Effect of Diurnal Discontinuous Feeding of Optimal and Suboptimal Levels of Lysine and/or Methionine...

3rd Mediterranean Poultry Summit and 6

th International Poultry Conference, 26 - 29 March 2012, Alexandria - Egypt

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Effect of Diurnal Discontinuous Feeding of Optimal and Suboptimal

Levels of Lysine and/or Methionine on Broilers Performance

M. N. Makled, H. A. F. Mahmoud, M. El-Sagheer, and Marwa. A. Masoud

Dept. of Anim. and Poult. Prod., Fac. of Agric., Assiut Univ., 71526 Assiut, Egypt

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to testify if the growing broiler chick requires optimal

level of lysine and/or methionine to be supplied continuously for 24 hrs. Three hundred

one-day old Ross broiler chicks were equally distributed into 10 groups (G1 to G10),

each of three equal replicates. The birds were fed four experimental diets (D1 to D4):

D1 (optimal levels of lysine; 1.05% and methionine; 0.50%), D2 (suboptimal levels of

lysine; 0.75% and methionine; 0.37%), D3 (suboptimal level of methionine; 0.37%),

and D4 (suboptimal level of lysine; 0.75%). G1 (control) to G4 received D1 to D4;

respectively continuously for 24 hrs. G5 to G7 received D1 interrupted (at three periods

per day each of four hours) by discontinuous feeding of D2, D3 or D4; respectively. G8

to G10 were fed in a similar way to the last three groups except the discontinuous

feeding of D2, D3 or D4 was at different time of feeding throughout the day. The effect

of these treatments on body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed

efficiency, carcass parts and carcass composition was determined till 49 days of age.

The discontinuous feeding of suboptimal level of both lysine and methionine or

lysine alone had a negative effect on body weight and gain, breast and liver weights,

and feed efficiency; however, the discontinuous feeding of suboptimal level of

methionine was less effective on the mentioned criteria.

The time of diurnal optimal feeding revealed an alleviating effect on body

weight and breast weight in case of methionine; and on feed efficiency in case of lysine.

It could be concluded that the diurnal discontinuous feeding of suboptimal level

of lysine was more deleterious than methionine. Moreover, the effect of time

(throughout the day) of discontinuous feeding suboptimal level of lysine was more

pronounced than methionine. Also, it could be concluded that diurnal continuous supply

of lysine and methionine at optimal level is required for better broilers performance.

(Keywords: discontinuous feeding, time of feeding, lysine, methionine, broilers performance).

INTRODUCTION

Poultry farms follow different practices of feed management. The most common

practice is continuous ad libitum feeding. However, some other types - such as

sequential feeding, dual feeding, restricted feeding, separate nutrient feeding,

intermittent or discontinuous feeding, and time of feeding - have been practiced for

specific purposes. In broilers production, it is a common practice to feed the birds ad-

libitum for 24 hours a day. However, there are several researches that studied the effect

of sequential feeding and time of feeding on the growing chickens. The very early

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investigations in this respect carried out more than sixty years ago by Geiger (1947)

who recognized the time factor in protein nutrition. Amino acids mixtures deficient in

lysine, methionine or tryptophan did not support the growth of young rats when the

missing amino acid was given apart from the deficient diet. It was concluded that

effective supplementation of limiting amino acids occurred only if the time intervals

was less than 4 or 5 hours, when there were still sufficient quantities of the deficient diet

in the intestine of the animal (Geiger, 1950). Twenty years later, Yang et al., (1968)

demonstrated that in partially protein-depleted rats, tissue protein repletion is

accomplished when rats are fed for 12 hours daily and otherwise adequate but lysine

free diet and then in the following 12 hours fed a protein – free diet supplemented with

lysine. Delayed tryptophan supplement, however, was not effectively utilized for tissue

repletion of rats. It was suggested that the effectiveness of the delayed lysine

supplement may be related to the slow turnover rate of lysine in the body or the ability

of the animals to re-use some of the lysine obtained from breakdown of tissue proteins

for synthesis of new proteins or both.

