Encyclopedia of the UN SustainableDevelopment Goals

Series Editor

Walter Leal Filho

The problems related to the process of industrialization such as biodiversitydepletion, climate change, and a worsening of health and living conditions,especially but not only in developing countries, intensify. Therefore, there isalso an increasing need to search for integrated solutions to make developmentmore sustainable. The current model of economic growth used by manycountries is heavily based on the exploitation of natural resources, which isnot viable. Evidence shows that a more careful, that is, a more sustainable,approach to the use of our limited resources is needed.The United Nations has acknowledged the problem, and among other mea-sures, it produced a set of documents at the UN Conference on SustainableDevelopment (Rio+20), held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012. In 2015, theUN General Assembly approved the “2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment.”On January 1, 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of theAgenda officially came into force. These goals cover the three dimensions ofsustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion, and environmen-tal protection.There are to date no comprehensive publications addressing the SDGs in anintegrated way. Therefore, the Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Develop-ment Goals is being published. It encompasses 17 volumes, each devoted toone of the 17 SDGs.

More information about this series at https://www.springer.com/series/15893

Walter Leal Filho • Anabela Marisa Azul •Luciana Brandli • Amanda Lange Salvia •Pinar Gokcin Ozuyar • Tony WallEditors

Reduced Inequalities

With 85 Figures and 64 Tables

Editors

Walter Leal FilhoEuropean School of SustainabilityScience and ResearchHamburg University of Applied SciencesHamburg, Germany

Anabela MCenter for NInstitute forUniversityCoimbra, P

Luciana BrandliFaculty of Engineering and ArchitecturePasso Fundo UniversityPasso Fundo, Brazil

Amanda LaUniversityPasso Fund

Pinar Gökçin ÖzuyarIstinye UniversityIstanbul, Turkey

Tony WallUniversityChester, UK

arisa Azuleuroscience and Cell BiologyInterdisciplinary Researchof Coimbraortugal

nge Salviaof Passo Fundoo, Brazil

of Chester

ISSN 2523-7403 ISSN 2523-7411 (electronic)ISBN 978-3-319-95881-1 ISBN 978-3-319-95882-8 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-95883-5 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95882-8

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Series Preface

The United Nations General Assembly agreed and approved in September2015 the document “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, whichcontains a set of measures aiming to balance economic progress and protectionof the environment, while at the same time remain aware of the need to addressthemany disparities still seen between industrialized and developing countries.

The Agenda document consists of 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs). These Goals build on the successes of the Millennium DevelopmentGoals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality,innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priori-ties. The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involvetackling issues more commonly associated with another. The 17 SDGs are:

SDG 1, placing an emphasis on ending all forms of extreme povertySDG 2, which aims to end hunger and achieve food security with improved

nutritionSDG 3, focusing on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for allSDG 4, touches on one of the most important areas, namely inclusive and

quality educationSDG 5, focusing on gender equalitySDG 6, which emphasizes the need for clean water and sanitationSDG 7, advocates the need for affordable and clean energySDG 8, sustaining inclusive and sustainable economic growth with productive

and decent working conditions for allSDG 9, which intends to foster industry, innovation, and infrastructureSDG 10, being about reducing inequalities among countriesSDG 11, an attempt to ensure that human settlements and cities are inclusive,

safe, resilient, and sustainableSDG 12, with a focus on sustainable consumption and production patternsSDG 13, with an emphasis on the need for climate actionSDG14, raises the need to preserve life belowwater, especially rivers and oceansSDG 15, draws attention about the need for a greater care about life on landSDG 16, which advocates peace, justice, and strong institutionsSDG 17, a cross-SDGs effort to foster the partnership for the goals and their

delivery

The SDGs and their specific objectives are very complex. The mandate ofthe Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals is, therefore, to

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clarify and explain a wide range of terms associated with each SDG. It does soby gathering and presenting inputs provided by experts from across all areas ofknowledge and from round the world, who explain each term and theirimplications, drawing also from the latest literature.

