ENGLISH MANUAL 1

ELEMENTARY AND PRE-INTERMEDIATE (30 HRS)

– Lesson 1 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and Writing

• Countries and nationalities

• Jobs• Family

members

• Present simple• Questions: the 5 W's• Present continuous• Prepositions • Past simple

• The EU :Herman Van Rompuy

• The Blackberry• Coca-Cola

• EU weekly meetings

• Cultural Awareness Point:Americanisation

• Role Play

– Lesson 2 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and Writing

• Months and Dates

• Describing people

• Time

• Possesive “s” and possesive pronoun

• Quantifies : some/any – few/little – much/many – countable and uncountable nouns

• Modals:Can/could/able to

• Modals:Must/musn't/have to

• Rolex• Ray-Ban

• Speaking practice with the simple past

• Cultural Awareness Point: Eye contact and To be on time

• Role play

– Lesson 3 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and Writing

• Food• Clothes and

shopping

• Imperative• Comparative/

superlative• Future

• Mc Donalds• Harry Potter

• Speaking practice in pairs

• Cultural Awareness Point:Lunch time

• Asking For & Giving Opinions

• Role play• Writing emails•

– Lesson 4 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and Writing

• Room and furnitures

• The body

• Modals-permission may can-offers shall-advice should-need necessity

• Present perfect• Simple past or present

perfect?

• Wikipedia• Dell

• Speaking practice in pairs

• Cultural Awareness Point: Profit or Permission and Punctuality

– Lesson 5 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and Writing

• Holiday and travel

• Hobbies and sports

• Present perfect continuous

• Past continuos• Relative pronouns

• Football• Cycling

• Role play• Speaking &

writing ideas

– Lesson 6 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and Writing

• Workplace• Personal

routine

• Passive• Conditional 0• Conditional 1

• Facebook• Vespa

• The language of negotiating

• Cultural Awareness Point: pedestrian crossings

• FINAL TEST

© Material has been adapted from:New-Headway, Oxford Univerity press - ElementaryMarket Leader, Pearson Eduation - ElementaryBusiness Result, Oxford Univerity press - Pre-intermediateOxford Practice Grammar, Oxford Univerity presshttp://www.english4today.com

LESSON 1 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

WARMER

Introducing yourself

THE TEACHER

Name:Age;Family:Job:Interests:

THE STUDENT

Name:Age;Family:Job:Interests:

A) VOCABULARY (1hour)

1. Country: I live in England.2. Adjective: He reads English literature.3. Noun: She is an Englishwoman.

Note: We use the + nationality adjective ending in -ese or -ish with a plural verb, to refer to all people of that nationality:

The Chinese are very hard-working.The Spanish often go to sleep in the afternoon.

1) Complete the chart of the member states of the E.U. Add the nationality.

COUNTRY

• Austria• Belgium• Bulgaria• Cyprus• Czech Republic• Denmark• Estonia• Finland• France• Germany• Greece

NATIONALITY

• Austria n

• Hungary• Ireland• Italy• Latvia• Lithuania• Luxembourg• Malta• Netherlands• Poland• Portugal• Romania• Slovakia• Slovenia• Spain• Sweden• United Kingdom

2) Ask and answer questions about the nationalities of the following brands:

– Is Armani Italian? Yes it is– Is Armani French? NO it isn't

Givenchy Volvo Zara Gucci SiemensStiegl Beer DHL Caffè Nero Olympic airways Michelin

3) Name other companies you know and their nationalities.

4) Choose the correct country.

1. Lyon is a town in (France/China/Italy)2. Madrid is the capital of (Spain/Venezuela/Mexico)3. A nickname of (England/Scotland/France) is the Perfidious Albion 4. You can see the Kremlin in (Spain/Australia/Russia)5. Green is the colour of (Japan/Ireland/Italy)6. Teheran is the capital of (Norway/Iran/China)7. Andersen is a famous storyteller from (Denmark/Italy/England)8. Venice is an attractive city in (Germany/France/Italy)9. The biggest country and island in Oceania is (Australia/Thailand/Ireland)10. Hinduism is an important religious tradition in (Irak/India/Russia)

5) Match the Country and its Capital

->Germany ->France ->Italy ->United Kingdom ->Spain ->Poland ->Romania or Rumania ->Netherlands ->Greece ->Portugal

->Paris->Berlin->Athens->Lisbon->Amsterdam->London->Bucharest->Madrid->Rome->Warsaw

>Belgium ->Czech Republic ->Hungary ->Sweden ->Austria ->Switzerland ->Bulgaria ->Denmark->Slovakia ->Finland

>Prague->Brussels->Sofia→Budapest->Helsinki->Bratislava->Stockholm ->Vienna→ Bern->Copenhagen

6) Write the correct article for each job (a/an)

Trainee

Accountant

Executive

Optician

Lawyer

Analyst

Director

Architect

Pilot

Receptionist

Personal Assistant (PA)

7) Write the jobs.1 music __m_u_si_ci_a_n _ _ 2 politics _________ 3 police _________ 4 manage _________5 journal _________ 6 reception _________7 art _________8 photograph _________9 electric _________10 post _________11 science _________

8) Match the job with the description

Job What do they do? Where do they work?

Look after the finances in an organisastion.

They work in an office.

Bake bread. They work in a bakery.

Shave men's beards and cut men's hair. They work in a barbers.

Serve drinks.They work in a bar, pub or restaurant.

Prepare and sell meat. They work in a butchers.

Clean and tidy rooms. They work in a hotel.

Prepare and cook food. They work in a kitchen.

Look after people's teeth. They work in a dentists.

Look after people's health.They work in a hospital or surgery.

Prepare and sell fish. They work in a fishmongers.

Look after passengers. They work in an airplane.

Cut and style people's hair. They work in a hair salon.

Judge and sentence people. They work in a law court.

Defend and prosecute people.They work in a law court and in a lawyers office.

Look after patients .They work in a hospital or doctor's surgery.

Look after people's eye sight. They work in an opticians.

Carry other people's bags and luggage.They work in a hotel or train station.

Meet and greet visitors. They work in reception.

Sell goods and look after customers. They work in a shop.

Arrange appointments, type letters and organise meetings.

They work in an office.

Operate on people who are sick. They work in a hospital.

Design, make, alter or repair garments,They work in factories and shops.

Teach people. They work in a school.

Organise and repair technical equipment.

They work everywhere!

Look after people's animals.They work in a veterinary surgery or vets.

Serve people food and drink. They work in a restaurant.

Weld metal to make things.They work in factories and construction.

Jobs:

Accountants /Dentists/ Fishmongers Doctors /Nurses/ Bakers/ Lawyers /Porters / Surgeons/ Waiters/Waitresses / Welders Barmen/women / Surgeons /Chefs / Butchers /Hair dressers /Receptionists / Secretaries / Technicians/ Vets Judges/ Flight attendants/Sales Assistants/Opticians / Chambermaids/ Barbers / Tailors/ Teachers

9) Fill in the blank

1. I get my _______ at the end of the month

2. This week I have a busy_______ from Monday to Friday

3. One of the benefits of this job is good ______________

4. If I work hard, I will get a ________ this year

5. I don't want a job with too many ______________

6. There are more than 1000 _________ for only 5 positions

7. Are you better at ___________ or teamwork ?

8. People with more ____________ earn higher salaries

9. Are you good at making ___________?

10. Don't say negative things about your last job at your ________

Schedule - responsibilities - qualifications – promotion - interview - decisions - leadership - applicants - health insurance - salary

10) Family/relationship survey using the verb “do”

What is your name ?

Do you have a ...............?

What do/does ...do? (job)

Where do/does .........live?

What do/does ...like to do on the weekend?

Brother / sister / friend / uncle & aunt / grandfather & mother / pet / boss

11) Talk to at least 5 different people in the class and then write about them

Example: John has a brother. He is an accountant. He lives in

Chiangmai. He likes to do gardening on the weekend.

1.______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

12) Fill in with the right family member

1. A girl/woman who has the same mother and father as I do is my________

2. A boy/man who has the same mother and father as I do is my_____

3. My father's brother is my_______

4. My father's sister is my_____________

5. The son of my father's brother is my___________

6. My mother's mother is my___________

7. My father's father is my___________

8. The man who I am married to is my________

9. The woman who I am married to is my________

10. My male child is my_________

11. My female child is my________

13) Work in pairs. Talk about your jobs and the jobs of your family and friends.

People in your family you can talk about:

Husband – Father – Son – Brother – Grandfather – Uncle - Nephew

Wife – Mother – Daughter – Sister – Grandmother – Aunt - Niece

14) Family Members

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1. You know Sarah has two children, a son and a________2. Ali's father and my father are brothers. We're________.3. I've got two brothers, Mark and Simon and a younger______called Mary.4. My sister has had a baby, so now I'm a/an_______5. There are three generations in my house. Me, my mother and father, and my______-6. I love my brother, but I don't like Sonia, his_________. They've been married for three years.7. My sister has a new boyfriend. They have been going______for 2 months..8. In England it's normal to live with your________when you are 18, but not when you are 50.9. My sister met her_____when they were at university and they got married soon after.10.My uncle and aunt live in Australia, so I don't see my__________very often.11.Everyone came to the party - my brother, his wife, and also her parents, my_______12.My father re-married, and his new wife already had one son, so I have a_________-

Your answers 1. A daughter B girl C husband D cousin2. A parents B sons C cousins D nephews3. A nephew B son C girl D sister4. A parent B uncle C cousin D grandparent5. A nephews B cousins C grandparents D uncles6. A wife B sister C daughter D girlfriend7. A through B about C in D out8. A sisters B parents C children D brothers9. A brother B step father C husband D parent10. A cousins B sisters C grandchildren D nephews11. A step parents B in-laws C outlaws D uncles12. A nephew B half-brother C brother-in-law D step brother

The simple present is used:

1. to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)

2. to give instructions or directions:You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.

3. to express fixed arrangements, present or future:Your exam starts at 09.00

4. to express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

Exercise:

1. For habitsHe ________ tea at breakfast. ( drink)She only ____ fish. ( eat)They ______ television regularly. ( watch)

2. For repeated actions or eventsWe _______the bus every morning. (catch )It ______ every afternoon in the hot season. ( rain)They _______to Monaco every summer. (drive )

3. For general truthsWater _________ at zero degrees. ( freeze)The Earth ________ around the Sun. ( revolve)Her mother _____Peruvian. (to be)

4. For instructions or directions____the packet and ________the contents into hot water. (Open /pour )You _________ the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford. ( take)

5. For fixed arrangementsHis mother ______ tomorrow. (arrive)Our holiday ______on the 26th March (start)

6. With future constructionsShe'll see you before she ________(leave).We'll give it to her when she ________(arrive).

2) A / ANUse 'a' with nouns starting with a consonant (letters that are not vowels), 'an' with nouns starting with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u)

NOTE:An before an h mute - an hour, an honour.A before u and eu when they sound like 'you': a european, a university, a unit

The indefinite article is used:

• to refer to something for the first time:An elephant and a mouse fell in love.Would you like a drink?I've finally got a good job.

• to refer to a particular member of a group or class

Exercise:

• with names of jobs:John is ___ doctor.Mary is training to be _____ engineer.He wants to be ____ dancer.

• with nationalities and religions:John is _____ Englishman.Kate is ____ Catholic.

• with musical instruments:Sherlock Holmes was playing ___ violin when the visitor arrived.(BUT to describe the activity we say "He plays the violin.")

• with names of days:I was born on ____ Thursday

• to refer to a kind of, or example of something:the mouse had _____ tiny nosethe elephant had ____ long trunkit was ____ very strange car

• with singular nouns, after the words 'what' and 'such':What ____ shame!She's such ____ beautiful girl.

• meaning 'one', referring to a single object or person:I'd like ____ orange and two lemons please.The burglar took ______ diamond necklace and _____ valuable painting.

Notice also that we usually say a hundred, a thousand, a million.

3) Question words We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).

Complete the chart giving examples

Question Word Function Example

what asking for information about something

what asking for repetition or confirmation

what...for asking for a reason, asking why

when asking about time

where asking in or at what place or position

which asking about choice

who asking what or which person or people (subject)

whom asking what or which person or people (object) Whom did you see?

whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?Whose turn is it?

why asking for reason, asking what...for

why don't making a suggestion

how asking about manner How does this work?

how asking about condition or quality

how + adj/adv asking about extent or degree ----------below

how far distance

how long length (time or space)

how many quantity (countable)

how much quantity (uncountable)

how old age

how come (informal) asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?

4) Formulate the questions according to the answers.

a. Where _ _ _ _ _ live? Roland lives in Fagersta in Central Sweden.

He works for Avesta Sandvik Tube Ltd.

b. When _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _? He usually gets up at six o'clock. He often

goes jogging and sometimes goes for a swim

c. What _ _ before work? before work.

d. When _ _ usually _ _ ? He usually starts work at eight o'clock, but

on Tuesdays he starts at seven and finishes at

e. What _ _ _ _ Tuesday? four. He has an English lesson every Tuesday

at a quarter past four.

f. What _ _ _ _ _ _ job? Roland is a computer programmer. He works

for forty hours a week in the company'

5). Present continuous, form

The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.

(The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

AffirmativeSubject + to be + base+ing

she is talking

NegativeSubject + to be + not + base+ing

she is not (isn't) talking

Interrogativeto be + subject + base+ing

is she talking?

Exercise: to go, present continuous -Complete the chart below

Affirmative Negative InterrogativeI am going I am not going Am I going?

You are going

He, she, it is going

We are going

You are going

They are going

Present Continuous, function

As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete.

The present continuous is used:

• to describe an action that is going on at this moment e.g. You are using the Internet. You are studying English grammar.

• to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend, e.g.Are you still working for the same company? More and more people are becomingvegetarian.

• to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared (See also 'Ways of expressing the future) e.g. We're going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visitingyou next winter?

• to describe a temporary event or situation, e.g. He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.

• with 'always, forever, constantly', to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions, e.g. Harry and Sally are always arguing! You're forever complaining about your mother-in-law!

BE CAREFUL! Some verbs are not used in the continuous form - see below.

Verbs that are not normally used in the continuous form

The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form, because they refer tostates, rather than actions or processes:

List of common verbs normally used in simple form:

Senses / Perceptionfeel*, hear, see*, smell, taste

Opinionassume, believe, consider, doubt, feel (= think), find (= consider), suppose, think*

Mental statesforget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand

Emotions / desiresenvy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish

Measurementcontain, cost, hold, measure, weigh

Otherslook (=resemble), seem, be (in most cases), have (when it means to possess)*

Notes:

• 'Perception' verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used with 'can': e.g.I can see...

• * These verbs may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning, compare:

• This coat feels nice and warm. (= your perception of the coat's qualities)• John's feeling much better now (= his health is improving)• She has three dogs and a cat. (=possession)• She's having supper. (= She's eating)• I can see Anthony in the garden (= perception)• I'm seeing Anthony later (= We are planning to meet)

Examples

• I wish I was in Greece now.• She wants to see him now.• I don't understand why he is shouting.• I feel we are making a mistake.• This glass holds half a litre.

Exercise: Present simple or Present continuous?

Put the verbs into the correct tense (present simple OR present continuous):

The train always ________________(1: leave) on time.

"What's the matter? Why ________________(2: cry/you)?"

That's strange. They________________(3: not to watch) TV.

He________________(4: not to speak) very good English.

Please be quiet! I________________(5: do) my homework.

Where________________(6: live/they)?

Listen! John ________________ music! (7: play)

I never ________________(8: go) to the swimming pool.

Harold Black's a famous pianist. He________________(9: give) two or three concerts every week.

6) Prepositions

A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in:

• She left before breakfast.

• What did you come for?(For what did you come?)

Preposition Rule

There is one very simple rule about prepositions. And, unlike most rules, this rule has no exceptions.

RuleA preposition is followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb.

By "noun" we include:

• noun (dog, money, love)• proper noun (name) (Bangkok, Mary)• pronoun (you, him, us)• noun group (my first job)• gerund (swimming)

A preposition cannot be followed by a verb. If we want to follow a preposition by a verb, we must use the "-ing" form which is really a gerund or verb in noun form.

Here are some examples:

Subject + verb preposition "noun"

The food is on the table.

She lives in Japan.

Tara is looking for you.

The letter is under your blue book.

Pascal is used to English people.

She isn't used to working.

I ate before coming.

Prepositions of Place: at, in, on

In general, we use:

• at for a POINT• in for an ENCLOSED SPACE• on for a SURFACE

at in on

POINT ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACE

at the corner in the garden on the wall

at the bus stop in London on the ceiling

at the door in France on the door

at the top of the page in a box on the cover

at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor

at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet

at the crossroads in a building on the menu

at the front desk in a car on a page

Exercise:

• Jane is waiting for you ___ the bus stop.• The shop is ___ the end of the street.• My plane stopped ____ Dubai and Hanoi and arrived ___Bangkok two hours late.• When will you arrive ___ the office?• Do you work ____ an office?• I have a meeting ___ New York.• Do you live ___ Japan?• Jupiter is ____ the Solar System.• The author's name is ____the cover of the book.• There are no prices ____ this menu.• You are standing ____ my foot.• There was a "no smoking" sign ____ the wall.• I live ____ the 7th floor ___ 21 Oxford Street ___ London.

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:

at in on

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at university in a boat on a ship

at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike

at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant

at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television

at the side in a row on the left, on the right

at reception in Oxford Street on the way

Fill in at, on or in

1. The headquarters of the United Nations is_______New York.

2. In the most countries people drive_____-the right.

3. I usually buy a newspaper______my way to work.

4. Last year we had a lovely skiing holiday______--the Swiss Alps.

5. San Francisco is________-the west coast of the United States.

6. She spends most of the day sitting_________-the window.

7. The report about the accident was_______the front page of the newspaper.

8. In the theatre we had seats_______the front row.

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS• on for DAYS and DATES

at in on

PRECISE TIME

MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Exercise:

• I have a meeting ____ 9am.• The shop closes ____ midnight.• Jane went home ____ lunchtime.• In England, it often snows ___ December.• Do you think we will go to Jupiter ___the future?• There should be a lot of progress _____ the next century.• Do you work ____ Mondays?• Her birthday is ____20 November.• Where will you be ____ New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time in the following standard expressions:

Expression Example

at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.

at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.

at the same time We finished the test at the same time.

at present He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in on

in the morning on Tuesday morning

in the mornings on Saturday mornings

in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons

in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last June. (not in last June)• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Exercise:

Complete the following sentences with in, on or at:

1. I'm going there ____ Monday.

2. The meeting's ____ the third of June.

3. The course starts ____ the autumn.

4. I'm going away _____ Easter.

5. She was born ___ 2002.

6. It happened ____ a Wednesday.

7. It was popular ____ the 1990s.

8. I'm going skiing _____ Christmas.

9. ____ the weekend

Exercise:

Complete the following sentences with in, on or at:

1. The course begins ______7 January and ends_______10 March.

2. I went to bed_______midnight.

3. We arrived_____5 o’ clock______the morning.

4. Mozart was born in Salzburg________-1756.

5. Are you doing anything special________the weekend?

6. Hurry up! We have to go______five minutes.

7) Simple Past: Form

Regular verbs: base+ede.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped

Irregular verbs: see list of verbs

Simple past, be, have, do:

Subject VerbBe Have Do

I was had did

You were had did

He, she, it was had did

We were had did

You were had did

They were had did

Affirmative

• I was in Japan last year• She had a headache yesterday.• We did our homework last night.

Negative and interrogative

Note:

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night. The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".

The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".

• They weren't in Rio last summer.• We hadn't any money.• We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.• We didn't do our exercises this morning.• Were they in Iceland last January?• Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?• Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Simple past, regular verbs

AffirmativeSubject verb + ed

I washed

NegativeSubject did not infinitive without to

They didn't visit ...

InterrogativeDid subject infinitive without to

Did she arrive...?

Interrogative negativeDid not subject infinitive without to

Didn't you like..?

Exercise: to walk, simple past. Complete the chart below.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I walked I didn't walk Did I walk?

You walked

He,she,it walked

We walked

You walked

They walked

Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.

Examples: Simple past, irregular verbs

to go

• He went to a club last night.• Did he go to the cinema last night?• He didn't go to bed early last night.to give

• We gave her a doll for her birthday.• They didn't give John their new address.• Did Barry give you my passport?to come

• My parents came to visit me last July.• We didn't come because it was raining.• Did he come to your party last week?2. Simple past, function

The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

• John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.• My father died last year.• He lived in Fiji in 1976.• We crossed the Channel yesterday.You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions

Examples

• frequency:often, sometimes, always;

• a definite point in time:last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.

• an indefinite point in time:the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placedafter the period of time e.g. a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Exercise:

Fill in the past form.

1. Mammoths____big animals, bigger than elephants. (be)

2. Mammoths______100 years ago. (not live)

3. Mammoths____a long time ago. (live)

4. Mammoths_____meat. They_______grass. (not eat / eat)

5. They_____two large tusks about three metres long. (have)

6. Some dinosaurs_____in the air and some______in the sea. (fly / swim)

7. He_______some milk. He______any water. (drink / not drink)

8. She only_______a pound. She______3 pounds. (spend / not spend)

9. I______some elephants. I_______any lions. (see / not see)

10. They_______in the sea, but_________in the lake. (swim / not swim)

Complete these sentences. Use the verbs below.

clean . . . die . . . enjoy . . . end . . . happen . . . live . . . open . . . play . . . rain . . . repair . . . start . . . stay . . . want . . . watch

1. Yesterday evening I___TV.

2. I only__my teeth four times last week.

3. Bruce___his mountain bike yesterday evening.

4. The concert last night___at 7.30 and___at 10 o’clock.

5. The accident___last Sunday afternoon.

6. When I was a child I___to be a doctor.

7. Mozart___from 1756 to 1791.

8. We____our holiday last week.

9. Today the weather is nice, but yesterday it_____

10. It was hot in the room, so I____the window.

11. The weather was good yesterday afternoon, so we____tennis.

12. William Shakespeare____in 1616.

Complete these sentences.

1. He always goes to work by car. Yesterday he____to work by bus.

2. They always get up early. This morning they_____up late.

3. Bill often loses his key. He____one last Saturday.

4. I write a letter to Jane every week. Last week I___two letters.

5. She meets her friends every evening. She___them yesterday evening, too.

6. I usually read two newspapers every day. I only___a newspaper yesterday.

7. They come to my house every Friday. Last Friday the____, too.

8. We usually go to the cinema on Sunday. We____to the cinema last Sunday, too.

9. Tom always has a shower in the morning. Tom____a shower this morning, too.

10. They buy a new car every year. Last year they____a new car, too.

11. I eat an orange every day. Yesterday I____two oranges.

12. We usually do our shopping on Monday. We____our shopping last Monday, too.

13. Ann often takes photos. Last weekend she____some photos.

14. We leave at 8.30 every morning. But yesterday we_____at 8.00.

LESSON 1 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

D) CASE STUDY – (1hour)DI) The EU :Herman Van RompuyDII) the Blackberry DIII) Coca-Cola

D1) Meeting Herman Van Rompuy

.

Herman Van Rompuy is the first full time President of the European Council.

He was born on 31 October 1947. Later he studied philosophy (1968) and received a master's degree in applied economics (1971).He worked at the Belgian central bank from 1972 to 1975.He is a Belgian politician who served as the 49th Prime Minister of Belgium from 30 December 2008 until 25 November 2009.

On 19 November 2009 Van Rompuy was elected by the members of the European Council as the first full time President of the European Council for the period starting from 1 December 2009 until 31 May 2012. He took up his position officially on 1 January 2010.

Van Rompuy is married to Geertrui Windels. They have 4 children: Peter (1980), Laura (1981), Elke (1983) and Thomas (1986).

His younger brother, Eric Van Rompuy, is also a politician and was a minister in the Flemish Government from 1995 to 1999. His sister,Tine Van Rompuy, is a member of the Workers Party of Belgium. He has another sister, Anita Van Rompuy, who is not politically active.His father, Vic Van Rompuy, was an economics professor.

He is a rock and roll fan, especially of US singer Elvis Presley.

1) Complete the chart below.

Name:Age;Family:Job:Interests:

2)Decide if the statements are true or false.

