‑nc‑w t‑\{‑´‑¡¶‑v

\S‑m‑w. hc‑n‑IÄ X½‑nÂ cï‑v a‑oäÀ AI‑eh‑p‑w XS‑§Ä X½‑nÂ cï‑v a‑oäÀ AI‑eh‑p‑w t‑hW‑w. N‑me‑v t‑I‑mc‑n XS‑w X¿‑m‑d‑m‑¡‑W‑w. t‑hc‑p‑If‑p‑w IÃ‑p‑If‑p‑w s‑N¯‑n‑a‑m‑ä‑nb h‑mg‑¡‑¶‑p‑IÄ N‑mW‑Ih‑p‑w N‑mch‑p‑w t‑NÀ¯‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑nb e‑mb‑\‑n‑b‑nÂ Ac aW‑n‑¡‑qÀ a‑p¡‑n‑h¨‑v I¶‑ns‑â Xt‑S‑m Ac‑bS‑n \‑of‑¯‑nÂ a‑pd‑n‑¨‑p‑I‑fª‑v cï‑mg‑vN XW‑e‑¯‑p‑h‑¨‑p‑W‑¡‑n‑b‑mW‑v \S‑m³ ]‑mI‑a‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v.

t‑aÂa®‑v‑, Ac‑¡‑nt‑e‑m I‑p½‑m‑b‑w‑, N‑mc‑w‑, Ag‑p‑I‑n‑s‑¸‑m‑S‑nª NhÀ F¶‑n‑h‑t‑NÀ¯‑n‑f‑¡‑nb a‑n{‑i‑n‑X‑¯‑nÂ h‑mg‑¡¶‑v Nh‑p‑«‑n‑b‑p‑d‑¸‑n‑¡‑m‑w. \S‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ¯s‑¶ Hc‑p I‑p« N‑mWI‑w h‑mg‑¡‑S‑b‑nÂ s‑s‑Ph‑h‑f‑a‑mb‑n CS‑m‑w. 25 I‑nt‑e‑m{‑K‑m‑w s‑]‑mS‑nª Nhd‑v C«‑X‑n\‑p a‑pI‑f‑n‑e‑mW‑v hf‑a‑n‑t‑S‑ï‑X‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m‑¶‑n‑\‑p‑N‑pä‑p‑w CS‑§g‑n s‑h®‑od‑p‑w 30 {‑K‑m‑w ^‑y‑qd‑n‑U‑m\‑p‑w h‑nX‑d‑n‑s‑¡‑m‑S‑p‑¡‑m‑w.

\«‑v Ig‑nª‑v cï‑v a‑mk‑w a®‑vI‑n‑f¨‑v X‑mg‑v¯‑W‑w. I‑nf‑b‑v¡‑p¶ a®‑v h‑mg‑b‑ps‑S IS‑b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w HcS‑n a‑mä‑n‑b‑n‑S‑W‑w. [\‑p‑a‑m‑k‑t‑¯‑ms‑S \\ X‑pS‑§‑m‑w. H¶‑n‑c‑mS‑w \\‑b‑v¡‑W‑w. \\ X‑pS‑§‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ 1 I‑nt‑e‑m t‑Xb‑ne Nï‑n C«‑p‑s‑I‑m‑S‑p¡‑m‑w. \\ X‑pS§‑n 15 Z‑nhk‑w Ig‑nª‑v 1 I‑p« N‑mW‑Ih‑p‑w h‑oï‑p‑w 15 Z‑nh‑k‑¯‑n‑\‑p‑t‑ij‑w 1 I‑nt‑e‑m N‑mch‑p‑w CS‑m‑w. I‑pe‑b‑v¡‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p a‑p³]‑p‑h‑s‑c‑b‑pÅ I¶‑p‑IÄ s‑I‑m¯‑n \i‑n‑¸‑n‑¨‑p‑I‑f‑b‑W‑w. I‑pe h¶‑X‑n‑\‑p‑t‑ij‑w Ht‑¶‑m ‑ct‑ï‑m I¶‑p‑IÄ \‑nÀ¯‑n _‑m¡‑n \i‑n‑¸‑n¨‑p If‑b‑p‑¶X‑v h‑mg‑¡‑p‑e‑b‑ps‑S Ic‑p‑¯‑n\‑v \Ã‑X‑m‑W‑v. DbÀ¶ h‑nf‑h‑n\‑v c‑mk‑h‑fh‑p‑w t‑NÀ¡‑m‑w. \‑me‑v Xh‑W‑b‑mb‑n NPK, NK, NK, N2 F¶ {‑Ia‑¯‑nÂ I‑pe hc‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑v s‑X‑m«‑p‑a‑p³]‑p‑hs‑c (Gg‑m‑w a‑mk‑w hs‑c‑) t‑NÀ¡‑m‑w.

\‑me‑v h‑mg \‑nÂ¡‑p¶ ka‑N‑X‑p‑c‑¯‑ns‑â H¯ \S‑p‑h‑nÂ t‑N\ hb‑v¡‑m‑w. Bb‑nc‑w t‑N\ C¯‑c‑¯‑nÂ \S‑m‑w. \S‑p‑¡‑pÅ a‑pf I‑p¯‑n‑¡‑fª‑v N‑mW‑I‑¯‑ne‑p‑w N‑mc‑¯‑ne‑p‑w a‑p¡‑n cï‑mg‑vN XW‑e‑¯‑p‑W‑¡‑n‑b‑mW‑v h‑n¯‑p‑t‑N\ X¿‑m‑d‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. ]¯‑v I‑nt‑e‑m‑b‑pÅ Hc‑p h‑n¯‑p‑t‑N‑\‑b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w Bd‑v a‑pf‑h‑n¯‑v I‑n«‑p‑w.

N‑mch‑p‑w Nh‑d‑g‑p‑I‑nb s‑]‑mS‑nb‑p‑w N‑mW‑I‑s‑¸‑m‑S‑nb‑p‑w I‑p½‑m‑bh‑p‑w t‑NÀ¯‑v t‑aÂa‑®‑p‑a‑mb‑n Cf¡‑nb a‑n{‑i‑n‑X‑¯‑n‑e‑mW‑v Hc‑p s‑s‑I¸¯‑n Bg‑¯‑nÂ t‑N\ \S‑p‑¶‑X‑v. I‑p‑w`‑¯‑nÂ \« cï‑v a‑mk‑¯‑n‑s‑e‑m‑c‑n‑¡Â hf‑w t‑NÀ¡‑m‑w‑, Nh‑d‑n«‑v ]‑pX‑b‑n‑S‑m‑w.

t‑N¼‑n‑t‑\b‑p‑w I‑q«‑p‑I‑r‑j‑n‑b‑nÂ I‑q«‑m‑w. cï‑v h‑mg‑IÄ¡‑n‑S‑b‑nÂ H¶‑v F¶ {‑Ia‑¯‑nÂ cï‑m‑b‑nc‑w t‑N¼‑p‑IÄ \S‑m‑w. a®‑v I‑nf‑¨‑n‑f¡‑n I‑me‑n‑h‑fh‑p‑w N‑mch‑p‑w t‑NÀ¯‑mW‑v \S‑oÂ. \«‑b‑p‑Ss‑\ \\ {‑][‑m‑\‑a‑m‑W‑v. {‑]a‑pJ t‑N¼‑n‑\‑§‑f‑mb {‑i‑oc‑i‑va‑nb‑p‑w {‑i‑o]‑Ã‑h‑nb‑p‑w {‑i‑oI‑n‑c‑W‑p‑s‑a‑ms‑¡ D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑m‑w.

900 t‑\{‑´‑¡‑p‑e‑I‑s‑f‑¦‑ne‑p‑w H‑mW‑¯‑n\‑v s‑I‑m¿‑m‑w. I‑pe‑s‑b‑m‑¶‑n\‑v 12þ15 I‑nt‑e‑m{‑K‑m‑w hs‑c F¯‑p‑w. I‑nt‑e‑mb‑v¡‑v 25 c‑q]‑t‑b‑mf‑w h‑ne e`‑n‑¡‑p‑w. ic‑m‑ic‑n 15 I‑nt‑e‑m X‑q¡‑a‑pÅ t‑N\ Bb‑n‑c‑t‑¯‑mf‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. I‑nt‑e‑mb‑v¡‑v 15 c‑q] a‑mÀ¡ä‑v h‑ne‑b‑pï‑v. t‑N¼‑m‑Is‑« ic‑m‑ic‑n 5 I‑nt‑e‑m F¶


IW‑¡‑nÂ cï‑m‑b‑nc‑w XS‑¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w h‑nf‑s‑h‑S‑p‑¡‑m‑w. 15 c‑q] I‑nt‑e‑mb‑v¡‑v h‑ne‑b‑p‑ï‑v.

h‑n¯‑p‑IÄ¡‑v : I‑ng‑§‑p‑K‑t‑h‑j‑W‑t‑I‑{‑µ‑w‑, {‑i‑oI‑m‑c‑y‑w‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑pc‑w þ 0471 þ 2598551

_\‑m\ \g‑vkd‑n‑, s‑]c‑n‑§‑ae 0472þ2846488

4-) a-o³I-rj-n \-qd-p-t-a\-n

I‑pS‑¼‑p‑f‑n‑b‑n«‑v a¬N‑«‑n‑b‑nÂ h¨ ]‑pg‑a‑os‑â k‑z‑mZ‑v H¶‑p t‑hs‑d‑X‑s‑¶b‑mW‑v. h‑mb‑nÂ I¸‑t‑e‑m‑S‑n‑¡‑m³ ]‑mI‑¯‑nÂ s‑hÅ‑a‑q‑d‑n‑¡‑p¶ C‑u c‑pN‑n Xs‑¶‑b‑mW‑v I‑pf‑§‑f‑ne‑p‑w NX‑p‑¸‑p‑I‑f‑ne‑p‑w \‑o´‑n‑¯‑p‑S‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. Hc‑p‑]t‑£ i‑p²‑Pe aÕ‑y‑I‑r‑j‑n‑¡‑mÀ¡‑v Bs‑ä‑m‑g‑p¡‑v t‑]‑ms‑e BZ‑mb‑w \ÂI‑p‑¶‑X‑v. k‑q£‑va‑a‑mb {‑i²b‑p‑w t‑\c‑n‑«‑pÅ t‑aÂt‑\‑m‑«‑h‑p‑a‑p‑s‑ï‑¦‑nÂ a‑o³I‑r‑j‑n‑b‑nÂ \‑qd‑v t‑a\‑n s‑I‑m¿‑p‑s‑a‑¶‑X‑nÂ cï‑`‑n‑{‑]‑m‑b‑a‑nÃ.

D¯‑t‑c‑´‑y³ I‑mÀ¸‑p‑I‑f‑mb t‑c‑ml‑p‑, IS‑ve‑, a‑rK‑mÄ F¶‑n‑hb‑p‑w h‑nt‑Zi C\‑§‑f‑mb k‑nÂhÀ‑, {‑K‑m‑k‑v‑, t‑I‑ma¬ F¶‑n‑h‑b‑p‑a‑mW‑v he‑nb {‑]X‑n‑k‑Ô‑n‑I‑f‑n‑Ã‑ms‑X Ff‑p‑¸‑¯‑nÂ I‑rj‑n‑s‑N‑¿‑m³ Ig‑n‑b‑p¶ aÕ‑y‑§Ä. I‑qS‑ms‑X X‑pf‑n‑, I‑qcÂ‑, X‑nc‑pX‑, ]‑qa‑o³ F¶‑o \‑mS³ a‑o\‑p‑I‑t‑fb‑p‑w I‑mÀ¸‑p‑I‑t‑f‑m‑s‑S‑m¯‑v I‑rj‑n‑s‑N‑¿‑m‑w.

I‑rj‑n‑`‑q‑a‑n‑b‑nÂ I‑pf§f‑p‑Å‑hÀ¡‑v CX‑v \Ã Ah‑k‑c‑a‑m‑W‑v. Xt‑±‑i‑k‑z‑b‑w‑`‑cW Ø‑m]‑\‑§‑f‑ps‑S DS‑a‑Ø‑X‑b‑nÂ ]‑mg‑m‑b‑n‑¡‑n‑S‑¡‑p¶ I‑pf‑§f‑p‑w N‑nd‑If‑p‑w e‑ok‑n‑s‑\‑S‑p¯‑p‑w a‑o\‑n‑d‑¡‑m‑w. I‑pd‑ªX‑v H¶c a‑oäÀ Bg‑¯‑nÂ I‑pf‑w s‑Nf‑n‑t‑I‑mc‑n h‑r¯‑n‑b‑m¡‑n _ï‑p‑IÄ _e‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¯‑n‑t‑hW‑w I‑rj‑n‑b‑v¡‑n‑d‑§‑m³. Z‑oÀL‑N‑X‑p‑c‑m‑I‑r‑X‑n‑b‑n‑e‑pÅ I‑pf‑§‑f‑mW‑v aÕ‑y‑I‑r‑j‑n¡‑v \Ã‑X‑v. I‑pf‑w hä‑n¨‑v \¶‑mb‑n s‑hb‑n‑e‑S‑n‑¸‑n«‑v DW¡‑n BZ‑y‑w »‑o¨‑n‑wK‑v ]‑uUÀ CS‑W‑w. \‑oÀh‑m‑f‑¡‑p‑c‑ph‑p‑w aä‑p‑w Ac¨‑v Ie¡‑n AS‑n‑b‑nÂ \‑nt‑£‑]‑n‑¨‑mÂ aÕ‑y‑t‑`‑m‑P‑n‑Is‑f \i‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑m‑w. s‑kâ‑n\‑v 4 I‑nt‑e‑m N‑mWI‑w‑, 50 {‑K‑m‑w b‑qd‑n‑b‑, 50 {‑K‑m‑w k‑q¸Àt‑^‑m‑k‑vt‑^ä‑v F¶‑nh t‑NÀ¯‑v s‑hÅ‑w Ib‑ä‑n‑b‑mW‑v I‑pf‑w X¿‑m‑d‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. {‑]‑mW‑h‑m‑b‑p‑h‑ns‑â Af‑h‑v‑, ¹h‑I‑§‑f‑ps‑S hfÀ¨ F¶‑nh \‑nc‑o‑£‑n‑¡‑W‑w. ]‑n.‑F‑¨‑v. e‑mb‑\‑n‑b‑n‑e‑nÂ k‑m¼‑nÄ s‑hÅ‑w ]c‑o‑£‑n¨‑v A¾‑þ‑£‑m‑c‑\‑ne 7.5 a‑pXÂ 8.5 \‑pÅ‑nÂ \‑ne‑\‑nÀ¯‑m³ {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w {‑i²‑n‑¡‑W‑w. A¾‑\‑ne I‑pd‑b‑v¡‑m³ s‑kâ‑n\‑v Ac‑¡‑nt‑e‑m I‑p½‑m‑b‑a‑n‑S‑m‑w. he‑t‑h‑e‑nb‑p‑w _ï‑p‑a‑p‑bÀ¯‑n I‑pf‑‑w k‑wc‑£‑n‑¡‑W‑w.

s‑hÅ‑w Ibä‑n I‑pf‑w ]¨‑\‑n‑d‑a‑m‑b‑mÂ Hc‑m‑g‑v¨‑b‑v¡I‑w a‑o³I‑p‑ª‑p‑§s‑f \‑nt‑£‑]‑n‑¡‑m‑w. t‑aPÀ I‑mÀ¸‑p‑I‑f‑mb t‑c‑ml‑p‑, IS‑ve‑, a‑rK‑mÄ F¶‑n‑h‑b‑ps‑S ̂ ‑n‑wKÀ e‑n‑wK‑vk‑ns‑\ k‑q£‑va‑a‑mb‑n \‑nt‑£‑]‑n‑¡‑W‑w. IS‑e‑¸‑n‑®‑m¡‑p‑w Ac‑n‑¯‑h‑nS‑p‑w 1:1 F¶ {‑Ia‑¯‑n‑e‑m¡‑n s‑s‑I¯‑oä \ÂI‑m‑w. {‑K‑mk‑v I‑mÀ¸‑p‑IÄ¡‑ms‑« h‑mg‑b‑n‑eb‑p‑w I¸‑b‑n‑eb‑p‑w ]‑pÃ‑p‑s‑a‑m‑s‑¡‑b‑mW‑v X‑oä. I‑pf‑¯‑ns‑e If‑\‑nÀ½‑mÀÖ‑\‑¯‑n\‑v Chs‑b D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑m‑w. t‑c‑ml‑ph‑p‑w IS‑ve‑b‑p‑s‑a‑ms‑¡ \Ã X‑oä‑b‑nÂ 10 a‑mk‑w‑s‑I‑mï‑v 1 I‑nt‑e‑m F¯‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ {‑K‑mÊ‑p‑IÄ H¶‑c‑¡‑nt‑e‑m hs‑c `‑mc‑w hb‑v¡‑p‑w. H‑mt‑c‑m‑¶‑ne‑p‑w h‑nfh‑v 50 iX‑a‑m‑\‑s‑a¶‑v IW‑¡‑m‑¡‑m‑w. 100 I‑pª‑p‑§s‑f Cd‑¡‑n‑b‑mÂ 50 I‑nt‑e‑m a‑o³ I‑n«‑p‑s‑a¶‑v k‑mc‑w. I‑nt‑e‑m 150 a‑pXÂ 200 c‑q] hs‑c h‑n]‑W‑n‑h‑n‑e‑b‑p‑ï‑v.

aÕ‑y¡‑pª‑p§Ä¡‑v : aÕ‑y‑IÀjI h‑nI‑k\ GP³k‑n‑, h‑nh‑n[ P‑nÃ‑IÄ

Kh. ^‑nj‑v ^‑m‑w‑, ]Å‑w þ 94463 79027Kh. ^‑nj‑v ^‑m‑w‑, ]¶‑nt‑h‑e‑n‑¨‑nd þ 94474 93216\‑mj‑WÂ ̂ ‑nj‑v ̂ ‑oU‑v ̂ ‑m‑w‑, t‑]‑mf‑¨‑nd þ 0469 2619543

5-) ae_-md-n Xb-mÀ-, t-{-_-mb-n-e-d-m-I-m³

BS‑d‑n‑b‑pt‑a‑m A§‑mS‑n h‑mW‑n`‑w F¶‑mW‑v s‑N‑ms‑Ã‑¦‑ne‑p‑w \‑mS‑d‑n‑t‑b‑mï BS‑v h‑mW‑n‑`‑¯‑n‑t‑e‑b‑v¡‑v#‑mW‑v BS‑p‑IÄ \S‑s‑¶‑¯‑p‑¶‑X‑v. I‑me‑¯‑n\‑p a‑p³t‑] \‑o§‑p‑I‑b‑mW‑v BS‑p‑IÄ.

BS‑p‑IÄ I®‑nÂ Iï‑s‑XÃ‑m‑w IS‑n‑¨‑p‑X‑n‑¶‑p‑s‑a¶‑p‑w t‑X‑me‑p‑w Ce‑b‑p‑s‑a‑ms‑¡ k‑wL‑S‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑W‑s‑a‑¶‑p‑s‑a‑m‑s‑¡‑b‑pÅ t‑hh‑e‑m‑X‑n‑b‑ps‑S I‑me‑s‑a‑ms‑¡ t‑]‑mb‑n. Ce‑IÄ I‑mW‑ms‑X BS‑p‑IÄ hf‑c‑p‑s‑a‑¶‑m‑b‑n. I‑pdª t‑\‑m«‑¯‑nÂ 6 a‑mk‑w s‑I‑mï‑v Hc‑p t‑{‑_‑mb‑n‑eÀ I‑pX‑n‑¸‑n\‑v BS‑p‑IÄ Xb‑mÀ.

]‑me‑v I‑pS‑n a‑md‑nb a‑p«‑\‑m‑«‑n³ I‑p«‑n‑Is‑f s‑]‑mX‑p‑a‑mÀ¡‑ä‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w Bg‑v¨‑¨‑´‑I‑f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w k‑wL‑S‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑p‑It‑b t‑hï‑q. a‑pft‑b‑m Ia‑pt‑I‑m s‑I‑mï‑v Xd‑b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w 1 a‑oäÀ Db‑c‑¯‑nÂ s‑I«‑nb ¹‑mä‑v t‑^‑ma‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ hfÀ¯‑m‑w. B«‑n³I‑p‑«‑n‑I‑f‑ps‑S I‑me‑p‑IÄ X‑mt‑gb‑v¡‑v D‑uÀ¶‑n‑d‑§‑p¶ c‑oX‑n‑b‑nÂ I‑qS‑p‑I‑f‑ps‑S X«‑p‑IÄ \‑nÀ½‑n‑¨‑mÂ Ah H‑mS‑n‑¡‑f‑n‑¡‑n‑Ã. BS‑p‑I‑f‑ps‑S Ne\‑w Ig‑n‑hX‑p‑w I‑pd‑b‑v¡‑pI F¶ X{‑´‑a‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S A\‑p‑hÀ¯‑n‑t‑¡‑ï‑X‑v.

X‑oä‑b‑v¡‑p‑a‑pï‑v {‑]t‑X‑y‑I‑X. ]¨‑n‑e‑b‑p‑t‑St‑b‑m ]‑pÃ‑n‑t‑ât‑b‑m X‑p¼‑v t‑]‑me‑p‑w BS‑p‑Is‑f I‑mW‑n‑¡‑c‑p‑X‑v. {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w \‑nÀ½‑n¨ s‑s‑_¸‑mk‑v t‑{‑]‑m«‑o‑\‑mW‑v X‑oä. Z‑nh‑kh‑p‑w Ac‑¡‑n‑t‑e‑m‑b‑mW‑v t‑dj³. 5 C©‑ns‑â ]‑n.‑h‑n.‑k‑n. s‑s‑]¸‑v s‑\S‑ps‑I ]‑nfÀ¶‑v I‑qS‑ns‑â Cc‑p‑h‑ih‑p‑w LS‑n‑¸‑n¨‑v X‑oäh‑p‑w s‑hÅh‑p‑w \ÂI‑W‑w. Z‑oh‑k‑s‑¨‑eh‑v Bs‑S‑m‑¶‑n\‑v 14 c‑q] a‑m{‑X‑w. Z‑nh‑k‑w‑t‑X‑md‑p‑w A[‑nI‑w hc‑p¶ X‑oä s‑hb‑n‑e‑¯‑p‑W¡‑n 2 Z‑nhk‑w Ig‑n‑b‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ \ÂI‑m‑w. 6 a‑mk‑s‑a‑¯‑p‑t‑¼‑m‑t‑gb‑v¡‑p‑w BS‑p‑IÄ 32‑þ42 I‑nt‑e‑m X‑q¡‑w hb‑v¡‑p‑w. ae‑_‑md‑n C\‑w a‑p«‑\‑m‑S‑p‑IÄ Xs‑¶‑b‑mW‑v C‑u c‑oX‑n¡‑v \Ã‑X‑v.

BS‑p‑I‑f‑ps‑S hb‑d‑ns‑â {‑]t‑X‑y‑I‑X‑b‑mW‑v t‑{‑_‑mb‑n‑eÀ c‑oX‑n‑b‑n‑e‑pÅ hfÀ¯‑e‑n\‑v kl‑m‑b‑I‑c‑a‑m‑I‑p‑¶‑X‑v. \‑me‑v hb‑d‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ BZ‑ys‑¯ a‑q¶‑v hb‑d‑p‑IÄ k‑z‑m`‑m‑h‑n‑I‑a‑mb‑n AS¨‑v \‑me‑m‑as‑¯ bY‑mÀ° hb‑d‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v X‑oäs‑b s‑s‑_¸‑mk‑v s‑N¿‑pI F¶ i‑mk‑v{‑X‑ob c‑oX‑n‑b‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S Ah‑e‑w‑_‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. Gäh‑p‑w K‑pW‑t‑a‑·‑b‑p‑ÅX‑p‑w Ff‑p¸‑w Zl‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑p‑a‑mb X‑oä D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑W‑s‑a¶‑v a‑m{‑X‑w. BS‑p‑Is‑f I‑pf‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑ï. Z‑nh‑kh‑p‑w {‑_j‑v D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n¨‑v t‑a\‑n Dc‑p‑½‑W‑w. X‑oä‑b‑nÂ P‑oh‑I‑þ‑[‑m‑X‑p‑e‑hW a‑n{‑i‑n‑X‑§ÄI‑qS‑n t‑NÀ¡‑W‑w.

I‑pdª Øe‑w a‑m{‑X‑a‑pÅhÀ¡‑v t‑{‑_‑mb‑n‑eÀ c‑oX‑n Gs‑ä‑S‑p‑¡‑m‑w. c‑mh‑ns‑e 1 aW‑n‑¡‑qÀ t‑\‑m«‑w a‑m{‑X‑w aX‑n. t‑{‑_‑mb‑n‑eÀ c‑oX‑n‑b‑nÂ hf‑c‑p‑¶‑t‑X‑ms‑S BS‑ns‑â t‑a\‑n‑b‑nÂ hc‑p‑a‑m\‑w \‑nd‑b‑p‑w. k‑zÀ®‑w‑t‑]‑ms‑e B{‑K‑l‑n‑¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ¯s‑¶ h‑nä‑v ]W‑a‑m‑¡‑m‑w.


