The prediction of one-, two-, and three-dimensional heave in expansive soils
expansive soil stabilization using marble dust and bagasse ash
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EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZATION USING MARBLE DUST AND BAGASSE ASH. R. Ali 1 , H. Khan 2 , A. A. Shah 3 1 Rahmat Ali, Student of civil engineering, Sarhad University of Science and information technology, Peshawar, Pakistan. Email:[email protected] m 2 Engr. Hassan Khan Lecturer, Department of Civil engineering, SUIT Peshawar, Pakistan. Email: [email protected] 3 Engr. Prof. Dr. Abid Ali Shah, Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, SUIT Peshawar, Pakistan. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This research is an attempt to investigate the effect of marble dust and bagasse ash on the stabilization of expansive soils. Expansive soils are always characterized by their high expansion, high moisture content, high compressibility, high shrinkage on drying along with wide polygonal cracks and sufficient swelling on wetting. Expansive soils (problematic soil) are present in different parts of the world and extensively found in many locations particularly in Pakistan. In KPK province we select five different sites and collect soil sample and determine their index properties. While selecting sites we visually inspect the soil and collect soil sample from area having wide cracks in soil in dry condition. From the index properties of all the soil samples, district Bannu soil were classified as expansive soil having liquid limit greater than 50% and plasticity index greater than 30%. Currently different techniques are in use for improvements of expansive soil but most of them are uneconomical. For expansive soil improvement we use marble dust and
Transcript of expansive soil stabilization using marble dust and bagasse ash
EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZATION USING MARBLE DUST ANDBAGASSE ASH.
R. Ali1, H. Khan2, A. A. Shah3
1Rahmat Ali,
Student of civilengineering, Sarhad
University of Science andinformation technology,
Peshawar, Pakistan.Email:[email protected]
m
2Engr. Hassan Khan
Lecturer, Department ofCivil engineering, SUIT
Peshawar, Pakistan.Email:
3Engr. Prof. Dr. Abid Ali Shah,
Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, SUIT Peshawar,Pakistan.
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:This research is an attemptto investigate the effect ofmarble dust and bagasse ashon the stabilization ofexpansive soils. Expansivesoils are alwayscharacterized by their highexpansion, high moisturecontent, highcompressibility, highshrinkage on drying alongwith wide polygonal cracksand sufficient swelling onwetting. Expansive soils(problematic soil) arepresent in different partsof the world and extensivelyfound in many locationsparticularly in Pakistan. InKPK province we select five
different sites and collectsoil sample and determinetheir index properties.While selecting sites wevisually inspect the soiland collect soil sample fromarea having wide cracks insoil in dry condition. Fromthe index properties of allthe soil samples, districtBannu soil were classifiedas expansive soil havingliquid limit greater than50% and plasticity indexgreater than 30%. Currentlydifferent techniques are inuse for improvements ofexpansive soil but most ofthem are uneconomical. Forexpansive soil improvementwe use marble dust and
baggase ash which arealready burden on ournatural environment.Utilizing these wastes forthe improvement of expansivesoil will be the bestalternative. Different labtests on expansive soilwithout the addition ofthese waste and with theaddition of these waste wereperformed and their effecton swelling and otherproperties were determined.Finally, marble dust andbaggase ash can be utilizedto treat and stabilize theexpansive soil as economicalalternative to Portlandcement and other (expensive)chemical stabilizers. Theuse of baggase ash andmarble dust forstabilization applicationsis an economical andenvironmental solution ofthe problems associated withits disposal process.
KEYWORDS:Expansive soil, Expansiveindex, Swell pressure,Bagasse ash, marble dust.
1. INTRODUCTION:Expansive soils are thosethat experience significantvolume changes associatedwith changes in watercontents. It expands whenwater is added and shrinkswhen they dry out. Anexpansive soil expands dueto the presence of highlyreactive clay minerals suchas montmorilonite andsmectite.This continuouschange in soil volume cancause light structure builton this soil to moveunevenly and crack. Thisdamage is more than twicethe damage from floods,hurricanes, tornadoes, andearthquakes combined (Jonesand Holtz, 1973). Problem ofexpansive soils has appearedas cracking and break-up ofpavements, roadways,building foundations, slab-on-grade members, channellinings, irrigation systems,water pipelines, sewer linesand gas pipeline. Soilssample were collected fromfive different districtsincluding district Swat,Bannu, Mardan and Peshawar(Site 1 & 2) and their indexproperties were determined.From the index properties ofall the soil sample districtBannu soil were consideredas expansive soil havingliquidlimit greater than 50%and plasticity index greater
than 30%. Generally mainproperties of expansive soilare swelling propertieswhich affect both the longand short term stability ofthe structure foundationbuilt on this soil.Therefore it is necessary toimprove the soil propertiesto avoid damages to thestructure. Bagasse ash andmarble dust are used toimprove the properties ofexpansive soil which areavailable in large amountand are produced in hugeamount by the sugar cane andmarble industry. Bagasse ashis high in silica, calcium,and other minerals. Bagasseash and marble dust areadded in 0%, 4%, 8% and 12%separately and the resultswere compared.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODSIn this study marble dustare used which are takenfrom marble industry (Hajikhan marble industry)located near Rashakaiinterchange motorway.Similarly bagasse ash iscollected from the sugarmills Mardan. Expansive soilare collected from koshavillage, tehsil domail,district Bannu.