Herman Van Rompuy is the President of the European Council.Herman Van Rompuy was born in 1971Herman Van Rompuy studied History.Herman Van Rompuy is belgianHerman Van Rompuy is married with 4 childrenHis father was a professor.Herman Van Rompuy doesn't like Elvis Presley.

3)Work in pairs. Write 5 more questions about him. Now close your books and ask each other questions. See who can remember the most answers!

DII) THE BLACKBERRY

INTRODUCTION: Discuss these questions: • What do you know about the BlackBerry? Why is the product so popular?

Using a BlackBerry

Discuss:• Do you think it is acceptable to use a BlackBerry in a meeting?• Is it a good idea to turn your BlackBerry off when you go on holiday?

ReadingWhy is The BlackBerry so successful?

The device is very popular with executives because they can access their emails outside theoffice. It is a mobile phone with Internet access, and was introduced in 1997.It uses ‘push technology’. This means that e-mails automatically appear on the screen, andyou do not need to download them.But there is a possible problem with using The BlackBerry. It can be addictive.When an executive never turns his BlackBerry off and keeps checking it for emails, he isaddicted to it.

Answer the following questions about the text.

1. When was the BlackBerry first introduced?2. Why is it popular with executives?3. What is ‘push technology’?4. What is the possible problem with a BlackBerry?

5. What is a sign that an executive is addicted to the BlackBerry?

ReadingHow can we analyse The BlackBerry’s business model?

Research in Motion, is the Canadian company that produces the BlackBerry, the machinethat dominates the wire-less email market.In 2007, 15 million people used a Blackberry, and company revenues were over $7 billion. It isa great success but there are threats to its business.These include: increased competition from Microsoft and Apple, and patent disputes withother companies.

Answer the following questions about the text.

1. What company produces the BlackBerry?2. How many people used the BlackBerry in 2007?3. What was $7billion?4. What threats does Research in Motion have?

SWOT analysis

A SWOT analysis is a process to measure a company’s position in the market.It can be used to help a company make a decision about a proposal or plan.

The SWOT analysis template is normally presented in four sections, one for each ofthe SWOT headings:

S = Strengths

•••

W = Weaknesses

•••

O = Opportunities

•••

T =Threats

•••

Exercise: Add these points to the correct section of a business SWOT analysis.(Some points could go in two boxes).

• Reputation• Limited finances• Competitors• Weak economy• New market• Distribution• Innovative product• No patent

Reading BlackBerry’s successEXERCISE: Put the correct preposition of time in the gaps.

The BlackBerry was introduced ____1997 and ____2005, the Canadian company,Research in Motion (RIM), dominated the global market.Every year analysts say that the BlackBerry is in danger from new and better competitors but ___2005 ____2008 RIM has remained market leader with 30% ofthe global market.According to RIM, the success of BlackBerry is because of:• Great security• Good service• The battery lasts a long time_____• Simple to use • It looks goodExecutives need to be able to email anywhere and at anytime. The BlackBerryprovides this in a very simple way._____ the BlackBerry, mobile emailing was a problem for the business community.

ROLE-PLAYBackground: Choose a company, a product or a service and discuss its the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats.Role Play: In groups, create a SWOT report and then present it to the class.

DIII) COCA COLA

INTRODUCTION: Discuss these questions:• What do you know about the Coca-Cola Company?• Do you drink Coca-Cola? If no, why not?

The history of Coca Cola

Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1944). Originally intended as a patent medicine, it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton

The company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores and vending machines. Such bottlers include Coca-Cola Enterprises, which is the largest single Coca-Cola bottler in North America and western Europe. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains to major restaurants and food service distributors.

The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-Cola Vanilla, and special editions with lemon, lime or coffee.

Answer the questions:

1)How many countries sell Coca-Cola products?2)Who produces Coca-Cola?3) When was it invented?4) Who invented Coca-Cola?5) What other cola drinks are occasionally introduced?

ReadingHow did Coca-Cola become the number one brand in the world?

Its name is recognised by over 90% of the global population. Coca-Cola uses a lot ofadvertising to market the drink. This is very important. Its publicity is all about younghappy people who are having fun and it is a safe alternative to alcohol. Coca-Colasells drink products in over 200 countries, and more than 1.5 billion drinks are boughtevery day.

Answer the following questions

1. What percentage of the global population recognises Coca-Cola?2. What is very important to promote the drink?3. What is the publicity all about?4. What is Coca-Cola an alternative to?

5. How many Coke drinks are bought every day?

Reading

The Coca-Cola recipe was invented in 1885 by John Pemberton. He sold it as amedicine for headaches and depression. The company headquarters are in Atlanta,Georgia USA. The drink’s formula is a secret and only four company executivesknow it. Pepsi Co is its main competitor but Coca-Cola dominates the drinks marketby investing in a lot of advertising, and sponsoring of global events, like the OlympicGames.

1. When was Coca-Cola invented?2. What was Coca-Cola used for in the beginning?3. Where are the company’s headquarters?4. Who knows the Coca-Cola recipe?

5. How does Coca-Cola dominate the drinks market?

Match these words with their meaning and put them into the correct sentences:

1. Waste _________a. to pay money2. Worth _________b. a type or example of something3. Spend _________c. use money or time with no benefit

4. Kind __________d. the value of something in money, time or energy

5. What ______of car do you drive? A Jaguar.6. Sending everybody a letter is a _____of money.7. Coca-Cola ____a lot on publicity.

8. Do you think it is ____ applying for the job?

LESSON 1 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

E) SPEAKING AND WRITING (1hour)EI) The European Commission's weekly meetings.EII) Cultural Awareness Point: Americanisation and Role Play

EI)The European Commission's weekly meetings.

The Commission must meet at least once a week. The Commissioners meet every Wednesday in Brussels.

You are at a Wednesday meeting in Brussels and are the representative of one of the 27 memer states. First introduce yourself and then find out information about people at the meeting.

Use these words to make questions and use your imagination.

What/name? Where/ from?What /job?Where / office?How / business?

What's your name?

Make notes about the people you meet

Talk in pairs about the other people you met at the meeting.

Examples Barbara is from Germany. Her office is in Hamburrg.

WRITING

Choose two interesting people from the meeting and write a short e-mail about them to your boss.

EII) Cultural Awareness Point: Americanisation

Some people think big American companies (e.g. Coca-Cola, McDonald’s,Microsoft) dominate business and promote American culture.This has a negative impact on local and national identity.What do you think?• Do American companies influence yournational culture?• Is it a problem?• What does your country / culture promote?

Role-Play – Coca Cola

CASE STUDY: The competition, especially PepsiCo, is investing in water.Imagine Coca-Cola wants to invest in water. Does it buy a company like Evian, orcreate its own water company?

YOU HAVE A MEETING TO DISCUSS THE OPTIONS.

THE MEETING:Group One: prepare to make an offer toDanone for Evian Water.Present reasons why this is a good ideae.g. good product and market

Group Two: You want to create your ownwater company. Give reasons why this is a goodidea e.g. cheaper, own brand, new market.

LESSON 2 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

A) VOCABULARY (1hour)

1) Months and dates

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1. The date today is Friday the twenty-first_______April.2. My friends and I went to a shopping mall_______Saturday.3. I am going back to my country_____. I only have six more weeks in the UK.4. We had some sunny weather at the_____of April. But now it is raining every day.5. Today is the sixteenth so the fourteenth was____.6. We went on a holiday to Malaysia, last year____June.7. Easter is usually____the middle of March and the end of April.8. I don't remember his birthday. I think it's_____the middle of October.9. We usually have a party_____the end of December for Christmas.10.Last year my birthday was_____a Friday.11.Mother's day is usually on____in March.12.The_____is a public holiday. I think I'll go for a walk along the river. How about you?

Your answers

1. A in B of C on D by2. A in B of C on D at

3. A two months after

B the month after next

C two months later

D the month before last

4. A start B early days C first days D beginning

5. A two days after B yesterday yesterday

C before two days

D the day before yeterday

6. A in B at C on D for7. A after B between C inside D near8. A in B at C on D for9. A in B for C on D at10. A in B on C at D for

11. A the first Sunday B Sunday number one

C Sunday the first

D number one Sunday

12. A second next Monday

B later Monday C Monday after next

D after Monday

2) Describing people -(physical traits) 1

Choose the best response to complete each of the following sentences:

1. Jim is (higher/taller) than I am.

2. My sister is (lower/shorter) than I am.

3. My brother isn't fat, he's (stocky/sticky).

4. The word "skinny" is slightly more negative than the word (thinning/thin).

5. He's completely (bold/bald). He lost all of his hair years ago.

6. My sister works out every day, so she's in very good (shaped/shape).

7. He's not fat, but he has a bit of a (belly/fat).

8. He's six feet (high/tall).

9. He walks with a (limp/lump).

10. My grandfather has (trouble/problem) walking fast. (= he can't walk fast easily)

3) Describing people (physical traits) 2

Choose the best response to complete each of the following sentences:

1. My brother is (blind/blonde) in one eye. (= he can't see in one eye)

2. My sister used to (die/dye) her hair blonde.

3. My (complex/complexion) is much darker than my brother's.

4. Linda is always (tanned/tan) during the summer.

5. He's not bald, but he does have a (reducing/receding) hairline.

6. Paula is very good- (looking/viewing). (= attractive)

7. I'm out of shape. I ran for 5 minutes, and I'm already out of (breath/breathing).

8. She has shoulder- (length/long) hair.

9. Peter has a (razored/shaved) head.

10. He is a very (stylish/styling) man. (= he wears very fashionable clothes)

4) Describing people (personality)

Match the adjectives to the definition:

friendly

funny -

generous

grumpy

hard-working

honest

kind

lazy

loud

lucky

– -someone who is truthful and who doesn't cheat or steal.

- someone who shares their time or things with others.

- someone who talks really loudly.

- someone who is nice to other people.

- bad-tempered

- someone who behaves in a caring way towards other people.

-someone who often has good fortune.

- someone who works very hard.

- - an inactive person who avoids work.

- used to describe someone who is amusing.

Fill in the gap using the words above

The people in my office are really _____I love working there!

Salem is really _____He's always entertaining us with jokes and stories.

My parents are very _______They bought me a car for my birthday!.My boss is really _____ He isn't an easy person to get along with.

My brother is very ________ He hardly ever takes a day off.

Amina is a very _____ She always tells the truth.

Most of the people I've met here have been ______

Pete is very ______ He rarely gets out of bed before mid-afternoon.

Rosita is really______ When she talks, she drowns everybody else out. My brother is very______He's always winning prizes in competitions.

More adjectives.

mean - 1) Someone who is a nasty person. 2) Someone who doesn't like spending money.

moody - adjective used to describe someone who behaves differently every time you meet them.

nasty - a mean, unpleasant person. (the opposite of nice)

neat - a person who is very tidy.

nervous - someone who is easily startled by things.

nice - someone who is friendly and kind. (the opposite of nasty)

polite - someone who has good manners.

popular - somebody who is liked by many people.

quiet - used to describe someone who doesn't talk very much.

rude - bad mannered, impolite.

selfish - used to describe someone who only thinks about themselves.

serious - someone who is always very sensible (the opposite of silly).

shy - quiet and a little bit nervous around other people.

silly - someone who is a bit foolish, or who doesn't behave in a serious way.

smart - 1) someone who takes a lot of care over their appearance 2) someone who is very clever

stupid - (very negative and very impolite - sometimes used as an insult) someone who is not clever.Be careful when using this word!Using neutral adjectives to describe people is much safer.

tidy - someone who is very neat and well organised.

unlucky - someone who often suffers from bad fortune.

untidy - someone who is very messy.

vain - (negative) someone who is a bit too fond of their looks.

wise - someone with a lot of common sense and knowledge.

Fill in the gap using the adjectives above.

Abdullah is a very______boy. He always says please and thank you.

My cousin Ali is very _____ He has a lot of friends.

Nina is very______Yesterday she said hello; today she just ignored me.

Anna is a very _______ person. She gets scared easily.

My flatmate Jorge is very______and well organised. His room is always tidy.

My sister is a very ____ person. I'm the opposite; I'm really untidy!

Helen is a______person. She isn't very talkative.

Phillip is very_____.He never pays for his share of things.

I don't really know any______ people. Most people I know are very nice.

James is a very_____person. He always pushes in front of people in queues.

Jeremy is very______ He never helps out with the housework.

Eric is very______person. He never joins in when we play silly games.

My grandfather was a very _____ man. He taught me many things.

Gina is a bit _____ She messes about in class when she should be working.

Paulina is really ____. She spends far too much time looking in the mirror!

(1)Anna is very _____. She is always neatly dressed.

Sabrina is very______Things always seem to go wrong for her.

I'm a very______person. I always forget to put things away!

Claire is very _____ She doesn't speak much in class.

5) What's the Time in English?

Explanation

There are two common ways of telling the time.

Formal but easier way

Say the hours first and then the minutes.

Example: 7:45 - seven forty-five

For minutes 01 through 09, you can pronounce the '0' as oh.

Example: 11:06 - eleven (oh) six

More popular way

Say the minutes first and then the hours. Use past and the preceding hour for minutes 01 through 30. Use to and the forthcoming hour for minutes 31 through 59, but .

Example: 7.15 - fifteen minutes past seven

Example: 7.45 - fifteen minutes to eight

Another possibility of saying '15 minutes past' is: a quarter past

Another possibility of saying '15 minutes to' is: a quarter to

Another possibility of saying '30 minutes past' is: half past

Example: 5:30 - half past five

Note

Use o'clock only at the full hour.

Example: 7:00 - seven o'clock (but 7:10 - ten past seven)

In English ordinary speech, the twelve-hour clock is used.

Example: 17:20 - twenty past five

For times around midnight or midday you can use the expressions midnight or midday / noon instead of the number 12.

Example: 00:00 - midnight

Example: 12:00 - midday or noon

To make clear (where necessary) whether you mean a time before 12 o'clock noon or after, you can use in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening,at night. Use in the morning before 12 o'clock noon, after 12 o'clock noon use in the afternoon. When to change from afternoon to evening, from eveningto night and from night to morning depends on your sense of time.

Example: 3:15 - a quarter past three in the morning OR a quarter past three at night

More formal expressions to indicate whether a time is before noon or after are a.m. (also: am - ante meridiem, before noon) and p.m. (also: pm - post meridiem, after noon). Use these expression only with the formal way of telling the time.

Example: 3:15 - three fifteen a.m.

It is not usual to use a.m. and p.m. with past/to.

Example: 3:15 - fifteen minutes past three OR a quarter past three

American English

Americans often use after. (instead of past)

Example: 06:10 - ten past/after six

In time expressions with half past it is not usual to replace past by after.

Americans often use before, of, or till.

Example: 05:50 - ten to/before/of/till six

Exercise on Telling the Time

time: 17:34

time: 09:06

Time: 03:21

time: 11:03

LESSON 2 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

B) GRAMMAR & EXRCISES (2hours)

1) Forming the possessive “s”The possessive form is used with nouns referring to people, groups of people, countries, and animals. 'Belonging to' or 'ownership' is one of the relationships it expresses :

• John owns a car. ('John' is the possessor or owner)• It is John's car.

• America has some gold reserves. ('America' is the owner)• They are America's gold reserves.

It can also express other relationships, for example:

where someone works or studies or spends time:

• John goes to this school. This is John's school.• John sleeps in this room. This is John's room.a family relationship:

• John's mother• The Queen's daughterqualities:

• John's patience.• The politician's hypocrisy.

Form

To form the possessive, add 's ('apostrophe -s') to the noun.If the noun is plural, or already ends in -s, just add:' (an apostrophe).

For names ending in -s:In speaking we add the sound /z/ to the name, but in writing it is possible to use either 's or just '. The 's form is more common. e.g. Thomas's book, James's shop.

Exercise:

• The car of John =_____________car.• The room of the girls =________room.• Clothes for men =_____________clothes.• The sister of Charles =___________sister.• The boat of the sailors =____________boat.

There are also some fixed expressions where the possessive form is used:

Time expressions Other expressionsa day's work For God's sake!a fortnight's holiday a pound's worth of apples.a month's pay the water's edgetoday's newspaper a stone's throw away (= very near)in a year's time at death's door (= very ill) in my mind's eye (= in my imagination)

The possessive is also used to refer to shops, restaurants, churches and colleges, using the name or job title of the owner.

Exercise: use these words in sentences

the grocer's the doctor's the vet'sthe newsagent's the chemist's Smith'sthe dentist's Tommy Tucker's Luigi'sSaint Mary's Saint James's

1. Example: Shall we go to Luigi's for lunch?

2) The possesives: adjectives and pronouns

Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives show who the thing belongs to.

PERSON ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS

1st (I) my mine

2nd (you) your yours

3rd (he) his his

(she) her hers

(it) it its

Plural1st (we) our ours

2nd (you) your yours

3rd (they) their theirs

NOTE: In English, possessive adjectives and pronouns refer to the possessor, not the object or person that is possessed.

Exercise

• Jane's brother is married to John's sister.• ______brother is married to____sister.• Peter and ____ sister.• Jane and _____father.

• Do you know where _____books are?• Is this their picnic? No, it is_____(we)• I think this is ____ (you) passport. Yes, it is _____(I)

Fill in the blank with the correct pronoun.

1. What’s the boy’s name? name is Ben Scott.

2. Debbie has got a dog. dog is very lively.

3. The dog is very lively. name is Ben.

4. We are at school. school is very nice.

5. I have got a new laptop. laptop is white.

6. I'm from Chester. Most of friends are from Chester, too.

7. The Guptas have got a restaurant. restaurant is great.

8. The rabbit is white. cage is in the garden.

9. You are not English. name is not an English name.

10. Sandra and Jenny are friends. school is in Chester.

11. The Scotts have got a new car. car is blue.

12. Emma Peel has got a brother. name is Paul.

13. Nick Baker has got a sister. name is Debbie.

14. Yes, we have got a dog. dog is very old.

15. The Snows have got a tortoise. name is Trundle.

3) The quantifiers

GRADED QUANTIFIERS

They function like comparatives and hold a relative position on a scale of increase ordecrease.

INCREASE From 0% to 100%

With plural countable nouns:

many more most

With uncountable nouns:

much more most

DECREASE From 100% to 0%

With plural countable nouns:

few fewer fewest

With uncountable nouns:

little less least

Exercise

• There are___________people in England,____ in India, but the____people live in China.• ____time and money is spent on education,____ on health services but____is spent on national

defence.• _____rivers in Europe are not polluted.• _____people die young now than in the seventeenth century.

• The country with____people per square kilometre must be Australia.• Scientists have _____hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before the year 2,000.• She had____time to study than Paul but had better results.• Give that dog the_____opportunity and it will bite you.

FEW/LITTLE

These expressions show the speaker's attitude towards the quantity he/she is referring to.

A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in apositive way:

Examples

• "I've got a few friends" (= maybe not many, but enough)• "I've got a little money" (= I've got enough to live on)

Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:

Examples

• Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors)• He had little money (= almost no money)

QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Adjectives and adjectival phrases that describe quantity are shown below. Some can only go withcountable nouns (friends, cups, people), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (sugar, tea, money, advice). The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Only withuncountable nouns

With uncountableand countable nouns

Only withcountable nouns

How much? How much? or How many? How many?a little no/none a fewa bit (of) not any a number (of)- some (any) severala great deal of a lot of a large number ofa large amount of plenty of a great number of- lots of -

+ noun

Note: much and many are used in negative and question forms.

Examples

• How much money have you got?• How many cigarettes have you smoked?• There's not much sugar in the cupboard.• There weren't many people at the concert.

They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as :There were too many people at the concert - we couldn't see the band.It's a problem when there are so many people.There's not so much work to do this week.

In positive statements, we use a lot of:Examples

• I've got a lot of work this week.• There were a lot of people at the concert.

SOME AND ANY

Some and any are used with countable and uncountable nouns, to describe an indefinite or incomplete quantity.

Some is used in positive statements

Some is also used in questions where we are sure about the answer

Some is used in situations where the question is not a request for information, but a method of making a request, encouraging or giving an invitation

Any is used in questions and with not in negative statements

Exercise

• I had_____rice for lunch• He's got____books from the library.• Did he give you______ tea? (= I'm sure he did.)• Is there______fruit juice in the fridge? (= I think there is)• Could I have_____books, please?• Why don't you take_____books home with you?• Would you like_____books?• Have you got____tea?• He didn't give me_____tea.• I don't think we've got______coffee left.• I will have_____news next week.• She has____valuable books in her house.• Philip wants_____help with his exams.• There is_____butter in the fridge.

• We need_____cheese if we want to make a fondue.• Would you like_____help?• Will you have_____more roast beef?• She doesn't want______kitchen appliances for Christmas.• They don't want___help moving to their new house.• No, thank you. I don't want_____more cake.• There isn't ____reason to complain.• Do you have_____friends in London?• Have they got______children?• Do you want_____groceries from the shop?• Are there_____problems with your work?

Compound nouns made with SOME, ANY and NO

Some +-thing -body -one -whereAny +

No +Compound nouns with some- and any- are used in the same way as some and any.

Exercise

Positive statements:

• _______is sleeping in my bed.• He saw_______in the garden.• I left my glasses______in the house.Questions:

• Are you looking for______? (= I'm sure you are)• Have you lost________? (= I'm sure you have)• Is there______to eat? (real question)• Did you go___________last night?Negative statements:

• She didn't go_______last night.• He doesn't know_______here.

NOTICE that there is a difference in emphasis between nothing, nobody etc. and not ... anything, not ... anybody:

• I don't know_________about it. (= neutral, no emphasis)• I know_________about it (= more emphatic, maybe defensive)

SOMETHING, SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE

• I have_________to tell you.• There is_________ to drink in the fridge.

• He knows__________ in New York• Susie has__________ staying with her.• They want to go________hot for their holidays.• Keith is looking for__________to live.

ANYBODY, ANYTHING, ANYWHERE

• Is there__________who speaks English here?• Does_________have the time?• Is there_________to eat?• Have you________to say?• He doesn't have__________ to stay tonight.• I wouldn't eat__________except at Maxim's.

NOBODY, NOTHING, NOWHERE

• There is_________ in the house at the moment• When I arrived there was_______- to meet me.• I have learnt _____since I began the course.• There is__________ to eat.• There is________ as beautiful as Paris in the Spring.• Homeless people have __________to go at night.

ANY can also be used in positive statements to mean 'no matter which', 'no matter who', 'no matter what':

• You can borrow ______- of my books.• They can choose _____ from the menu.• You may invite_________ to dinner, I don't mind.

Enough + NounEnough is placed before the noun, to indicate the quantity required or necessary:

Examples

• There is enough bread for lunch.• She has enough money.

Enough is also used with adjectives and adverbs -

Examples

• We didn't have enough time to visit London Bridge.• Are there enough eggs to make an omelette?• Richard has enough talent to become a singing star.

Exercise

Choose. Some or any?

Kate: Do you have any/some brothers or sisters?John: No, I don't, but I have some/any cousins that love me like a real brother! Mark: Are there some/any cinemas in this city? I really want to go to the movies!Lisa: No, there aren't. But I have some/any movies at home if you want! Rachel: I have some/any cereal every morning, it is good for my health.Derek: I hate cereal! Mary: Do you have some/any idea of how to do this exercise?Peter: No, I have no idea, but my mum gave any/some books to study, maybe the answer is there! Amy: Can you give me any/some of your posters? You have a lot of them!Claire: No, they are all mine. I can't give you any/some poster! But I can give you any/some old magazines I have...Amy: No, thanks. You are so selfish...

Exercise

Choose: A little or a few?

1. Julia ate a little/a few rice, she wasn't very hungry.2. Mike ate a little/a few chips, he wasn't very hungry.3. I have a little/a few cousins that speak French, the rest of them only speak English.4. She found a little/a few cookies under her bed.5. I need a little/a few water to feel better, that's all.6. I want to save a little/a few money to buy a present for my mother.7. Robert gave me a little/a few coins to buy a sweater, it is not enough!8. Ashley needs a little/a few sugar for the cake!9. My dad says that I have to learn a little/a few words in German, because we are going there for holidays.10. Peter saw a little/a few girls running across the field. Exercise

Choose: Much or many? 1. There are much/many students who want to work in our school.2. Claire has much/many brothers but only one sister.3. I don't have much/many time, I can't wait for you.4. Tom works much/many hours every day, that is why he is always tired.5. Lisa doesn't drink much/many water when she eats.6. They have much/many rooms in their house, it is very very big.7. How much/many apples did you buy?8. How much/many money do you have to buy the TV?9. People don't write much/many letters nowadays, they use e-mails instead.10. I think it is too much/many salt for my taste.