]c‑ni‑oe t‑I{‑µ‑§Ä : a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W ]c‑n‑i‑o‑e‑\‑t‑I{‑µ‑w s‑I‑m«‑nb‑w þ 9447343423

BS‑p‑IÄ¡‑v : t‑K‑m«‑v ^‑m‑w‑, ]‑md‑È‑me þ 0471þ2223099_^t‑Ã‑m {‑_‑oU‑n‑wK‑v ̂ ‑m‑w‑, I‑pc‑n‑t‑b‑m‑«‑p‑ae þ 0475þ2227485

6-) F¤À \g-vkd-n F¶-p-w t-\«-w

hc‑m³t‑]‑m‑I‑p‑¶X‑v a‑p«‑t‑¡‑m‑g‑n‑I‑f‑ps‑S t‑e‑mI‑a‑m‑W‑v. h‑mg‑m³t‑]‑m‑I‑p‑¶X‑p‑w AX‑p‑X‑s‑¶. I‑mcW‑w as‑ä‑m‑¶‑p‑a‑Ã. IW‑¡‑p‑I‑f‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v t‑\‑m¡‑m‑w. t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑n\‑v {‑]X‑n‑Z‑n\‑w t‑hïX‑v 1 t‑I‑mS‑n 26 e£‑w a‑p«. B`‑y‑´c De‑v]‑m‑Z\‑w 40 e£‑w a‑m{‑X‑w. I‑pdh‑v 86 e£‑w. h‑n]W‑n \‑nb‑{‑´‑n‑¡‑p‑¶X‑v Xa‑n‑g‑v\‑mS‑v \‑ma‑¡Â‑, t‑I‑mb‑¼‑¯‑qÀ t‑e‑m_‑n‑IÄ.

a‑p«‑t‑¡‑m‑g‑n‑IÄ¡‑v F¶‑p‑w U‑na‑mâ‑m‑W‑v. I‑mÀj‑nI Dt‑]‑m‑e‑v¸‑v\‑v‑\‑M‑vlÄ X‑os‑c I‑pdª t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑nÂ h‑y‑mh‑k‑mb‑n a‑p«‑t‑¡‑m‑g‑n hfÀ¯‑e‑n\‑v k‑m[‑yX I‑pd‑b‑p‑s‑a‑¶‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ h‑o«‑m‑h‑i‑y‑§Ä¡‑p‑w aä‑p‑a‑mb‑n I‑pdª X‑oä‑s‑¨‑e‑h‑nÂ AS‑p‑¡‑f‑a‑p‑ä¯‑p‑w aä‑p‑w t‑I‑mg‑n‑Is‑f hfÀ¯‑p‑¶‑X‑n‑e‑mW‑v ]eÀ¡‑p‑w X‑me‑v]‑c‑y‑w. AX‑m‑Is‑« Ig‑nª 5 ]X‑n‑ä‑m‑ï‑mb‑n BÀ¡‑p‑w ]c‑m‑X‑nt‑b‑m ]c‑n‑`‑ht‑a‑m CÃ‑ms‑X X‑pS‑c‑p‑¶‑pï‑v X‑m\‑p‑w. \Ã a‑p«‑t‑¡‑m‑g‑n‑¡‑p‑ª‑p‑§Ä¡‑mb‑n Bf‑p‑IÄ ]c¡‑w ]‑m¨‑n‑e‑m‑W‑v. Xa‑n‑g‑v\‑m‑«‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w aä‑p‑w Cd‑§‑p¶ X‑nc‑nh‑v t‑I‑mg‑n‑I‑t‑fb‑p‑w ]‑qh³t‑I‑m‑g‑n‑I‑t‑f‑b‑p‑s‑a‑ms‑¡ h‑m§‑n X‑r]‑vX‑n‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¶‑h‑c‑mW‑v ]e‑c‑p‑w. \Ãb‑n\‑w a‑p«‑t‑¡‑m‑g‑n‑Is‑f h‑m§‑n hfÀ¯‑n 45þ60 Z‑nh‑k‑¯‑n‑\‑pÅ‑nÂ h‑n]‑W‑n‑b‑n‑s‑e‑¯‑n‑¨‑mÂ A¯c‑w h‑n]‑W\‑w I‑pd‑n‑¡‑p‑s‑I‑m‑Å‑p‑w. I‑pdª I‑met‑a t‑I‑mg‑ns‑b hfÀ¯‑p‑¶‑pÅ‑q F¶‑X‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑v d‑nk‑v¡‑p‑w I‑pd‑b‑p‑w.

a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£‑W‑h‑I‑p‑¸‑ns‑â A‑wK‑o‑I‑rX t‑I{‑µ‑§‑f‑nÂ cï‑v Z‑nh‑ks‑¯ ]c‑n‑i‑o‑e\‑w t‑\S‑n hfÀ¯‑m‑\‑pÅ AS‑n‑Ø‑m\ k‑uI‑c‑y‑§Ä Hc‑p¡‑n At‑]‑£‑n‑¨‑mÂ kÀ¡‑mÀ ^‑ma‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑p‑ª‑p‑§s‑f I‑n«‑p‑w. 1 hÀj‑s‑a‑¦‑ne‑p‑w \S¯‑n h‑n]W‑n ]‑nS‑n‑¨‑mÂ A‑wK‑o‑I‑rX l‑m¨d‑n F¶ kÀ¡‑mÀ t‑e_Â t‑\S‑m‑w. X‑pSÀ¶‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ a‑rK‑m‑i‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑I‑f‑nÂ a‑p«‑t‑¡‑mg‑nIs‑f h‑nX‑cW‑w s‑N¿‑m‑\‑pÅ H‑mÀUÀ e`‑n‑¡‑p‑w. a‑p«‑t‑¡‑m‑g‑n‑¡‑pª‑v H¶‑n\‑v C¶‑v 22 c‑q] h‑ne‑b‑p‑ï‑v. 45 Z‑nhk‑w {‑]‑mb‑s‑a‑¯‑nb h‑n]‑W‑¸‑c‑p‑h‑¯‑nÂ 90 c‑q]‑b‑p‑w.

t‑I‑mg‑n H¶‑n\‑v Ac NX‑p‑c{‑i AS‑n Øe‑w t‑hW‑w. e‑n‑wK‑\‑nÀ®b‑w \S‑¯‑nb t‑I‑mg‑n‑Is‑f kÀ¡‑mÀ ^‑ma‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ I‑n«‑p‑w. ac‑s‑¸‑m‑S‑nt‑b‑m Da‑nt‑b‑m h‑nc‑n¨ k‑naâ‑v Xd‑b‑nÂ hfÀ¯‑m‑w. t‑l‑m¸À k‑wh‑n‑[‑m\‑w D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n¨‑v BZ‑y‑c‑ï‑mg‑vN I‑r{‑X‑na N‑qS‑v \ÂI‑m‑w. t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑pª‑v H¶‑n\‑v 2 h‑m«‑v F¶ {‑Ia‑¯‑nÂ 18 C©‑v Db‑c‑¯‑nÂ _Ä_‑p‑IÄ LS‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑m‑w. 100 t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑p‑ª‑p‑§Ä¡‑v 4 e‑näÀ h‑oX‑w i‑p²‑Pe‑w s‑I‑mÅ‑p¶ Bg‑w I‑pdª cï‑v ]‑m{‑X‑§Ä D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑m‑w. X‑n¶‑p‑¶‑X‑\‑p‑k‑c‑n¨ \‑nd‑b‑p¶ X‑oä‑¸‑m‑{‑X‑§Ä Ct‑¸‑mÄ h‑n]‑W‑n‑b‑nÂ e`‑y‑a‑m‑W‑v. F«‑m‑g‑vN‑t‑b‑mf‑w Ì‑mÀ«À X‑oä Xs‑¶ \ÂI‑m‑w. s‑]‑mS‑n‑c‑q‑]‑¯‑ne‑p‑w Xc‑n c‑q]‑¯‑ne‑p‑w Ì‑mÀ«À X‑oä h‑n]‑W‑n‑b‑n‑e‑p‑ï‑v. {‑K‑ma‑e‑£‑va‑n‑, AX‑p‑e‑y‑, {‑K‑ma‑{‑]‑nb t‑I‑mg‑n‑I‑f‑mW‑v Ct‑¸‑mÄ ̂ ‑ma‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v e`‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. a‑p«‑t‑¡‑m‑g‑n‑I‑f‑nÂ a‑p¼‑·‑m‑c‑mb _‑n.‑h‑n.380‑,

F^‑v.‑BÀ295 F¶‑nh AbÂ k‑w‑Ø‑m‑\‑§f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v hc‑p‑¶‑h‑b‑m‑W‑v.

t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑p‑ª‑p‑§Ä : s‑k³{‑SÂ l‑m¨‑d‑n‑, s‑N§‑¶‑qÀ þ 0479 2452277

t‑Icf ]‑uÄ{‑S‑n Uh‑e‑]‑vs‑aâ‑v t‑I‑mÀ¸‑t‑d‑j³ þ 9495000930

7-) l-m¸-n-b-m-I-m³ N-n¸-n-¡-q¬

t‑Zh‑·‑m‑c‑ps‑S Bl‑m‑c‑a‑mW‑v I‑q¬. I‑q¬ `‑mh‑n‑b‑ps‑S `£‑W‑a‑m‑W‑v. s‑I‑mf‑k‑vt‑{‑S‑mf‑p‑w s‑I‑mg‑p‑¸‑p‑a‑nÃ. I‑y‑m³kd‑p‑w {‑]t‑a‑lh‑p‑w s‑X‑m«‑v kÔ‑n‑h‑mX‑w hs‑c AI‑ä‑m‑\‑pÅ Ig‑n‑h‑p‑ï‑v. h‑n]‑W‑n‑h‑n‑e‑b‑nÂ I‑qW‑p‑IÄ F¶‑p‑w a‑p¶‑n‑e‑mW‑v 200þ300 c‑q] hs‑c. N‑n¸‑n‑¡‑q¬‑, ]‑mÂ¡‑q¬‑, hb‑vt‑¡‑mÂ I‑q¬‑, a‑p«‑¡‑q¬ F¶‑n‑§s‑\ Cc‑p‑\‑q‑t‑d‑m‑f‑a‑pï‑v ̀ £‑y‑t‑b‑m‑K‑y‑a‑mb C\‑§Ä.

F¦‑nÂ I‑q¬ I‑rj‑n s‑N¿‑p‑I‑X‑s‑¶. s‑hd‑p‑s‑X‑b§‑v I‑rj‑n‑b‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v Cd‑§ï. Ae‑v]‑w ]c‑n‑i‑o‑e\‑w t‑\S‑m‑w. N‑n¸‑n‑¡‑q¬ AYh‑m H‑mb‑n‑ÌÀ aj‑vd‑q‑a‑mW‑v e‑m`‑¯‑n\‑v \Ã‑X‑v. Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w BZ‑mb‑w t‑hW‑s‑a‑¦‑nÂ \‑nc‑´c‑w I‑rj‑n‑t‑h‑W‑w. Cc‑p‑\‑ne I‑qS‑m‑c‑a‑mW‑v \Ã‑X‑v. a‑pI‑f‑nÂ X‑oc‑m‑d‑m‑I‑p‑t‑¼‑m‑t‑gb‑v¡‑p‑w X‑ms‑g I‑qW‑p‑IÄ a‑pf¨‑p s‑]‑m«‑W‑w. I‑qW‑p‑IÄ¡‑v hf‑c‑m³ \Ã s‑_U‑v Hc‑p‑¡W‑w. »‑o¨‑n‑wK‑v ]‑uUÀ e‑mb‑\‑n‑b‑nÂ ]c‑n‑]‑m‑e‑n¨ \Ã d_‑d‑ns‑â Ad‑¡‑s‑¸‑mS‑n DW¡‑n ̀ ‑wK‑n‑b‑mb‑n \‑nc¯‑n I‑qW‑n‑\‑mb‑n {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w Xb‑mÀ s‑Nb‑vX s‑_U‑p‑IÄ Dï‑m¡‑m‑w. N‑n¸‑n‑¡‑q‑W‑ns‑â \Ã h‑n¯‑p‑w (k‑vt‑]‑m¬‑) k‑wL‑S‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑m‑w.cï‑p‑{‑]‑m‑h‑i‑y‑¯‑nÂ I‑qS‑p‑XÂ ]IÀ¯‑m¯ h‑n¯‑n\‑v \Ã h‑nf‑h‑v e`‑n¡‑p‑w. Ae‑q‑a‑n‑\‑nb‑w j‑oä‑n« t‑aÂ¡‑q‑cb‑v¡‑v X‑ms‑g \‑qt‑d‑mf‑w \‑nc‑I‑f‑n‑e‑mb‑n \‑me‑v s‑_U‑p‑IÄ H¶‑c‑bS‑n AI‑e‑¯‑nÂ \‑nc‑¯‑m‑w. hi‑§‑f‑nÂ XWÂ he‑If‑p‑w s‑aj‑p‑w. I‑pd‑ªX‑v 100 Z‑nh‑k‑§Äs‑I‑mï‑v 500 s‑_U‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v 300 I‑nt‑e‑m N‑n¸‑n‑¡‑q¬ e`‑n¡‑p‑w. hÀj‑¯‑nÂ 3 h‑nfh‑v Dd‑¸‑v.

N‑n¸‑n‑¡‑q‑W‑n\‑v k‑q£‑n¸‑v I‑me‑w I‑pd‑h‑m‑W‑v. A´‑c‑o‑t‑£‑m‑j‑va‑m‑h‑nÂ 1 Z‑nh‑k‑w. d{‑^‑n‑P‑t‑d‑ä‑d‑nÂ 3 Z‑nh‑k‑w. AX‑p‑s‑I‑m‑ï‑p‑Xs‑¶ h‑nf‑s‑h‑S‑p‑¯‑m‑e‑p‑S³ AX‑v k‑q¸Àa‑mÀ¡‑ä‑n‑s‑e‑¯‑n¡W‑w. k‑q¸Àa‑mÀ¡‑ä‑p‑I‑mÀ N‑ne‑t‑¸‑m‑s‑g‑ms‑¡ h‑ne I‑pd‑¨‑p‑I‑fb‑p‑w. ^‑m‑w {‑^j‑v I‑qW‑n\‑v I‑nt‑e‑mb‑v¡‑v 300 c‑q]‑s‑b‑¦‑ne‑p‑w I‑n«‑W‑w. F¦‑nt‑e e‑m`‑a‑p‑Å‑q‑. I‑q¬ D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n¨‑v I‑q¬ IS‑ve‑ä‑v‑, t‑a‑mt‑a‑m‑, A¨‑mÀ‑, N½‑´‑n‑s‑¸‑m‑S‑n‑, I‑q¬_¬‑, t‑I¡‑v‑, lÂh F¶‑n‑§s‑\ FÃ‑m‑¯‑ne‑p‑w Ae‑v]‑w Ic‑h‑n‑c‑pX‑v F¯‑n‑¡‑m‑w. U‑na‑mâ‑v Gd‑pt‑¼‑mÄ I‑q¬ {‑^j‑v F¶ {‑_‑m³U‑v t‑hW‑s‑a‑¦‑ne‑p‑w Bc‑w‑`‑n‑¡‑m‑w.

N‑n¸‑n‑¡‑q¬ s‑_U‑v X¿‑m‑d‑m‑¡‑m³ ]T‑n‑t‑¡‑ï‑X‑p‑ï‑v. ]¯‑n©‑v h‑oX‑nb‑p‑w 20 C©‑v \‑of‑h‑p‑a‑pÅ ¹‑mÌ‑nI‑v Ih‑d‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ s‑_U‑p‑IÄ Xb‑m‑d‑m‑¡‑m‑w. ]‑pg‑p‑§‑nb hb‑vt‑¡‑mÂ 18‑þ20 s‑k.‑a‑o. h‑y‑mk‑¯‑nÂ 6þ8 s‑k.‑a‑o. h®‑¯‑nÂ N‑p½‑mS‑pIÄt‑]‑ms‑e Dï‑m‑¡‑W‑w. C§‑s‑\‑b‑pÅ 6 N‑p½‑m‑S‑p‑IÄ X¿‑md¡‑n‑b‑mÂ h‑n¯‑n‑S‑m³ s‑_U‑v s‑dU‑n. Ih‑d‑ns‑â a‑qe‑IÄ DÅ‑n‑t‑eb‑v¡‑v Ib‑ä‑n‑b‑t‑ij‑w H‑mt‑c‑m


N‑p½‑m‑S‑n‑\‑S‑n‑b‑ne‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w AS‑n‑b‑ne‑p‑w 25 {‑K‑m‑w h‑n¯‑v h‑oX‑w ¹‑mk‑vä‑nI‑v Ih‑d‑ns‑â hi‑§‑t‑f‑mS‑v t‑NÀ¯‑n‑S‑W‑w. a‑pI‑f‑ne‑p‑w 25 {‑K‑m‑w h‑n¯‑v h‑nX‑d‑W‑w. H‑mt‑c‑m N‑p½‑mS‑p‑w a‑nX‑a‑mb‑n AaÀ¯‑n \‑nd¨‑v Ih‑d‑ns‑â a‑pIÄ_‑mK‑w NW‑\‑q‑e‑p‑]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n¨‑v s‑I«‑m‑w. Ih‑d‑n\‑p N‑pä‑p‑w s‑a‑m«‑p‑k‑qN‑n D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n¨‑v k‑pj‑n‑c‑§Ä Dï‑m¡‑n \Ã C‑uÀ¸h‑p‑w Cc‑p‑«‑p‑a‑pÅ s‑jU‑nÂ X‑q¡‑n‑b‑n‑S‑m‑w. h‑n¯‑n«‑v 15þ18 Z‑nh‑k‑¯‑n‑\‑p‑Å‑nÂ I‑q¬X‑´‑p‑¡Ä hfÀ¶‑p X‑pS‑§‑p‑w. C‑u kab‑w ¹‑mÌ‑nI‑v Ih‑d‑p‑IÄ t‑»U‑vs‑I‑mï‑v hc‑b‑W‑w. l‑m³U‑v k‑vt‑{‑] D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n¨‑v s‑_U‑nÂ Z‑nh‑kh‑p‑w s‑hÅ‑w Xf‑n‑¡‑W‑w. X‑pSÀ¶‑v 3 Z‑nhk‑w s‑I‑mï‑v I‑q¬ h‑nfª‑v s‑]c‑p‑I‑p‑w. 1 a‑mks‑¯ h‑nf‑s‑h‑S‑p‑¸‑n‑\‑p‑t‑ij‑w s‑_U‑ns‑â IhÀ I‑od‑n‑a‑mä‑n s‑hÅ‑w Xf‑n¨‑v X‑q¡‑n‑b‑n‑S‑m‑w.

A´‑c‑o£ BÀ{‑Z‑Xb‑p‑w X‑m]h‑p‑w I‑q¬h‑n‑f‑h‑n\‑v hfs‑c {‑][‑m‑\‑a‑mW‑v 80þ95 iX‑a‑m\‑w hs‑c BÀ{‑Z‑Xb‑p‑w 25þ35 U‑n{‑K‑n‑s‑kÂk‑yk‑v X‑m]‑\‑n‑e‑b‑p‑a‑mW‑v \Ã‑X‑v. N‑n¸‑n‑¡‑q¬ 1 s‑_U‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v 18 Z‑nh‑k‑¯‑n‑\‑pÅ‑nÂ 1 I‑nt‑e‑m hs‑c s‑I‑mb‑vs‑X‑S‑p‑¡‑m‑w.

I‑q¬h‑n‑¯‑p‑IÄ : a‑n{‑X \‑nt‑I‑X³‑, s‑hÅ‑\‑m‑S‑v‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑pc‑w

ä‑n.‑_‑n.‑P‑n.‑BÀ.‑s‑F. ]‑mt‑e‑m‑S‑v‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑pc‑w

]c‑n‑i‑o‑e\‑w : I‑rj‑n‑h‑n‑Ú‑m\ t‑I{‑µ‑§Ä

8-) Cd-¨-n-t-¡-mg-n Cc«-n e-m`-w

t‑I‑mg‑n‑b‑n‑d‑¨‑n¡‑nX‑v \Ã I‑me‑a‑m‑W‑v. AS‑n‑¡S‑n Db‑c‑p¶ h‑ne‑, hÀ²‑n‑¨‑p‑h‑c‑p¶ {‑]‑nb‑w‑, DÕ‑h‑l‑I‑m‑e‑§‑f‑nÂ lc‑w. Ce‑b‑n«‑v h‑nf‑¼‑nb kZ‑y‑b‑ne‑p‑w Cd‑¨‑n‑b‑pt‑ï‑m F¶‑v ]c‑X‑n‑t‑\‑m‑¡‑p¶ ae‑b‑m‑f‑n‑b‑ps‑S i‑oe‑w k‑wc‑w‑`‑IÀ¡‑v as‑ä‑mc‑p N‑mI‑c‑b‑mW‑v k½‑m‑\‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v.

t‑{‑_‑mb‑n‑e‑d‑nÂ s‑s‑Is‑X‑m‑«‑h‑s‑cÃ‑m‑w XIÀ¨b‑p‑w DbÀ¨b‑p‑w Iï‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v. F¶‑mÂ I‑rj‑n Hc‑p _‑nk‑n‑\k‑mb‑n Db‑c‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ AX‑n\‑v h‑y‑m]‑vX‑n t‑hW‑w.

Cd‑¨‑n‑t‑¡‑mg‑n I‑pª‑p a‑pXÂ hf‑w hs‑c FÃ‑m‑w \‑nb‑{‑´‑n‑¡‑p‑¶X‑v Xa‑n‑g‑v\‑m‑S³ t‑e‑m_‑n‑b‑m‑W‑v. t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑e k‑ok‑W‑ne‑p‑w H‑m^‑v k‑ok‑W‑n‑e‑p‑s‑aÃ‑m‑w AhÀ h‑ne \‑nb‑{‑´‑n‑¡‑p‑w. t‑\c‑n«‑v h‑n]‑W‑n‑b‑nÂ CS‑s‑]‑«‑m‑b‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑W‑s‑a‑¶‑n‑Ã. t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑n‑t‑eb¡‑v hc‑p¶ I‑pª‑p‑§‑f‑ps‑S F®‑w I‑pd¨‑v U‑na‑mâ‑v I‑q«‑n k‑z‑m`‑m‑h‑n‑I‑a‑mb‑n h‑ne DbÀ¯‑m\‑p‑w h‑nc‑p‑X‑c‑mW‑v AhÀ. AX‑p‑s‑I‑m‑ï‑p‑Xs‑¶ I‑pª‑p‑IÀj‑IÀ¡‑v ]‑nS‑n‑¨‑p‑\‑nÂ¡‑m‑\‑m‑h‑n‑Ã. t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑pª‑v h‑neb‑p‑w X‑oä‑h‑n‑eb‑p‑w IS‑¯‑p‑I‑q‑e‑nb‑p‑w \‑nI‑p‑X‑nb‑p‑w ac‑p¶‑p‑w aä‑p t‑kh‑\‑§‑f‑p‑s‑a‑ms‑¡ t‑Nc‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ s‑Nd‑p‑I‑nS IÀj‑IÀ¡‑v H¶‑p‑w I‑n«‑m‑\‑n‑Ã. F¶‑mÂ Cs‑XÃ‑m‑w h‑n]‑p‑e‑a‑mb I‑rj‑n‑b‑nÂ 30 iX‑a‑m\‑w Iï‑v Cfh‑p t‑\S‑p¶ C\‑§‑f‑m‑W‑v.

t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑p‑s‑ª‑m‑¶‑n\‑v 18 a‑pXÂ 22 c‑q] hs‑c h‑ne Ib‑d‑n‑b‑n‑d§‑n hc‑m‑w. s‑jU‑n‑s‑â \‑of‑w Øe‑¯‑ns‑â he‑n‑¸‑a‑\‑p‑k‑c‑n¨‑v {‑Ia‑o‑I‑c‑n¡‑m‑w. 15 AS‑n h‑oX‑n‑b‑mW‑v \Ã‑X‑v. HcS‑n s‑]‑m¡‑¯‑nÂ I«‑IÄ h¨‑v hi‑§Ä ad¨‑v X‑pSÀ¶‑v a‑q¶S‑n s‑]‑m¡‑¯‑nÂ Cc‑p¼‑v s‑\ä‑p‑w AX‑n\‑p a‑pI‑f‑nÂ

¹‑mÌ‑nI‑v s‑\ä‑n‑e‑p‑a‑mW‑v s‑jU‑p‑I‑f‑ps‑S c‑q]‑I‑e‑v]‑\. N‑qS‑ns‑\ ]‑n´‑Å‑m³ t‑aÂ¡‑q‑c‑b‑mb‑n P‑n.‑s‑F. j‑oä‑p‑IÄ. hi‑§‑f‑nÂ 12 AS‑n s‑]‑m¡‑w. at‑[‑y 14 AS‑n s‑]‑m¡‑w. s‑jU‑n‑e‑ms‑I h‑nh‑n[ Øe‑§‑f‑n‑e‑mb‑n s‑]U‑k‑v{‑S‑oÂ ̂ ‑m\‑p‑IÄ. t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑pª‑v hc‑p‑w‑a‑p³t‑] s‑jU‑p‑IÄ I‑p½‑mb‑w ]‑qi‑n »‑o¨‑n‑wK‑v ]‑uUÀ D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n¨ Ig‑pI‑n t‑^‑mÀa‑m‑e‑n³ k‑vt‑{‑]b‑mÂ s‑\ä‑p‑w ]‑m{‑X‑§‑f‑p‑s‑aÃ‑m‑w h‑r¯‑n‑b‑m¡‑n cï‑m‑g‑vN‑t‑b‑m‑f‑a‑n‑S#‑m‑w. t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑pª‑v hc‑p‑w a‑p³t‑] {‑_‑qU‑d‑p‑IÄ kÖ‑a‑m‑¡‑m‑w. 3 C©‑v I\‑¯‑nÂ Ad‑¡‑s‑¸‑mS‑n h‑nc‑n¨‑v AX‑n‑\‑p‑a‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ t‑]¸‑d‑p‑I‑f‑n‑«‑mW‑v {‑_‑qU‑d‑p‑IÄ Hc‑p‑¡‑m‑w. t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑pª‑v H¶‑n\‑v 2 h‑m«‑v I‑n«‑¯‑¡‑h®‑w s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX _Ä_‑p‑IÄ 18 C©‑v Db‑c‑¯‑nÂ {‑Ia‑o‑I‑c‑n‑¡W‑w. 500 a‑pXÂ 600 hs‑c‑b‑pÅ _‑m¨‑p‑IÄ h‑ni‑me s‑jU‑ns‑â Hc‑p t‑I‑mW‑nÂ {‑_‑qU‑n‑wK‑v N‑qS‑v t‑\S‑p‑w. X‑pSÀ¶‑v Gg‑m‑w Z‑nhk‑w a‑pXÂ s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX _Ä_‑p‑IÄ AW¨‑v {‑_‑qUÀ he‑p‑X‑m¡‑n s‑jU‑v a‑pg‑p‑h³ \‑nd‑¡‑p‑w. Xd‑h‑nc‑n Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w 3 C©‑v I\‑¯‑nÂ Ad¡‑s‑¸‑m‑S‑n‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑w. 7 Z‑nhk‑w hs‑c {‑]‑o Ì‑mÀ«‑d‑m‑b‑n‑c‑n¡‑p‑w X‑oä. X‑pSÀ¶‑v ]X‑n‑s‑\«‑m‑w ]¡‑w hs‑c Ì‑mÀ«À X‑oäb‑p‑w X‑pSÀ¶‑v ̂ ‑n\‑n‑jÀ X‑oä‑b‑p‑w.

t‑{‑_‑mb‑n‑e‑d‑nÂ X‑oä ]c‑n‑hÀ¯‑\‑t‑i‑j‑n AYh‑m F^‑v.‑k‑n.‑BÀ. 1.65 BW‑v. AX‑m‑bX‑v 1.65 I‑nt‑e‑m X‑oä‑b‑nÂ 1 I‑nt‑e‑m a‑m‑w Dï‑m‑I‑p‑s‑a‑¶À°‑w. s‑hÅ‑w i‑p²‑o‑I‑c‑n‑¡‑m³ {‑]t‑X‑yI k‑wh‑n‑[‑m‑\‑w t‑h‑W‑w. s‑Ia‑n‑¡Â ]‑y‑qc‑n‑^‑b‑d‑n‑e‑q‑s‑S‑b‑mW‑v s‑hÅ‑w Bt‑«‑m‑a‑m‑ä‑nI‑v {‑U‑n¦‑d‑p‑I‑f‑n‑s‑e‑¯‑n¡‑m‑w. AX‑nÂ P‑oh‑Ih‑p‑w [‑mX‑p‑e‑hW a‑n{‑i‑n‑Xh‑p‑w Xc‑m‑Xc‑w t‑]‑ms‑e t‑NÀ¡‑m‑w. AX‑p‑s‑I‑m‑ï‑p‑Xs‑¶ a‑p¸‑¯‑md‑m‑w ]¡Â a‑pXÂ \s‑¶ t‑I‑mg‑n‑Is‑f ]‑nS‑n‑¡‑m‑w. CX‑n‑\I‑w Ah H¶‑c‑¡‑nt‑e‑m ̀ ‑mc‑s‑a‑¯‑n‑b‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑w. H¶‑m‑w Z‑nh‑ks‑¯ ]X‑nh‑v h‑mI‑vk‑n‑\‑p‑IÄ¡‑p t‑ij‑w Gg‑m‑w Z‑nhk‑w hk‑´‑b‑v¡‑pÅ (BÀ.‑U‑n.‑) {‑]X‑n‑t‑c‑m[ ac‑p¶‑pï‑v. Cc‑p‑]X‑m‑w ]¡‑w CX‑ns‑â _‑qÌÀ t‑U‑mk‑p‑ï‑v. CX‑n‑\‑ns‑S ]X‑n‑\‑me‑m‑w ]¡‑w s‑F.‑_‑n.‑U‑n. h‑mI‑vk‑n‑\‑p‑ï‑v.

DÕ‑h‑k‑o‑k‑W‑p‑IÄ IW‑¡‑m¡‑n t‑I‑mg‑n‑¡‑p‑ª‑p‑§s‑f CS‑p¶ c‑oX‑n‑¡‑mW‑v {‑]‑mt‑b‑m‑K‑n‑IX Gs‑d. hÀj‑¯‑nÂ \‑mt‑e‑m At‑©‑m _‑m¨‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑me‑p‑w e‑m`‑w t‑]‑m¡‑ä‑n‑e‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑w. Cd‑¨‑n‑t‑¡‑mg‑n d‑os‑S‑b‑nÂ H‑u«‑p‑s‑e‑ä‑p‑I‑f‑p‑a‑mb‑n Ic‑m‑d‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑n‑b‑mÂ Xa‑n‑g‑v\‑m‑S³ t‑e‑m_‑ns‑b s‑hÃ‑m‑w. k‑z´‑a‑mb‑n Cd‑¨‑n‑¡S Bc‑w‑`‑n‑¨‑mÂ IS‑¯‑p‑I‑q‑e‑nb‑p‑w I½‑o‑j‑\‑p‑a‑pÄs‑¸s‑S \j‑vS‑a‑m‑I‑p¶ Cc‑p‑]X‑v c‑q]‑t‑b‑mf‑w A[‑n‑I‑e‑m`‑w t‑\S‑m‑w.

Cd‑¨‑n‑t‑¡‑mg‑n I‑pª‑p‑§Ä ;

]‑uÄ{‑S‑n h‑nI‑k\ t‑I‑mÀ¸‑t‑d‑j³‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑pc‑w. 9495000930

9-) a-pÃ F¶-p-w a-p¶-nÂ

ae‑b‑m‑f‑n‑b‑ps‑S A`‑n\‑nt‑hi‑§‑f‑n‑s‑e‑m‑¶‑mW‑v I‑pS‑a‑p‑Ã‑¸‑q‑¡Ä. FÃ‑m \· \‑ndª X‑pS‑¡‑§Ä¡‑p‑w a‑pÃ‑¸‑q‑h‑ns‑â N‑mc‑p‑Xb‑p‑w k‑uc‑`‑yh‑p‑w Hg‑n‑h‑m‑¡‑m³ Ig‑n‑b‑m¯ k‑m¶‑n‑²‑y‑a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n‑¡‑g‑n‑ª‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. s‑s‑Zh‑o‑I‑m‑c‑m‑[‑\b‑v¡‑p‑w h‑nh‑m‑l‑¯‑n\‑p‑w k‑pKÔs‑s‑Xe \‑nÀ½‑m‑W‑¯‑n‑\‑p‑s‑a‑ms‑¡


D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑p¶ a‑pÃ‑¸‑q‑¡‑f‑[‑n‑Ih‑p‑w C¶‑v Xa‑n‑g‑v\‑m‑«‑nÂ\‑n‑¶‑mW‑v F¯‑p‑¶‑X‑v. F¶‑mÂ t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑nÂ h‑nc‑n‑b‑p¶ ]‑q¡Ä¯‑v DbÀ¶ k‑uc‑`‑yh‑p‑w \‑´h‑p‑w DÅ‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ F¡‑m‑e¯‑p‑w DbÀ¶ U‑na‑mâ‑p‑ï‑v.

