Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan ...

Final Report

Environmental and Social Assessment

with Management Plan for laying of

Branch Sewers and Allied Works in

Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City,

Uttar Pradesh

Prepared for

NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA)

(Ministry of Environment and Forests,

Government of India)

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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

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© The Energy and Resources Institute 2014

Suggested format for citation

T E R I. 2013

Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for laying of Branch

Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City, Uttar Pradesh

New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute.

[Project Report No. 2010WM13]

For more information Sonia Grover

Research Associate – Water Resources Division

T E R I Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111

Darbari Seth Block E-mail [email protected]

IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145

New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org

India India +91 • Delhi (0)11


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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 8

1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives ............................................................................................. 8

1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project ....................................................................................... 8

1.2.1 World Bank Assistance ..................................................................................... 9

1.3 Project Components ......................................................................................................... 9

1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development ................................................ 9

1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments .............................. 11

1.4 Structure of the Report .................................................................................................. 12

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................... 13

2.1 About the City ................................................................................................................ 13

2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Kanpur City .............................................................. 14

2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase .................................. 15

2.2.2 On-going works under JNNURM................................................................. 16

2.2.3 City Sewerage Plan ......................................................................................... 17

2.3 Necessity of this project ................................................................................................ 18

2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project ...................................................................... 19

2.5 Proposed Sewerage System .......................................................................................... 20

2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work .................................................. 22

2.5.2 Implementation Schedule .............................................................................. 23

2.5.3 Financing .......................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER 3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 25

3.1 Methodology.................................................................................................................. 25

3.2 Project Screening ............................................................................................................ 27

3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity ................................................................................ 40

CHAPTER 4 REGULATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................. 41

4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental................................................. 41

4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India .................................................. 41

4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations ................................................. 41

4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social ................................................................. 44

4.2.1 National Policies and Acts ............................................................................. 44

4.2.2 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition

and Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLAR&R) Act- 2013 .............. 45

4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) .... 45

4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006 .................................................................................... 46

4.2.5 Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA ............ 47

4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP ................. 53

4.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 54

CHAPTER 5 BASELINE STATUS ................................................................................................... 56

5.1 Baseline Environmental Status ..................................................................................... 56

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography .................................................................... 56

5.1.2 Climate .............................................................................................................. 56

5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features ........................................................... 57


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5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality ....................................................................................... 58

5.1.5 Noise Environment ......................................................................................... 60

5.1.6 Water Environment ........................................................................................ 61

5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage .................................................................................... 66

5.1.8 Waste Water Management ............................................................................. 67

5.1.9 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................. 70

5.1.10 Biological Environment ................................................................................. 71

5.2 Baseline Social Status ..................................................................................................... 74

5.2.1 Details of Social Surveys ................................................................................ 79

5.2.2 Access to Basic Services .................................................................................. 79

5.2.3 Status of Poverty in Kanpur .......................................................................... 79

CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ............................................................ 85

6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts ................................................................................ 85

6.1.1 Design and Development Phase ................................................................... 85

6.1.2 Impacts during construction ......................................................................... 85

6.1.3 Impacts during operation .............................................................................. 87

6.2 Potential Social Impacts ................................................................................................ 88

6.2.1 Social Impacts .................................................................................................. 88

6.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 92

CHAPTER 7 MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................................. 94

7.1 Environmental Management plan ............................................................................... 94

7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN ................................. 94

7.1.2 Implementation of EMP ................................................................................. 94

7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ................................................................................ 106

7.3 EMP Budget .................................................................................................................. 106

7.4 Social Management Plan ............................................................................................. 118

7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase .................................. 118

7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase ....................................... 120

7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of

project activities ............................................................................................. 120

7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and

Implementation of Mitigation Plan ............................................................ 123

7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for

Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard

Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures ..................................... 124

7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social

Development Outcomes ............................................................................... 125

CHAPTER 8 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES AND ISSUES ............................................... 126

8. 1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project ................................................... 126

8.2 Social development issues in project vicinity and social services to be

provided by the project ............................................................................................... 127

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 129

ANNEXURE 1 QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................................. 130

ANNEXURE 2 MINUTES OF MEETING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS ......................................... 132

ANNEXURE 3 CENSUS DATA ..................................................................................................... 137


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List of Tables

Table 2.1 Descriptions of sewerage district (I to IV) in Kanpur city ................................ 18

Table 2.2 District wise (I to IV) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in

Kanpur ..................................................................................................................... 18

Table 2.3 Type and size of various types of manholes proposed to be used in the

project ....................................................................................................................... 22

Table 2.4 Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed .................................................................... 24

Table 3.1 Findings from Environment and Social Screening ............................................ 28

Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations..................................................... 41

Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process .............................................................................. 46

Table 4.3 Entitlement Matrix ................................................................................................. 48

Table 5.1 Historic Temperature and Rainfall Data for Kanpur (A) Station .................... 57

Table 5.2 Geological succession ............................................................................................. 57

Table 5.3 Summary of Noise Level Monitored at selected location in Kanpur city ...... 60

Table 5.4 Water consumption in sewerage district-I .......................................................... 61

Table 5.5 Water quality at selected locations upstream and downstream of Kanpur ... 63

Table 5.6 Water quality analysis of few nallas passing through sewerage district-I

of Kanpur city ......................................................................................................... 69

Table 5.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in mg/L Concentrations in Influent

and Effluent Streams of Kanpur STPs ................................................................. 70

Table 5.8 Solid waste generation in sewerage district-I, Kanpur city .............................. 71

Table 5.9 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed

land use .................................................................................................................... 75

Table 5.10 Ward wise details of the survey ........................................................................... 82

Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact

category Investments ............................................................................................. 96

Table 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ........................................................................ 108

Table 7.3 Cost information of EMP ..................................................................................... 111

Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan ........................................................... 117

Table 7.5 Social Management Plan ..................................................................................... 121

Table 7.6 Role of stakeholders in implementation and mitigation ................................ 125


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List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Location of Kanpur City ........................................................................................ 13

Figure 2.2 City Sewerage plan for Kanpur, GPCU, UPJN, Kanpur ................................... 17

Figure 2.3 Map of sewerage district-I of Kanpur city .......................................................... 21

Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Environmental and Social Assessment

................................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 5.1 Geology map of Kanpur ........................................................................................ 58

Figure 5.2 Ambient RSPM concentrations at Jajamau, Kanpur during year 2006

to 2009 ...................................................................................................................... 59

Figure 5.3 Month wise variation of SO2, NO2 and RSPM at Jajmau station in Kanpur . 60

Figure 5.4 Location of Kanpur Zoo Lake, adjacent to Azadnagar locality ....................... 62

Figure 5.5 Total coliform profile of river Ganga during rainy season of year 2010

and 2011 ................................................................................................................... 64

Figure 5.6 Location of Nalas emerging from Kanpur and emptying into the

River Ganga ............................................................................................................. 67

Figure 5.7 Map of trees in Kanpur sewerage District I ........................................................ 72

Figure 5.8 Satellite image showing agricultural areas (green points) in Kanpur

District-I (top) and zoomed in area at Nawabganj (left) and land between Westgate

and Ghasiyari Mandi (right), within Kanpur

sewerage district ‘I’ ................................................................................................ 73

Figure 5.9 Map showing some of the nearest eco-sensitive areas around

Kanpur city .............................................................................................................. 74

Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for Kanpur

District-I ................................................................................................................... 84

Figure 6.1 GIS map showing the road network of Kanpur District-I, with

highlighted regions of dense road network. ....................................................... 89

Figure 7.1 Broad Institutional arrangements for implementation of EMP ....................... 95


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Executive Summary

Introduction

As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009,

for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this initiative, the World Bank

has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of several phases of

support aims at:

i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi-sectoral river water quality improvement

program.

ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.

In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for

Kanpur sewerage district I have been recently proposed, as this un-sewered area contributes

to the pollution of the River Ganga via sewage flows into open drains which lead into the holy river.

Project Description

Currently, approximately 70% of District-I households have sewer connections. At the same

time, Kanpur city is currently undergoing sewerage system improvements under the JNNURM scheme. Considering the density of population, lack of sewerage network and

proximity to the Ganga River, it becomes even more important to provide sewerage and

treatment infrastructure in this sewerage district.

Status of sewage generation in District I Kanpur

In order to improve the overall sewerage facilities in Kanpur, following has been proposed.

New sewer network of 101.882 Km length have been proposed to take care of sewage load of

the year 2050, out of which 93.279 Km length of mains, sub-mains and laterals sewers with

minimum size of 150 mm dia. to 700 mm dia. RCC (Class NP3) and HDPE pipes of 160 mm

dia. Class PN 6.0 for length 8.603 Km are also considered for initial stretches after start/end

M.H for speedy laying works in very congested area and narrow lanes.

Thus, total length of 395.359 Km sewers have been proposed including 293.477 Km length for

rehabilitation of existing sewers of small sized (150/200 mm dia) by De-silting & GRP liner or

other latest technology except proposal of old trunk sewers of 6.179 Km length for

rehabilitation of identified stretches by GRP liner or other latest technology. Furthermore, the

existing sewers of small sized (150/200 mm dia) about 29.026 Km length which are functioning

Sewerage District

Design Year 2050

Population Sewage Generation

(MLD)

District-I 1306000 172.44


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smooth, shall also be used in present condition to avoid public inconvenience during project

execution. Total designed length of sewer network is 424.385 Km.

Sewage flow through these sewers would require to intercept with four numbers of sewage

pumping stations and two lift stations namely

Sanjay Puram SPS 6 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar SPS 10.70 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Behind Siwaan Tannery LIFT PS 2.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Gandhi Park SPS 16.10 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Near Chacha Nehru Hospita (Old Lahi Mandi) SPS 9.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Patkapur LIFT PS 2.20 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Approach and Methodology

The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary data analysis, conducting scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion

with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these

outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter,

environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was

developed in response to identified impacts.

The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various activities

during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included environmental factors

such as the presence of eco-sensitive regions in and around the project area, clearance of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated noise and

dust levels, emissions from fuel use in machines and on-site vehicles, damage to existing

utilities. Social criteria included factors such as requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes/local population, loss of livelihood and gender issues.

Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects

of the NGRBP, the present project of sewerage works in Sewerage District I in Kanpur City falls under low impact category, which requires only land acquisition not resulting in loss of

income, loss of livelihood, relocation of households. This project has an overall positive impact

by tapping the wastewater and preventing its flow into the river Ganga.

Environmental and Social Baseline status

As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district-I was prepared to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status

of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyze the probable

impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental/social status of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of environmental entities

like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality, waste management and

existing green cover in the study area.

As per the findings of this assessment, wastewater generated from sewerage district-I is

observed to be from domestic, commercial as well as industrial sources. The current state of

wastewater management in the district is well gauged by the fact that 21 out of 23 nallas in


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Kanpur are present in the district -I area. These include nallas such as the Sisamau nalla,

Ganda nalla and COD nalla. Summary of wastewater quality analysis conducted by UP Pollution Control Board for some select nallas passing through sewerage district-I, showed

signs of high levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) which has been re-affirmed by

foul odour and smell. Such occurrences of pollution impact not only on the drinking water but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreational bathing, all of which are

majorly dependent on the River Ganga. In terms of surface water quality of the river in Kanpur

the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at the downstream monitoring stations are often above the permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters and, both upstream and

downstream stations indicated BOD above the water quality criteria (Class A) of 2.0 mg/l for

the drinking water without treatment but after disinfection (as per CPCB’s surface water classification for Designated Best Use). Total coliform at downstream monitoring stations are

more than 18 times the total coliform count at upstream monitoring locations in all seasons

and all years. Total Coliform count is higher in most of the season at Kanpur section

As far as air quality is concerned the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the

dust levels, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) near Jajmau area have violated

the annual average standards of 60µg/m3 and indicates an upward trend from 2006 to 2009. Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide levels are within the permissible standards of CPCB.

For noise level assessment, 4 stations in Kanpur are monitored of which 1 (Ghantaghar) falls

in district 1 and other 2 (Kidwai Nagar and Hallet hospital station) are close to it. The noise levels were observed to be above the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and

night time) in most of the monitoring stations.

With respect to solid waste presently there is no waste processing plant at Kanpur and the total waste is taken to disposal sites, which are generally in open.

Based on field surveys, stakeholder consultations and assessment of the baseline status, in the

context of upcoming future sewerage works and also keeping in view the already underway JNNURM sewerage work in the city, potential environmental and social impacts were

identified and analyzed. It was found that although there would not be any permanent

negative or adverse environmental or social impacts; there may be certain temporary impacts on water resources, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for

pedestrians, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental damage to public

utilities and infrastructure such as water pipes, telephone lines, etc.

Potential Environmental and Social Impacts

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health),

traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible

interruption in commercial activity.

The identified environmental impacts were further classified under the heads of air quality,

noise quality, water environment, soil quality and ecology. Certain sensitive areas prone to a

higher degree of inconvenience and impact were identified. These included schools and colleges such as Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Chandra Shekhar Azad University

of Agriculture and Technology, ICFAI National College, DAV College, hospitals such as RK

Devi eye hospital, Gastro Liver Hospital, Chandhini Hospital, Sahani Hospital and areas with narrow lanes and crowded streets such as Patkapur, Chowk Sarafa, LIC Chauraha, General

Ganj, Cooper Ganj and Collector Ganj among others.


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Social assessment clearly defines that no significant issues arise from the land to be acquired

for pumping stations in Kanpur District-I. This explicitly implies that there will be no loss of income, loss of livelihood or need for relocation of households or displacement of encroached

settlements. However, if any loss of livelihood would be noticed during implementation of

this project, then the affected party will be compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some

inconvenience caused to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation

plan which is to be adopted to overcome any inconvenience during the ongoing JNNURM project. A prominent suggestion which was received during the consultations was execution

of construction work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents

and shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. A section chalking out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and

monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also presented.

Environmental Management Plan

For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and of the measure is not

included in the DPR, lumpusm cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The table below briefly describes the Environmental Management Plan.

Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures

Environmental

Construction

Phase

Environmental

sensitive areas

There are no environmental

sensitive areas in the proposed

project area. Further the small

residential parks and road side

trees which will not be affected,

since the sewers are planned to be

laid in the middle of the road and

will not pass through these areas.

- -

Air quality

Probable increase in the dust levels

(RSPM and SPM), during the

construction may temporary

deteriorate the air quality, causing

health problems like respiratory

ailments, eye, ear, nose and throat

infections and related discomfort.

Emissions from fuel use in

construction equipment and

vehicles deployed at the site

Sprinkling of water at

regular intervals to control

dust especially places where

soil is stockpiled and

provision of top cover for

vehicles involved in disposal

of the excess soil material

Ensuring use of low fume

emitting. Newer generators

and vehicles with well-

maintained engines and

control devices.

Noise levels Increased noise levels due to

construction activities like plying

of construction vehicles, pumping

machines, machinery such as

cranes, riveting machines,

hammering etc, may cause general

disturbances to the human

habitations like sleeplessness in

Providing curtains or sound

barriers (polysheets/ sheets)

all around the construction

site.

Proper maintenance of

construction equipment and

vehicles


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Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures

case construction activity is

extended into the night hours.

Water resources

Contamination of nearby water

bodies via storm drains (during

rainfall) by un-managed

construction related material like

suspended particles, pollutants like

oil, grease, cement etc, There may

also be temporary blockage of

drains due to unmanaged material

and construction debris.

Suggestion to ensure proper

handling and disposing off

construction wastes at

identified refusal sites.

Proper stock piling of

excavated soil and not in any

storm drains or any other

areas where water would

naturally accumulate

causing flooding.

Operation

Phase

Noise air quality

Water quality

No air and noise problem from

sewer line as they will be laid

underground.

Inappropriate handling at IPS

Proper handling and regular

maintenance of operating

machines at SPS including

pumps, generators, air

diffusers, etc.

Social

Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no

impact on livelihood of any

permanent shop-owners, licensed

kiosks

But suggested if noticed

during construction, then

should be compensated

according to ESMF

Land acquisition No impact, as no fresh land is

required for any construction

-

Inconvenience to

public

There will be some minor

inconveniences to the public due to

construction like access to their

premises, etc.

Public notice to be circulated,

construction should be

completed in the given time,

debris should be cleared in

time

Health issues-due

to dust, noise

pollution

During construction dust and noise

generated, can cause nuisance to

people especially elderly and

children, but impact is very

limited.

Use of acoustics and water

sprinkling

The identified temporary impacts may be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which

have been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. A lump-sum cost of probable environmental management plans, which were not a part of the

DPR was estimated to be approximately Rs.7595630/- (approximately 76 Lakhs).

Social Management Plan

Some social concerns are associated with the environmental issues and for them a social

management plan has been developed comprising of mitigation measures. Table below describes the social issues and mitigation measures as a part of social management plan.

Key temporary impact Key mitigation measures


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Impact on human health

Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at

the proposed sites

Traffic Congestion

Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing

traffic police to manage the traffic movement.

Impact on livelihood

The first priority is for the contractor to take the

necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always

have access to shops, vendors, etc. Additionally, clean-

up of debris and clearance of blockages should

commence immediately after project completion so as

to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent

customers from accessing businesses or other

disruptions

Impact on existing utility services

Circulating the layout plans of the existing

underground alignment near the work site.

Contacting the relevant department in case there is any

damage to any of the utility services and ensuring

prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure

Implementation of EMP

In general the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from contactor and

Independent Engineers/Supervision Consultants) is the responsible entity for ensuring that

the mitigation measures as suggested in ESAMP are carried out.

Though the project envisages having some environmental and social impacts, however they

are temporary in nature and can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and social

management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the implementation. The larger environmental and social value of the project greatly outweighs

these impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Kanpur city, as the wastewater that

currently flows untreated into the Ganga River will be captured, treated.


8

Chapter 1 Introduction

The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than

2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga basin – which also extends

into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh – accounts for 26 per cent of India’s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also

serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance transcends the

boundaries of the basin.

Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and

industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of

the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious

activities along the river, agriculture and livestock as well as poor solid waste management

are the main causes for pollution in river Ganga.

1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives

The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken numerous clean-up initiatives in the past. The

most prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later

complemented by a similar plan for the Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing

the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main

shortcomings of these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little

effort made in addressing systemic weakness in the critical sectors of urban wastewater, solid

waste management, environmental monitoring, regulation and water resources management; and (3) inadequate scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis

on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay enough attention to the

social dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of consultation, participation and awareness-raising.

The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the

Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach:

Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the

river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions);

Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan,

implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and,

Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on sustainable operations and mobilization of community support)

1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project

As a major first step in achieving the above, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA will adopt a river-basin approach and


9

has been given a multi-sector mandate to address both water quantity and quality aspects.

The NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluents will be discharged into River Ganga.

Building on the high-level dialogue with GoI on Ganga, The World Bank has been formally

requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program

development under the proposed project will focus on the entire Ganga main stem, the initial

emphasis of the specific investments under the first project will focus on main stem of Ganga flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West

Bengal in India. These pollution abatement programmes in cities on the banks of these States,

would include a range of municipal investments such as sewer networks, waste water treatment facilities, industrial pollution control measures, river front management and solid

waste disposal. This is expected to be enabled through several phases of substantive financing

and knowledge support.

The first project of such several phases of support aims at:

i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable

of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program and;

ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.

To achieve the above, the proposed World Bank assisted National Ganga River Basin Project (NGRBP) envisages two main components.

1.2.1 World Bank Assistance

The Government of India has sought programmatic assistance from the World Bank to

support the NGRBA in the long term. This project is the first operation under this agreement,

and aims to support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing priority investments.

1.3 Project Components

The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority

infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments

funded by the second component.

1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development

1.3.1.1 Objective

The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA’s

operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under

this component are grouped under the following sub-components:

a. Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management

b. Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers


10

c. Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators

1.3.1.2 Sub Component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management

This sub-component is aimed at supporting the nascent operational institutions established for implementing the NGRBA program at the central and state levels on a full time basis.

The NGRBA’s operational institutions comprise the Program Management Group (PMG) at

the central level, and SGRCA Program Management Groups (SPMGs) at the state level. The PMG is being established as a fully owned society of the Government of India, with suitable

structure, staff, powers and leadership, to lead the planning and program management of the

NGRBA program at the national level. It is supported and housed by the MoEF as the nodal Ministry. Similarly, the SPMGs are being established in the form of registered societies1, to

ensure effective planning and program management at the state level.

Separating Program Management from Investment Execution: The rationale for establishing the PMG and SPMGs is to have institutions with single point responsibility for the NGRBA’s

program planning, management and long-term sustainability

Program Management for the Entire NGRBA Program: The sub-component will provide for initial setup costs of office infrastructure and equipment, as well as provision of critical

consultancies, incremental staffing, training, and operation costs. Key NGRBA program

management activities included under this sub-component are described below2:

a. Enhancing Ganga Knowledge Resources

b. Communications and Public Participation

c. Innovative Pilots

d. Program of Action for Carbon Credits

1.3.1.3 Sub component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Provider

The long term operation and maintenance of the NGRBA-funded assets is the responsibility of the ULBs and local service providers, and this sub-component is aimed at providing

assistance that can gradually enable them to take on their role.

1.3.1.4 Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulator

This sub-component is aimed at addressing the key constraints faced by the CPCB and SPCBs related to their functions regarding the Ganga. The subcomponent will support:

a. Capacity building of the CPCB and SPCBs

b. Up-gradation of Ganga Water Quality Monitoring System

1 With exception of Jharkhand, where instead of establishing a dedicated SPMG, the nodal state department

(Department of Urban Development) will implement the NGRBA program. This is because a dedicated agency is

not justified given the small stretch of the Ganga River in Jharkhand.

2 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National

Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.


11

1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments

1.3.2.1 Objective

The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to

reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river.