Exercise

Mixed quantifiers

In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few

1. It seems to me that we haven't had assignments in English this term.

2. How material can we be expected to read in one week?

3. I've unfortunately had headaches already because of stress.

4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too weeds.

5. I didn't use fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference.

6. Also, I've paid very attention to how rain we've had.

7. I'm afraid it's rained times this summer, and that is why the grass is turning brown and dying. Farmers are very upset.

8. How good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves? .

9. of the advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been useless.

10. They said that just help could make a big difference.

11. people know as much about computers as Tomas does.

12. It does us good when the banking system collapses.

4) Modals: Can, Could, Be able to

Can and could are modal auxiliary verbs. Be able to is NOT an auxiliary verb (it uses the verb be as a main verb). We include be able to here for convenience.

We look at these three verbs:

• Can• Could• Be able to

Can is a modal verb.

Can is used to express ability or to say that something is possible.

Can is the same for all subjects. We don't add an 'S' in the third person (like other verbs)

The verb that comes after Can is in the infinitive without to:

• I can speak Spanish. (= it is possible for me to speak Spanish = I have the ability to speak Spanish)

• He can swim well.• We can see my neighbour in the garden.• They can play the guitar.

Negative

To form the negative we add "not" after can to form one word: cannot.We can also contract the negative to form can't. (can't = cannot)

• I cannot play the piano. We can't go to the cinema tonight.• She cannot speak French very well. He can't drive a car.

Questions

To from the question we change the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb.

The main verb is still in the infinitive without to.

• Where can I buy an ice-cream?• Can I go to the party, please?• Can you speak Japanese?• What can we do on Saturday?

Remember that you can use short answers:

• Can I sit here please? Yes, you can.• Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't.

Impersonal CanSometimes You can and Can you…? are impersonal and refer to people in general.

• You can see many stars at night from here. (= people in general can see many stars)

It doesn't necessarily refer to you but people in general.

• You can't run naked in the middle of the street.

Not necessarily saying YOU can't run naked in the middle of the street but in general it is not possible for anyone.

CouldCould is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use could to:

• talk about past possibility or ability• make requests

Structure of Could

subject + could + main verb

The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to").

subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ My grandmother could swim.

- Shecould not

walk.couldn't

? Could your grandmother swim?

Notice that:

• Could is invariable. There is only one form of could.• The main verb is always the bare infinitive.

The main verb is always the bare infinitive. We cannot say:

Use of Could

could: Past Possibility or Ability

We use could to talk about what was possible in the past, what we were able or free to do:

• I could swim when I was 5 years old.• My grandmother could speak seven languages.• When we arrived home, we could not open the door. (...couldn't open the door.)• Could you understand what he was saying?

We use could (positive) and couldn't (negative) for general ability in the past. But when we talk about one special occasion in the past, we use be able to (positive) and couldn't (negative). Look at these examples:

Past

General Specific Occasion

+ My grandmother could speak Spanish. A man fell into the river yesterday. The police were able to save him.

- My grandmother couldn't speak Spanish.

A man fell into the river yesterday. The police couldn't save him.

could: Requests

We often use could in a question to ask somebody to do something. The use of could in this way is fairly polite (formal):

• Could you tell me where the bank is, please?• Could you send me a catalogue, please?

Exercise

Complete the following sentences with can, can’t, could, couldn’t.

1. ____I help you?2. You ___smoke in the office. It’s not permitted.3. The manager _____open the office door. It was locked4. Where ____I buy the Harry Potter book?

5. You _____ask Paul to help you. He ____speak German.

Exercise

Use the phrases can, can’t, could, couldn’t to replace the underlinedwords. E.g. Is it possible to meet the manager? Can / Could I meet the manager?1. When you checked the report, did you understand it?2. Do you know how to operate the machine?3. Was it possible for you to work last Monday?4. I suggest we watch the Harry Potter film tonight.

5. I am unable to write the report before Friday. It’s impossible.

Be able toAlthough we look at be able to here, it is not a modal verb. It is simply the verb be plus an adjective (able) followed by the infinitive. We look at be able to here because we sometimes use it instead ofcan and could.

We use be able to:

• to talk about ability

Structure of Be able to

The structure of be able to is:

subject + be + able + infinitive

subjectbemain verb

ableadjective infinitive

+ I am able to drive.

- Sheis not

able to drive.isn't

? Are you able to drive?

Notice that be able to is possible in all tenses, for example:

• I was able to drive...• I will be able to drive...• I have been able to drive...

Notice too that be able to has an infinitive form:

• I would like to be able to speak Chinese.

Use of Be able toBe able to is not a modal auxiliary verb. We include it here for convenience, because it is often used like "can" and "could", which are modal auxiliary verbs.

be able to: ability

We use be able to to express ability. "Able" is an adjective meaning: having the power, skill or means to do something. If we say "I am able to swim", it is like saying "I can swim". We sometimes use "be able to" instead of "can" or "could" for ability. "Be able to" is possible in all tenses - but "can" is possible only in the present and "could" is possible only in the past for ability. In addition, "can" and "could" have no infinitive form. So we use "be able to" when we want to use other tenses or the infinitive. Look at these examples:

• I have been able to swim since I was five. (present perfect)• You will be able to speak perfect English very soon. (future simple)• I would like to be able to fly an airplane. (infinitive)

Exercise

Fil in the blank with can/able to

1 _______he understand what you were talking about?

2 My sister_________play tennis now.

3 I________walk when I was less than a year old.

4 (Polite) ______you tell me what time it is, please?

5 My grandfather________walk without any help last night.

6 I would like to ____________ play the piano.

7 How long have you _________drive?

8 I'll__________help you later.

9 Can you help me? I_________ never understand this.

10 Will Man___________ live forever one day?

Write the phrases in brackets in their correct forms into the gaps.

Example: Yesterday I _____________ a film, today I can't. (can/to watch)

Answer: Yesterday I could watch a film, today I can't.1) Last week we_____swimming, this week we can't. (can/to go)2) Maybe the Smiths_____a new house next year. (can/to build)3) If you try hard, you______your examinations. (can/to pass)4) When I was five, I_____(not/can/to swim)5) Dennis______the trumpet after four months. (can/to play)6) Luke has passed his driving test, now he_____ a car. (can/to drive)7) For three weeks I____to him on the phone. (not/can/to speak)8) Alex__his homework when his desk is in such a mess(not/can/to do)9) They were so busy, they___me a text message. (not/can/to write)10) Lisa____her dress. She can wear it again. (can/to clean)

5) Modals: Have to, Must, Must not/Mustn'tMust is a modal auxiliary verb.

Have to is NOT an auxiliary verb (it uses the verb have as a main verb). We include have to here for convenience.

We look at these two verbs:

• Have to (objective obligation) • Must (subjective obligation) • Must not/Mustn't (prohibition)

Have to (objective obligation)We often use have to to say that something is obligatory, for example:

• Children have to go to school.

Structure of Have to

Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, "have" is a main verb. The structure is:

subject + auxiliary verb + have + infinitive (with to)

Look at these examples in the simple tense:

subject auxiliary verb main verb have infinitive (with to)

+ She has to work.

- I do not have to see the doctor.

? Did you have to go to school?

Use of Have toIn general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the Law or school rules). Have to is objective. Look at these examples:

• In France, you have to drive on the right.• In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.• John has to wear a tie at work.

In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea. The obligation is imposed from outside.

We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We conjugate it just like any other main verb. Here are some examples:

subject auxiliary verb main verb have infinitive

past simple I had to work yesterday.

present simple I have to work today.

future simple I will have to work tomorrow.

present continuous She is having to wait.

present perfect We have had to change the time.

modal (may) They may have to do it again.

Must (subjective obligation)We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary, for example:

• I must go.

Structure of Must

Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure is:

subject + must + main verb

The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without "to").

Look at these examples:

subject auxiliary must main verb

I must go home.

You must visit us.

We must stop now.

Like all auxiliary verbs, must CANNOT be followed by to. So, we say:

• I must go now. (not *I must to go now.)

Use of MustIn general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples:

• I must stop smoking.• You must visit us soon.• He must work harder.

In each of the above cases, the "obligation" is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it is not a real obligation. It is not imposed from outside.

It is sometimes possible to use must for real obligation, for example a rule or a law. But generally we use have to for this.

We can use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these examples:

• I must go now. (present)• I must call my mother tomorrow. (future)

We cannot use must to talk about the past. We use have to to talk about the past.

Must not, Mustn't (prohibition)We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed, for example:

• Passengers must not talk to the driver.

Structure of Must not

Must is an auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure for must not is:

subject + must not + main verb

The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without "to").

Must not is often contracted to mustn't.

Look at these examples:

subject auxiliary must + not main verb

I mustn't forget my keys.

You mustn't disturb him.

Students must not be late.

NB: like all auxiliary verbs, must CANNOT be followed by "to". So, we say:

• You mustn't arrive late. (not You mustn't to arrive late.)

Use of Must notMust not expresses prohibition - something that is not permitted, not allowed. The prohibition can be subjective (the speaker's opinion) or objective (a real law or rule). Look at these examples:

• I mustn't eat so much sugar. (subjective)• You mustn't watch so much television. (subjective)• Students must not leave bicycles here. (objective)• Policemen must not drink on duty. (objective)

We can use must not to talk about the present or the future:

• Visitors must not smoke. (present)• I mustn't forget Tara's birthday. (future)

We cannot use must not to talk about the past. We use other structures to talk about the past, for example:

• We were not allowed to enter.• I couldn't park outside the shop.

Exercise

Fill in the blank

1 Yesterday I ______finish my Geography project.

2 She will_________ wait in line like everyone else.

3 All employees________ on time for work.

4 We _________ forget to take the chicken out of the freezer.

5 If you are under 13 you_______ to get your parents' permission.

6 Your daughter may _______ try on a few different sizes.

7 The doctor ________ get here as soon as he can.

8 Do you ______ work next weekend?

9 Bicyclists ______ remember to signal when they turn.

10 Angela, you _____ leave your clothes all over the floor like this.

Exercise

Fil in the blank: mustn't / don't have to

It is forbidden. You ______ do that.

You ______ ask my permission. You can do what you want.

You ______ speak to the driver when the bus is moving. It's dangerous.

Help yourself to anything you want. You ______ ask.

You ______ park here. There is a double yellow line.

Pay me back when you can. You ______ do it immediately.

It's optional. We ______ to go if you don't want to.

I'll tell you a secret. You ______ tell anybody else. Promise?

Whatever you do, you ______ click with the right mouse button or the program will crash.

Be on time. You ______ be late or we will leave without you.

He's a millionaire. He ______ work but he does because he enjoys it.

I like Saturdays because I ______ go to work.

This is very important. You ______ forget what I said.

It's very infomal here. You ______ wear a tie unless you want to.

The train is direct. You ______ change trains.

In boxing, you ______ hit your opponent below the belt.

I ______ wear a suit at work on Fridays. It's 'dressing down day".

In athletics, you ______ start before the gun is fired.

In bridge, you ______ look at other people's cards.

You ______ be mad to work here but it helps.

LESSON 2 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

D) CASE STUDY – (1hour)DI)ROLEX

DII) RAY BAN

DI)Rolex

INTRODUCTION

Look at these pictures of Rolex watches. Can you see any difference?How can you spot a fake Rolex?Would you buy a fake Rolex? Why, why not?

Match the words (1-8) with their meaning (a-h)e.g. A fake = A false product

1. A watch _____________a. A marque2. A status symbol _______b. Company emblem3. A brand ______________c. A clock for the hand4. Wear ________________d. The money we pay to the government5. Tax _________________e. An object that shows you have a lot of money6. Jewellery ____________f. To recognise7. Logo _______________g. Ornaments for the body

8. To spot __________h. To put on your body

Gap fill exercise: put the correct words (1-8 above) into the gaps.e.g. Is it a real Rolex or a fake?

1. I like the Rolex and Moet Chandon ______.2. In England we pay a lot of _____.3. Bentley is a _______ _______4. I can _____my Rolex in the swimming pool.

5. The Rolex is ______ a crown.6. I like to wear _____. A watch, a necklace, a bracelet and a ring.7. My ______cost $10,000.

8. I didn’t ______the fake watch, did you?

Reading 1: Rolex

Rolex is a manufacturer of high-quality, luxury watches. The company is based in Geneva,Switzerland. Rolex watches are a status symbol and people like to wear the jewellerybecause it is exclusive, but you need a lot of money to buy a genuine Rolex. The companyhas a global reputation and in 2010 it was 68th in the list of international brands. A lot offamous people wear a Rolex watch. Rolex produces around 2,000 watches each day,with revenues of over $3 billion a year.

Comprehension Questions. Answer in your own words

1. Where is the company based?2. Why do people like to wear a Rolex?3. What position did Rolex have in 2010?4. How many Rolex watches are produced each day?

5. What are company revenues?

Reading 2: How to spot a fake Rolex

Read text and answer the questions:

The best ways to spot a fake Rolex are:• Check the Serial number, Model number and Caseback ID. These are the verificationmethods professional jewellers use.• Clear casebacks - Rolex does not make watches with clear casebacks.• Engraved casebacks - Rolex does not engrave any logo on their casebacks.• Hologram - A new Rolex watch has a 3-D hologram sticker on the caseback.• Date Magnification - All genuine Rolex watches magnify the date by 2.5x and themagnification window is not squashed.

Questions:1. What methods do professional jewellers use to identify a Rolex watch?2. Do Rolex watches have clear casebacks?3. Does a real Rolex have an engraved caseback?4. What do Rolex watches have on the caseback?

5. What date magnification does a real Rolex have?

Time ExpressionsPut these time expressions into the gaps in their correct form:late - on time - delay - early – with you soon - waite.g. We were late because there was a lot of traffic.

1. We arrived twenty minutes____ for the presentation and had time for a coffee.2. It is important to be____ for the meeting with the director.3. There was a ____with the order.4. Can you _____a few minutes? I will be .

5. She arrived two hours _____and missed the meeting.

DII) RAY-BAN

INTRODUCTION

Discuss these questions:

Are sunglasses a status symbol? What do you know about Ray-Ban sunglasses?

To wear / To put on / To take offIn English we use the verb to wear for clothes and accessories (sunglasses etc.).

E.g. She is wearing a blue jacket and sunglasses. I wore a hat yesterdayTo take off means remove clothes or accessories, and to put on means add clothesor accessories.E.g. I took off my sunglasses and put on a red shirt.

EXERCISE: Add the correct word (past / present / future) to the gaps below.E.g. She is wearing Ray-Ban sunglasses now.

1. I _____off my Ray-Bans when I arrived at the office.2. I think I _____on a suit for the meeting tomorrow.3. Last night I _____on my pyjamas and went to bed.4. I always ____off my shoes when I enter the house.5. I never ____sunglasses in the cinema.6. Today, he ____a blue shirt.7. Please ____your coat ____and give it to me.

8. The manager ____his shoes and ____his boots because of the rain.

Possessive ‘s’ - The genitiveIn English, when we want to show that something belongs to somebody we usuallyadd ‘s to a noun - for example:• I stayed at my friend’s house (not: I stayed at the house of my friend)• I met the president’s wife (not: the wife of the president)We do not use the ‘s for plurals.• Lots of potatoes not lots of potatoe’s

• The 1980s not the 1980’sWe normally use of … for things and places. E.g.• The beginning of the film (not: the film’s beginning)• What is the name of this city? (Not: what is this city’s name?)

Exercise: Change these sentences if they are not correcte.g. I drive the car of my sister (wrong) I drive my sister’s car (correct)

1. Do you like my computer’s colour?2. The garden of my brother is very small.3. What is George’s favourite colour?4. The car stopped at the street’s end.5. The house of Diana is very big.6. Are you going to Ursula’s party?7. Look at the page’s top.8. The job of my manager is very interesting.9. It’s Andrew’s pen.10. Sarah is the sister of Paul

Exercise: put the paragraphs into the correct order.Ray-Ban’s style history

A. Ray-Ban sunglasses are stylish because celebrities wear them, but they are alsogood quality and practical.B. In the 1940s, Ray-Ban was contracted by the US Air Force to develop aviatorglasses for its pilots.C. Ray-Ban Aviators change with fashion. They were bright and colourful in the1960s, they had big lens in the 1970s, and were sporty in the 1980s.D. Ray-Ban uses celebrities to promote their sunglasses. Tom Cruise, AudreyHepburn, Michael Jackson and Madonna are some of the famous people whowear Ray-Bans.E. The Polaroid glasses had large lenses and were two or three times the size of theeye. The important objective of these glasses was to protect the eyes from thesun.F. The optical company Bausch and Lomb started to produce Ray-Ban sunglassesin 1936. The company was the first to use polarized technology.

Number

123456

Letter

ReadingRay-Ban 1

Ray-Ban is a manufacturer of sunglasses, founded in 1937 by the Americancompany Bausch & Lomb.Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses were originally developed for United States militarypilots to provide total protection from the sun’s rays.The Ray-Ban soon became a cool style of sunglasses.Hollywood film stars wear Ray-Ban sunglasses including: Tom Cruise, Will Smith andMadonna.Even President Barack Obama’s sunglasses are Ray-Bans.In 1999, Bausch & Lomb sold the Ray-Ban brand to the Italian Luxottica Group for$1.2 billion. The sunglasses’ market is worth $3billion every year.

Answer the following questions.

1. When was the Ray-Ban company founded?2. Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses were originally developed for …3. What do Aviator sunglasses provide?4. What famous people wear Ray-Bans?

5. What price did Luxottica Group pay for Ray-Ban?

ReadingRay-Ban 2

But what makes Ray-Ban a cool product? And why do they cost over $100?

After the Aviator sunglasses Ray-Ban introduced the Wayfarer design in the 1950’s.These were made from plastic instead of the metal sunglasses available at that time.Film stars, Audrey Hepburn and James Dean wore Wayfarer sunglasses and it madethe brand very attractive to young people. Sales increased dramatically.In the 1980s Ray-Ban promoted its sunglasses in popular movies and TV shows likeThe Blues Brothers and Miami Vice, and a new generation of young people started tobuy Ray-Bans.The company’s marketing strategy is to produce cool designs and get cool celebritiesto wear them. This business plan is a great success.

Answer the following questions.

1. How much do Ray-Ban sunglasses cost?2. Why were Wayfarer sunglasses different to other sunglasses?3. Which film stars wore Wayfarers in the 1950s?4. What did Ray-Ban do in the 1980s?5. What is the company’s marketing strategy?

LESSON 2 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

E) SPEAKING AND WRITING – (1hour)EI) Speaking practice with the simple past EII) Cultural Awareness Point: Eye contact and To be on time

EI) Speaking practice

In pairs, ask your partner:

• What did you do yesterday?• Where did you go last week?• What did you eat for breakfast?• What did you buy yesterday?• When did you come here?• Describe your first job?• When did you last go on holiday?• Where did you go on holiday?• What was your holiday like? (describe it)

EII) Cultural Awareness Point:

1)Eye contactIn some cultures, eye contact indicates honesty; in other cultures it is disrespectful.• What is the habit in your culture?• Do you think eye contact is important?• What happens if the person is wearing sunglasses?

2) To be on timeIn Britain, it is important to be on time for a meeting or an interview. It is not politeto be late. However, it is normal to be a little late (30 minutes) for a party.Discuss these questions:• Is this the same in your culture / country?• Do you think it is impolite to be 10 minutes late for a meeting or is it OK?• When is it important to be on time?

ROLE-PLAYRay-Ban needs to introduce more cool products and wants to havealternatives to sunglasses.In groups, think of other cool products that Ray-Ban can develop.Present your ideas and talk about options.

WritingWrite a short text about your classmates' ideas

LESSON 3 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

A) VOCABULARY (1hour)

1) Clothes

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1. These new______are too small! My feet hurt.2. It's raining. Take your_____when you go out3. Wear a____on your head when the sun is very strong.4. It was late, so I____my clothes off and got into bed.5. Women today can wear trousers or_____to work.6. At some schools the children all wear a/an_____. Then they all look the same.7. In many office jobs, men wear_____to work.8. In winter, when it's cold, I sometimes wear a/an____under my shirt to keep warm.9. I don't like jeans. So I always wear____.10.Men have shirts, and women have____.11.I have breakfast in my pyjamas, then I get____and go to school.12.My trousers are very big. I need a_____.

Your answers 1. A trousers B shoes C shirts D glasses2. A tie B jumper C coat D shoes3. A hat B shirt C coat D pocket4. A made B wore C took D put5. A shirts B jackets C hats D skirts6. A tracksuit B overall C costume D uniform7. A suits B pyjamas C vests D costumes8. A jacket B jumper C top D vest9. A trousers B socks C pockets D sandals10. A buttons B blouses C cardigans D gloves11. A put B worn C taken D dressed12. A bra B belt C sock D tie

Buying Clothes

Size

Size Shoe size Head measurement Collar size

Small Medium Large Extra large

Patterns

Plain Printed Embroidered Checked

Flowered

Pleated Spotted / polka dot

Striped

StylesElegant Smart Formal Casual

Sloppy Simple Sober Loud / Gaudy

Fashionable Old fashioned Made-to-measure Low-cut

Fashion

Haute couture Ready-to-wear Winter collection Summer collection

Work in pairs.Describe the clothes you are wearing today using the vocabulary above.

Write the word in brackets.

1. It is tied or buckled around the body ( T E B L ) .

2. It contains a lot of things and personal articles ( H B D A G A N ) .

3. It covers my head ( A H T ) .

4. It is a decorative cloth for the neck, shoulders or head ( F C R S A ) .

5. They protect my eyes from the sun ( N S A S L E S U S G ) .

6. It protects from rain ( L L U A B R M E ) .

7. They cover the hands and wrists ( V L G S E O ) .

8. It is an ornament on or hanging from the ear lobes ( G A R R E I N ) .

9. Often set with jewels we wear it on our fingers ( G R I N ) .

10. It is a decorative piece hanging around the neck ( N E C K A C L E ) .

11. It is an ornamental chain or band encircling the wrist ( B T R A E E L C ) .

12. It is strapped to the wrist ( H W R T A S W I T C ) .

2) FOOD

What do you eat for_____ ?

BREAKFAST ________________________

LUNCH ____________________________

DINNER ________________________

DESSERT _____________________

BEVERAGE ____________________

Choose the right word from the box below.

kiwi - cabbage - carrot - strawberry - orange - peach – apple - potato – watermelon -banana

1. Bunnies like it a lot. ___________2. The main ingredient of the French fries._________3. It is a red little berry. ____________4. Eat one a day and it will keep the doctor away___________5. It is round and it is also the name of a colour __________6. In some cultures, people say babies grow in it. ________7. The favourite of the monkey ___________8. That fruit comes from as far as New Zealand ______9. A big fruit full of water _________10. This fruit grows in a tree and has a soft skin _______

Where can you buy these things? Choose the right word below each sentence.

1. There we can buy something that French people like, bread : at the_______

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops.

2. The baker often sells pastries too ; in this case his shop can also be called a_____

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops.

3. A very important food that brings us proteins, meat, is bought at the_____

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops.

4. Children love__________where candies are sold.

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops,

5. A place, often in a farm, where we can buy milk, cheese and cream is a____

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops.

6. In a______ we can find food that is not sold everywhere, for example rare spices, cocoa or food for a diet.

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops,

7. If we need fish or seafood, we go to a_____

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops.

8. At a_____ we can buy any food we want.

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops,

9. When we have guests at home, we like offering them good wines : we also go in a_______

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops.

10. We must go to a______ when we like good fruits and vegetables.

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops,

11. A____is a place, indoor or outdoor, where we can buy food directly from the producer.

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops,

12. All people go to the_______to buy usual produces we need because it's cheaper there.

baker's butcher's cake shop dairy delicatessen fishmonger's greengrocer's grocer's market off-licence supermarket sweet shops

Describe your kitchen using the vocabulary below.