Fisher, (1967) stated that the young growing animal requires all essential amino

acids to be present together in its diet, but the adult animal can make use of individual

amino acids even if all other essential amino acids are absent. Gous and Preez, (1975)

concluded that good protein utilization for two complementary diets in their amino acid

composition when were fed separately was not entirely dependent upon a mixing of the

two diets in the digestive tract of the chicken but could still be satisfactory when the two

diets were eaten at intervals separated by as much as 12 hours. The authors stated that

this phenomenon can be explained if it is assumed that a measure of temporary storage

of amino acids can occur in the body of the growing chicken.

Sequential feeding is a feeding program, which consists of giving several diets

of different nutritional values for different period cycles (Bouvarel et al., 2008). The

sequential feeding and different time of feeding have been tried with broilers to

overcome heat stress (De Basilio et al., 2001; Lozano et al., 2006) or to reduce the

occurrence of leg abnormalities (Bizeray et al., 2002; Leterrier et al., 2006). The

feasibility of sequential feeding and time of feeding of broilers with distinct dietary

concentrations of amino acids on alternate time periods of similar efficiency to a

complete feed might provide new opportunities to modulate growth, adapt the diet to

short-term environmental variations, and possibly reduce gait score (Bouvarel et al.,

2004). However, this feasibility requires verification. Therefore, it is worthy to study for

how long broiler chickens can be fed with amino acid deficient diets, since this would

lead to unacceptable reduction of growth for commercial production. De Avila et al.,

(2003) concluded that feeding birds twice a day might be an alternative to the traditional

system. They also reported that changes in time of feeding affected egg production.

Chicks fed on a control or an amino acid-deficient diet did not only have different body

weights but had, also, different tissue protein masses and different rates of tissue

development. Birds fed on diets marginal in amino acids will over consume to meet

their requirements for gain, thus resulting in increased carcass fat contents with reduced

feed efficiency (Thomas et al., 1978).

In growing chicks, a deficiency in lysine, which is commonly limiting amino

acid in chick diets based on cereals and soybean meal, reduces body growth (Tesseraud

et al., 1992). According to Tesseraud et al., (1996 a,b) the first apparent effect of lysine

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deficiency was to reduce the body weight so that a 3-week old chick fed on low lysine

diet was similar in weight and development to a 2-week-old control. The authors added

that, whatever the age, lysine deficiency resulted in significant decreases in body

weight, tissue protein content and tissue protein deposition, apparently because of

reduced amounts of proteins synthesized. Moreover, Tesseraud et al., (2001) showed

that body weights and growth rates of chicks fed the lysine deficient diet were lower

than that of chicks fed the lysine adequate diet.

Carew and Hill, (1961) observed that young chicks respond to a moderate

deficiency of methionine by increasing feed intake causing a decrease in the efficiency

of feed conversion compared to body weight gain. Sekiz et al., (1975) studied the effect

of methionine supplementation on feed intake and feed utilization contrasted with the

effect on weight gain. They observed that chicks receiving the methionine-deficient

diets consumed more feed than those receiving the methionine-adequate diet but did not

exhibit any additional body weight gain. They found that a significant decrease in feed

utilization with the deficiency of methionine compared to the diet supplemented with

0.21% methionine. They also found that severe methionine deficiency represented by

0.25% dietary level in their study markedly reduced body weight and total energy gain,

feed intake and utilization.

From reviewing the literature, it appears that: There is still a need to test if the

growing broiler chicks compensate well for the periods of access to only a low-amino

acid feed, by subsequent intake of normal-amino acid feed and vice versa; and also to

determine if the time of feeding may have its impact on this compensation. There is still

a need to examine the hypothesis that growing broiler chicks are able to balance their

intake and meet their nutritional requirements even when two feeds of different amino

acids content are not presented concurrently; and also to determine if the time of feeding

may have its impact on their growth performance. Therefore, this study was carried out

to testify diurnal discontinuous feeding of optimal and suboptimal levels of lysine

and/or methionine on broilers performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present work was carried out at Poultry Research Farm of Animal and

Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut,

Egypt.