Figure 01: Satellite imageof kosha village, tehsildomail, district Bannu.
3. SELECTION OF SITESWhile selecting sites forcollecting expansive soilsample we visually inspectthe ground surface.Expansive soils can beeasily recognized in the dryseason by the deep cracks (ayardstick can be easilyinserted ), soil is rockhard when dry, but verystiff and sticky when wetand the crack width exceed 1inch and resemble the shapeof polygon as shown in thefigure 02.
Figure 02: a width of thecrack
b deph of the crackCrack pattern of expansive
soil
4. DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE FOUNDATION DUE TO EXPANSIVE SOILProblems of expansive soilhas appeared as cracking ofbuilding foundations,channel, break-up ofpavements, sewer lines,water pipe lines, gas pipelines and irrigationsystems. In the UnitedStates damage caused byexpansive clays exceeds thecombined average annualdamage from floods,earthquakes, hurricanes andtornadoes (Jones and Holtz,1973). Expansive soils
a
b
damage foundation by upliftpressure when moistureincrease and lift up lightlyloaded and result cracks incontinuous strip footings.Such uneven movement andcracking of foundation cancause distress to the restof the structure.
Figure 03:Crack pattern in aground floor and bpavement due to expansive soil
5. PREPARATION OFSAMPLESThe index properties of thesoil are first determined intheir natural form and thenmarble dust and bagasse ashwere mixed at differentpercentage (4%, 8% and 12%).
6. TEST PROGRAMAtterberg liquid limit test,plastic limit, shrinkagelimit, specific gravity,expansive index and drydensity test were carriedout for both natural soilsand with the addition ofmarble dust and bagasse ashwith three differentpercentages (4%, 8% and 12%)the following laboratorytest were carried out.
6.1. LIQUID LIMIT TESTThe test procedures ofliquid limit is performed byASTM D 4318-05
6.2. EXPANSION INDEXThe test procedures ofexpansion index is performedby ASTM D 4829
Figure 04: Expansion indextest
6.3. PERMEABILITY TEST
a
b
The test procedures of falling head test is performed by ASTM D 2166
6.4. DRY DENSITY TESTThe test is performed according to standard Proctor test.
7. STABILIZATION MATERIALSugarcane bagasse ash andmarble dust are used asstabilization material.Bagasse ash was collectedfrom sugar mills, districtMardan. On visual inspectionbagasse ash were appeared asblack color. Chemicalproperties of bagasse ashare determined and areexpressed as:
Table.01: chemical properties of bagasse ash
Chemical properties ofbagasse ash
S.No Chemicalelement
Percentby
weight1 Sio2 63.452 Al2o3 10.34
3 Fe203 7.684 K2o 2.645 Cao 8.846 So3 1.07 Mn 0.48 Cu 0.29 Zn 0.310 Na2o 1.7711 P2o5 2.23
Marble dust was obtainedfrom local marble industrynear Rashaki interchangedistrict Mardan. Whitemarble dust waste wasobtained from the industryhaving water absorptionvalue 0.93%. Chemicalproperties were determinedand are expressed as:Table 02 chemical propertiesof marble dustChemical properties of marble dust
Oxidecompounds
Marble dust percentby weight
Sio2 26.53MgO 18.31CaO 38.45Fe203 13.70Al203 0.39
Density 2.83 (gm/cm3)
Figure 05.Stabilizationmaterial (bagasse ash, marbledust) collected from local
factory,
8. PROPERTIES OF STABILIZED SOILThe soil sample wascollected from koshavillage,tehsil domaildistrict Bannu region.Various tests like liquidlimit, plastic limit,plasticity index, expansiveindex, dry density, directshear test and swellpotential were determined.The percentage of bagasseash is kept 0%, 4%, 8% and12% respectively and theentire tests are conducted.The results show that whenthe percentage of bagasseash and marble dust isincreased in the soilsample, all the indexproperties decrease whereasis dry density increased.The table shows thelaboratory test.
Table.03: Test resultMarble
dustLL P
LPI EI
SP(psi)
rd(gm/cm3)
0% 54 23
31
137
9.02 1.51
4% 48 21
27
113
7.64 1.51
8% 41 20
21 94 6.9
41.627
12% 36 18
18 83 5.5
61.564
Bagasseash
4% 42 23
19
128
6.25 1.6
8% 39 22
17
122
4.86 1.61
12% 37 20
17
102
4.72
1.507
LL=Liquid limitPL= Plastic limitPI= Plasticity indexEI=Expansive indexSp=Soil uplift pressurerd = Dry density
9.GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF LIQUIDLIMIT TEST RESULT”
0% 4% 8% 12%0
10
20
30
40
50
60
MARBLE DUST AND BAGASSE ASH PERCENTAGE
LIQUID LIMIT
Figure 06: Relationshipbetween liquid limit andpercentage of marble dust
and bagasse ash.