The kitchen cupboardThe sinkThe tap (UK)The faucet (US)The fridgeThe (deep) freezerThe dishwasherThe stoveThe cooker hoodThe ovenThe microwave ovenThe mixerThe blenderThe handheld mixerThe meat mincerThe toasterThe coffee makerThe kettleThe teapotThe colanderThe stewpanThe pressure cookerThe deep fryerThe saucepanThe frying pan

The dishes - dishwareThe plateThe carafeThe glassThe cupThe saucerThe bowlThe salad bowlKitchen utensilsA graterA tin /can openerA corkscrewA bottle openerA funnelA lemon squeezerA scaleA baking /cake tinA vegetable peelerA whiskA chopping boardA spatulaA skimmerA soup ladleA rolling pincutleryA knifeA forkA soup spoonA dessert spoonA tea spoonKitchen linenA kitchen apronA tea towel (UK)A dish towel (US)An oven mitt

LESSON 3 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

B) GRAMMAR & EXRCISES (2hours)

1) ImperativesImperatives are used to give orders or suggestions.

For example: "Come here!" or "Have a cookie".

Imperatives almost always have no subject, and the second person is usually implied as the subject instead. For example "Come here!" implies the subject "(you) Come here!".

Here are some of the situations you can use imperatives.

OrdersClose the door! - Stand up! - Sit down! - Open your books!

InstructionsTo make a cup of coffee:- Boil some water- Put some coffee in a cup- Add some water- Drink the coffee.

DirectionsTo go to the bankTurn left at Orchard Street, and then go straight.Offers and Invitations- Have some tea- Come over to our house sometime.

Let'sThe verb let is often used as an imperative to give strong suggestions. Let's is a contraction of let us. For example:- Let's go home!- Let's watch a movie!

Match the statements and responses

There's a problem with the car.

I'm thirsty.

This room is very hot

These exercises are difficult.

I'm bored.

I haven't got a pen.

Ask the teacher to help you.

Read a book.

Have a glass of water.

Take the bus.

Open the window.

Turn on the radiator.

Use a pencil.

I'm very tired.

It's cold.

Go to bed.

2) Adverbs: Comparative & Superlative

Rule

In general, comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are the same as for adjectives:

• add -er or -est to short adverbs:Adverb Comparative Superlativehardlatefast

harderlater faster

the hardestthe latest the fastest

Example:

• Jim works harder than his brother.• Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.

Rule

With adverbs ending in -ly, use more for the comparative and most for the superlative:

Adverb Comparative Superlativequietlyslowlyseriously

more quietlymore slowlymore seriously

most quietlymost slowlymost seriously

Example:

• The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.• Could you sing more quietly please?Rule

Some adverbs have irregular comparative forms:

Adverb Comparative Superlativebadlyfarlittlewell

worsefarther/furtherlessbetter

worstfarthest/furthestleastbest

Example:

• The little boy ran further than his friends.

• You're driving worse today than yesterday !BE CAREFUL! Sometimes 'most' can mean 'very':

• We were most grateful for your help• I am most impressed by this application.

Exercise

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1. The weather yesterday was a lot____than today's weather.2. I've got two brothers, one older than me and one___.3. London is the ___city that I know.4. You have to be very ___to go that university. They only take very clever people.5. All the teachers here are ___. I've learned a lot from them.6. If you drive ___you won't have an accident.7. Bristol is quite a big city. It's much ___than the city where I live.8. That's a very ___mistake. Try not to do that again.9. Tomorrow, we're catching the train at seven, so we have to get up ___than nomal.10.I came to England to study because I have to speak ___English in my job.11.Can you tell me where the ___bank is please?12.She sings ___. It's so nice sitting here listening to her sing.

Your answers 1. A warmer B warmest C warm D warmly2. A younger B more young C youngest D young3. A excitingly B most exciting C more exciting D excitingest4. A intelligent B more intelligent C intelligently D most intelligent5. A well B good C better D best6. A good B better C best D well7. A more big B biggest C bigger D big8. A more serious B seriously C serious D most serious9. A earliest B more early C more earlier D earlier10. A best B more good C good D well11. A nearer B nearest C near D nearly12. A most beautiful B beautiful C beautifully D more beautifully

Choose the correct form.

What is the superlative of "deep"?

1. ? deeper2. ? deepper3. ? deepest4. ? deeppest

2. What is the superlative of "unpleasant"?1. ? unpleasant2. ? most unpleasant3. ? more unpleasant4. ? unpleasantest

3. What is the comparative of "sad"?1. ? sader2. ? sadder3. ? sadier4. ? saddier

4. What is the comparative of "hot"?1. ? hoter2. ? hotter3. ? hotest4. ? hottest

5. What is the superlative of "ugly"?1. ? uglier2. ? uggliest3. ? uglyest4. ? ugliest

6. What is the comparative of "heat"?1. ? heater2. ? heatter3. ? heatier4. ? hetter5. ? none of these

7. What is the superlative of "small"?1. ? smallier2. ? smaller3. ? smalliest4. ? smallest

8. What is the superlative of "soft"?1. ? softest2. ? softiest3. ? softtest4. ? most soft

9. What is the comparative of "lively"?1. ? livelyer2. ? more livelyer3. ? livelier4. ? more livelier

10.What is the comparative of "destructive"?1. ? destructiver2. ? more destructive3. ? destructivier4. ? more destructiver

Choose the correct word.

Q1 - It's better ____ I thought.

asthenthanlikeQ2 - Brazil is _____ England.

biger thanbigger asbigger thanbiger asQ3 - She is _____ in the class

the bestbestbetter thanas good asQ4 - I'm not as successful ___ she is.

aslikethanthenQ5 - It was ______ expensive restaurant I've ever been to.

morethe moremostthe mostQ6 - I'd like some ____ information.

fartherfurtherEither could be used here.Q7 - It's ____ art collection in Europe.

finerfinest

the finerthe finestQ8 - It was ____ than I was expecting.

cheapercheapestEither could be used here.Q9 - This is the ______ kitchen I've ever seen.

dirtyestdirtiestEither could be used here.Q10 - Which is ____ of the two?

more difficultmost difficultEither could be used here.Q11 - She finished ____ than everyone else.

more quicklyquickerEither could be used here.Q12 - The underground is ____ buses.

more expensivemost expensivethe most expensivemore expensive thanQ13 - The plane would be _____ than the coach.

more quicklyquickerEither could be used here.Q14 - It was ____ test I have ever done.

the most hardthe hardestEither could be used here.Q15 - There were ____ people at the game than expected.

mostmoremanyQ16 - The _____ difficult thing was communication.

moremostIt depends on how many things there were.

3) Future forms

Introduction

There are a number of different ways of referring to the future in English. It is important to remember that we are expressing more than simply the time of the action or event. Obviously, any 'future' tense will always refer to a time 'later than now', but it may also express our attitude to the future event.

All of the following ideas can be expressed using different tenses:

• Simple prediction• Arrangements• Plans and intentions• Time-tabled events• Prediction based on present evidence• Willingness• An action in progress in the future• An action or event that is a matter of routine• Obligation• An action or event that will take place immediately or very soon• Projecting ourselves into the future and looking back at a completed action.

The example sentences below correspond to the ideas above:

• There will be snow in many areas tomorrow.• I'm meeting Jim at the airport.• We're going to spend the summer abroad.• The plane takes off at 3 a.m.• I think it's going to rain!• We'll give you a lift to the cinema.• This time next week I'll be sun-bathing.• h. You'll be seeing John in the office tomorrow, won't you?• You are to travel directly to London.• The train is about to leave.• A month from now he will have finished all his exams.It is clear from these examples that several tenses are used to express the future. The sections that follow show the form and function of each of these tenses.

Example: to see, simple future

Affirmative Negative InterrogativeI'll see I won't see Will I see?

*I will / shall see I shan't see Shall I see?

You'll see You won't see Will you see?

He, she, it will see He won't see Will she see?

We'll see We won't see Will we see?

*We will / shall see We shan't see Shall we see?

You will see You won't see Will you see?

They'll see They won't see Will they see?

*NOTE: shall is slightly dated but can be used instead of will with I or we.

Simple future, function

The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is no 'attitude'.

The simple future is used:

• to predict a future event: It will rain tomorrow.

• (with I/we) to express a spontaneous decision: I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.

• to express willingness: I'll do the washing-up. He'll carry your bag for you.

• (in the negative form) to express unwillingness: The baby won't eat his soup. I won't leave until I've seen the manager!

• (with I in the interrogative form) to make an offer: Shall I open the window?

• (with we in the interrogative form) to make a suggestion: Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

• (with I in the interrogative form) to ask for advice or instructions: What shall I tell the boss about this money?

• (with you) to give orders: You will do exactly as I say.

• (with you) to give an invitation: Will you come to the dance with me? Will you marry me?

NOTE: In modern English will is preferred to shall.

Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion (see examples (e) and (f) above, or to ask for advice (example (g) above).With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g.

• "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."

1. Present Continuous for the Future: FormSee notes on form in section on Present Continuous.

Subject + to be + base-ingShe is meeting

2. Future: Present Continuous for the Future: Function

The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time later than now. There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that some preparation has already happened. e.g.

• I'm meeting Jim at the airport = and both Jim and I have discussed this.• I am leaving tomorrow. = and I've already bought my train ticket.• We're having a staff meeting next Monday = and all members of staff have been told about it.

More examples

• Is she seeing him tomorrow?• He isn't working next week.• They aren't leaving until the end of next year.• We are staying with friends when we get to Boston.Note: in example (a), seeing is used in a continuous form because it means meeting.

BE CAREFUL! The simple present is used when a future event is part of a programme or time-table. Notice the difference between:

a. We're having a staff meeting next Monday. b. We have a staff meeting next Monday.(= we have a meeting every Monday, it's on the time-table.)

Simple Present for Future Events: FormSee Simple Present section.

Simple Present for Future Events: Function

The simple present is used to make statements about events at a time later than now, when the statements are based on present facts, and when these facts are something fixed like a time-table, schedule, calendar.

Examples

• The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow.• She has a yoga class tomorrow morning.• The restaurant opens at 19.30 tonight.• Next Thursday at 14.00 there is an English exam.

Note the difference between:

• The plane leaves in ten minutes (= statement of fact)• The plane's going to leave in ten minutes (= prediction based on present situation, meaning

"...and if you don't hurry up you're going to miss it!")

1. Future with Going to - formThis form is composed of three elements: the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + going to + the infinitive of the main verb:

Subject 'to be' going to infinitiveShe is going to leave

2. Future with Going to - function

The use of 'going to' to refer to future events suggests a very strong association with the present. The time is not important - it is later than now, but the attitude is that the event depends on a present situation, that we know about. So it is used:

• to refer to our plans and intentions:We're going to move to London next year. (= the plan is in our minds now.)

• to make predictions based on present evidence:Look at those clouds - it's going to pour with rain! (= It's clear from what I can see now.)

Note: In everyday speech, 'going to' is often shortened to 'gonna', especially in American English.

Plans and intentions:

• Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?• Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy?• I think Nigel and Mary are going to have a party next week.Predictions based on present evidence:

• There's going to be a terrible accident!

• He's going to be a brilliant politician.• I'm going to have terrible indigestion.NOTE: It is unusual to say 'I'm going to go to...'Instead, we use 'going to' + a place or event:

Examples

• We are going to the beach tomorrow.• She is going to the ballet tonight.• Are you going to the party tomorrow night?

Exercise - Future I Simple (going to)

The following people are about to do something. You can see that they have already planned or prepared the action.

Write positive sentences in going to future.

1. What does she need the telephone for?

→ (she / call / her boyfriend)

2. Why are they wearing sport suits?

→ (they / play / squash)

3. Why has Fiona bought chocolates?

→ (She / visit / her grandma)

4. Why do you need a map?

→ (we / walk / in the mountains)

5. What do you need the cloth and the bucket for?

→ (we / wash / the car)

Exercise

Put the verbs into the correct form (future I). Use going to.

1. It (rain) .

2. They (eat) stew.

3. I (wear) blue shoes tonight.

4. We (not / help) you.

5. Jack (not / walk) home.

6. (cook / you) dinner?

7. Sue (share / not) her biscuits.

Exercise

Choose the correct form: Will or Going to?

1 I feel really tired. I think I ______ go to bed.'ll

'm going to

2 Where are you going?

I ______ visit a customer.'ll

'm going to

3 Do you want me to help you?

No thanks. John ______ help me.'ll

's going to

A

B

A

B

A

B

4

Would you prefer tea or coffee?

I ______ have some coffee, please.'ll

'm going to

5 Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this?

Good idea. I ______ bring some wine.'ll

'm going to

6 I've already decided. I ______ buy a new car'll

'm going to

7 What are your plans for next week?

I ______ to fly to New York on business. Probably on Tuesday but I haven't bought my ticket yet.

'll

'm going to

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

8 What are your plans for the holidays?

I ______ visit my parents for a few days and then go walking in Scotland.'ll

'm going to

9 Why are you wearing your best suit?

I ______ have lunch with my biggest customer.'ll

'm going to

10 Do you want to have the chicken or the beef?

I think ______ have the beef.'ll

'm going to

11 My head hurts.

Sit down and I ______ get you an aspirin.'ll

'm going to

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

12 We need some more ink for the printer.

I ______ go to the shop and get some.'ll

'm going to

13 Look! There's smoke coming out of the photocopier.

You turn it off and I ______ phone the safety officer'll

'm going to

14 I cannot see how to use this spreadsheet.

Don't worry. I ______ help you.'ll

'm going to

15 I need to speak to you today.

I'm going out now but I ______ be back later.'ll

'm going to

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

16 Did you phone Michael?

I'm sorry. I completely forgot. I ______ do it now.'ll

'm going to

17 Can you help me with this? I don't understand.

I ______ give you a hand as soon as I've finished this.'ll

'm going to

18 That's much too heavy for one person. I ______ give you a hand.'ll

'm going to

19 Could somebody answer the phone?

I ______ get it.'ll

'm going to

20 It's really hot in here.

I ______ put on the air-conditioning.'ll

'm going to

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Exercise

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1. Next week on Thursday my friend Marcus____a party to celebrate his twenty-first birthday.2. Please look at the timetable for me. What time_____next train leave for Manchester.3. You are carrying too many books. Don't worry.____some of them for you.4. It is very cloudy and also very cold. I think later it____.5. I am going on holiday to Australia next week. Maybe the weather___good.6. I'm sorry I can't come to your party next Saturday at six. I'm afraid I____bowling with a friend.7. Last night I decided. Next weekend, I___Edinburgh for three days. Now I just need to buy a

ticket.8. Tomorrow morning (like every morning) the first lesson at International House Bristol___at nine

o'clock.9. I'm sorry I was late for your lesson today. I promise that I____late again.10.My favourite UK TV programme is Eastenders. You can watch it on BBC 1 tonight and it___at

half past seven.11.Yesterday Najib and Easa decided to go to London together. They___Bristol tomorrow morning

but they don't know the time of the train yet.12.Next month Eminem___a concert in Bristol. I have two tickets for the show on Saturday the

11th at 7.30. Do you want to come.

Your answers 1. A has B will have C is having D will having2. A has B does C is D will3. A I carry B I'll carry C I'm carrying D I'm carry4. A snows B is snowing C is going to snow D will snowing5. A is B is being C will be D will being6. A go B will go C am go D am going7. A go B will go C going D am going to go8. A starts B is starting C will starting D will start9. A am never late B am never being C will never be D is never be10. A begins B is beginning C will begin D is begin11. A leave B are going to leave C will leave D will leaving12. A does B will do C will does D is doing

LESSON 3 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

D) CASE STUDY – (1hour)DI)HAMBURGER AND MACDONALD'S

DII) HARRY POTTER

DI)Hamburger and MacDonald's

INTRODUCTION:Discuss these questions: What do you know about McDonald’s? Do you eat at McDonald’s? What is a ‘franchise’?

STORY OF THE HAMBURGER

The hamburger is the most eaten food in the whole world. The first hamburgers were made and sold in Connecticut in 1895 by an American called Louis Lassen . Louis called them hamburgers because he was given the recipe by sailors from Hambourg in Germany.

Hamburgers became a favourite meal in America in the early part of the twentieth century. Their popularity grew even more after the second world war, when they were bought in large quantities by teenagers who preferred fast food to family meals. In 1948 two brothers Dick and Mad Donald opened a drive-in hamburger restaurant in San Bernardino, California.

Since then over 25,000 Mcdonald's restaurants have been opened worldwide and now 35 million MacDonald's hamburgers are eaten every day in 115 countries from India to the Artic Circle.

Put the verb in the correct tense.

The first hamburgers (make) in 1895. Louis Lassen (call) them hamburgers because he (give) the recipe by sailors. Hamburgers (become) his favourite meal. Their popularity (grow) even more when they (buy) in large quantities by teenagers who (prefer) fast food. Dick and Mac MacDonald (open) a drive-in hamburger restaurant.. 25,000 McDonald's restaurants (open) worldwide. More than 35 million hamburgers (eat) every day.

Reading 1: McDonald’s

McDonald’s was started by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald, in California, in 1940.They developed a method called the “Speedy Service System.” When a customer orders foodthey receive it in less than a minute. In 1954, Ray Kroc, recognized the potential of this‘Speedy Service System’ and invested in the McDonald’s restaurant. In 1961 Ray Krocdecided he didn’t want to be a partner, he wanted to be the boss and paid $2.7 million to theMcDonald brothers for control of the company. He then built it into an international success byusing a franchise business model.

Answer the following questions.

1. Who started McDonald’s?2. What does the ‘Speedy Service System’ do?3. When did Ray Kroc join the company?4. Why did Ray Kroc pay $2.7 million to the McDonald’sbrothers?5. How did Ray Kroc build McDonald’s into aninternational success?

Discuss:What is a franchise? What are the advantages and disadvantages of a franchise?

EXERCISE:Read the article and fill the gap with a form of the auxiliary verb DO in the positive ornegative - present or past form

Reading 2 – McDonald’s and its Franchise Success

A franchise is when the owner of a service system or a brand (franchiser), sells thelicence to an individual (franchisee) who wants to use it for business.

Why _____entrepreneurs buy a franchise? It is a popular investment because a franchise is a recognised brand name, and you receive support from the parent company (the franchiser).McDonald’s is a good example of a franchiser. Other franchisers include Benetton,Subway, and Domino Pizza.

We asked the owner of several McDonald’s franchises in the USA some questions.Q: Why ______you choose McDonald’s?A: They have a global image, good customer base, and are always looking toimprove.Q: What advice do you have for a franchise manager?A: You’re the boss, you make the decisions, but _____forget, you are also theperson responsible for cleaning the floors and the toilet.

Q: What is important for the customers who use McDonald’s?A: A clean restaurant and friendly service. I always say to my workers,_____ ‘ letthe restaurant become dirty.When a customer eats in a restaurant and _________have a good experience you willnever see them again.’

Choose the correct alternative in the sentences.e.g. Didn’t / do / does he drink tea or coffee?

1. Does / do / didn’t the restaurant open on Sundays?2. Does / do / didn’t they work in the restaurant?3. Do they cook / they do cook / does they cook a lot of burgers?4. Please do eat / don’t eat / no eat in the office.5. She don’t / doesn’t / didn’t sign the contract yesterday.6. Did / do / does you buy a Big Mac every day?7. He didn’t / did / does / do go to work today.8. They doesn’t / didn’t / do lose any money last year9. Susan is here? What do / does / didn’t she want?

10. Where did / doesn’t / do you live now?

Reading 3 Franchise

There are more than 31,000 McDonald’s restaurants in the world, and they are operated asfranchises. The restaurants pay for the licence to be a McDonald’s, and the McDonald’sCorporation controls the food, the service, and the style of each restaurant. Is it a success?Yes, it is. Company revenues in 2008 were $25 billion, a rise of 30% in past three years.Customers continue to see McDonald's as a place of fun, where the food is cheap, it tastesgood, and is served quickly. This image is very important for the company. Unfortunately, it isnot all good news. McDonald’s is a company that is criticized for health problems and forglobalisation.

Answer the following questions.

1. How many McDonald’s restaurants are in the world?2. What does the McDonald’s Corporation control?3. What were the company revenues for 2008?4. How do the customers see McDonald’s?

5. Why is McDonald’s criticized?

DII) HARRY POTTER

INTRODUCTIONDiscuss these questions: What do you know about Harry Potter? What is a wizard? What is magic? Why are the Harry Potter stories and films popular?

Reading 1 - Harry Potter

The Harry Potter books are a global success worth billions of dollars, and the womanwho created them, J. K. Rowling, is the richest woman in Britain. She started writingthe Harry Potter stories in the 1990’s when she was a single parent and had nomoney.She had the idea for Harry Potter when she was on a train journey from Manchesterto London and now the books sell millions of copies every year.But the revenue doesn’t only come from the books. There are films and merchandiseconnected to the stories and in 2009 the Harry Potter brand was worth $25 billion.What does J. K. Rowling say is important for success?She says, “it’s not your ability that is important, it’s the choices you make. Thismeans you need to make the right decisions at the right time.”

Answer the following questions.

1. Was J. K. Rowling always rich?2. Where did J. K. Rowling have the idea for Harry Potter?3. Does all the revenue come from the books?4. What was the value of the Harry Potter brand in 2009?

5. What does J. K. Rowling say is important for success?

Read the text and fill the gaps with these words.

J. K. Rowling and Harry Potter

film - advice - choices - good -adults - indication - first – read - play

In July 2009, the film, ‘Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince’took $396.7 million in its first three days at the cinema.This is an _____that the brand continues to be very popular.The creator, J. K. Rowling gives some____ on how towrite a good story."If you really want to do it, you will do it. You will find the time.Don't expect it to be perfect the____ time."You have to write a lot before you write anything _____.It's like learning to play a musical instrument. It will sound badfor a long time, but if you continue, and learn from yourmistakes, you will eventually ______beautiful music.That's just part of the learning process.In addition, you must _____a lot. Reading other storieshelps you to become a better writer."J .K. Rowling says she is not surprised that ____andchildren enjoy her stories. "When I write the books,I write what I want to read.”People always ask J. K. Rowling for the secret of her success."Make the right _____at the right time," she answers.

Comprehension Questions:

1. What is an indication that the brand continues to be popular?2. Writing something good is like what?3. What helps you to become a better writer?4. Why is J. K. Rowling not surprised that adults like her stories?

5. What is the secret of her success?

Reading 2 - Why is Harry Potter so popular?

The first point is that the books are great stories; they are fun, they are exciting andthey are interesting adventures.The second point is that the stories are attractive to children and adults, and thisdoubles the market. Parents like to buy the books, to read the stories to their childrenand to watch the films as a family.Next, Harry Potter is popular in America and this is very important. In America thebooks get a lot of publicity and marketing, and this promotes the brand all over theworld.By 2009 over 400 million Harry Potter books had been sold in 65 different languages,and the films are a great success at the cinema.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the first point?2. What is the second point?3. Why is it important that Harry Potter is popular in America?4. In 2009, how many Harry Potter books had been sold?

5. How many languages are the Harry Potter books printed in?

Confusing Words

EXERCISE: Match the words with their opposite and put the correct word (inthe correct tense) in the sentence gaps:

1. Go / Forget2. Choose / Lose3. Remember / Reject

4. Find / Come

I always____ this hotelI can’t ___your name.We ____a very good restaurant in Madrid.Paul ____to Moscow on Tuesday and returned on Wednesday.

LESSON 3 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

E) SPEAKING AND WRITING – (1hour)EI) Speaking practice in pairsEII) Cultural Awareness Point: Lunch time

EI) Speaking Practice:

• In pairs, think of things that make a visit to a restaurant a good experience, and other things that make it a bad experience.

e.g. Is a clean restaurant important?Is good service important?What about the location?What about the quality and price of the food?

• In pairs, talk about the clothes you buy and were you shop.Use the vocabulary learned in this lesson.

• DecisionsIs it easy for you to make decisions?Do you ever change your mind?What big decisions have you made?

J. K. Rowling said:‘It is not your ability thatis important, it is thechoices you make.’

CULTURAL AWARENESS POINT:

Lunchtime

British Business Lunch• Normally, the British take 30-45 minutes for lunch. A sandwich and a(non-alcoholic) drink is a typical lunch, and then they return to work.