With 17 volumes and involving in excess of 1,500 authors and contributors,the Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals is the largesteditorial project on sustainable development ever undertaken. We hope thatthis publication will be helpful in fostering a broader understanding of theSDGs, and that this process may inspire and support a wide range of initiativesaimed at their implementation, thus realizing the “2030 Agenda for Sustain-able Development”.

Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Walter Leal FilhoGermany

Volume Preface

In recent years, inequalities within many countries have increased. Inequalitieslimit the opportunities of social groups to participate in and contribute mean-ingfully to social, cultural, political, and economic life.

Due to its scope, growing social and economic inequality within societies –but also between different States – is one of the great challenges of our times. Itleads to numerous socio-economic problems and is considered one of thecentral causes of migration.

SDG 10 (Reduce Inequalities) aims to reduce economic and social inequal-ities. In this way, all people should have the opportunity to realize theirpotential – regardless of their gender, origin, or any physical or mentalimpairment. In this way, political measures that affect, among other things,economic activity, social protection, and wages should gradually ensuregreater equality and inclusion.

More specifically, Goal 10 calls for a sustained increase in income growthfor the poorest 40% of the population and for a further empowerment of allpeople, and promotes their social, economic, and political inclusion by 2030.

Essential here is the abolition of discriminatory laws, policies, and practicesin order to create a legal basis that grants equal opportunities to all people.Also, orderly and safe migration and mobility of people shall be facilitated,including through responsible migration policies. Developing countries are tobe better represented in international economic and financial institutions andgiven a greater say in decision-making.

There are many advantages associated with the reduction of inequalities.Firstly, a reduction of inequality promotes sustainable economic growth.Better working conditions, improved access to education systems, and fairsalaries are all elements which may make economic growth more sustainable.In addition, a reduction in inequalities serves the purpose of strengtheningsocial cohesion.

With this volume, we attempt to emphasize and also showcase the advan-tages of embracing and implementing SDG10. To this purpose, it containsinformation on research, analyses, case studies, and practical experiences,which showcase many activities, projects, practical initiatives, and the think-ing of various experts, on how to foster the implementation of SDG10.

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We also hope that the chapters of this volume will provide a timely supporttowards the implementation of SDG 10 and will help foster the on-goingglobal efforts towards addressing inequalities.

August 2021 Walter Leal FilhoAnabela Marisa Azul

Luciana BrandliAmanda Lange SalviaPinar Gökçin Özuyar

Tony Wall

List of Topics

Section Editor: Amanda Lange Salvia

Development and Equality: UN’s Effort withLeast Developed Countries (LDC)

Equal Resilience for Global Risks: MitigatingSocial, Economic, and EnvironmentalInequalities

Globalization and Inequality: Sustainable HumanDevelopment in the Anthropocene Epoch

Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP) andSustainable Development

Happiness Inequality and Income Inequality:Theories, Measurement, and Trends

Immigrant Political Incorporation and SocialInclusion

Impact of Energy Inequalities Within and AmongNations

National Libraries and Their Role as Agents forEquality

Nations’ Rankings in Terms of InequalityOvercoming Inequalities Through Economic

System DesignPublic Policies, “One Health,” and Global

Inequalities Under the COVID-19 LensSocial Polarization and Ghettoization: Economic

and Policy-Driven CausesTechnology, Infrastructure, and Their Regulatory

Regimes in Reducing InequalitiesUN Work on Anti-discrimination

Section Editor: Daniele Vieira

Ageism: Conceptualizing and Contrasting Age-Related Discrimination

Cultural Inequality and Sustainable Development

Diminishing Inequality Through Coaching inEducation

Foreign Direct Investment and SustainableDevelopment

Global Citizenship and the SustainableDevelopment Goals

Global Economic Change and InequalityGlobal Policy on MigrationWorld Trade Organization and Its Role in

Supporting SDGs

Section Editor: José Baltazar SalgueirinhoOsório de Andrade Guerra

Contribution of Fair Trade in SustainableDevelopment

Dimensions and Causes of Systemic OppressionDiscrimination: Concept, Types, Impact, and