Birds and management

Three hundred one-day old Ross broiler chicks were used in this study. All

chicks were wing banded, individually weighed and randomly distributed into 10

groups, (2 controls and 8 treatments). Each group included three replicates of 10 chicks

each. Each replicate was kept in a partition of 2 square meter provided with wheat straw

litter of 5 cm depth. The chicks were maintained under a regimen of 24 hours

continuous lighting (Incandescence lambs, 60 watt at 180 cm from the floor) with ad-

libitum feed and water. The birds were housed in floor pens which were provided with

suitable number of fans to maintain adequate temperature and good ventilation. The

temperature was kept at 34◦

C from 0-3 days old and at 31◦C from 4-7 days old.

Thereafter, the temperature was reduced 3◦C every week until reached 22

◦ C at the fifth

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week and then the temperature was fixed till the end of the experiment. The relative

humidity was kept at 50-60%. The chicks were vaccinated for Newcastle and Influenza

infections.

Experimental groups

The ten experimental groups were as follows: The birds of Group 1 (positive

control) fed a diet with sufficient (optimal) levels of lysine (1.05%) and methionine

(0.5%) according to NRC, 1994 for 24 hrs per day (diet 1), Group 2 (negative control)

fed a diet with insufficient (suboptimal) levels of lysine (equal to 0.75% of the diet and

to 75% of the NRC recommended level) and methionine (equal to 0.37% of the diet and

to 75% of the NRC recommended level) for 24 hrs per day (diet 2), Group3 fed a diet

with optimal level of lysine (1.05%) but suboptimal level of methionine (0.37%) for 24

hrs per day (diet 3), Group 4 fed a diet with optimal level of methionine (0.5%) but

suboptimal level of lysine (0.75%) for 24 hrs per day (diet 4), Group 5 fed diet 1 for two

hrs, followed by diet 2 for four hrs. This cycle was repeated 3 times during the day

(total 18 hrs), then followed by diet 1 for six hrs, Group 6 fed diet 1 for two hrs

followed by diet 3 for four hrs. This cycle was repeated 3 times during the day and then

followed by diet 1 for six hrs. Group 7 fed diet 1 for two hrs followed by diet 4 for four

hrs. This cycle was repeated 3 times during the day and then followed by diet 1 for six

hrs. Group 8 fed diet 2 for four hrs followed by diet 1 for two hrs. This cycle was

repeated 3 times during the day and then followed by diet 1 for six hrs. Group 9 fed diet

3 for four hrs followed by diet 1 for two hrs. This cycle was repeated 3 times during the

day and then followed by diet 1 for six hrs, and Group 10 fed diet 4 for four hrs

followed by diet 1 for two hrs. This cycle was repeated 3 times during the day and then

followed by diet 1 for six hrs. The composition and calculated analysis of the

experimental diets are shown in Table (1). The four diets were introduced to the birds

according to the time schedule shown in Table (2).

Studied Criteria

Birds of each replicate were individually weighed every week. Body weight gain

(BWG) of each replicate was calculated weekly as the difference between the final and

the initial body weight. Feed consumption (FC) of each replicate was calculated weekly

as the difference between the amount of feed supplied and the remaining feed.

Adjustment was made for the amount consumed by the dead birds. Mean feed

conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated weekly by dividing total feed consumed in a

replicate by the total body weight gain of the birds of that replicate. At 49 days of age,

five birds per group around the average weight of the group were taken and slaughtered

as a representative sample. Birds were fasted for 8 hours, and then were slaughtered. .