Discuss:• What is a typical lunch in your country?• What is the difference between a work lunch and a home lunch?• Is lunch important?

Asking For & Giving OpinionsWhen you give opinions it can be strong or weak.

Form and Uses

1)You can give opinions in a strong style or a weak style.

Strong I am sure that …I am certain that …I definitely think that …

Neutral I think …I believe …In my opinion …

Weak For me …

2)You can ask for opinions in a forceful or diplomatic style.

Forceful Do you really think that …Are you sure thatAre you certain …

Neutral Do you think …

Diplomatic What do you think?

SPEAKING PRACTICE:Ask your partner their opinion in these situations:

• Business is fun e.g. Do you think business is fun? I am sure it is• Reading books is important• Mobile phones are essential• Everybody needs a holiday

ROLE-PLAY 1– The Franchise

In small groups, discuss opening a McDonald’s franchise. Where doyou want to open the restaurant? What are the advantages and the disadvantages?Think about location, competition, and food options. Present your plan to the class.

ROLE-PLAY 2 - The Meeting:J. K. Rowling wants to have less merchandise for the Harry Potter films. It is out ofcontrol.• The sales managers want to have more products because the character is verypopular now.• J. K. Rowling meets her Sales Managers and they discuss the problem.One group is J. K. Rowling’s team and one group is the Sales Managers’ team.Talk about a solution e.g. we could … we can’t … do you think that …

WRITING SKILLS: Emails – opening and closing phrases

In English, when we write emails we normally open with a polite expression e.g.Dear Sir / Madam (formal - when we do not know the person’s name)Dear Mr / Mrs / Miss Smith (formal - when we know their name)Dear Paul / Pauline (when they are a colleague)Hi Paul / Pauline (when they are a friend)

And we normally close an email with a polite expression e.g.Yours faithfully / sincerely (formal)Best wishes (formal)Kind regards (formal)All the best (informal)Bye (informal)

Write an email using some of the phrases above.

LESSON 4 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

A) VOCABULARY (1hour)

1) ROOMS AND FORNITURE

Match the word with the picture

an armchair - an eiderdown - a sheet - a bed - a chest of drawers - a television set - a mattress - a pillow - a lamp - a bedside table - an alarm clock - a telephone - a hanger - a blanket - a wardrobe-

1. Bedroom

2. Bathroom

a bath - a bar of soap - a mirror - a shower - a tap - a towel - a comb - a brush

Choose the right word to complete the sentences.

a sheet a pillow a towel a blanket a tap an eiderdown a wardrobe a comb a chest of drawers a bedside table

1. I hang my clothes in__________2. I go through my hair with _______after I washed it.3. I sleep with my head on __________4. I put _______on my bed. It is filled with soft feathers.5. I dry myself with ________6. I put my underwear and socks in ______________

Match the words with the definition.

LibraryLarderBallroomConservatoryDrawing RoomAtticBallroomBox RoomCellarCloakroomDining RoomGames RoomHallLounge.Music RoomOfficePantryParlour.Sitting RoomSpare RoomGuest RoomToiletUtility Room.

A room where people work.The entrance passage to a house.A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.Old fashioned word for living roomAnother name for living room.A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.A small room used for storage.A small room used for the storage of food.Underneath the house.People store things A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.A small room where people put their coats.A room in large houses where games are played.A room where people eat Another name for living roomA room where appliances such as washing machines are usedA room where books are kept.A room where people play music.A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)A room where guests sleep.Underneath the house.A room where people eat A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1. Last night I went home and____TV for an hour.2. I love____to music3. They read a lot. In every room they have a big book_____.4. It's very cold, so we put the ____on in the evening.5. Last night I went to ____very early and read my book for an hour.6. When I get up in the morning, I go to the ____and have a shower.7. Penny and Sally were sitting on the sofa, and I was in the _____ chair.8. It's very dark. Please put the _____on.9. Please put your clean clothes in your _____ .10. Put the cheese and milk back in the _____ .11. He dropped the cigarette and burnt the ____.12. They have some lovely pictures _____ the wall.

Your answers 1. A heard B watched C listened to D looked at2. A listening B watching C hearing D looking3. A place B cupboard C case D store4. A heat B fire C burn D warmer5. A home B bed C room D sleep6. A kitchen B toilet C garden D bathroom7. A leg B arm C head D body8. A light B heat C fire D electric9. A bed B desk C chair D wardrobe10. A cooler B colder C fridge D cooker11. A curtain B carpet C ceiling D wallpaper12. A by B near C on D in

2) BODY

Match the words to the picture.

NUMBER

NOUN tongue arm

eyeeyebrowbellylegbreastthumbelbowfistfingerfoot (plural: feet)anklebuttockshairneckhandwristhipchinkneeheadlipmouthnosenostrilupper armthighearbottom, bumbackunderarm, forearmlower legshoulderforeheadwaistcalf (plural: calves)cheekeyelash, lashtooth (plural: teeth)

toe

Match the word with the definition.

Growth with hard surface at the end of a fingerjoint at the base of the handclosed handinner surface of the handpart of body at the end of the armjoint located in the middle of the arminnermost finger of the hand moving in opposite direction of the fingersextension of the handsecond, third and fourth digitslower section of arm between elbow and wrist

fingerindex finger / middle / little / ringfinger nailfistforearmhand / left and rightpalmthumbWristelbow

Fill in the blank using the words above.

He poked his ______ into my ribs. It really hurt!The _____ allows the hand to bend from the forearm.She wears her wedding band on her _____and a big diamond on her ____Hold the egg between your _____ and index finger.He had a snake tattoo on his _____, directly below his wrist.Don't point your _____at me. It's rude!I find _____tennis players difficult to beat.Turn your hand over and let me read your _____I need to cut my _____ back they are getting too long.He pounded his _____ on the table.

Body parts and verbs

chin part of the face below the mouth

cheek part of the face located next to the mouth on either side of the mouth

ear part of the body used for hearing

eye organ used for seeing

eyebrow arch of hairs located above the eyes on the forehead

eyelash hairs located on the eyelid directly above the eye

forehead upper part of the face above the eyes

hair substance in strands which grows from the scalp .

head uppermost part of the body

lip rounded flesh surrounding the mouth

mouth oral opening

neck part of the body between the shoulders and the head

nose part of the body used for smelling located in the middle of the face

nostril opening of the nasal passage

jaw lower part of the face that moves while talking or chewing

shoulder part of the body located below the neck and at the top of the arm

tooth (teeth) piece of bone in the mouth used for eating

tongue flexible organ located in the mouth that provides taste

throat like neck, located inside the body

hips part of the body which connects the pelvis to the upper legs

knee joint in the middle of the leg

leg lower limb of the body

shin front part of the lower leg

thigh upper part of the leg

toe digit, extension on the foot

big toe little toe the largest and smallest toe on a foot

toenail hard growth at the end of the toe

point finger spot or show something with the finger

scratch finger scrape the skin

kick foot strike with the foot

clap hands applaud

punch hands to strike with a fist

shake hands move back and forth; greeting when seeing someone

slap hands strike with an open hand

smack hands similar to slap

nod head to move the head up and down

shake head to move the head from side to side

kiss lips touch with the lips

whistle lips / mouth make a sound by blowing air through the lips

eat mouth to introduce food into the body

mutter mouth to speak softly, often in a manner which is hard to understand

talk mouth to speak

taste mouth to perceive flavor with the tongue

whisper mouth to speak softly, usually without voice

breathe mouth to respire; take air into the lungs

smell nose to sense through the nose; to give scent

sniff nose short inhalation, often to smell something

shrug shoulder raise the shoulders, usually to show indifference to something

bite mouth grip with the teeth and introduce into the mouth

chew mouth grind food with the teeth

stub toe strike one's toe into something

lick tongue draw tongue across something

swallow throat send down the throat, usually food and drink

blink eyes wink the eye; close eye rapidly without conscious effort; link wink but not intended

glance eyes a quick look at something or someone

stare eyes a long penetrating look at something or someone

wink eye close eye rapidly with a conscious effort; like blink but intended

bottom the buttocks

chest the front of the upper body

back the back of the upper body

stomach organ which digest food, lower part of the upper body

waist part of the body between the hips and the ribs

ankle area and joint located at the bottom of the leg where the foot begins

calf lower back part of the leg

foot (feet) part of the body located at the end of the leg on which one stands

heel back part of the foot

Fill in the blank using some of the body parts above.

He had a huge _____- size 52!

Take lots of vitamin C if you have a sore ____.Some people believe that rubbing the _____ relieves tension.He sat down hard on his ____.The gorilla thumped on its ___I told Jim to take an aspirin to relieve his sore ____.When jogging, your ____ should be the first part of the foot to touch the ground.He shook his ____ violently to show his disagreement with what she was saying..You should brush your ____ at least twice a day.Many people have their ____ adjusted by plastic surgery these days.Boxers try to knock out their opponents by punching them in the _____Many women use special makeup to make their ______ look longer.He grew a goatee on his _____.You either need to clean your ____ or pay more attention in class because you haven't heard a thing I've said.He combed his _____ over his eyesHe fell and sprained his_____ during the race and couldn't walk for three weeks.

Fill in the blank with some of the verbs above.

Roses s____ wonderful.He ______ his favorite tune as he drove to work.The audience ______ enthusiastically at the end of the concertJust ____ that wonderful morning air. Isn't it fantastic!He _____to his friend in the crowdYou should always chew your food thoroughly before ______.He ____ his food even though he wasn't hungry.He took a big ____ out of the fresh apple.He ____ his secret into my ear.He _____ rapidly as he tried to see in the bright sun.He _____ the present to see if he could understand what was inside.He ______ the ball into the goalHe _____ the vintage wine with relish.He _____ the table hard to emphasize the point he had just made.He _____ at the painting on the wall for over ten minutes.Don't ever ____ a child, no matter how angry you become.His cold was so bad that one ____ was completely blockedHe _____his ice-cream cone contentedly.

Body Movement Verbs

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1. Every time I think of food I ____ my lips!2. They listened to the music and ____their fingers on the table to the rhythm.3. To get the waiter's attention he ____ his fingers, which I thought was rather rude.4. He listened to her plan, and _____ his head in agreement.5. She sat down and elegantly _____her legs.6. To show that he didn't know, he _____his shoulders.

7. The children stood in the playground and ____faces at one another.8. To get the teacher's attention, the children were told to _____one arm.9. I couldn't believe it! he started to _____his nose in the restaurant! Disgusting!10.They stood on the platform, _____their arms to say goodbye.11.She _____her arms and listened to their excuses for being late.12.'I couldn't eat another thing' he said, _____his stomach.

Your answers 1. A taste B move C suck D lick2. A moved B hit C beat D drummed3. A shrugged B clicked C waved D tapped4. A moved B shook C nodded D bowed5. A crossed B stretched C arched D folded6. A shrugged B wiggled C raised D lifted7. A pushed B fixed C pulled D created8. A lift B move C raise D shrug9. A pick B mine C touch D dig10. A raising B shaking C nodding D waving11. A folded B crossed C mixed D lifted12. A shaking B folding C patting D punching

Check your answers

LESSON 4 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

B) GRAMMAR & EXRCISES (2hours)

1) Modals - summary

Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs.

Here are some important differences:

1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.

Examples:

• He can speak Chinese.

• She should be here by 9:00.2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.

Examples:

• He should not be late.

• They might not come to the party.3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.

Examples:

• He will can go with us. Not Correct

• She musted study very hard. Not Correct

Most common Modal Verbs• can – ability, permission, possibility, request• could – ability, permission, possibility, request, suggestion• may – permission, probability, request• might – possibility, probability, suggestion• must – deduction, necessity, obligation, prohibition• shall – decision, future, offer, question, suggestion• should – advice, necessity, prediction, recommendation• will – decision, future, intention, offer, prediction, promise, suggestion• would – conditional, habit, invitation, permission, preference, request, question, suggestion

Choose the correct modal verb

can could have to must might should

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He be exhausted after such

a long flight. He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.

2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you walk downtown

and explore the waterfront.

3. Hiking the trail to the peak be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic

weather changes. You research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.

4. When you have a small child in the house, you leave small objects lying around.

Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.

5. Dave: you hold your breath for more than a minute?

Nathan: No, I can't.

6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune.

7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water,

they die.

8. I speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we

moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I

knew as a child. Now, I just say a few things in the language.

9. The book is optional. My professor said we read it if we needed extra credit. But

we read it if we don't want to.

10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It be in this drawer but it's not here.

Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It be

in there. That's the only other place it be.

11. You take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said

there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this afternoon.

12. we pull over at the next rest stop? I really use the bathroom and I

don't know if I hold it until we get to Chicago.

13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He have left it here last night.

14. Ned: I borrow your lighter for a minute?

Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you keep it if you want to. I've given up

smoking.

15. I believe she said that to Megan! She insult her cooking in

front of everyone at the party last night. She have just said she was full or had some

salad if she didn't like the meal.

16. Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick

watching you eat that piece of pizza.

17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has

left the mansion this evening, so the killer be someone in this room.

It be any one of us!!!

18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.

Pamela: It have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just

nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.

19. you always say the first thing that pops into your head? you think

once in awhile before you speak?

20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room.

It be lying around here somewhere. Where it be? be swallowed,

causing serious injury or even death.

must have to

1. I be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably take a taxi if I

want to be on time.

2. You submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check

that the name, address, and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate

and complete, you will be rejected and you will reapply at a later date.

3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent

them?

Stephanie: It have been David. He's the only one who would send you

flowers.

4. You forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about

paying on time.

5. You be so rude! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.

6. If you are over 18 in California, you take a driver training course to

get a driver's license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But

remember, you still get your permit before you start practicing.

7. You be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I

know haven't got a penny to their name.

8. Ed: My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I have it towed more

than a hundred miles to the nearest mechanic.

Lilly: That have cost a fortune!

9. While hiking in Alaska, you keep an eye out for bears. If you see one,

you approach it. They are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and

unpredictable in nature. You be afraid of them, but educating yourself

about the dangers can help keep you safe.

10. I go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing

about a day off from work is that I get up at 6:00; I can sleep in till noon

if I want to.

11. Yesterday, I cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until

after midnight.

12. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport.

Barbara: She still be sitting there waiting for us.

13. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition.

She worry at all about the increasing cost of education.

14. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She

always used to say, "One eat with one's mouth open." Or, she would correct

us by saying, "One rest one's elbows on the table." And every time I wanted

to leave the table, she would say, "One ask to be excused."

15. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according

to the answer key. The answer in the book be wrong!

2. Present Perfect – Form

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.

AffirmativeSubject to have past participle

She has visited

NegativeSubject to have + not past participle

She hasn't visited

Interrogativeto have subject past participle

Has she visited..?

Interrogative negativeto have + not subject past participleHasn't she visited...?Example: to walk, present perfect

Affirmative Negative InterrogativeI have walked I haven't walked Have I walked?

You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?

He, she, it has walked He, she, it hasn't walked Has he,she,it walked

We have walked We haven't walked Have we walked?

You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?

They have walked They haven't walked Have they walked?

Present perfect, function

The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the resultthan in the action itself.

BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same.

The Present Perfect is used to describe:

1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)

2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)

3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times.

4. An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my work.

5. An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important)

Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He read 'War and Peace' last week.

Examples:

1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present.

• They haven't lived here for years.• She has worked in the bank for five years.• We have had the same car for ten years.• Have you played the piano since you were a child?2. When the time period referred to has not finished.

• I have worked hard this week.• It has rained a lot this year.

• We haven't seen her today.3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.

• They have seen that film six times.• It has happened several times already.• She has visited them frequently.• We have eaten at that restaurant many times.4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).

• Have you just finished work?• I have just eaten.• We have just seen her.• Has he just left?5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.

• Someone has eaten my soup!• Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?• She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.

The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now e.g. Have youever visited Berlin?

'Ever' is used

• in questions. e.g. Have you ever been to England?Has she ever met the Prime Minister?

• in negative questions e.g.Haven't they ever been to Europe?Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food?

• and in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever, nobody.......evere.g.Nobody has ever said that to me before.Nothing like this has ever happened to us.

• 'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g.It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails. This is the first time I've ever been to England.

'Never' means at no time before now, and is the same asnot ..... ever:

• I have never visited BerlinBE CAREFUL!

You must not use never and not together:

• I haven't never been to Italy.• I have never been to Italy.Position

'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle).

Already and yetAlready

refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition, e.g.a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (and you're offering me another one!)b. Don't write to John, I've already done it.

It is also used in questions:

• Have you already written to John?• Has she finished her homework already?Position

already can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence:

• I have already been to Tokyo.• I have been to Tokyo already.

Yet

is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present. e.g.

• Have you met Judy yet?• I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet.• Has he arrived yet?• They haven't eaten yet.

Position

Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence.

How to choose between the Present Perfect and Simple Past Tenses• Always use the Present Perfect when the time is not important, or not specified.• Always use the Simple Past when details about the time or place are specified or asked for.Compare:

Present Perfect Simple PastI have lived in Lyon. I lived in Lyon in 1989.

They have eaten Thai food. They ate Thai food last night.

Have you seen 'Othello'?. Where did you see 'Othello'?

We have been to Ireland. When did you go to Ireland?

There is also a difference of attitude that is often more important than the time factor.

• "What did you do at school today?" is a question about activities, and considers the school day as finished.

• "What have you done at school today?" is a question about results - "show me", and regards the time of speaking as a continuation of the school day.

Signal Words

Simple Past

• yesterday

• ... ago

• in 1990

• the other day

• last …

Present Perfect Simple

• just

• already

• up to now

• until now / till now

• ever

• (not) yet

• so far

• lately / recently

PRESENT PERFECT + for, sinceUsing the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by considering its duration,with for + a period of time, or by considering its starting point, with since + a point in time.For + a period of time

• for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours.• I have worked here for five years.

Since + a point in time

• since this morning, since last week, since yesterday,• since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock.• I have worked here since 1990.present perfect with for

• She has lived here for twenty years.• We have taught at this school for a long time.• Alice has been married for three months.• They have been at the hotel for a week.present perfect with since

• She has lived here since 1980.• We have taught at this school since 1965• Alice has been married since March 2nd.• They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.Note:

• For and since can both be used with the past perfect.• Since can only be used with perfect tenses, for can also be used with the simple past.

Exercises

Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple

Write positive sentences in present perfect simple

The following people have just completed an action.

1. Bob / visit / his grandma

2. Jimmy / play / on the computer

3. Sue and Walter / wash / their car

4. Andrew / repair / his bike

5. Phil / help / Anne with maths

6. Brad and Louise / watch / a film

Sentences with 'never' in Present Perfect Simple

Write sentences in present perfect simple. Place 'never' before the main verb.

In a contest, people get the chance to do something they've never done before. This is what the participants told the jury:

1. Fergal / never / sail / on the Pacific.

2. Rebecca / never / stay / at a five-star hotel

3. Jason / never / watch / a world-cup final

4. Rachel and Gareth / never / climb / Mount Kilimanjaro

5. Elaine / never / see / a whale

6. Ruth / never / spend / her holiday in Mexico

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: I (cycle / just) 50 km.

2. B: I (cycle) 100 km last week.

3. A: I (write) an essay yesterday.

4. B: I (write / already) two essays this term.

5. A: I (ring / just) my friend.

6. B: I (ring) my friend 10 minutes ago.

7. A: Two days ago, I (watch) a Madonna concert on TV.

8. B: I (see / already) Madonna live in concert.

9. A: I (spend) my summer holiday in Australia last year.

10.B: I (be / not) to Australia yet.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: (you / be / ever) to London?

2. B: Yes, I (be) there three times.

3. A: When (be) the last time you (be) there?

4. B: Last summer. I (spend) two weeks in Brighton with my parents and we (go) to London one weekend.

5. (you / like) it?

6. Oh yes. We really (have) a great time in London.

7. Lucky you! I (be / never) to London.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: (you / try / ever) haggis?

2. B: Oh, yes!

3. A: How often (you / eat) haggis yet?

4. B: Two times exactly.

5. A: When (you / eat / first) haggis?

6. B: That (be) in 2005. We (have) a Scottish festival in our town and they also (sell) traditional Scottish food. So I (buy) haggis.

7. A: (you / like) it?

8. B: It (be / not) too bad. And I (know / not) anything about haggis then.

9. A: When (you / find out) ?

10.B: When I (be) in Scotland in 2007. I (go) to a restaurant and (order) haggis. Afterwards, the waiter (tell) me about haggis: it's the heart, liver and lungs of a sheep, boiled in the animal's stomach. Well, I (eat / never) haggis again since then.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: (you / buy) the tickets for our journey yet?

2. B: Yes, I (go) to the station yesterday and (buy) the tickets.

3. A: What time (you / go) there?

4. B: I (take) a friend to the station in the morning. His train (leave) at 9:45.

5. A: (you / pack) your bags yet?

6. B: Of course. And I (ask / already) my neighbour to empty my letter box. What about you?

7. B: I (pack) my bags two days ago.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. Yesterday, my brother (come) home from school, (switch) on the TV and (watch) TV until dinner (be) ready.

2. Oh no, it's raining and I (leave) my umbrella at home.

3. Look! There is so much food left. Nobody (eat) anything.

4. Where (you / be) yesterday? - I (go) to the shopping centre and (buy) a new computer game.

5. Why don't you want to play football with us this weekend? - I (break) my leg.

6. The road is closed. There (be) an accident.

7. I (have) an accident when I (be) in Manchester last year.

8. Come on, let's celebrate! Our team (win) the match.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. A: (you / play / already) the new computer game?

2. B: No, not yet. I only (buy) it yesterday and I (have / not) the time yet.

3. A: (you / go) to the cinema last night?

4. B: Yes. I (be) there with Sue and Louis. (you / be) to the cinema recently?

5. A: I last (go) to the cinema two weeks ago.

6. B: So you (see / not) the new action film yet.

7. A: No, unfortunately not. (you / enjoy) it?

8. B: Oh, I really (love) it. But Sue (like / not) it - too much action!

9. A: But why (you / take) her with you? She (tell) me last week that she (hate) action films.

10.B: I think she has an eye on Louis. She (try) to flirt with him all the time. So he (can / concentrate / not) on the film.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

1. I (just / finish) my homework.

2. Mary (already / write) five letters.

3. Tom (move) to this town in 1994.

4. My friend (be) in Canada two years ago.

5. I (not / be) to Canada so far.

6. But I (already / travel) to London a couple of times.

7. Last week, Mary and Paul (go) to the cinema.

8. I can't take any pictures because I (not / buy) a new film yet.

9. (they / spend) their holiday in New Zealand last summer?

10.(you / ever / see) a whale?

LESSON 4 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

D) CASE STUDY – (1hour)DI) WIKIPEDIADII) DELL

DI) WIKIPEDIA

INTRODUCTION - Discuss these questions:Do you use an encyclopedia? Do you know what Wikipedia is? Do you use it?

BUSINESS WORDS: SynonymsA synonym is when two words have the same meaning. Match the words on the right with words on the left that mean the same.

1. Computer crash ______a. To correct / change text2. To allow _____b. To begin3. To edit ______c. To stop working4. A goal ______d. An unpaid helper5. A volunteer _____e. To permit6. To launch _____f. Achievement

7. Success _____g. An objective

Reading 1- Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a free, multilingual encyclopaedia website.It was launched in January 2001 and in 2008 it was the 8th most popular website on the Internet.The goal was to make an encyclopaedia that is produced by the public. Anybody can contribute andanybody can edit it. And that is the secret of Wikipedia’s global success. The public contribute to the project, they use it and promote it, and then the website becomes very big.

Answer the following questions

1. What is ‘Wikipedia’?2. When was it launched?3. What is the goal for Wikipedia?4. What is the secret to Wikipedia’s global success?

Exercise - Somebody, Anybody, Everybody, Nobody

Someone / Somebody For unknown personsSomeone / Somebody contributed an articleAnyone / Anybody For questions and negatives about a personCan anybody / anyone edit an article on Wikipedia?

No one / Nobody A negative meaning, used without notNo one / nobody wants to lose their jobEveryone / Everybody All the people. We use a singular verbNot everyone / everybody reads encyclopaedias

Exercise 1: Complete with a pronoun beginning some- any- no- every-1. Can ____help me?2. says ____that Wikipedia is great. Are they right?3. There is ____at the door but I don’t know who it is.