RemediesGender Inequality and Sustainable DevelopmentHuman Rights Law: Tool for Achieving Equality

and Social JusticeInternational and National Experiences of Wage

PolicyInternational Organizations That Work on

InequalityMeasurement of Absolute InequalityNotion of Standard of Living: Singular,

Qualitative, and CompositePhilosophical Thoughts on Inequality from

Ancient Greece to Pre-Enlightenment PeriodPolitical Economy of Participatory Spatial

PlanningRacial Discrimination in Higher Educational

Institutions

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x List of Topics

Reducing Inequalities Through Trade with LessDeveloped Countries

Theoretical Frameworks on Tertiary EducationInequality in the SDG Era

Transparency as a Tool for SDG ImplementationUnpaid Labor and the Quest for Equality

Section Editor: Md. Mahmudul Alam

Accessibility as a Precondition for Equality forPersons with Disabilities

Digital Divide: From a Peripheral to a Core Issuefor All SDGs

Economic Inequality: Measures and CausesEffects of Trade Barriers on Development and

GrowthEquality, Nondiscrimination, and Sustainable

Development of Persons with DisabilitiesGlobal Climate Change and InequalitiesGlobal Social Policy and InequalityHuman Capabilities Approach to Reduce

InequalitiesIndigenous Farming Systems and Global

SustainabilityLabor Migration: Issues and Challenges in the

Context of Sustainable Development GoalsMigration, Remittances, and the Sustainable

Development GoalsPatriarchy: Meaning, Origin, Theories, and

Relationship with SDG10Protection from Bullying and Harassment Under

SDG10Public Policies on Economic, Social, and

Territorial Cohesion Regarding InequalitiesSexual Violence: Using Fiction to Inform Policy

SolutionsSociology of InequalitySustainable Livelihood Framework for Equitable

Living in Crisis of a Global Pandemic

Section Editor: Narasimha Reddy Donthi

Addressing Inequality Through an IntegralDesign Approach for SustainableDevelopment in Rural Communities

Cultural Diversity and Implications in SocialEnvironment

Economic Policy to Reduce InequalityEnhancing Collaboration Between Societal

Stakeholders for Reduced Inequalities

Fair Debts Management for SustainableDevelopment

Foreign Direct Investments in Least DevelopedCountries

Gender-Related DiscriminationGlobal Policy-Making Process of Inequality

Reduction: Equalities and Non-equalities ofInequality

Household Expenditure, Inequality, andSustainability

Impact of Climate Change, IntergenerationalJustice, and Human Rights on SDGs

New International Migration ManagementTechnologies and Their Impact onSustainability

Perspective Taking: Reducing Inequality Withinand Among Countries

Poverty Mitigation and BiotechnologyPro-poor Growth Policies for Poverty AlleviationReducing Inequalities Through Education and

Skill Development CoursesViolence and Victimization: Gender Inequality

Section Editor: Olga Bialostocka

Factors Effecting Valued-Resource DistributionGlobal Financial Markets: Historical Context and

Relationship with InequalitiesRegulation of Financial Markets in Reducing

InequalitiesStructural Sexism: Foundations, Reproduction,

and Responses

Section Editor: Ulla A. Saari

Access to Higher EducationEmpowerment of Civil SocietyFacilitating Rural Community Participation:

Construction and Design of an AnganwadiCenter in Ajjarkad, Udupi, India

Financial Soundness and MacroprudentialRegulation of Banks in ASEAN-5 Countries

Governmental Policies for Anti-discriminationHuman Rights Policy and Sustainable

Development GoalsMeasurement of InequalityUrban Metabolism as Driver for Inequalities:

Case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

About the Editors

Walter Leal Filho, is Professor and Director ofthe European School of Sustainability Scienceand Research, whose Headquarters are at theHamburg University of Applied Sciences in Ger-many. He also holds the Chair of Environment andTechnology at Manchester Metropolitan Univer-

sity, UK. He is founding editor of the Interna-tional Journal of Sustainability in HigherEducation and heads the Inter-University Sustain-able Development Research Programme(IUSDRP), the world’s largest network of univer-sities engaged on sustainable developmentresearch. He is also Editor-in-Chief of the WorldSustainable Development series with Springer.Prof. Walter Leal serves on the editorial board ofvarious journals. He has in excess of 400 publica-tions to his credit, among which are ground-breaking books such as Universities as LivingLabs for Sustainable Development: Supportingthe Implementation of the Sustainable Develop-ment Goals, Social Responsibility and Sustain-ability, and Handbook of Sustainability Scienceand Research. He has nearly 30 years of fieldexperience in project management and has a par-ticular interest in the connections between sustain-ability, climate change adaptation, and humanbehavior.