]ï‑s‑¯‑t‑¸‑m‑s‑e‑bÃ a‑pÃ. hÅ‑n‑s‑¨‑S‑n‑I‑f‑nÂ ]SÀ¶‑p‑I‑bd‑n \‑m«‑p‑s‑]‑®‑ns‑â a‑pS‑n‑¨‑mÀ¯‑n‑e‑ms‑I k‑uc`‑y‑w ]I‑c‑p¶ ]‑q¡s‑f N«‑n‑b‑n‑s‑e‑m‑X‑p¡‑n hfÀ¯‑n‑b‑mÂ e‑m`‑t‑a‑s‑d‑. I‑mÀj‑nI kÀh‑I‑e‑m‑i‑me h‑nI‑k‑n‑¸‑n‑¨ P‑mk‑va‑n³ k¼¯‑v F¶ C\a‑mW‑v I‑rj‑n s‑N¿‑m³ \Ã‑X‑v. 12 AS‑n h‑y‑mk‑a‑pÅ s‑NS‑n‑¨‑«‑n‑I‑f‑mW‑v a‑pÃ‑I‑r‑j‑n‑¡‑v t‑b‑mP‑n‑¨‑X‑v. Bä‑p‑a‑We‑p‑w It‑¼‑mÌ‑p‑w a®‑p‑w \‑nd‑¨ a‑n{‑i‑nX‑w X‑pe‑y‑a‑mb‑n t‑NÀ¯‑mÂ a‑pÃ¡‑v t‑]‑m«‑n‑wK‑v a‑n{‑i‑n‑X‑a‑m‑b‑n. s‑NS‑n‑¨‑«‑n‑b‑nÂ H‑m«‑p Ij‑W‑§Ä h¨‑v Ae‑v]‑w t‑]‑m«‑n‑wK‑v a‑n{‑i‑n‑Xh‑p‑w t‑NÀ¯‑mÂ s‑s‑X \S‑m‑w. \Ã ag‑¡‑m‑e¯‑v a‑pd‑n‑¨‑p‑h¨ I‑pä‑n‑a‑p‑Ã‑¡‑¼‑p‑IÄ a‑pf‑¨‑X‑mW‑v \S‑oÂ hk‑vX‑p‑¡Ä. a‑pÃ \«‑v Bg‑vN‑b‑n‑e‑c‑n‑¡Â Ae‑v]‑me‑v]‑w t‑]‑m«‑n‑wK‑v a‑n{‑i‑nX‑w t‑NÀ¯‑v N«‑n \‑nd‑¨‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑v hc‑p‑w. a‑mk‑¯‑nÂ 2{‑]‑m‑hi‑y‑w F³.‑]‑n.‑s‑I. 19 19 19 c‑mk‑hf‑w t‑hW‑w. 10 {‑K‑m‑w s‑hÅ‑¯‑nÂ t‑\À¸‑n¨ N«‑n‑b‑n‑s‑e‑m‑g‑n‑¡‑p‑w. s‑s‑Ph‑h‑f‑¯‑n‑\‑mb‑n \‑qt‑d‑mf‑w \‑mS³ t‑I‑mg‑n‑Is‑f kX‑n hfÀ¯‑p‑¶‑p‑ï‑v. cï‑m‑g‑vN‑b‑n‑s‑e‑mc‑n‑¡Â It‑¼‑mÌ‑p‑w DW‑¡‑¨‑m‑W‑Ih‑p‑w t‑NÀ¡‑p‑w. Z‑nh‑kh‑p‑w \\ t‑hW‑w. N‑nX‑d‑n‑h‑o‑g‑p¶ Pe‑[‑m‑c‑b‑mÂ s‑NS‑n a‑pg‑p‑h³ \\ª‑v I‑pX‑nÀ¡‑W‑w. Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w \‑ne‑\‑nÂ¡‑p¶ a‑p¶‑qd‑v s‑s‑XIÄ a‑pt‑Ã‑m‑Z‑y‑m‑\‑¯‑n‑e‑p‑s‑ï‑¦‑nÂ AX‑v \Ã e‑m`‑w \ÂI‑p‑w. 15 s‑I‑mÃa‑mW‑v Hc‑p t‑X‑m«‑¯‑ns‑â ]c‑n‑]‑m‑e‑\‑w.

\«‑mÂ BZ‑y‑a‑mk‑w ]‑qh‑v F¶‑X‑mW‑v I‑pä‑n‑a‑p‑Ã‑b‑ps‑S c‑oX‑n. F¶‑mÂ Ah‑s‑bÃ‑m‑w \‑pÅ‑n‑¡‑f‑b‑m‑w. h‑nf‑s‑h‑S‑p¸‑v Bd‑m‑w a‑mk‑w a‑pXÂ a‑m{‑X‑w. FÃ‑m hÀjh‑p‑w ag‑b‑pÅ P‑q¬‑þ‑P‑qs‑s‑e a‑mk‑§‑f‑nÂ {‑]‑qW‑n‑wK‑v AYh‑m s‑I‑m¼‑v t‑I‑mXÂ Dï‑v. As‑X‑mc‑p Ie‑b‑m‑W‑v. i‑ne‑v] ka‑m‑\‑a‑mb c‑oX‑n‑b‑nÂ a‑pÃ‑s‑¨‑S‑n‑Is‑f s‑h«‑n‑s‑b‑m‑c‑p‑¡‑n \‑nÀ¯‑m‑w. 6 a‑mk‑w a‑pXÂ 9þ‑m‑w a‑mk‑w hs‑c s‑I‑mb‑v¯‑p‑I‑m‑e‑a‑m‑W‑v. i\‑n‑b‑m‑g‑v¨‑b‑mW‑v ]‑q¡Ä¡‑v Gs‑d U‑na‑mâ‑v . k‑qc‑y‑I‑n‑c‑W‑§Ä a®‑nÂ h‑og‑p¶ AX‑n‑{‑]‑`‑m‑X‑§‑f‑nÂ ]‑q¡Ä \‑pÅ‑n‑s‑b‑S‑p‑¡‑m‑w. 500 a‑pXÂ 1000 c‑q] hs‑c ]‑q¡Ä¡‑v h‑n]W‑n h‑ne‑b‑p‑ï‑v.

8 aW‑n‑¡‑q‑s‑d‑¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑hb‑n‑e‑S‑n‑¡‑p¶ \Ã Øe‑¯‑p‑t‑hW‑w I‑pä‑n a‑pÃ I‑rj‑n s‑N¿‑p‑¶‑X‑v. a‑pÃ‑b‑ps‑S i‑p{‑`t‑i‑m` a§‑n hb‑e‑ä‑m‑¡‑p¶ t‑c‑mK‑I‑o‑S‑§‑f‑p‑ï‑v. I‑oS‑\‑m‑i‑n\‑n {‑]t‑b‑mK‑w t‑hï‑n hc‑p‑w. t‑d‑mKd‑p‑w F¡‑m‑e‑I‑vk‑p‑a‑mW‑v B{‑i‑b‑w. 1 e‑näÀ s‑hÅ‑¯‑nÂ cïc a‑nÃ‑n F¡‑m‑eI‑vk‑v t‑\À¸‑n¨‑v Xf‑n‑¡‑m‑w. s‑s‑Ph I‑pa‑nÄ \‑mi‑n‑\‑n‑b‑mb k‑y‑qt‑S‑m‑t‑a‑m‑Wk‑v 20 {‑K‑m‑w 1 e‑näÀ s‑hÅ‑¯‑nÂ t‑\À¸‑n¨ s‑NS‑n‑b‑ne‑p‑w XS‑¯‑ne‑p‑w Xf‑n‑¡‑m‑w.

]‑qh‑n‑d‑p‑¡‑m³ Bf‑n‑Ã‑ms‑X hc‑p‑¶‑X‑mW‑v I‑pä‑n‑a‑p‑Ã‑b‑ps‑S {‑]i‑v\‑w. ]‑q \‑pÅ‑n ]‑q \‑pÅ‑n s‑s‑Ih‑n‑cÂ I‑pg‑ªt‑Ã‑m F¶‑mW‑v IÀj‑IÀ ]d‑b‑p‑¶‑X‑v. F¶‑mÂ s‑s‑I I‑pg‑b‑m³ h‑o«‑n‑s‑e‑Ã‑m‑hc‑p‑w X¿‑m‑s‑d‑¦‑nÂ I‑pä‑n‑a‑pÃ Ik‑d‑p‑w. k‑pK‑Ô‑a‑pÅ ]W‑w s‑s‑I\‑n‑ds‑b h‑mc‑m‑w.

10-) I-pª-v ]£-n-, he-nb h-nPb-w

C¯‑n‑c‑n‑t‑¸‑m‑s‑¶‑mc‑p ]£‑n H¯‑nc‑n h‑nPb‑w \ÂI‑p¶ IY‑I‑f‑mW‑v I‑mSb‑v¡‑v ]d‑b‑m‑\‑p‑Å‑X‑v. t‑]‑mjI ka‑r‑²‑a‑mb a‑p«‑IÄ. AX‑p‑w H‑uj[ K‑pW‑a‑p‑s‑ï¶‑v h‑ni‑z‑k‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑h. c‑pN‑n‑b‑ne‑p‑w c‑q]‑t‑`‑Z‑¯‑ne‑p‑w Bc‑p‑t‑Sb‑p‑w \‑mh‑nÂ s‑hÅ‑a‑q‑d‑n‑¡‑p¶ I‑mS‑b‑n‑d‑¨‑n. t‑]‑mt‑c ]‑qc‑w.

ac‑s‑¸‑mS‑n h‑nc‑n¨‑v Xd‑b‑nÂ hfÀ¯‑p¶ U‑o]‑v e‑näÀ k‑nÌ‑a‑mW‑v Ct‑¸‑mÄ I‑mS‑IÄ¡‑mb‑n IÀj‑IÀ ]c‑o‑£‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. C¶s‑¯ I‑mS s‑hd‑p‑w I‑m«‑p‑]‑£‑n‑b‑Ã. Xe‑a‑p‑d‑I‑f‑mb‑n h‑nI‑k‑n‑¸‑n¨ h‑y‑mh‑k‑m‑b‑nI I‑mS‑b‑m‑W‑v. N‑qS‑v I‑mSb‑v¡‑v B]‑¯‑m‑W‑v. Øe‑¡‑pdh‑p‑w {‑]i‑v\‑a‑m‑W‑v. 1 NX‑p‑c{‑i AS‑n‑b‑nÂ 3 I‑mS‑Is‑f hfÀ¯‑m‑w. s‑I‑z‑mb‑nÂ s‑ebÀ Xs‑¶ X‑oä‑b‑m‑¡‑W‑w. c‑m{‑X‑n‑s‑h‑f‑n¨‑w \‑nÀ_‑Ô‑w. 1 Z‑nhk‑w {‑]‑mb‑a‑mb I‑pª‑p‑§ÄX‑s‑¶‑b‑mW‑v X‑pS‑¡‑¯‑nÂ \ÃX‑v 5þ7 c‑q] h‑ne‑b‑pï‑v I‑pR‑vR‑n‑\‑v. Z‑nhk‑w 30 {‑K‑ma‑nÂ I‑pd‑b‑ms‑X FÃ‑m‑hÀ¡‑p‑w X‑oä t‑hW‑w. 41‑þ‑m‑w ]¡‑w a‑pXÂ 1þ2 a‑p«‑IÄ 1 {‑K‑q¸‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v I‑n«‑n‑¯‑p‑S‑§‑p‑w. Aª‑q‑d‑mW‑v Hc‑p \Ã I‑q«‑w. A³]X‑m‑w Z‑nhk‑w 50 iX‑a‑m\‑w t‑]À a‑p«‑b‑n‑S‑p‑w. Ad‑p‑]X‑m‑w Z‑nhk‑w 90 iX‑a‑m‑\‑w. CX‑mW‑v h‑nP‑b‑¡‑W‑¡‑v. Bd‑mg‑vN a‑pXÂ 1 s‑I‑mÃ‑w hs‑c 300 Â I‑pd‑b‑m¯ a‑p«‑IÄ I‑n«‑p‑w. a‑p«‑b‑n«‑v X‑oÀ¶ I‑mS‑Is‑f Cd¨‑n De‑v]‑¶‑§‑f‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑m‑w.

X‑oä X‑oÀ¶‑p F¶‑v t‑]S‑n‑t‑¡‑ï‑X‑n‑Ã. h‑n]‑W‑n‑b‑nÂ e`‑y‑a‑mb t‑{‑_‑mb‑n‑eÀ Ì‑mÀ«À X‑oä‑b‑nÂ 5 iX‑a‑m\‑w I¡‑m‑s‑¸‑m‑S‑nt‑b‑m I‑mÕ‑y‑w s‑]‑mS‑nt‑b‑m t‑NÀ¯‑v k‑z´‑a‑mb‑n X‑oä‑b‑p‑ï‑m‑¡‑m‑w. I‑mS‑IÄ¡‑v Bd‑mg‑vN {‑]‑mb‑w hs‑c 600 {‑K‑m‑w X‑oä Z‑nh‑kh‑p‑w t‑hW‑w. 52‑þ‑m‑w Bg‑vN‑hs‑c hfÀ¯‑m‑h‑p¶ I‑mS‑IÄ AX‑n‑\I‑w 9 I‑nt‑e‑m X‑oä AX‑n‑\I‑w X‑n¶‑p‑I‑g‑n‑b‑p‑w. I‑mS‑s‑s‑{‑^‑, I‑mS N‑p«‑X‑v. I‑mS A¨‑mÀ‑, N‑nÃ‑n I‑mS X‑pS§‑n k‑pK‑Ô‑h‑y‑R‑vP‑\‑§‑f‑nÂ s‑]‑mX‑nª‑v I‑mS ]c‑p‑h‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ Bc‑p‑t‑Sb‑p‑w \‑mh‑nÂ I¸‑t‑e‑m‑S‑n‑¡‑m³ ]‑mI‑w.

I‑mS hfÀ¯‑e‑ns‑e k‑uI‑c‑y‑§‑f‑mW‑v ]e k‑wc‑w‑`‑IÀ¡‑p‑w h‑nP‑b‑k‑m‑[‑yX Hc‑p‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. 1 t‑I‑mg‑ns‑b hfÀ¯‑m³ t‑hï‑b‑n‑S¯‑v 10 I‑mS‑Is‑f hfÀ¯‑m‑w. a‑p«‑b‑p‑e‑v]‑m‑Z‑\‑¯‑n\‑v a‑m{‑X‑a‑mb‑n ]‑nS‑¡‑m‑S‑Is‑f hfÀ¯‑p‑¶‑n‑S¯‑v ]‑qh³ I‑mS‑Is‑f Bh‑i‑y‑t‑a‑b‑n‑Ã. Cf‑w N‑ph¸‑v IeÀ¶ s‑\©‑ns‑e X‑qh‑e‑p‑IÄ ]‑qh³I‑m‑S‑Is‑f X‑nc‑n‑¨‑d‑n‑b‑m³ k‑m[‑n‑¡‑p‑w. t‑I‑mg‑n‑Is‑f _‑m[‑n‑¡‑p¶ hk‑´‑, cà‑m‑X‑n‑k‑mc‑w X‑pS‑§‑nb t‑c‑mK‑§Ä I‑mS‑Is‑e _‑m[‑n‑¡‑m‑t‑d‑b‑n‑Ã. s‑s‑hI‑p‑t‑¶c‑w 4 aW‑n a‑pX‑e‑mW‑v I‑mS‑IÄ a‑p«‑b‑n«‑p X‑pS‑§‑p‑¶‑X‑v. 18 C©‑v Db‑c‑¯‑nÂ _Ä_‑n«‑v \Ã {‑_‑qU‑n‑wK‑v I‑mS‑IÄ¡‑p‑w \ÂI‑W‑w. I‑mS‑a‑p‑«‑IÄ ]¯‑n‑t‑ât‑b‑m Cc‑p‑]‑X‑n‑t‑ât‑b‑m t‑]¸À t‑{‑SI‑f‑nÂ I‑rX‑y‑a‑mb‑n AS‑p¡‑n IhÀ k‑oÂ s‑NbX‑v k‑q¸Àa‑mÀ¡‑ä‑p‑I‑f‑n‑s‑e‑¯‑n‑¡‑W‑w. a‑p«‑s‑b‑m‑¶‑n\‑v 1.80 c‑q] I‑pd‑b‑ms‑X I‑n«‑p‑w. Ae‑v]‑w s‑s‑Ih‑n‑c‑pX‑v {‑]t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¨‑mÂ a‑p«‑b‑n«‑v X‑oÀ¶ I‑mS‑Is‑f c‑pN‑n‑I‑c‑a‑mb h‑n`‑h‑§‑f‑m¡‑n _«À t‑]¸‑d‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ s‑]‑mX‑nR‑vR‑v ]‑mb‑v¡‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v t‑l‑m«‑e‑p‑I‑f‑ne‑p‑w _‑md‑p‑I‑f‑ne‑p‑w F¯‑n‑¡‑m‑w. I‑mS‑IÄ I‑pª‑·‑m‑s‑c‑¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑s‑II‑f‑nÂ s‑]‑m³\‑m‑Wb‑w X‑mt‑\ \‑nd‑b‑p‑w.

IS‑¡‑p‑ª‑p‑§Ä¡‑v : b‑qW‑n‑t‑h‑g‑vk‑nä‑n ]‑uÄ{‑S‑n ̂ ‑m‑w‑, a®‑p¯‑n þ 9946505491‑, 9446096855


AMY PHARMA

ATTINGALPh: 9447428481

Dealers in all kinds of veterinary medicines

and vaccines

JAIMEDICALS

MARKET ROAD,THIRUVALLA

FÃmhn-[ a-cp-¶p-Ifpw an-Xam-b

\n-c¡nÂ e`n¡m³ k-ao-]n¡pI.


24 Dr Suni Kumar.M.B, Thrissur Arpo irro

Lighter Moments


24 Dr Suni Kumar.M.B, Thrissur Arpo irro


NANDANA MEDICALS

CHEMISTS & DRUGGISTCollege Road, Palode

DL.Nos. 273/20/2002,

274/21/2002 Dated 20-08-02

Website: [email protected]


With knitted eyebrowssoaring hopes,high idealswalks healong this crooked lane.

Storm around,fire within,thoughts brewing,waves splashing.No wind can put out,The glow within.No lash can marthe zeal and zest.

Walks he through the dark tunnelwithout a candle litfor he himself is the sunshine. Just are his struggles, demons are kept far away.When the gale blew, Tearing his core valuesStood he singleTolerance his motto..

Uprightness in character,service to the silent beings,passion for the profession, compassion to the fellow vetshelping the needywith grace n' poise.

Dr. Bhagyalakshmi V LVeterinary Surgeon

Veterinary DispensaryVilavoorkal, Thiruvananthapuram

My Pal ! Purity in character,congenial, courteous,proactive and sincere,all virtues put togetheryet, crucified is he.

O my Lord! show him the wayHe cannot go on like this for ever.Please, lead my pal to that pathTo the path of truth, where the dream is trueTo the heaven on earth where his dream is true.

Literary Works


Iï‑q R‑ms‑\{‑X k‑z]‑v\§Ä‑, ]‑nFÊ‑nI‑n«‑p‑w a‑p¼‑pÅ c‑mh‑pIf‑nÂ \‑o´‑o t‑I‑m«‑n«‑v \£{‑X t‑Xt‑cd‑nF¯‑o \‑m«‑ns‑e h‑nU‑ns‑b‑m¶‑nÂa‑nï‑ms‑X¯‑ns‑b‑mt‑c‑mÀUd‑p‑w h‑mb‑n¨‑vI®‑p‑w XÅ‑n R‑ms‑\‑mä \‑nÂ]‑mb‑vs‑I‑mÃ‑w \‑m«‑ne‑v t‑h¡³k‑nb‑pÅt‑¸‑mÄFt‑´ X«‑nb‑n«‑p I‑mkÀt‑K‑ms‑«‑,a‑p¡‑nÂ s‑I‑ms‑ïb‑n«‑p

I‑p¯‑ph‑ms‑\‑m¯‑nc‑n k‑qN‑n h‑m§‑n‑, \Ã¥‑uk‑pIÄ \‑qs‑d®‑w F®‑n h‑m§‑nDD ¡‑p‑w JD ¡‑p‑w \ÂI‑ph‑m³ A©‑ns‑â a©‑p‑w R‑m\s‑©®‑w F®‑n h‑m§‑nA¶‑ps‑]b‑vX k‑vI‑o‑w agIÄCt‑¶hs‑c t‑X‑mÀ¶X‑nÃh‑o¡‑w hs‑¶‑mc‑mS‑ns‑\ I‑p¯‑ph‑m³ H«‑p‑w t‑\ca‑nÃ‑, a‑qÀ¨b‑pÅk‑qN‑n _‑mK‑ne‑nÃ

hÔ‑yX‑m I‑y‑m¼‑v Ig‑nªt‑¸‑mÄ as‑ä‑mc‑p\‑mt‑e‑mf‑w I‑y‑m¼‑ns‑â k‑vI‑oa‑p h¶‑p_‑ns‑Ã‑m¶‑p a‑md‑ph‑m³ s‑s‑hI‑nt‑¸‑mb‑v JD s‑S\‑mh‑nÂ kck‑zX‑n¸‑m«‑p‑w h¶‑pt‑]‑mÌ‑n‑wK‑v H¶‑p‑w a‑mä‑n¡‑n«‑m³s‑N¶‑pa‑p«‑n h‑mX‑ne‑pIÄt‑]‑mbt‑]‑ms‑e t‑]‑m¶‑p R‑m³ I‑oib‑nÂX‑n§‑p‑w hc‑ml\‑nÃ‑, t‑\X‑mh‑nÃ‑, FwFÂF I‑q«‑n\‑nÃ

k‑z]‑v\§Ä þ ]‑mcU‑ob‑w

(C-uW-w þ Ft-¶-m R-ms-\s-â a-päs-¯-mcä¯-v-, N-n{-X-w þ AaÀ AI-v_À At-´-mW-n-)

tUm. _oäp tPmk^vshädn\‑dn kÀ‑P³A‑S‑bv‑¡m‑tXm‑Sv, I®qÀ

Biw-k-I-tfmsS

`Kh-Xn-\-S £o-tcmÂ-¸m-Z-I k-lI-c-W kwLw (¢n-]v-Xw)

\-¼À.än.33 (D) APCOS`-K-h-Xn-\-S ]n.H., _m-e-cm-a-]pcw, Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cwþ695 501

t^m¬: 0471þ 2401129

Lighter Moments


“BÀt‑¸‑m...‑CÀt‑d‑m...‑’’

s‑X¿‑t‑I‑m‑e‑§Ä¡‑v Ct‑¸‑mÄ a‑pJ‑s‑¯‑g‑p¯‑v X‑pS‑§‑n‑b‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑w. kl‑mb‑n‑IÄ t‑Zl‑¯‑W‑n‑b‑p‑h‑m‑\‑pÅ I‑pc‑p‑t‑¯‑me¨‑pä‑p‑IÄ s‑aS‑ª‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑I‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑w. I‑me‑nÂ N‑ne‑¦‑

b‑W‑nª‑p Acb‑nÂ I¨‑IÄ s‑I«‑nb ]‑qX‑·‑mÀ X‑pS‑n‑X‑m‑f‑¯‑n‑s‑\‑m¯‑v \‑r¯‑w Nh‑n‑«‑p‑h‑m³ X¿‑m‑d‑mb‑n¡‑mW‑p‑w.

s‑s‑hI‑o‑«‑mW‑v I¬s‑h³‑j‑t‑\‑m‑S‑\‑p‑_‑Ô‑n‑¨‑pÅ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m‑c‑nI kÔ‑y. F«‑p‑hÀj‑§Ä¡‑v t‑ij‑a‑mW‑v X‑ri‑qÀ P‑nÃ h‑oï‑p‑w s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑U‑m‑I‑vSÀa‑m‑c‑ps‑S k‑wØ‑m\kt‑½‑f‑\‑¯‑n\‑v BX‑n‑t‑Y‑bX‑z‑w hl‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. BZ‑y‑L« Bt‑e‑m‑N‑\‑m‑t‑b‑m‑K‑§‑f‑nÂ F\‑n¡‑v ]s‑¦‑S‑p‑¡‑p‑h‑m³ k‑m[‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑n‑Ã. “`à‑P‑\‑§‑f‑ps‑S {‑i²¡‑v‑’’ F¶ N‑n{‑X‑¯‑ns‑â s‑e‑mt‑¡‑j³ X‑nc‑b‑p‑¶‑X‑n‑\‑p‑t‑hï‑n {‑]‑nb‑\‑µ\\‑v I‑q«‑mb‑n ]¿‑¶‑q‑c‑nÂ F¯‑n‑b‑t‑¸‑m‑

tUm. kp\nÂ-IpamÀ Fw _n a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£WhI‑p¸‑vXrÈqÀ

A©‑phÀj §Ä¡‑v a‑p¼v cà‑mÀ_‑pZ

_‑m[‑nX\‑mb‑n s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑ns‑e t‑e¡‑vt‑j‑mÀ t‑l‑mk‑v]‑näe‑nÂ N‑nI‑nÕb‑nÂ Ig‑nb‑p¶

Z‑n\§f‑nÂ B hÀj‑w X‑rÈ‑qc‑nÂ s‑h¨‑p\S¶ ‑"s‑häd‑nt‑d‑nb³k‑v I¬h\‑vj³ 2010‑' s‑\

I‑pd‑n¨‑v H‑mÀ¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. A¶s‑̄ I¬h\‑vjs‑â FâÀs‑s‑«³ I½‑nä‑n I¬h‑o\À I‑qS‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶

t‑U‑m:F‑w._‑n.k‑p\‑nÂI‑pa‑mÀ. AÀ_‑pZs‑¯ t‑X‑mÂ¸‑n¨‑v P‑oh‑nX¯‑nt‑e¡‑v X‑nc‑n¨‑p\S¶ At‑±l¯‑nâ

{‑]k‑n²‑oIcW¯‑n\‑p X¿‑md‑mb‑ns‑¡‑m ‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ ‑"H‑mÀ½ ¡‑pd‑n¸‑pIf‑nÂ‑" \‑n¶‑p‑w BZct‑h‑ms‑S

Hc²‑y‑mb‑w.

Literary Works


g‑mW‑v X‑ri‑q‑c‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w k‑wØ‑m\ kt‑½‑f‑\‑¯‑ns‑â k‑wL‑m‑S‑I‑k‑a‑n‑X‑n‑¡‑mÀ Fs‑¶ h‑nf‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. IÄ¨‑dÂ t‑{‑]‑m{‑K‑m‑w I½‑n‑ä‑n‑b‑ps‑S I¬h‑o‑\‑d‑mb‑n Fs‑¶ X‑oc‑p‑a‑m‑\‑n‑¨‑n‑«‑p‑s‑ï¶‑p‑w ]c‑n‑]‑m‑S‑n‑b‑nÂ {‑]‑nb‑\‑µ‑\s‑\ a‑pJ‑y‑m‑X‑n‑Y‑n‑b‑mb‑n ]s‑¦‑S‑p‑¸‑n‑¡‑W‑s‑a¶‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

a‑q¶‑pZ‑nh‑k‑§‑f‑n‑e‑mb‑n \S‑¯‑s‑¸‑S‑p¶ h‑mÀj‑nI I¬s‑h³j‑\‑nÂ t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑e FÃ‑m P‑nÃ‑I‑f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑a‑pÅ `‑qc‑n‑`‑mK‑w t‑U‑mI‑vSÀa‑mc‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w‑_‑k‑t‑aX‑w ]s‑¦‑S‑p‑¡‑m‑d‑p‑ï‑v. AX‑p‑s‑I‑m‑ï‑p‑Xs‑¶ AX‑n‑h‑n‑]‑p‑e‑a‑mb Hc‑p‑¡‑§f‑p‑w k‑wL‑m‑S‑\‑h‑p‑a‑mW‑v BX‑n‑t‑YbP‑nÃ‑IÄ¡‑p ‑t‑hï‑nhc‑m‑d‑v. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ S‑n.‑s‑F.t‑a‑ml‑\³ k‑md‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p R§‑f‑ps‑S I½‑nä‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³. t‑a‑ml\³k‑mÀ Fs‑â hfs‑c k‑o\‑n‑bÀ H‑m^‑o‑k‑d‑m‑s‑W‑¦‑ne‑p‑w At‑±‑l‑h‑p‑a‑mb‑n \s‑Ã‑mc‑p k‑pl‑r‑X‑v_Ô‑w R‑m³ I‑m¯‑p‑k‑q‑£‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. a®‑p¯‑n s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑I‑mt‑f‑P‑ns‑â t‑K‑mÄU³ P‑q_‑ne‑n H‑mU‑n‑t‑ä‑m‑d‑n‑b‑¯‑nÂ s‑h¨‑mW‑v I¬s‑h³j³ \S‑¯‑m³ X‑oc‑p‑a‑m‑\‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v.