1.3.2.2 Four Investment Sectors

The majority of investments are expected to be in the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. Investments will also be supported in

industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. common effluent treatment plants), solid

waste management (e.g. collection, transport and disposal systems), and river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement

of small ghats and electric crematoria, and the conservation and preservation of ecologically

sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of these sectors.

1.3.2.3 The Framework Approach

In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the

NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA

program.

The objectives of the investments framework are to:

a. provide a filter for all the NGRBA investments, for ensuring that the selected

investments are well-prepared and amongst the most effective in reducing the pollution loads;

b. make transparent the decision-making process on investments selection; and

c. ensure that the investments are implemented in a sustainable manner.

1.3.2.3.1 Framework Criteria

The investments framework prescribes the criteria and quality assurance standards covering

various aspects including eligibility, prioritization, planning, technical preparation, financial and economic analyses, environmental and social management, long term O&M

sustainability, community participation, and local institutional capacity3.

1.3.2.4 Investment Execution

The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA PMG and SPMGs, while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected existing

and qualified state-level technical agencies. To foster competition and tap private sector

efficiencies, the state governments with significant infrastructure investments are setting up a public-private joint venture infrastructure company, to execute NGRBA and other similar

investments in the respective states in the medium to long term.




12

1.3.2.5 Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure

Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be included on priority,

due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the Ganga.

1.4 Structure of the Report

The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the

Environment and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in

Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It rolls out the baseline status of the existing sewage situation and analyses the situation if the proposed project is implemented, with its

possible implications and to negate those implications management plan is advised which is

as per the Environment and Social Management Framework. The present ESAMP report is described in following 9 chapters as given below:

Chapter 1 is an introduction about the programme to clean up River Ganga and various

mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the institutions involved in the project.

Chapter 2 details put specific project description pertaining to the proposed sewerage project

in District I of Kanpur.

Chapter 3 of the report talks about the methodology adopted for the environmental and social

assessment.

Chapter 4 of the report presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of projects.

Chapter 5 presents detailed baseline scenario of the information available for city and for

sewerage district A for both environmental and social aspects. Thereafter, Chapter 6, discusses associated environmental and social impacts.

For the identified impacts, mitigation measures have been suggested in Chapter 7 of the

report.

Chapter 8 is a presentation of social development outcomes of the proposed project and

related issues.

Chapter 9 finally concludes the inferences brought out from the environmental and social analysis of the project activities in Kanpur District ‘I’. It also highlights the conclusion based

on the analysis which shows that the proposed project can be categorized as ‘Low Impact’.


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Chapter 2 Project Description

2.1 About the City4

Kanpur city lies on the 26°28’ North latitude and 80° 21’ East longitude. The main land of the city is surrounded by river Ganga on north side at 125.6m above MSL and river Pandu, on

south side. Kanpur is the biggest city in Uttar Pradesh and is main centre of commercial and

industrial activities. Formerly known as Manchester of the country is now also called the commercial capital of the state. It is a burgeoning city on the banks of the river Ganga,

sprawling over an area of 260 sq km. The location of Kanpur is shown in the Figure 2.1 below:

Figure 2.1 Location of Kanpur City5

4 Draft Detailed Project Report of Laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur

City 2010 by U P Jal Nigam.

5 Kanpur City Development Plan, Kanpur Nagar Nigam, 2006


14

The city is known for its textile and leather industries, and is one of the biggest producers of

these products. Other prominent industrial activities in the city include fertilizer, chemicals, two wheelers, soaps, pam masala, arms and other engineering industries. Additionally,

Kanpur is also an important pilgrimage destination, and home to several globally recognized

institutions such as IIT Kanpur, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI) and GSVM Medical College.

Plate 2.1 J. K Temple (left) and Japanese garden (right)6

2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Kanpur City

The sewerage system in the Kanpur city was first introduced in the year 1904 by providing

the facility in Civil Lines area only. The facility was subsequently extended in the year 1920 to

cover more areas of sewers. The trunk sewer which had its outfall into the river Ganga near Sidhnath Temple was extended up to Jajmau.

Since 1952, there has been a tremendous increase in the population of the town which made

the system to fall short of requirements for provision of sewerage system. In response to this, Kanpur Development Board formulated and implemented complete re-organization of the

sewerage system. New sewers were added including intermediate sewage pumping station

at Parmat Ghat and main sewage pumping station at Jajmau. Aiming to address the pollution of the river Ganga, it was planned to utilize the wastewater on the sewage farm in Jajmau, in

an area of about 3080 hectares. With the passage of time, water supply was augmented thereby

increasing the sewage. The previously installed systems were facing the problems of breaking down, resulting in choking, leading to insanitary conditions with sullage overflowing into the

road-side storm water drains and ultimately into the several storm water nallas in the town.

The pumping capacity at Jajmau became inadequate and also the efficiency of pumps got run down, which made most of the sewage finding its way into the river Ganga, through the

bypass channel.

Presently about 60% area of the city is sewered. The total length of main and trunk sewers is 74 kms whereas branch sewer lines are 875 kms.7 Brick sewers, which are the lifeline of the

Kanpur sewerage system, laid between 60 to 100 years ago, have been collapsing due to being

6 The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific website,

http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/kitakyushu/urban_air/city_report/kanpur.pdf assessed December

2011.

`

http://www.unescap.org/about/commission.asp

http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/kitakyushu/urban_air/city_report/kanpur.pdf


15

old. These problems are further aggravated by the dilapidated conditions of sewers in some

parts of the city. The rapid developments of the city in the peripheral areas are still lacking the sewerage facilities.

UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam) is the agency responsible for pollution prevention and

planning capital projects for sewerage. UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Kanpur Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk

sewers, lateral sewers and collection of revenue from house connections. The brief details

about the completed/ on-going/ approved sewerage projects in Kanpur city are described below.

Plate 2.2 Filled up Man hole (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right)

2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase

With the objective of pollution to improve the river water quality and to reduce the

environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by Ministry of Environment & Forest, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on Interception

& Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class I towns of

U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in March 2000 at

a cost of Rs. 452 crores.8 The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Kanpur city

are summarized below:

To treat the domestic sewage and tannery effluent 3 treatments plants of following

capacities were constructed at Jajmau:

5.0 MLD UASB (based on up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process)

130 MLD ASP (Based on Activated Sludge Process)

36 MLD UASB (Common Effluent Treatment Plant, to treat industrial waste with

domestic waste). A separate collection system of 12.00 Km conveys the wastewater from industries to 36MLD treatment plant

The treated effluent from 130 MLD and 36 MLD STP’s is pumped to sewage farm

channel and used in land irrigation by the farmers. The treated effluent of 5.00 MLD STP finds its way to river Ganga through open drain.

8 Status Paper on River Ganga (2009), National River Conservation Directorate, MoEF.


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2.2.2 On-going works under JNNURM

In order to encourage the cities for taking up the initiative to bring about improvement in the

existing services levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban

Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient, equitable

and responsive cities. With reference to Kanpur city, the under mentioned works have been

sanctioned under JNNURM Part I, II & III for improvement of sewerage infrastructure of the Kanpur city.

• Projects approved under JNNURM (Part – I)

Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing Common Sewage Pumping Station (CSPS)

Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing 5 MLD & 130 MLD sewage treatment plants

and 36 MLD tannery waste water treatment plant.

Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing 7 Nos. intermediate sewage pumping stations.

Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing 4 Nos. tannery sewage pumping stations.

Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing rising mains of 4 Nos. tannery waste water pumping stations.

Laying of 350 mm to 2000 mm diameter trunk sewers in 69.00 Km length in core

area of the city.

Augmentation of 130 MLD capacity Jajmau STP by constructing another unit of

43 MLD based on ASP technology.

15 MLD capacity MPS and STP at Baniyapura in Sewerage District III based on the topography of this sewerage district. As per projections, 124 MLD STP shall be

required for sewerage district – III. As 15 MLD STP has already been sanctioned,

the proposal of remaining required STP of 109 MLD is under preparation

• Projects approved under JNNUM (Part-II)

Sewage treatment plant of 210 MLD at Bingawan. New DPR for balance requirement

of 105MLD STP and MPS are under sewerage system.

• Project approved under JNNURM (Part - III)

Comprehensive proposals have been made in this project to provide sewerage facilities

in sewerage district IV of Kanpur for 4 wards namely Chakeri (10), Sanigawan (19) Delhi Sujanpur (53) and Shyam Nagar Sujatpur (77). Works proposed in this project

include

Intermediate sewage pumping stations of 14 and 40 MLD respectively

42 MLD main sewage pumping station and a STP of 42 mld capacity laying of

130.90 km RCC sewers and other allied works.


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2.2.3 City Sewerage Plan

As per the recent sewerage master plan, Kanpur city has been divided into four sewerage districts as shown in Figure 2.2. The District wise (I to

IV) arrangements and status of sewage treatment in Kanpur city is given in Table 2.1.

Figure 2.2 City Sewerage plan for Kanpur, GPCU, UPJN, Kanpur

District I

District II District III

District IV


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Table 2.1 Descriptions of sewerage district (I to IV) in Kanpur city

Sl.

No.

Sewerage

District

Description

1. Sewerage

District – 1

This district is bounded by the Ganga river to the North, H.B.T.I. and roadways

workshop to the West, Armapur Estate, Dada Nagar, Kidwai Nagar and COD

in the South. This district further has city central zone including old city area

and eastern part of city core including cantonment, The sewage generated from

central and east zone drains into exiting Jajmau STP in district -I.

2. Sewerage

District – II

This district is bounded by the sewerage district-I to the North, Jhansi railway

line to the west and Pandu river to the South. The Eastern boundary has been

arbitrarily drawn to the east of Hamirpur road to include those areas which are

already more heavily populated.

3. Sewerage

District – III

The district is bounded by the Pandu river to the South, development master

plan boundaries to the West and North and the Kanpur – Jhansi railway line to

the East city and sewerage district-I and II are its adjoining neighbours on the

eastern flank.

4. Sewerage

District – IV

The district is bounded by the Delhi Calcutta railway line to the North, Pandu

river to the South and the city Master Plan boundary in the East. It is sparsely

populated and has no sewerage system at present.

The district wise projected population and sewage generation in design year 2040 have been

shown in the Table 2.2 below.

Table 2.2 District wise (I to IV) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Kanpur

Sewerage

District

Mid-year 2025 Design Year 2040


(MLD)


(MLD)

District-I 1630274 195.63 2231224 267.44

District-II 2588609 310.63 3596544 431.58

District – III 1033890 124.06 1968178 236.18

District – IV 347226 41.67 836054 100.32

Total 5599999 673.00 8632000 1035.00

Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-

I of Kanpur City 2010 by U P Jal Nigam.

2.3 Necessity of this project

NGRBA is the authority working under the nodal Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). NGRBA has formulated a mission named “Mission Clean Ganga” for preventing,

controlling and effective abatement of pollution happening for river Ganga and is taking

measures for controlling pollution. Under the ‘Mission Clean Ganga’, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged into the river Ganga by the

year 2020.


19

Presently, sewer network exists mainly in core areas of city and in some part of southern and

western area of the city and was laid in piece meal manner right from 1904 till date depending upon need and availability of funds. Many of laid trunk sewers were constructed in brick

masonry and are in dilapidated condition. Further due to improper cleaning, sewers get

chocked and are giving frequent trouble. The inadequacy of sewerage facilities have led to unhygienic conditions as manholes and inadequate size of sewers back flow and the domestic

sewage accumulates in depressed localities of the city causing health hazards. Thus the

present system of sewerage network needs an immediate attention to be redesigned and extended to uncovered area.

The City is currently undergoing sewerage system improvements under the JNNURM

scheme. Considering the increasing population, absence of sewerage network, dilapidated condition of existing old sewers, proximity to the Ganga river, it becomes more important to

provide sewerage infrastructure in the district-I.

With view to Mission Clean Ganga objective of NGRBA, it is proposed to provide sewerage system of laterals, branches and trunk sewers in Sewerage District –I in this DPR. It will

include new sewer network of 101.882 Km length have been proposed to take care of sewage

load of the year 2050, out of which 93.279 Km length of mains, sub-mains and laterals sewers with minimum size of 150 mm dia. to 700 mm dia. RCC (Class NP3) and HDPE pipes of 160

mm dia. Class PN 6.0 for length 8.603 Km are also considered for initial stretches after

start/end M.H for speedy laying works in very congested area and narrow lanes.

Thus, total length of 395.359 Km sewers have been proposed including 293.477 Km length for

rehabilitation of existing sewers of small sized (150/200 mm dia) by De-silting & GRP liner or

other latest technology except proposal of old trunk sewers of 6.179 Km length for rehabilitation of identified stretches by GRP liner or other latest technology. Furthermore, the

existing sewers of small sized (150/200 mm dia) about 29.026 Km length which are functioning

smooth, shall also be used in present condition to avoid public inconvenience during project execution. Total designed length of sewer network is 424.385 Km. Besides 4 IPS and 2 lift

stations are also proposed as per the following detail.

Sanjay Puram SPS 6 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar SPS 10.70 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Behind Siwaan Tannery LIFT PS 2.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Gandhi Park SPS 16.10 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Near Chacha Nehru Hospita (Old Lahi Mandi) SPS 9.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Patkapur LIFT PS 2.20 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project

As per the latest sewerage master plan, Kanpur city has been divided into four sewerage districts I-IV. Out of four, sewerage district-I lies at 26°26'59.72" North latitude and

80°19'54.75" East longitude9, located in the north part of the city and adjoining the river Ganga

in the upstream side. District-1 has 34 wards and has an area of 33.2 Km2. It includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as 1910 and the tannery district

located east of the cantonment area, Jajmau. The district is bound by the Ganga river to the

9 Google Earth


20

North, roadways workshop to the West, Armapur estate, Dada Nagar and Kidwai Nagar to

the South. The sewage generated from this district drains into existing Jajmau Main Pumping Station, and then pumped to existing Jajmau STP located in District – 1 (East). As mentioned

earlier around 70%% of the district-I households have sewer connections and 100 % coverage

will be achieved under the on-going JNNURM project and proposed projects under NGRBA. The area is mixed residential and commercial area with industrial area mostly existing at the

north east part of the sewer district-I.

2.5 Proposed Sewerage System

The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UP Jal Nigam and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. The proposed

sewerage network in sewerage district-I covers the following area in Kanpur city shown in

Figure 2.3.

Sewerage District – 1: This sewerage district is bounded by the Ganga River to the

North, H.B.T.I. and roadways workshop to the West, Armapur Estate, Dada Nagar,

Kidwai Nagar and COD in the South. The area extends along the east axis of the city taking in the area north of Delhi-Calcutta track beyond COD gate up to the master

planning boundary in the east.

City central zone: Central part of city core including old city area. The sewage generated from this district drains into existing Jajmau Main Pumping Station, and

then pumped to existing Jajmau STP located in District – 1 (East). In this district four

pumping stations were commissioned for nala interception and diversion. One pumping station is proposed in this Master Plan

East Zone: Eastern part of city core, including cantonment. The sewage generated from

this district is conveyed to Jajmau STP same as District -1 (Central). New trunk sewer is proposed to convey domestic wastewater generated in tannery zone contaminated

by tannery industrial wastewater to UASB unit of Jajmau STP separately from

domestic wastewater from District- 1 (Central)

The proposed sub-project aim to provide complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district-

1 of the Kanpur city through laying of sewerage network including all required trunk/ branch/

lateral sewer.


21

Figure 2.3 Map of sewerage district-I of Kanpur city

Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of Laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City 2010 by U P Jal Nigam.


22

2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work

Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for ‘sewerage district-I’ to cover entire area

with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an integrated manner and

conveyed to STP for treatment. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period i.e. 2040.

A. Sewer system

A sewerage network of 424.385 km has been proposed including mains, sub-mains, and lateral

sewers. Since most of the area included in this estimate is inner and old portion of the city, having dense population branch sewers of diameter 200 dia to 500 dia. RCC S/S NP3 class

pipes concrete pipes are proposed to be used. Design of sewer has to be amended as per

prevailing site conditions/parameters before execution of work.

B. Manholes

Table 2.3 below gives the type and size of various types of manholes proposed to be provided

for different diameters and depth of sewers. Spacing of manholes will be as per I.S. Code 411

- 1957 i.e. 30m for sewers up to 500 mm dia., 60m for sewers ranging between 500 mm to 800 mm diameter and 90m for sewers above 800 mm diameter. Besides this, manhole is to be

provided at junction points of sewers, change in gradient, change in direction, change in size

of sewers and at places of drops etc.

Table 2.3 Type and size of various types of manholes proposed to be used in the project

Type of manholes Size of manholes Depth of sewer

Slab Type 900 mm x 800 mm 0.9m

Circular Manhole 900 mm dia. 1.65m

1200 mm dia. 2.30m

1500 mm dia. 5.00m

1500 mm dia. 9.00m

C. House connecting and sewer connecting chambers

Intermediate shafts of 0.6m * 0.6 m between the manholes is proposed to be provided in areas

where the sewers run through inhabited areas and to provide points of house connections in

addition to manholes.

D. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations

Sewage flow through these sewers would require to intercept with five numbers of sewage

pumping stations and a lift station namely

1. Sanjay Puram SPS 6 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

2. Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar SPS 10.70 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

3. Behind Siwaan Tannery LIFT PS 2.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)


23

4. Gandhi Park SPS 16.10 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

5. Near Chacha Nehru Hospita (Old Lahi Mandi) SPS 9.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

6. Patkapur LIFT PS 2.20 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

TERI team did a field reconnaissance survey at the proposed IPS sites and consulted UPJN

officials and local people in this regard.

IPS at Sanjay Puram. Land of this pumping station belongs to private land owner and he has

agreed to hand over the land to U.P. Jal Nigam after getting compensation. Rate will be

according to District Magistrate circle rate. Accordingly amount required for the land has been sent to Nagar Nigam, Kanpur and this amount will be released by Govt. of U.P.

At Gandhi Park: Process for land acquisition has been initiated and availability of land is yet

to be finalized by Nagar Nigam, Kanpur.

Near Chacha Nehru Hospital: Process for land acquisition has been initiated and availability

of land is yet to be finalized by Nagar Nigam, Kanpur.

Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar: Process to aquire premise has been initiated with Nagar Nigam, Kanpur and possession is yet to be finalized.

Overall, none of the proposed site of land will face the issue of displacement or resettlement.

2.5.2 Implementation Schedule

It has been presumed that the proposed works would be completed in first three years i.e. 36

months. The operation and maintenance of proposed sewerage system is also considered for five years after commission of the system.

2.5.3 Financing

Detailed Project Report (DPR) of ‘Laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage

District-I of Kanpur City’, 2013 by U P Jal Nigam. The total cost of the project, under NGRBA,

is budgeted for an amount of Rs. 397.31 crores. Under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), the Central Government will provide financial assistance of 70% of the total project

cost. The remaining 30% of the project cost will be borne by the State Government of UP and

the ULB/ Allahabad Municipal Corporation. The share of the Central Government shall accordingly be Rs. 261.36 crore. Balance amount of Rs. 135.95 crore will be shared by the Govt.

of UP.

Table 2.4 gives the summary of cost of the proposed sewerage work in sewerage district-I of Kanpur city.


24

Table 2.4 Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed

S. No Item Amount (Rs in Lakhs)

(A) Basic cost

1 Sewage pumping station, including rising main 2297.08

2 Sewer laying 27024.32

3 Pile work 445.55

4 Communication & Public outreach 80

5 GAAP 20

6 ESAMP 76.86

Sub Total (A) 29943.81

(B) Centage charges

1 Cost of Project preparation @ 4% (maximum) 1197.75

2 Cost of supervision of project @ 4% as per NGRBA

programme guidelines (maximum)

1197.75

3 Cost of supervision of project @ 4.5% borne by U.P.

Govt. as admissible

1347.47

Sub Total (B) 3742.97

(C) Contingency @ 2% of Basic Cost i.e. Sub Total of (A) 598.88

(D) Labour cess charges

Cess charges @1% of Basic cost i.e. Subtotal of A 297.67

(E) Cost of work on which no centage is admissible

1 Cost of Land

150.00

2 Power Connection & Allied Works

766.08

3 Cost of Sewer Cleaning Equipments

153.07

4 Cost of Mobile Flushing Van

100.00

5 TPI charge @ 0.1% of Basic Cost i.e. Sub Total of (A)

29.94

Sub Total (E) 1,199.09

(F) O&M for first 5 years of commissioning of project 3,948.96

Sub Total (F) 3,948.96

Grand Total (A+B+C+D+E+F) 39,731.38

Total Cost (Rs. In Crore) 397.31

Central (GOI) Share @ 70% (Rs. In Crore) 261.36

State Govt. (GOUP) Share @ 30%, (Rs. In Crore) 135.95


25

Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology

3.1 Methodology

The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment.

As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011) 10 , the river

pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social problems. Hence, an environmental and social assessment with

corresponding management plans for the proposed project of laying of branch sewers and

allied works in sewerage district –I of Kanpur City has been conducted using the following methodology:

Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Environmental and Social

Assessment

a. Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed

project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project Report (DPR), consultation with



Developing management plan

Identification and assessment of

environmental/ social impacts

Screening activity

Secondary data analysis Field survey

Brief description & analysis of

the sub-project activities

Detailed environmental and social

profile of the project influence area

Discussion with host population

and key stakeholders


26

stake-holders and other secondary sources including the water/air/noise monitoring

reports of UP Pollution Control Board, City Development Plan of Kanpur City, District Brochure of Kanpur District by CGWB and many others. Through this secondary

information, a description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline

environmental profile of the project influence was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of additional required information was drafted before

conducting the field survey.

b. Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: The team undertook field surveys and transect walks of the sewerage district-I area to better understand the

proposed project. GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted. Field visits

helped gain insight on the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or minimize the magnitude and severity of impacts.

c. Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were

interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in District-I including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary

settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff, etc. Both men and women

were interviewed from different sections of the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees

were asked about their awareness of the project, their response to it and the project is

affecting them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have

adopted or are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public

grievances. Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire used for the survey is attached as Annexure (2).