4. We opened the office but ____arrived before ten o’clock.

Exercise 2: Replace the underlined words with one word1. All the people want to read the article.2. Do you know one person who contributes to Wikipedia?3. There is a person in reception with a letter for you.

4. Not one person is allowed to enter the security zone.

PermissionWords of ‘permission’ include: allow - permit - canE.G. Anybody can apply for the job.Wikipedia allows the public to edit the articles.The company does not permit smoking in the office.

Reading 2: WikipediaLead in questions: Who benefits from Wikipedia’s success, and who suffers?Do you know what a ‘wiki’ is? Do you know what ‘tool’ means?

Read the article and put the correct permission word from the box into the gaps.

The central idea for Wikipedia is that it is an encyclopaediacreated by the people. Anybody 1.____ contribute and edit,and that makes it very popular.Traditional encyclopaedias, like Encyclopædia Britannica,use experts to review its published information to make sureit is for accurate, but Wikipedia 2._____ users to uploadand edit articles.Wikipedia is a very popular research tool, but it is also beingused as search engine. This means it is taking market sharefrom Google. Will Google 3._____ this to continue?No, in 2007 Google introduced its own on-line encyclopaediacalled ‘Knol’, but it is not as popular as Wikipedia.The name, Wikipedia, comes from the mix of ‘wiki’ and‘encyclopaedia’. Wiki is a Hawaiian word meaning 'fast' andit now means a software tool that 4. ____users to addinformation to websites.

Speaking - Wikipedia

Try to guess these questions (and see answers below)

1. Does Wikipedia make a profit?2. Is there pressure to make Wikipedia commercial?3. What do the critics say about Wikipedia?

4. What does Wikipedia do about false information in its articles?

• Does Wikipedia make a profit? No, it is non-commercial and does not showadvertising on its web pages.• Is there pressure to make Wikipedia a commercial website? Yes, because itcould make millions of dollars in profit.• And is Wikipedia is global? Yes, there are over 260 language editions of thewebsite.• What do the critics say about Wikipedia? The critics say that a lot of the articlescontain false information, and it is easy to manipulate the articles.Wikipedia has a team of volunteers who monitor the contributions and correct anyfalse information.

DII) DELL

INTRODUCTION:Discuss these questions:What do you know about Dell Computers? Why is Dell a successful company?

Reading 1: Dell

Dell Corporation is the world’s number one computer sales company and sells itsproducts in over 180 countries. It has manufacturing sites in: America, Malaysia,China, Brazil and Ireland.But how did it all start? Michael Dell founded the company in his student room at theUniversity of Texas in 1984 with only $1,000.He was 19 years old and had an idea to provide cheap personal computers tocollege students.In 2006, his company employed over 45,000 employees and now has revenues of$50 billion per year. It is a fantastic success story.

1. Where does Dell manufacture its computers?2. How did Michael Dell start his company?

3. How old was Michael Dell when he started his company?4. How many people did Dell employ in 2006?

Customer ServiceFill the gaps in each sentence with a word from the box.

Successful - weakness - fail - strength - attract

1. Dell’s ……….is good customer service.2. We increased sales by 10% and it was a ………. year.3. We need to ………… more customers.4. Dell’s major ……… is its limited innovation.

5. Every time we ……... our competitors benefit.

Reading 2: – DELL’S BUSINESS MODELRead the text and answer the questions in your own words:

In the beginning Dell Corporation sold computers to customers who ordered them bytelephone. This is called the direct sales system. Customers contacted Dell directly tobuy a computer.Next, the Internet increased Dell’s direct sales system and provided its customerswith better service and cheaper prices. This business model was very successful.The company also built computers to order. This means that when a customerwanted a computer with personal specifications, Dell designed it. This saves moneyon storage space and production costs.In 1999, Dell became the number one seller of personal computers in the USAOther computer manufacturers, including Hewlett-Packard, compete with Dell bycopying its business model, but they are not as successful.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

1. What is the Dell business model?2. How did the Internet help Dell?3. What saves money on space and production costs?4. What happened in 1999?5. How do other computer manufacturers compete with Dell?

Reading 3: Michael Dell

Michael Dell is the president of Dell Corporation, and he is one of the richest men inthe world. He gave some recommendations to people who want to start their ownbusiness.• Start a business when you find an activity you really love. You must bepassionate about it.What about customer service?• Michael Dell says that customer service is the most important thing in his

business, especially when the price of your products is similar to yourcompetitors’ prices. Great customer service is the difference between you andyour competitors.Is the Internet important in business?• Michael Dell believes that every business should have a website. The Internet iswhere you find your customers and monitor your competition.

Answer the following questions.

1. When is it a good time to start a business?2. When is customer service especially important?3. Is the Internet important in business?4. What does the Internet help you to find and monitor?

LESSON 4 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

E) SPEAKING AND WRITING – (1hour)EI) Speaking practice in pairs

EII) Cultural Awareness Point: Profit or Permission and Punctuality

EI ) SPEAKING EXERCISE:

1)In pairs, think of a situation (e.g. you want to go home early)and ask for permission - your partner gives permission or refuses it. Then changeroles and repeat the exercise.

2)• Can you think of another good business model?• Is copying a successful business model a good idea?

EII) Cultural Awareness Point:

Profit or Permission

Some people permit the public to use their services for free because they area benefit to society e.g. Wikipedia and the World Wide Web.• Do you agree with the idea of free services?• Do you think free services are not actually free and you always pay in the end?

Punctuality

British Business PunctualityThe British are, in general, punctual.If a meeting is scheduled to start at 2pm the British will be ready at 2pm.If you arrive late it is not a good image.

Discuss:Is punctuality important in your country or culture?

ROLE-PLAY – How to improve Customer Service“Good customer service makesa big difference.” Michael Dell

Divide into two groups

Group 1: Customer Service Department at Dell.Group 2: Customers.

Dell Customer Service Dept. - ask the customersabout your service and how you can make it better

Customers - Tell Dell about a bad experience. Howcan Dell make it better?

Try to make the role-play as authentic as possible.

LESSON 5 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

A) VOCABULARY (1 hour)

1) Holiday

Match the ppicture to the words below.

1. On the road

2. In the air

3. In the water

by submarine - by hot air balloon - by bus - by hovercraft - on foot - by van - by ship - by scooter - by coach - by boat - by bicycle - by underground - by plane - by motorcycle - by tram - by

zeppelin - by train – by car - by helicopter - by lorry

Talk about your holiday

a) beach holiday b) city break c) camping holiday d) theme park

Use these verbs to talk about the transportation you used on your last holiday.

to catch a busto get on a busto get off a busto drive a carto ride a bike

Read this text about Sabrina and her friends, and then answer questions 1-6.

Sabrina and her friends want to go on holiday together. They have looked at some holiday brochures, but aren't sure what kind of holiday they want to go on.

Sabrina likes city breaks and theme parks the best, but she doesn't like camping. All her friends like beach holidays but her friend Mohammed doesn't like city breaks. Her friend Pavel likes city breaks the best, but he also likes camping and theme parks, too.

Questions:

1) True or false? Mohammed likes city breaks.

a) trueb) falsec) we don't know

2) True or false? All Sabrina's friends like theme parks.

a) trueb) falsec) we don't know

3) True or false? Pavel likes camping.

a) trueb) falsec) we don't know

4) True or false? All Sabrina's friends like winter holidays.

a) trueb) falsec) we don't know

5) True or false? Sabrina and her friends can't decide where to go on holiday.

a) trueb) falsec) we don't know

6) True or false? Everyone likes camping.

a) trueb) falsec) we don't know

Look at lists 1-6 below of words we use to talk about going on holiday. Which word (or pair of words) in each list is the odd one out?

1) tent rucksack plane sleeping bag

2) passport luggage tag motorbike suitcase

3) train phone plane taxi

4) bag suitcase camera rucksack

5) sea swimsuit coach beach

6) boat deck chair train plane

Fill in the blank with the words in the chart below.

Planning a holiday

Many people take their main holiday in summer, and although some people choose a________ others plan their holiday months in advance.

The beginning of the year is a good time for people to start looking at _______.

________(companies that organise holidays) as well as ______ (the people that sell holidays) give lots of information about holiday destinations and types of holiday. Apart from the traditional two-week beach holiday, you can choose from a range of holidays: ______ (holiday on a ship), an ______ (a holiday that involves walking, cycling, climbing or other sports), ________(a weekend or a few days in a different city) and so on.

A lot of people choose a package holiday, where ________are included in the price. But many people prefer an independent holiday, where they make their own travel arrangements.

If you travel independently, you will need to book your flights or train tickets. Unless you have an onward destination, you will probably book a return journey. Then you will need to ____ _______ at a hotel, or another place to stay, such as a campsite (if you are camping in a tent), or a caravan site (if you are staying in a caravan), or a B&B (a bed and breakfast).

For all types of foreign holidays, it is essential that you check you have all your ______ Make sure your_____ hasnt expired, and that you have a ______ if necessary. If you are travelling to some countries, you also need to make sure that all your vaccinations (protection against illness) are up to date. For some countries you might need a ______ against hepatitis, or yellow fever, for example.

As your departure date gets nearer, you can start to plan the details of your journey. Perhaps it will be a good idea to buy a ______, or a phrase book, if you don't speak much of the local language. Some people like to read up on (= get lots of background information) on where they are going, and find out about the places of interest and "must-see"� ____. It's also fun to make a _____, so you don't forget any vital clothes or toiletries.

It's also a good idea to buy l_____ in advance, if your flight gets in (= arrives) in the middle of the night, when no banks are open. Most airlines also advise you to take out (=get) _____ just in case your flight is delayed or cancelled, or if you get ill and need to be repatriated (sent back to your country).

Don't forget to make arrangements for your pets and your house while you're away. Put your dog into kennels (a dog hotel), and leave a key with your neighbour just in case! Hopefully your neighbour will keep an eye on your house while you're on holiday! Finally, get to the airport with plenty of time to spare. Nowadays it can take much longer to get through security and onto the plane. Have a nice trip and send your neighbour a _______!

Sights - flights and accommodation - travel documents.- travel agents - holiday brochures - activity holiday- last-minute break - visa – a city break -Tour operators - local currency -a cruise - vaccination -make a reservation – passport - packing list - postcard - departure date - guide book -travel insurance

Fill in the blank with the words in the chart below

Holiday jokes.

A holiday is something that turns someone who is tired into someone who is ______ .

My cousin won a free trip to Australia. Now she's out there trying to win a ______ .

I met my husband when I wanted to buy a holiday. He was the ______ .

I went on holiday to forget everything. When I opened my ______ , I discovered I had.

It's a really boring place. One day the ______ went out and

never came back. I never take a holiday in case my ______ finds out that I don't do anything.

I took a cheap charter flight. There was no in-flight movie. Instead the pilot flew low over a ______.

The flight was so cheap that we had to fasten our ______ on take off.

The plane was so old that it had an ______ . However bad the in-flight movie is, don't ______ .

Last resort – Boss – Drve-in theater – Scotch tape – Tide – Exhausted – Outside toilet – Wlak out – Suitcase – Free trip back

2) Hobbies

Where do these activities belog?

surfing, go shopping , scuba diving , playing video games,skiing, sunbathing, surfing the internet, building sand castles,hiking, swimming, horse riding, having a picnic, bungee jumping,rollerblading, cycling, snowboarding, bird watching, watchingTV, eating out, playing ches

Indoor

•

Outdoor summer

•

Outdoor winter

•

All season outdoor

•

Other examples of hobbies

surfing internetgrowing flowersplaying chesssolvingcrosswordscollecting

playing violindoingswimmingdoing balletstampsplaying piano

Interview & Write about your classmates.

1. What are your favourite pastimes?

2. How often do you__________________?

3. Where do you usually…?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. When do you usually _____________________?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Who do you usually _____________________ with?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. Why do you enjoy_________________?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7. Which hobbies do you not like doing?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. Why do you not enjoy these hobbies?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Do you think that bird watching is boring? Why or why not?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Do you like reading?

YOUR BOOK BUYING HABITS

Is shopping for books a solo or group activity for you? Many questions are ranked so you can score them relative to each other. You can rank items the same or leave blank.1 When shopping for books do you:

Prefer to do it alone 1 2 3 4 Part of a family activity 1 2 3 4

Like to go with friend(s) 1 2 3 4

Don't mind 1 2 3 4 Are you loyal to one bookshop?2 Your book-buying habits:

No particular bookshop Normally loyal to one bookshop Visit many bookshops Have a set of shops that I normally

visit Part of the regular shopping routine Shop for books mainly when

travelling Visit remainder shops regularly No easy access to a bookshop

3 Do you buy new books in hardback format? (Ignore remaindered books)

How often do you have a chance for some recreational reading?4 What best describes your reading habits?

Occasionally Once a week Several times a week Every day More than once a day

Other Please tell us where, and how many, books you have 'obtained' recently. This includes gifts, loans and books borrowed.5 In the last 12 months, how many books have you obtained from each of these sources?

Bought online

Purchased in bookshops

Secondhand books bought

Read or re-read old book off my shelf

Borrowed or lent (including library books)Recieved as a giftHow influenced are you by the price of a book in your purchase decision?6 How important is the price of the book?

Very important Quite important Slightly important No fixed rule Unimportant

Other Please try to rank the factors you feel influence your decision to pick up a book in a bookshop. (The next question is about what influences you to actually buy).7 What encourages you to pick up a book when you are browsing? (1=low 9=high)

The cover design 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The author 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The publisher 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The price 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Special price deals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Position in the shop 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Previous pubilcity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 In shop promotion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The blurb on the cover 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Please rank what you feel influences your choice to buy. This is similar to the previous question but we want to know what makes you actually buy a specific book.8 What encourages you to PURCHASE a book once you have picked it up? (1=low 9=high)

The cover design 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The author 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The publisher 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The price 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A picture and/or biography of the author 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The blurb describing the book 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Length of the book 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mostly an impulse purchase 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Reading a small section of the text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 We have found the views you have expressed in our other surveys very informative.

9 Please use this space to let us know what motivates you to buy a particular book

The next question looks at your book buying strategy.10 Please rank the following to describe your book buying strategy in a bookshop? (1=low 8=high)

I normally shop for books on impulse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I have an idea of what I want so focus in a topic area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I work through the bestsellers then onto the shelves 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I like to work my way along the shelves 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I just browse and buy a book that interests me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 One thing leads to another.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I set out to find a particular title 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I always browse through the books near the front of the shop 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

This question looks at your habits when online shopping11 Please rank the following to describe your book buying strategy online? (1=low 9=high)

I find the comments and reviews useful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I appreciate the suggesstions that the system offers me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I use the search facility to help me find a book I want to buy

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I enjoy the way I discover books online 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I don't have much alternative as I have no access to good bookshops

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I often research a book online but buy it from a shop 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I just enjoy browsing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I find shopping for books online rather addictive 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I often find a book in a bookshop but buy it online 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Select a rating with 5 as 'very important' or leave blank if the factor is irrelevant.12 Please rate the importance of the following in your decision to buy a book

Prizes won

Celebrity or cover endorsements

Favourable critical comment in media

Seen or heard author talking about their book

Information on the cover

A LITTLE ABOUT YOU

We are wondering if there are any regional book-buying habits so we would like to know which part of the world you come from. (Not necessarily where you live at present.)13 Which part of the world are you from?

East Asia South Asia Australasia Indian sub-continent Middle East Africa Europe Southern Europe Eastern

Europe Western America North America Central America South

Other 14 Your gender

Female Male

15 Can you give us your age group please?

Under 25 25 to 35 35-50 50-65 65+

Age range

3) Sports

How do you play / do some of these sports?

Match the sports in the chart below

Tennis – Golf – Rugby – Badminton – Cricket – Football - Darts

A racquet sport played by either two players (singles) or two pairs (doubles). Played on a court divided by a net with racquets and a shuttlecock. You play a game of badminton. /th>

A teamgame, usually played outdoors, on a cricket pitch, with a bat, a cricket ball, and stumps, There are11 players on each team. You play a cricket match.

Darts is played by two players. Darts are thrown at a dart board. You play a game of darts or a darts match.

A team sport, usually played outdoors, on a football pitch, with a round football, a goal, with two teams of 11 players, and a goalie. You play a game of football or a football match.

Usually played by individuals, golf is played on a golf course, using several types of golf clubs and a golf ball. You play a game of golf or a round of golf.

A team sport, played outdoors, on a rugby pitch, with an oval rugby ball, and two teams of 15 players. You play a game of rugby or a rugby match.

A racquet sport played by either two players (singles) or two pairs (doubles). Played on a court divided by a net with racquets and a tennis ball. You play a game of tennis or a tennis

match.

LESSON 5 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

B) GRAMMAR & EXRCISES (2hours)

1)Present Perfect Continuous, Form

The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements:

1. the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and2. the present participle of the main verb (base+ing).

Subject has/have been base+ingShe has been swimming

AffirmativeShe has been / She's been running

NegativeShe hasn't been running

InterrogativeHas she been running?

Interrogative negativeHasn't she been running?

Example: to live, present perfect continuous

Affirmative Negative InterrogativeI have been living I haven't been living Have I been living?

You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?

He, she, it has been living He hasn't been living Has she been living?

We have been living We haven't been living Have we been living?

You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?

They have been living They haven't been living Have they been living?

Present perfect continuous, function

The present perfect continuous refers to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

Examples

1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present.

• She has been waiting for you all day (=and she's still waiting now).• I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (=and I still haven't finished it).• They have been travelling since last October (=and they're not home yet).

2. Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results:

• She has been cooking since last night (=and the food on the table looks delicious).• It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).• Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).

Verbs without continuous forms

With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the present perfect simple. See list of these verbs under 'Present Continuous':

• I've wanted to visit China for years.• She's known Robert since she was a child.• I've hated that music since I first heard it.• I've heard a lot about you recently.• We've understood everything we've heard this morning.

Exercise

Present Perfect Progressive/Continuous - statements -

Use the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Progressive in the sentences.

Example: She _______________ tennis for half an hour now. (to play)

Answer: She has been playing tennis for half an hour now. or She's been playing tennis for half an hour now.

1) I this website since 1999. (to run)

2) My parents for years. (to smoke)

3) He for his girlfriend since 6 o'clock. (to wait)

4) We in Greece since last August. (to live)

5) Max and Paul their bikes all day. (to ride)

6) They in the sun for hours. (to lie)

7) Emily on the computer for too long. (to work)

8) It since I came home. (to rain)

9) You to music since 12:30. (to listen)

10) Frank for the last 20 minutes. (to dream)

Negations in the Present Perfect Progressive

Put in the verbs in the Present Perfect Progressive and form negative sentences.

Example: Stella _________________ tennis for half an hour now. (not/to play)

Answer: Stella has not been playing tennis for half an hour now. or Stella hasn't been playingtennis for half an hour now.

1) Carl to the teacher for the last ten minutes. (not/to listen)

2) The students to learn the new words. (not/to try)

3) Kim crossword puzzles. (not/to do)4) The teachers in the sun. (not/to lie)

5) I in the last lesson. (not/to sleep)

6) The doctor the patients. (not/to examine)

7) They loudly. (not/to laugh)

8) We the whole evening. (not/to phone)

9) My father dinner. (not/to prepare)

10) Zack the whole evening. (not/to dance)

Sentences and questions in the Present Perfect Progressive -

Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use the Present Perfect Progressive/Continuous. Watch the punctuation and form sentences or questions.

Example: ___ she __________ tennis for half an hour now? (to play)

Answer: Has she been playing tennis for half an hour now?

1) Andrew in the country. (not/to live)

2) How long your grandparents this car?(to drive)

3) They . (not/to cycle)

4) Tony this book, but Mary has. (not/to read)

5) How long he for her? (to wait)

6) Andy on the blue car? (to work)

7) My brother hard enough. (not/to study)

8) How long they for a flat? (to look)

9) I my homework. (not/to do)

10) you the whole morning? (to sleep)

2) Past continuous - form.The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb to be (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.

Subject was/were base-ingThey were watching

Example: to play, past continuous

Affirmative Negative InterrogativeI was playing I was not playing Was I playing?

You were playing You were not playing Were you playing?

He, she, it was playing She wasn't playing Was she playing?

We were playing We weren't playing Were we playing?

You were playing You weren't playing Were you playing?

They were playing They weren't playing Were they playing?

Past continuous, function

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and was still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses anunfinished or incomplete action in the past.

It is used:

• often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sunwas shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."

• to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action: "Iwas having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."

• to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead."

• with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

More examples

• They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.• Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.• When we arrived he was having a bath.• When the fire started I was watching television.

Past Progressive - Statements -

Put in the verb in brackets into the gaps and form affirmative sentences.

Example: Eddie __________ a comic. (to read)

Answer: Eddie was reading a comic.

1) She hockey. (to play)

2) They in the pool. (to swim)

3) It . (to rain)

4) We to music. (to listen)

5) The mobile . (to ring)

6) The students . (to text)

7) Max with two girls. (to dance)

8) I in front of the shop. (to wait)

9) The cat in the basket. (to sleep)

10) He Gerry's bike. (to repair)

Past Progressive - Positive statements

Past Progressive - Negations -

Put in the verbs in brackets into the gap and form negative sentences. You can use long or short (contracted) forms of the auxiliary.

Example: Maggie _____________ volleyball. (not/to play)

Answer: Maggie was not playing volleyball. or Maggie wasn't playing volleyball.

1) She a cheeseburger. (not/to eat)

2) They pictures. (not/to paint)

3) The teacher the window. (not/to open)

4) Johnny his bike. (not/to ride)

5) We on the computer. (not/to work)

6) Doris the news on TV. (not/to watch)

7) I the trumpet. (not/to practise)

8) The friends songs. (not/to sing)

9) Steve a cigarette. (not/to smoke)

Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps and form affirmative sentences.

Example: Eddie __________ a comic. (to read)

Answer: Eddie was reading a comic.

1) I to my friend. (to talk)

2) He the beds. (to make)

3) The boys the parrots. (to feed)

4) We breakfast at 5:30 this morning. (to have)

5) She a nice skirt. (to wear)

6) Tom's younger brother . (to cry)

7) You photos with my new camera, weren't you? (to take)

8) My father vegetables at the supermarket. (to buy)

9) They on the sofa. (to sit)

10) Robert on the beach. (to lie)

Negations in the Past Progressive -

Questions in the Past Progressive -

Write the correct verb form into the gap. Use the Past Progressive.

Example: ___ she ______ a book? (to read)

Answer: Was she reading a book?

1) Ashley on the computer? (to work)

2) they the bike? (to repair)

3) Melissa out a book? (to take)

4) you to music? (to listen)

5) Nicolas at a picture? (to look)

6) Emma and Bertha her friend? (to phone)

7) the girl the window? (to open)

8) he judo? (to do)

Put in the verbs in brackets into the gap and form negative sentences. You can use long or short (contracted) forms of the auxiliary.

Example: Maggie _____________ volleyball. (not/to play)

Answer: Maggie was not playing volleyball. or Maggie wasn't playing volleyball.

1) Julia tea. (not/to drink)

2) They the Internet. (not/to surf)

3) My brother yesterday. (not/to sail)

4) Oliver jokes. (not/to tell)

5) The children their room. (not/to tidy)

6) We ringtones. (not/to download)

7) Claire her T-shirt. (not/to wash)

8) He his homework. (not/to do)

9) Their parents e-mails. (not/to write)

10) Our dog after the white cat. (not/to run)

3) Relative pronouns

Definition: We use the relative pronouns to refer to a noun mentioned before and of which we are adding more information. They are used to join two or more sentences and forming in that way what we call "relative sentences".

Relative pronounsWho, Whom, That, Which

whoever, whomever, whichever

For example:

• People who speak two languages are called bilingual.* In this example, the relative "who" introduces the relative sentence "speak two languages" that describes or gives more information about the noun "people".

Relative pronouns: Subject or ObjectAs the relative pronouns relate to another noun preceding it in the sentence, they connect a dependent clause to an antecedent (a noun that precedes the pronoun.) Therefore, relative pronouns acts as the subject or object of the dependent clause.

For example:

• The chef who won the competition studied in Paris.* Here, "who" relates back to (or is relative to) the noun "Chef". "Who" also acts as the subject of the dependent clause and the verb "won".=> The dependent clause: who won the competition. => The independent clause: The chef studied in Paris.