I‑m¼‑k‑ns‑â a®‑n‑t‑e¡‑v I‑me‑p‑I‑p‑¯‑p¶ H‑mt‑c‑m‑c‑p‑¯‑c‑n‑t‑e¡‑p‑w Hc‑n‑¡e‑p‑w a§‑t‑e‑e‑v¡‑ms‑X I‑nS‑¡‑p¶ Hc‑p‑]‑mS‑v Hc‑p‑]‑mS‑v H‑mÀ‑½‑IÄ H‑mS‑n‑s‑b‑¯‑m‑\‑p‑ï‑m‑I‑p‑w. Ig‑n‑ª‑p‑t‑]‑mb ]gb I‑me‑L‑«‑¯‑n‑t‑e¡‑v H‑mt‑c‑m a\‑Ê‑p‑I‑s‑f‑b‑p‑w X‑nc‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑p‑t‑]‑m‑I‑m‑h‑p¶ c‑oX‑n‑b‑n‑e‑pÅ ]c‑n‑]‑m‑S‑n‑I‑f‑mW‑v R‑m\‑p‑w t‑a‑ml\³k‑md‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v Bk‑q{‑XW‑w s‑N¿‑m³ X‑oc‑p‑a‑m‑\‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑X‑v.

t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m‑c‑nIXe‑Ø‑m‑\‑¯‑p‑s‑h¨‑v \S‑¯‑s‑¸‑S‑p¶ Hc‑p ]c‑n‑]‑m‑S‑n‑b‑m‑I‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ X‑oÀ¨‑b‑mb‑p‑w AX‑n\‑v Hc‑p‑]‑mS‑v ]‑pX‑p‑a‑IÄ t‑hW‑s‑a¶‑v R§Ä¡‑v \‑nÀ_‑Ô‑a‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. A§‑n‑s‑\‑b‑mW‑v Bd‑m‑«‑p‑]‑pg “\‑m«‑p‑¡‑q«‑w {‑]‑mN‑o\Ie‑m‑k‑a‑nX‑n‑’’ b‑ps‑S If‑c‑n‑b‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n hc‑s‑a‑m‑g‑n‑b‑n‑Ã‑ms‑X h‑ms‑a‑m‑g‑n‑b‑mb‑n Xe‑a‑p‑d‑IÄ s‑s‑Ia‑m‑d‑n‑h¶ C‑uW‑§Ä DÄs‑¸‑S‑p¯‑n \‑mS³]‑m‑«‑p‑If‑p‑w s‑X¿‑h‑p‑w ]‑qX\‑p‑w X‑nd‑b‑p‑s‑aÃ‑m‑w GÀ¸‑m‑S‑m‑¡‑n‑b‑X‑v. I‑qs‑S‑, s‑I‑mg‑p‑¸‑p‑I‑q‑«‑m³ h«‑a‑p‑S‑n‑, Ic‑n‑w‑I‑m‑f‑n‑, I‑pX‑n‑c‑If‑n X‑pS‑§‑nb aä‑p Ie‑m‑c‑q‑]‑§f‑p‑w. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀa‑m‑c‑p‑t‑Sb‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w‑_‑m‑w‑K‑§‑f‑p‑s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑nh‑n[ ]c‑n‑]‑m‑S‑n‑I‑f‑ps‑S I‑q«‑¯‑nÂ t‑I‑mt‑f‑P‑ns‑e I‑p«‑n‑I‑f‑ps‑S X‑nc‑s‑ª‑S‑p¯ GX‑m\‑p‑w ]c‑n‑]‑m‑S‑n‑I‑f‑p‑w‑I‑qS‑n R§Ä DÄs‑¸‑S‑p‑¯‑n‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p.

AW‑ª‑p‑t‑]‑mb Hc‑p \‑mS‑I‑I‑m‑e‑¯‑ns‑â H‑mÀ½ ]‑pX‑p‑¡‑s‑e‑t‑¶‑mW‑w Cc‑p‑]X‑phÀj‑§Ä¡‑p‑t‑ij‑w t‑U‑m.kX‑o‑j‑vI‑p‑a‑mÀ X‑mW‑n‑t‑È‑c‑nb‑p‑w R‑m\‑p‑w t‑ÌP‑nÂ h‑oï‑p‑w H¶‑n¨‑p Ib‑d‑p‑h‑m³ X‑oc‑p‑a‑m‑\‑n‑¨‑p. S‑mt‑K‑m‑d‑ns‑â AX‑n‑{‑]‑i‑k‑vX‑a‑mb Bt‑£‑]‑l‑mk‑y\‑mS‑I‑a‑mb “k‑q£‑vaNÀ¨‑’’b‑ps‑S k‑v{‑I‑n]‑vä‑v ka‑I‑m‑e‑nI a‑mä‑§‑t‑f‑ms‑S s‑]‑mf‑n‑s‑¨‑g‑p‑X‑p‑h‑m³t‑hï‑n R‑m³ t‑U‑m.kX‑o‑j‑n\‑v hb‑\‑m‑«‑n‑t‑e¡‑v Ab‑¨‑p‑s‑I‑m‑S‑p‑¯‑p. cï‑p IY‑m‑]‑m‑{‑X‑§Ä a‑m{‑X‑a‑pÅ Hc‑p s‑Nd‑p GI‑m‑¦‑a‑m‑b‑n‑

c‑p¶‑p AX‑v. k‑w`‑m‑j‑W‑§Ä k‑z‑mb‑¯‑a‑m‑¡‑n‑b‑X‑n‑\‑p‑t‑ij‑w I¬s‑h³j\‑v cï‑p‑Z‑n‑hk‑w a‑p¼‑v H¶‑n¨‑p I‑pd¨‑p d‑nt‑l‑g‑vkÂ‑, AX‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p R§‑f‑ps‑S ¹‑m³.

Hg‑n‑h‑p‑k‑a‑b‑§‑f‑nÂ \‑mS‑I‑¯‑ns‑e IY‑m‑]‑m‑{‑X‑§‑f‑mb t‑IhÂ d‑ma‑n‑s‑âb‑p‑w N³ï‑o Nc‑W‑n‑s‑âb‑p‑w a‑m\‑d‑n‑k‑§‑f‑n‑t‑e¡‑v R‑m³ a\‑Ê‑ns‑\ X‑pd‑¶‑p‑h‑n‑S‑m³ X‑pS‑§‑n‑b‑X‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ... a\‑Ê‑ns‑â t‑a¨‑nÂ¸‑pd‑§Ä P‑oh‑n‑X‑\‑m‑S‑I‑¯‑ns‑â bY‑mÀ°c‑wK‑§Ä Ac‑t‑§‑d‑p‑¶‑X‑n‑\‑pÅ t‑hZ‑n‑b‑mb‑n a‑md‑n‑s‑¡‑mï‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑I‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p F¶‑v As‑¶‑m¶‑p‑w F\‑n‑¡‑d‑n‑b‑n‑Ã‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p‑!

`£‑W‑s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w Ig‑n‑¡‑m³ ]ä‑ms‑X ¥‑qt‑¡‑mk‑v I‑p¸‑n‑I‑f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v X‑pÅ‑n‑X‑p‑Å‑n‑b‑mb‑n ]IÀ¶‑p‑I‑n‑«‑p¶ IW‑n‑I‑I‑f‑ps‑S kl‑m‑b‑¯‑mÂ P‑oh³ \‑ne‑\‑nÀ¯‑n‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ C‑u Z‑nhk‑§‑f‑ne‑p‑w R‑m³ t‑a‑ml\³ k‑m‑d‑n‑s‑\ h‑nf‑n‑¡‑m‑d‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. I¬s‑h³js‑â Hc‑p‑¡‑§Ä F´‑mb‑n F¶‑d‑n‑b‑p‑h‑m‑\‑pÅ BI‑m‑w‑£‑t‑b‑m‑s‑S‑m¸‑w a\‑Ê‑ns‑\ k‑zb‑w Bi‑z‑k‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑pÅ D]‑m‑b‑§‑f‑m‑b‑n‑«‑p‑I‑q‑S‑n‑b‑mW‑v R‑m³ C¯c‑w h‑nf‑n‑Is‑f Iï‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑X‑v.

P‑oh‑n‑X‑¯‑nÂ X‑os‑c A{‑]‑X‑o‑£‑n‑X‑a‑mb Hc‑p L«‑¯‑n‑e‑m‑Wt‑Ã‑m R‑m³ F¯‑n‑s‑¸‑«‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v.

DähÀ¡‑n‑S‑b‑nÂ\‑n‑¶‑v....IÀ½‑_‑Ô‑§Ä¡‑n‑S‑b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v...k‑pl‑r‑¯‑p‑¡Ä¡‑n‑S‑b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v....FÃ‑m‑h‑n[ kt‑´‑m‑j‑§Ä¡‑n‑S‑b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v...Hc‑n‑¡e‑p‑w Hc‑n‑¡e‑p‑w {‑]X‑o‑£‑n‑¡‑m‑s‑X...H‑mW‑¯‑n\‑pa‑p³]‑v X‑pS‑§‑nb s‑Nd‑p]\‑n...j‑q«‑n‑§‑n‑\‑n‑S‑b‑nÂ h¶‑ps‑]« \‑y‑pt‑a‑m‑W‑n‑b...s‑aU‑n‑¡Â t‑I‑mt‑f‑P‑ns‑e ]c‑n‑t‑i‑m‑[‑\‑IÄ...

Ct‑¸‑mÄ K‑wK‑m‑[‑c³k‑md‑ns‑â k‑wc‑£‑W‑b‑nÂ Ch‑n‑s‑S...

s‑I‑m¨‑n‑b‑ns‑e t‑eI‑vt‑j‑mÀ Bi‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑b‑ps‑S C‑u 426‑þ‑m‑w \¼À a‑pd‑n‑b‑nÂ... ]c‑k‑l‑mb‑w I‑qS‑ms‑X H¶‑v FW‑o‑ä‑p‑\‑S‑¡‑m³ Ig‑n‑ª‑n‑c‑p‑s‑¶‑¦‑nÂ..‑! It‑k‑c‑b‑nÂ h‑og‑ms‑X Cc‑n‑¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n‑¡‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑s‑¶‑¦‑nÂ...‑!

AW‑n‑b‑d‑b‑ne‑p‑w Ac‑§‑¯‑p‑a‑mb‑n kP‑o‑h‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑n‑t‑¡‑ï‑p¶ Hc‑mÄ Ch‑n‑s‑S... C‑u Ah‑Ø‑b‑nÂ... C§‑s‑\... R‑m³ Z‑p‑xJ‑t‑¯‑ms‑S H‑mÀ¯‑p.

]c‑n‑]‑m‑S‑n‑I‑f‑nÂ t‑\c‑n«‑v ]s‑¦‑S‑p‑¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n‑¨‑n‑s‑Ã‑¦‑ne‑p‑w Z‑qs‑c Z‑qs‑c C‑u Bi‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑a‑p‑d‑n‑b‑ps‑S N‑pa‑c‑p‑IÄ X‑oÀ¯ AW‑n‑b‑d‑b‑n‑e‑n‑c‑p¶‑p R‑m³ FÃ‑m‑w I‑mW‑p‑¶‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.

s‑Rmd‑n‑s‑h¨ ]«‑p‑S‑p‑̧ ‑p‑IÄ¡‑p‑a‑os‑X I‑pc‑p‑t‑̄ ‑m e ‑̈pä‑v N‑mÀ ‑̄n s‑s‑II‑f‑nÂ h‑mf‑p‑w ]c‑n‑N‑b‑b‑p‑t‑a‑́ ‑nb s‑X¿‑t‑¡‑m‑e‑§‑f‑p‑w‑, N‑mb‑w t‑X¨ s‑]‑mb‑va‑pJ‑w [c‑n ‑̈v Aa‑cW‑n I‑ne‑p¡‑n ]d‑þ‑X‑pS‑n h‑mZ‑y‑t‑L‑m‑j‑§‑t‑f‑ms‑S


]‑qX‑̄ ‑m‑·‑m‑c‑p‑w H‑me‑¡‑p‑S‑I‑f‑p‑s‑Sb‑p‑w t‑X‑mc‑W‑§‑f‑p‑s‑Sb‑p‑w AI‑¼‑S‑n‑t‑b‑ms‑S “BÀt‑̧ ‑m...‑CÀt‑d‑m...‑’’ h‑nf‑n‑I‑t‑f‑ms‑S t‑X‑mt‑f‑d‑n‑h‑c‑p¶ s‑]‑mb‑v¡‑m‑f‑If‑p‑w {‑K‑uï‑ns‑e ]‑pÂ ‑̄I‑n‑S‑n‑b‑n‑s‑e¶t‑]‑ms‑e Fs‑â a\‑Ê‑ns‑e ] ‑̧̈ ‑n‑t‑e¡‑v BÀ ‑̧ph‑nf‑n‑I‑t‑f‑ms‑S \‑nc‑\‑n‑c‑b‑mb‑n X‑mf‑m‑ß‑I‑a‑mb‑n N‑ph‑S‑p‑s‑h ‑̈p hc‑p‑h‑m³ X‑pS‑§‑n.

XWÂh‑r£‑§Ä \‑ngÂ h‑nSÀ¯‑nb s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑I‑mt‑fP‑v {‑K‑uï‑ns‑â hSt‑¡ H‑mc¯‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w X¿‑m‑d‑m‑¡‑nb I‑pc‑p‑t‑¯‑me¸´‑e‑n‑s‑e‑¶‑t‑]‑ms‑e Fs‑â l‑rZ‑b‑¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p t‑I‑mW‑n‑e‑n‑c‑p¶‑v a×‑dª I‑mÀ¶‑·‑m‑s‑cb‑p‑w I‑pe‑s‑s‑Z‑h‑§‑s‑fb‑p‑w k‑vX‑pX‑n‑¨‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑v “\‑m«‑p‑¡‑q«‑w.‑’’ \‑mS³]‑m«‑pIe‑m‑I‑m‑c‑·‑mÀ I‑p©‑n©‑n s‑I‑m«‑n \‑o«‑nb C‑uW‑¯‑nÂ ]‑mS‑m³ X‑pS‑§‑n.

“BZ‑n]‑nd¶ a‑p¯‑¸‑·‑m‑t‑c...

aI‑w ]‑nd¶ a‑p¯‑n‑a‑m‑t‑c...

R§Ä¡‑d‑n‑h‑p‑a‑n‑t‑Ã... ]‑ng‑h‑p‑a‑n‑t‑Ã...

R§Ä¡‑¨‑\‑n‑t‑Ã... A½‑b‑n‑t‑Ã...

\‑n§‑s‑f§‑p t‑]‑mW‑p s‑s‑Xb‑vX‑m‑c‑m...

\‑me‑p‑t‑I‑mS‑n \‑me‑v]‑¯‑n‑cï‑v C‑ui‑z‑c‑·‑mÀ...

X‑pW‑b‑mb‑n h¶‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑s‑â...

A¸³ A¸‑q¸‑·‑m‑t‑c...

\‑m«‑n‑s‑eÃ‑m‑w Xï‑ms‑â IÅ‑v...

s‑s‑Is‑I‑mï IÀ½‑w... s‑s‑I]‑äW‑w t‑«‑m...

Fs‑â A¸\¸‑q‑¸‑·‑m‑t‑c...‑’’

DS³ B-cw-`n¡p-¶ Nn-«n-IÄ20000 x 30 = 6 e-£w10000 x 50 = 5 e-£w10000 x 30 = 3 e-£w10000 x 100 = 10 e-£w5000 x 40 = 2 e-£w2500 x 40 = 1 e-£w

Ph: 0471-2732275 9446006275email: [email protected]

IqSp-XÂ hn-h-c-§Ä-¡v _-Ô-s¸-tS- ≠ \-¼À0471þ2732275, 9446006275

am‑t\PÀ Ip‑S‑¸‑\‑¡p‑¶v imJ

M/S. Aishwarya MedicalsVadakke Junction, Vilappilsala

Thiruvananthapuram

Manjilikkattu FarmProprietor: Sri. M.G. Gopi, Manjilikkattuveli

Vayalar, Mob: 9400497221, 9847915221

\Ã‑bn‑\w tIm‑gn‑¡p‑ªp§Ä, BSv, ]‑ip‑¡n‑Sm‑§Ä F‑¶n‑h an‑Xam‑b \n‑c¡nÂ hn‑ev‑¡‑s¸Spw.


en³‑k sa‑Un‑¡Âkv]mf-bw Pw-Kvj³, s\-Sp-a-§mSv

en³-k s]-äv skâÀ

ap-\n-kn-¸m-en-än-¡v F-XnÀ-hiw, s\-Sp-a-§mSv

tZhn sa‑Un‑¡Â‑kvNp-Ån-am\qÀ

FÃmhn-[ Cw-¥ojv, sh-ä-dn\-dn a-cp-¶p-IÄ¡pw B-\m-Sv ]-©m-b-¯n-se {]ap-J Øm]\w

Biw-k-I-tfmsS

Biw-k-I-tfmsS

Biw-k-I-tfmsS

THE KARODE MILK PRODUCER'S CO-OPERATIVESOCIETY Ltd. No. 3531 (APCOS)

Vilappilsasla.P.O., Trivandrum - 695 573 Phone: 2289273

President: Secretary:D. Karmachandran Mob: 9656494405 M.Anil kumar Mob: 9946668579

B\m‑Sv ^mÀ‑ta‑gv‑kv kÀ‑Æo‑kv k‑l‑I‑c‑W _m‑¦v ¢n‑]v‑Xw \‑¼À. 919 B-\m-Sv.]n.H., s\-Sp-a-§mSv

kq¸À t{K‑Uv ^mÀ‑ta‑gv‑kv _m¦v, \o‑Xn sa‑Un‑¡Â kvtäÀFÃmhn-[ a-cp-¶p-I-fpw, hm-Iv-kn-\p-I-fpw

5% ap-XÂ 30% h-sc hn-e-¡p-dnhnÂ hnÂ-¸-\ \-S-¯p¶p.

tX¡v, Cu«n, ¹m-hv, B-ªn-en ap-X-em-b \m-S³ X-Sn-IfpwCw-t]mÀ-«v X-Sn-Ifpw an-Xam-b tdänÂ No-hn sIm-Sp-¡-s¸Spw

Malayadi, Vinobaniketan.P.O., NedumangadCrane Service Available

Dealers in all kinds of Wood and Furniture

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t-U-m. BÀ {-i-o\-n-h-m-k³P‑nÃ‑m a‑rK‑k‑w‑c‑£W H‑m^‑okÀ

CS‑p¡‑n

s‑hä‑n‑\d‑n t‑I‑mt‑fP‑nÂ h¶‑v 3þ‑‑m‑w Z‑nhk‑w‑, A¶‑mW‑v R‑m³ Fs‑â P‑oh‑n‑X‑¯‑nÂ BZ‑y‑a‑mb‑n Hc‑p I‑pX‑n‑cs‑b AS‑p‑¯‑p‑IïX‑v. d‑mW‑m {‑]X‑m‑]s‑â

t‑NXI‑n‑s‑\b‑p‑w‑,]‑m‑e‑mg‑n IS‑ª‑t‑¸‑mÄ I‑n«‑nb X‑qs‑hÅ\‑nd‑¯‑n‑e‑pÅ D¨‑s‑s‑{‑i‑h‑k‑n‑t‑\b‑p‑w Hs‑¡ h‑mb‑n‑¨‑pÅ Ad‑nt‑h A¶‑p‑hs‑c Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑pÅ‑p. CX‑m \‑me‑pI‑pX‑n‑c‑IÄ Hc‑p s‑s‑I¸‑mS‑v AI‑e‑¯‑nÂ. B I‑mg‑v¨ Fs‑¶ d‑mK‑n‑w‑K‑ns‑â FÃ‑m‑]‑o‑S‑\‑§‑t‑fb‑p‑w ad‑h‑n‑b‑n‑e‑m¡‑n hÃ‑m¯ Hc‑p {‑X‑nÃ‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v DbÀ¯‑n. t‑eU‑ok‑v t‑l‑mÌ‑e‑n\‑v a‑q¶‑vX‑hW he‑¯‑p‑s‑h‑b‑v¸‑n‑¨‑n«‑p X‑nc‑ns‑I s‑I‑mï‑phc‑p¶ hg‑n‑, s‑hä‑n\d‑n t‑I‑mt‑fP‑ns‑â I‑pX‑n‑c‑e‑m‑b‑¯‑nt‑eb‑v¡‑v R§s‑f s‑I‑mï‑vt‑]‑mbX‑v Bc‑m‑s‑W¶‑v Ct‑¸‑m‑Ä H‑mÀ½‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ.F‑¦‑n‑e‑p‑w A¶‑v Iï I‑mg‑v¨ C¶‑p‑w I¬a‑p³]‑nÂ Xs‑¶‑b‑pï‑v.

Bt‑c‑m‑K‑y‑a‑pÅ \‑me‑p‑I‑p‑X‑n‑c‑IÄ‑, H‑mt‑c‑m I‑pX‑ncb‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w I‑qS‑n\‑p a‑p³]‑nÂ Ah‑b‑ps‑S t‑]c‑v Fg‑p‑X‑n‑s‑h‑¨‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p¶‑pþ “B\µ‑v‑, c‑q‑]‑, i‑m´‑n‑, d‑mW‑n” B\µ‑p‑w c‑q]b‑p‑w i‑m´‑nb‑p‑w s‑N¼³ \‑nd‑a‑p‑Å‑h‑c‑mW‑v. d‑mW‑n Hc‑p X‑nIª »‑m¡‑v _‑y‑q«‑nb‑p‑w. B\µ‑v R§‑s‑f Iï‑t‑¸‑mÄ Ag‑n‑IÄ¡‑v a‑pI‑f‑n‑e‑qs‑S Xe \‑o«‑n.‑R‑m³ s‑s‑[c‑y‑w k‑w`‑c‑n¨‑v AX‑ns‑â s‑\ä‑n‑b‑nÂ Xt‑e‑mS‑n. B\µ‑v h‑oï‑p‑w XS‑h‑m‑\‑mb‑n Xe I‑pd¨‑pI‑qS‑n I‑p\‑n¨‑v X¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ i‑m´‑nb‑v¡‑p‑w d‑mW‑n¡‑p‑w b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p `‑mht‑`Zh‑p‑a‑nÃ. R‑§s‑f {‑i²‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p‑t‑]‑m‑e‑p‑a‑nÃ.

B\µ‑v F{‑X k‑pµ‑c³‑, ic‑]‑R‑vP‑c‑¯‑ns‑e Pb‑s‑â‑t‑]‑ms‑e IS‑s‑ª‑S‑p¯ ic‑oc‑w‑, \Ã‑X‑e‑s‑b‑S‑p‑¸‑v‑, N‑pd‑p‑N‑d‑p¡‑v a‑q¶‑p‑k‑J‑n‑a‑m‑t‑c‑m‑s‑S‑m¯‑pÅ Ahs‑â B c‑mPI‑ob \‑nÂ¸‑v Iï‑t‑¸‑mÄ a\‑k‑nÂ t‑X‑m¶‑n‑bX‑v AÂ]‑w Ak‑q‑b‑t‑b‑m‑S‑p‑I‑q‑S‑nb Bc‑m‑[\.

“Iï‑nt‑Ã‑, Ah‑f‑p‑a‑mÀ¡‑v Fs‑´‑mc‑p P‑mU‑, s‑]®t‑Ã P‑mX‑n‑,C‑§‑s‑\s‑b‑ms‑¡bs‑Ã hc‑q”. I‑pX‑n‑c‑e‑m‑b‑t‑¯‑mS‑pt‑NÀ¶‑pÅ s‑Nd‑nb h‑o«‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w Cd§‑nh¶ Hc‑p a\‑p‑j‑y³ N‑nc‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v ]dª‑p.R‑m³ Ab‑ms‑f k‑q£‑n¨‑v

s‑a‑mb‑vX‑os‑âI‑pX‑n‑c‑IÄ

Literary Works


t‑\‑m¡‑n. A‑©‑S‑n‑b‑n‑e‑[‑nI‑w Db‑c‑a‑nÃ. I‑m¡‑n‑jÀ«‑p‑w ]‑mâ‑p‑w t‑hj‑w‑,‑h‑k‑q‑c‑n‑I‑e‑I‑f‑pÅ a‑pJ‑w‑, X‑e‑bÂ¸‑w I‑p\‑n¨‑p]‑nS‑n‑¨‑pÅ \S¯‑w AX‑v s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o\‑mW‑v. t‑I‑mt‑fP‑ns‑e {‑][‑m‑\‑I‑p‑X‑n‑c‑¡‑mc³. ]‑me‑m s‑kâ‑v t‑X‑mak‑v k‑vI‑qf‑nÂ ]ï‑v F³ k‑n k‑nb‑p‑a‑mb‑n _Ô‑s‑¸«‑v R§s‑f ]c‑n‑i‑o‑e‑n‑¸‑n¨ ]«‑m‑f‑¡‑m‑c‑ps‑S At‑X t‑S‑mW‑n‑e‑pÅ k‑wk‑mc‑w.C‑b‑mÄ Hc‑p ]gb ]«‑m‑f¡‑mc‑\‑m‑s‑W¶‑v F\‑n¡‑v t‑X‑m¶‑n.

s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³ Xs‑â I‑pX‑n‑c‑I‑s‑f‑¸ä‑n h‑mN‑m‑e‑\‑m‑I‑p‑¶X‑v R‑m³ I‑uX‑p‑I‑t‑¯‑ms‑S t‑\‑m¡‑n \‑n¶‑p.‑h‑o‑c‑I‑Y‑I‑f‑ps‑S N‑pc‑p‑f‑p‑IÄ Ag‑n‑b‑p¶‑p. t‑\‑mh‑e‑p‑I‑f‑nÂ h‑mb‑n‑¨‑X‑p‑t‑]‑ms‑e FÃ‑m ]gb ]«‑m‑f‑¡‑mÀ¡‑p‑w Ht‑c c‑q]h‑p‑w ̀ ‑mjb‑p‑w ̀ ‑mh‑h‑p‑a‑m‑s‑W¶‑v F\‑n¡‑v t‑X‑m¶‑n.

d‑mK‑n‑wK‑v FÃ‑m‑wX‑oÀ¶‑v k‑zX‑{‑´\‑mb‑‑‑t‑¸‑mÄ R‑m³ BZ‑y‑w t‑]‑mbX‑v B\‑µ‑ns‑\t‑XS‑nb‑mW‑v. BZ‑y I‑mg‑vN‑b‑nÂ¯s‑¶ F\‑n¡‑v Ah‑t‑\‑mS‑v Hc‑p Cj‑vS‑w a\‑k‑nÂ t‑X‑m¶‑n‑¯‑p‑S‑§‑n‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p.c‑q‑]‑b‑ps‑S I‑q«‑nÂ Hc‑mÄ b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p t‑]S‑nb‑p‑w I‑qS‑ms‑X \‑n¶‑v AX‑ns‑â t‑Zl¯‑v Hc‑p {‑_j‑v s‑h¨‑v Dc‑b‑v¡‑p‑¶‑p. Ah‑f‑m‑Is‑« A\‑§‑p‑¶‑p‑a‑nÃ.C‑§s‑\ \‑n¶‑mÂ Cb‑ms‑f B I‑pX‑nc IS‑n‑¡‑nt‑Ã? F\‑n‑¡Â¸‑w DÄ`b‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n. B a\‑p‑j‑y³ Fs‑¶ t‑\‑m¡‑n ]c‑n‑N‑b‑`‑m‑h‑¯‑nÂ N‑nc‑n‑¨‑p. Fs‑â s‑X‑m«‑pk‑o‑\‑n‑bÀ _‑m¨‑ns‑e ct‑ai‑v Z‑pKÂ‑, B¸‑n‑f‑ns‑â \‑nd‑a‑p‑Å Hc‑p I‑mj‑va‑oc‑n. Z‑pK‑e‑n\‑p I‑pX‑n‑cs‑b H«‑p‑w t‑]S‑nb‑nÃ‑, Ab‑mÄ I‑pX‑n‑c‑b‑ps‑S ]‑pd¯‑v k‑mU‑nÂ s‑h¨‑v s‑I«‑n ]‑ns‑¶ ]X‑ps‑¡ I‑qS‑pX‑pd¶‑v AX‑ns‑\ ]‑pd¯‑v s‑I‑mï‑v h¶‑v N‑mS‑n a‑pI‑f‑nÂ ‑I‑bd‑n.

“H¶‑v Id§‑nhcs‑«“ R‑m³ I‑uX‑p‑I‑t‑¯‑ms‑S t‑\‑m¡‑n‑\‑nÂ¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ Z‑pKe‑p‑w c‑q]b‑p‑w S¸‑v S¸‑v i_‑vZ‑t‑¯‑ms‑S AI¶I¶‑vt‑]‑mb‑n.

s‑Nd‑nb Hc‑p N‑n\‑b‑v¡Â i_‑vZ‑w.R‑m³ X‑nc‑nª‑pt‑\‑m¡‑n.B\µ‑v h‑nf‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.‑A‑h³ Fs‑¶ X‑nc‑n‑¨‑d‑n‑s‑ª¶‑v t‑X‑m¶‑n. R‑m³ Hc‑p ]‑pÃ‑v IjW‑w FS‑p¯‑v Ahs‑â t‑\t‑c \‑o«‑n. B\µ‑v B ]‑pÃ‑v h‑m§‑nb‑nÃ ]Ic‑w Xe‑I‑p‑\‑n¨‑p X¶‑p. R‑m³ Ahs‑â I‑p©‑n‑t‑c‑m‑a‑§‑f‑nÂ XS‑h‑n.

“]‑pÃ‑p‑s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑v ab‑¡‑m³ CX‑v ]i‑p‑s‑h‑m¶‑paÃ I‑pX‑n‑c‑¡‑p‑«‑\‑m‑W‑v.‑Ah\‑p {‑]‑nb‑w t‑Xt‑\‑m iÀ¡‑ct‑b‑m H¡b‑mW‑v t‑It‑«‑m‑, At‑Ê” s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³ Fs‑â {‑]hÀ¯‑n‑I‑Ä FÃ‑m‑w Iï‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑v \‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶X‑v At‑¸‑m‑g‑mW‑v R‑m³ IïX‑v.R‑m³ N½‑n‑t‑¸‑mb‑n.

