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A revision of the Old World species of Megischus Brullé, Stephanus Jurine and Pseudomegischus gen. nov., with a key to the genera of the family Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen 339: 1–206. ———, and B. van Aartsen. 1986. The European Pamphiliidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), with special reference to the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen 234: 1–98. ———, and R. J. M. van Kats. 2000. Revision of the Palaearctic Embolemidae (Hymenoptera). Zoologische Mededelingen 74: 251–69. Ackery, P. R. 1984. Systematic and faunistic studies on butterflies. Pp. 9–21. In Vane- Wright, R. I., and P. R. Ackery (eds.), The Biol- ogy of Butterflies. Academic Press; London, UK; xxiv429 pp. ———, and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Cor- nell University Press; Ithaca, New York; ix425 pp. ———, R. De Jong, and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1999. The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperi- oidea and Papilionidea. Pp. 263–300. In Kris- tensen, N. P. (ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie: Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierre- iches: Band IV: Arthropoda: Insecta: Teilband 35: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies:Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Walter de Gruyter; Berlin, Germany; x491 pp. Adams, M. D., S. E. Celniker, R. A. Holt, C. A. Evans, J. D. Gocayne, et al. 2000. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 287: 2185–95. [2 maps] Adams, P. A. 1958. The relationship of the Pro- toperlaria and the Endopterygota. Psyche 65: 115–27. ———. 1967. A review of the Mesochrysinae and Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy 135: 215–38. Addicott, J. F. 1996. Cheaters in yucca/moth mutualism. Nature 380: 114–15. Afifi, S. A. 1968. Morphology and taxonomy of the adult males of the families Pseudococci- dae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coc- coidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Nat- ural History), Entomology Supplement 13: 1–210. Afonin, S. A. 2000. Pollen grains of the genus Cladaitina extracted from the gut of the Early Permian insect Tillyardembia (Grylloblat- tida). Paleontological Journal 34: 575–9. Afzelius, B. A., and R. Dallai. 1988. Spermatozoa of Megaloptera and Raphidioptera (Insecta, Neuropteroidea). Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research 101: 185–91. Agassiz, L. 1896. Methods of Study in Natural History. Houghton-Mifflin Company; Boston, Massachusetts; vi319 pp. Aguiar, A. P. 1998. Revisão do gênero Hemis- tephanus Enderlein, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae), com considerações metodológ- icas. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 41: 343–429. ———. 2001. Revision of the Australian Stephanidae (Hymenoptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy 15: 763–822. ———, and J.-W. Janzen. 1999. An overview of fossil Stephanidae (Hymenoptera), with description of two new taxa from Baltic amber, and key to species of Electrostephanus Brues. Entomologica Scandinavica 30: 443–52. ———, and N. F. Johnson. 2003. Stephanidae (Hymenoptera) of American north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105: 467–83. Aguinaldo, A. M., J. M. Turbeville, L. S. Linford, M. C. Rivera, J. R. Garey, R. A. Raff, and J. A. Lake. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387: 489–93. Ahmad, M. 1950. The phylogeny of termite gen- era based on imago-worker mandibles. Bul- letin of the American Museum of Natural His- tory 95: 37–86. Alba-Tercedor, J., and A. Sanchez-Ortega. 1991. Overview and Strategies of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, Florida; xiv588 pp. Alcock, J. 2000. Interactions between the sexually deceptive orchid Spiculaea ciliata and its wasp pollinator Thynnoturneria sp. (Hymenoptera: Thynninae). Journal of Natural History 34: 629–36. Alego, T. J., S. E. Scheckler, and J. B. Maynard. 2001. Effects of the Middle to Late Devonian spread of vascular land plants on weathering regimes, marine biotas, and global climate. Pp. 213–36. In Gensel, P. G., and D. Edwards (eds.), Plants Invade the Land: Evolutionary and Environmental Perspectives. Columbia University Press; New York, New York; x[1] 304 pp. Alekseyev, V. N., and A. P. Rasnitsyn. 1981. Late Cretaceous Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera) from amber of the Taymyr. Paleontologich- eskiy Zhurnal 1981: 127–30. [In Russian] REFERENCES

Transcript of Evolution of the Insects - UMn Canvas

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Abdullah, M. 1964. New heteromerous beetles(Coleoptera) from the Baltic amber of easternPrussia and gum copal of Zanzibar. Transac-tions of the Royal Entomological Society ofLondon 116: 329–46, 2 pls.

Abele, L. G., ed. 1982. Biology of Crustacea: Vol-ume 1: Systematics, the Fossil Record and Bio-geography. Academic Press; New York, NewYork; xx�318 pp.

———, W. Kim, and B. E. Felgenhauer. 1989.Molecular evidence for inclusion of the phy-lum Pentastomida in the Crustacea. Molecu-lar Biology and Evolution 6: 685–91.

Achtelig, M. 1967. Ueber die Anatomie desKopfes von Raphidia flavipes Stein und dieVerwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Raphidiidaezu den Megaloptera. Zoologische Jahrbücher,Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie derTiere 84: 249–312.

———. 1975. Die Abdomenbasis der Neu-ropteroidea (Insecta, Holometabola). Ein ver-gleichend anatomische Untersuchung desSkeletts und der Muskulatur. Zoomorphologie82: 201–42.

———. 1976. Indizien zur Monophylie derRaphidioptera und Megaloptera (Insecta,Holometabola). Verhandlungen der DeutscheZoologische Gesellschaft 1976: 233.