xi

About the Editors

Anabela Marisa Azul is a Researcher at theCenter for Neuroscience and Cell Biology(CNC) and Institute for Interdisciplinary Research

xii

of the University of Coimbra (UC, Portugal). Sheholds a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences, with spe-cialization in Ecology (2002, UC), and pursuedher investigation on biology and ecology of fungito pinpoint the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis forsustainability of Mediterranean forests under dif-ferent land use scenarios, at the Centre for Func-tional Ecology (CFE-UC), where she became anAssociate Researcher (from 2009 to 2014). AtCFE-UC, Marisa Azul developed a holisticapproach that combined innovation in food pro-duction with sustainable development and publicscientific awareness to multiple actors. At CNC,from 2014 onward, she focuses her investigationon basic research and participatory researchdynamics to pinpoint links between fungi-metabolism-health/disease-sustainability. She hascoedited over 40 scientific publications and bookchapters, coedited four books for children and twocomics, and coproduced an animation.

Luciana Brandli, is an Associate Professor atthe University of Passo Fundo, Brazil, working inthe Ph.D. Program in Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering. Her current research interestsinclude sustainability in higher education and

green campus, management of urban infrastruc-ture and sustainable cities, and the Agenda 2030for Sustainable Development. She supervises anumber of master’s and doctoral students on engi-neering, environment, and sustainability issuesand has in excess of 300 publications, includingbooks, book chapters, and papers in refereedjournals.

About the Editors

Amanda Lange Salvia has a degree in Environ-mental Engineering from the University of PassoFundo, Brazil, and graduate studies focused onsustainable cities and universities. Her workfocuses on the Sustainable Development Goals,the role of universities towards sustainability and

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the impacts of climate change. Amanda has expe-rience with international studies assessing aspectsrelated to the 2030 Agenda and sustainability inhigher education. She is a reviewer for variousjournals and is also a member of the editorialboard of the International Journal of Sustainabil-ity in Higher Education.

Pinar Gökçin Özuyar is a member of Faculty ofEconomics, Administrative and Social Sciences atIstinyeUniversity, Istanbul, Turkey. She received herB.S. degree in Environmental Engineering fromIstanbul Technical University in 1992 and M.S. and

Ph.D. degrees from Bogazici University Institute ofEnvironmental Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.Her Ph.D.thesis was based on the “Thermodynamic Analysisof Treatment Plants for Producing Energy fromSolidWaste,” which she conducted in Germany with ajoint scholarship from Forschungszentrum Jülichand TUBITAK (Scientific and TechnologicalResearch Council of Turkey).

Defining herself as a pracademic, she has morethan 25 years of experience not only in academiabut also in private sector working on environmentand sector-specific activities in Turkey and Dubai(UAE). She has extensive expertise specifically inenvironmental auditing according to World Bankstandards, which is required for internationalfinancing especially during company M&As andgreenfield projects. Working over the years inprojects involving different stakeholder groupswith different priorities, she has the proven capac-ity for establishing a dialogue between suchstakeholder groups. Although coming from atechnical background, her academic work focuseson involving sustainable development into thestrategies of corporations including higher aca-demic institutions. Currently, she teaches andleads funded research on sustainability/sustain-able development especially focusing on indus-trial ecology and regional development.

About the Editors

Tony Wall is Founder and Head of the Interna-tional Centre for Thriving, a global-scale collab-oration between business, arts, health, andeducation to deliver sustainable transformation

xiv

for the common good. He is passionate aboutthriving and has published 200+ works, includingarticles in quartile 1 journals such as The Interna-tional Journal of Human Resource Managementand Vocations and Learning, as well as globalpolicy reports for the European Mentoring &Coaching Council in Brussels. Overall, his lead-ership and international impact in these areas haveattracted numerous accolades including the pres-tigious Advance-HE National Teaching Fellow-ship and three Santander International ResearchExcellence Awards.