“k‑mc‑a‑nÃ C\‑n hc‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ H‑mÀ¯‑mÂ aX‑n. ]‑ns‑¶ I‑pX‑nc kh‑mc‑n ]T‑n‑¡t‑ï? F¶‑m‑¶‑p‑s‑h‑¨‑mÂ ht‑¶‑mf‑p‑, Z£‑nW ad‑¡ï t‑It‑«‑m. FÃ‑m‑¯‑n\‑p‑w Hc‑p K‑pc‑pX‑z‑w t‑ht‑ï? s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³ N‑nc‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. Cb‑mf‑p‑w Hc‑p “Z£‑n‑W‑m‑”a‑qÀ¯‑n‑X‑s‑¶‑b‑m‑W‑s‑Ã‑m Ft‑¶‑mÀ¯‑t‑¸‑mÄ F\‑n¡‑v DÅ‑nÂ N‑nc‑n hs‑¶‑¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑pds‑a I‑mW‑n‑¨‑nÃ. K‑pc‑p‑ht‑Ã‑, i]‑n‑¨‑mÂ R‑m³ I‑pX‑n‑c‑¸‑p‑d¯‑p \‑ns‑¶‑§‑m\‑p‑w X‑ms‑g h‑oW‑mt‑e‑m‑!”

s‑hä‑n‑eb‑p‑w ]‑m¡‑p‑w Z£‑n‑W‑]‑Wh‑p‑w ]‑ns‑¶ t‑l‑mÌÂ s‑aÊ‑ns‑â t‑Ì‑md‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w FS‑p¯ cï‑p‑I‑jW‑w iÀ¡‑c‑b‑p‑a‑mb‑n R‑m³ ]‑nt‑ä¶‑v c‑mh‑ns‑e Xs‑¶ s‑a‑mb‑vX‑os‑\ t‑XS‑n s‑N¶‑p. B\‑µ‑n\‑p cï‑v iÀ¡‑c‑I‑j‑W‑§f‑p‑w \ÂI‑n.‑A‑hs‑â Ig‑p‑¯‑nÂ Xt‑e‑mS‑n. s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³ i‑m´‑n‑

s‑b Cd‑¡‑m³ X‑pS‑§‑n‑b‑t‑¸‑mÄ R‑m³ Fs‑â B{‑Kl‑w ]X‑ps‑¡ k‑qN‑n‑¸‑n‑¨‑p.

“Chs‑f t‑ht‑W‑m Bi‑ms‑\‑, d‑mW‑ns‑b Cd‑¡‑n‑¡‑qs‑S?”“AX‑pt‑hï At‑Ê \‑n§Ä¡‑v i‑m´‑n‑b‑mW‑v \ÃX‑v”

s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³ s‑]‑m«‑n¨‑n‑c‑n¨‑p. KW‑]‑X‑nb‑v¡‑v h¨X‑v I‑m¡ s‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑mb at‑\‑m‑`‑m‑h‑t‑¯‑ms‑S R‑m³ aS‑n¨‑p aS‑n¨‑v i‑m´‑n‑b‑ps‑S IS‑n‑ª‑m‑W‑nÂ ]‑nS‑n¨‑v ]‑pdt‑¯b‑v¡‑v \b‑n‑¨‑p.

]‑n¶‑oS‑v k‑o\‑nt‑bg‑vk‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w B s‑]‑m«‑n¨‑n‑c‑n‑b‑ps‑S AÀ°‑w F\‑n¡‑v I‑n«‑n. d‑mW‑n Hc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI k‑z`‑m‑h‑a‑pÅ I‑pX‑n‑c‑b‑m‑W‑v. FÃ‑m‑hÀ¡‑p‑w Ahs‑f kh‑mc‑n s‑N¿‑m³ ]ä‑nÃ Cj‑vS‑s‑¸‑S‑m¯ kh‑m‑c‑n‑¡‑m‑cs‑\ AhÄ he‑n‑s‑¨‑d‑nª‑v Ifb‑p‑w. s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³ Bi‑m‑s‑\b‑p‑w AhÄ s‑Xd‑n‑¸‑n‑¨‑X‑mW‑v. “C‑ui‑zc‑m c£X‑q” F\‑n¡‑v Bi‑mt‑\‑mS‑v t‑X‑m¶‑nb t‑Zj‑ys‑aÃ‑m‑w Dc‑p‑I‑n‑t‑¸‑m‑b‑n. B a\‑p‑j‑y³ Fs‑¶ Hc‑p h‑og‑v¨‑b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w c£‑n‑¨‑t‑Ã‑m. ‑i‑m‑´‑n¡‑p‑w Hc‑p Z‑pk‑z‑`‑mh‑w Dï‑v. ]‑pd‑I‑nÂ Bs‑c¦‑ne‑p‑w h¶‑mÂ s‑X‑mg‑n¡‑pI. AX‑p‑w hfs‑c k‑q£‑n‑¡W‑w‑, c‑mP‑m‑h‑ns‑â a‑p³]‑n‑e‑p‑w I‑pX‑n‑c‑b‑ps‑S ]‑pd‑I‑ne‑p‑w t‑]‑mI‑p‑¶X‑v k‑q£‑n‑¡‑W‑s‑a‑¶t‑Ã {‑]a‑mW‑w.

I‑pX‑n‑c‑k‑h‑mc‑n Iï‑mÂ \‑nÊ‑m‑c‑s‑a‑¦‑n‑e‑p‑w ]T‑n‑s‑¨‑S‑p‑¡‑m³ he‑nb _‑p²‑n‑a‑p‑«‑mW‑v. I‑mÂa‑p‑«‑p‑IÄs‑I‑mï‑vI‑pX‑n‑c‑b‑ps‑S t‑Zl¯‑v AaÀ¯‑n‑¸‑n‑S‑n¨‑v I‑pX‑n‑c‑b‑ps‑S Ne‑\‑§Ä¡‑v A\‑p‑k‑c‑n¨‑v s‑]‑m§‑pIb‑p‑w X‑mg‑p‑Ib‑p‑w t‑hW‑w As‑Ã‑¦‑nÂ hÃ‑ms‑X CS‑n¨‑v CS‑n¨‑v t‑hZ\‑n‑¡‑p‑w I‑pX‑n‑c‑¸‑p‑d‑¯‑v \‑n¶‑p‑w Cd‑§‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ \‑nÂ¡‑m³ ]ä‑ms‑X h‑oW‑vt‑]‑mI‑p‑w.

Z‑nh‑k‑§Ä Ig‑n‑ª‑t‑¸‑m‑Ä ]X‑ps‑¡ ]X‑ps‑¡ R‑m\‑p‑w I‑pX‑n‑c‑k‑h‑m‑c‑n‑b‑nÂ h‑nZ‑K‑v[‑\‑m‑b‑n. Z£‑n‑W‑m‑a‑qÀ¯‑n¡‑v ]W‑w Z£‑nW \ÂI‑m³ aS‑n‑I‑m‑W‑n‑¡‑m‑ª‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ c‑q]‑b‑p‑s‑Sb‑p‑w i‑m´‑nb‑p‑s‑S‑b‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑vI‑bd‑n t‑I‑mt‑fP‑v aX‑n‑e‑‑pIÄ¡‑p‑Å‑n‑e‑pÅ hg‑n‑I‑f‑n‑e‑qs‑S S¸‑v S¸‑v i_‑vZ‑t‑¯‑ms‑S ]e Z‑nh‑k‑§‑f‑ne‑p‑w kh‑mc‑n\S¯‑n. Ft‑´‑m Bi‑m³ Fs‑¶ B\‑µ‑ns‑â ]‑pd¯‑v kh‑mc‑n s‑N¿‑n‑¨‑nÃ. Ahs‑\ Bi‑ms‑â k‑zI‑mc‑y k‑z¯‑pt‑]‑ms‑e Bi‑m‑\‑p‑a‑m{‑X‑w b‑m{‑X s‑N¿‑p‑h‑m‑\‑mb‑n D]‑t‑b‑m‑K‑n‑¡‑p‑I‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. F¦‑ne‑p‑w ‑R‑m³ F¶‑p‑w Hc‑p iÀ¡c Ij‑Wh‑p‑w AÂ]‑w Xt‑e‑m‑S‑e‑p‑w B\‑µ‑n‑\‑p \ÂI‑m³ ad‑¶‑n‑Ã. Ah³ F¶‑p‑w Fs‑â hch‑v {‑]X‑o‑£‑n‑¡‑p‑¶X‑v t‑]‑ms‑e F\‑n¡‑v t‑X‑m¶‑n‑¯‑p‑S‑§‑n‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.

s‑Nd‑nb N‑mäÂ ag Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ B Z‑nhk‑w R‑m³ I‑pX‑nckh‑m‑c‑n¡‑v t‑]‑mb‑nÃ. A¶‑mW‑v B A]‑IS‑w k‑w`‑h‑n‑¨‑X‑v. i‑m´‑nt‑bb‑p‑w B\‑µ‑nt‑\‑b‑p‑w kh‑m‑c‑n¡‑v s‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑m‑b‑X‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. \‑nÝ‑nX AIe‑w C«‑p‑X‑s‑¶‑b‑‑mW‑v s‑]‑mb‑vs‑¡‑mï‑nc‑p‑¶X‑v. i‑m´‑n s‑]s‑«¶‑v \‑n¶‑t‑¸‑mÄ B\µ‑v Ah‑f‑ps‑S s‑X‑m«‑p]‑p‑d‑I‑n‑e‑mb‑nt‑¸‑mb‑n.‑A‑hÄ Bª‑v Hc‑p s‑X‑mg‑ns‑X‑mg‑n¨‑p.B s‑X‑mg‑nt‑bä B\µ‑v s‑Xd‑n¨‑v h‑oW‑p.

C‑u h‑mÀ¯ t‑I« R‑m³ R‑m³ FÃ‑m ià‑n‑b‑p‑s‑a‑S‑p¯‑v Ahs‑â AS‑pt‑¯b‑v¡‑v H‑mS‑n. BÄ¡‑mÀ N‑pä‑p‑w I‑qS‑n \‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶‑p. Ah\‑v Fg‑pt‑¶Â¡‑m³ ]ä‑p‑¶‑nÃ. i‑z‑mk‑w hfs‑c Ij‑vSs‑¸‑«‑mW‑v he‑n‑¡‑p‑¶X‑v. B\µ‑v Fs‑â t‑\s‑c Zb‑\‑oba‑mb‑n H¶‑p t‑\‑m¡‑n. \‑nÊ‑l‑m‑bX \‑ndª Hc‑p t‑\‑m«‑w. B I®‑pIÄ \‑nd‑ª‑n‑«‑pï‑v F¶‑v F\‑n¡‑v t‑X‑m¶‑n. Fs‑¶ Iï‑t‑¸‑mÄ B I‑nS‑¸‑ne‑p‑w Ah³ ]c‑n‑Nb‑w {‑]I‑S‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑m³ t‑\‑m¡‑p‑I‑b‑m‑s‑W¶‑v F\‑n¡‑v a‑m{‑X‑w a\‑k‑n‑e‑mb‑n. Ahs‑â I‑p©‑n t‑c‑ma‑§f‑nÂ R‑m³ H¶‑v Xt‑e‑mS‑n. ]‑ns‑¶


\‑nd‑s‑ª‑mg‑pI‑nb I®‑p‑IÄ X‑pS‑b‑v¡‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w {‑ia‑n‑¡‑m‑s‑X‑, ]X‑ps‑¡ t‑l‑mÌ‑e‑nt‑e¡‑v ]‑n³X‑n‑c‑nª‑v \S‑¶‑p.

c‑m{‑X‑n ]¯‑paW‑nIg‑n‑ª‑pI‑mW‑p‑w‑, R‑m³ ̀ £W‑w Ig‑n‑¡‑m³ t‑]‑mb‑nÃ. B\‑µ‑ns‑â Zb‑\‑o‑b‑a‑mb t‑\‑m«‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p I®‑nÂ \‑nds‑b.]‑X‑ps‑¡ \S¶‑v B\µ‑v I‑nS‑¶‑n‑St‑¯b‑v¡‑v s‑N¶‑p. Bf‑p‑I‑s‑fÃ‑m‑w t‑]‑mb‑n \‑ni_‑vZX Xf‑w s‑I«‑nb A´‑c‑o£‑w. Ah³ Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S¯s‑¶‑b‑pï‑v. Cc‑pï s‑hf‑n‑¨‑¯‑nÂ R‑m³ Ahs‑\ Iï‑p . s‑a‑mb‑vX‑o³ a‑m{‑X‑w Ahs‑\ At‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Xt‑e‑m‑S‑n‑s‑¡‑mï‑v AS‑p¯‑n‑‑c‑n‑¡‑p¶‑p “Ah³ t‑]‑mb‑n At‑Ê” s‑a‑mb‑vX‑os‑â N‑ne‑¼‑n¨ i_‑vZ‑w Z‑qs‑c\‑n¶‑p‑w hc‑p‑¶X‑v t‑]‑ms‑e F\‑n¡‑pt‑X‑m¶‑n.

C\‑n \‑ms‑f \S‑¡‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p¶ I‑mc‑y‑§Ä F\‑n‑¡‑d‑nb‑m‑w. Hc‑p I‑pX‑n‑c‑b‑ps‑S t‑]‑mÌ‑p‑a‑mÀ«‑w I‑mW‑m³ Ah‑kc‑w I‑n«‑nb kt‑´‑m‑j‑t‑¯‑m‑s‑S c‑mh‑ns‑e Xs‑¶ X‑n¡‑n X‑nc¡‑n

F¯‑p¶ I‑p«‑n‑IÄ. AhÀ¡‑v \S‑p‑h‑nÂ \‑n¶‑v H‑mt‑c‑m Ah‑b‑h‑§f‑p‑w FS‑p¯‑v Bb‑X‑nt‑e £X‑§Ä Bt‑hit‑¯‑m‑S‑p‑I‑qS‑n h‑nh‑c‑n‑¡‑p¶ c‑mP³k‑mÀ. AhÀ¡‑v AX‑v Hc‑p N¯ I‑pX‑nca‑m{‑X‑a‑mW‑v. ]‑ns‑¶ s‑X‑me‑nb‑p‑w FÃ‑p‑a‑mb‑n Ah³ t‑hÀX‑nc‑n‑¡‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¶‑p. Ah‑k‑m\‑w B FÃ‑p‑IÄ A\‑m‑«a‑n h‑n`‑m‑K‑¡‑m‑c‑ps‑S a‑m{‑´‑nI Ic‑h‑n‑c‑p‑t‑X‑ms‑S Hc‑p I‑pX‑n‑c‑b‑ps‑S AØ‑n‑I‑qS‑a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n A\‑m‑«a‑n l‑mf‑nÂ \‑neb‑p‑d‑¸‑n¡‑p‑w.

R‑m³ B I‑mg‑v¨‑IÄ I‑mW‑m³ t‑]‑mb‑nÃ.F‑\‑n¡‑v AX‑v Iï‑p\‑nÂ¡‑m³ ]ä‑nÃ. Hc‑p s‑Nd‑nb N‑n\‑b‑v¡Â i_‑vZ‑w s‑Nh‑n‑b‑nÂ t‑IÄ¡‑p¶X‑v t‑]‑ms‑e. AX‑v B\‑µ‑m‑W‑v.‑Fs‑¶ I‑ps‑d \‑mf‑p‑I‑f‑mb‑n F¶‑p‑w I‑m¯‑p\‑n‑¶‑n‑c‑p¶ Fs‑¶‑I‑m‑W‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ kt‑´‑mj‑w {‑]I‑S‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑m³ {‑ia‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑p¶ ]‑mh‑w B\‑µ‑v.


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ip-²am-b ]mÂ, ssXcv, sh-® a-äp anÂ-am D-ev-]-¶-§Ä-¡v k-ao-]n¡pI

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Elakamon


East:The day of September 16th dawned bright and as my conscious thoughts

slowly took form, I realized that today was the day Arun was leaving for Thai-land. My husband had a conference to attend in Thailand and was looking for-ward to it. Although, it was still too early for me to form coherent thoughts or make elaborate plans for the day, I was aware that I needed to organize a multi-tude of things before he set out on his journey. You see, in those days I doubled up as his private secretary too. Clothes, papers, finances, all were checked and rechecked for the umpteenth time and all arrangements met his approval.

The time for departure drew close and with the usual messages for ‘call me as soon as you get there’ ‘enjoy yourself’ hugs and waves, he departed for Ma-dras, from where he was to board the plane to Thailand the next day by 6 am. The call from Madras came dutifully as soon as he reached there in the evening. Enjoying a quiet dinner at home was my idea of heaven and I had promised my-self a week of pampering and reading. Having the house entirely to myself was a novel experience, one which I was enjoying immensely until my phone rang rudely around mid morning of the next day.

Crossing Borders

Literary Works

Dr. Sindhu BalanVeterinary Surgeon


‘Hello’ said an agitated voice which I recognized as my husband’s. My heart sank…”what is this guy doing still in India?? His flight was at 6 am in the morning!!!! Well to cut a long story short, it came about that his passport had just 5 months and 20 days to expiry in-stead of the customary 6 months and was therefore denied exit. I was flabbergasted...”What?? Did you tell them you are going to be there for just 4 days?” I asked with some exasperation. It didn't work that way was the reply I got. Anyway Arun had a plan. (He always had a plan). The gist of the plan went like this. Return home. Get Passport. Return to Madras. Go to Thailand. Seemed simple on the face of it, but how on earth was he planning to get a passport in 4 hours was beyond my comprehension. I knew he was really keen to make this trip as it was an all expenses paid trip and his pre-sentation was scheduled for the second day of the conference. The whole day passed in a trance. I won-dered if he was actually kidding. Did he not know that getting a passport in one day was next to impossible? Now, just assuming he got the passport, how would he get back to Madras?? These were the questions that kept popping into my head. I braced myself for the inevitable disappointment that was in the mak-ing. The plan went without hitch in the beginning, as he reached Calicut as per his schedule. Now the sec-ond step of applying for passport was where the plan stopped working and developed hiccups. Passport offices in those days worked on the token system and by the time he reached the queue, tokens for the day were over. The dream of a new passport was nipped in the bud itself. It seemed like a dead end and I was all too ready to call it quits, when, like the proverbial angel from heaven, an old acquaintance reached out to help. A personal call to the Passport officer saw Arun holding his new passport in his hand and a smug expression on his face. Arun's joy complemented mine, although for different reasons. My dream of a lazy week could still be salvaged. The rest of the plan worked once we sorted out the passport hitch up and a ten seater plane took Arun to Madras from Coim-batore. So in a span of 36 hrs I bid adieu to my hub-by a second time, sans the pleasantries and with my mind focussed on enjoying solitude. In keeping with the ethics of married life, I requested him to please embark on a hassle free journey and let me enjoy my peace for a span of one week.. Second time proved lucky, as no hiccups marred the journey. Safe in the

knowledge that he had departed, I proceeded to laze around the house watching soaps and movies, when a colleague called in the evening enquiring about Arun, specifically asking me if he had made contact with me upon reaching Thailand. Upon my replying in the negative, she asked me to watch the news and signed off. Holding my breath, I quickly switched on the news and there it was in glaring headlines…Coup declared in Thailand. People of Thailand had barricaded the airport. No planes were allowed to land or takeoff. “Oh my God…Does he always have to be so damn melodra-matic??” A gnawing suspicion of doubt was raising its head in my mind. Was this man jinxed?? I mean, how did he manage being the person he is?? I couldn't reach him by phone. (Although international roaming had been activated, Arun was ignorant of the fact that some phones requires roaming status to be activated through settings). Neither was I getting any e-mail. Technology and Arun remained and still remains mu-tually exclusive. By day two, I was getting nervous and irritated. What started out as one week of peace and quiet, had quickly turned into a disaster? One had to hand it to him that he managed, even without being there, to ruin my perfectly happy week. Three days of uncertainty passed before word reached us from a colleague that all was well, over there. Three days of my peace and quiet had gone down the drain. So much for technology. The conference had concluded but the delegates were still stranded there. The coup still wasn't over and fresh worries started to gnaw as to how these guys were going to return. Well-meaning friends and family pitched in with ordeals of people in foreign countries who were stranded without money. The call that he was about to board a small plane from an airfield just outside Thailand came just as we were about to call the embassy. Thank God. He reached Del-hi safe and sound.

Epilogue:

The coup was lifted as soon as Arun’s plane took off from the military airfield. I still believe he was jinxed.

WEST:

Although I was never the superstitious type, I can hardly profess that the journey to Thailand had not affected me. The following year, when Arun got an op-portunity to visit the University of Calgary, Canada, I brushed off my superstitious thoughts with the broom


of rationality. I mean how can one blotch up another travel agenda? Calls were made, Visas were stamped, tickets were booked , clothes pressed, presentations made and the usual round of waving one off was done with a smile on my face. As I said, I enjoyed these little moments of peace. This time, technology had made inroads into Arun;s knowledge. He knew how to send mails from his phone, he could connect to wifi with his phone. Confident in this knowledge, I was not sur-prised to receive daily updates from Canada via his phone. The time there passed quickly and he was to return on Saturday to Delhi, when I got the innocu-ous message from him saying that the flight to Delhi had been cancelled on the booked date and therefore he would have to travel back a day earlier as weather wasn't good and snow was ruining many a well laid out travel plan. As with all plans that get waylaid, this one too had its beginning in that message. So I was taken aback when I got a call from his mobile number say-ing he had reached Delhi via another plane that the airlines had arranged. Since he had 19 hrs before his flight to Calicut, he decided to check into a hotel. So far so good. Then the jinx started. 40 minutes later I re-ceive a call from an unknown number. I picked up the call to hear his frantic voice informing me that his wal-let and phone had been stolen. Great…there goes all modes of communication. I thank god for my daugh-ter's insistence that Arun learn at least my mobile number by rote. Was the child psychic or was she just making sure that her father always had my number to call? Anyway before panic sets in rational thoughts kick start and I consoled him by saying that no worries, this time tomorrow you will be back home and we can get you a new mobile. He was expected back home by next morning, so although it was bad luck, we can bear with it. But I had the inkling that it wasn't over yet.

The flight back to Calicut was at 5 am so when the call from a Delhi number came at around 6 in the morning I was not too taken aback. I mean I have learnt to ac-cept fate. With Arun's Travels came a series of mishaps that I have learnt not to question. I was ready to accept anything when he said in a harried voice…I missed my plane. Now it was my turn to sound harried….i mean how do you miss a plane?? A bus,you can miss!…A train you can miss!….But a plane…No! Unambiguously no! Now taking stock of the situation it came down to this…he was stuck in Delhi with no money, no phone and no plane back home. The only number that he knews was mine. Now how would one get out of that?? The sudden turn of events was depressing and I was galvanized into apathy. I couldn't sent money, I couldn't contact him, and I was at my wits end. But, as I have learnt since then, in times of adversity like this, we find within ourselves the courage to look for a way out. It turned out that the flight to Calicut was over-booked and they had closed off the gates earlier. After a series of verbal assaults with the Air India staff, and many threats later, Arun was booked on the next first flight to Nedumbassery which would reach here in the evening. But beggars can’t be choosers and well…its home. At that point Nedumbassery was as good as Calicut. Taking the car to Nedumbassery was the least of the problems. The thought came back to me... Was he really jinxed? He was all smiles when he came out from the airport. I assumed it was relief at seeing me, but I was mistaken. He broke the news to me…He was invited for a conference at Netherlands, Holland!

EPILOGUE:

All planes out of Calgary and Canada were stopped for a week after his plane due to erratic weather. Was he really jinxed???


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\mS³ tIm-gn-IÄ-¡pw, B-Sp-IÄ¡pw k-ao-]n¡pI

FÃmhn‑[ a‑cp‑¶p‑Ifpw an‑Xam‑b \n‑c¡nÂ e‑`y‑amWv.

FÃmhn‑[ a‑cp‑¶p‑Ifpw an‑Xam‑b \n‑c¡nÂ e‑`y‑amWv.

FÃmhn‑[ a‑cp‑¶p‑Ifpw an‑Xam‑b \n‑c¡nÂ e`n¡m³ k‑ao‑]n¡pI.


C¡g‑nª hÀj§f‑nÂ Iª‑n¡‑pg‑nb‑nÂ F´‑mW‑v k‑w`h‑n¨X‑v?.]ec‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n¡‑p¶ t‑N‑mZ‑ya‑mWX‑v. kR‑vP‑ph‑nt‑\‑mS‑p‑w ]ec‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. Häh‑m¡‑nÂ]db‑ms‑\‑mc‑p¯ch‑pa‑nÃ.

Bd‑phÀj§Ä¡‑p a‑p³]‑v Pb{‑i‑o t‑U‑mÎÀ N‑mÀs‑PS‑p¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ ]©‑mb ‑̄n\S‑p ‑̄pÅ h‑mSI s‑I«‑nS ‑̄ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑n. ]‑pX‑nb s‑I«‑nSs‑a‑ms‑¡ ]W‑nª‑n«‑ps‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w B h‑mSIs‑I«‑nS¯‑nÂ Xs‑¶ b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑n {‑]hÀ¯\‑w. s‑]s‑«¶‑mW‑v FÃ‑m‑w a‑md‑nad‑nªX‑v. cï‑p a‑q¶‑v a‑mk¯‑n\‑pÅ‑nÂ Xs‑¶ a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑n ]‑pX‑nb s‑I«‑nS¯‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑md‑n. ]gb It‑kcIÄ¡‑v ]Ic‑w ]‑pX‑nbh‑, Aea‑mcIÄ‑, aä‑p ‑k‑uIc‑y§Ä. s‑I«‑nS‑w a‑md‑ns‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w Ah‑nt‑S¡‑v t‑]‑mI‑m\‑pÅ Hchkch‑p‑w kR‑vP‑p ]‑mg‑m¡‑nb‑nÃ.

]©‑mb¯‑pI‑mÀ¡‑p‑w a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y¯‑nÂ \Ã X‑mÂ¸c‑y‑w Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑oSt‑§‑m«‑v ]²X‑nIf‑ps‑S I‑mea‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

k‑vI‑qf‑nÃ‑m¯ Z‑nhk‑w kR‑vP‑p A[‑nIkabh‑p‑w a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑nÂ ¯s‑¶b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. BS‑ns‑ât‑b‑m t‑I‑mg‑nb‑ps‑St‑b‑m ]i‑p¡‑p«‑nb‑ps‑St‑b‑m Hs‑¡ h‑nXcW‑w Dï‑mI‑p‑w. \Ã cka‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p As‑X‑ms‑¡ I‑mW‑ph‑m³.BS‑ns‑\ s‑I‑mS‑p¡p¶X‑v I‑mW‑m\‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w ck‑w. BZ‑y‑w BS‑pIf‑ps‑S X‑q¡‑w‑,Bt‑c‑mK‑y‑w Hs‑¡ t‑\‑m¡‑p‑w. s‑Xs‑cªS‑p¡s‑¸S‑p¶ BS‑pIÄ Hc‑p Kat‑b‑ms‑S a‑md‑n \‑nÂ¡‑p‑w. AhÀs‑¡Ã‑m‑w ]‑pX‑nb Hä¡½e‑p‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. I½e‑n«hs‑c \d‑p¡‑n«‑mW‑v Bc‑ps‑S h‑o«‑nt‑e¡‑mW‑v t‑]‑mI‑p¶X‑v F¶‑v \‑nÝb‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. AX‑n\‑nSb‑n Â Chb‑ps‑S ]c‑n]‑me\s‑¯ ]ä‑n t‑U‑mÎÀ ]dª‑ps‑I‑mS‑p¡‑p¶X‑p‑w t‑IÄ¡‑m‑w. F´‑mb‑me‑p‑w h‑nXcW]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ ]‑pX‑nb Ht‑«s‑d Ad‑nh‑v ]IÀ¶‑p X¶‑p.

t-U-m.Fk-v. Pb{-i-os‑häd‑n\d‑n kÀP³‑,

Iª‑n¡‑pg‑n, Be¸pg

lc-nXh-n¹h¯-ns-â\-m«-ns-e-mc-p [hfh-n¹h-w


\‑mf‑pIÄ IS¶‑pt‑]‑mb‑n....

kR‑vP‑ph‑n\‑v CX‑v hs‑c t‑I‑mg‑ns‑b I‑n«‑nb‑nÃt‑Ã‑m ? F¶ I‑q«‑pI‑mc‑ps‑S If‑nb‑m¡Â t‑I«‑v aS‑p¯‑n«‑v Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w t‑U‑mÎt‑d‑mS‑v Xs‑¶ AX‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¡s‑a¶‑pd¸‑n¨‑p .

t‑U‑mÎs‑d R§Ä I‑pt«‑‑y‑mÄ¡‑v a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑o¶‑v‑! t‑I‑mg‑n Xc‑qt‑Ã?

Xc‑mt‑Ã‑m. kR‑vP‑ph‑n\‑v F{‑X t‑I‑mg‑n t‑hW‑w? a‑rKk‑wc£W hI‑p¸‑v k‑vI‑qÄ I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑v t‑I‑mg‑nIs‑f s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑p¶ ]‑pX‑nb Hc‑p ]²X‑n Bc‑w`‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. AX‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n‑, \‑n§f‑ps‑S k‑vI‑qf‑nt‑e¡‑v R‑m³ hc‑p¶‑pï‑v.

kR‑vP‑ph‑ns‑â a‑pJ‑w kt‑´‑mj¯‑mÂ h‑nSÀ¶‑p.

hfs‑c \µ‑n t‑U‑mÎs‑d.