———. 1978. Entwicklung und Morphologie derinnern und äusseren weiblichen Genitalor-gane der Kamelhalsfliegen (Neuropteroidea:Raphidioptera). Entomologica Germanica 4:140–63.

———. 1981. Kamelhalsfliegen (Insecta, Raphid-ioptera) aus der Umgebung von Augsburg.Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereinsfür Schwaben 85: 30–3.

———, and N. P. Kristensen. 1973. A re-exami-nation of the relationships of the Raphid-ioptera (Insecta). Zeitschrift für ZoologischeSystematik und Evolutionsforschung 11:268–74.

Achterberg, C., van. 1982. The fossil species ofthe subfamily Blacinae described by C. T.Brues (Hym.: Braconidae). EntomologischeBerichten 42: 91–6.

———. 2001. The first known fossil Masoninae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from MioceneDominican amber. Zoologische Mededelingen75: 393–6.

———. 2002. A revision of the Old Worldspecies of Megischus Brullé, StephanusJurine and Pseudomegischus gen. nov., with a

key to the genera of the family Stephanidae(Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea). ZoologischeVerhandelingen 339: 1–206.

———, and B. van Aartsen. 1986. The EuropeanPamphiliidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta),with special reference to the Netherlands.Zoologische Verhandelingen 234: 1–98.

———, and R. J. M. van Kats. 2000. Revision ofthe Palaearctic Embolemidae (Hymenoptera).Zoologische Mededelingen 74: 251–69.

Ackery, P. R. 1984. Systematic and faunisticstudies on butterflies. Pp. 9–21. In Vane-Wright, R. I., and P. R. Ackery (eds.), The Biol-ogy of Butterflies. Academic Press; London,UK; xxiv�429 pp.

———, and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1984. MilkweedButterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Cor-nell University Press; Ithaca, New York; ix�425pp.

———, R. De Jong, and R. I. Vane-Wright.1999. The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperi-oidea and Papilionidea. Pp. 263–300. In Kris-tensen, N. P. (ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie:Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierre-iches: Band IV: Arthropoda: Insecta: Teilband35: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies: Volume1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography.Walter de Gruyter; Berlin, Germany; x�491 pp.

Adams, M. D., S. E. Celniker, R. A. Holt, C. A.Evans, J. D. Gocayne, et al. 2000. The genomesequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science287: 2185–95. [�2 maps]

Adams, P. A. 1958. The relationship of the Pro-toperlaria and the Endopterygota. Psyche 65:115–27.

———. 1967. A review of the Mesochrysinae andNothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zool-ogy 135: 215–38.

Addicott, J. F. 1996. Cheaters in yucca/mothmutualism. Nature 380: 114–15.

Afifi, S. A. 1968. Morphology and taxonomy ofthe adult males of the families Pseudococci-dae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coc-coidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Nat-ural History), Entomology Supplement 13:1–210.

Afonin, S. A. 2000. Pollen grains of the genusCladaitina extracted from the gut of the EarlyPermian insect Tillyardembia (Grylloblat-tida). Paleontological Journal 34: 575–9.

Afzelius, B. A., and R. Dallai. 1988. Spermatozoaof Megaloptera and Raphidioptera (Insecta,

Neuropteroidea). Journal of Ultrastructure andMolecular Structure Research 101: 185–91.

Agassiz, L. 1896. Methods of Study in NaturalHistory. Houghton-Mifflin Company; Boston,Massachusetts; vi�319 pp.

Aguiar, A. P. 1998. Revisão do gênero Hemis-tephanus Enderlein, 1906 (Hymenoptera,Stephanidae), com considerações metodológ-icas. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 41:343–429.

———. 2001. Revision of the AustralianStephanidae (Hymenoptera). InvertebrateTaxonomy 15: 763–822.

———, and J.-W. Janzen. 1999. An overview offossil Stephanidae (Hymenoptera), withdescription of two new taxa from Balticamber, and key to species of ElectrostephanusBrues. Entomologica Scandinavica 30: 443–52.

———, and N. F. Johnson. 2003. Stephanidae(Hymenoptera) of American north of Mexico.Proceedings of the Entomological Society ofWashington 105: 467–83.

Aguinaldo, A. M., J. M. Turbeville, L. S.Linford, M. C. Rivera, J. R. Garey, R. A. Raff,and J. A. Lake. 1997. Evidence for a clade ofnematodes, arthropods and other moultinganimals. Nature 387: 489–93.

Ahmad, M. 1950. The phylogeny of termite gen-era based on imago-worker mandibles. Bul-letin of the American Museum of Natural His-tory 95: 37–86.

Alba-Tercedor, J., and A. Sanchez-Ortega. 1991.Overview and Strategies of Ephemeroptera andPlecoptera. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville,Florida; xiv�588 pp.

Alcock, J. 2000. Interactions between the sexuallydeceptive orchid Spiculaea ciliata and its wasppollinator Thynnoturneria sp. (Hymenoptera:Thynninae). Journal of Natural History 34:629–36.

Alego, T. J., S. E. Scheckler, and J. B. Maynard.2001. Effects of the Middle to Late Devonianspread of vascular land plants on weatheringregimes, marine biotas, and global climate.Pp. 213–36. In Gensel, P. G., and D. Edwards(eds.), Plants Invade the Land: Evolutionaryand Environmental Perspectives. ColumbiaUniversity Press; New York, New York; x�[1]�304 pp.

Alekseyev, V. N., and A. P. Rasnitsyn. 1981. LateCretaceous Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera)from amber of the Taymyr. Paleontologich-eskiy Zhurnal 1981: 127–30. [In Russian]

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