Plate 3.1 Consultation with local community and shopkeepers

d. Discussion with the key stakeholders: Interactions with most of the important key

stakeholders were done during informal and formal discussions with them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the relevant data and their

feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting for all these discussions are

attached as Annexure (3).

e. Conduct of Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of project

development. The purpose of screening is to screen out “no significant impacts” from

those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process using the screening


27

checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA, which is described in

subsequent section.

f. Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered from field

survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources, issues related to

the environmental and social sectors were been identified. The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline environmental and social condition of the

study region.

g. Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the identified environmental and social issues, the mitigation plan recommends measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or

compensate for identified impacts and improve environmental performance. The

mitigation plan may be suggested for different stages, as applicable: designing phase, construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase.

3.2 Project Screening

The project screening was carried out to understand the nature, scale and magnitude of

environmental and social issues associated with the project. The screening activity was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social Management

Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011)11 and on the secondary data analysis, field assessments

and stakeholder interaction/ consultation. The detail of screening is summarized in the Table 3.1 below.




28

Table 3.1 Findings from Environment and Social Screening

(Format attached as Annexure 1)

Project Title: Laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City, Uttar

Pradesh

Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, U. P. Jal Nigam, Kanpur

Project cost: 397.31 Crore Rupees

Project components: The sewerage network includes laying and rehabilitation of 424.385 km of sewer lines

and construction of 4 nos. of sewage pumping stations and 1 sewage lift station

Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District-I in Kanpur

This district is bounded by the Ganga river to the North, H.B.T.I. and roadways workshop to the West,

Armapur Estate, Dada Nagar, Kidwai Nagar and COD in the South. This district further has city central zone

including old city area and eastern part of city core including cantonment, The sewage generated from central

and east zone drains into exiting Jajmau STP in district -I.

S. No Screening Criteria Assessment

of category

Explanatory note for

categorization

Evidence and

references

1 Is the project in an

eco-sensitive area

or adjoining an eco-

sensitive area?

(Yes/No) If Yes,

which is t h e

area? Elaborate

i m p a c t

accordingly.

No There are no eco-sensitive

areas in the project.

A zoological park known as

Allen Zoo Park exists in the

north-west side of sewerage

district-I of Kanpur, which will

not be effected by this

proposed project work as

sewer lines will be laid in the

centre of the roads and will not

pass through this area.

Figure 5.9: Map showing

some of the Eco-sensitive

areas closest to Kanpur

sewerage district-I.

Field visits, secondary

information and interaction

with U.P. Jal Nigam and

other Government officials.

2

Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts?

2.1 Land

acquisition

resulting in

loss of income

from

agricultural

land,

plantation or

other existing

land-use.

No social

impacts

Land acquisition is required

but will not result in loss of

income.

As per first hand observation

in the field and through

interviews of key

stakeholders, residents, local

people, and other sources like

DPR, it has been established

that 4 plots of land would be

acquired for construction of

new SPS.

These include:

1. Vishnupuri (Sanjay Puram)

2. Gandhi Park (Krishna

Nagar)

Figure 5.11: indicating that the

sewer line will pass through

the residential colonies,

commercial areas of the district

and would not enter or pass

through agricultural fields.

Field visits, consultation with

stakeholders, like local people

(for JNNURM projects), local

residents, government

officials.


29


of category


categorization

Evidence and

references

3. Near Chacha Nehru

Hospital

4.Near Maqdum Shah Baba

Mazar

Sewer line would be laid on

the public roads. Therefore no

loss of income from

agricultural land is expected.

Also there exist no squatters

or encroachers in and around

the premises who could get

affected by the project.

2.2 Loss of

livelihood

No Loss of livelihood is not

expected and since mobile

vendors can change their

location, there would be no

loss. There could be minor

disruption in terms of access

to shops.

Consultation with

stakeholders, like (for

JNNURM projects),

DPR & CRR

2.3 Land

acquisition

resulting in

relocation of

households.

No social

impacts

Land acquisition required but

no relocation of households

required since identified plots

of land do not have any

habitations or settlements.

As per the first hand

observation in the field and

through interviews of key

stakeholders, residents, local

people, and UPJN, has been

established that 4 plots of land

would be acquired for

construction of new SPS.

These include:

1. Vishnupuri (Sanjay Puram)

2. Gandhi Park (Krishna

Nagar)

3. Near Chacha Nehru

Hospital

4.Near Maqdum Shah Baba

Mazar

Also there exist no squatters

or encroachers in and around

the premises which will be

affected.

Field survey, Consultations

with stakeholders, like local

people (for JNNURM projects),

local residents, government

officials.


30


of category


categorization

Evidence and

references

2.4 Any reduction

of access to

traditional and

river

dependent

communities

(to river and

areas where

they earn for

their primary

or substantial

livelihood).

No social

impacts

No access problem to river Field visits and consultations

with the shop keepers, mobile

vendors, expert opinions

2.5 Any

displacement

or adverse

impact on

tribal

settlement(s).

No social

impacts

There are no tribal settlements

in the project area.

Consultations with

stakeholders, like local people

(for JNNURM projects), local

residents, government

officials.

2.6 Any specific

gender issues.

No social

impacts

No gender issues were

reported during survey.

Consultations, interviews,

which were taken up with

females specifically.

3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the construction

stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)

3.1 Clearance of

vegetation/

tree-cover

No

environm

ental

impacts

Inner core area (such as Old

Kanpur, Kasimganj, Collector

Ganj, Talaq Mahal, Parade,

Mulganj, Hatia, General Ganj,

Patkapur, Krishna Nagar) of

district-I is highly populated

has insignificant tree cover,

whereas the tree/ vegetation

cover in other areas (Civil

lines, Jail Chauraha, Company

Bagh Chauraha) are aligned

along the road sides and will

not be affected as the sewer

lines will be laid in the centre

of the roads.

There will also be no impact

on the residential parks such

as Mahatma Gandhi Park and

Anand Bagh Park, in

Colonelganj area Central park

in Sarojini Nagar area,

Valmiki Park, and Japnese

garden in Harsh Nagar area

Field visits and Interaction

with UP Jal Nigam, Nagar

Nigam department.

Figure 5.10: GIS map of ward

localities in District I.

Figure 3.2: Satellite image

showing the alignment of trees

along the sides of the roads in

District I.

Figure 5.7: GIS map of

identified tree clusters in

Kanpur District I.


31


of category


categorization

Evidence and

references

and Phool Bagh in Naughara

region.

3.2 Direct

discharge of

construction

run-off,

improper

storage and

disposal of

excavation

spoils, wastes

and other

construction

materials

adversely

affecting water

quality and

flow regimes.

Limited Possibility of temporary

flushing away of un-managed

spoils and construction

wastes during rainfall to river

Ganga via storm water drains.

If not appropriately managed,

there may be potential for

temporary effect on storm

water flows by obstruction to

flows and blockage of drains,

especially during rainfall. This

may cause floods.

Interaction with UP Jal Nigam

and other Government officials

and consultation with local

residents of sewerage District

I.

Figure 5.6: Schematic figure

showing the drainage outlets

emptying into the River

Ganga.

Plate 5.1 showing storm

drainage system in Kanpur

District-I.

Plate 5.2(right) showing an

overflowing drain due to

blockage.

3.3 Flooding of

adjacent areas

Limited

For sewerage works in the

entire sewerage district-I,

flooding could be an issue

during the monsoons,

especially in the congested

regions like Kasimganj,

Collector Ganj, Talaq Mahal,

Parade, Mulganj, Hatia,

General Ganj, Patkapur. This

issue may further aggravate

due to blocked drains and

poor solid waste

management.

Final Report: Kanpur City

Development Plan Under

JNNURM, JPS Associates (P)

Ltd. Consultants, 2006)

Plate 5.2: Image showing

blocked storm water drain and

improper solid waste

management.

Plate 3.3: Image showing an

open drain loaded with solid

waste.

3.4 Improper

storage and

handling of

substances

leading to

contamination

of soil and

water

Limited

The storage of construction

related material will not cause

any contamination since these

materials would typically

include: Concrete, pipes,

masonry, rubber pipes.

The project area contains one

water body i.e. Kanpur Zoo

Lake situated in north west

corner of District-I. However

this water body will not be

affected as sewer lines are not

Plate 3.2 and Plate 3.7: Image

showing the condition of roads

due to sewerage construction

work.

Plate 3.6: Image showing work

related to upgradation of

sewer lines.


showing the location of

Kanpur Zoo Lake, adjacent to

Azadnagar locality.


32


of category


categorization

Evidence and

references

planned to be laid through

this area.

However, with other finer

materials such as construction

powders, fluids and greases, if

not appropriately managed or

in the event of an accident,


temporary contamination of

the river Ganga via the

various drains and nallas in

sewerage District-I, during

rainfall.

The agricultural land in

sewerage district I is limited to

area situated near Ghasiyari

Mandi and near Nawabganj

and may be temporarily

contaminated via powders,

fluids and greases if

construction material is not

handled appropriately.

Section 5.1.10.1 provides

details about agricultural land

in the project area.


showing agricultural practice

is mainly limited to

Nawabganj (left) and land

between Westgate and

Ghasiyari Mandi (right),

within Kanpur sewerage

district ‘I’.

3.5 Elevated noise

and dust

emission

Limited

For sewage works,

construction is likely to

increase dust and noise levels

temporarily.

Temporary impacts may

especially be felt at

educational facilities like

schools/colleges (Harcourt

Butler Technological Institute,

Chandra Shekhar Azad

University of Agriculture and

Technology, ICFAI National

College, DAV College, BNSD

Shiksha Niketan Inter College,

Kanpur Paramedical College,

PPN Degree College, Air

Force school ), hospitals (RK

Devi eye hospital, Gastro

Liver Hospital, Chandhini

Hospital, Sahani Hospital),

cultural/religious centres

including all temples,

mosques, churches and

Gurudwaras in the Kanpur

Sewerage District-I.

Consultation with local

residents, and interaction with

UP Jal Nigam and other

Government officials.


33


of category


categorization

Evidence and

references

Provided that construction

works near schools and

colleges are carried out during

vacations and preferably

during night and works near

hospitals are completed on

priority basis (in shorter time

period with alternate

provision of traffic,

accessibility of exit/entry gates

etc.), the impacts may be

limited.

If construction schedule is

followed, then impacts will be

temporary as 1 km of sewer

line is approximated to be

completed within 2.6 days.

(since total length = 424.385

km and time = 3 years)

Refer to ‘Construction

schedule’: DPR for Laying of

Branch Sewers and Allied

works in Sewerage District – I

of Kanpur City Volume I’, 2009-

2010 by UP Jal Nigam.

3.6 Disruption to

traffic

movements

Limited Sewer construction leads to

the temporary tearing-up of

roads and increase in large

construction vehicles, which

might impair traffic

movement, especially in the

congested areas as seen

mainly in Mutthiganj,

Rambagh, and Malaka region.

Traffic disruption can also be

expected in busy areas such as

Harjinder Nagar and Chauk

Sarafa.

Figure 6.1: GIS map showing

the road network of Kanpur

District-I, with identified

regions of dense road network.

Plate 3.9: Image showing a

typical busy street market in

the Chauk Sarafa area, of

Kanpur sewerage district-I.

3.7 Damage to

existing

infrastructure,

public utilities,

amenities etc.

Limited If not appropriately managed,


temporarily affecting the

existing public utilities like

water supply, telephone,

electricity cables etc.

However, it is expected that

main utility lines might run

along main roads such as Mall

Road, Nai Sarak Road,

Parwati Bagla Road, Ganga

Barrage Road, Narona Road

and Tagore Road and hence

impact would be limited and

temporary.

Field visits and interaction with

U.P. Jal Nigam and other

Government officials and

consultation with local

residents.


34


of category


categorization

Evidence and

references

3.8 Failure to

restore

temporary

construction

sites

Limited From field visits and as per

JNNURM project

reinstatement of dismantled

roads after filling and proper

compaction was observed.

Although temporary,

concerns regarding failure to

restore construction sites

including failure to close and

appropriately fence-off open

pits were cited as safety

concerns especially for

children.

Field visits and interaction with

U.P. Jal Nigam and other

Government officials and

consultation with local

residents.

Plate 3.8: Image shows the

good practice of fencing-off

construction areas; this was

followed in the JNNURM

phase sewerage project in

Kanpur.

3.9 Possible

conflicts with

and/or

disruption to

local

community

Limited

For the laying of sewer works,

there will be temporary

disruption to the local

community in terms of access

to roads, (especially in dense

areas and narrow roads),

shops and residences.

Conflicts/disruption to local

community was inferred as

limited based on survey

responses which indicated the

community’s ability to adapt

to temporary disruptions, and

their overall preference for the

project.


people.

Refer to Figure 6.1, which

shows the road network of

Kanpur District –I and

identifies areas with dense

road network including (LIC

Chauraha, General Ganj,

Cooper Ganj, Collector Ganj,

Chowk Sarafa, Parade in the

West and Om Purwa, Jajmau

South and Harzinder Nagar in

the east).

Refer to Plate 6.1, showing an

example of a narrow street in

the Patkapur area.

3.10

Health risks

due to

unhygienic

conditions at

workers camps

Limited

Field visits and as per

JNNURM project no worker

camps were seen. However

there might be small camps

within which, if hygienic

conditions are not

maintained, there may be

temporary impacts.


35


of category


categorization

Evidence and

references

3.11 Safety hazards

during

construction

Limited From field visits and as per

JNNURM project practices for

safety precautions such as

fencing-off construction areas,

sign posts etc. were observed.

If not appropriately managed,


temporary hazards such as

injuries and damage to

property during the

construction phase.


residents of Kanpur sewerage

district-I and interaction with

UP Jal Nigam and other

Government officials.

Plate 3.8: Image shows the

good practice of fencing-off

construction areas; this was

followed in the JNNURM

phase sewerage project in

Kanpur.

4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the operational

stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)

4.1 Flooding of

adjacent areas

Limited Due to the construction of

sewer lines, raw sewage that

currently flows into the river

and/or overflows into the

streets will now be routed to

the STP. This will prevent

flooding of open sewerage

water into adjacent areas.

However, accidental leakages

during the operational stage

may lead to flooding and

possible contamination of

groundwater. Additionally,

overloading and blockage of

sewage lines will also lead to

backlogging of sewers and

flooding of branch sewers.

Interaction with UP Jal Nigam

and other Government officials.

4.2 Impacts to

water quality

due to effluent

discharge

No

impacts

There will be a significant

improvement in water quality

due to effluent discharge

being treated.

Table 5.7: Sewage flow quality

values before and after existing

STPs of Kanpur. section 5.1.8

4.3 Gas emissions No

impacts

There will be reduction in gas

emissions from open sewage

drains since the proposed

sewage networks will be

underground.

4.4 Safety hazards No

impacts

There will be minimum safety

hazards since the sewer lines

will be underground.


36


of category


categorization

Evidence and

references

5 Do projects of this

nature / type

require prior

environmental

clearance either

from the MOEF or

from a relevant

state Government

department?

(MOEF/ relevant

State Government

department/ No

clearance at all)

No

clearance

at all

Project such as these have an

overall positive impact for the

environment and society.

Hence no clearance would be

required under the

Environmental Impact

Assessment Notification,

2006.

Environmental Impact

Assessment Notification, 2006.

6 Does the project

involve any prior

clearance from the

MOEF or State

Forest department

for either the

conversion of forest

land or for tree-

cutting? (Yes/

No).If yes, which?

No As the project is in urban

provinces and does not

require any forest land of tree-

cutting, hence no prior

clearance is required from

relevant authorities (MoEF

and State Forest departments)

under the Forest

(Conservation) Act, 1980.

Refer to Figure 3.2, showing

alignment of trees along the

side of the roads.

Refer to Plate 5.4

Plate 3.2 Condition of roads in Kanpur due to current sewerage project


37

Plate 3.3 Open drain system in Kanpur

Plate 3.4 Un-burnt human remains at ghat as per tradition

Plate 3.5 Untreated wastewater pouring into river Ganges at Kanpur


38

Plate 3.6 Business as usual amidst sewerage line upgradation

Plate 3.7 Conditions of roads in local bazaar

Plate 3.8 Sewerage upgradation (with fencing and barricades)

in process under JNNURM scheme


39

Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the

sides of the roads in Kanpur District I (Source Google Earth)

Plate 3.9 Busy market street (Topi Gali) in the Chauk Sarafa

area of Kanpur sewerage District-I


40

3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity

In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the

proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011)12 has grouped the pollution abatement projects/

investments into the following two categories high and low.

High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area (including land

acquisition). This category projects will also include mandatory environmental

clearance as per the EIA notification.

Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts

on human populations.

Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District-I in Kanpur City falls under low

impact category since no significant issues arise from the land to be acquired for pumping

stations in Kanpur District-I. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of

Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project.

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, there may be temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety hazards for

pedestrians, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other

public infrastructure such as water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly

outweighs the temporary inconveniences.




41

Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework

4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental

The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social aspects of the investments implemented under the programme:

Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI)

Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments

Legislations applicable to construction activities

4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India

The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations

pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella legislation for

the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Central

Pollution Control Board (CPCB)/ State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).

4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations

The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are

given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be accessed at www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations.

Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations

S.

No

Act / Rules Purpose Applicable

Yes/ No

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

1 Environment

Protection Act-

1986

To protect and

improve overall

environment

Yes As all environmental

notifications, rules

and schedules are

issued under this act.

MoEF, Gol,

DoE, State Gov.

CPCB, SPCB

2 Environmental

Impact

Assessment

Notification

14th Sep-2006

To provide

environmental

clearance to new

development

activities following

environmental

impact assessment

No The present project is

only a sewerage

network project and

hence as per the

notification including

its amendments does

not attract

requirement of

environmental

clearance as per the

notification.

MoEF, EIAA

3 The Municipal

Solid Wastes

(Management and

Handling) Rules,

2000

To manage the

collection,

transportation,

segregation,

treatment, and

Yes The present project

involves solid waste

management

measures.

MoEF, EIAA,

CPCB, SPCBs

http://www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations


42

S.

No


Yes/ No

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

disposal of

municipal solid

wastes

4 Coastal

Regulation

Zone(CRZ)

Notification 1991

(2002)

Protection of fragile

coastal belt

No The project does not

fall within CRZ areas.

5 The Land

Acquisition Act

1894 (As amended

in 1985)

Set out rule for

acquisition. of land

by government

No This act will be

applicable as there

may be acquisition of

land for investments

but no land

acquisition is

involved in the

project..

Revenue

Department

State

Government

6 The Forest

(Conservation)

Act. 1980

To check

deforestation by

restricting

conversion of

forested areas into

non- forested areas

No No forest land

diversion is required

in the project.

Forest

Department,

State

Government

and Ministry of

Environment

and Forests,

Government of

India

7 Wild Life

Protection Act

1972

To protect wildlife

through certain of

National Parks and

Sanctuaries

No The project does not

pass through any

national

park/sanctuary are

nor fall within 10km

radius of such

protected areas.

Chief

Conservator

Wildlife,

Wildlife Wing,

State Forest

Department and

Ministry of

Environment

and Forests,

Government of

India

8 Air (Prevention

and Control of

Pollution) Act,

1981

To control air

pollution by

controlling

emission of air

pollutants as per

the prescribed

standards.

Yes This act will be

applicable during

construction.

SPCBs

9 Water Prevention

and Control of

Pollution) Act1974

To control water

pollution by

controlling

discharge of


applicable during

construction.

SPCBs


43

S.

No


Yes/ No

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

pollutants as per

the prescribed

standards

10 The Noise

Pollution

(Regulation and

Control) Rules,

2000

The standards for

noise for day and

night have been

promulgated by the

MoEF for various

land uses.


applicable for all

construction

equipment deployed

at worksite.

SPCBs

11 Ancient

Monuments and

Archaeological

Sites and Remains

Act1958

Conservation of

cultural and

historical remains

found in India

No This act will be

applicable, only if any

investment is in

proximity to any

Ancient Monument,

declared protected

under the act.

Archaeological

Department

Gol, Indian

Heritage Society

and Indian

National Trust

for Art and

Culture

Heritage

(INTACH).

12 Public Liability

and Insurance Act

1991

Protection form

hazardous

materials and

accidents.

Yes Contractor need to

stock hazardous

material like diesel,

Bitumen, Emulsions

etc.

SPCBs

13 Explosive Act

1984

Safe transportation,

storage and use of

explosive material

Yes For transporting and

storing diesel, Oil and

lubricants etc.

Chief Controller

of Explosives

14 Minor Mineral

and concession

Rules

For opening new

quarry.

No Regulate use of minor

minerals like stone,

soil, river sand etc.

District

Collector

15 Central Motor

Vehicle Act 1988

To check vehicular

air and noise

pollution.

Yes This rule will be

applicable to vehicles

deployed for

construction activities

and construction

Machinery.

Motor Vehicle

Department

16 National Forest

Policy, 1988

To maintain

ecological stability

through

preservation and

restoration of

biological diversity.

No This policy will be

applicable if any eco

sensitive feature

exists in and around

the investments

Forest

Department,

State

Government

and Ministry of

Environment

and Forests,

Government of

India


44

S.

No


Yes/ No

Reason for

Applicability

Authority

17 The Mines Act The mining act has

been notified for

safe and sound

mining activity.

No

The construction

activities for

investments will

require aggregates.

These will be

procured through

mining from

approved quarries.