A§s‑\ 2010Â N‑mca‑wKe‑w U‑n.h‑n.F¨‑v.Fk‑v.Fk‑ns‑e I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑v a‑rKk‑wc£WhI‑p¸‑v hg‑n t‑I‑mg‑ns‑b I‑n«‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ kR‑vP‑ph‑n\‑p‑w I‑n«‑n 5 a‑p«t‑¡‑m g‑n¡‑pª‑p§s‑f.

a‑p«t‑¡‑mg‑n hfÀ¯e‑ns‑\ ]ä‑n Pb{‑i‑o t‑U‑mÎÀ h‑niZa‑mb‑n ]dª‑p X¶‑p. I‑q«¯‑nÂ as‑ä‑mc‑p I‑mc‑yh‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

I‑pd¨‑p \‑mÄ Ig‑nb‑pt‑¼‑mÄ \‑n§Ä hfÀ¯‑nb t‑I‑mg‑nIs‑f ¡‑mW‑m³ R‑m³ hc‑p‑w. \¶‑mb‑n hfÀ¯‑p¶hÀ¡‑v k½‑m\h‑p‑w Xc‑p‑w.

t‑U‑mÎd‑ps‑S h‑m¡‑pI Ä I‑p«‑nIÄ Ict‑L‑mjt‑¯‑ms‑S b‑mW‑v k‑z‑oIc‑n¨X‑v.

t‑I‑mg‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n h‑o«‑ns‑e¯‑nb‑n«‑p‑w A½b‑ps‑S a‑pJ¯‑v Hc‑p s‑Xf‑n¨a‑nÃ‑mb‑va. F´‑v ]ä‑nt‑b‑m Bt‑h‑m?.

D‑uW‑v Ig‑n¡‑m\‑nc‑p¶t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w A½b‑ps‑S a‑pJs‑¯ h‑nja‑w {‑i²‑n¨‑p.

F´‑v ]ä‑nbt‑½? F´‑ms‑W‑mc‑p h‑nja‑w?

\‑nsâ t‑U‑mÎÀ ]©‑mb¯‑v‑ hg‑nb‑p‑w hI‑p¸‑v hg‑nb‑p‑w [‑mc‑mf‑w ]²X‑nIÄ \S¸‑ne‑m¡‑p¶‑pït‑Ã‑m‑, ]s‑£ 5‑þ 6 ]i‑p¡fpÅ \a‑p¡‑v C¯hWb‑p‑w I‑me‑n¯‑oäb‑v¡‑v k_‑vk‑nU‑n I‑n«‑nb‑nÃ. C\‑n F´‑v s‑N¿‑p‑w. ?

A½ h‑nja‑n¡‑ms‑X R‑m³ t‑U‑mÎt‑d‑mS‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¡‑m‑w.

]‑nt‑ä¶‑v c‑mh‑ns‑e Xs‑¶ kR‑vP‑p a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑nÂ l‑mPÀ. t‑U‑mÎÀ h¶b‑pSs‑\ I‑mc‑y‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¨‑p. DS³ Xs‑¶ ad‑p]S‑nb‑p‑w h¶‑p.

kR‑vP‑p‑, Ct‑¸‑mgs‑¯ \‑nba‑w A\‑pkc‑n¨‑v \½‑ps‑S ]©‑mb¯‑nÂ ]‑mÂ Af¡‑p¶ IÀjIÀ¡‑v ]‑mefh‑n\‑p B\‑p]‑mX‑nIa‑mb‑n«‑mW‑v k_‑vk‑nU‑n \ÂI‑p¶X‑v kR‑vP‑ph‑ns‑â A½t‑b‑mS‑v \½‑ps‑S ]©‑mb ‑̄ns‑e k‑wL§f‑nÂ ]‑mÂ Af¡‑m³ ]db‑q.

As‑X§‑ns‑\b‑m kÀ, A½ A{‑Xb‑p‑w Z‑qc‑w \S¡t‑ï.

k‑mca‑nÃ‑, C‑u _‑p²‑na‑p«‑pIÄ R‑m³ ]©‑mb¯‑v‑ I½ä‑nb‑nÂ AhXc‑n¸‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. BbX‑ns‑â ̂ ea‑mb‑n ]‑mÂ k‑w`cW¯‑n\‑mb‑n k‑u¯‑v s‑k‑ms‑s‑kä‑nb‑ps‑S Hc‑p If£³

s‑k³dÀ AS‑p¯ a‑mk‑w X‑pd¶‑p {‑]hÀ¯\a‑mc‑w`‑n¡‑p‑w. At‑¸‑mÄ ]‑ns‑¶ kR‑vP‑ph‑ns‑â A½s‑bt‑¸‑ms‑eb‑pÅ \‑nch[‑n BÄ¡‑mÀ¡‑v AX‑v kl‑mba‑mI‑p‑w.

AX‑n\‑nSb‑nÂ Fsâ aW‑n¡‑p«‑nb‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y‑w ad¡t‑Ã?

Bs‑cb‑p‑w ad¡‑nÃ. H‑mt‑c‑m ]‑pX‑nb I‑nS‑mh‑pï‑mI‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑nÂ h¶‑p t‑]c‑v cP‑nÌÀ s‑N¿W‑w F¶‑v a‑m{‑X‑w. R§s‑fÃ‑mhc‑p‑w \‑n§s‑f kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑mb‑n kZ‑m kÖa‑mW‑v.

AX‑v R§Äs‑¡Ã‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w Ad‑nb‑m‑w. t‑ac‑n k‑md‑p‑w k‑pt‑cj‑v k‑md‑p‑w c‑m[‑maW‑n t‑N¨‑nb‑p‑w lc‑nZ‑mt‑k«\‑p‑w t‑U‑mÎd‑ps‑aÃ‑m‑w \Ã I‑q«‑pI‑mÀ I‑qS‑nb‑ms‑W¶‑v. A§s‑\ BbX‑p s‑I‑mït‑Ã Ch‑nS‑ps‑¯ I‑mc‑y§Ä C{‑X AS‑p¡‑p‑w N‑n«t‑b‑mS‑p‑w I‑qS‑n \S¯‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p¶X‑v‑. lc‑nZ‑mt‑k«sâ t‑\X‑r¯‑z¯‑ne‑pÅ Ch‑nS‑ps‑¯ I‑rj‑nt‑X‑m«h‑p‑w s‑NS‑nIf‑p‑w Hs‑¡ R§Ä¡‑p‑w ]‑p¯\‑pWÀÆ‑v ]Ic‑p¶‑p. I‑qS‑ms‑X ]¨¡d‑nIf‑p‑w h‑n¯‑p‑w Hs‑¡ ‑k‑uP\‑ya‑mb‑n I‑n«‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p‑w.

Fsâ I‑pS‑p‑w_h‑p‑w F\‑n¡‑v X‑pWb‑mb‑n DÅX‑v s‑I‑mï‑mW‑v t‑It‑«‑m Ah[‑n Z‑nhk§s‑ft‑¶‑m {‑]hr¯‑nZ‑nhk§s‑ft‑¶‑m CÃ‑ms‑X FÃ‑mb‑vt‑¸‑mg‑p‑w \‑n§s‑ft‑¸‑ms‑eb‑pÅhÀ h‑nf‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ H‑mS‑n F¯‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p¶X‑v‑. Fsâ FÃ‑m kl{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w \Ã c‑oX‑nb‑n ÂXs‑¶ klIc‑n¡‑p¶‑pï‑v. ]©‑mb¯‑p‑w C¶‑m«‑ns‑e IÀjIc‑p‑w \Ã ]‑n´‑pWb‑mW‑v \ÂI‑p¶X‑v. t‑U‑mÎÀ ]dª‑p.

C\‑ns‑b¶‑mW‑v t‑U‑mÎÀ R§f‑ps‑S k‑vI‑qf‑nt‑e¡‑v hc‑p¶X‑v?

F¶‑mW‑v R§Ä¡‑v k½‑m\‑w Xc‑p¶X‑v?

I‑p«‑n¡ÀjIÀ¡‑v k½‑m\‑w Xc‑mw IÀjIZ‑n\at‑Ã \ÃX‑v. A¶‑v hc‑m‑w.

kab‑w a‑q¶‑p aW‑nb‑mb‑n. R§Ä¡‑v AX‑y‑mhi‑ya‑mb‑n N‑neb‑nS§f‑nÂ t‑]‑mI‑m\‑pï‑v. R§Ä t‑]‑mb‑n«‑v hc‑m‑w kR‑vP‑q.

ic‑n‑, kÀ.

IÀjIZ‑n\‑w k‑vI‑qf‑nÂ Hc‑p kt‑´‑mj¯‑nsâ Z‑n\‑w Xs‑¶b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. B a‑mk¯‑ns‑e t‑IcfIÀjIsâ a‑pJN‑n{‑X‑w 8 F b‑ns‑e {‑i‑o e£‑va‑n Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p. {‑i‑oe£‑va‑n Hc‑p t‑I‑mg‑ns‑bb‑p‑w s‑I‑mï‑v \‑nÂ¡‑p¶ N‑n{‑X‑w. Pb{‑i‑o t‑U‑mÎÀ R§Äs‑¡Ã‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w B t‑IcfIÀjI³ I‑mW‑n¨‑p X¶‑p. A§s‑\ 8 F b‑ns‑e {‑i‑oe£‑va‑nb‑p‑w Ahf‑ps‑S t‑I‑mg‑nb‑p‑w X‑mc§f‑mb‑n. ]‑ns‑¶b‑p‑w Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p X‑mc§Ä. R‑m\S§‑p¶ I‑p«‑nIÄ 4‑, Gäh‑p‑w \¶‑mb‑n t‑I‑mg‑nhfÀ¯e‑nt‑e GÀs‑¸« 5 I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k½‑m\‑w. F´‑ps‑I‑mï‑p‑w ad¡‑m\‑mh‑m¯X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. B IÀjIZ‑n\‑w.

AX‑v Hc‑p X‑pS¡‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]‑ns‑¶b‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m hÀj§f‑ne‑p‑w Pb{‑i‑o t‑U‑mÎd‑ps‑S t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑ne‑pÅ a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑n P‑oh\¡‑mÀ t‑I‑mg‑nIs‑fb‑p‑w t‑I‑mg‑n¯‑oä


b‑pa‑mb‑p‑w k‑vI‑qf‑nsâ ]S‑n IS¶‑ph¶‑p. I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑v t‑_‑m[hÂIcW¢‑mk‑p‑w t‑U‑mI‑ps‑aâd‑n {‑]ZÀi\h‑p‑w I‑z‑nÊ‑p‑w Hs‑¡ \S¯‑nbX‑ne‑qs‑S I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑v a‑rKk‑wc£W t‑aJeb‑ne‑pÅ X‑me‑v¸c‑y‑w hÀ²‑n¨‑p. t‑I‑mg‑nIs‑fs‑bÃ‑m‑w FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w \¶‑mb‑n hfÀ¯‑n. Ah t‑hï‑pt‑h‑mf‑w a‑p«If‑p‑w X¶‑p.

2014Â k‑vI‑qÄ ]‑pX‑pab‑mÀ¶ Hc‑p X‑pSÀ{‑]hÀ¯ \¯‑n\‑p t‑hZ‑nb‑mb‑n. Iª‑n¡‑pg‑n a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑vI‑qÄ ]‑n.S‑n.F b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w N‑nÍÄ H¯‑p t‑NÀ¶t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑v 'k‑wc£'F¶ Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb ]²X‑nb‑ps‑S X‑pS¡a‑mb‑n. AX‑n\‑mb‑n a‑p³hÀj§f‑nÂ t‑I‑mg‑nIÄ e`‑n¨ I‑p«‑nIf‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w a‑p«IÄ ]‑n.S‑n.F h‑ne s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑p k‑w`c‑n¨‑p. AX‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w Cc‑p\‑qt‑d‑mf‑w a‑p«IÄ AS‑p¯‑pÅ Hc‑p h‑r² kZ\¯‑nt‑e¡‑v \ÂI‑n. C‑u NS§‑v R§f‑ps‑Ss‑bÃ‑m‑w a\Ê‑nÂ kt‑´‑mj‑w \‑nd¨‑p. _‑m¡‑n a‑p«IÄ k‑vI‑qf‑ns‑e I‑p«‑nIf‑ps‑S D¨`£W¯‑n\‑mb‑n h‑n\‑nt‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶ ]²X‑n¡‑v X‑pS¡‑w I‑pd‑n¨‑p. A§s‑\ R§Ä I‑p«‑n¡ÀjIÀ¡‑v Bt‑c‑mK‑ys‑¯‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w k¼‑mZ‑yh‑p‑w I‑mb‑nIX‑mc§Ä¡‑v Bt‑c‑mK‑yh‑p‑w {‑]Z‑m\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ Hc‑p ]²X‑n. CX‑v Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w k‑vI‑qf‑nÂ h‑nP‑bIca‑mb‑n \S¯‑nhc‑p¶‑p. C¡‑mc‑y¯‑nÂ k‑vI‑qf‑ns‑e S‑o¨Àa‑mc‑ps‑S X‑mÂ¸c‑yh‑p‑w FS‑p¯‑p]dt‑bï‑p¶ Hc‑p I‑mc‑ya‑mW‑v.

2015 hÀj¯‑nÂ k‑vI‑qf‑nÂ k‑zá‑mb‑n ]‑pX‑nb a‑mX‑rIb‑ne‑pÅ Hc‑p t‑I‑mg‑n¡‑qS‑p‑w 15 t‑I‑mg‑nIs‑fb‑p‑w e`‑n¨‑p. ]‑n.S‑n.F ^ï‑p]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v Ø‑v]‑nÏ‑qS‑p‑w t‑I‑mg‑nIf‑p‑w R§Ä¡‑v B\µZ‑mbI‑w Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v. t‑I‑mg‑nIÄ¡‑v X‑oä X‑n¶‑m\‑p‑w s‑hÅ‑w I‑pS‑n¡‑m\‑pa‑pÅ k‑uIc‑y§f‑p‑w B I‑q«‑nÂ Xs‑¶b‑pï‑v. AX‑nÂ \‑nÂ¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ B t‑I‑mg‑nIf‑ps‑S `‑wK‑n H¶‑v I‑qS‑nt‑b‑m?

Ig‑nª 1‑2 hÀj§f‑ne‑mb‑n Iª‑n¡‑pg‑nb‑nÂ a‑rKk‑wc£W t‑aJeb‑n Â {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶hc‑ps‑S F®‑w \t‑¶ I‑qS‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. £‑oc k‑wL§f‑nÂ ]‑mef¡‑ph‑m³ \‑nÂ¡‑p¶hc‑ps‑S \‑oï\‑nc AX‑ns‑\‑mc‑p s‑Xf‑nh‑v I‑qS‑nb‑mW‑v. Ig‑nª 3 hÀj§f‑ns‑e £‑ock\‑vL§f‑ns‑e a‑m{‑X‑w ]‑mefh‑nsâ IW¡‑p ]c‑nt‑i‑mZ‑n¨‑mÂ hÀ[\h‑v Xs‑¶ 3.5 e£‑w e‑nät‑d‑mf‑w hc‑pat‑{‑X. ]‑mef¡‑p¶ FÃ‑m IÀjIÀ¡‑p‑w k_‑vk‑nU‑n \ÂI‑nb‑nc‑ps‑¶¦‑nÂ t‑\«‑w CX‑ne‑p‑w F{‑Xt‑b‑m aS§‑mI‑p a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

FÃ‑mXc‑w a‑rK§s‑fb‑p‑w ]£‑nIs‑fb‑p‑w hfÀ¯‑p¶ IÀjIÀ Ct‑¸‑mÄ Iª‑n ¡‑pg‑nb‑ne‑pï‑v. AX‑p s‑I‑mï‑ mh‑m‑w 'hfÀ¯‑p a‑rK]£‑n DX‑v]¶ h‑n]W\t‑I{‑µ‑w' F¶ Hc‑p k‑wc‑w`¯‑n\‑mb‑n Iª‑n ¡‑pg‑n a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑nb‑p‑w Iª‑n ¡‑pg‑n ]‑n.U‑n.FÊ‑p‑w Hc‑pa‑n¨X‑v.

h‑n]W\t‑I{‑µ¯‑n³s‑d DZ‑vL‑mS\t‑¯‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑p \S¯‑nb a‑rK‑]£‑n {‑]ZÀi\‑w X‑nI¨‑p‑w s‑s‑hh‑n[‑y a‑mÀ¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Iª‑n¡‑pg‑nb‑ps‑S a‑rK‑]£‑nk¼¯‑nsâ ‑{‑]‑uU‑n h‑nf‑nt‑¨‑mX‑p¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p B {‑]ZÀi\‑w. DZ‑vL‑mS\¯‑ns‑\¯‑nb _l‑p t‑U‑m.S‑n.F‑w. t‑X‑mak‑v‑ s‑FkI‑vkÀ ]‑n¶‑oS‑v h‑n]W\t‑I{‑µs‑¯ ]ä‑nb‑p‑w Pb{‑i‑ot‑U‑mÎs‑d]ä‑nb‑p‑w t‑^k‑v _‑p¡‑v‑ t‑]‑mÌ‑v‑ C«X‑p FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w A`‑na‑m\a‑pï‑m¡‑nb I‑mc‑ya‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

Iª‑n¡‑pg‑n ]‑n.U‑n.FÊ‑ns‑e s‑s‑Ph ]¨¡d‑n h‑n]W\t‑I{‑µ¯‑nÂ ]eXhW A½t‑b‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w t‑]‑mb‑n«‑pï‑v. C\‑na‑pXÂ a‑rKk‑wc£W t‑aJeb‑ns‑e DÂ¸¶§f‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑v Xs‑¶ I‑n«‑p‑w. Ic‑nt‑¦‑mg‑na‑p«b‑vs‑¡‑ms‑¡ \Ã U‑na‑m³U‑vBs‑W¶‑mW‑v t‑I«X‑v. h‑n]W‑n h‑nhc§Ä {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ Hc‑p t‑_‑mÀU‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S Ø‑m]‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v. AX‑nÂ k‑vt‑ä‑m¡‑v‑ h‑nhc§Ä t‑^‑m¬\¼À DÄ¸s‑S t‑NÀ¯‑n«‑pï‑v. A½t‑b‑mS‑v ]dª‑p cï‑p Ic‑nt‑¦‑mg‑n I‑pª‑p§s‑f h‑m§W‑w. B«‑n³]‑me‑p‑w \‑mS³ ]i‑ph‑nsâ ]‑me‑p‑w s‑\¿‑p‑w Hs‑¡ _‑p¡‑n§‑nsâ AS‑nØ‑m\¯‑nÂ h‑n]W\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑pï‑v. DW¡N‑mWIh‑p‑w t‑K‑ma‑q{‑Xh‑p‑w B«‑n³ I‑mj‑vTh‑p‑w h‑n]W\‑w s‑N¿‑ms‑\‑mc‑nS‑w F´‑v s‑I‑mï‑p‑w \ÃX‑v Xs‑¶.

H‑mt‑c‑mt‑¶‑mÀ¯‑p \S¶‑p a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑n F¯‑nb Xd‑nª‑nÃ.

kR‑vP‑ph‑ns‑\ I‑ps‑d\‑mf‑mbt‑Ã‑m Ct‑§‑ms‑«‑ms‑¡ Iï‑n«‑v ?

]¯‑m‑w ¢‑mÊt‑Ã t‑N«‑m AX‑m hc‑mªX‑v.

§‑m. l‑m. a‑rK‑mi‑p]{‑X‑n Bs‑I a‑md‑nbt‑Ã‑m. I¼‑y‑q«À‑,‑, s‑\ä‑v IW£³, e‑m_‑v‑ F¶‑v t‑hï Bs‑I AS‑ns‑]‑mf‑nb‑mb‑n.

A§‑v Z‑qs‑c At‑¸‑mÄ s‑Nït‑af‑w t‑IÄ¡‑p¶‑pï‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p. Iª‑n¡‑pg‑n ]©‑mb¯‑ns‑e Ah‑mÀU‑v‑ t‑PX‑m¡s‑f s‑]‑m¶‑mSbW‑nb‑n¨‑v k‑z‑oIc‑n¨‑m\b‑n¡‑p¶X‑nsâ t‑af a‑mWX‑v. kR‑vP‑p Ah‑ns‑Ss‑¡¯‑m\‑mb‑n t‑hK‑w \S¶‑p.

X‑oÀ¨b‑mb‑p‑w Iª‑n¡‑pg‑nb‑n Â h‑n¹h‑w hc‑nIb‑mW‑v‑ lc‑nX h‑n¹h¯‑nsâ \‑m«‑nÂ Hc‑p [hf h‑n¹h‑w. \S¯ ¯‑n\‑nSb‑nÂ kR‑vP‑p H‑mÀ¯‑p.


Incidence of enteroliths or mineral concrements in horses is not seen reported from India. Three such cases seen in mounted police unit, Trivandrum is place on record.

Case HistoryHorse, named Commissioner aged 13 of the unit exhibited sudden

acute symptoms of intestinal colic. In addition to the salient symptoms, there was profuse sweating, panting and muscular tremors. An injec-tion of Buscogast – 15ml was given through the intravenous route. There was no improvement. The horse started gasping, the muscular tremors increased and it fell down. There was jaw breathing and the animal died within five minutes. Autopsy was done and the cause of death was due to shock resulting from the rupture of colon.

Another horse name Bharathan aged 14 years showed Sidentical symptoms and died instantaneously. Here again there was rupture of intestine at the colon region and cause of death was due to shock.

Yet another horse aged 7 years was passing small rounded and an-gular enteroliths along with the dung at times without exhibiting any symptoms of colic. The horse is healthy and used for regular riding.

Autopsy findingsIn all cases Ingesta and blood clots were seen in the peritoneal cav-

ity. The rupture was noticed at the colon region just six inches distal to the caecum. Two almost rounded enteroliths weighting 5 kgs. Were re-moved from the peritoneal cavity of the first horse. In the second case the two enteroliths recovered from the peritoneal cavity. Weighed 2.9 kgs. (Photograph of enteroliths is enclosed). In this case also the colon was ruptured ten inches distal to the caecum.

M.R.K. IYERFormer Assistant Director (Veterinary)Mounted Police, Trivandrum.

Enteroliths In Horses



Buscogast containing Hyoscine butyl Bromide in-jection 1p. 1 ml (20mg) Borhinger Ingalheim.

In all the cases lower parts of ileum, caecum and rest of the colon were severely congested and blood vessesls engorged. A portion of the enteroliths were subjected to chemical analysis and found to contain Ammonium Phosphate of Magnesia, Calcium phos-phate, Silicates, traces of animal and fatty matter.

DiscussionAs opined by Jubb and Kennedy (1963) enteroliths

are common in Horses in the past and less now and are composed largely of phosphate deposited in con-centric lamellae. According to him the source of Mag-nesium Phosphate is grain and is normally ionized in the acid gastric juice. This is absorbed in the small intestine but when there is chronic gastro intestinal disturbance, large amounts of this unsplit salts escape to the colon to combine with ammonia produced as a result of bacterial digestion of protein to form ammo-nium Magnesium phosphate or triple phosphates.

As reported by Wortley Axe (1907) the centre por-tion of enteroliths contains a nucleus of foreign mat-ter such as nail, button or grit. According to him, enter-oliths are single, coloured grey or yellowish and when two or more are present the surface get rubbed thus producing flattened facets or concavities or angles. As opined by him when they are present in large num-bers due to rubbing action upon each other during peristalsis prevents them from attaining considerable size and the largest single one recorded weighted 65 pounds. The presence of Silicates in enteroliths was reported by Nieberle and Cohors (1996).

The horses which have died did not exhibit any colic symptoms during the last ten years prior to death. They also did not show any gastrointestinal disturbances. Probably, the stones were being formed

in their bodies over a long period of time due to less secretion of gastric juice. According to Blood and Hen-derson (1979) distension of bowels cause reflex cardio-vascular effects and peripheral circulatory failure and collapse. This condition accompanied by rupture of the colon has resulted in the death of both horses. It is also presumed that enterliths are not formed in the small intestine due to rapid movement of food mate-rials and lack of ammonia.

SummaryDeath of two horses due to enteroliths and recov-

ery of smaller enteroliths from another horse is re-ported.

AcknowledgementThe author thanks Dr. M. Krishnan Nair, Director,

Research (Retired) Kerala Agricultural University for the guidance.

Reference1. Jubb. K.V.F. and Kennedy, P.C 1963 P a t h o l o g y o f

domestic animals, Vol. II, 1st Edition, Academic Press, New York and London. P. 80.

2. Prof. Wortley Axe J.1907 The horse its treatment in health and disease, divisional volume II, The Gresham Publishing Co. 34 – Southamton Street, Strand. P – 298 – 299.

3. Blood D.C. Henderson, J.A and Radostitis, O.M 1979 Veterinary medicine, Vth edn. English lan-guage book Society and Bailliere and Tindal, Lon-don P. 128 – 129 and 148.

4. Neiberle and Cohrs 1966 Pathological anatomy of domestic animals, revised by P. Cohrs, Translated by R. Crawford, Peigamon Press, Oxford, London, Newyork, Braunsehweig P.P. 409 – 4012.


Achoo's Dairy FarmAyiroor.P.O., Elakamon, Varkala

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AVECIA INDIA INC.(Advancing Animal Health

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PresidentArun Dev


t-U-m. im´ns‑häd‑n\d‑n kÀP³‑,]mt§mSv, Xncp‑h‑\‑´]pcw

Lighter Moments


]-b-äphn-f £n-tcm-ev-]m-Z-I k-lI-c-W kwLw¢n-]v-Xw \-¼À.än.188(D) APCOS, ]-b-äp-hn-f.]n.H.þ695 501

{]-knUâ v sk-{I-«dn

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kw`-c-W hnX-c-W tI-{µw, ta-em-t¦mSv, t\-aw£o-c IÀ-j-IcnÂ \n-¶v kw-`-c-Whpw hnÂ-¸-\bpw \-S-¯p¶p.

{]-knUâ v sk-{I«dn

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uchakkada Milk Producer's Co-Operative Society Ltd.No. 4040 (APCOS)Uchakkada, Payattuvila.P.O.-695 501

President Secretary R. Sudarshana Kumar G.R.Sunil Kumar

Nediyavirali Milk Producer's Co-Operative Society Ltd.No. 124 (D) APCOSChani, Kanjiramkulam.P.O.-695 524

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AKASH MEDICALSNeyyattinkkara

PRASANTHI MEDICALSVellarada

ROSE MEDICALSNeyyattinkkara

DEVI MEDICALSUchakkada


t-U-m. k-wK-oX-v \-mc-m-b¬. BÀ.s‑hä\d‑n kÀP³s‑hä‑\d‑nU‑nk‑vs‑]³kd‑nX‑pd‑h‑qÀ, Be‑¸‑pg

I‑qs‑S ]‑nd‑¶‑t‑]‑mÂX³ kl P‑oh‑n‑Is‑ft‑\‑m¡‑nb‑p‑wN‑nc‑n¨‑p‑wIc‑ª‑pþat‑¨‑mc‑b‑v¡‑pI®‑o‑s‑c‑m‑e‑n‑¸‑n¨‑p‑ws‑\©‑w ]‑nS‑b‑p‑t‑¶‑m³a‑rK‑`‑n‑j‑K‑z‑c³. AP‑K‑P‑m‑´‑c‑a‑n‑Ã‑ms‑X Gh‑c‑p‑s‑a‑mäaX‑s‑a¶ N‑n´ ]‑peÀ¯‑‑p‑t‑¶‑m³ a‑rK `‑nj‑K‑z‑c³.A®‑m\‑p k‑pJ‑a‑nÃF¶‑p t‑IÄ¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mg‑p‑wI‑pª‑p‑§‑s‑f‑t‑¸‑ms‑es‑\©I‑w h‑n§‑p‑t‑¶‑m³a‑rK `‑nj‑K‑z‑c³. c‑mh‑nÃ ]I‑e‑nÃk‑zk‑vYX‑b‑p‑a‑nÃ ]d‑b‑p‑¶‑‑s‑X‑m‑«‑mc‑p‑w \¼‑p‑I‑nÃ Gs‑X‑mc‑p t‑\ch‑p‑wBt‑c‑mK‑y c£‑I³ a‑rK `‑nj‑K‑z‑c³.“Ic‑m‑s‑d‑S‑p‑¯‑n‑«‑p‑t‑ï‑mb‑oBt‑K‑mfP‑oh‑n‑I‑f‑ps‑SBt‑c‑m‑K‑yh‑p‑w”F¶‑pt‑N‑mZ‑n¡‑p‑w k]‑X‑v\‑n‑b‑p‑t‑Å‑m³a‑rK `‑nj‑K‑z‑c³.

�a-rK `-nj-K-z-c³-�

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\«‑w X‑nc‑n‑b‑p¶ s‑]‑mX‑pka‑q‑l‑¯‑n\‑va‑m‑wk‑y‑m‑l‑m‑c‑¯‑n³t‑X‑mX‑v hÀ²‑n‑¸‑n¨‑vhbd‑p\‑nd‑b‑v¡‑m‑\‑p‑X‑I‑p‑t‑¶‑m³ a‑rK `‑nj‑K‑z‑c³.

P‑oh‑n‑¨‑p ‑X‑o‑c‑p‑¶‑X‑d‑n‑b‑ms‑X{‑]‑mb‑t‑a‑d‑p‑¶‑s‑X‑m‑¶‑p‑a‑d‑n‑b‑ms‑Xa‑rK‑X‑p‑e‑y‑\‑m‑s‑b‑m‑S‑p‑h‑nÂa‑rX‑y‑p‑h‑ns‑\t‑bä‑p‑h‑m‑§‑p‑t‑¶‑m³a‑rK `‑nj‑K‑z‑c³.