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%0
50
100
150
marble dust
Marble Dust %
Expa
nsiv
e inde
x
Figure.07: Relation betweenexpansive index and
percentage of marble dust.
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%0
50
100
150
Bagasse ash
Bagasse ash percentage
Expansive index
Figure 08: Relation betweenexpansive index and
percentage of bagasse ash.
0 10 20 301
1.11.21.31.41.51.6
4MD8MD12MDNORMAL SOIL
Moisture Content %
Dry density gm/cm3
Figure 09.Moisture - drydensity relationship withthe addition of 4%, 8% and
12% marble dust
0 5 10 15 20 25 301
1.11.21.31.41.51.61.7
Natural soil
4% bagasse ash
Moisture Content %
Dry density g/cm3
Figure 10. Moisture - drydensity relationship withthe addition of 4%, 8% and
12%bagasse ash
0 5 10 15 20 25 301
1.11.21.31.41.51.61.7
NATURAL SOIL4%MD8%MD12%MD4%BA8%BA12%BAMoisture content %
Dry density gm/cm3
Figure 11.Moisture – Drydensity relationship withthe addition of marble dust
and bagasse ash.
“10.CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION”According to Unified SoilClassification System(USCS), the Bannu soilclassified as CH group.Stabilization of soil byusing industrial waste suchas marble dust and bagasse
ash is successfullyimproving the poorproperties of expansivesoil. Marble dust andbagasse ash are availablelocally in large quantity,thus it is an economical wayof soil stabilization.Marble dust and bagasse ashare directly disposed offinto the river which affectthe aquatic life and arealready burden on ournatural environment. Thus itis best alternative toutilize these wastes for theimprovement of localexpansive soil. Addition of4%, 8% and 12% marble dustand bagasse ash are led toreduce the liquid limits,plastic limits, plasticityindex and expansiveindex.Thus increasing inmarble dust and bagasse ashreduce the index propertiesof expansive soil. Additionof 12% marble dust reducesoil uplift pressure from9.02psi to 5.56psi where as12% bagasse ash reduce soiluplift pressure from 9.02psi to 4.72psi which showsthat bagasse ash is moreeffective in decreasing thesoil uplift pressure. Drydensity of expansive soilalso increase with theaddition of marble dust andbagasse ash and remainmaximum approximately at 8%addition but again decline
with the addition of 12%marble dust and bagasse ash.
AcknowledgementI am grateful to my AlmightyALLAH for giving me thepatience to complete thiswork.I would like to express mydeepest and heartily thanksand gratitude tomysupervisor Engr. Hassankhan, Faculty member ofcivil engineeringdepartment, SarhadUniversity of Science andinformation technology.I am deeply grateful to Engr.Prof. Kifayat ullahkhan,Faculty of CivilEngineering, Iqra NationalUniversity, Pakistan for hissupervision. I would likeexpress my sincere thanks toDr. Fayyaz UET Bannu, Dr.Irshad UET Peshawar, Dr.Qaiser Iqbal UET Peshawar,Engr.Sheren khan ExecutiveEngineer Irrigationdepartment and Dr. Habib urehman. I would like toexpress my indebtedness andgratitude to Dr. Abid AliShah, chairman of civilengineering department, Dr.Amanat ali chaudry,Prof.Khuram saleem,ProfHanifullah khan, Prof. Adilshehzad, Prof Fazle karim,Prof. Shahab Ahmad, Engr
Khisrow khan, Lect. OmarTariq, Prof. Jalal shahLect. Mehwish Nisar, LectAsmarah Kanwal, Facultymember of civil engineering,Sarhad University Peshawar,for his valuable advice anddiscussion. I am heartilygrateful to my colleaguesNasir uddin and Numan nazirfor their help throughoutthe experimental work.Iextend my special andheartily thanks andgratitude to ViceChancellor, Engr. Prof. Dr.Saleem ur Rehamn SarhadUniversity of science andinformation technology,Peshawar for awarding me ascholarship.Finally, I wishto thank my parents and mysiblings for their love andencouragement.
Reference:[1] Yeşilbaş, Gülşah, April 2004,” “Stabilization of expansive soils using aggregate waste, rock powder and lime”
[2] Hesham Ahmed Hussin Ismaielgeb. am 12.12.1969 “Treatment and improvement of the geotechnical properties of different soft fine-grained soils using chemical stabilization,” in Qena Stadt, Ägypten.
[3] Holtz, W. G. and Gibbs, H. J., 1956, “Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays”. Trans. ASCE, 121, pp. 641-663.
[4] D. N. John, and J. M. Debora, 1992, “Expansive Soils-Problems and practice in foundation and pavement engineering”, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
[5] Dr. R. M. BROOKS, “Soil Stabilization withFly ash And Rice HuskAsh”
[6] U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, & U.S. Air Force (2005): Soil stabilization for pavements, Universitypress of the pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii.