After slaughtering and complete bleeding, the birds were scalded and feathers were

mechanically plucked. Carcasses were eviscerated then the liver was removed from the

body and weighed. Breast (included the bones of sternum and ribs), femurs and

drumsticks were also weighed as separate carcass parts. The total fat (fat of abdomen,

neck, gizzard, heart, proventriculus, vent and subcutaneous fat) were removed and

weighed. Moisture, fat, protein and ash content of breast, femur, and drumstick meat

was determined in representative samples according to the procedures of Association of

Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1980).

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Statistical analysis

Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA using the General Linear Model

(GLM) Procedure of SAS software (SAS institute, version 6.12, 1996). Duncan's

multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) was used to detect differences among means of

different groups.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Body weight and body weight gain:

Data of body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) are presented in Tables

3|and 4, respectively. Birds of G1 (positive control) had significantly higher BW and

BWG than those fed the discontinuous feeding of both methionine and lysine or lysine

alone which had a negative impact on BW. This detected negative impact was less

influent in case of discontinuous feeding of methionine. Time of feeding showed a

positive alleviating effect on BW in case of intermittent feeding of methionine and to a

less degree in case of intermittent feeding of methionine and lysine, however it had no

alleviating effect in case of discontinuous feeding of lysine. These results prove that

broiler chickens need a continuous supply of lysine and methionine to achieve optimum

live BW. This is in agreement with the findings of Carew et al., (2003) who fed

different levels of methionine (0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2%) to male broilers from 8 to 22 day

of age. Chicks receiving 0.4% methionine increased feed intake by 10% with no

significant change in BW. The more severe methionine deficiencies of 0.3 and 0.2%

caused graded reductions in feed intake and weight gain. Carew et al., (2005) conducted

an experiment using an adequate (1.10%) and deficient (0.88, 0.66, and 0.53%) levels of

lysine which were fed to broiler chicks from 9 to 23 day of age. Groups fed the control

diet (1.10% lysine) were also pair-fed daily with each deficient group. Growth

decreased significantly with each deficient level of lysine compared with the free-fed

control and was always significantly lower than in the pair-fed control groups in each

set. The markedly poorer growth of chicks deficient in lysine compared with their

matched, pair-fed controls, strongly suggests that major changes in body composition or

metabolism had occurred. This could result from an increase in fat synthesis at the

expense of body protein in the deficient chicks. These results prove that broiler chickens

need a continuous supply of lysine and methionine to achieve optimum live BW. The

results also assure that the need for continuous supply of lysine comes before

methionine for optimum growth of broilers till 7 weeks of age.

From the previous discussion, it could be concluded that the broiler chickens for

higher BWG till 7 weeks of age may better stand the intermittent feeding of methionine

alone than that of lysine alone or of lysine and methionine together. Moreover, the time

of feeding of lysine alone, and lysine and methionine together may alleviate- to some

extent-the impact of discontinuous feeding of the mentioned amino acids on BWG.

Feed consumption:

The results presented in Table 5 revealed that discontinuous feeding of lysine

or/and methionine did not significantly affect the overall average of feed consumption

(FC) till 7 weeks of age. The time of feeding may have a little advantage for late

evening and at night supply beside intermittent supply throughout the day over at night

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and early morning supply besides intermittent supply throughout the day of lysine

and/or methionine. These results are in agreement with those of Yang et al., (1968) who

found no significant differences in food intake between animals receiving the protein

free diet and those fed the lysine deficient diet in the morning, evening or total

consumption. Also, Lozano et al., (2006) found that the total FC was not significantly

different by using different time of feeding. In contrast, Carew et al., (1997) reported

that feed intakes of chicks receiving amino acids-deficient diets were significantly lower

than that of control chicks given free access to feed. Sterling et al., (2003) found that

increasing lysine in the diets significantly increased FC and improved feed conversion

ratio. Also, Carew et al., (2005) conducted an experiment by using an adequate (1.10%)

and deficient levels of lysine (0.88, 0.66 and 0.53%) to feed broilers chicks from 9 to 23

d of age. Groups fed the control diet (1.10% lysine) were also pair-fed daily with each

deficient group. Compared with the free-fed control, graded decreases in feed intake

occurred as the deficiency worsened, and were significantly different with 0.66 and

0.53% lysine.