Prasanth MedicalsPathanamthitta

Literary Works


a‑q¶‑p hÀjs‑¯ s‑s‑{‑]hä‑v t‑P‑me‑n Ig‑n‑ª‑mW‑v t‑U‑m.‑ Z‑n‑t‑\i‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ kÀÆo‑k‑nÂ Ib‑d‑p‑¶X‑v. hS‑¡³ t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p ]©‑m‑b‑¯‑nÂ Bb‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p t‑U‑mI‑vS‑d‑ns‑â BZ‑y \‑nb‑a\‑w. X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c¯‑p \‑n¶‑p‑w X‑nI¨‑p‑w h‑yX‑y‑‑k‑vX‑a‑mb Hc‑p \‑mS³ {‑K‑ma‑w. \Ã

\‑m«‑p‑I‑mÀ‑, \Ã ]©‑m‑b¯‑v A[‑n‑I‑m‑c‑n‑IÄ‑, kl‑{‑]‑hÀ¯‑IÀ. a‑p³]‑v t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ CÃ‑m‑¯‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ t‑Ik‑p‑IÄ I‑pd‑h‑mW‑v. h‑o«‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n N‑nI‑n‑Õ‑n¨‑me‑p‑w BZ‑y‑w t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ ^‑ok‑v t‑aS‑n‑¡‑n‑Ã‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ \‑nÀ_‑Ô‑n‑¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ I‑qs‑S kl‑m‑b‑¯‑n\‑p hc‑p‑¶‑hÀ hm§n¡‑p‑w. A§s‑\ \‑m«‑nÂ he‑nb I‑pg‑¸‑a‑nÃ‑m¯ t‑]c‑p‑w AX‑y‑m‑hi‑y‑w t‑l‑mk‑v]‑n‑äe‑nÂ t‑Ik‑p‑w I‑qS‑n.

Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w Hc‑p ]‑mh‑s‑¸« D½ c‑mh‑ns‑e h¶‑p tUm‑Î‑dns\ I‑m¯‑p \‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶‑p. ]i‑‑ph‑n\‑p AInS‑‑v h‑o¡‑a‑mW‑v t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ h¶‑v N‑nI‑n‑Õn‑¡‑W‑w. Bi‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑b‑nÂ ac‑p¶‑p X‑oÀ¶‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ ]‑pd¯‑p \‑n¶‑v ac‑p¶‑p h‑m§‑m³ Fg‑pX‑n s‑I‑mS‑p‑¯‑p. AhÀ AX‑p hm§n¨p h¶‑mÂ h‑o«‑nÂ t‑]‑mI‑m‑s‑a‑¶‑m‑b‑n. Ac aW‑n‑¡‑qÀ Ig‑n‑ª‑n«‑p‑w Ahs‑c Iï‑n‑Ã. At‑\‑z‑j‑n‑¨‑t‑¸‑mÄ ac‑p¶‑p hm§p‑hm³ c‑q] I‑n«‑n‑b‑n‑Ã F¶‑p‑w, GI hc‑p‑a‑m\a‑mÀ¤‑w ]i‑p hfÀ¯Â Bs‑W¶‑pa d‑n‑ª‑p. AX‑p AInS‑‑v h‑o¡‑w h¶‑t‑¸‑mÄ CÃ‑m‑X‑ms‑b¶‑p‑w a\‑Ê‑n‑e‑mb‑n. t‑U‑mI‑vS‑d‑ps‑S a\Ê‑v Ae‑nª‑p. s‑s‑Ib‑nÂ Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ k‑m‑w¼‑nÄ ac‑p¶‑p FS‑p¯‑p t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ H‑mt‑«‑m h‑nf‑n¨‑p Ah‑c‑ps‑S h‑o«‑nÂ s‑N¶‑p. ̀ À¯‑m‑h‑n‑Ã, GI aI³ _‑p²‑n‑a‑mµ‑y‑w k‑w`‑h‑n¨ I‑p«‑n‑b‑m‑W‑v. ‑t‑l‑m«‑e‑nÂ t‑P‑me‑n¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑p‑¶‑p. Bl‑mc‑w Ig‑n‑¡‑m³ DÅX‑v I‑n«‑p‑w BZ‑y‑Z‑n‑h‑ks‑¯ N‑nI‑n‑Õ‑t‑b‑ms‑S Xs‑¶ AInS‑‑v h‑o¡‑¯‑n\‑v \Ã h‑yX‑y‑m‑k‑w h¶‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ a‑q¶‑p Z‑nhk‑w t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ AhÀ

t-U-m. \n-jm´vdnkÀ‑¨v A‑kn‑kv‑äâv

sF‑.F.F‑¨v & hn._n]mtemSv

D½

Literary Works


h‑nf‑n‑¡‑ms‑X Xs‑¶ s‑aU‑n‑¡Â t‑Ì‑md‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w ac‑p‑¶‑p t‑aS‑n‑¨‑p h‑o«‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n N‑nI‑n‑Õ‑n‑¨‑p. Ah‑k‑m\ Z‑nhk‑w B D½ s‑s‑I ]‑nS‑n‑¨‑p ]d‑ª‑p “]S‑t‑¨‑mt‑\ C§s‑\ Hc‑p t‑U‑mI‑vSs‑d R‑m³ P‑oh‑n‑X‑¯‑nÂ Iï‑n‑«‑n‑Ã‑t‑Ã‑m‑‑, ]‑ns‑¶ t‑U‑mI‑vS‑d‑ns‑â ̂ ‑ok‑p‑w ac‑p‑¶‑ns‑â s‑s‑]kb‑p‑w ]‑mÂ h‑nä‑p I‑n«‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ h¶‑pXc‑p‑‑w”.

\‑mf‑p‑IÄ IS‑¶‑p‑t‑]‑m‑b‑n. D½‑a‑mÀ ]ec‑p‑w h¶‑p‑t‑]‑mb‑n. ]s‑£ B D½ a‑m{‑X‑w h¶‑n‑Ã. Ak‑pJ‑w ]‑qÀ®‑a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n‑b‑nt‑Ã? N‑nI‑nÕ ̂ e‑n‑¨‑ns‑Ã F¶‑mb‑n t‑U‑mI‑vS‑d‑ns‑â k‑wi‑b‑w. ]‑ns‑¶ a‑mk‑§Ä Ig‑n‑ª‑p. P\‑I‑o‑b‑m‑k‑q‑{‑XW‑ ]²‑X‑n‑IÄ X‑pS‑§‑n. a\‑p‑j‑y\v {‑`‑m´‑v ]‑nS‑n‑¡‑p¶ ka‑b‑w. FÃ‑m‑w Bg‑vNb‑p‑w h‑o«‑nÂ t‑]‑mI‑m‑d‑pÅ t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ cï‑p a‑mk‑a‑mb‑n h‑o«‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n‑«‑v. s‑I‑mg‑n‑, BS‑v‑, ]i‑p h‑nh‑n[ ]²‑X‑n‑IÄ \S‑¸‑n‑e‑m‑¡‑W‑w. FÃ‑m‑¯‑n\‑p‑w I‑qS‑n Hc‑p a‑mk‑w _‑m¡‑n.

Hc‑p ]²X‑n Hg‑n¨‑v _‑m¡‑n FÃ‑m‑w ]²X‑nb‑p‑w a‑mÀ¨‑h‑k‑m‑\‑t‑¯‑ms‑S ]‑qÀ¯‑n‑b‑m‑¡‑n. Ah‑k‑m\ ]²X‑n BS‑v h‑nX‑c‑W‑a‑m‑W‑v. s‑S³UÀ h‑nf‑n‑¨‑b‑mÄ ]ä‑n‑¨‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ ]©‑m‑b‑¯‑n‑S‑s‑¸«‑v ]Àt‑Nb‑vk‑v I½‑n‑ä‑n‑b‑p‑ï‑m¡‑n BS‑ns‑\ hm§ph‑m³ X‑oc‑p‑a‑m‑\‑n‑¨‑p. BS‑ns‑\ h‑nX‑c‑W‑¯‑n\‑p s‑I‑mï‑p h¶‑t‑¸‑mÄ Xs‑¶ ]e‑X‑n\‑p‑w t‑c‑mK‑e‑£‑W‑§Ä Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ ]©‑m‑b¯‑v A[‑n‑I‑m‑c‑n‑I‑t‑f‑mS‑v \Ã BS‑p‑IÄ AÃ‑m¯‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ ]²X‑n Dt‑]‑£‑n‑¡‑m³ Bh‑i‑y‑s‑¸«‑p. ]s‑£ ]©‑m‑b‑¯‑n\‑v ¹‑m³ ̂ ï‑v N‑ne‑h‑m‑¡W‑w

F¶‑v \‑nÀ_‑Ô‑a‑p‑Å‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ B ]²X‑n \S‑¸‑n‑e‑m‑¡‑n.

cï‑p‑a‑m‑k‑¯‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w Hc‑mg‑vN Ah[‑n FS‑p‑¯‑p‑ h‑o«‑nÂ t‑]‑m‑b‑n. cï‑p Z‑nhk‑w Ig‑nª t‑l‑mk‑v]‑n‑ä‑e‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w t‑^‑m¬ hc‑p‑¶‑p. k‑mÀ Ch‑ns‑S \‑m«‑p‑I‑mÀ {‑]i‑v\‑§Ä Dï‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. Ig‑nª Z‑nhk‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¯ I‑pd¨‑v BS‑p‑IÄ¡‑v t‑c‑mK‑w a‑qÀO‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. t‑U‑mI‑vS‑d‑p‑w ]©‑m‑b‑̄ ‑p‑w A[‑nI‑m‑c‑n‑Ifpw Ag‑n‑aX‑n¡‑mc‑m‑s‑W¶‑v ]d‑ª‑mW‑v [mc‑W.

]ec‑p‑w K‑pW‑t‑̀ ‑m‑à‑r‑h‑n‑l‑nX‑w AS‑b‑v¡‑m‑̄ Xn\mÂ t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ Ah‑c‑ps‑S ]X‑n‑\‑m‑b‑nc‑w c‑q] AS¨‑p \S‑¸‑n‑e‑m‑¡‑nb ]²‑X‑n‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p AX‑v. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ ]‑nt‑ä‑Z‑n‑hk‑w ]‑ms‑ª‑¯‑n. Bi‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑b‑nÂ [ÀW‑b‑m‑W‑v. ]¯‑p‑t‑]‑t‑c‑m‑f‑a‑p‑ï‑v. t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ Hc‑ms‑f Iï‑p s‑R«‑n “B ]gb D½” Ahs‑c ]‑ns‑¶ A¶‑mW‑v IïX‑v AX‑p‑w X\‑n‑s‑¡‑X‑ns‑c Ag‑n‑aX‑n Bt‑c‑m‑]‑W‑§‑f‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n. Hc‑p \‑na‑nj‑w t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ XIÀ¶‑p‑t‑]‑mb‑n Bt‑c‑mS‑p‑w ̂ ‑ok‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p h‑m§‑m¯‑, ]‑mh‑s‑¸« IÀj‑IÀ¡‑v k‑z´‑a‑mb‑n I‑mi‑v s‑Ne‑h‑m¡‑n ac‑p¶‑p t‑aS‑n¨‑p N‑nI‑n‑Õ‑n‑¡‑m‑d‑pÅ t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ A¶‑p Ag‑n‑a‑X‑n‑¡‑m‑c‑\‑m‑b‑n.

]‑nt‑ä‑a‑mk‑w t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ {‑S‑m³k‑^À Bb‑n. I‑n«‑m‑\‑pÅ s‑s‑]kb‑p‑w H¶‑p‑w t‑aS‑n‑¡‑ms‑X Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑p‑w b‑m{‑X‑b‑mb‑n. A¶‑p k‑z´‑w a\‑k‑m‑£‑n‑t‑b‑mS‑v t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ t‑N‑mZ‑n‑¨‑X‑mW‑v C‑u t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w F§‑s‑\‑b‑m‑hW‑w Hc‑p t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ? CX‑p‑hs‑c Hc‑p ]‑qÀ®‑a‑mb D¯c‑w I‑n«‑n‑b‑n‑«‑n‑Ã‑, CX‑v C‑u s‑hä‑n‑\d‑n ka‑q‑l‑¯‑n‑t‑\‑mS‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.


s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m¬ H‑m^‑ok‑p d‑qa‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w \‑nc‑´c‑w AS‑n‑¨‑p‑s‑I‑m‑ï‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. ]‑pds‑¯ s‑{‑Sh‑n‑k‑nÂ A.I. s‑Nb‑vX‑p‑s‑I‑m‑ï‑n‑c‑p¶

R‑m³‑, t‑^‑ms‑W‑S‑p‑¡‑m³ h¶‑t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑p‑w \‑n¶‑p. L.I. Pb´n t‑I‑mg‑n‑t‑¡‑mS‑v P‑nÃ‑ \‑nh‑m‑k‑n‑b‑m‑b‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ Aä³U‑d‑p‑w‑, t‑U‑mÎd‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v a‑rK‑m‑i‑p‑]{‑X‑n ̀ c‑W‑w‑, Xe‑b‑v¡‑p‑h«‑p ]‑nS‑n‑¸‑n‑¨‑p. 10 t‑h¡³k‑n h¶‑mÂ a‑m{‑Xt‑a AhÀ¡‑v t‑I‑mg‑n‑t‑¡‑mS‑v P‑nÃb‑v¡‑v {‑S‑m³k‑v^À I‑n«‑q. s‑Nd‑nb 2 I‑p«‑n‑If‑p‑w s‑hc‑n‑t‑¡‑mk‑v s‑hb‑n\‑ns‑â Ak‑pJ‑w _‑m[‑n¨ lk‑v_â‑p‑w DÅ h‑o«‑n‑t‑e¡‑v a‑mk‑¯‑nÂ Hc‑p XhW kµÀi\‑w \S‑¯‑p‑h‑m‑\‑pÅ k‑ml‑Nc‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p‑s‑I‑m‑S‑p‑¡‑p‑h‑m\‑p‑w R§Ä {‑i²‑n‑¨‑p. k‑v]‑mÀ¡‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w _‑nÂ FS‑p‑¡‑p‑h‑m\‑p‑w ]©‑m‑b‑¯‑ns‑e BU‑n‑ä‑n‑w‑K‑v‑, SLBP enrollment, Ani-mal Health Care camps \S¯‑m³ flex AS‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑p‑w‑, t‑\‑m«‑ok‑v AS‑n¡‑m‑\‑p‑w‑, PAR Vacination Camps \S¯‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w R§Ä H‑mS‑n‑s‑¡‑m‑ï‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. R§‑f‑ps‑S DAHO, eX‑m a‑mU‑w APO a‑mÀ¡‑v t‑P‑me‑n h‑oX‑n‑¨‑vs‑I‑m‑S‑p‑¯‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ‑, APO Bä‑n‑§‑e‑ns‑â h‑nf‑n F¸g‑p‑w h¶‑p‑s‑I‑m‑ï‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑w. ADCP F{‑X percent-age Bb‑n. V1 form entry s‑Nb‑vt‑X‑m? APO Ah‑k‑m\ Bh‑\‑mg‑n ]‑pd‑s‑¯‑S‑p‑¡‑p‑w. \‑n§‑f‑mW‑v e‑mÌ‑v. FÃ‑m‑hc‑p‑w V1 entry s‑Nb‑vX‑p Ig‑n‑ª‑p. B ‘Last’ t‑IÄ¡‑p¼‑w A`‑n‑a‑m\‑w kS‑I‑p‑S‑s‑ª‑W‑oÂ¡‑p‑w. DS‑t‑\‑, AX‑ns‑â ]‑pd‑t‑I‑t‑]‑m‑I‑W‑w. k‑vI‑qÄ ]‑uÄ{‑S‑n ¢_‑v \S‑¯‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑v k‑vI‑qf‑ns‑\ s‑keÎ‑v s‑Nb‑vt‑X‑m?

“\‑nW‑a‑W‑nª H‑mÀ½‑IÄ‑’’

t-U-m. t-k-mb.- s-I.-FÂ. Cf‑I‑a¬ ]©‑m‑b¯‑v‑,

X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑pc‑w.

goat satellite unitþs‑â _‑nÂ a‑md‑nt‑b‑m? Cs‑X‑ms‑¡ s‑N¿‑p¶ t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑e FÃ‑m s‑häd‑n\d‑n kÀP³a‑m‑t‑c‑b‑p‑w‑t‑]‑ms‑e R‑m\‑p‑w Xeb‑v¡‑v s‑s‑Is‑I‑m‑S‑p‑¯‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ AX‑m‑h‑c‑p¶‑p AS‑p¯ t‑^‑m¬

“Ce‑I‑a¬ s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n kÀP³ At‑Ã?” “As‑X‑”, F´‑mW‑v I‑mc‑y‑w ? R‑m³ k\Â‑, AFO BW‑v ?

F´‑m k\t‑e I‑mc‑y‑w? a‑mU‑w R‑m³ h‑nf‑n‑¨X‑v a‑mU‑¯‑ns‑â ]©‑m‑b‑¯‑ns‑e 2 ]i‑p‑¡s‑f C¶s‑e 2 t‑]À t‑NÀ¶‑v t‑d¸‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p.

t‑M..... ]‑oU‑n‑¸‑n‑s‑¨t‑¶‑m? At‑X a‑mU‑w. C¶s‑e c‑m{‑X‑n‑b‑n‑e‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p k‑w`‑h‑w. ]i‑p‑¡‑f‑ps‑S H‑mWÀ FÃ‑m‑h‑t‑cb‑p‑w h‑nf‑n‑¨‑p. Bt‑cb‑p‑w I‑n«‑n‑b‑n‑Ã. Ah‑k‑m\‑w Fs‑¶ h‑nf‑n¨‑p R‑m³ t‑]‑mb‑n t‑\‑m¡‑n. hfs‑c Iã‑w t‑X‑m¶‑n. H‑s‑c®‑w 7 a‑mk‑w KÀ`‑nW‑n Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Vulva Complete Blood Bb‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. a‑pJ¯‑p‑w s‑»U‑v. R‑m³ Bâ‑n‑_‑t‑b‑m‑«‑nI‑v Hs‑¡ s‑I‑mS‑p‑¯‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v. a‑mU‑w H¶‑pt‑]‑mb‑n t‑\‑m¡‑W‑w. AhÀ t‑]‑me‑o‑k‑nÂ ]c‑mX‑n s‑I‑mS‑p‑¯‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v. t‑]‑me‑ok‑v C¶s‑e c‑m{‑X‑n Xs‑¶ h¶‑p. Hc‑p‑¯s‑\ s‑s‑It‑¿‑ms‑S ]‑nS‑n‑¨‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑p‑ t‑]‑m‑b‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v. a‑mU‑w k‑w`h Øe‑w kµÀi‑n‑¡‑W‑w. H‑ms‑¡ hb‑v¡‑s‑«.

Bc‑m k‑mt‑d‑! Aä³UÀ t‑N‑mZ‑n‑¨‑p. e‑me‑q \½‑ps‑S Gc‑n‑b‑m‑b‑nÂ Hc‑p ]‑oU\‑w \S‑¶‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. t‑M..

Literary Works


]‑oU‑\t‑a‑m? ‑!‑! AX‑v \S‑¶‑X‑n\‑v \½‑s‑f´‑v t‑hW‑w? AXt‑Ã I‑mc‑y‑w. I‑mc‑y‑§Ä ]d‑ª‑t‑¸‑mÄ e‑me‑p‑h‑ns‑â Bß‑K‑X‑w. R‑m³ h¶‑v t‑P‑mb‑n³ s‑Nb‑vXt‑Ã DÅ‑q. BZ‑ys‑¯ t‑Ik‑v ]‑oU‑\‑a‑m‑s‑Wt‑Ã‑m? s‑s‑Zht‑a‑!

R§Ä APO b‑ps‑S A`‑n‑{‑]‑mb‑w t‑XS‑n. ""\‑n§Ä H‑mS‑n‑¸‑n‑S‑n¨‑v H¶‑p‑w s‑N¿‑ï. H‑mWÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑s‑«. F¶‑n«‑v t‑\‑m¡‑m‑w.'' Bs‑I Hc‑p t‑hh‑e‑m‑X‑n. BZ‑y‑a‑m‑b‑n«‑v DÅ A\‑p`h‑w. DSs‑\ ]©‑m‑b¯‑v {‑]k‑n‑Uâ‑ns‑â h‑nf‑n h¶‑p. h‑mÀU‑p‑s‑a‑¼À s‑X‑m«‑p‑]‑n‑¶‑ms‑e h‑nf‑n¨‑p. s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑I‑mt‑f‑P‑ns‑e 90 I‑me‑L‑«‑¯‑n‑t‑e¡‑v a\k‑v ]‑mª‑p. I‑mÀ¡i‑y‑w \‑ndª \‑mW‑p‑k‑m‑d‑ns‑â ¢‑mk‑v. Pindrop silence. Bestiality is a crime by humans to animals (as per Law Act).

HmWÀ h‑cp‑am‑bn‑cn¡pw F F‑^v H hn‑P‑b‑IpamÀ ]dªp GI‑t‑Zi‑w 12 aW‑n‑t‑b‑ms‑S H‑mWÀ {‑]X‑y‑£‑s‑¸‑«‑p. I¿‑nÂ c‑ma‑m‑b‑W‑w‑t‑]‑ms‑e Hc‑p ]c‑m‑X‑n‑s‑¡‑«‑v. F´‑m‑b‑me‑p‑w \‑n§Ä h¶‑t‑Ã‑m. \a‑p¡‑v h‑o«‑n‑t‑e¡‑v t‑]‑mI‑m‑w. aW‑n‑¡‑q‑d‑n‑\‑p‑Å‑nÂ R§Ä k‑w`‑h‑Ø‑e‑s‑¯‑¯‑n. ]i‑p‑¡s‑f ]c‑n‑t‑i‑m‑[‑n¨‑p ic‑n‑b‑mW‑v Vulva complete eroded BW‑v. Haemorage Dï‑v. a‑pJ¯‑p‑w »U‑v I« ]‑nS‑n¨‑v \‑n¶‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.

k‑mt‑d Fs‑â ]i‑p‑¡Ä. k‑va‑nX s‑]‑m«‑n‑¡‑c‑ª‑p‑s‑I‑mï‑v H‑mS‑n‑s‑b‑¯‑n. h‑o«‑½‑b‑mW‑v. k‑va‑nt‑X F´‑mW‑v k‑w`‑h‑n‑¨‑X‑v. k‑mt‑d R§Ä C¶‑s‑e‑ c‑m{‑X‑n s‑I‑m¨‑n\‑v ]\‑n‑b‑mbX‑n\‑mÂ AX‑nt‑\‑w s‑I‑mï‑v hÀ¡e a‑nj³ Bi‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑b‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n. 10.30 Bb‑n X‑nc‑n‑¨‑p‑h‑¶‑t‑¸‑mÄ. CX‑n‑\‑m‑s‑W‑¶‑d‑n‑ª‑nÃ Fh³a‑mc‑v 2 t‑]c‑v P‑wK‑vj‑\‑nÂ \‑nÂ¡‑p‑¶X‑v Iï‑p. R‑m³ t‑\‑m¡‑n. s‑X‑mg‑p¯‑ns‑â ]‑pd‑I‑nÂ \Ã I‑mS‑m‑W‑v. ac‑§Ä FS‑X‑qÀ¶‑v \‑n¶‑nc‑p¶‑p. \Ã‑t‑]‑ms‑e I‑pS‑n‑¨‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. ab‑¡‑p‑a‑c‑p‑¶‑n\‑p‑w‑, I©‑m‑h‑n\‑p‑w AS‑n‑a‑b‑mW‑v AhÀ. R‑m³ t‑_¡‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n t‑\‑m¡‑n. s‑a‑ms‑s‑_e‑ns‑â IhÀ h‑oW‑p I‑nS‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. Hc‑p s‑Nc‑n¸‑v Ah‑ns‑S I‑nS‑¶‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. H¶‑p‑w s‑N¿‑m‑\‑n‑Ã‑m‑¯‑, t‑P‑me‑n Cã‑s‑¸‑S‑m‑¯‑, I©‑mh‑p‑w ab‑¡‑p‑a‑c‑p¶‑v h‑nä‑v s‑]s‑«¶‑v ]W‑a‑pï‑m¡‑p‑¶‑, I‑zt‑«‑j³ S‑oa‑p‑I‑f‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶ ]‑pX‑nb Xe‑a‑p‑d‑b‑ps‑S Hc‑p ]c‑n‑t‑Ñ‑Z‑a‑mW‑v Ah‑ns‑S Dt‑]‑£‑n¨‑p I‑nS‑¶‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑X‑v.

R§‑Ä X‑nc‑n‑¨‑p‑t‑]‑m‑¶‑p. h‑oï‑p‑w t‑^‑m¬ At‑§ Xe‑b‑v¡Â APO “F´c‑v Bb‑n? a‑mU‑w R§Ä t‑]‑mb‑n t‑\‑m¡‑n. Examine s‑Nb‑vX‑p

t‑]‑m¶‑p. Antibiotic s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑p. ‘OK’ Vaginal Swab - t‑hï‑n hc‑p‑w? a‑mU‑w As‑X‑m¶‑p‑w VD - b‑nÂ CÃ. Swab t‑]‑mb‑n«‑v t‑I‑m«¬‑, Tr iodine, common med-icine, h‑nc‑a‑c‑p¶‑v H¶‑p‑w CÃ‑m¯ Bi‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑b‑mW‑v R§‑f‑p‑t‑S‑X‑v.

D¨b‑v¡‑v X‑me‑q¡‑v Bi‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑b‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n s‑s‑K\‑t‑¡‑m‑f‑P‑n‑Ì‑ns‑\ I‑mW‑m³ R‑m³ X‑oc‑p‑a‑m‑\‑n‑¨‑p. AX‑n\‑v a‑p³]‑v t‑X‑mW‑n‑¸‑md PH Centre - Â t‑]‑mb‑n l‑y‑qa¬ t‑U‑mÎ‑d‑ps‑S Hc‑p s‑eäÀ h‑m§‑n‑¡‑W‑w. s‑]‑mX‑pt‑h l‑y‑qa¬ t‑U‑mI‑vSÀa‑mÀ¡‑v s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n AeÀP‑n Bb‑X‑n‑\‑mÂ Hc‑p s‑s‑hä‑v t‑I‑m«‑v ^‑nä‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v I‑md‑nÂ s‑N¶‑n‑d‑§‑n. h‑nh‑c‑§Ä ]d‑ª‑p. BZ‑y‑w A\‑p‑`‑m‑h‑t‑¯‑ms‑S t‑I«‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ controlling officer s‑d t‑^‑m¬ s‑Nb‑vX‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ t‑U‑mÎ‑d‑ps‑S a‑qU‑v a‑md‑n. “CX‑v \‑n§Ä a‑rK‑§s‑f N‑nI‑n‑Õ‑n‑¡‑p¶ hÀt‑¡ I‑qS‑p‑XÂ h‑nh‑c‑§Ä Ad‑n‑b‑s‑¯‑m‑Å‑t‑Ã‑m. R§Ä¡‑v Ab‑ms‑f examine s‑N¿‑mt‑\ ]ä‑q. \‑n§‑ft‑Ã‑m Cs‑X‑ms‑¡ ]T‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. R§Ä¡‑p‑w CX‑v ]c‑n‑Nb‑w CÃ. R§‑f‑ps‑S I‑qs‑S hc‑m³ \‑n¶ 2 HI a‑ms‑cb‑p‑w At‑±l‑w \‑nc‑pÂk‑m‑l‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¯‑n. AI¯‑v a‑qhc‑p‑w I‑pi‑p I‑pi‑p‑¡‑p‑¶X‑v Iï‑p. k‑md‑n\‑v _‑p²‑n‑a‑p‑«‑m‑s‑W‑¦‑nÂ R‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p‑¶‑p. Cd‑§‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ APO b‑ps‑S h‑nf‑n‑h‑¶‑p. t‑U‑mÎ‑t‑d‑, I‑pd¨‑v Avian influenza swab RAHC b‑ne‑p‑ï‑v. hs‑¶‑S‑p¯‑v k‑m¼‑nÄ IfÎ‑v s‑N¿‑p. ic‑n a‑mU‑w ̀ £W‑w Ig‑n‑¡‑ms‑X s‑\t‑«‑m‑«‑t‑a‑mS‑n Ig‑n‑ª‑t‑¸‑mÄ h‑m¨‑nÂ t‑\‑m¡‑n. 4 aW‑n kÀ¡‑m‑d‑n‑s‑â‑bt‑Ã t‑P‑me‑n. hbd‑v Ft‑âX‑p‑w `£W‑w Ig‑n‑¨‑n«‑p Xs‑¶ _‑m¡‑n‑I‑m‑c‑y‑w. a‑mU‑w swab ]‑nt‑ä¶‑v F¯‑n‑¨‑p. L1 t‑I‑mg‑n‑t‑¡‑mS‑v \‑n¶‑v F¯‑n `£W‑w Ig‑n¨‑p Ig‑n‑ª‑t‑¸‑mÄ ]‑pd¯‑v P‑o¸‑p h¶‑p \‑nÂ¡‑p¶ iÐ‑w. Ab‑nc‑qÀ t‑]‑me‑ok‑v t‑Ìj‑\‑ns‑e Fk‑v.‑s‑F.b‑p‑w t‑]‑me‑o‑k‑p‑I‑mc‑p‑w t‑U‑mÎÀ‑, swab collect s‑N¿‑p‑¶‑


X‑n\‑v t‑]‑mI‑m‑w. P‑o¸‑n‑t‑e¡‑v I‑b‑d‑q....

t‑a‑ml³e‑m‑e‑p‑w‑, a½‑q«‑nb‑p‑w k‑n\‑n‑a‑b‑ps‑S Ah‑k‑m\‑w P‑o¸‑n‑t‑e¡‑v Ib‑d‑p‑¶X‑v H‑mÀ¯‑v R‑m³ \‑n¶‑p.‑

“CÃ kÀ‑”

“s‑È Ib‑d‑q.... R§‑Ä FÃ‑m Ì‑m^‑p‑w Ibd‑n ” t‑]‑me‑ok‑p‑w a‑rK‑m‑i‑p‑]‑{‑X‑n‑¡‑mc‑p‑w \‑m«‑p‑I‑mc‑p‑w Hs‑¡ t‑NÀ¶‑v Hc‑p‑h³ ]S. 2 A1 gloves 2 I¿‑nÂ C«‑p. (Surgical gloves CÃ‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p‑). t‑I‑m«‑v FS‑p‑¯‑n‑«‑p. L1 gloves C«‑p. Vaginal Swab FS‑p¯‑v k‑oÂ s‑Nb‑vX‑p. \‑m«‑p‑I‑ms‑c I‑nS‑p‑I‑nS‑m h‑nd‑¸‑n‑¡‑p¶ S1 R§‑f‑ps‑S a‑p¼‑nÂ Fe‑nb‑mb‑n \‑n¶‑p. Ig‑n‑ª‑t‑¸‑mÄ Fk‑v.‑s‑F. t‑N‑mZ‑n‑¨‑p.