Department of

mining, State

Government

4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social

All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need

directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator,

implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This section includes the

National policies and Acts as detailed under:

National Policies and Acts

Environmental and Social Management Framework for NGRBA

National Tribal Policy, 2006

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation

and Resettlement Act, 2013

Forest Rights Act, 2006

4.2.1 National Policies and Acts

The National Tribal Policy (2006)

The Policy has the following objectives:

Regulatory Protection

Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different ST communities,

and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development with these.

Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of wrongfully alienated lands.

Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights including

ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages into revenue villages.

Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to minimize

displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity cost in addition to

market value of the land and rights over common property (NPV).


45

Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self-rule as per

the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.

Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal peoples

in political bodies at all levels.

4.2.2 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition

and Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLAR&R) Act- 2013

The Act is very progressive and lays downs processes and procedures to ensure “fair, fast and

final” delivery of compensation and R&R services that is based on the principle of participation, consultation and transparency. The Act fully incorporates or exceeds many of

the Bank’s long-standing policy and practice requirements. In that respect, the Act’s salient

features include:

a) mandatory ex-ante social assessments to determine whether an acquisition serves a

public purpose ;

b) requirements to ascertain the minimum land requirements, assess the impact of the acquisition on livelihoods, shelter, public infrastructure , and community assets ;

c) provisions to minimize adverse impacts, assessment of cost and benefits of

acquisition, enhanced land-loss compensation formulas; livelihoods support for affected persons; comprehensive resettlement and rehabilitation benefits and

assistance; census of the affected families to record their socio-economic profile and

potential losses, and inventory of affected public and community assets, options and choices for affected families and special provisions for disadvantaged groups; and a

legal mandate that affected persons must receive compensation and assistance before

their property is taken; and; and

d) Consultations and disclosure, and post-implementation audits.

At the same time, there are a few notable differences between the Act and the Bank’s policy

requirements:

a) a three-year residency requirement for affected persons to receive resettlement and

rehabilitation benefits (the Bank uses the date on which the project was notified or

census survey of the affected people undertaken as the cutoff date);

b) persons who live or depend on rights-of-way or public lands seem to be excluded from

the Act’s benefits and entitlements; and

c) the valuation of assessing buildings and structures under the act remains based on depreciation method as under previous Act (rather than their replacement cost

without depreciation under the Bank policy).

The Act significantly reduces differences between India’s national standards for land acquisition and R&R and the Bank’s policy requirements regarding involuntary resettlement.

As such it could greatly ease the application of OP 4.12 in Bank-assisted projects.

4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985)

The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The policy

provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land Acquisition (LA) Act


46

of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public purpose. It is used at the State

level with State amendments made to suit local requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other immovable assets are carried out under the Land

Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984. The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private

land for public purpose. The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement including income restoration aspects.

Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process

4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006

The Act basically does two things:

Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities,

partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws.

Legal Provision

Actions

Section 4

Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law, printing and

proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local newspapers; post notice

locality

No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice

Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land

Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested parties (one

month)

Declaration of

Public purpose

Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose

Declaration is published

Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue Department,

State Government

Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month)

Section 5(a)

Enquiry

Enquire objections to LA

Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO

Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if objections are

raised – (one to three months)

Section 6 State government issues notices

LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government’s intention

to take possession of land

Time and place set for claims to LAO

Public notice given

Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months)

Section 9 LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable

LAO determines compensation (12 months)

Section 11 and

12

Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State Government after

inquiry of total valuation

Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation

Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing agency

(14 months)


47

Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in forest and

wildlife conservation

4.2.5 Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA

Project has prepared an Environmental and Social Management Framework to ensure socially and environmentally sustainable development in NGRBA’s endeavour of Mission Clean

Ganga by effective management of environmental and social issues in all the investments with

a special focus on the following:

ensure that all investments adhere to the national, state and local regulatory

requirements during the design, implementation and operation stages

ensure that best environmental and social practices are mainstreamed/ integrated during design, implementation and operation of the investments

strive to enhance environmental conditions wherever feasible

undertake to develop communication strategy, capacity building and training initiatives for all stakeholders such as the SPMGs, EAs, ULBs, NGOs and common

citizens.

The purpose of the ESMF is to facilitate the management of environmental and social issues of the river pollution mitigation investments. The Environment and Social Management

Framework (ESMF), therefore, would be used as an umbrella by the NGRBA program (the

PMG and SPMGs) and all implementing agencies while preparing and/ or appraising, approving and executing the investments. The ESMF includes a Resettlement Policy and Land

Acquisition Framework (RPLAF), which specifies the procedures, eligibility, grievance

redressal and other measures to be followed in the event that resettlement or land acquisition is required for any sub-project. As part of the ESMF, a Gender Development Framework has

been designed which will help to analyze gender issues during the preparation stages of the

sub-project, and to design interventions to address women’s needs. Gender analysis will be part of the social assessment at the sub-project level. The RPLAF, has a screening checklist to

identify any adverse impact. The project has also prepared an entitlement matrix to address

the adverse impacts as given below. The entitlement matrix is based on NPRR 2007 is under revision now. The revised entitlement matrix will be based on RFCTLAR&R Act 2013.


48

Table 4.3 Entitlement Matrix

Type of Impact/Loss Unit of

Entitlement

Entitlements as per Policy

Agricultural Land

Acquisition of

agricultural land

Land Holder Each affected family owning agricultural land in the

affected area and whose entire land has been acquired or

lost, may be allotted in the name of the khatedar(s) in the

affected family, agricultural land or cultivable wasteland

to the extent of actual land loss by the khatedar(s) in the

affected family subject to a maximum of one hectare of

irrigated land or two hectares of un-irrigated land or

cultivable wasteland, if Government land is available in

the resettlement area. This benefit shall also be available

to the affected families who have, as a consequence of

the acquisition or loss of land, been reduced to the status

of marginal farmers. (NPR&R 2007, Ref 7.4.1) This

benefit shall also be available to the affected families

who have, as a consequence of the acquisition or loss of

land, been reduced to the status of marginal farmers.

(NPR&R 2007, Ref 7.4.1)

In case of allotment of wasteland or degraded land in

lieu of the acquired land, each khatedar in the affected

family shall get a one-time financial assistance of such

amount as the appropriate Government may decide but

not less than fifteen thousand rupees per hectare for land

development. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.9.1)

In case of allotment of agricultural land in lieu of the

acquired land, each khatedar in the affected family shall

get a one-time financial assistance of such amount as the

appropriate Government may decide but not less than

ten thousand rupees, for agricultural production

(NPR&R, 2007 Ref 7.9.2)

In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf

of a acquiring body, each affected family which is

involuntarily displaced shall get a monthly subsistence

allowance equivalent to twenty-five days minimum

agricultural wages per month for a period of one year

from the date of displacement. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.16)

Each affected family that is displaced and has cattle,

shall get financial assistance of such amount as the


fifteen thousand rupees, for construction of cattle shed.

(NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10)


of an acquiring body, the stamp duty and other fees

payable for registration of the land or house allotted to


49

the affected families shall be borne by the acquiring

body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6)

House

i) Acquisition of House

of non BPL category

Affected

Family

May be allotted free of cost house site to the extent of

actual loss of area of the acquired house but not more

than two hundred and fifty square metre of land in rural

areas, or one hundred and fifty square metre of land in

urban areas, as the case may be, for each nuclear family.

In urban areas, a house of up to one hundred square

metre carpet area may be provided in lieu thereof

(NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.2)

Right to salvage material from the demolished structures

Three months’ notice to vacate structures

One-time financial assistance of such amount as the


ten thousand rupees, for shifting of the family, building

materials, belongings and cattle. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.11)





(NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10)

Each affected person who is rural artisan, small trader or

self-employed person who has been displaced shall get

a one-time financial assistance of such amount as the


(Rs. 25,000/-) twenty-five thousand rupees, for

construction of working shed or shop.( NPR&R, 2007;Ref

7.12)





body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6)

ii) Acquisition of House

of BPL category

Affected

Family

May be allotted free of cost house site to the extent of

actual loss of area of the acquired house but not more

than two hundred and fifty square metre of land in rural

areas, or one hundred and fifty square metre of land in

urban areas, as the case may be, for each nuclear family.

In urban areas, a house of up to one hundred square

metre carpet area may be provided in lieu thereof

(NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.2)

Right to salvage material from the demolished structures

Three months’ notice to vacate structures

In case house site is not given in rural/urban areas or

house is not given in urban areas, affected family shall


50

get a suitable one-time financial assistance for house

construction, and the amount shall not be less than what

is given under any programme of house construction by

the Govt. of India, for example Indira Awas Yojana or

Integrated Housing Slum Development Programme

(IHSDP)/ Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) in urban

areas









(NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10)







7.12)





body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6)

iii)BPL without

homestead land and

residing in the area for

not less than three years

Affected

Family

Has been residing in the affected area continuously for a

period of not less than three years preceding the date of

declaration of the affected area and which has been

involuntarily displaced from such area, shall be entitled

to a house of minimum one hundred square metre carpet

area in rural areas, or fifty square metre carpet area in

urban areas (which may be offered, where applicable, in

a multi-storied building complex), as the case may be, in

the resettlement area. Provided that any such affected

family, which opts not to take the house offered, shall get

a suitable one-time financial assistance for house

construction, and the amount shall not be less than what

is given under any programme of house construction by

the Govt. of India, for example Indira Awas Yojana or

Integrated Housing Slum Development Programme

(IHSDP)/ Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) in in

urban areas (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.3)


51









(NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10)







7.12)





body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6)

Livelihood losses

i) Rural artisan, small

trader or self-employed

Person displaced

Each affected

person

Will get a one-time financial assistance of such amount

as the appropriate Government may decide but not less

than (Rs. 25,000/-) twenty-five thousand rupees, for

construction of working shed or shop.( NPR&R, 2007;

Ref 7.12)

ii) Employment

Assistance

Affected

Family

The acquiring body shall give preference to the affected

families – at least one person per nuclear family - in

providing employment in the project, subject to the

availability of vacancies and suitability of the affected

person for the employment;

Wherever necessary, the acquiring body shall arrange

for training of the affected persons, so as to enable such

persons to take on suitable jobs;

The acquiring body shall offer scholarships and other

skill development opportunities to the eligible persons

from the affected families as per the criteria as may be

fixed by the appropriate Government;

The acquiring body shall give preference to the affected

persons or their groups or cooperatives in the allotment

of outsourced contracts, shops or other economic

opportunities coming up in or around the project site;

and


52

The acquiring body shall give preference to willing

landless labourers and unemployed affected persons

while engaging labour in the project during the

construction phase.( NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.13.1)

Other Benefits

i) Additional Assistance

to vulnerable persons

(Disabled, destitute,

orphans, widows,

unmarried girls,

abandoned women, or

persons above fifty years

of age; who are not

provided or cannot

immediately be provided

with alternative

livelihood, and who are

not otherwise covered as

part of a family (Ref 6.4

V)

Each Person The project authorities shall, at their cost, arrange for

annuity policies that will pay a pension for life to the

vulnerable affected persons of such amount as may be

prescribed by the appropriate Government subject to a

minimum of five hundred rupees per month. (NPR&R,

2007;Ref 7.17)

ii) Additional assistance

for Tribal families

Affected

Family

Preference in allotment of land –for-land for schedule

caste families (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.21.3)

In case of land being acquired from members of the

Scheduled Tribes, at least one-third of the compensation

amount due shall be paid to the affected families at the

outset as first instalment and the rest at the time of taking

over the possession of the land. (NPR&R, 2007;Ref

7.21.4)


of an acquiring body, each Scheduled Tribe affected

family shall get an additional one-time financial

assistance equivalent to five hundred days minimum

agricultural wages (500 MAW) for loss of customary

rights or usages of forest produce. (NPR&R, 2007;Ref

7.21.5)


of an acquiring body, the Scheduled Tribes affected

families resettled out of the district will get twenty-five

per cent. higher rehabilitation and resettlement benefits

in monetary terms (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.21.8)

iii)Who have not been

provided agricultural

land; or employment

Affected

family

Shall be entitled to a rehabilitation grant equivalent to

seven hundred fifty days minimum agricultural wages

(750 MAW) or such other higher amount as may be

prescribed by the appropriate Government (NPR&R,

2007;Ref 7.14 )

Exemptions from stamp duty etc.


53





body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6)

Trees and standing crops

Trees on land being

acquired

Land holders Market value of the trees to be computed as per the

provisions of Horticulture and Forest Department.

Standing crops at the

time of acquisition , if

any

Land holders Advance notice to harvest crops

Market value of standing crops to be computed as per

provisions of Agriculture Department.

4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects

under NGRBP

Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction

agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia,

the following:

1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of

injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment);

2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years);

3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly

contributions by the employer plus workers);

4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to

women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.);

5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour);

6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the

Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act);

7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid,

when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers);

8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against

Female employees);

9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages);

10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for

resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing

down the establishment);

11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules governing the conditions of employment);


54

12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade

unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities);

13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment

of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other occupations and processes.

Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and Construction Industry);

14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this

Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing,

medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and back, etc.);

15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and

Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who

carry on any building or other construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety

measures at the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as

canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace, etc.);

16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before

setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to

designated authorities);

17. Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2008 (the Rules govern handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste);

18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended 1994

and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and off-site

emergency plans).

19. All the laws and regulations set by different authorities (MoEF, NGRBA, CPCB, etc.) have been reviewed to understand the applicable laws in the context of this proposed

sub-project in Kanpur District I. All the applicable laws enlist the responsible authority

and reasons for its applicability. It is therefore proposed that during the implementation of this project responsible authorities should be contacted acted by

the implementing agency for monitoring the law and regulation.

4.4 Conclusion

The applicable laws and regulations pertaining to environment and social safeguards for the present project are listed below:

1. Environment Protection Act 1986;

2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

3. Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1974

4. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

5. Public Liability and Insurance Act 1991


55

6. Explosive Act 1984

7. Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988

8. Other legislations are mentioned in section 4.3


56

Chapter 5 Baseline Status

The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing

community. Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake-

holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work in Kanpur city, City Development

Plan (CDP) report under JNNRUM by JPS associates (P) Ltd., Water/ Air quality monitoring

report of UP Pollution Control Board, City census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the

proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study

area.

5.1 Baseline Environmental Status

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography

Kanpur metropolis forms a part of Ganga alluvial plain. It exhibits more or less a flat topography with the master slope from northwest to south-east with average land surface

elevation of about 125 m above mean sea level. The area is drained by the river Ganga and its

tributary Pandu. The proposed sewerage district-I is located in north-eastern part of the city, adjoining the river Ganga on north side.

The terrain of Kanpur is differentiated into lowland and upland. The upland lies in Yamuna

– Ganga interfluves with elevations of 125 to 141 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL). The lowland with elevations of 110 to 135 m. about MSL consists of older flood plain and active flood plain.

Sewerage district-I of Kanpur city fall under the low land or Younger Alluvial plain, which is

being identified as flat to gently sloping and slightly undulating terrain of large areal extent. This low land area is formed by river deposition, and is limited along river Ganga with the

breadth not exceeding 5 km.

5.1.2 Climate

Kanpur district experiences sub-tropical climate with average normal annual rainfall as 851

mm which is mostly received through the south-west monsoon. There is a large range of variation in temperatures of day and night. Kanpur experiences both very dry hot summers

and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north winds in winter are

common. The mean maximum monthly temperatures 41.3°C has been recorded during May and minimum of 8.5°C in January. The climate information of Temperature and Rainfall at

Kanpur is given in Table 5.1 below.


57

Table 5.1 Historic Temperature and Rainfall Data for Kanpur (A) Station

Source: India Metrological Department data from 1901-1995

5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features

The sewerage district I and whole city of Kanpur exposes quaternary sediments differentiated

into older alluvium consisting of oxidized, brown, yellow and khaki colour sediments. The

generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. Geomorphologically, the soil of low land zone is alluvial, highly productive and constitutes

one of the most fertile belts of India.

The age of these older alluvium formations range from lower to Upper Pleistocene period to Recent. The newer alluvium was deposited during Upper Pleistocene to Recent period mostly

occurring along the course of rivers. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations

is given in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Geological succession

Source: District brochure of Kanpur Nagar district, U.P, 2008-09. CGWB

Month Temperature (o C) Mean rainfall

in mm Maximum Minimum

January 23 8.5 15.4

February 26 11 16.4

March 32.3 16.2 7.9

April 38.2 21.9 5.3

May 41.3 26.4 8.4

June 39.9 28.5 66.3

July 34.2 26.7 244.6

August 32.5 25.9 273.2

September 33.1 24.9 161.7

October 33 19.6 40

November 28.9 12.7 4.6

December 24.2 8.8 7.1

Period Age Land Form

(Geomorphology)

Rock Type

QUATERNARY Upper Pleistocene to

Recent

Newer Alluvium Fine Sand and Clays

Lower Pleistocene to

Upper Pleistocene

Older Alluvium Sand of different

grades and clay mixed

with Kankar

------------------------------- Unconformity-------------------------------

Bundelkhand Granite (Archean), Vindhyan Sandstone (Proterozoic)


58

Figure 5.1 Geology map of Kanpur Source: S. Srinivasa Gowd, M. Ramakrishna Reddy, P.K. Govil, Assessment of heavy metal

contamination in soils at Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain, Uttar

Pradesh, India, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (2010) 113–121.

5.1.3.1 Soil13

Soils in sewerage district-I usually comprises of alluvial deposits of the Gangetic Plain, which

are mainly composed of sand, silt and clay. The sediments are micaceous and show varying colour from unoxidised grey to oxidized yellowish brown. The soil particles are moderately

to well sorted, very coarse to finely skewed and are alkaline in nature with pH value ranging

between 8.05 to 8.35.

5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality

Air quality is a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose. Presently, air quality monitoring is

conducted by the NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme-CPCB) and UP Pollution

Control Board at six locations: Fazalganj, Jajamau, Deputy Ka Padao, Kidwai Nagar, Sharda Nagar and Dabauli in Kanpur city. Out of these six monitoring stations, Jajamau is the nearest

station for describing the air quality status of sewerage district ‘I’ region. The available data

from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60µg/m3 and indicates an upward

trend from 2006 to 2009. The sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentration is well below the permissible

CPCB limit of 50µg/m3 during 2006 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.2. The nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

13 S. Srinivasa Gowd, M. Ramakrishna Reddy, P.K. Govil, Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at

Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India, Journal of Hazardous

Materials, 174 (2010) 113–121.


59

concentrations, though not violating the standards of 40µg/m3, may exceed in future due to

urbanization and rise in vehicular traffic.

Figure 5.2 Ambient RSPM concentrations at Jajamau, Kanpur during year 2006 to 2009 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011

Month wise variations of SO2, NOx and RSPM at the Jajmau monitoring station is presented

in Figure 5.3 below. Although the concentration of SO2 and NOx are within the permissible

limits, but violate the permissible standards of RSPM during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months and maximum were observed during

winters due to inversion conditions.

7

7

7

7

7

8

2006 2007 2008 2009

Co

nc

(µg

/m3 )

SO2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2006 2007 2008 2009

Co

nc

(µg

/m3)

NO2

190

192

194

196

198

200

202

2006 2007 2009

Co

nc

(µg

/m3 )

RSPM


60

Figure 5.3 Month wise variation of SO2, NO2 and RSPM at Jajmau station in Kanpur Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011

5.1.5 Noise Environment

Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in

public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire

crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have deleterious effects on

human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence it is considered necessary

to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Noise level monitoring at selected locations in Kanpur city conducted by UP State Pollution Control Board at four locations: Kidwai

Nagar, Ghantarghar, Dada Nagar and Hallet Hospital is shown in Table 5.3 below. Out of

these four monitoring stations only Ghantaghar station falls within the sewerage district-I area with Kidwai Nagar and Hallet hospital station are located close to the study area. The noise

levels were observed to be above the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and

night time) in most of the monitoring stations except Dada Nagar which is an industrial area. Factors/agents such as generators, loud speakers, automobile horns and fireworks/ crackers

are said to be responsible for noise pollution in the city14. Similar kind of noise levels can be

expected in sewerage district-I, which is a mix of residential, industrial and commercial areas.

Table 5.3 Summary of Noise Level Monitored at selected location in Kanpur city

14 Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) Ltd. Consultants, 2006)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Conc

(µg/

m3 )

SO2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Conc

(µg/

m3 )

NO2

0

50

100

150

200

250

Conc

(µg/

m3 )

RSPM


61

S.

No.

Monitoring

Location

Category Average Sound Levels recorded

(dB)

Day Night

1 Kidwai Nagar Residential 63.07 60.79

2 Ghantaghar Commecial 78.02 71.80

3 Dada Nagar Industrial 75.07 69.49

4 Hallet Hospital Sensitive 63.02 59.16

Note:

Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time), Commercial

area (65 day time and 55 night time), Industrial area (75 day time and 70 night time) and Sensitive area

(50 day time and 40 night time)

dB denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to

human hearing.

Source: Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) Ltd.

Consultants, 2006

5.1.6 Water Environment

Both surface water and groundwater sources are utilized for satisfying drinking water requirement of the city. These water sources are also used for industrial purposes, irrigation

purposes and other domestic usage of the city. Kanpur Jal Sansthan is responsible agency for

drawing water from river Ganga and Pandu for supply to residential colonies after complete treatment. Presently the drinking water demand of the city is about 600 MLD of which 385

MLD is being supplied by Kanpur Jalsansthan with breakup of 255 MLD from surface water

and 130MLD from ground water sources. Considering the per capita water consumption of 150 litres, as provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer works in sewerage

district-I by UP Jal Nigam, the total water consumption in sewerage district-I per day is

approximately 169.05 million litres as shown in Table 5.4 below. This consumption is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization.