• The shirt that Carl bought has a stain on the pocket.* Here, "that" relates back to (or is relative to) the noun "shirt". "That" is also the object of the verb "bought". => The dependent clause is: that Carl bought. => The independent clause: The shirt has a stain on the pocket.

Referring to people: Who, Whom, Whoever, WhomeverThese pronouns take a different case depending on whether the relative pronoun is a subject or an object in the dependent clause.

1. Subjective caseUse the subjective case when these relative pronouns are the subject (initiating the action) of the dependent clause: Who, Whoever

For example:

• Negotiations were not going smoothly between the two leaders, who made no bones about not liking each other.* "Who" relates back to the noun "leaders" and is the subject of the dependent clause and the verb "made".

• Most workers, whoever was not employed by the auto manufacturer, toiled at one of the millions of little minnow companies.* "Whoever" relates back to the noun "workers" and is the subject of the dependent clause and the verb "was employed".

2. Objective caseUse the objective case when these relative pronouns are the object (receiving the action) of the dependent clause: Whom, Whomever

For example:

• This is the approach taken by journalists, whom some consider to be objective.* "Whom" relates back to the noun "journalists" and is the object of the verb "consider". The subject of the dependent clause is "some".

• The three representatives, whomever the committee chooses, should be at the meeting tomorrow.* "Whomever" relates back to the noun representatives and is the object of the verb "chooses". The subject of the dependent clause is "Committee".

Referring to a place, thing or idea: Which, ThatWhen using relative pronouns for places, things or ideas, rather than determining case, the writer must decide whether the information in the dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the independent clause or simply additional information.

When information is critical to the understanding of the main clause, use That as the appropriate relative pronoun and do not set the information off by commas.

For example:

• Russian generals have delivered a message that is difficult to ignore.* "That" relates back to the noun "message" and is necessary for the reader to know what "message" the sentence is about.

• There is another factor that obviously boosts the reputation of both of these men.* "That" relates back to the noun "factor" and is necessary for the reader to know what "factor" the sentence is about.

When information is not critical to the understanding of the main clause, use "Which" as the appropriate relative pronoun and set the information off by commas.

For example:

• The toughest intramural fight of all for Clinton was the North American Free Trade Agreement, which he undertook a full year before the 1994 election.* "Which" relates back to the noun "agreement" and the information following it is not necessary for the reader to know what "agreement" the sentence is about.

• Clinton refused to head toward the center on affirmative action and abortion,which are the two most sacred issues to the traditional liberal wing of the party.* "Wich" relates back to the noun "affirmative action and abortion" and the information following it is not necessary for the reader to know what "affirmative action and abortion" the sentence is about.

When referring to more than one place, thing or idea use these relative pronouns:Whatever, Whichever

For example:

• The three approaches, whichever works is fine, produce a more ambiguous picture of a man.* "Whichever" relates to the noun "approaches" and the information contained within the commas is additional, not critical information.

• Any excessive profits, whatever exceeded accepted limits, would attract the notice of representatives.* "Whatever" relates to the noun "profits" and the information contained within the commas is additional, not critical information.

Execises

Choose one of the following relative pronouns who, which or whose from the dropdown menu.1) I talked to the girl who which whose car had broken down in front of the shop.2) Mr Richards, who which whose is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.3) We often visit our aunt in Norwich who which whose is in East Anglia.4) This is the girl who which whose comes from Spain.5) That's Peter, the boy who which whose x has just arrived at the airport.6) Thank you very much for your e-mail who which whose x was very interesting.7) The man, who which whose x father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.8) The children, who which whose shouted in the street, are not from our school.9) The car, who which whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland.10) What did you do with the money who which whose your mother lent you?

Relative pronouns - who, which, whose or no pronouns? -

Fill in the blank with the right pronoun

Q1 - Stratford is the town ____ Shakespeare was born in.

wherewhichEither could be used here.Q2 - The hotel ____ we stayed was good.

wherewhichEither could be used here.Q3 - The man ____ interviewed me seemed friendly enough.

whowhichEither could be used here.Q4 - The British Prime Minister, ____ was interviewed yesterday, denied responsibility.

Put in the relative who, which or whose where necessary. Type a if the relative pronoun can be left out.

Example: Peter is the boy ____ rides the blue bike.

Answer: Peter is the boy who rides the blue bike.

1) This is the boy had an accident.

2) Yesterday I saw a car was really old.

3) Mandy is the girl I met on Friday.

4) I haven't seen Frank, brother is five, for a long time now.

5) The robber stole the car the lady parked in front of the supermarket.

6) This is the man house is on fire.

7) Can I talk to the girl is sitting on the bench?

8) The book you gave me is great.

9) She likes hamburgers are hot.

10) Bill Clinton, was President of the USA, has only one daughter.

whothatEither could be used here.Q5 - The car ____ was stolen belonged to my partner.

whichthatEither could be used here.Q6 - The house ____ they have rented is in the centre of town.

whichthatEither could be used here.Q7 - The crowd, ____ were making a lot of noise, were told to move on by the police.

whothatEither could be used here.Q8 - The company, _____ CEO is under investigation, is doing very badly.

whichwhoseEither could be used here.Q9 - The capital city, ____ cathedral is one of the finest in the country, is worth visiting.

whosewhichEither could be used here.Q10 - The school, ____ has seven hundred students, had the bext exam results in the country last year.

LESSON 5 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

D) CASE STUDY – (1hour)DI)FOOTBALL

DII) CYCLING

DI) Football

Jose Mourinho, football coach

INTRODUCTION

Discuss these questions:• What do you know about Jose Mourinho?• Do you think managing a football team is like managing a business?

Reading 1- Jose Mourinho

Jose Mourinho is a very successful manager of football teams.He has won the Portuguese league, the English league and the Italian league. Histeams have also won the European Champion’s League and the UEFA Cup.He wasn’t a great football player but he is a fantastic coach. So how does he do it?He has a passion for the game and does a lot of research. He studies players,tactics, and team dynamics.Another strength is that he is a great communicator and his players always knowexactly what he wants.His characteristics: the belief in the team, the communication skills, and the strongambition to win, make Jose a success.If you adopt these characteristics in business they will make you a success too.

1. What has Jose Mourinho won?2. What does Jose Mourinho study?3. Another strength of his is … ?4. What happens if you adopt his characteristics in business?

Business words: OppositesExercise: match the words (1-7) with their opposite meaning (a-g)

1. Ignore ______-a. failure2. Strong _______b. lose3. Employ ______c. hate4. Love ________d. ordinary5. Special ______e. respect6. Win ________f. sack7. Success _____g. helpful

8. Selfish __h. weak

Reading 2Read the text and fill the gaps with the correct form of the words (1-8 above).

José Mourinho: ‘The one’"I ______the team not the individual. Players don’t win, teams win."The Portuguese coach, José Mourinho, is a real ______as a manager. He has wonthe league title with Porto in Portugal, Chelsea in England and in 2009 with InterMilan in Italy. He is also a winner of the UEFA cup and Champion’s League.Mourinho is confident. He believes he can _____, and, more importantly, hebelieves his players can win. As a manager he insists that every player helps theteam and must not be _______.Jose replaces any player who ______this demand. “I believe in the power of teamspirit and teamwork,” he says. “I love players who love to win. They not only win for90 minutes in the game, but they win every day, in every moment of their lives. Theyhave _______personalities.”The football club ______me because they want the team to win. If the team loses Iwill be sacked. This is true in football and this is true for all successful jobs.

Reading 3What other things makes Jose Mourinho such a successful modern manager?He is very organized and has a lot of mental energy.He is also confident in his personal ability and this helps his relationship with hisplayers. If they do not follow his instructions, he replaces them. “I don’t want theplayers to love me,” he said, “I only want them to work hard for the team.”He is famous for saying: “I see good managers and I see bad managers. Somemanagers can win many things and other managers can’t win anything.He doesn’t think he is arrogant, “because I am a winner, he said. “I am a championand I am the special one.”

1. Is Jose organised?2. What happens if a player doesn’t follow his instructions?3. Does he want his players to love him?4. Jose’s famous for saying what?

5. Does he think he is arrogant?

Asking for & giving opinionsForm and Uses

1. Opinions can be given on a scale, from strongly to weakly.Strongly I’m convinced …I am absolutely sure…I definitely / certainly think that …I really feel that …Neutrally In my opinion …I think / feel / that …I believe that …

It is possible thatWeakly For me …

2. Opinions can be asked for on a scale from forcefully to tactfully.Forcefully Do you really think that …Are you sure/convinced/positive/certain thatDon’t you think that …Neutrally Do you think …Tactfully Do you believe that …

Speaking Practice: Give your opinionIn pairs, ask for and give an opinion on these ideas:• Football is not important or interesting• Football managers can be good managers of business• To control a team you must control the individuals

DII) Cycling

INTRODUCTION

Discuss these questions: What is the Tour de France? What do you know about Lance Armstrong? Is he an individual or a team player?

BUSINESS WORDS: OPPOSITESExercise: find the opposites to the words on the left and discuss their meaning.

e.g. Achieve Fail1. First ____a. Individual2. Excellent ____b. Trivial3. Focus ____c. Last4. Crucial ____d. Distraction

5. United ____e. Poor

Reading 1Lance Armstrong is the first person in history to win the Tour de France seven timesbut in1996 he was diagnosed with cancer, and nearly died.Lance Armstrong believes that his survival and cycling success was achieved byteamwork. When you are competing in sports, or in business, or for your life, it has tobe with a team. This is crucial to success.To be excellent a team must be united - be focused - and mustn’t have anydistractions.And to lead the team you have to create the vision, be a good communicator, andinclude your teammates as much as possible.

1. How many times has Lance Armstrong won the Tour de France?2. What happened in 1996?3. What does Armstrong believe is the secret to his success?4. What must an excellent team have?

5. To lead a team you have to …?

DiscussWhat character types of people are good team players?What character types are not good team players?

Match these team types to their definition:1. Delegator (e) ____a. Priority is to complete the job2. Leader ____b. Plans the activities3. Organiser _____c. Evaluates all possibilities4. Creative person d. Team boss5. Resource investigator ____e. Person who decides team responsibilities (1)6. Evaluator ____f. Has the ideas and imagination7. Team-worker ____g. Finds the resources for the team8. Completer ____h. Has special talent or information

9. Specialist ____i. Supports other team members

What is your personality type in the list above? Discuss this with the class.

ROLE-PLAYDivide into two groups:Each groups has to build a team for managing a new company:Decide on a company and a business activity.You can only have 5 team members.Decide which five personality types you will havein your team and discuss the reasons with theother group.

DiscussDo you think the team is more important than the individual?

Read the article, and choose the correct word of obligation for each gap.

Reading 2: LANCE ARMSTRONG – THE TEAM

Lance Armstrong is a great sportsman but always says you 1. (have to / mustto) congratulate his team, and not him. All his success comes from the team.He is famous winning, and for motivating his team with his leadership skills.He says you 2. (must / has) use these skills in business too.“The fundamentals are the same in business as they are in sport. To be successfulyou 3. (have to / must not) work hard, communicate with your team andhave vision,” he says.

“On the bike and in business, you 4. (must / have) be consistent, explainyour ideas clearly, and having the best people in your team.”Lance Armstrong said: “you 5. (must not / will have to) stop improvingand finding new ways to win.Every year your business and your team 6. (will have to / will must)work harder, because the competition will be better, and it will be more difficult to win.

Reading 3

Another great sportsman, the basketball star, Michael Jordan, once said, ‘talent winsgames, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships.’Team building skills are very important for a manager or entrepreneur, but what is asuccessful team?This happens when a group accomplishes something much bigger and better than aselection of individuals working on their own.And there are two critical factors in building a successful team.The first factor is the variety of skills and personalities. Different personality typesbalance and complement each other.The second factor of successful team building is that every member of the team hasto work towards the same clear goals, the team goals.The team leader must be a good motivator to achieve this.

1. What did Michael Jordan say?2. What is a successful team?3. What is the first factor?4. What is the second factor?5. What must the team leader be to achieve this?

LESSON 5 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

E) SPEAKING AND WRITING – (1hour)EI) Role Play

EII) Speaking and writing topics

Role Play

Background: Jose Mourinho applies for a job at a football club. The Club President interviews him.

Jose Mourinho. You want to join this ambitious club. Think of reasons why.Give your opinion of the team, the coaching staff, the facilities and the competition.

The President: You do not want to change things radically. You know that Josespeaks to the media a lot and you do not always like what he says.Is Jose the right man for the job? Will you offer him a job?

Discuss the options, and try to come up with a solution.Practice using the grammar (Can & Can’t) and the Functional Vocabulary(Asking for and Giving opinions)

Always try to make the role-play authentic

Free Time

• Do you have enough free time?• Do you have free time on Sundays?• Do you have much free time during the day?• Do you have much free time in the evenings?• Do you have much free time in the mornings?• Do you like to watch movies? (...like to play tennis, ...)• What are you doing this weekend?• What did you do last summer vacation?• What did you do last weekend?• What do you do in your free time?• What hobbies do you have?• When do you have free time? (How do you spend your free time?)• Where do you spend your free time?• Who do you spend your free time with?• How do you like to spend your free time?

• going shopping? going to the cinema? chatting? playing computer games going to the disco? playing sports?reading? relaxing?

• If you had more free time, what would you do with it?• Tell me about some good places to hang out.

• Why are they good?• Where do young people in this country usually spend their free time?• Would you like to have more free time?

• What would you like to give up so that you could have more free time?• How do the women in your family usually spend their free time?

• How do the men in your family usually spend their free time?• Do men and women spend their free time differently? How?• If it were suddenly announced that tomorrow was a national holiday, what would you do?• What do you do on Saturdays?• Do people's leisure time activities change as they get older? How?• Who do you like to spend your leisure time with?

• What do you usually do?• Do you like gossiping in your free time?

• Who do you gossip with?• Who do you gossip about?

• What do you really hate having to do in your free time?• What new activity would you like to try doing in your free time?• Do you ever feel that you waste your free time? How?

• What can you do about this?• Do you find that your works or studies takes up your free time?• Are there any activities that you used to do but don't do anymore?

• Why did you stop?

Hobbies

• Do you have a hobby?• What are your hobbies?• How long have you had your hobby?• Which hobbies are the most expensive?• Which hobbies are the cheapest?• Which hobbies cost nothing at all?• Which hobbies are the most popular in your country?• Is hunting a hobby or a sport in your country?• Which hobbies are the most popular with women in your country? With men?• Did you have any hobbies when you were a child?• Can you think of any hobbies which are popular with children and adults?• Do you think a hobby is different from a sport?• Are there any hobbies you would like to try?• Are there any dangerous hobbies?• Are there any hobbies you can do in other countries, but not your own?• Which hobbies do you think are the most difficult?

LESSON 6 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

A) VOCABULARY (1hour)

1) The Workplace

Finding a good job and performing your duties well can lead to better pay and promotions

Discuss your jobs using the words below:

1. commute to work2. draw up plans3. fill out paperwork4. get a promotion5. get a raise6. get fired7. give a presentation8. go home9. go on a business trip10.go on vacation11.go out to lunch12.go to a meeting13.go to work14.make copies15.meet with a client16.quit your job17.send a fax18.take a day off19.write a proposal20.write a report

21.change jobs

Complete the sentences below with the best answer:

1. She _______________ everyday by bus and has a lot of time to do her work on a laptop.

A. commutes to work B. draws up plans C. changes jobs

2. One of my friends got ____________ last week because he was late for work everyday.

A. fired B. a promotion C. a raise

3. My boss decided to ______________ for personal reasons, but he should be here tomorrow. He said something about seeing a doctor, but I don't know all of the details.

A. change jobs B. take the day off C. go on a business trip

Follow up

Discuss a typical day at work. What are your responsibilities and duties? Are you satisfied with your working conditions and what do employees have to do to get a raise or a promotion? Can workers take days off and are they given paid vacation?

Choose the correct answer.

1. Where goods are produced. a) Head Office b) the Accounts department c) the canteen d) the factory

2. Where finished goods are kept. a) Head Office b) the warehouse c) the canteen d) the factory

3. Where the workers have lunch. a) the canteen b) Head Office c) the Accounts department d) the factory

4. Where the directors meet. a) the Accounts department b) the warehouse c) the canteen d) the boardroom

5. Where the accountants work. a) the Accounts department b) the warehouse c) the boardroom d) the factory

6. Where the computer people work. a) Data Processing b) the warehouse c) the boardroom d) the factory

7. Where the sales people 'work'. a) any expensive restaurant b) the warehouse c) the boardroom d) the factory

How do people normally feel in these situations? Tick the correct answer.

1) You have just been made redundant.

happy unhappy

2) You find work very rewarding.

happy unhappy

3) You haven't been given a pay rise for years.

happy unhappy

4) You have been promoted.

happy unhappy

5) You work long hours.

happy unhappy

6) You have a steady income.

happy unhappy

7) You aren't paid for working overtime.

happy unhappy

8) Your perks have been eliminated.

happy unhappy

9) You have been put in charge of the department.

happy unhappy

10) Your job is very demanding.

happy unhappy

Talking about work (casual) 1

Choose the best (most logical) response to complete each of the following sentences:

1. This job is too (stressed-out/stressful).

2. There's a lot of work, but I can (deal/handle) it.

3. I was (hired/heard) last month.

4. They (fired/failed) two of my co-workers, and I'm afraid I might be next.

5. I work (at/in) sales.

6. My (commute/communion) (= the time it takes me to get to work) isn't so bad.

7. The company has a reputation for treating their (employees/employed) well.

8. I usually don't eat in the (lunchroom/lunch-zone). I go out to eat.

9. The dress (code/cut) is casual.

10. I'm thinking about (quitting/stopping) my job.

Talking about work (casual) 2

Choose the best (most logical) response to complete each of the following sentences:

1. I get along well with most of my (colleagues/employees) (= co-workers).

2. I got a (premonition/promotion) last year.

3. He's not very (producing/productive). He just chats to his friends on Facebook all day.

4. I'm pretty (content/contained) (= happy) with the way things are going.

5. Everyone seems to have gotten a (raise/boost) ( = an increase in salary) except me.

6. We don't have (assess/access) to that information.

7. The (upper/up) management people are not very well liked by the rest of us.

8. I'm taking a week (off/of) to go on vacation.

9. the work load isn't too (dense/heavy).

10. They provide us with a good benefits (pack/package).

2) Personal routine

Daily Activities at Home

What are some of the daily activities that you do at home?

Complete the text below with the words in the box.

make breakfast - wake up - watch the News - comb my hair - turn off the alarm - turn off the lights - get dressed - do their homework

I _____at 7am every morning.I press the snooze button five times every morning before I______ and get up.I have a cup of coffee and ______. I usually read the newspaper while I have breakfast. My children like to have a shower after they have breakfast but I like to have a shower before I ____My wife brushes her long hair, and I have short hair so I______ How do you do your hair in the morning?It is important to brush your teeth, and some women like to put make-up on. After I have finished work, I go home to cook dinner. In my house I usually make dinner. The family eat dinner together at 7:30pm.After dinner I make sure that my children do their homew______rk, and then I chill out on the sofa and watch television. On television I usually______. My wife usually comes to tell me to take the rubbish out, or wash the dishes. Our children feed the dog and the cat before they go to bed and I tell them to go to the bathroom too. If I am sick I have to take my medication, but then I get into my pyjamas and set the alarm so I wake up in the morning. The last things I do is lock the door, _______, and go to bed.

Daily Activities at Work

What are some daily activities that you do at work?

Complete the text below with the words in the box.

Reply - go to work - have lunch - report to my boss, -afternoon tea- organise a meeting- take the bus- file your papers

I _____ at 8.45am every morning.I usually drive to work.I always check my emails when I get to work, but I don't always _____to them immediately.I take a taxi or a train if I have a lunch meeting. I never _____ because it is too slow. When I am at my desk I usually work on the computer, even during morning tea.At 1pm most days I _____.At 3pm we have ____, and that is when we usually talk and eat cake. When you are in the office you probably have a lot of papers. It is important for you to _______,and so that you can find them again you need to organise your files.

When I work I have to make telephone calls. If an important issue happens I ask my secretary to_____. Once a month I ______ but maybe you have to report to your boss more often. I usually write a document that my boss can read.

Other Daily Activities

What are some other daily activities that you do?

go to the gym - exercise - meditate

I _____ at least three times a week.I usually _____ before work, but sometimes I go after work.I ______ every morning so that I feel less stressed during the day.

Weekly Activities

What are some weekly activities that you do?

Complete the text below with the words in the box.

go grocery shopping - do the washing - go to church, - go to the mall - hire a movie -go out with friends - recharge my cellphone

I _______once a week at the local supermarket.My family does the housework together every Saturday morning.I usually ______ on Sunday morning and when the machine is finished I hang the clothes out to dry.On Sunday morning we ______ and if there is lots of noise coming from next door, sometimes we fight with the neighbour.On Saturday night my parents stay at home and I ______.Even my friends that live at home call their parents each week. Every evening, I water the garden. I usually pay someone to wash the car, but my partner says I should do it, so sometimes I argue with my partner about that. If we are angry at the neighbour, we seek vengeance by annoying his dogs. I work in an important office, so I have to shine my shoes each day. Sometimes we_____, because we don't like to illegally download music and films. I make sure that I synchronise my iPod so I always have new music on it.To get our shopping, we _____ in the car. Last week I forgot to recharge my travel card, and I had to argue with a bus driver. I couldn't call the office because I forgot to _______!

LESSON 6 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

B) GRAMMAR & EXRCISES (2hour)

1) The Passive

How to Form the Passive

The passive voice in English is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the verb'to be' + the past participle of the verb in question:

Subject verb 'to be' past participleThe house was built ...

Example

to clean

Subject verb 'to be' past participleSimple present:

The house is cleaned every day.

Present continuous:

The house is being cleaned at the moment.

Simple past:

The house was cleaned yesterday.

Past continuous:

The house was being cleaned last week.

Present perfect:

The house has been cleaned since you left.

Future:

The house will be cleaned next week.

NOTE: 'to be born' is a passive form and is most commonly used in the past tense:

• I was born in 1976. When were you born?• BUT: Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.Infinitive form: infinitive of 'to be' + past participle: (to) be cleaned

This form is used after modal verbs and other verbs normally followed by an infinitive, e.g.

• You have to be tested on your English grammar• John might be promoted next year.• She wants to be invited to the party.Gerund or -ing form: being + past participle: being cleaned

This form is used after prepositions and verbs normally followed by a gerund

Examples

• Most film stars hate being interviewed.• I remember being taught to drive.• The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.NOTE: Sometimes the passive is formed using the verb to get instead of the verb to be:

• He got arrested for dangerous driving.• They're getting married later this year.• I'm not sure how the window got broken.

How to use the Passive

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action, e.g.

• The passive is used ...:We are interested in the passive, not who uses it.

• The house was built in 1654:We are interested in the house, not the builder.

• The road is being repaired:We are interested in the road, not the people repairing it.

In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.

Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or cannot express who or what performed the action:

• I noticed that a window had been left open• Every year people are killed on our roads.If we want to say who or what performs the action, we use the preposition by:

• "A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles• ET was directed by Spielberg

The passive voice is often used in formal or scientific texts:

• A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-chosen words.• Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases.• Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways.

Exercise

Are the sentences written in Active or Passive voice?

1) Steven likes to play baseball. Active voice Passive voice

2) Bingo is played in Britain. Active voice Passive voice

3) Lots of houses were destroyed. Active voice Passive voice

4) French is spoken in Nigeria. Active voice Passive voice

5) The bus driver was hurt. Active voice Passive voice

Rewrite the sentences in Active voice.

Example: Letters were written by the students.

The students wrote letters.

1) The club was founded by Ron and Peggy.

2) The computer is used by Patrick.

3) Coffee is sold by Marie.

4) This book was written by an Irishman.

5) Football is played by the children.

2) The “ZERO” Conditional

1. FormIn 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:

'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)If + simple presentIf you heat iceIf it rains

simple presentit melts.you get wet

NOTE: The order of the clauses is not fixed - the 'if' clause can be first or second:

Examples

• Ice melts if you heat it.• You get wet if it rains.