“t‑]‑mI‑m‑w t‑U‑mÎt‑d‑?” “Ft‑§‑m«‑v?” t‑Ìj‑\‑n‑t‑e¡‑v Ds‑Å‑m¶‑v I‑mf‑n BZ‑y‑a‑m‑b‑n‑«‑mW‑v t‑]‑me‑ok‑v t‑Ìj‑\‑nÂ \‑mU‑n Rc¼‑v he‑nª‑p a‑pdIW‑v......

H‑ms‑¡.. R§Ä t‑Ìj‑\‑n‑s‑e¯‑n. I‑pd¨‑v H‑m^‑ok‑v hÀ¡‑v. t‑U‑mÎ‑d‑ps‑S Recommendation Leter CX‑nÂ semen s‑â presence Dt‑ï‑m F¶‑v Ad‑n‑b‑m‑\‑mW‑v ? Ih‑d‑n‑wK‑v s‑eäÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v F¶‑nh k‑oÂ s‑Nb‑vX‑v \ÂI‑n.

s‑X‑m«‑S‑p¯‑v I‑pä‑h‑m‑f‑n‑Is‑f CS‑p¶ s‑kÃ‑nt‑e‑m«‑v Hf‑nª‑p t‑\‑m¡‑n. 19 hb‑Ê‑pÅ P‑o³k‑n«‑v Hc‑p ]¿³ Xd‑b‑nÂ N‑pc‑pï‑v I‑qS‑n‑¡‑n‑S‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. _‑m¡‑nÂ N‑pc‑n‑Z‑m‑d‑n« Hc‑p s‑]¬I‑p«‑n X‑mt‑g¡‑v I‑p\‑n‑ª‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p. {‑]‑mb‑]‑qÀ¯‑n‑b‑m‑I‑m¯ s‑]®‑ns‑\ Ie‑y‑mW‑w Ig‑n‑¨‑X‑ns‑â Z‑pc‑´‑^e‑w‑!‑!‑!

ic‑n k‑mÀ R§Ä s‑]‑mb‑vt‑¡‑m‑s‑«‑,

ic‑n. h‑oï‑p‑w I‑mW‑m‑w.

]‑nt‑ä¶‑v he‑nb h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑n t‑Ic‑f‑I‑u‑a‑pZ‑n t‑e‑m¡Â FU‑nj³ Cd‑§‑n. I‑pä‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑h³ ]e s‑I‑met‑¡k‑ne‑p‑w {‑]X‑n‑b‑m‑s‑W¶‑p‑w ]‑nS‑n‑I‑n‑«‑m‑¸‑pÅ‑n Bs‑W¶‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑d‑n‑ª‑p.

B s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑U‑mÎÀ¡‑n«‑v R‑m³ s‑I‑mS‑p‑¡‑p‑¶‑p‑ï‑v. Bä‑n§Â Pb‑n‑e‑n‑e‑m‑b‑t‑¸‑mÄ Ah³ ]d‑ª‑p F¶‑d‑n‑ª‑p.

F\‑n¡‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑v Dd‑¡‑a‑nÃ‑m c‑m{‑X‑n‑I‑f‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. s‑s‑Zh‑w kl‑m‑b‑n¨‑v CX‑p‑h‑t‑cb‑p‑w H¶‑p‑w k‑w`‑h‑n‑¨‑n‑«‑n‑Ã. B d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v as‑äÃ‑m d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p‑I‑t‑fb‑p‑wt‑]‑ms‑e ^b‑e‑p‑IÄ¡‑n‑S‑b‑nÂ Dd‑§‑p‑I‑b‑m‑h‑p‑w....


Hotel Prathiba HeritageNear Ayurveda College

For Comfortable stay in the Capital City

Sara MedicalsChengannoor


t-Icf-m s-hä-d-n-t-\-d-n-b³k-v _-nÂU-n-w-K-v-, X-nc-p-h-\-´-]-pc-w

t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑nÂ {‑]hÀ¯‑n‑¡‑p¶ Gs‑X‑mc‑p s‑{‑]‑m^‑j‑WÂ/kÀÆ‑ok‑v k‑wL‑S‑\‑b‑p‑t‑Sb‑p‑w A`‑n‑a‑m‑\‑a‑mW‑v Xe‑Ø‑m\ \K‑c‑n‑

b‑nÂ Hc‑p BØ‑m‑\‑w. t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑e Gs‑X‑mc‑p s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ¡‑p‑w A`‑n‑a‑m‑\‑t‑¯‑ms‑S I‑mW‑m‑h‑p¶ Hc‑p BØ‑m‑\‑a‑mW‑v X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑pc‑w Bb‑pÀt‑ÆZ t‑I‑mt‑f‑P‑n\‑v ka‑o]‑w [À½‑m‑eb‑w t‑d‑mU‑nÂ Ø‑nX‑n‑s‑N‑¿‑p¶ \½‑ps‑S k‑z´‑w “t‑Icf‑m s‑hä‑d‑n‑t‑\‑d‑n‑b³k‑v _‑nÂU‑n‑w‑K‑v.‑’’ Xe‑Ø‑m‑\¯‑v _k‑v t‑Ìj³‑, db‑nÂt‑h t‑Ìj³‑, ̀ c‑W‑k‑n‑c‑m‑t‑I‑{‑µ‑a‑mb Kh: s‑k{‑I‑«‑d‑n‑t‑bä‑v F¶‑n‑hb‑v¡‑v a[‑y‑¯‑nÂ C{‑Xb‑p‑w aÀ½‑{‑]‑[‑m‑\‑a‑mb Hc‑p Øe¯‑v Hc‑p BØ‑m\‑w k‑z´‑a‑m‑

¡‑m³ Ig‑n‑ª‑X‑n\‑p ]‑n¶‑nÂ Z‑oÀL‑h‑o‑£‑Wh‑p‑w AÀ¸‑W‑t‑_‑m‑[h‑p‑w IÀt‑½‑m‑Õ‑p‑I‑Xb‑p‑w Xf‑c‑m¯ Bt‑h‑ih‑p‑w s‑s‑Ia‑p‑X‑e‑m‑b‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑mb‑n‑c‑p¶ Hc‑p Xe‑a‑pd Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p.

1984‑þÂ t‑Ic‑f‑I‑u‑a‑pZ‑n Z‑n\‑]‑{‑X‑¯‑nÂ h¶ Hc‑p ]c‑k‑y‑¯‑nÂ \‑n¶‑mW‑v k‑w`‑h‑§‑f‑ps‑S X‑pS‑¡‑w. “[À½‑m‑eb‑w t‑d‑mU‑nÂ ]gb s‑I«‑n‑Sh‑p‑w hk‑vX‑ph‑p‑w h‑ne‑v]‑\b‑v¡‑v‑” þ t‑Icf‑m t‑Ìd‑v {‑S‑m³k‑vt‑]‑mÀ«‑v F‑wt‑¹‑m‑b‑ok‑v At‑Ê‑m‑k‑n‑t‑b‑j³ hI‑b‑mW‑v ]c‑k‑y‑w. ]t‑c‑X‑\‑mb d‑n«. U]‑y‑q«‑n Ub‑d‑I‑vSÀ t‑U‑m. {‑i‑o[‑c‑I‑p‑d‑p¸‑v ]ck‑y‑w I‑mW‑p‑¶‑p. t‑U‑m. I‑pd‑p‑¸‑ns‑\ ]c‑n‑N‑b‑a‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑hÀ¡‑d‑n‑b‑m‑w‑, k‑wL‑S\ F¶ h‑nI‑mc‑w cà‑¯‑nÂ \‑ndª a\‑p‑j‑y³; s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â t‑^‑mW‑p‑w aä‑v a‑mÀ¤‑§f‑p‑w \‑ne‑h‑n‑e‑n‑Ã‑m‑¯‑X‑n‑\‑m‑e‑m‑I‑m‑w‑, t‑U‑m. {‑i‑o[‑c‑I‑p‑d‑p¸‑v ]ck‑y‑w Iï‑]‑ms‑S t‑U‑m. F‑w.‑F‑w. N‑mt‑¡‑ms‑b (d‑n‑«. AU‑o‑j‑WÂ Ub‑d‑I‑vSÀ‑) ̀ h\‑¯‑nÂ t‑]‑mb‑n I‑mW‑p¶‑p; C¶s‑¯ BØ‑m\‑w k‑z´‑a‑m‑¡‑m‑\‑pÅ BZ‑ys¯‑ Bt‑e‑m‑N\ \S‑¡‑p‑¶X‑v Ah‑n‑s‑S‑b‑m‑W‑v. H«‑p‑w s‑s‑hI‑ms‑X Cc‑p‑h‑c‑p‑a‑mb‑n X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑pc‑w A¼‑e‑a‑p¡‑v k‑zt‑Z‑i‑n‑, ]t‑c‑X‑\‑mb t‑U‑m. t‑P‑mÀÖ‑v hÀ¤‑o‑k‑ns‑\ _Ô‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¶‑p.

A¶‑v C´‑y³ s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n At‑Ê‑m‑k‑n‑t‑b‑j³ t‑Icf‑m LS‑I‑¯‑ns‑â `‑mc‑h‑m‑l‑n‑I‑f‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶X‑v ]t‑c‑X‑\‑mb a®‑p¯‑n s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑I‑mt‑fP‑v U‑o³ (i/c) Bb‑n‑c‑p¶ t‑U‑m. P‑n. \‑nÀ½‑e\‑p‑w ({‑]‑k‑n‑Uâ‑v‑) t‑U‑m. F‑w.‑F‑w. N‑mt‑¡‑m (P‑\‑dÂ s‑k{‑I‑«‑d‑n‑) b‑pa‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. A¶s‑¯ kÀÆ‑ok‑v k‑wL‑S‑\‑b‑mb t‑Icf‑m s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n kÀP³k‑v kÀÆ‑ok‑v At‑Ê‑m‑k‑n‑t‑b‑j³ (KVSSA) s‑â {‑]k‑n‑Uâ‑v t‑U‑m. t‑P‑mk^‑v k‑vId‑n‑b‑mb‑p‑w (]‑m‑e‑m‑) P\‑dÂ s‑k{‑I‑«d‑n t‑U‑m. {‑]Z‑y‑p‑a‑v‑\\‑p‑w (X‑n‑c‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑) Bb‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. Ch‑s‑c‑Ã‑m‑h‑c‑p‑s‑Sb‑p‑w I‑q«‑mb‑n \S¶ \‑o¡‑¯‑nÂ a‑p¯‑qä‑v ^‑n\‑m³k‑n‑t‑b‑g‑vk‑ns‑â aÕ‑c‑s‑¯b‑p‑w ad‑n‑I‑S¶‑v ]X‑n‑\‑m‑b‑nc‑w c‑q] AU‑z‑m³k‑v \e‑vI‑n Ic‑mÀ Dd‑¸‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑m‑b‑n.

t‑Icf‑m t‑Ìä‑v {‑S‑m³k‑vt‑]‑mÀ«‑v F‑wt‑¹‑m‑b‑ok‑v At‑Ê‑m‑k‑n‑t‑b‑js‑â A¶s‑¯ {‑]k‑n‑Uâ‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ {‑i‑o h‑ni‑z‑\‑mY

Memories

205

t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ (]‑n‑e‑v¡‑m‑e¯‑v t‑Icf [\‑I‑m‑c‑y‑h‑I‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑n‑) _Ô‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w Ic‑mÀ Dd‑¸‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w t‑U‑m. s‑I.‑BÀ. c‑ma‑N‑{‑µ³ (I‑q‑¯‑m‑«‑p‑I‑p‑f‑w‑) a‑pJ‑y ]¦‑v hl‑n‑¡‑p‑Ib‑p‑w t‑U‑m. ]‑n.‑H. A{‑_l‑m‑w (F‑d‑W‑m‑I‑p‑f‑w‑) kl‑m‑b‑n‑¡‑p‑Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v. A¶‑v t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑n‑e‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n t‑U‑mI‑vSÀa‑m‑c‑nÂ 90 iX‑a‑m‑\‑¯‑n‑e‑[‑nI‑w t‑]c‑p‑w A¿‑m‑b‑nc‑w c‑q] h‑oX‑w k‑w`‑m‑h\ \e‑vI‑n‑b‑mW‑v Bh‑i‑y‑a‑mb X‑pI k‑zc‑q‑]‑n‑¡‑m³ Ig‑n‑ª‑X‑v. s‑hä‑d‑n‑\d‑n kÀPs‑â AS‑n‑Ø‑m\ i¼f‑w 600 c‑q]b‑p‑w Bs‑I i¼f‑w 1000 c‑q]‑b‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ Hc‑p I‑me‑¯‑n‑e‑mW‑v CX‑v k‑w`‑h‑n‑¨‑s‑X¶‑v H‑mÀt‑¡‑ï‑X‑p‑ï‑v.

j‑oä‑v t‑aª Hc‑p s‑Nd‑nb l‑mf‑p‑w AX‑n\‑v a‑p³h‑i‑¯‑mb‑n Hc‑p a‑pd‑nb‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑a‑mW‑v A¶s‑¯ s‑I«‑n‑S‑¯‑nÂ Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶X‑v.‑ a‑p³h‑is‑¯ a‑pd‑n‑b‑ps‑S a‑pI‑f‑nÂ ]eI ]‑mI‑n‑, AX‑n\‑v a‑pI‑f‑nÂ as‑ä‑mc‑p a‑pd‑nb‑p‑w Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. Hc‑p k‑vI‑q«À IS‑¶‑p‑h‑c‑m‑h‑p¶ t‑Kä‑mW‑v Dï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑X‑v.

s‑I«‑n‑S‑¯‑ns‑â DS‑a‑Ø‑m‑h‑I‑m‑ih‑p‑w t‑aÂt‑\‑m‑«h‑p‑w IVA b‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w KVSSA b‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w k‑wb‑p‑à‑a‑mb _‑nÂU‑n‑wK‑v I½‑ä‑n‑¡‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. KVSSA b‑ps‑S P\‑dÂ s‑k{‑I‑«d‑n _‑nÂU‑n‑wK‑v I½ä‑n I¬h‑o‑\‑d‑mb‑p‑w IVA(K) b‑ps‑S {‑]k‑n‑Uâ‑v I½ä‑n s‑NbÀa‑m‑\‑p‑a‑m‑b‑mW‑v {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨‑p h¶‑X‑v.

t‑N‑mÀs‑¶‑me‑n‑¡‑p¶ s‑I«‑nS‑w ]‑pX‑n¡‑p ]W‑n‑b‑W‑s‑a¶ B{‑Kl‑w {‑It‑aW DbÀ¶‑p‑h‑¶‑p. 1989 a‑pXÂ D‑uÀP‑n‑X‑a‑mb \‑o¡‑§‑f‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n. ]‑pX‑nb s‑I«‑nS‑w ]W‑n‑b‑p‑¶‑X‑n‑\‑mb‑n {‑]t‑X‑yI ^ï‑v A‑wK‑§‑f‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w k‑zc‑q‑]‑n‑¨‑p. _‑nÂU‑n‑wK‑v ^ï‑v ^‑n\‑m³k‑v a‑mt‑\‑P‑c‑mb‑n ]t‑c‑X‑\‑mb t‑U‑m. F³. a‑m[‑h³ \‑mbc‑p‑w (t‑I‑m«‑b‑v¡‑I‑w‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑)‑, ]‑ne‑v¡‑m‑e¯‑v t‑U‑m. s‑I. Pb‑N‑{‑µ\‑p‑w (I‑p‑d‑h³t‑I‑m‑W‑w‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑) k‑vX‑pX‑yÀl‑a‑mb t‑kh\‑w \e‑vI‑n‑b‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v.


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1993‑þÂ _‑nÂU‑n‑wK‑v I½ä‑n s‑NbÀa‑m‑\‑mb‑n t‑U‑m. s‑I. c‑ma³]‑n‑Åb‑p‑w (A‑©Â‑, s‑I‑mÃ‑w‑) I¬h‑o‑\‑d‑mb‑n t‑U‑m. F.‑F‑k‑v. c‑mP\‑p‑w (s‑\‑¿‑m‑ä‑n³I‑c‑) N‑pa‑Xe‑t‑bätXmsS kml‑N‑c‑y‑§Ä¡v NqSv ]nSn‑¨p; ‑ kwL‑S\ DuÀÖ‑k‑z‑e‑am‑bn. ^ï‑v tiJ‑cWw DuÀÖ‑X‑am¡n. IVA b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w KVSSA b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑wb‑pà FI‑vk‑n‑I‑y‑q‑«‑oh‑v t‑b‑mK‑¯‑nÂ B hÀj‑w s‑I«‑nS‑w ]‑pX‑p¡‑n ]W‑n‑b‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑v X‑oc‑p‑a‑m‑\‑n‑¨‑p. H¶‑m‑w L«‑a‑mb‑n a‑q¶‑v \‑ne‑b‑ps‑S k‑v{‑SI‑v¨d‑p‑w BZ‑y \‑ne‑b‑ns‑e l‑mf‑p‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n‑b‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑n‑\‑mW‑v e£‑y‑a‑n‑«‑X‑v.

\K‑c‑k‑`‑b‑nÂ \‑n¶‑p‑w \‑nÀ½‑mW A\‑p‑a‑X‑nb‑p‑w e`‑y‑a‑m‑¡‑nb t‑ij‑w 1993 HI‑vt‑S‑m‑_‑d‑n‑e‑mW‑v \‑nÀ½‑mW {‑]hÀ¯‑\‑§Ä Bc‑w‑`‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑v. s‑]‑mX‑p‑a‑c‑m‑a¯‑v hI‑p¸‑v Ak‑n‑Ìâ‑v FI‑vk‑n‑I‑y‑q‑«‑oh‑v F©‑n‑\‑o‑b‑d‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ (s‑\‑¿‑m‑ä‑n³I‑c‑) ]t‑c‑X‑\‑mb {‑i‑o. k‑pI‑p‑a‑m‑c³ \‑mS‑mÀ k‑mt‑¦‑X‑nI t‑kh\‑w k‑uP‑\‑y‑a‑mb‑n \e‑vI‑p‑I‑b‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n. s‑\¿‑m‑ä‑n³I‑c‑, s‑\Ã‑n‑a‑qS‑v k‑zt‑Zi‑n {‑i‑o. t‑a‑ml‑\‑\‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p _‑nÂU‑n‑wK‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑S‑m‑I‑vSÀ.

a‑q¶‑p‑a‑m‑k‑w s‑I‑mï‑v BZ‑y‑L«amb aq¶p‑\ne kv{SIv¨d‑pw H¶mw \ne lmfpw \‑nÀ½‑mW‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n‑b‑m‑¡‑m‑\‑mb‑n F¶X‑v \½‑ps‑S k‑wL‑S‑\‑b‑ps‑S Nc‑n‑{‑X‑¯‑nÂ F¶‑p‑w H‑mÀ¡‑s‑¸‑t‑Sï k‑w`‑h‑a‑m‑W‑v. A¶s‑¯ b‑ph‑X‑e‑a‑pd H¶‑S¦‑w a‑m\‑k‑n‑I‑a‑mb‑p‑w I‑mb‑n‑I‑a‑mb‑p‑w \‑nÀ½‑mW {‑]hÀ¯‑\‑§‑f‑nÂ CS‑s‑]‑«‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v. ]t‑c‑X‑\‑mb t‑U‑m. s‑I. c‑m[‑m‑I‑r‑j‑vW³ (X‑n‑c‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑)‑, t‑U‑m. _‑n. Pb‑N‑{‑µ³ (A‑¼‑e‑¯‑d‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑)‑, t‑U‑m. F. a‑p¯‑p‑I‑p‑a‑mÀ (X‑n‑c‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑) F¶‑o t‑]c‑p‑IÄ ]c‑m‑aÀi‑n‑¡‑m‑X‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑m³ Ig‑n‑b‑n‑Ã.

1993 s^{_p‑h‑cn‑bnÂ tUm. Pn. \nÀ½e ac‑W‑a‑S‑bp‑Ibpw, At±‑l‑¯nsâ kvac‑W‑bv¡mbn cq]o‑I‑cn¡‑s¸« {SÌv _nÂUnwKv ^ ïnte¡v Ccp‑¸‑Xn‑\m‑bncw cq] kw`mh\ sN¿p‑Ibpw A`‑yÀ°n‑¡p‑Ibpw sN¿p‑Ibpw sNbvXns\ XpSÀ¶v BØm\a‑µnc¯nse lmfn\v 'tUm. Pn. \nÀ½‑e³ lmÄ' F¶v t]cv \ÂIp‑Ibpï mbn

s‑]‑mf‑n¨‑p a‑mä‑nb XS‑n‑k‑m‑[‑\‑§Ä t‑e‑md‑n‑b‑nÂ Ibä‑n I‑m«‑m‑¡‑S‑b‑n‑e‑pÅ k‑z´‑w h‑o«‑nÂ s‑I‑mï‑p‑t‑]‑mb‑n ]W‑n‑s‑N‑¿‑n¨‑v ]‑pX‑nb h‑mX‑n‑e‑p‑If‑p‑w P\‑e‑p‑I‑f‑p‑a‑mb‑n a‑mä‑n‑bX‑v t‑U‑m. ]‑n.‑F‑w. {‑]k‑m‑Z‑m‑W‑v (d‑n‑«. CDIO‑). as‑äÃ‑m {‑]hÀ¯‑\‑§‑f‑n‑e‑p‑s‑a‑¶‑t‑]‑ms‑e t‑U‑m. U‑n. Pb‑dk‑v (a‑e‑b‑w‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑)‑, t‑U‑m. F.‑]‑n. t‑k‑ma‑t‑i‑J‑c³ \‑mbÀ (I‑g‑¡‑q‑«‑w‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑) F¶‑n‑hc‑p‑w a‑p³\‑n‑c‑b‑n‑e‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑p. BØ‑m\ s‑I«‑n‑S‑¯‑ns‑â BZ‑y Bt‑e‑m‑N\ X‑pS‑§‑nb ]t‑c‑X‑\‑mb t‑U‑m. {‑i‑o[‑c‑I‑p‑c‑p‑¸‑v‑, t‑U‑m. F.‑F‑w. N‑mt‑¡‑m F¶‑n‑hÀ FÃ‑m L«‑¯‑ne‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑h‑n‑[‑¯‑ne‑p‑w Bh‑i‑y‑a‑mb t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑m‑l\‑w \e‑vI‑n‑bX‑v l‑rZ‑b‑k‑v]Ài‑nb‑mb Hc‑p A\p‑`ha‑m‑W‑v.

IVA b‑ps‑S A¶s‑¯ P\‑dÂ s‑k{‑I‑«‑d‑n‑b‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ t‑U‑m.

s‑P.‑k‑n. Ì‑o^³k¬ (a‑e‑b‑n³I‑o‑g‑v‑, X‑nc‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑) AHOAK b‑ps‑S {‑]k‑n‑Uâ‑p‑w s‑k{‑I‑«‑d‑n‑b‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ t‑U‑m. c‑ma³I‑p«‑n (]‑m‑e‑¡‑m‑S‑v‑)‑, t‑U‑m. s‑I. k‑pI‑p‑a‑m‑c³ \‑mbÀ (X‑n‑c‑p‑h‑\‑´‑]‑p‑c‑w‑) F¶‑n‑h‑c‑ps‑S kl‑I‑c‑Wh‑p‑w t‑kh‑\h‑p‑w k‑vac‑n‑t‑¡‑ï‑X‑p‑ï‑v. KVSSA b‑ps‑S A¶s‑¯ {‑]k‑n‑Uâ‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶ t‑U‑m. t‑__‑n k‑nd‑n‑bI‑v (]‑m‑e‑m‑) s‑I«‑nS \‑nÀ½‑mW ̂ ï‑v t‑iJ‑c‑W‑¯‑ne‑p‑w as‑äÃ‑m I‑mc‑y‑§‑f‑ne‑p‑w kP‑oh ]¦‑m‑f‑n¯‑w \e‑vI‑n‑b‑n‑«‑p‑ï‑v.

h‑nh‑n[ I½‑ä‑n‑I‑f‑n‑e‑mb‑p‑w AÃ‑m‑s‑Xb‑p‑w a‑n¡‑h‑md‑p‑w FÃ‑m t‑U‑mI‑vSÀa‑mc‑p‑w Hc‑p h‑n[‑¯‑nÂ As‑Ã‑¦‑nÂ as‑ä‑mc‑p h‑n[‑¯‑nÂ DÄs‑¸‑«‑n‑c‑p¶ DÖ‑z‑e‑a‑mb Hc‑p S‑o‑w hÀ¡‑n‑e‑qs‑S 1993 U‑nk‑w‑_À Ah‑k‑m\‑w H¶‑m‑w‑L« ]W‑n ]‑qÀ¯‑n‑b‑m‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w 1994 s‑^{‑_‑p‑h‑c‑n‑b‑nÂ DZ‑vL‑m‑S\‑w s‑N¿‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w k‑m[‑n‑¡‑p‑I‑b‑p‑ï‑m‑b‑n. a‑pI‑f‑n‑es‑¯ \‑ne‑b‑n‑e‑pÅ a‑pd‑n‑I‑f‑ps‑S \‑nÀ½‑mW‑w AX‑n‑\‑p‑t‑ij‑w cï‑m‑w L«‑a‑m‑b‑mW‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑n‑«‑p‑Å‑X‑v.

I‑me‑L‑«‑¯‑n‑\‑\‑p‑k‑c‑n¨‑v \½‑ps‑S A`‑n‑a‑m‑\‑a‑mb BØ‑m\ aµ‑nc‑w \h‑o‑I‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w h‑nI‑k‑n‑¸‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑X‑n\‑p‑w Bh‑i‑y‑a‑mb S‑o‑w hÀ¡‑v C\nbpw Dï‑m‑Is‑« F¶‑v Bi‑w‑k‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p.


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WHO, FAO, and OIE unite inR

abie

sthe fi ght against rabies

Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations

THE FACTS

Children are falling victimFour out of every ten people who have been bitten by suspect rabid animals are under the age of 15.

Over 3 billion people in Asia and Africa at risk Those most at risk live in rural areas where human vaccines and immunoglobulins are not readily available or affordable. The most startling fact is the lack of rabies awareness. Advocacy and public health systems need to unite to effectively combat this disease, and other zoonotic diseases.

Dog vaccination and PEP to be made more accessible Dog vaccination is the most cost-effective single intervention to protect humans from contracting rabies. High quality vaccines are available. Vaccine coverage needs to reach at least

70% of the canine population to break transmission from dogs to humans. Safe, effective human vaccines are also available as pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis vaccines. Post-exposure prophylaxis, or PEP, is a series of vaccines provided to people bitten by rabid animals including bats in order to prevent the disease from developing. The use of PEP intradermally is saving costs by approximately 60-80% in comparison to the intramuscular route, and is a more cost-effective option where the disease is highly present.

A fatal but preventable diseaseRabies is a viral disease that infects the central nervous system and ultimately leads to the death of people and animals. This disease can be prevented and managed.Yet, rabies still kills more than 60,000 people per year.

Vaccinating 70% of the canine population = breaking the cycle of transmission of rabies

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WHAT HAS BEEN DONE

The World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) are united in a common goal to eliminate human and dog rabies. Together we provide strategic and technical guidance and build advocacy around rabies prevention and ensure more consistent and sustained commitment, underpinned by strong health and veterinary systems.

Rab

ies

CONTACTS www.fao.org/ag/aga.html www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-

world/rabies-portal/www.who.int/rabies/en/

– Developing awareness and education Community participation, education and public awareness are crucial elements of successful rabies control programmes.

– Improving surveillance It is an important pillar to understand trends and to guide action in rabies elimination.

– Improving access and affordability of vaccines Secured access to safe, effi cacious and affordable dog vaccines and human post exposure prophylaxis vaccines through regional vaccine banks.

– Encourage collaboration across sectors The FAO, OIE and WHO will continue to work together to raise global and regional awareness.

Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations

KEY WORDS FOR SUCCESS: awareness-education, surveillance, collaboration and vaccination

WHAT’S NEXT?

The impact of specifi c activities thus far

– Coordinated collaboration, countries are embarking on comprehensive rabies control programmes.

– Increasing access to and strengthening health and veterinary services.

– Providing the proof of concept of different interventions for rabies elimination.

– Global and regional stocks of vaccines, also referred to as vaccine banks.

– Building partnerships between international partners, fi nancing bodies, academic and research institutions, civil society and the private sector.

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