About the Section Editors

Md. Mahmudul AlamSchool of EconomicsFinance and BankingUniversiti Utara MalaysiaSintok, Kedah, Malaysia

Olga BialostockaAfrica Institute of South AfricaHuman Sciences Research CouncilPretoria, South Africa

José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório deAndrade GuerraCentre for Sustainable Development (Greens)University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL)Florianopolis, SC, Brazil

xv

About the Section Editors

Narasimha Reddy DonthiFormerly at Textile Exchange Advisory CouncilHyderabad, Telangana, India

xvi

Ulla A. SaariDepartment of Industrial Engineeringand ManagementTampere UniversityTampere, Finland

Jönköping International Business SchoolJönköping UniversityJönköping, Sweden

Daniele VieiraUNESCO International Institute forHigher Education in Latin America andthe Caribbean (UNESCO IESALC)VenezuelaDepartment of Business AdministrationFederal Rural University of

Pernambuco (UFRPE)Recife, Brazil

Amanda Lange SalviaUniversity of Passo FundoPasso Fundo, Brazil

Contributors

ABMAbdullah School ofManagement, UniSABusiness School, Universityof South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia

Noé Aguilar-Rivera Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de CienciasBiológicas y Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Veracruz, México

Most. Asikha Aktar Department of Economics, Comilla University,Cumilla, Bangladesh

Aswathi K. R. Anugraha Institute of Social Sciences, Dindigul, TN, India

Md. Mahmudul Alam School of Economics, Finance and Banking,Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia

Mu’ath Hesham Metlaq Al-Azzam School of Tourism, Hospitality andEvent Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia

Maria Tangwa Soondaha Amulungu Namibia University of Science andTechnology, Windhoek, Namibia

Susan Ang Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia

Akarsh Arora Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jaypee Insti-tute of Information Technology, Noida, India

Mohammed Asaduzzaman Department of Public Administration, IslamicUniversity, Kushtia, Bangladesh

Marta Ascherio Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin,Austin, TX, USA

Lucy Atieno Sustainable Travel and Tourism Agenda, Nairobi, Kenya

M. Abdul Aziz Bangladesh Institute of Islamic Thought (BIIT), Dhaka,Bangladesh

Grazyna Baranowska Poznan Human Rights Centre (Institute of Law Stud-ies, Polish Academy of Sciences), Poznan, Poland

Orsolya Bartha International Disability Alliance, New York, NY, USA

Toby Bartle College of Arts, Society and Education, College of PublicHealth, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns,QLD, Australia

xvii

xviii Contributors

Prabal Barua Department of Environmental Sciences, JahangirnagarUniversity, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Laura Elizabeth Bea University of Southampton, University of Sussex,Southampton, UK

Ivana Božić Miljković University Singidunum Belgrade, Faculty of Busi-ness, Center in Niš, Niš, Serbia

Prof Narnia Bohler-Muller Democracy, Governance and Service Delivery,Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa

Smruti Bulsari MyCor Human Capital Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Vapi, Gujarat, India

Chitra K. P. Department of Social Work, Central University of Tamil Nadu,Tiruvarur, TN, India

Sanjana Chhabra National Council of Applied Economic Research, NewDelhi, India

Lucia Cicero Department of Asian and North African Studies, Ca’ FoscariUniversity of Venice, Venice, Italy

Rob Compton Cass Business School, City, University of London, London, UK

Rafael Gustavo de Lima Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC),University of Southern of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil

Sujatha Devarapalli Advanced Centre for Women’s Studies, Tata Instituteof Social Sciences, Mumbai, India

Arnaud Diemer CERDI, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

ERASME, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

Youssef Abdul Razzak Doughan Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sci-ences, Beirut, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

Małgorzata Dziembała The University of Economics in Katowice, Depart-ment of International Economic Relations, Katowice, Poland