2. FunctionIn these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are used to make statements about the real world, and often refer to general truths, such as scientific facts.

Examples

• If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.• Plants die if they don't get enough water.• If my husband has a cold, I usually catch it.• If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.• If you mix red and blue, you get purple.This structure is often used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause:

Examples

• If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema.• Ask Pete if you're not sure what to do.

3) Type 1 Conditional

1. Form

In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future

'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)If + simple presentIf it rainsIf you don't hurry

Simple futureyou will get wetwe will miss the train.

2. Function

In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result. They are based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings:

• If you don't leave, I'll call the police.• If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!• If you drop that glass, it will break.• Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.• If I have time, I'll finish that letter.• What will you do if you miss the plane?NOTE: We can use modals to express the degree of certainty of the result:

• If you drop that glass, it might break.• I may finish that letter if I have time.

Exercise Conditional I

Match up the two halves

1. If you sell more than you did last year a) he'll be out on his ear. b) I'll buy you a new car. c) you'll soon be on your way d) you'll be in big trouble.

2. If you take my advice a) Concorde is faster than a 747. b) I'll buy two. c) you'll keep a tighter control on what Jerome gets up to. d) you'll be in big trouble.

3. If he doesn't accept our offer a) we'll have to withdraw. that's the most we can afford to pay. b) your job here will be quite safe. c) he'll be out on his ear. d) you'll be in big trouble.

4. If you give me a 10 % discount a) you'll soon be on your way b) your job here will be quite safe. c) I'll buy two. d) you'll be in big trouble.

5. If sales don't improve soon a) we'll have to lay off some workers b) your job here will be quite safe. c) I'll buy two. d) you'll keep a tighter control on what Jerome gets up to.

6. If the report isn't on my desk tomorrow morning a) you'll be in big trouble. b) your job here will be quite safe. c) we'll have to lay off some workers d) he'll be out on his ear.

7. If Nick doesn't mend his ways soon a) you'll soon be on your way b) your job here will be quite safe. c) you'll be in big trouble. d) he'll be out on his ear.

8. If I see you standing around the coffee machine talking again a) you'll be in big trouble. b) your job here will be quite safe. c) we'll have to lay off some workers d) he'll be out on his ear.

9. If you don't make the grade here a) your job here will be quite safe. b) you'll soon be on your way c) we'll have to lay off some workers d) he'll be out on his ear.

10. Unless you do something really bad a) your job here will be quite safe. b) you'll soon be on your way c) you'll be in big trouble. d) he'll be out on his ear.

1. If you .......... my advice, you'll accept it. a) will be taking b) will take c) are taking d) take

2. If we .......... a few more days a) hang on b) are hanging on c) will hang on d) will be hanging on

3. If you .......... , I'll tell Jagger that we need time to think it over a) want b) are wanting c) will want d) would want

4. When he .......... that, he'll be a bit impatient a) is hearing b) will hear c) would hear d) hears

5. I'm sure that if I .......... to him sweetly enough he'll hold on and not look elsewhere. a) 'm talking b) will talk c) talk d) would talk

6. If things are looking a bit dicey, I .......... to you. a) get back b) 'll get back c) would get back d) am getting back

7. So, if I .......... from you , I'll assume everything is fine. a) don't hear b) hear c) am hearing d) won't hear

8. I'll only call you if I .......... there is a problem. a) would think b) will think c) think d) am thinking

9. So unless I .......... from you, a) hear b) am hearing c) will hear d) would hear

10. I .......... no need to worry. a) have b) am having c) do not have d) will have

LESSON 6 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

D) CASE STUDY – (1hour)DI) FACEBOOK

DII) VESPA

DI) Facebook

INTRODUCTIONDiscuss these questions:Do you know what a ‘social network site’ is?Do you know Facebook? Do you use it? Why? Why not?

Reading 1 – Facebook

Facebook is a social network website that was launched in 2004.At the time the creator of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, was a student at HarvardUniversity in the USA.People who use Facebook create a personal profile, add friends and exchangemessages.In the beginning, Zuckerberg designed the network for Harvard students only, butwhen it became popular he introduced it to other colleges in North America, and thenin 2006, Facebook was opened to anybody over the age of 12.By July 2010 Facebook had more than 500 million active users around the world.Protection of personal information is a major problem for the company, so the safetyand security of the users’ accounts is a high priority.

Answer the following questions.

1. When was Facebook launched?2. Where was Mark Zuckerberg when he created Facebook?3. What happened in 2006?4. By July 2010 Facebook had more than active users...

5. What is a major problem for Facebook?

Reading 2: Facebook’s Business Model

Read the text and put a suitable word from the box into the gaps.In some cases more than one option is possible.

It - our - your - our - this - his - it - that

‘To help people connect and communicate more efficiently. ______is _____aim,’Facebook’s founder, Mark Zuckerberg said.‘For everybody in the world, this is ______opportunity to speak and shareinformation, and _____is a very positive thing, not a negative thing.’

____vision is to make Facebook the most popular social network in the world, andby 2009 ____had over 500 million users.But what is the company’s business model?From 2004 to 2008 Facebook made no profit and concentrated on increasing usernumbers. ‘______ strategy is simple; growth is the priority and profit is secondary,’ thecompany said.In 2009, Facebook began to make a profit from advertising and selling products.However, _____ will continue to grow first and make profit second in the future.

Speaking Practice:• Do you think Facebook’s business model is a good one? Why, why not?• Can you think of other business models that are similar or different?

Facebook Revenues(estimated in US$)Year Revenue Profit or loss2006 $52 million loss2007 $150 million loss2008 $280 million loss2009 $800 million profit2010 $1 billion profit

Fill in the blank with the words below.

What is the company’s business ____?In the beginning Facebook did not ____on making profit but concentratedon increasing the ____of people using the site.The strategy is simple; growth is the ___ and profit is secondary.Today, most of Facebook's revenue comes from _____. In 2010 this sectorgenerated over $1 billion.Microsoft is Facebook's exclusive partner for ______advertising, and as a partof the deal Microsoft pays Facebook $50 million a year.The future offers many more______ for growth and, of course, profits.

priority - focus – applying - advertising – opportunities- model – number

DII) Vespa

INTRODUCTION

Discuss these questions:What is a scooter? Do you ride a scooter? What do you know about Vespa?

Reading 1 –Vespa

The Italian company Piaggio manufactures motorcycles, including the Vespa scooter.Vespa was founded in 1946, and was instantly popular because its design protectsthe rider’s legs from the rain.In 1947 Piaggio sold 2,500 and when Vespa celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1996,more than 15 million scooters had been sold worldwide, making it the mostsuccessful scooter of all time.Because of increasing traffic in the cities Vespa continues to be a very popular formof transport.

TRUE or FALSE. If it is false give the correct information.

1. Vespa manufactures Piaggio scooters.2. Vespa was instantly popular because its design protects the rider.3. Piaggio sold 2,900 scooters in 1947.4. Vespa sold more than 50 million scooters by 1996.

5. Vespa continues to be popular because of the increasing traffic in cities.

Reading 2 –– Vespa Scooters

Read the article and answer the questions in your own words:

The word Vespa means ‘wasp’ in Italian (insect)The scooter was named Vespa because of its high engine noise.The Vespa scooter is recognized as an example of greatItalian design.Many urban executives use a Vespa to get to workbecause there are limited car parking spaces in large citiesand the Vespa is cheap to run.In Asia the Vespa is used as a vehicle for carrying products and family members.Vespa's largest market is Italy, and the United Kingdom is second. The Italianscooter is also popular in USA.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:1. Why was the scooter named Vespa?2. Why is the Vespa popular with urban executives?3. How do people use a Vespa in Asia?

4. Is the USA the largest market for Vespa?

FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE: Used toUsed to (vb) expresses a past habit or state that is no longer true (used to isfollowed by a bare infinitive verb).e.g. I used to smoke but now I don’t.I used to live in Italy and now I live in FranceShe used to work for Piaggio.

Fault and BlameFault = to be responsible for a mistakeBlame = to say somebody else is responsible for a mistake

Eercise : Choose fault or blame to complete the sentences.

1. The damage was not my ..........2. I ............ the company for the late delivery, not the postal service.3. You were not here so I can’t ......... you for the problem.

4. It was the manager’s ............... and he can not .......... anyone else.

Reading 3 – Piaggio

But it’s not all been good news. In 2003, there were serious problems at Piaggio. Themanagement blamed competition from cheap Asian motorcycles, and this meant thatthe company was nearly bankrupt.Then Roberto Colaninno took control of the company and he identified the fault asinefficient business practices. To save the company he introduced new scootermodels, redesigned the manufacturing system and made customer service a priority.In 2008, there was an increase in Vespa sales around the world, and Piaggio made a$60 million profit.However, when we look at the global market for the motorcycle industry it isdominated by Japanese companies like Yamaha and Honda.

Asnwer the following questions.

1. What did the management blame the problems on?2. What did Roberto Colaninno identify as the fault?3. What things did Roberto Colaninno do to save the company?4. What was Piaggio’s profit in 2008?5. Who dominates the global motorcycle market?

LESSON 6 ELEMENTARY PRE-INTERMEDIATE

E) SPEAKING AND WRITING – (1hour)EI) The language of negotiating

EII) Cultural Awareness Point: Pedestrian Crossings

EI) THE LANGUAGE OF NEGOTIATING

Introductory questions:

Are you good at negotiating?Do you like negotiating?What makes a good or bad negotiator?

Expressions to show understanding or agreement on a point:• I agree with you on that.• That's a good suggestion.• You have a point there.• I think we can both agree that...• I don't see any problem with that.

Expressions to object to a point or offer:• I understand, but,...• The way I see it is...• If you look at it from my side...• I can’t agree• From my perspective...• I’m sorry I disagree with you• Is that your best offer?

Recommendations for Successful Negotiations:

Focus on the Customer:Talk about the customer's needs not what you wantKnow your Competition:Understanding your product is not enough. You must know what your competition isoffering too.Concentrate on the people who make the Decisions:Save your time and energy for the decision maker.Sometimes you must say "No":If the deal is not profitable, if the client wants too many concessions, if you believe therelationship will not be a good one, say ‘NO’.Win-Win:It is important that your client feels happy with the agreement too.

SPEAKING PRACTICE: NEGOTIATING• With a partner, negotiate a business agreement for a new computer system.• Student A is the sales person who wants to sell the system for $10,000 but willagree to $7,000 if the client signs a three-year contract.• Student B is the client who wants the computer system for less than $10,000 anddoesn’t want a long contract. Client will accept a one-year contract.• Try to come to an agreement that you are both happy with.

ROLE-PLAY – Negotiate a DealBackground: Facebook wants to buy MySpace. Directors at Facebook meetMySpace Directors to discuss a deal. MySpace is valued at approx. $1 billionRole Play: divide into two groups.Facebook directors: you want to buy MySpace in total and change its businessmodel to: growth first, profit second.MySpace directors: you want to sell 75% of MySpace for $1 billion and helpFacebook to maximise revenues.Practice: Using the pronunciation, vocabulary and functional language youhave learnt in this unit.

EII) CULTURAL AWARENESS POINT: Pedestrian Crossings

In the UK, motorists and motorcyclists respect pedestrian crossings and whensomebody wants to cross the road the traffic stops for them.

Discuss:• Is this true in your country or culture?• Is a pedestrian crossing a safe place to cross a road?• Are there any penalties for motorists who do not stop at pedestrian crossings?• Who is to blame for an accident? Whose fault is it?

ROLE-PLAY – Improve Customer ServiceDivide into two groupsGroup 1: Customer Service Department at Vespa.Group 2: Customers.Vespa Customer Service Dept. - think of questions to ask the customers aboutyour service and suggest ways to make the service better.Customers - Imagine a realistic situation where you receive poor service andtell Vespa what happened. Think of ways that would make the experience betterfor you.Try to make the role-play as authentic as possible.

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-6 ELEMENTARY

– REVIEW

Complete the questions.1 ‘What _’s_ y_o_u_r _n_am__e ______ ?’ ‘My name’s Ben.’2 ‘Where _______________ from?’ ‘I’m from Liverpool.’3 ‘_______________ Liverpool?’ ‘It’s in the northwestof England.’4 ‘_______________ a job?’ ‘No, I don’t. I’m a student.’5 ‘What _______________ ?’ ‘I’m studying computerscience.’6 ‘Are _______________ your course?’ ‘Yes, I’menjoying it very much.’7 ‘_______________ born?’ ‘I was born in London.’8 ‘Are _______________ ?’ ‘No, I’m single.’9 ‘What _______________ doing in your free time?’‘I like watching sport on television.’

Circle the correct form of the verb.1 Paul’s French.He comes / is coming from Toulouse.2 It’s very noisy – Suzy listens / ’s listening to rockmusic.3 Many birds fly / are flying south every winter.4 Most students don’t smoke / aren’t smoking thesedays.5 Does Mr Taylor use / Is Mr Taylor using the computerat the moment?6 Usually, Jim goes / ’s going to work on Saturdays.7 Dave helps / is helping a student with her work.8 Carol doesn’t study / isn’t studying hard for her exam.9 Cats see / are seeing very well in the dark.10 You look nice, Anne. Do you wear / Are you wearing anew dress?11 Japan has / is having many high mountains.

Circle the correct form of the verb.This morning, I (1) walked / was walking to work. I(2) didn’t want / wasn’t wanting to go by bus because thesun (3) shone / was shining.While I (4) walked / was walkingpast the supermarket, I (5) saw / was seeing somethingstrange. A man (6) passed / was passing me and he(7) sang / was singing a football song very loudly, on hisown! He (8) continued / was continuing for a few minutes.Then he (9) met / was meeting a friend and he (10) stopped /was stopping singing.

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-6 ELEMENTARY

Complete the text. Use the correct form of the Past Simple.I (1 visit) ____v_is_it_ed____Istanbul in 1995.I (2 go) ___________ there with my friend.We only(3 speak) ___________ English unfortunately!Sometimes people (4 not understand) ___________us, but it (5 not matter) ___________ . They(6 be) ___________ very friendly.We (7 see) ___________many beautiful buildings including the Aya SophiaMosque.We (8 not have)___________ much moneyso we (9 try) ___________ to live cheaply.We(10 eat) ___________ a lot of bread and cheese.We(11 have) ___________ a wonderful time in Turkey andI’m sure we’ll go back there some day.

Complete the conversation with at, in, or on. If nopreposition is needed, write – .Simon What are you doing (1) ____ Christmas Day?Joanna Well, (2) ____ Christmas morning we always goto church. Then (3) ____ about twelve o’clockwe’re going next door for lunch. There’s a party(4) ____ the evening at the sports centre. Areyou going to Karen’s party (5) ____ next week?Simon Do you mean the party (6) ____ the twentyfirst?I’m afraid I can’t go.We like going away(7) ____ December – in fact, (8) ____ tomorrowwe’re off to Bali for Christmas. See you (9) ____three weeks, (10) ____ January!

Complete the text with a, an, or the. If nothing is needed,write – .Shelley’s a visitor from (1) ____ United States. She’s inLondon visiting (2) ____ number of famous places.Shelley’s (3) ____ architect so she enjoys looking at(4) ____ modern buildings. She knows she’ll walk(5) ____ few miles today, so she’s wearing (6) ____ goodpair of (7) ____ comfortable shoes. She has (8) ____ oldmap with her. (9) ____ map’s not very good, but Shelleysays it’s (10) ____ best one she’s found.

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-6 ELEMENTARY

Complete the sentences with someone/somebody,anyone/anybody, something, or anything.1 I went shopping, but I didn’t buy __a_n_y_th_in_g____ .2 Listen! I’ve ___________ important to tell you.3 She needs ___________ to help her choose abirthday present.4 That meal was huge – I couldn’t eat ___________else!5 Don’t let ___________ touch my computer whileI’m out.6 Have you got ___________ to take the pain away?7 Is ___________ listening to me!8 He doesn’t care; he’ll watch ___________ ontelevision!9 Would ___________ please explain what happened?10 If ___________ asks, tell them I’ve got a cold.11 ___________ phoned but they didn’t leave theirname.

Circle the correct form of the verb.1 I hear you ’ll leave / ’re leaving your job.2 Peter said he ’ll not go / isn’t going to work tomorrow.3 Are you going to play / Will you play football later?4 I’m going to carry / ’ll carry your shopping for you.5 What film will she watch / is she going to watch thisweekend?6 I ’ll help / ’m going to help you if you want me to.7 I need flour because I ’ll bake / ’m going to bake a cakethis afternoon.8 Will he stay / Is he going to stay here all week?9 Don’t worry,I ’m going to buy / ’ll buy another onefor you soon.10 After school he ’s going to study / will study medicine.11 I’m really tired, I think I ’ll go / ’m going to bed.

Complete the sentences with a word from the box.

Nervous - excited – depressed - better - tired well

1 He feels __n_e_r_vo_u_s_ _ .He’s got an exam.2 Mike is feeling _________ .His girlfriend is goingaway.3 Drink some water and you’ll feel _________ .4 Emily is very _________ because she didn’t sleep lastnight.5 My mother doesn’t feel _________ . She has aheadache.6 We’re really _________ about our holiday next week!

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-6 ELEMENTARY

Do these words mean the same or not? Write same oropposite.1 old new ___o_p_p_o_si_te_ _ _ _2 marvellous wonderful ____________3 generous mean ____________4 brilliant stupid ____________5 messy untidy ____________6 polluted clean ____________7 rude polite ____________8 unhappy sad ____________9 wealthy rich ____________10 awful nice ____________11 modern new ____________

Complete the table.

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE1 old __o_ld_e_r__ ___ol_d_e_st_ _2 wealthy ________ ________3 crowded ________ ________4 noisy ________ ________5 kind ________ ________6 busy ________ ________7 far ________ ________8 interesting ________ ________9 bad ________ ________10 good ________ ________11 dry ________ ________

Make 10 sentences from the chart below.

Monday.eight o’clock.Peter’s been waiting for two weeks.I’ve known about it since a few days.1990.I was sixteen.1 ___P_e_te_r’_s _b_ee_n_ w__ai_ti_ng_ _si_nc_e_ M__on_d_a_y_. _ _2 ____________________________3 ____________________________4 ____________________________5 ____________________________6 ____________________________7 ____________________________8 ____________________________9 ____________________________10 ____________________________11 ____________________________

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-6 ELEMENTARY

Circle the correct form of the verb.1 I visited / have visited Paris in 1995.2 Sorry I’m late – I missed / ’ve missed the bus.3 We lived / ’ve lived in this house all our lives.4 When did they tell / have they told you?5 We went / ’ve been camping here every summer.6 She ’s had / had a headache since yesterday.7 They ’ve built / built it five years ago.8 Did you ask / Have you asked her yet?9 How much have you paid / did you pay for it?10 I haven’t known / didn’t know her very long.11 He was / has been an actor since he was a boy.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of should orhave to.1 A chef ___h_as_ t_o__ cook many kinds of food.2 Receptionists ______________ be polite to people.3 Tom is ill, he _____________ see his doctor.4 You _____________ try to phone your father thisweekend.5 I hope you don’t _____________ go home early.6 Mike _____________ teach many kinds of student.7 I think Patrick ________________ be more polite tohis sister!

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.1 If I get up early, I (catch) __’l_l c_a_tc_h__ t he six o’clocktrain. If it (rain) ___ra_in_s_ _ _ , I’ll bring my car.2 If the food (be) ________ good, we’ll come hereagain.3 What will you do if Monica (not pay) ________ ?4 When I arrive, I (phone) ________ you.5 If I have a problem, (help) ________ you ________me?6 Before you (go) ________ , leave my key on thetable.7 If you (not water) the plants ________ , they’ll die.8 As soon as Linda (arrive) ________ , call me.9 What (say) ________ you ________ if Peter asks?10 If you don’t go away, I (call) ________ the police!11 I (not wait) ________ if he’s late again.

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-6 ELEMENTARY

Write these sentences in the passive.1 Ian Wright scored the goal.The goal was scored by Ian Wright.2 Have they repaired my car?3 They should ban driving in the High Street.4 Does your country make planes?5 England doesn’t grow pineapples.6 An old man won the Lottery.Write these sentences in the active.7 Coca-Cola was invented by John Pemberton.8 Are good wines produced in Australia?9 She was given a video by him for her birthday.10 Should smoking be allowed in hospitals?11 My purse has been stolen from my bag.

Correct the sentences.1 Money stole from the bank yesterday.Money was stolen from the bank yesterday.2 Don’t worry, your keys will being found.3 Coca-Cola have been produced since 1895.4 Is the best cameras made in Japan?5 What does she say to you?6 Volkswagen cars make in Germany.7 Last year, I’m studying in Bournemouth.8 Who was you talking to?

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.They may be active or passive.1 The book (write) ___w__as_ w__ri_tt_e_n__ by Hardy.2 A famous architect (build) _____________ the bridge.3 The house (buy) _____________ by a pop star.4 I (arrive) _____________ last Friday.5 We (not be) _____________ to Texas.6 It (not be) _____________ as cold for a long time.

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-6 ELEMENTARY

Complete the conversation. Use the Past Simple or’d / would.Jennie What (1 do) ___w_o_u_l_d _y_ou_ _do____ i f you(2 win) _______________ a lot of money?Elsa Well, I (3 not put) ________ the money in thebank. First, I (4 look for) _______________ areally big house, and I (5 like) ______________to do something special.Jennie (6 like) _______________ to meet the SpiceGirls?Elsa No, I (7 would) _______________ ! IfI (8 meet) _______________ them, I(9 not know) _______________ what to say!Jennie Oh, I (10 love) _______________ to meetthem! It (11 be) _______________ fantastic!

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.1 I’d be very surprised if Tom (phone) ___p_h_on_e_d_ _ _ .2 If we (have) _______________ a party, would youcome?3 He (be) _______________ happy if he won his nextmatch.4 If I were you, I (ask) _______________ her.5 We’d be sad if you (not come) _______________ .6 I (help) _______________ you if I had the time.7 What (do) _______________ if you failed the exam?8 (close) _______________ you _______________the door, please?9 How would you manage if you (lose)_______________ your job?10 If you (know) _______________ the answer, wouldyou tell me?11 Which cities (like) _______________ you_______________ to see during the holiday?

Circle the correct form of the verb.1 I found / ’ve found my purse so we can go now.2 Mr Steele has worked / worked here until last year.3 You ’ve been working / worked hard yesterday.4 You look hot! Have you been cooking / cooked?5 I waited / ’ve been waiting here for hours.6 What have you been doing / did you do sincelunchtime?7 She ’s been studying / studied hard last term.8 She ’s been studying / studied hard this term.9 I ’ve been knowing / ’ve known her for a long time.10 She ’s had / was having her baby – it’s a girl!11 What did she say / was she saying when you told her

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-6 ELEMENTARY

Complete the sentences with already or yet.1 We’ve ___a_lr_ea_d_y__ e aten our lunch.2 Tina’s _________ told me that you won.Congratulations!3 Have you been to the doctor _________ ?4 We’ve _________ seen that film – it was on last week.5 Has the postman been _________ ?6 Yes, he’s _________ been.He was here a long timeago.

Complete the sentences with a verb from the box.Use the Present Perfect Continuous.

Swim write wait do cook decorate watch use bath sunbathe work

1 John’s hair is wet.He ___’s_ b_e_en_ _sw_i_m_m_i_ng_ _ _ _ _ .2 I’m sunburnt. I __________________ outside.3 The floor is wet. Sue __________________ the dog!4 My head aches. I __________________ thecomputer all morning.5 Pete __________________ as a postman for years.6 You’re late! We __________________ for hours!7 There’s paint everywhere. __________________ you__________________ ?8 ‘Why are you crying?’ ‘ I __________________onions.’9 I need a rest. I __________________ the houseworksince 9 a.m.10 How long __________________ you__________________ that letter?11 ‘Have you done your homework?’ ‘No, I__________________ TV.’

Complete the sentences with a pronoun from the box.

Who – which - which - whose - most of which

My grandmother, _____ is dead now, came from the North of England.I spoke to Fred, _____ explained the problem.The old man looked at the tree, under ______ he had often sat.We stopped at the museum, _____ we'd never been into.She's studying maths, _____ many people hate.I've just met Susan, ______ husband works in London.He had thousands of books, ______he had read.