Feed conversion ratio:

The results presented in Table 6 show that birds of G1 had significantly better

feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those of all groups. These results prove that broiler

chickens need a 24-hours supply of lysine and methionine to achieve optimum FCR.

These results also assure that lysine is the first limiting amino acids for optimum FCR

of broilers till 7 weeks of age. Current results also prove that time of feeding may have a

positive effect on FCR in case of intermittent feeding of lysine but not in case of

intermittent feeding of methionine or methionine and lysine together. Therefore the

discontinuous feeding of lysine, at night and early morning supply (plus intermittent

feeding of lysine throughout the day of total 4 hours) was better than late evening and at

night supply (plus intermittent feeding of lysine throughout the day of total 4 hours).

These results are in agreement with those of Carew et al., (2005) who proved that feed

efficiency was significantly decreased with the decreasing level of lysine in the diets.

Also, Lozano et al., (2006) reported that feed conversion was deteriorated by feed

withdrawal compared to the ad-libitum control. From the previous discussion, it could

be said that the broiler chickens for its optimum FCR till 7 weeks of age may stand the

intermittent feeding of methionine more than of lysine or of lysine and methionine

together.

Carcass criteria:

Data of carcass criteria are presented in Table 7. Birds of G1 had significantly

higher breast, liver, and femur & drumsticks weights than those of all groups. The

intermittent feeding of both lysine and methionine or lysine alone had a negative impact

on breast, liver, and femur & drumsticks weights. This detected negative impact was

less influent in case of discontinuous feeding of methionine. Time of feeding proved an

alleviating effect on breast, liver, and femur & drumsticks weights in case of

intermittent feeding of methionine in the evening and at night supply plus intermittent

periods throughout the day of total 4 hrs (G9). These results are in agreement with those

of Tesseraud et al., (1996b) who found that, whatever the tissue, protein deposition

was decreased by lysine deficiency (P<0.001) by 73, 74 and 60% in pectoralis muscle at

2, 3 and 4 weeks of age; respectively. McNurlan and Garlick, (1989), and Muramatsu,

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(1990) showed that protein turnover is extremely sensitive to food intake and the protein

deposition is influenced by the nature or the quality of proteins (amino acid balance) as

well as by the energy intake and the amount of dietary protein. Kidd et al., (1997)

concluded that diet protein could be decreased to 92% of NRC (1994) with

supplementation of lysine, methionine (Total sulfur amino acids), thrionine and

tryptophan to 105% of NRC (1994) to obtain breast meat yield similar to control while

diet protein could be reduced to 84% with additional threonine and still have favorable

growth and feed conversion. Kerr et al., (1999) reported that chickens that are fed on a

diet with less than the required lysine to crude protein ratio grow slowly, have a poor

feed conversion ratio and lower carcass yield. Mukhtar et al., (2007) showed that the

breast meat yield was affected positively (P<0.05) with the increasing of synthetic

lysine and methionine in the diet. These findings were in line with those of Rezaei et

al., (2004) and Schutte et al., (1997). They reported that addition of DL-methionine at

0.05% to the basal diets caused a significantly higher percentage of breast meat yields in

broilers.

However, in a number of other studies breast meat yield was not affected by

protein level and did not interact with diet metabolizable energy level (Sell et al., 1985;

Sell et al., 1989; Sell et al., 1994). Also, Rezaei et al., (2004) concluded that less

proteins in nutrition, had not big influence on breasts' meat proportion, but it had

significant impact on increasing the percentage of abdominal fat.