Table 5.4 Water consumption in sewerage district-I

Location Population (as of

2010)

Per capita water

consumption per

day as per DPR

Total water

consumption in

million litres per day

Sewerage District-I of

Kanpur city

11.27 lacs 150 169.05

5.1.6.1 Surface Water

The important source of surface water in the city is from the catchment of river Ganga and Pandu. The water flow in Ganga varies between a mean minimum of 72.6 m3/s and a mean

maximum of 88.6 m3/s. The quality of water at the intake is said to be satisfactory during the

year 1997 to 2001 with DO ranging between 7.5mg/l to 9.1mg/l, which has been decreased to


62

4.5mgl to 7.0mg/l in year 200615. There is a surface water body in the North-Western corner of

the District –I. This is known as the Kanpur Zoo Lake and lies adjacent to the Azadnagar area.

Figure 5.4 Location of Kanpur Zoo Lake, adjacent to Azadnagar locality (Source: Google Earth)

Surface Water Quality

As per the results of latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board,

evidence of organic pollution has been found in the river. Table 5.5 is a summary of selected

water quality parameters at selected locations upstream and downstream of Kanpur. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at the downstream monitoring stations are often

above the permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters and, both upstream and

downstream stations indicated BOD above the water quality criteria (Class A) of 2.0 mg/l for the drinking water without treatment but after disinfection (as per CPCB’s surface water

classification for Designated Best Use). However, the water quality parameter of dissolved

oxygen (DO) is below the CPCB water quality criteria (Classes A & B) which sets a minimum limit of 5.0 mg/l for outdoor (organised) bathing and minimum of 6 mg/l for drinking water

without conventional treatment but after disinfection. This drop in DO is seen occurring

during and after the month of August which could be attributed to the discharge from storm drains during monsoon.



63

Table 5.5 Water quality at selected locations upstream and downstream of Kanpur

Month-Year Colour (Hazen units) pH DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L)

U/S D/S U/S D/S U/S D/S U/S D/S

Apr 2010 40 40 8.16 7.38 7.8 6.1 4.6 7.8

May 2010 40 40 8.23 7.84 7.6 5.4 3.5 6.4

Jun 2010 20 20 7.86 7.54 7.1 5.8 3.9 5.2

July 2010 20 20 8.39 8.04 7.5 6.1 3.0 6.4

Aug 2010 Turbid Turbid 7.65 7.31 5.5 4.7 2.7 5.0

Sept 2010 Turbid Turbid 7.34 7.88 6.1 5.3 2.4 7.4

Oct 2010 Turbid Turbid 7.65 7.50 6.5 5.3 2.6 4.6

Nov 2010 Turbid Turbid 7.42 7.33 8.9 7.3 2.2 5.2

Dec 2010 20 20 8.04 8.16 10.7 9.4 3.0 7.0

Jan 2011 40 40 8.47 8.58 12.2 9.7 5.2 8.6

Feb 2011 50 50 8.10 8.24 13.7 11.5 2.2 8.8

Mar 2011 40 40 8.12 7.96 10.2 7.6 3.8 9.2

Apr 2011 30 30 8.55 8.38 11.0 8.9 2.7 8.0

Note:

U/S refers to the upstream sampling location at Ganga barrage

D/S refers to the downstream sampling location at Jana village

(Source: Lab records of Water Quality Lab at State Pollution Control Board, Kanpur)

Total coliform at downstream monitoring stations are more than 18 times the total coliform count at upstream monitoring locations in all seasons and all years. Total Coliform count is

higher in most of the season at Kanpur section (Refer Figure 5.4).


64

Figure 5.5 Total coliform profile of river Ganga during rainy season of year 2010 and 2011 (Source: Data provided by Kanpur regional office of UP pollution Control Board)

TC profile of river in summer season

(April, May and June-2010)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Ga

ng

a

Ba

rra

ge

(Ka

np

ur

u/s

)

Ra

nig

ha

t

(In

take

po

int)

Sa

rsa

iya

gh

at

Bu

dh

iya

gh

at

Ka

np

ur

d/s

(Ja

va

villa

ge

)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

MP

N)

TC (MPN)

TC profile of river in summer season

(March and April-2011)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Ga

ng

a

Ba

rra

ge

(Ka

np

ur

u/s

)

Ra

nig

ha

t

(In

take

po

int)

Sa

rsa

iya

gh

at

Bu

dh

iya

gh

at

Ka

np

ur

d/s

(Ja

va

villa

ge

)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

MP

N)

TC (MPN)

TC profile of river in rainy season

(July, August, September and October-2010)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Ga

ng

a

Ba

rra

ge

(Ka

np

ur

u/s

)

Ra

nig

ha

t

(In

take

po

int)

Sa

rsa

iya

gh

at

Bu

dh

iya

gh

at

Ka

np

ur

d/s

(Ja

va

villa

ge

)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

MP

N)

TC (MPN)

TC profile of river in winter season

(November and December-2010)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Ga

ng

a

Ba

rra

ge

(Ka

np

ur

u/s

)

Ra

nig

ha

t

(In

take

po

int)

Sa

rsa

iya

gh

at

Bu

dh

iya

gh

at

Ka

np

ur

d/s

(Ja

va

villa

ge

)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

MP

N)

TC (MPN) TC profile of river in winter season

(January and February-2011)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Ga

ng

a

Ba

rra

ge

(Ka

np

ur

u/s

)

Ra

nig

ha

t

(In

take

po

int)

Sa

rsa

iya

gh

at

Bu

dh

iya

gh

at

Ka

np

ur

d/s

(Ja

va

villa

ge

)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

MP

N)

TC (MPN)


65

5.1.6.2 Ground Water

According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the stage of groundwater

development in the Kanpur Nagar district is about 67.33% 16 and the dependence on this resource has increased over the years mainly due to rapid urbanization and increasing

population levels. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of CGWB and state tube well

department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones at Kanpur city

Shallow aquifers ranging up to 150 mbgl17

Middle aquifer ranging from 150 to 250 mbgl and

Deeper aquifer lies below 250 mbgl.

Although the extension of individual zones might be variable over the Kanpur district, the

sewerage district-I comes under deeper aquifer zone. Past 10 years (1998-2007) data of

National Hydrograph Stations of Kanpur Nagar district shows a declining water level with about 4 to 63 cm/year decline in pre-monsoon period. In the city water level has gone down

to 36.0 mbgl. The depth to water level at Nirala Nagar, Fazalganj, Juhi depot, Kidwai Nagar,

Babupurwa, Rawatpur and Defence Colony are more than 20.0 mbgl18.

Ground Water Quality19

Pre Monsoon water quality

As per groundwater quality monitoring conducted by CPCB, the pH levels in the groundwater at sewerage district-I, is said to be ranging between 6.7-6.8 which is well within

the standard limit (IS 10500-1991) for drinking. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

concentration the groundwater is between 673-980 mg/l which is higher than the standard limit (IS 10500-1991). COD ranges from 6.2 to 4.6 mg/l and the BOD ranges 1.4 to 2mg/l, which

is though being negligible but slightly higher than the industrial area, indicating that this

increase is due to higher organic content in the effluents from residential area. The values of Fluoride are ranging between 0.01 to 0.92 mg/L which are within the IS 10500-1991 standard

limits except near Ghandigram area near Airport side of sewerage district-I which is about

1.16mg/l. Total coliform was nil in most of the locations in sewerage district-I, except area nearer to Gandigram where about TC of 4 MPN/100ml was observed, indicating possibility of

bacteriological contamination. No pesticides were found in this area.

Post Monsoon water quality

The average value of pH in groundwater during post monsoon period in most of the locations

in the sewerage district-I almost neutral ranging between 6.6-7.3 which is well within the

standard limit for drinking water. In regard to sewerage district I the values of TDS lie in the range of 595-749 mg/L. COD ranges from 5.8 to 4.0 mg/l and the BOD ranges 1.6 to 1.2 mg/l,

which is comparatively lesser than the pre-monsoon water quality status. Total coliform

presence was nil in most of the locations in sewerage district-I during post monsoon period.

16 District brochure of Kanpur Nagar district, U.P, 2008-09. CGWB

17 Meters below ground level

18 District brochure of Kanpur Nagar district, U.P, 2008-09, CGWB 19 Source: Status of ground water quality in India part-2, CPCB 2008


66

5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage

Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Kanpur city. Rainwater flows through

storm water drains to nearby nallas, eventually falling into river Ganga. Out of the 23 nallas

in Kanpur, about 21 are located in District – I.20 These drains/nallas are discharging waste water in river Ganga. Sisamau nalla has the biggest catchment area of 1985 hectares and

discharges about 138.44 MLD sewage water into the Ganga. The animal waste accumulated

on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these nallas thereby polluting river waters. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid waste

causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon especially in

the slum area21.

Plate 5.1 Example of storm drainage system in residential area in Kanpur District –I

20 DPR for proposed sewerage system in Kanpur District-I (11 wards), January 2012 21 Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) Ltd. Consultants, 2006)

Storm drains


67

5.1.8 Waste Water Management

Figure 5.6 Location of Nalas emerging from Kanpur and emptying into the River Ganga Source: Uttar Pradesh State Pollution Control Board

As mentioned earlier in the section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Kanpur city

is old and covers only 60% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the

city. As of 2010, about 135.24 million liters of waste water is generated every day in Kanpur sewerage district-I with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 120 litres. Jal Sansthan

is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections for whole of

Kanpur city. Sewerage district ‘I’ is located in the north-eastern part of the city, with river Ganga on its north side. As per the detailed project report, the city is currently undergoing

sewerage system improvements under the JNNURM scheme. Although at present, about 45%


68

of District I is sewered, once the JNNURM project is completed, 50% of all households in

District-1 will be provided a sewer connection22.

Wastewater generated from sewerage district I includes wastes discharged from residential,

commercial and industrial wastes. Summary of wastewater quality analysis conducted by UP

Pollution Control Board for some select nallas passing through sewerage district-I, is presented in Table 5.6 below. High level of BOD along with presence of unpleasant odour and

colour indicates possible contamination from domestic/ industrial wastes. The major issue of

wastewater disposal is the associated environmental impact which is derived from worsening of water quality and causing direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other

sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation.

22 As per personal communications with UP Jal Nigam staff


69

Table 5.6 Water quality analysis of few nallas passing through sewerage district-I of Kanpur city

Date of

Sampling

Name of Nalla/ Sampling Point Status of Nalla

(Tapped/ Untapped)

Colour Odour pH BOD TS TDS TSS

11.05.11 Police Line Nalla, KNP Untapped Blackish Un pleasant 7 130 1682 1128 262

11.05.11 Tefko Nalla Parmat, KNP Tapped Completely Tapped

11.05.11 Guptar Ghat Nalla, KNP Tapped Blackish Un pleasant 8 220 3852 3318 534

11.05.11 Panki Thermal Power Nalla, KNP Untapped Light grey Un pleasant 7 340 512 324 188

11.05.11 Meyour Mill Nalla, KNP Tapped Completely Tapped

12.05.11 Parmat Nalla, KNP Tapped Light grey Un pleasant 8 140 730 526 204

12.05.11 Sismau Nalla, KNP Untapped Light grey Un pleasant 7 400 2720 2160 560

15.05.11 Glof Club Nalla, KNP Untapped Blackish Un pleasant 7 130 1156 1016 140

11.05.11 Bangali Ghat Nalla, KNP Tapped but overflow Light grey Un pleasant 8 480 4456 3800 656

11.05.11 Buriya Ghat Nalla, KNP Tapped but overflow Light grey Un pleasant 7 320 3648 3066 582

11.05.11 Wajidpur Nalla, KNP Tapped but overflow Blackish Unpleasant 8 360 3800 3086 714

15.05.11 Bypass Nalla, KNP Blackish Un pleasant 7 140 1320 1200 112

Note:

BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand

TS: Total Solids

TDS: Total Dissolved Solids

TSS: Total Suspended Solids

(Source: UP pollution control board, 2011)


70

The following Table 5.7, provides information about the performance of the STPs in Sewer

district-I. The influent and effluent parameters are monitored by both the UP Jal Nigam and the State Pollution Control Board. As it can be seen from the table below, BOD removal

efficiencies in all STPs range from approximately 50-80 percent. Therefore, significant

reduction in pollution load occurs due to treatment of wastewater in the STP. This project will direct presently untreated flows into STPs and provide treatment. Thus, a significant and

proportional decrease in pollution load in the river is expected.

Table 5.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in mg/L Concentrations in Influent and

Effluent Streams of Kanpur STPs

(Source: U P State Pollution Control Board)

5.1.9 Solid Waste Management23

As per city development plan Kanpur, about 1500 MT of solid waste is generated every day in Kanpur city. Organic waste constitutes the largest component followed by inert material

and debris etc. Apart from the solid waste generated from households, commercial

establishments and institution, Kanpur also has few industries and other business like health care facilities that generate different type of wastes like Biomedical waste, industrial waste

produced by tanneries, textile, rubber and other industries, dung, waste straw and other waste


Month/Year

STP

5 MLD 130 MLD 36 MLD

Influent

BOD

(mg/l)

Effluent

BOD

(mg/l)

Influent

BOD

(mg/l)

Effluent

BOD

(mg/l)

Influent

BOD

(mg/l)

Effluent

BOD

(mg/l)

27 April 2010 430 205 440 160 1850 620

21 May 2010 470 215 380 195 1450 560

2 June 2010 300 125 350 155 1300 500

24 June 2010 280 120 360 150 1200 480

5 July 2010 320 140 380 135 1250 490

August 2010

(unspecified date)

400 125 380 115 900 370

September 2010

(unspecified date)

380 120 320 110 850 340

October 2010

(unspecified date)

340 105 370 110 800 360

November 2010

(unspecified date)

280 65 220 60 900 320

December 2010

(unspecified date)

290 70 260 50 1200 480

25 January 2011 410 130 270 46 1160 520

3 February 2011 310 100 300 50 950 280

March 2011

(unspecified date)

380 80 320 40 1600 380

7 April 2011 490 85 220 55 1250 410


71

from dairies, silt from nallas and drains, etc. The total quantity of solid waste generated from

sewerage district-I, is estimated by considering the average quantity (350gms) of solid waste generated per capita per day (pcpd), which comes to about 394 MT as shown in Table 5.8.

With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase

thereby increasing the solid waste.

Table 5.8 Solid waste generation in sewerage district-I, Kanpur city

Location Population (as of

2010)

Average solid waste

generation per capita

per day

Total solid waste

generated in MT

Sewerage District-I of

Kanpur city

11.27 lacs 350 gms 394

The solid waste management in sewerage district-I is handled by Kanpur Nagar Nigam,

which involves primary and secondary collection, transportation of wastes and disposal at

landfill site. Issues related to primary and secondary collection of garbage include dumping of wastes along roadside and into drains leads to choking of drains, lack of segregation of bio-degradable and non-degradable waste at source, large scale public littering leading to inattentiveness of street sweeping and cleaning activities. Presently there is no waste processing plant at Kanpur and the total waste is taken to disposal size. Representative

pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district-I, is shown in Plate 5.2.

As a result of such practices the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of wastes

also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city.

Plate 5.2 Open waste dumping (left) and blocked overflowing drain at Chauk Sarafa

ward (right)

5.1.10 Biological Environment

5.1.10.1Green cover

Gardens/ Parks: There are no ecologically sensitive identified gardens/ parks in sewerage

district-I. However the region has small residential parks, which will not be threatened by the

proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and


72

will not pass through these areas. Some of the residential parks include Mahatma Gandhi Park

and Anand Bagh Park in Colonelganj area, Central park in Sarojini Nagar area, Valmiki Park, and Japnese garden in Harsh Nagar area and Phool Bagh in Naughara region.

Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district I,

especially near the flood plain area, Civil lines, Jail Chauraha, Company Bagh Chauraha and less in residential area like Purana Kanpur area, Sauter Ganj area, Colonel Ganj area. A map

of the tree clusters in Kanpur District –I is shown in Figure 5.6. Practically none of the trees

will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are planned to be laid as shown in Plate

5.3.

Figure 5.7 Map of trees in Kanpur sewerage District I

Plate 5.3 Road side tree in Civil lines area (left) and Company Bagh Chauraha area (right)

Agriculture: The agricultural practice in sewerage district I of Kanpur city is limited to the area situated near Ghasiyari Mandi and near Nawabganj area as shown in Figure 5.7. Crop


73

rotation and mixed cultivation practices are common features of locals in Kanpur district, and

locals in sewerage district I generally grow seasonal vegetable. As shown in Figure 5.7, the agriculture area in district I is located away from the proposed sewer work area and will not

be affected.

Figure 5.8 Satellite image showing agricultural areas (green points) in Kanpur District-I

(top) and zoomed in area at Nawabganj (left) and land between Westgate and Ghasiyari

Mandi (right), within Kanpur sewerage district ‘I’ (Source: Google Earth)


74

5.1.10.2 Flora

Kanpur city and Dehat as a whole has around 5400 hectares of reserved forest area falling

under the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Consequently, much of the natural flora and fauna has disappeared over the years due to various anthropogenic pressures. However,

the city currently has negligible area under forest. The Allan Forest which originally had 200

hectares now reduced to 50 hectares only. Interestingly this natural forest patch harbours the Kanpur Zoological Garden (Allen Forest Zoo).

The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest

area (except for Allen Zoo forest). The site also does not fall under India’s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is evident from Figure 5.8, which shows few of the nearby eco-sensitive

zones and their average distance from Kanpur.

Figure 5.9 Map showing some of the nearest eco-sensitive areas around Kanpur city (Source: Google Maps)

5.2 Baseline Social Status

Kanpur is a burgeoning city surrounded by the river Ganga (on the north), and the river

Pandu (on the south). For implementation of sewerage works, the city has been divided into

four sewerage districts. This project is being implemented in District 1, which has 34 wards. The total area of the wards is 33.20 km2. As per the Census of India (2011), the total population

of Kanpur City is 45.72 lacs. Of this, in 2010, the population served in District 1 is only 11.27

lacs (as per the DPR). It is projected that the population will increase to 14.13 lacs in 2025 and 18.97 lacs in 2040. Provided in Table 5.9 is the list of 34 wards that will be affected by this

project, the observations made about the ward in the field, and the population ward from the

DPR.


75

Kanpur Nagar is a relatively urban district and, correspondingly, it has a large and highly

stratified population. Its literacy rate is almost 75%. Non-workers outnumber workers by more than two-to-one, but 83% of those employed have regular employment. In terms of

education, Kanpur Nagar has very few people (less than 5%) with no education, and the

largest group is in the Diploma range; however, those with Middle level education or below outnumber those with Diploma or above by about 400,000 people. The vast majority (65%)

have permanent residences. Kanpur Nagar has a relatively small SC population, mostly from

the Chamar caste. Tribal populations are also relatively small, with the three largest tribes accounting for only 0.04% of the total population. Drinking water facilities and safe drinking

water also are relatively available, especially with electricity access. Paved roads also

outnumber mud roads by over 60%, in terms of number of villages. Medical facilities and communication facilities (post office, telephone facility, etc.) appear fairly common. Full

demographic details are available as Annexure 4.

Kanpur has some sewage system, but its reach is not vast enough and much of it is too old (and in parts, defunct). Overall, 30% of Kanpur city, by area, is sewered. In District 1 (the

project area), 2668 ha is sewered while 2957 ha is not. The unsewered area is located primarily

in the eastern part of the District 1, which includes part of the city core and the cantonment. A new trunk sewer to take waste from the tannery zone to the Jajmau STP aims to account for

the future projected pollution load of 267.44 MLD by 2040. As for the quality of the sewers,

many of them are old brick sewers laid between 50 and 100 years ago. The last major sewer renovation project took place in 1952, and was meant to support a population of 9.25 lakhs

and is clearly inadequate for the present population of 11.27 lakhs, let alone the projected

increases in the future.

Table 5.9 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use

S.

No

Ward

Ref.

No.

Wards Land use observation

in field

Population Projected Population

(Source: DPR)

2001 2010 2025 2040

1 1 Old Kanpur Extremely congested,

mix of residential and

commercial uses.

24158 31500 42300 72600

2 2 Laxmipurwa Both residential and

commercial uses. The

main roads are fairly

wide, but interior lanes

are very narrow and

congested. Presence of

mobile vendors in the

streets.

26440 35700 49600 84704

3 4 Gwaltoli Mixed use with

commercial and

residential buildings.

The buildings are old

and have houses on

top, and shops below.

21130 25600 31800 50900

4 5 Chunniganj Residential and

commercial, very

congested area.

21735 26300 32800 52400


76

S.

No

Ward

Ref.

No.


in field


(Source: DPR)

5 9 Vishnupuri Mixed use with

institutional and

residential.

26377 34400 46200 79300

6 13 Khalasiline Also called Tilak

Nagar. Purely

residential area with

very high income

housing.

19717 24800 32100 55300

7 15 Parmat Mixed use with

commercial and

residential.

22091 27800 36000 62000

8 28 Krishna Nagar Primarily a residential

area.

26137 29885 46560 72539

9 29 Safipur Mixed use with

commercial and

residential.

19757 22590 35194 54831

10 37 Harjinder

Nagar

Congested market area

with a few houses.

22730 25989 40490 63082

11 40 Anwarganj Old residential

neighbourhood

constructed in the

British era. Contains

the railway quarters.

Brick footpaths are

ubiquitous.

23858 27800 33000 52700

12 44 Ompurwa Commercial and

residential. Markets are

along the main roads

and residences are in

the interior lanes.

Predominantly low

income housing.

23726 27128 42265 65847

13 45 Nawab ganj Commercial and

residential, not very

congested. Many two

lane roads are seen.

Presence of a few

slums. Nalas are

overflowing. A large

mandi (vegetable

market) area is seen.

26588 35900 49800 85200

14 59 Civil Lines Residential and hotels.

Roads are wide. Area

seems wealthy.

25418 34300 47600 81400


77

S.

No

Ward

Ref.

No.


in field


(Source: DPR)

15 66 Jajmau South Industrial area home to

leather and textile

industries.