Saeid Eslamian Center of Excellence in Risk Management and NaturalHazards, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Kelechi Urom Eze Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK

Zannatul Fardoush Department of Financial Institutions and Markets,Bangladesh Bank (The Central Bank of Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh

Rosa Maria Fernandez Department of Social and Political Science,Economics Programmes, University of Chester, Chester, UK

Esleen Guriras Faculty of Natural Resources and Spatial Sciences, NamibiaUniversity of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia

Stephen Hay School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith Univer-sity, Mt Gravatt, Brisbane, Australia

Contributors xix

Marianne Presthus Heggen Department of Education, Arts and Sports,Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway

Morshadul Hoque Department of Public Administration, University of Chit-tagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Mohammed Ibrahim Hussien Institute for Environment and Development(LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

Nor Diana Mohd Idris Institute for Environment and Development(LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

Che Ruhana Isa Department of Accountancy, Faculty of Business andAccountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Mohd. Nazari Ismail Department of Business Strategy and Policy, Facultyof Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

Emerson Abraham Jackson Centre of West African Studies, University ofBirmingham, Birmingham, UK

Model Building Analysis Section, Research Department, Bank of SierraLeone, Freetown, Sierra Leone

Pantea Javidan Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Samantha P. Javier Department of Communication, Ateneo de ManilaUniversity, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines

Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines

Nasrin Jahan Jinia Department of Well-being and Health Technology, Fac-ulty of Education and Culture, Tampere University of Applied Sciences,Tampere, Finland

Emmi Nicola Kaila Faculty of Management and Business/Higher EducationGroup, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

School of Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Media, Aalto Uni-versity, Finland

Virendra Kamalvanshi Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute ofAgricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Quentin R. Kanta Department of Sociology, Western Oregon University,Monmouth, OR, USA

Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR, USA

Gayani Karunasena Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia

Martina M. Keitsch Department of Design, Norwegian University ofScience and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Clare Keys Special Education Needs and Inclusion Studies, CanterburyChrist Church University, Canterbury, UK

Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK

xx Contributors

Suehye Kim Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon-Do,Gangneung, South Korea

Vuokko Kohtamäki Faculty of Management and Business/Higher Educa-tion Group, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Thaddeus J. Kubisiak University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, College ofProfessional Studies, Educational Sustainability, Stevens Point, WI, USA

Saket Kushwaha Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agri-cultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Anh Le Hung Institute of the Environmental Science, Engineering andManagement, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh,Vietnam

Susanne Liedauer Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

International Research Centre for Social Ethics (ifz), Salzburg, Austria

Cong LIN Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China

Elizabeth Lockwood CBM Global Disability Inclusion, New York, NY,USA

Dr. Wilfred Lunga Developmental Capable Ethical State (DCES), HumanScience Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa

Elizabeth Lyn National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi,India

Axel Malecki School of People, Environment and Planning, MasseyUniversity, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Abigail N. Martin Science Policy Research Unit, University of SussexSchool of Business, London, UK

Department of Environmental Science, Policy andManagement, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

Maria De Freitas Martinho Division for Inclusive Social Development,United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, NY, USA

Mr Qaqambile Mathentamo Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria,South Africa

Almudena Méndez-Pérez Molecular Biology Department, Faculty ofSciences, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain

Department of Microbial Biotechnology, National Centre for Biotechnology,Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain

Andreas Meyer Department for Water, Environment, Civil Engineering andSafety, Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, Magdeburg,Germany

Contributors xxi

Naíma Perrella Milani Court of Appeals of the State of São Paulo, SãoPaulo, SP, Brazil

Aswathy Mohan Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu,India

Md. Muhibbullah Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics andManagement Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, KualaLumpur, Malaysia

Md. Wahid Murad UniSA College, University of South Australia, Ade-laide, SA, Australia

Rama Devi Nandineni University Manipal Academy of Higher Education,Manipal, India

Margarita Nassi Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and MedicalStatistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,Athens, Greece

Marija Nešić University Singidunum Belgrade, Faculty of Business, Centerin Niš, Niš, Serbia

Samara da Silva Neiva Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC),University of Southern of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil

Joseph Muiruri Njoroge School of Hospitality and Tourism Management,Murang’a University of Technology, Murang’a, Kenya

Abu Hanifa Md. Noman Department of Finance and Banking, Faculty ofBusiness and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Joao Alfredo Lopes Nyegray Positivo University, Curitiba, Brazil

Chimere Arinze Obodo Faculty of Law, Imo State University, Owerri,Nigeria

Tessy Onaji Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria,Pretoria, South Africa

David Mathias Paaske The Faculty of Humanities, Center for AppliedPhilosophy, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

Sanghamitra Padhy Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ, USA

Eero Palmujoki Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University,Tampere, Finland

Varun Pandey School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Tech-nology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

Jenneth Parker Schumacher Institute, Bristol, UK

Sajeda Pervin Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, KualaLumpur, Malaysia

xxii Contributors

Syed Hafizur Rahman Department of Environmental Sciences,Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Saraswatee Rajiah Mauritius Institute of Education, Moka, Mauritius

Diksha Ranawat Department of Economics, The Maharaja Sayajirao Uni-versity of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Lucas Fagundes Veiga Ribeiro Psychology Department, University ofSapucaí Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Mohit Rishi School of Business, University of Petroleum and Energy Stud-ies, Dehradun, India

Elena Riza Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics,Medical School, National andKapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Krishna Roka Department of Sociology, Winona State University, Winona,MN, USA

Md. Nazmus Sadekin Department of Economics, Mawlana BhashaniScience and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh

Barbara Maria Sageidet Department of Early Childhood Education,University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway

Petra Schneider Department for Water, Environment, Civil Engineering andSafety, Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, Magdeburg,Germany

Deniz Şenol Sert Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of InternationalRelations, Özyeğin University, Istanbul, Turkey

Ashmita Sharma Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai, India

Evan N. Shenkin Department of Sociology, Western Oregon University,Monmouth, OR, USA

Tara Sheshangosht United Nations Economic and Social Commission forAsia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Tehran, Iran

Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

SuYeong Shin The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Md. Zakaria Siddiqui Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation,Thrivanathapuram, Kerala, India

João Vitor Junqueira Silva Psychology Department, UNA UniversityCenter, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Chamhuri Siwar Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI),Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

Mario Spiezio Division for Inclusive Social Development, United NationsDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, NY, USA

Contributors xxiii

Chao SU Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China

Kamani Sylva Department of Engineering Management, Faculty of Engi-neering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Lukasz Szoszkiewicz Faculty of Law and Administration, Adam Mickie-wicz University in Poznan and Poznan Human Rights Centre (Institute of LawStudies of the Polish Academy of Sciences), Poznan, Poland

Peter G. Thomsett University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

Stella Tsani Department of Economics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Panagiota Tsiamagka Department of Economics, University of Ioannina,Ioannina, Greece

Richard Tucker Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia

Fulya Felicity Türkmen College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences,Department of Political Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Ruchi Tyagi School of Business, University of Petroleum and Energy Stud-ies, Dehradun, India

Md. Sayed Uddin Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Shanto-Mariam University of Creative Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Program of sociology and social anthropology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

Sundus Usmani National Council of Applied Economic Research, NewDelhi, India

Violet B. Valdez Department of Communication, Ateneo de Manila Univer-sity, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines

Juha Vartola Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University,Tampere, Finland

Mary Anne M. Velas-Suarin Pasig City, Philippines

Suresh Vishwakarma Chartered Engineers Pacific, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Berthamae Walker University of The Bahamas, Nassau, Bahamas

Rachel Welton Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University,Nottingham, UK

Satine Winter College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook Univer-sity, Cairns, QLD, Australia

Griffith Institute of Educational Research, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt,Brisbane, Australia

Takahiro Yamada The Office of the Chief Economist for the South AsiaRegion, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA

xxiv Contributors

Eric Yankson Faculty of Natural Resources and Spatial Sciences, NamibiaUniversity of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia

Thobekile Zikhali Democracy, Governance and Service Delivery, HumanSciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa

Dunia Prince Zongwe Department of Legal Studies, Walter Sisulu Univer-sity, Mthatha, South Africa