23430 27900 41738 65026

16 70 Tiwaripur Institutional and

residential area.

21081 24104 37553 58506

17 71 Gandhigram Primarily residential

neighbourhood with

middle income

housing.

20227 23127 36031 56135

18 76 Sooterganj The main roads are

wide, and interior

roads are narrow. The

area contains some old

abandoned factories.

24717 32200 43300 74300

19 84 Dalelpurwa Highly congested area

predominantly

populated by Muslims.

Presence of mosques,

shops, and houses.

21283 25800 32100 51300

20 85 Cooperganj Residential and

industrial area, highly

congested.

23098 26930 32000 51100

21 86 Jajmau North Industrial area home to

leather and textile

industries.

24650 28185 43911 68412

22 92 Chatai Mohal Extremely congested

area with both

residential and

commercial spaces.

22206 26900 33500 53500

23 95 Chandari Mainly a residential

area with

predominantly Muslim

population. Presence of

several slums noted.

26611 30427 47404 73854

24 97 Harbans

Mohal

The main road is fairly

wide but interior lanes

are extremely

congested. Some shops

have extended their

display of wares on to

the road since the space

is so limited.

21652 25100 29900 47700

25 100 Patkapur Very congested with

mixed income groups

living in this

neighbourhood. It is

23871 27800 33100 52800


78

S.

No

Ward

Ref.

No.


in field


(Source: DPR)

predominantly

populated by Hindus.

An old temple (built in

1907) is present here.

26 101 Maheswari

Mohal

Extremely congested,

mix of residential and

commercial uses.

24012 29100 36200 57900

27 102 General Ganj Very congested market

area.

25132 30500 37900 60600

28 103 Parade Congested market area.

Some very old houses

are present.

21437 25000 29700 47400

29 104 Heeraman ka

Purwa

Extremely congested,

low income area

predominantly

populated by Muslims.

It is considered to be a

high crime

neighbourhood.

Presence of mosques,

shops, and houses.

20074 24300 30300 48400

30 105 Danakhori Very narrow congested

streets. A water line

was being constructed

when the field visit was

conducted and this was

causing severe

obstructions.

24043 28100 33300 53200

31 106 Chowk Sarafa Very congested area

with very old

buildings. Typically the

houses were on the top

floor and the shops

were below.

20354 24700 30700 49000

32 107 Talak Mohal Very congested area

with markets and

residences.

23914 27900 33100 52900

33 109 Collector Ganj Congested commercial

and residential area.

There are schools and

temples as well.

22481 26200 31100 49700

34 110 Colonel Ganj Residential and

commercial mix. Small

shops everywhere.

23183 27000 32100 51300


79

Cultural Significance

Holy Ganges passes through the city and people consider taking bath in the river as a pious ritual. During certain festival and occasions, more people take a holy bath in the river.

5.2.1 Details of Social Surveys

The approach and methodology followed for social survey and social baseline study has been

discusses in the Section 2.6

Household surveys, group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during

the field surveys to assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the

concerned stakeholders. Household owners in 33 out of the total 34 wards were consulted, additionally other important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-

owners, mobile vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, slum

dwellers etc. Several wards have mixed residential and commercial land use patterns. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas.

Several members of the local community have already experienced the construction impacts

of sewerage projects during the on-going execution of JNNURM projects. The need for improving the sewerage facilities in Kanpur, and reducing pollution into the river is

acknowledged almost universally by all. However, local stakeholders have provided a few

suggestions on improvement of the project implementation process such that the inconveniences caused to their lives are minimized.

Households surveyed included respondents across the socio-economic spectrum, both male

and female. The average household size in the study area is 6. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets

are not connected to sewer networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of

them responded that they are not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not.

5.2.2 Access to Basic Services

Out of total houses, still 33 percentage houses are not covered by electricity, 17 percent by safe

drinking water and 36.5 percent by toilet. Still 10 percent houses are not covered by any of

basic services. Little over half of the households in Kanpur enjoy the facility of electricity; drinking water and toilet 24 . Approximately 20 percent of households have sewer

connectivity25.

5.2.3 Status of Poverty in Kanpur26

Though no recent study is available to accurately assess the extent of poverty levels in Kanpur

but from the discussions with various stakeholders we understand that poverty levels are

quite high in Kanpur. Kanpur was an industrial town having a dozen textile mills, shoe manufacturing units, tanneries, a scooter unit, spice packaging units and various other small

and medium scale industries. Many of the industries have closed down in recent past. This

24 Source: Kanpur Development Authority Vision Document, Draft Final Report, November 2003

25 Source : Primary survey data 26 JP Associates (2006) Citi Development Plan of Kanpur City


80

along with many other sick units has led to large unemployment and increase in urban

poverty.

In addition to this, more than twenty percent of the population in Kanpur stays in areas

marred with unhygienic living conditions and lack of civic amenities. The urban infrastructure

is not satisfactory enough to bring homogenous development in new areas. The growth of housing stock is not able to keep pace with the population growth. This has increased the

housing stock deficit which has given rise to slum dwellings.

5.2.4 Slums in Kanpur

As per the survey conducted by DUDA and documents from KNN, total slums in Kanpur are

390. According to census 2001, the slum population was 3.68 lakh i.e. 14.5 percent of total

Population. As per the survey conducted by D.U.D.A in 1997-98, the population was 4,19,859 and total households were 98,208. As per K.N.N estimate, slum population is about 5.0 lakh

in 2006 which is twenty percent of total population. A large number of below poverty line

(BPL) population (about 60%) also live-in slums.

5.2.5 Employment

In slum areas, more than 24 percent (1,02,763) are unemployed out of total eligible people for employment. Out of total employed persons (15%), 39 percent people are self-employed. 25

percent are working in private offices whereas about 20% have government jobs. The

maximum percentage of slum dwellers (about 39 %) is self-employed which shows that either they have their own small establishments or work as casual labourers. It has also been

observed that a large number of women’s are also employed. They are working mainly as

maid in nearby colonies. The child labour is also in existence as one can see children’s working in the collection of solid waste and its segregation etc.

5.2.6 Sanitation Facilities

Presently, access to sanitation services is markedly less than access to other basic services. The

proportion of people having access to sanitation in urban areas is considerably greater when

compared to their rural counterparts; the problems are more exacerbated in slums. Urban sanitation is perceived as being important because of the health factor. In case of alums, the

sanitation facilities are worst and in alarming condition. Majority of households use public

toilets followed by households using individual flush. Even then open defecation is still at a large scale.

To minimize open defecation and to bring improvement in overall sanitation, two schemes

have been introduced: a) Low Cost Sanitation Scheme b) Construction of Community toilets. Centrally sponsored low cost sanitation schemes continue to remain a key component of

urban sanitation not only for urban poor or slum populations, but it is also an appropriate

intervention wherever the costly option of underground drainage is not feasible. Under Low Cost Sanitation Scheme of

KNN, 2430 off-site toilets and 2366 on-site toilets were provided beneficiating 12490 and 12161

population respectively. In totality, 105138 slum dwellers have been benefited under this scheme. However, during visits to slum areas it has been observed that low cost sanitation

scheme for building individual toilets was not widely accepted by the individuals due to lack

of space in their houses and not in a position to pay their share.


81

5.2.7 Sewerage System and Solid Waste Management

In most of the slums, sewerage system is either non-existent or is chocked. The problem of

blocked sewerage also exists in the slums where people stay in pucca houses. The open drains

in the slums are of very small size and are mostly blocked due to lack of cleaning and solid waste finding its way into drains. There is no proper way of solid waste disposal which exists

at the slum level. In 40% of the slums solid waste is collected by govt. or private persons but

disposal sites are either non-existent or are poorly managed. In many slums solid waste can be seen flowing in the drains leading to chocked drains and health hazardous situation.


82

Table 5.10 Ward wise details of the survey

Consulta

tion no. Place Date

No. of

participants Nature of participants Key issues raised

1 Old Kanpur 25 August 2011 7 Women Inconvenience

2 Laxmipurwa 26 August 3 Residents Dust, inconvenience and traffic congestion

3 Gwaltoli 25 August 2011 4 Shop owners Problem of traffic and inconvenience

4 Chunniganj 25 August 2011 12 Residents & shop owners Dust is too much and at times debris is not clear on

time. Road is dug up at bus stand, so inconvenience

5 Vishnupuri 25 August 2011 8 Bank employees and

residents

Inconvenience

6 Khalasiline 25 August 2011 6 Women Dust

7 Parmat 25 August 2011 5 Residents & shop owners Overall satisfies if this project completes in time

8 Krishna Nagar 25 August 2011 7 Residents Satisfied with the project.

9 Safipur 25 August 2011 9 Residents Inconvenience to daily life routine. Problems to

pedestrian

10 Harjinder Nagar 25 August 2011 3 Shop keepers Dust, traffic congestion, access to shop is

inconvenient, very narrow lanes

11 Anwarganj (Near

Railway Station)

25 August 2011 2 Residents and shop owners Heavy traffic, inconvenient for train passengers

12 Ompurwa 26 August 2011 5 Shop keepers Inconvenience in access

13 Nawab Ganj 25 August 2011 7 Local vendors, visitors to

zoo, residents

Inconvenience in access, traffic, congestion

14 Civil Lines 25 August 2011 8 Shop keepers & residents Work doesn’t finish in time, debris is not cleared on

time

15 Jajmau South 25 August 2011 4 Industrial Dust, inconvenience

16 Tiwaripur Not visited

17 Gandhigram 25 August 2011 3 Residents Narrow lanes, inconvenience

18 Sooterganj 26 August 2011 7 Residents and shop keepers Dust

19 Dalelpurwa 26 August 2011 5 Residents Congestion

20 Cooperganj 25 August 2011 10 Residents and shop owners Existing infrastructure is not well maintained. So

can’t trust executing agency


83

Consulta

tion no. Place Date

No. of

participants Nature of participants Key issues raised

21 Jajmau North 25 August 2011 4 Industrial Dust, inconvenience

22 Chatai Mohal 26 August 2011 8 Residents and Institutional

member

Traffic

23 Chandari 25 August 2011 2 Residents Satisfied if project is properly implemented for their

area

24 Harbans Mohal 26 August 2011 5 Residents Congestion, traffic

25 Patkapur 26 August 2011 2 Shop owner Inform public before excavation

26 Maheswari Mohal 26 August 2011 3 Residents Congestion, traffic

27 General Ganj 26 August 2011 3 Shop owners Congestion, traffic and dust

28 Parade Churaha 26 August 2011 4 Shop owners Congestion and inconvenience to access

29 Heeraman ka Purwa 26 August 2011 6 Residents Congestion, traffic

30 Danakhori 26 August 2011 2 Residents Congestion

31 Chowk Sarafa 26 August 2011 2 Shop owners Congestion, dust and inconvenience to access

32 Talak Mohal 26 August 2011 4 Residents Congestion, traffic

33 Collector Ganj 25 August 2011 3 Shop owners Congestion, dust and traffic

34 Colonel Ganj 25 August 2011 1 Residents and shop keepers Inconvenience in access and daily routine


84

Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations

for Kanpur District-I


85

Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts

Pollution abatement projects may prove beneficial for the environment and society or they may have some adverse impacts as well. Planners and decision makers have realized the

importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental

and social sectors, and have started taking steps to prevent any potential adverse impacts. Based on the major findings obtained from the field visits and secondary data analysis, the

possible environmental and social issues with reference to the proposed sewer works in

sewerage district- I of Kanpur city have been discussed in these sections.

6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts

The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district I would influence the environment

in three distinct phases:

• During Designing phase

• During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term;

• During the operation phase which would have long term effects

6.1.1 Design and Development Phase

Sewer lines

All sewer lines including trunk, lateral and branch sewer lines must be designed considering

the future population and waste generation rate. Otherwise the constructed sewer may not carry the waste load, leading to failure and financial loss. The alignment of sewer lines and

sewerage pumping station must be properly planned; else it may lead to both technical and

social problems along with environmental issues of back flow creating foul smell and unhygienic conditions.

6.1.2 Impacts during construction

The sewerage network includes laying and rehabilitation of 424.385 km of sewer lines, and

construction of 4 nos. of sewage pumping stations and 2 sewage lift stations.

The construction activities would generally include earthworks, (excavation, filling, shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction (sewer

lines, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these construction

stage activities on the various environmental and social parameters are examined below:

1. Environmental parameters

i. Air quality

Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon mono-oxide

(CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction phase

mainly because of:

Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved

roads (increases dust level)


86

Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for

transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2).

Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO).

Further these construction activities cause temporary deterioration of the air quality, causing

health problems of respiratory ailments such as bronchitis and asthma due to increased suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air. A high concentration of SPM could also be a

leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Laying of

sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern.

ii. Noise levels

Noise levels in the vicinity of any construction activity rise due to plying of transport vehicles and use of portable generators, mechanical machinery such as cranes, riveting machines,

hammering etc. These activities may occur round the clock and the noise pollution thus

created may affect human habitations, particularly during the night time. The increase in noise levels may thus be a major concern at the project site, since it is located in the urbanized area

of the city and close to habitation. The primary impact of noise level would be mainly on

workers operating high noise generating machines if appropriate control measures are not adopted. Schools and educational institutes such as Harcourt Butler Technological Institute,

Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, ICFAI National College,

DAV College, BNSD Shiksha Niketan Inter College, Kanpur Paramedical College, PPN Degree College, Air Force school and hospitals like RK Devi eye hospital, Gastro Liver

Hospital, Chandhini Hospital, Sahani Hospital may suffer temporarily due to the elevated

noise levels. Increase of noise level at night may produce disturbances, causing sleeplessness in people in the vicinity of the site in case construction activity is extended into the night

hours. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the construction

period.

iii. Water environment

The natural water bodies/drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected in the

following ways:

By wastewater from construction activities – This would mostly contain suspended

impurities. Other pollutants, which may find their way to it, are likely to be in

insignificant concentrations and may be safely disregarded.

Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed by the

excessive debris noted during field visits; this concern was also voiced by residents.

If adequate arrangements are not made to ensure proper drainage of wastewater from the construction sites, such waters may form stagnant pools, which might promote breeding of

mosquitoes and create generally unsanitary conditions.

Due to the diversion of sewer lines during the desilting/rehabilitation/replacement works to be carried out for the existing sewers.

The above wastes are likely to be discharged to the nearby surface drains and would hence

temporarily increase the pollution load of these drains/nallas.

2. Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction


87

The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management

and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this has

been suggested.

Digging and backfilling of trench for laying sewer lines may render topsoil loose. Soils of the construction area may be contaminated by wastewaters. This contamination may be due to:

Alteration of chemical make-up of the soils, increased acidity/alkalinity

Pressure of pathogens and other organic material in the excavated material

These impacts will be minor and limited to the construction phase only. No major impact on

soil quality is anticipated.

i. Ecology

The project site does not involve any forestland / ecologically sensitive areas. Thus, there will

be no significant impact on the ecology of the area. The forested area to the west of the district

I is Allen Forest area. However, as gathered from discussions with UPJN engineer, the forest area will not be impacted since sewer lines will not be laid through that area.

6.1.3 Impacts during operation

i. Water environment

Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation

project since additional sewage will now be routed to the STP. Therefore proper operation and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The

probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include

unpredictable events such as:

Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due to

blockages and backlogging of lines.

Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/ overflows from the sewer lines

Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate

/inefficient sewage treatment process.

ii. Noise and air quality

Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps,

generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity. There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during

operation, most of the works will be laid underground.

iii. Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station

It is possible that during the operation of pumping station sludge generated may not be

properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect.


88

6.2 Potential Social Impacts

Based on the surveys, interviews with the key stakeholders, interaction with the coordinating

agencies, a screening checklist was prepared to identify the social issues associated with the project during construction phase.

The proposed project will only influence social sector during construction phase. During the

construction phase, the impacts identified below would be temporary and short term.

6.2.1 Social Impacts

1. Impact on human health

One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the dust generated during excavation. The amount of dust generated will depend upon the level

of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse impact on the

health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects. Since the

district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected is more.

Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as elderly and children. Some of the residential colonies include, Vishnupuri, Chunni Ganj, Nawab Ganj, etc.

2. Traffic Congestion

Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the

morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-routing

of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Main traffic congestion related problem was witnessed in wards like Colonel Ganj, Cooper Ganj, LIC Chauraha, etc. Many of the roads in the district

are as narrow as in the range of 7-12 feet. Any excavation in these areas would disrupt traffic

and already most of them witness traffic congestion during peak hours.


89

Figure 6.1 GIS map showing the road network of Kanpur District-I,

with highlighted regions of dense road network.

Plate 6.1 Narrow congested roads of Patkapur


90

3. Impact on livelihood

The excavation will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial establishments and

vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required.

So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey. On a better note, most

of the interviewed shop-owners and vendors are satisfied with proposed project and suggest that it should be completed well in time to minimize their inconvenience.

4. Impact on existing utility services

The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply

interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs.

Flooding of areas could also occur. One water supply interruption was witnessed during the field visit; in this instance, flooding of one street did occur near Civil Line area. With no other

alternative source readily available, people have to buy water from private tankers or buy

bottled water for drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on utility services as a potential issue.

5. Safety hazards

There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there

have been reports, gathered during the field visit, of children falling into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen playing around active

construction sites. Safety equipment for workers is provided as part of the DPR.

6. Damage to buildings

Interviews with city officials brought to notice the potential issue that some old houses have used the cities nearly century’s old sewer system as the foundation for their homes. It is feared

that should this sewer system be disturbed as part of the reconfiguration and laying of new

sewer lines, that the houses built on top would be adversely affected in the form of settling or cracks. It is not expected, however, that cracks will develop in housing for any other reason

but this. Areas where these old buildings exist are Gwaltoli, Anwar Ganj, Collector Ganj, etc.


91

Plate 6.2 Old building along Halsey road, Collector Ganj

7. Elevated Noise Levels

Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction

equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially sensitive areas like schools and hospitals.

8. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites

Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems related

to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and debris clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern.

9. Effect to daily life

Residents of Heeraman ka Purwa, Laxmipurwa complained that during construction in

JNNURM projects, they were not able to take out their vehicles and also access to their house also is problematic.

10. Land Acquisition issue

According to the DPR, consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam members, Revenue Departments, community and first-hand observations during the field visit, which

requires only land acquisition not resulting in loss of income, loss of livelihood, relocation of

households. Land is required for only one pumping station which will be directly purchased by UP Jal Nigam


92

Additionally, there are no squatters or settlements around the proposed works, thus no

relocation is required. There will be no loss of income or livelihood due to purchase of land for one pumping station. The other land parcels required are government land free of all

encroachment and other encumbrances.

Details of land requirements and applicability to Land Acquisition Act of 1894:

1. Sanjay Puram– Private Land

Pumping station: 6 MLD

Applicability of RFCTLAR&R Act 2013: Since land will be directly purchased by UPJN, the Act will not apply.

Since there is no activity on the identified piece of land (agriculture, shop, homestead etc),

there will be no requirement for Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) plan. As per UPJN, the negotiations between UPJN and the land owner have been finalized.

Action required: UPJN to sign a memorandum of understanding with the Land Owner

indicating the amount agreed for and timeframe within which money will be transferred to the owner. Post disbursement of compensation, ownership of land will be transferred to

government of Uttar Pradesh.

2. Gandhi Park (Krishna Nagar)

Pumping station: 16.10 MLD

Applicability of RFCTLAR&R Act 2013: Since this is a public land, there will be not

acquisition hence the Act will not apply.

Action required: UPJN to sign an MOU with the Resident Welfare Association and agree on

activities to develop the remaining part of the park.

3. Near Chacha Nehru Hospital


Applicability to Land Acquisition Act 1894: Since land is already under the possession of

Nagar Nigam so there will be no acquisition of land

4. Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar


Applicability to Land Acquisition Act 1894: Since land is already under the possession of Nagar Nigam so there will be no acquisition of land.

6.3 Conclusion

Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is

expected to benefit the Kanpur City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed

to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include

Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns

Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow

Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid

waste


93

Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga

Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource

Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health

hazards within the cities/towns

Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity

Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial

risks and other health hazards

Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans.

However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary

inconveniences.


94

Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan

7.1 Environmental Management plan

Table 7.1 summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category investment that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the

design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in

sewerage district ‘A’. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and

social assessment study.

In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the

mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved

institutes are described below.

7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN

The role of UPJN in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities:

EMP clearance from NMCG and World Bank and disclosure as required;

Integrating the EMP in the bid document of contractor as an addendum;

7.1.2 Implementation of EMP

The contractor shall be responsible to implement the EMP primarily in assistance with the

Project Management Consultant team. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the design

drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval.

The State, local Government will be responsible for Coordination, Monitoring and evaluation of the Environment Management Plan. It should ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line

and acted upon. Contractor shall report the implementation of the Environment Management

Plan to the Environmental Expert and the Project management consultant as well as to UP Jal Nigam through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and

required to be given to National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) for the progress made in

implementing the Environment Management Plan.

Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the

contractor’s report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at

construction site to check the implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the contract. Broad Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 7.1

below:


95

Figure 7.1 Broad Institutional arrangements for implementation of EMP

Chief Engineer-Allahabad Zone

Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)

UPJN

Project Manager

(Contractor)

Environmental Officer

(Contractor)

Team Leader

(Supervision Consultant)

Environmental Expert

(Supervision Consultant)

State Pollution

Control Board

PM-1 PM-2 PM-3

GM-Ganga Pollution control unit


96

Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments

Activity Potential Negative

Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact

Mitigation Measures Responsible agency

Sewerage and Sanitation Investments

A. Design and Development Phase

Sewerage Accidental

leakages/

bursts

Due to accidental burst or

leakage of sewers, flooding of

the nearby areas could take

place.

Backlogging due to unexpected

heavy flow rates

Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity and

flow velocity

Regular inspection and maintenance of the

sewers

UP Jal Nigam

Design consultants

Flushing of

sewers at

necessary

locations

By-product of de-silting old and

blocked sewer lines would

result in significant amounts of

silt, solid waste and slurry.

These could lead to a health

hazard and olfactory offense, if

not disposed and managed

properly.

Sewer lines must be de-silted between night

and morning hours (approx. 11 pm to 5 am)

since flow in sewers and on-road traffic will be

minimum during that period.

Sewer lines must first be dewatered by

submersible pumps and then plugged by

means of sand bags so as to divert flow of sewer

before pumping manhole to manhole.

The sewer lines must also be flushed with

pressurized air to eject all harmful gases (such

as H2S, CO2, CO).

If human entry is required in the sewer lines, it

is imperative to equip the worker with safety

harness, a helmet with torch, gloves, water

proof waders, oxygen cylinder with breathing

apparatus.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam


97


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


The de-silted waste should be collected

immediately and disposed into pits excavated

at landfill site.

The pumping mechanism (jetting and suction

powered by truck’s chassis engine) should

have a provision to separate the water content

of the slurry, using a filter/sieve or via cyclonic

separation. This water content can be drained

back into the sewer lines.

The retained silt could be utilized in leveling of

low-lying land pockets outside city limits (10-

20 kms) in areas alongside Etawah road and

Allahabad road.27

B. Construction phase

Sewerage

(laying of

sewers)

Excavation,

cutting, back

filling and

compaction

operations

Damage to underground

utilities like water, gas line,

electricity and telephone

conduits, etc due to

construction activities.

Temporary Review all available drawings, notes, and

information on the existing underground lines

and structures in determining the location of

the existing facilities.

Concerned authorities should be informed and

their assistance sought to remove, relocate and

restore services of these utilities prior to

commencement of construction.

All these underground utilities encountered in

excavating trenches carefully shall be

supported, maintained and protected from

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

27 As per discussion with UPJN Kanpur officials and DPR Volume IV, Pg. 5


98


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


injury or interruption of service until backfill is

complete and settlement has taken place.

Minimize time for replacement operations; and

appropriate scheduling as necessary especially

for water supply line.

Accidents/ damages due to

erosion/ sliding of vertical sides

of excavated trenches while

placing the pipes

Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring trench

sides by placing sheeting, timber shores, trench

jacks, bracing, piles, or other materials to

counter the surrounding earth load pressure.

Exposed surface will be resurfaced and

stabilized by making the sloping sides of trench

to the angle of repose at which the soil will

remain safely at rest.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Dust Generation due to

excavation, cutting, back filling

and compaction operations

Temporary Construction activity may increase the dust

levels in the air, posing as a respiratory hazard

and sensory irritant for local residents and

vendors.

Dust is generated due to the disturbance of dry

top-soil and excavation of roads. It is

recommended to minimize dust generated by

wetting all unprotected cleared areas and

stockpiles with water, especially during dry

and windy periods.

Additionally, it is recommended to wet and

cover excavated material transported by trucks.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam


99


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


Noise and vibration

disturbances to residents and

businesses

Temporary Noise is a temporary nuisance caused due to

construction activity. It is recommended that

construction activities be carried out only

during normal working hours after providing

prior intimation to local residents and shop

keepers.

Construction works near schools and colleges

should be carried out during vacations and

preferably during night and works near

hospitals should be completed on priority basis

(in shorter time period with alternate provision

of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.).

Wherever possible, the use of less noise

generating equipment (such as enclosed

generators with mufflers, instruments with

built in vibration dampening and improved

exhaust) for all activities is recommended to

meet standards as per the Noise Pollution

Control Committee, CPCB28.

Construction noise is not only a nuisance for

the local community, but can also be a health

hazard to construction workers due to

prolonged exposure. Provision of protective

equipment like ear muffs and plugs for

operating personnel is recommended.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

28 http://moef.gov.in/citizen/specinfo/noise.html


100


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


It is recommended that where feasible, a sound

barrier be provided in inhabited areas,

particularly if there are sensitive zones like

hospitals, schools etc.

Temporary flooding due to

excavation during monsoons or

blockage of surface drains

Temporary Ensure that excavated soil material is stored on

the higher lying areas of the site and not in any

storm water run-off channels or any other areas

where it is likely to cause erosion or where

water would naturally accumulate causing

flooding.

The areas where excavated soil will be

stockpiled must be bordered by berms to

prevent soil loss caused by rain.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Increased traffic inconvenience

(emissions, congestions, longer

travel times, blockage of access)

Temporary Due to construction and laying of sewer lines,

there will be disruption of traffic, leading to

congestion. Hence, alternate traffic routing

must be adopted in consultation with

concerned traffic police authorities.

Traffic disruptions may also have adverse

impacts on trade and commerce, hence works

at business and market areas must be

completed earlier.

Care should be taken to minimize congestion

(by effective traffic re-routing) especially

around entry points of schools and hospitals.

Provide temporary crossings/ bridges to

maintain normalcy for pedestrians and

businesses.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Traffic police


101


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


Settlement of backfilled area

after construction

Temporary The backfilling material shall be free from

petroleum products, slag, cinders, ashes and

rubbish, or other material.

Backfilling activity should follow the

construction schedule, as recommended by the

DPR, which estimates that a 1 km stretch of

construction work is to be completed in

approximately 2.6 days.

Proper compaction to be executed as per the

soil specific conditions to retain the original

level/ alignment and grade as it was prior to

excavation.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Store tanks and drums for excess capacity;

forbid pouring into soils or drains; enforce

adequate equipment maintenance procedures

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

General: Air

Environment

due to all

construction

activities

Air pollution due to particulate

matter emissions from

excavation, construction

material handling,

transportation of materials

Temporary Providing curtains (polysheets/ sheets) all

around the site to control dust spreading

beyond the site.

Sprinkling of water at regular intervals to

control dust especially places where soil is

stockpiled.

Preventive maintenance of construction

equipment and vehicles to meet emission

standards. Ensuring use of low fume emitting,

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam


102


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


newer generators and vehicles with well-

maintained engines and control devices.

General:

Noise

Environment

due to all

construction

activities

Noise hazards Temporary Noise attenuation with sound proof insulation

for noise generation sources like pumps,

generators or using less noise making

equipment.

Proper maintenance of construction equipment

and vehicles to keep them with low noise.

Construction activities need to be suspended

during the night hours in the neighborhood of

hospitals and in day time in the neighborhood

of educational institutions.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

General

waste during

construction

Nuisance due to solid waste

disposal

Temporary Ensure that no litter, refuse, wastes, rubbish,

rubble, debris and builders wastes generated

on the premises must be collected in rubbish

bins and disposed of weekly at registered

refuse facility sites.

Toilet facility must be provided at construction

site and should be maintained properly. Toilets

must be emptied regularly at treatment plants

and every effort must be made to prevent the

contamination of surface or sub-surface water

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

General:

safety during

construction

Safety hazards to labours and

public

Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and

Safety act of India

Ensure that the contact details of the police or

security company and ambulance services

nearby to the site.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam


103


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


Ensure that the handling of equipment and

materials is supervised and adequately

instructed.

Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary

barriers and/or danger tape, marking flags,

lights and flagmen around the exposed

construction works warn the public and traffic

flow of the inherent dangers.

Provide adequate safety precautions such as

helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks,

gumboots, etc.

Construction

camps (if

adopted)

Nuisance due to absence of

facility of sanitation and solid

waste management

Temporary Labour camps are not required, if the labours

are from the native place.

If labourers are not from native place, than

following measures must be undertaken:

The camps must be not be in an

environmentally sensitive area such as in close

proximity to a watercourse, on a steep slope or

on erosive soils.

Camp sites will have adequate provision of

shelter, water supply, sanitation and solid

waste management as far as practicable.

Contractor

Project management

consultant

UP Jal Nigam

C. Operation phase

Sewer line Leakage/

overflows

Water pollution and possibility

of mixing with water supply

line

Permanent There is a temporary concern of leakages and

overflows leading to flooding of adjacent areas

in the sewerage district I (screening checklist).

However this can be mitigated and managed

by:

Jal Sansthan

UP Jal Nigam


104


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


Regular monitoring of sewer line and manholes

for visible leakages/ overflows.

Immediate repair operation for the damaged

portion of sewer line.

De-siltation of blocked sewers/ manholes with

sewage pumping machines-storing and

disposal at appropriate refusal area after

treatment.

Ensure proper covering of manhole and avoid

dumping of solid waste to prevent chocking of

sewer line.

Waste Disposal De-silted waste if not properly

disposed can reclog sewer lines

and potentially are health

hazards, cause bad odour, and

public nuisance.

The de-silted waste should be collected

immediately and disposed into pits excavated

at landfill site.

Jal Sansthan

UP Jal Nigam

General

Waste

Sanitary

conditions at

construction

camps and site.

Contamination of water

resources, blockage of storm

drains, bad odour, Health

hazard and

public nuisance

Temporary Ensure regular monitoring of provision of

water supply, excreta and solid waste

management.

Waste should be emptied regularly at disposal

area until the work is completed.

Maintaining proper hygienic environment in

and around camps and site by regular

surveillance and monitoring of waste.

Jal Sansthan

UP Jal Nigam

General

Safety

Workers exposed

to

toxic gases in

sewers and

Serious/health/ safety hazards

The toxic gases are likely to

contract communicable

diseases from exposure to

Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation, the

sewer line will be adequately vented to ensure

that no toxic or hazardous gases are present in

the line.

Jal Sansthan

UP Jal Nigam


105


Impact/Concern

Duration of

impact


hazardous

materials

in sewage during

maintenance

work

pathogens present in the

sewage.

Gases present in the sewer line should be

analysed for hazardous/toxic gases before

commencing cleaning operation. Proper gas

masks should be provided to workers

deployed in such areas.

Provision of adequate safety precautions such

as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks,

gumboots, etc. during maintenance operation


106

7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 7-2. Successful

implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:

The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with UPJN to request the Contractor

to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise

Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt);

The PMC along with UPJN to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for

approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;

Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring

tests, and subsequent analysis of results;

Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to:

Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);

Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;

Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;

Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,

Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed

significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe"

levels.

Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment

All issues related to negative environmental impacts of the Contractor's Facilities,

Plant and equipment are to be controlled through;

The Contractor's self-imposed quality assurance plan;

Regular / periodic inspection of the Concessionaire / Contractor’s plant and

equipment;

Monthly appraisal of the Contractor.

Other environmental impacts are to be regularly identified and noted on the monthly

appraisal inspection made to review all aspects of the Contractor's operation. The officer is to review all monthly appraisal reports, and through the team leader is to instruct the Contractor

to rectify all significant negative environmental impacts.

7.3 EMP Budget

The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in

the ESMP is detailed in Table 7-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in

Table 7-4. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering

Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates and


107

the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under

engineering costs are listed below:

Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area

Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance

to surrounding area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city sewer

Alternate traffic re-routing,

Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas

Solid Waste Management


108

Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Env.

Component Stage Institutional Responsibilities

Parameter Standards/

Methods

Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision

Air

Qu

alit

y

Co

nst

ruct

ion

PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5

μg/m3, SO2, NOX, CO

CPCB

Sewer

Construction

Sites

Once in every

season (except

monsoon

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

Op

erat

ion

PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5

μg/m3, SO2, NOX, CO

Sewer

Construction

Sites

Once in a year

except monsoon for

first 5 years.

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

Met

eoro

log

y

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Rainfall, humidity,

Wind Speed, Wind

direction,

Temperature

USEPA's

Meteorological

Monitoring

Guidance for

Regulatory

Modeling

Applications

One location

within

Allahabad A

district

Once in every

season

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

Op

erat

ion

Rainfall, humidity,

Wind Speed, Wind

direction,

Temperature

USEPA's

Meteorological

Monitoring

Guidance for

Regulatory

Modeling

Applications

One location

within

Allahabad A

district

Once in a year Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG


109

Env.


No

ise

Lev

els

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Leq dB (A) (Day and

Night) Average and

Peak values

Ambient Noise

Standard

CPCB

Sewer

Construction

Sites

Once in every

season (except

monsoon)

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

Op

erat

ion

Leq dB (A) (Day and

Night) Average and

Peak values

Sewer

Construction

Sites

Once in a year

except monsoon for

first 5 years.

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG

So

il

Co

nst

ruct

ion

Physical Parameter:

Texture, Grain Size,

Gravel, Sand, Silt,

Clay; Chemical

Parameter: pH,

Conductivity,

Calcium, Magnesium,

Sodium, Nitrogen,

Absorption Ratio

Consider the

following methods:

IS-2720 (Various

part);

Soil Chemical

Analysis by M.L.

JACKSON.

Soil Test Method

by Ministry of

agriculture

Sewer

Construction

Sites and SPS

Once in every

season

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG


110

Env.


Op

erat

ion

Physical : Texture,

Grain Size, Gravel,

Sand, Silt, Clay;

Chemical Parameter:

pH,

Conductivity,

Calcium, Magnesium,

Sodium, Nitrogen,

Absorption Ratio

Consider the

following methods:

IS-2720 (Various

part);

Soil Chemical

Analysis by M.L.

JACKSON.

Soil Test Method

by Ministry of

agriculture

Along sewer

construction

sites, SPS

Twice in a year

(Pre-monsoon and

Post monsoon) for

first 5 years,

Contractor through

approved monitoring

agency/Lab

PMC, UPJN and

SPMG


111

Table 7.3 Cost information of EMP

Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost

included

in the

DPR

(Yes/no/n

ot clear)

Cost in Rupees

(or Details if provided in

DPR)

Remarks

Design and

Development

Flushing and desilting of

sewers at necessary

locations

Disposal of sludge at

a safe location away

from habitation.

Yes Component for jetting cum

suction machine with

chassis including cleaning,

barricading and safe

disposal of silt covered in

DPR for proposed sewerage

system in Kanpur District I

The proposed DPR includes these

activities.

Construction Excavation, Cutting and

filling operations

Review of existing

infrastructure,

shoring trenches,

reinstatement/

resurfacing

Yes DPR for proposed sewerage

system in Kanpur District I.


activities

Damage to public utilities Proper reviewing of

existing drawing s of

utilities, informing

concern authorities

and reinstatement of

public utilities




activities


112


included

in the

DPR

(Yes/no/n

ot clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

Dust generation Water sprinkling on

excavated material to

suppress dust and

provision of top

cover when

transported through

vehicles

No Water tanker:

Rs. 9,59,110

Top cover for dumper truck:

Rs. 45,000

Water sprinkling:

If construction schedule is followed,

then impacts will be temporary as 1 km

of sewer line is approximated to be

completed within 2.6 days. (since total

length = 424.385 km and time = 3 years)

As per time schedule 36 months –

424.385 km.

Per day, as estimated 400 m will be

covered

4000 L water will be consumed every

400m using sprinkler, average 2 times a

day.

Labour cost = Rs. 150/day

Rs 300/tanker + Rs. 150 /labourer = Rs.

450

Per meter cost = Rs.550/400m = Rs. 1.13

Total cost for 424.385 km = Rs.1.13 x

425500 =

Rs. 4,79,555

Keeping a 2-day margin for

construction and re-instatement per

site:


113


included

in the

DPR

(Yes/no/n

ot clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

= 2 x 479555= Rs.9,59,110/-

Top cover:

Approximately 30 Sqm of top cover

may be required for each vehicle.

Assume that 20 such vehicles are

required in transporting excess soil to

dumping location (considering

construction schedule and max

excavated earth disposal). Therefore:

20 trucks x required top cover 30 Sqm x

Cost of Tarpaulin cover @Rs. 75/ Sqm =

Rs. 45,000

Noise and vibrations Usage of sound

barriers or sheets.




activities.

Temporary flooding or ,

water logging

Alternate traffic re-

routing, Ensuring

storage of excavated

soil material on the

higher lying areas




activities.

Increased traffic

inconvenience

Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for proposed sewerage



activities

Safety hazards to workers

and residents

Putting fences or

other barricades to

demarcate the area




activities


114


included

in the

DPR

(Yes/no/n

ot clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

Labour camps (if

adopted)

Health hazards and

nuisance due to absence of

facility for sanitation or

solid waste management

Sanitation No Cost of construction of pit

and toilet building

approximately Rs.

18,00,000/-

Cleaning of pits

approximately Rs.1,08,000

Total number of labourers is estimated

assuming 35% of total project working

for 36 months. The labour camps can be

divided into 3 camps, for appropriate

management and maintenance work.

So per day each camp will have around

1500 labourers

A toilet with septic tank is been

suggested for sanitation facility at

labour camps.

Pit: Assuming single pit of 45cum

would cover 600 people. 3 pits are

required for each site. Construction

cost per pit = approximately Rs.

1,20,000/-. So, at one camp cost of 3

pits would be Rs. 3,60,000/-

For this 3 toilet buildings of 15

closets will be needed. Cost of

one toilet building is Rs. 80,000.

So for 3 toilet building total cost

is Rs. 2,40,000.

So cost of toilet complex at one

site would be Rs. 6,00,000/- and

the total cost for 3 sites would

be Rs 18,00,000/-


115


included

in the

DPR

(Yes/no/n

ot clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

Pit cleaning: The filled pit has to

be cleaned after 9 months by

either disposing off at refusal

site or STP by concerned

Municipal agency. Cleaning of

one pit would be

approximately Rs 4,000/- And

after 9 months cleaning is

needed so thrice cleaning is

needed. So for 3 pits X 3 camps

X 3 times cleaning the cost will

come as Rs.1,08,000/-

Water Supply No Approximately Rs.

20,15,250

As estimated 1500 labourers will be at

one camp, so approximately 300

families will be placed at one camp.

Around 25 standposts will be needed at

one camp. One standpost construction

cost is Rs 6250/-. So for 3 camps total

cost will be Rs 375000/- for

construction. At the rate of 135 LPCD,

607500 L of water is needed for all

3camps. At the rate of Rs 2.5KL, the cost

of water provisioning would be Rs

1518.75 per day. Total cost for 36


116


included

in the

DPR

(Yes/no/n

ot clear)

Cost in Rupees


DPR)

Remarks

months would be Rs 16,40,250 for the 3

camps

Total cost of construction and

provisioning would be Rs 20,15,250

Dust bins No Approximately Rs. 3,55,000

Solid waste generation: Generally

about 200 grams of solid waste is

generated per 5 persons every day.

Hence two cluster dustbin (one for

biodegradable waste and one for non-

biodegradable waste of 1 cum size at

the rate of Rs. 2000/-) may be setup to

manage any solid waste generated.

Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs. 5282360/- excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan.


117

Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan

Kanpur District I SEWERAGE SCHEME, UP

Item Location Season Year Total no. of samples Unit Cost Total Cost

Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage

Air quality Monitoring 8 3 3 72 7,000.00 504,000.00

Metrological data 1 4 3 12 5,000.00 60,000.00

Noise / vibration 8 3 3 72

2,000.00

144,000.00

Soil analysis 8 2 3 48 5,500.00 264,000.00

Travel and Transportation of

monitoring Team

Lumpsum 240,000.00

Sub total 1,212,000.00

Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage)

Air quality Monitoring 8 1 5 40 7,000.00 280,000.00

Metrological data 1 1 5 5 5,000.00 25,000.00

Noise / vibration 8 1 5 40

2,000.00

80,000.00

Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 5,500.00 220,000.00

Sub-Total 605,000.00

Travel and Transportation of

monitoring Team

Lumpsum 400,000.00

TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 2,217,000.00

Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 7.3 and Table 7.4) 7499360

Approximately 75 Lakhs


118

7.4 Social Management Plan

7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase

Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these

measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for

social development of the project affected people and the concerned stakeholders.

a. Impact on human health

Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed

sites

Our mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction sites.

These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging. They will also

provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. Water sprinkling will be undertaken as well, according to the contractors.

b. Traffic Congestion

Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic movement.

Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should provide

detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents can plan accordingly.

Strategic placement of traffic cops at critical intersections will also facilitate better flow of

traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already included in the DPR.

c. Impact on livelihood

Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect shops

on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For mobile vendors, this may

include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to a similar location in the immediate vicinity of

the original location for the duration of the project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption. Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages

should commence immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential

obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions.

In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of the roads

and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently

mandates compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for temporary livelihood loss. Additionally, no regulation, policy,

guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent or guidance in this instance ESMF clearly

states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into this category. These vendors are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside the

construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed

project.

However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due to the

proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the entitlement matrix

given in the ESMF report.


119

d. Impact on existing utility services

Mitigation Measure:

Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site.

Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility

services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure

Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already budgeted for in

the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive detailed layout plans of

existing underground structures to prevent accidental water/electricity supply disruptions. The relevant departments should also be made aware of the timing and location of digging

near supply lines so they can make the necessary preparations to respond swiftly to

disruptions.

e. Safety hazards

Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards.

As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in place even if construction

is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains.

f. Damage to buildings

In summary, the task of correctly identifying the vulnerable parties is virtually impossible.

Thus, the best mitigation plan is to reroute sewage lines to avoid disturbing the old sewage

network in instances where the contractors determine that a house may be built upon it. The mitigation plan for this social concern proceeds in the following steps:

Redirecting sewer lines around those houses that rely on the sewage lines for

foundation.

Should that not prove possible, identification of affected houses and categorization

into different level of houses (permanent, semi-permanent, etc.) to determine possible

compensation.

Payment of compensation to affected houses on a “cost of repairs” basis. Should total

destruction of the property ensue, then the full valuation of the property must be paid,

and resettlement/rehabilitation policies (outlined below) come into effect.

Before beginning detailing these plans, it is important to emphasize simply how difficult

phases 2 and 3 would be. As the UP Jal Nagam explained there is no documentation of which

houses will be affected. A simple survey of the old sewage lines and noting adjacent houses would not suffice as many if not most of the houses likely have a proper, solid foundation and

would thus not be affected by alterations to the old sewer line. Surveying those residents

would prove difficult as well, as if they are the owners, they will want to conceal the illegal nature of their construction, and if they are not the owners, they likely would not know the

nature of their foundation. Finally, in the 3rd phase, homes with proper foundations but that lie

on the old sewage line could falsely claim damages and it would be difficult to determine whether this was true or not. Essentially, a survey of every house in the area would be

required, and residents would have to be compelled to show documents detailing the content

of their foundation.

Still, if the 1st option is not possible, and the 2nd and 3rd options must be followed, a stakeholder

consultation must be initiated. At this consultation, residents must be asked to come forward


120

if their homes are built on the old sewer line, with proper reassurances that they will not be

prosecuted. At a follow up session, those potentially afflicted parties must have their compensatory rights explained. Then a survey of their properties can commence to note their

current state, allowing a baseline for future comparisons. If, after construction is done, it is

determined that damage has occurred, appropriate compensation will be paid based on a formula TBD. As is clear, this method still has many of the problems of above in terms of

people not coming forward about their house using the old sewer line as foundation and

people making false claims. Thus, it is essential that the construction avoid those houses which rest on the old sewer line.

g. Elevated Noise Levels

According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with school function. Beyond that, construction

must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid unnecessary noise

pollution.

h. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites

As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already included in

the DPR.

i. Public Notice

According to the suggestion given by the locals during the interview. Government and

contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of the project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of construction. Contact person

during emergency. This information would help them better adjust to the situation and make

necessary adjustments and provisions.

j. Health Programmes for Workers

If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp, health programs for their well-being

should be implemented.

7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase

Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring

residents.

7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of

project activities

From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded;

Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops

Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on

Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening

Laying wooden/plywood plank over the excavated pits for making access route to

house or shops


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Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate

construction area for the time when construction is on

Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have

more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period.

The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation measures to sewage construction projects.

Public Grievances

Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge

complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials.

Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation

measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences. However the

proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as mentioned in the Environment and Social Management Framework.

Table 7.5 Social Management Plan


Impact/Concern

Mitigation Measures Cost Issues

I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects

A. Design and Development Phase

Land acquisition

for new pumping

station

NA

SPS is planned on

land already

owned by the

government and

confirmed by the

Revenue

department and in

fenced off location,

where in only this

new pumping

station would

come up

NA

NA As per first hand observation in the

field and through interviews of key

stakeholders, residents, local people,

and other sources like DPR, it has

been established that 4 plots of land

would be acquired for construction of

new SPS.

These include:

1.Vishnupuri (Private -Compensation

required)

2.Gandhi Park (public)

3.Collector Ganj (public)

4.Budhiya Ghaat (public)

The land pocket in Vishnupuri is

owned privately, which will require

compensation (as per Land

Acquisition Act) to be provided to the

Land Owner by PEA.

NA

B. Construction Phase

Safety hazards

to workers and

residents

Dust generation,

with resulting

Provide workers

with adequate

safety equipment

such as helmets,

safety shoes,

gloves, etc.

Safety gear provided

by contractor

Putting fences or

other barricades to

demarcate the area is

already being done.


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Impact/Concern


implications for

human health

Reduced

pedestrian and

vehicle access to

residences and

businesses

Temporary

water ,

electricity,

supply

interruptions

Increased traffic

inconvenience

(emissions,

congestions,

longer travel

times)

Fences/temporary

enclosures should

be put around

construction sites

(even inactive

ones, if hazards,

like open pits,

remain);

enclosures should

be properly

marked with

caution signs.

Water sprinkling,

removal of excess

materials,

cleaning of sites

upon completion

of activities.

Construction of

temporary

enclosures to entrap

dust.

Water sprinkling

Work should

proceed on

schedule so as to

minimize road

closures

Upon project

completion, quick

clearance of

debris, etc. will

facilitate access by

customers to local

business and

residents to their

households

Debris clearance

budgeted for in DPR.

Circulation of

layout plan for all

underground

infrastructure to

ensure that

contractor is

aware of

water/electricity

lines in

Provision for

temporary shifting of

water/power lines,

etc. already in DPR.


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Impact/Concern


construction

zones

Local utilities should

be made aware of

timing/location of all

construction,

enabling them to

respond swiftly to

supply disruption,

especially in the

event of flooding,

etc.

Use of alternate

traffic routes;

signage should

clearly indicate

dates of road

closures and new

routes so

residents can plan

accordingly

Placement of traffic

officers at busy

intersections to

facilitate easy of

movement

Provisions for traffic

diversion, with

signage already in

DPR.

Impact to daily

life

Prior public notice

indicating the

date of start of

construction and

end date of

completion

should be

provided road-

wise to the locals

allowing them to

make adjustments

accordingly

C. Operation Phase

None identified

7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and

Implementation of Mitigation Plan

Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be

informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be


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conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback solicited from the

community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders – government officials, relevant NGOs, etc. – could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction

begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, a follow up field visit should be conducted

so as to evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to the construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction.

Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan

include;

All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of

vulnerable households;

decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and citizens, NGOs etc;

staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc

officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and

Representatives of the various state government departments, as required.

7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for

Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard

Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures

Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity for

better implementation and operation of the project. There should be synergies and continual

interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the relevant departments can be trained in the issues like social sciences, social management plan, etc.

Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will

be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise

continued development will not be sustainable.


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Table 7.6 Role of stakeholders in implementation and mitigation

7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social

Development Outcomes

Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring

and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the

indicators are listed below;

Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network)

Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river)

Proper sites for industries, building etc.

Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society

Increase in public toilet

Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value)

Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area

Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation

NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the mitigation

plan is implemented well

Ensuring funds for mitigation plan

execution

Executing agencies (UP

Jal Nigam, Ganga

Pollution Control Unit)

Implementation of the project by

awarding the project to the suitable

contractor and regional coordination

Informing the relevant departments

about the progress of the project

Ensuring that the relevant

departments are available for

mitigation plan

Enough safety provisions are available

for the project implementation.

Jal Sansthan While execution of projects related to

sewerage line, Jal Sansthan is

responsible for the damage caused to

the public utility functions like

drinking water pipe lines

Should ensure that the basic amenities

are in order during the construction

and operational phase of the project

Municipality Ensuring better access to households

Should ensure all the households

envisaged at project planning phase

gets access to the services. Weaker

section of the society should get

equitable share.

State, local

Government

Coordination

Monitoring and evaluation

Coordination, Monitoring and

evaluation

Ensure all the safeguarding plans are

in line and acted upon.

NGOs, CSOs, Research

Institutes ( IIT Kanpur,

Eco Friends, WWF)

Awareness creation about the project

activities

Community participation for better

project implementation

Public participation and coordination


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Chapter 8 Social development outcomes and

issues

8. 1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project

Access to sewer network: this service will cater to the projected population until the year 2050. According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from 11.27 lakhs

in 2010 to 13.06 lakhs by 2050. Increased sewerage will prevent outflow of waste water

to the Ganga.

Better hygienic conditions: with the sewerage network there will be better

environmental conditions leading to better health conditions and hence will reduce

the medical expenses. Specifically, rapid development of the peripheral areas of the city has resulted in this area being the most unsewered, according to the DPR. On the

field visit, it was observed that, in areas without proper sewerage, nallas are

commonly used. It is estimated in DPR that around 393 ha of District I-City Central area is unsewered. These areas suffered from powerful odours and greater amounts

of flies/mosquitoes than observed elsewhere in the city. Moreover according to DPR

the areas not covered by sewerage system are using septic tanks for disposal of sewage, which overflows on the roads at present.

Strengthening of the old sewer network: According to the DPR, the primary sewer

lines were built in 1904, and most are currently in a dilapidated. Specifically, clogging and chocking is common, resulting in unhygienic conditions; occasional collapses has

occurred. Despite a major reorganization of the sewerage system in 1952 – which

included new sewers, an intermediate SPS at Parmat Gain and a main SPS at Jajmau – large increases in wastewater generated have led to a requirement for new additions.

This project will strengthen those lines and add to the existing network, thus

increasing the carrying capacity of the system.

Increase in household connections: According to the DPR, only 30% of Kanpur

residents currently have sewer access. The new project requires that any household

with a possible connection point within about 10m of new/existing lines be provided access.

Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste water

will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment will be disposed of to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river. Due to

current pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of Kanpur.

As per data collected by the regional office of the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels upstream and downstream often

go above the permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters, and very often go above

the 2.0 mg/l limit for the drinking water standard, as set by the Indian Standard code. Thus, those who consume the water will suffer health problems.

Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the

aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater discharge to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This

will eventually lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site.


127

The support for this statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in

areas with only nalas (bad odour, insects, etc.).

Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality.

As the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water quality

would connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during ‘festivals’ better water quality for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. Presently according to the State

Pollution Control Board, and as mentioned above, the river water quality is not fine,

as it contains excess of chromium, chloride, BOD and total coliform due to un-treated domestic sewage and industrial effluent. With the proper sewage treatment, these

parameters would be in check and river water quality would enhance.

8.2 Social development issues in project vicinity and social

services to be provided by the project

The social benefits of the proposed project are given in previous sections. The social services

required to ensure that these benefits are realized are given below:

Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents complained that they did not feel they personally would benefit from the project as their houses

did not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household connections will ensure

that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for increasing connections are detailed in the DPR that is the new project requires that any household with a possible

connection point within about 10m of new/existing lines be provided access. Special

care should be taken to ensure access for backward and vulnerable sections of the society. Full benefits of the facilities proposed under DPR cannot be realized unless a

programme to improve coverage of branch sewers and household connection is

carried in parallel.

Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly to the above point, increasing public toilet

facilities will ensure that the 35% of residents of Kanpur Nagar without permanent

housing are able to benefit from the increased sewage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open Defecation, which leads to reduced water quality,

less sewage being treated and has negative social ramifications for the individuals as

well.

Ensure proper treatment of sewage: With increased sewer lines, these STPs will face

a greater load, so their efficiency must increase concurrently. Proper monitoring of

staff requirements will ensure that the coming load increase can be dealt with. These currently operational STPs are working on the present load. If there capacity is not

augmented then the whole purpose of provision of sewerage network will be defeated.

Targeting of economically weaker communities: for construction jobs related to sub-project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt by those

must in need, those from backward communities should be specifically targeted for

relevant jobs.

Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and ensure

that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must be

performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing, pedestrian


128

pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean area will also

enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the area.


129

Chapter 9 Conclusion

The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage district-I of the Kanpur city after environment and social analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’ category and

have overall positive benefits on the life and environment of the people. The proposed

sewerage project mainly involves laying of sewers along the road and construction of new Pumping Stations, which requires only land acquisition not resulting in loss of income, loss

of livelihood, relocation of households. As per environmental and social management

framework guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard Management Plan was conducted for addressing possible issues/ concerns arising

from proposed project.

Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse

environmental or social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for

which appropriate mitigation plans have been suggested. The environmental management plan brings forth appropriate mitigation measures against the issues/ concerns identified

during the environmental and social analysis. All the social and environmental issues were

appropriately studied and have been substantiated using appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the issues of public grievances and public notice have

been taken care in the report to confirm transparency during the project implementation. The

report also ensures that well defined institutional mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction, implementation and operation

phases.

Stakeholder consultations, and interviews helped in understanding the general perception of public towards the project and it can be determined that the people of the project site are

happy and welcome such an initiative for their betterment. It was also pointed out that the

large overall environmental benefits of the project such as prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga, improvement in sewerage collection, improvement in

quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity greatly outweigh the temporary

inconveniences faced during the implementation stages.


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Annexure 1 Questionnaire

TERI-Water Resources Division Date:__/__/2011

NGRBA Social Impact Assessment

Interviewer:__________________

Site: Kanpur District-I Project: New Sewer Lines

Interviewee:________________________

Location: Residebtial____Public Place_______

For PP: Park______Office____Market__School____Store______Religious place____

Classification: Resident______Shop Keeper___Street Vendor_____Office

worker____School_______Pedistrian___Religious figure_____Other

1. Do you have sewer linkages? How does having/not having sewer access affect you?

2. Are you aware that this project will be constructed?

3. What do you think will be the consequences of the construction this project on the

following:

a. Traffic blockages?

b. Parking?

c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood

d. Health

e. Access to river water source

f. Noise?

g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages

h. Smell/flies, etc.?

i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.

j. Livelihood?

k. Family?

l. Daily Life?

m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.)

n. Other?


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4. What do you think will be the consequences of this project, post completion?

a. Pollution?

b. Smell/flies, etc.?

c. Access to river water source

d. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.

e. Livelihood?

f. Family?

g. Daily Life?

h. Other?

5. Are you generally in favor, or do you generally oppose this plan?

6. For women only

a) Do you feel you will be especially hindered by this project?

b) Do you feel you will especially benefit from this project?


132

Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key

stakeholders

Kanpur 26th-27th April 2010

S. No. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting

1 Mr. Manish Shukla,

Site Incharge Common

Chrome Recovery Plant

(CCRP)

09935163020 Out of around 210 tannery industries only

87 are registered with the CCRP

The capacity of the plant is 70 KLD and

only 50% of the capacity is used at present

2 Mr. Ajay Kanaujia,

Process Chemist, UP Jal

Nigam (Jajmau STP)

09415477128 He explained the process of sewage

treatment used at the Jajmau STPs.

There are three STPs- 1) 130 MLD capacity

for only domestic sewage; 2) 30 MLD

capacity for a mix of domestic and

industrial waste 3) 5 MLD capacity for only

domestic waste.

Currently, the STPs are run at 80% of their

capacity.

3 Mr. Rakesh Jaiswal 09793633300 Mentioned about general social problems

encountered during the construction phase

like traffic congestion and dust.

He was apprehensive about the quality of

work and said that final comment can

come after completion and

operationalization of sewer lines

4 Mr. C S Chaudhary, GM,

UP Pollution Control

Unit, UP Jal Nigam

Mr. Mukesh

09473942738 Provided a good background for the

project, and how it fits in with other

projects currently underway.

Currently, 30% of the City of Kanpur has a

sewer connection.

Two projects are presently being

constructed under JNNURM and their

completion will make 40% of the city

sewered.

The city is divided into 4 sewer districts.

Presently, District 1 has 45% coverage.

With the execution of JNNURM projects in

District 1, coverage will go up to 50%.

Following the completion of the proposed

project under NGRBA, 100% of the District

will be sewered.

The STPs have a combined capacity of 171

MLD. Presently only 90 MLD of sewage is

being received at the STPs.


133


The major environmental impacts during

construction of the sewers will be dust and

traffic issues.

Some buildings have been built without

proper foundations on the old sewer main

lines, and their stability might be affected

by the construction process. Cracks may be

seen.

Money for repairing roads after the

digging up for sewer line installation is

provided to the Nagar Nigam.

5 Mr U N Tiwari,

Additional Municipal

Commissioner

09415906300 Household door to door collection and

treatment of waste is conducted by A2Z

Group Limited, a private company.

Non point sources of pollution are SPM

(Suspended Particulate Matter).

Primary concerns voiced by public and

others are:

- Elevated dust levels

- Congested traffic due to diverted lanes

and narrow roads being dug up.

6 Mr. Saurabh, Public

Relations Officer (PRO),

A2Z Group Pvt. Ltd,.

8726040885 HH waste collected via 1200 rickshaws

through 6 zones of Kanpur. 1 rickshaw

covers 500 HHs 2 times a day.

There exist approximately 1783 dustbins

4 lakh households are covered.

Estimated solid waste generated is 400

Tons per day for HHs and 700 Tons per

day from dumping grounds.

Sewage lines and solid waste management

systems don’t have any interlinked issues.

There are no landfills since all waste is

collected door-to-door and then 99% is

recycled in the treatment plant.


others are:

- Waste collection points are hard to access

due to dug up roads.

- Collection trucks cannot access narrow

lanes due to digging.

7 Mr. Radhey Shyam,

Regional Officer State

Pollution Control Board

09415090501 He told us that the tanneries are shifting

out of Kanpur.

He mentioned that there are 26 nalas which

dump untreated domestic wastewater into

the river. Unfortunately, industrial effluent

from the tanneries also finds its way into

these nalas, and therefore, untreated

tannery effluent also goes into the river.


134


He posits that 300 MLD of untreated

domestic sewage flows in the Ganga

everyday.

If the UP Jal Nigam’s plans are executed as

per plan, then there will be an

improvement. However, he was skeptical

about whether plans will be implemented.

8 Dr. Manju Gupta 09005429721 She was very helpful and gave us river

water quality data in the Ganga.

SPCB independently monitors river water

quality.

SPCB independently monitors water

quality parameters in the STPs. This data

was also provided to us.

She said the water quality in the Ganga has

remained the same since the 1980s.

9 Prof. Vinod Tare He called the sewer a “fundamental” and

“basic need,” thus finding no reason for an

EIA or SIA – especially for trunk sewers.

His point was that there was virtually no

social or environmental cost associated

with building sewers that could outweigh

the benefits.

Instead, he recommended that guidelines

ensuring best practices be built into the

contract, and “proper monitoring

mechanisms” (such as non-payment in the

case of non-compliance) be followed to

ensure accountability. This approach, he

feels would save the World Bank and the

Government of India valuable resources.

Also mentioned that IIT does its own

monitoring of STPs and water quality data

in Kanpur and submits reports to the

NRCD, and that they should be available

from MoEF.

10 Mr. Naveen, Field

Officer, WWF

09621761373 People are generally in favour of the

project as in long term it will be beneficial

and will help in improving water quality

of river Ganga

11 Mr. B K Singh, Executive

Engineer, Jal Sansthan

9235553815 Storm water drains and sewer lines should

be laid separately.

Sewage waste per household is 400L per

day per household (assuming 7 members

per household).

Pipelines which are already laid in low

lying areas, particularly along the banks,


135


would have to be connected to trunk

sewers.

Capacity of STP should be assessed and

designed according to the future sewage

generation.

Upstream of Kanpur must be looked at

since there are many factories that

discharge waste into Ganga, before it

enters Kanpur.


others are:

- Water pipes and other underground cables

are often damaged, which is inevitable but

proper backup repair is not undertaken

after these accidents.

- Narrow lanes would be hardest hit by dug

up roads and lanes.

- Traffic would have to be diverted to single

lanes.


136

Kanpur 23rd-26th August 2011


1 Mr. Radhey Shyam,

Regional Officer State

Pollution Control Board

09415090501 Provided with TERI, land-use map of

Kanpur, data on solid waste management

and characterization of nalas in Kanpur

2 Mr. V.K. Singh, Electrical

engineer with UP Jal

Sansthan

09235553815 Explained the process of cleaning of sewer

line in Kanpur.

3 Sanjay Kumar Gupta,

Project Engineer, UP Jal

Nigam

09473941978 Described the project site in district –I

during the visit and explained that the

sewer lines will not pass through Allen

forest and will not cause damage to any

monuments.

4 Mr. C S Chaudhary, GM,

UP Pollution Control

Unit, UP Jal Nigam

09473942738 Provided contacts of officials in other

department to collect information

regarding cleaning of sewers, solid waste

management etc.

5 Mr. Vaibhav Pathak,

Engineer environment,

TCE

Mr. Jitendra Kumar

Singh, Assitant

Manager- environment,

TCE

09810337560

91 1166169180

Explained the method of laying sewers in

congested areas without disturbing the

foundations of existing structure.

Mentioned that no monuments and other

eco sensitive areas lie in or nearby project

site except for Allen forest.


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Annexure 3 Census Data

District Kanpur Nagar (34), Uttar Pradesh (09)

Population

Persons 4,167,999

Males 2,247,216

Females 1,920,783

Growth (1991-2001) 27.17

Rural 1,370,488

Urban 2,797,511

Scheduled Caste Population 685,809

Percentage to total Population 16.45

Literacy and Educational level

Literates

Persons 2,659,833

Males 1,549,505

Females 1,110,328

Literacy rate

Persons 74.37

Males 80.25

Females 67.46

Workers

Total workers 1,247,833

Main workers 1,040,278

Marginal workers 207,555

Non-workers 2,920,166

Scheduled Castes (Largest three)

1. Chamar etc. 304,424

2. Kori 95,008

3. Pasi etc. 89,895

Religions (Largest three)

1. Hindus 3,448,024

2. Muslims 653,881

3. Sikhs 37,271

Important Towns (Largest three)

Population

1. Kanpur (M Corp.) 2,551,337

2. Kanpur (CB) 100,796

3. Ghatampur (MB) 35,638

House Type

Type of House (% of households occupying)

Permanent 65

Semi-permanent 19.5

Temporary 15.5

Number of households 714,380

Household size (per household) 6

Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 855

Sex ration (0-6 years) 868


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Population

Scheduled Tribe population 2,051

Percentage to total population 0.05

Educational Level attained

Total 2,659,833

Without level 126,997

Below primary 427,139

Primary 523,812

Middle 513,054

Matric/Higher Secondary/Diploma 722,936

Graduate and above 344,813

Age groups

0-4 years 392,312

5-14 years 1,015,726

15-59 years 2,419,625

60 years and above (incl. A.N.S.) 340,336

Scheduled Tribes (Largest three)

1. Tharu 1,248

2. Generic Tribes etc. 433

3. Buksa 237

Amenities and infrastructural facilities

Total inhabited villages

Amenities available in villages

No. of Villages

Drinking water facilities 897

Safe Drinking water 897

Electricity (Power Supply) 633

Electricity (domestic) 373

Electricity (Agriculture) 229

Primary school 783

Middle schools 270

Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 85

College 13

Medical facility 419

Primary Health Centre 30

Primary Health Sub-Centre 87

Post, telegraph and telephone facility 383

Bus services 56

Paved approach road 685

Mud approach road 427

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