Carew et al., (2003) concluded that changes in liver growth are different with

methionine deficiency. When graded deficiencies of methionine were fed to growing

broiler chicks, they reported that liver weight relative to body weight increased. The

difference may reflect the recognized role of methionine in hepatic fat metabolism

compared with Lysine due to the need for methionine in methylation processes required

to properly metabolize fat. As a consequence, fat accumulation probably occurred in the

livers of methionine-deficient chicks but not in lysine-deficient chicks. According to

Carew, et al (2005), true liver weights declined significantly at each step of the lysine

deficiency compared with the free-fed control and in each case were significantly

smaller compared with the matched, pair-fed controls. However, when expressed

relative to body weight, most of these differences disappeared. These authors stated that

lack of difference in relative liver weights between deficient chicks and pair-fed

controls suggests that the lysine deficiency per se had a minimal effect on liver growth,

and any differences could be explained by the smaller body size of deficient chicks,

which resulted from the smaller feed intake.

Total fat weight:

The total fat weight (TFW) in G1 was of higher value than those of all groups

(Table 7). The intermittent feeding of suboptimal level of lysine and methionine

together had led to a significant decrease in TFW (by 43.6%) followed to a lesser degree

by the intermittent feeding of suboptimal level of lysine (by 19.9%), and then by the

intermittent feeding of suboptimal level of methionine (by 12.1%). Current results also

prove that the time of feeding may have a good effect in reducing the TFW in case of

intermittent feeding of methionine at night and early morning supply for 8 hrs plus

intermittent periods throughout the day of total 4 hrs (G6: by 22.7%), and also in case of

intermittent feeding of lysine in the evening and at night supply for 8 hrs plus

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intermittent periods throughout the day of total 4 hrs (G10: by 38.5%). The obtained

results are in agreement with the findings of Bunchasak et al., (1997) and Mandal et

al., (2004) reported that the abdominal fat in male and female chicks slaughtered at 42

days of age decreased with an increase of sulfur amino acids or liquid DL-methionine

hydroxy analog-free acid (LMA) in the diet. Also, Ajinomoto, (2009) found a direct

relation between increasing lysine levels and fat deposition reduction in grower broilers.

However, Conhalato, (1998) did not find any effects of dietary lysine levels on fat

deposition.

Carcass composition:

The diurnal discontinuous feeding of methionine and/or lysine did not have a

significant impact on the chemical composition of breast meat or drumstick meat (Table

8). On the contrary, the intermittent feeding of methionine and lysine together or lysine

alone had a significant negative impact on the chemical composition of femur meat (low

protein and fat percentages); however, the effect of discontinuous feeding of appropriate

level of methionine (groups 6+9) was not significant. Time of feeding was in favor of

(G 5 than G 8), (G6 than G9) and (G6 than G9) in case of breast, femur and drumstick

meat respectively. These results are in agreement with those of Rostagno et al., (2000)

who, found that 7.5% reduction or increase in the digestible lysine levels were not

sufficient to cause changes in the body composition of male and female birds during the

period of 1 to 56 days of age. Also, Mukhtar et al., (2007) found that the level of

synthetic amino acids did not affect on carcass chemical composition. The obtained data

are consistent with those observed by Conhalato (1998), but disagree with Hurwitz et

al., (1998) and Ajinomoto (2009).

General Conclusion:

It may be concluded that broiler chickens need a continuous 24-hrs supply of

optimal levels of lysine and methionine to achieve optimum performance. Diurnal

discontinuous partial deficiency of lysine was more deleterious on broilers performance

than that of methionine. The need for continuous supply of optimal level of lysine

comes before methionine for optimum growth of broilers till 7 weeks of age. Moreover,

the time of feeding of lysine alone, and lysine and/or methionine together may alleviate

to some extent the negative impact of the diurnal discontinuous feeding of the

suboptimal levels of the mentioned amino acids on broilers performance.

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3rd


Page 479 of 482

Table 1. Composition and calculated analysis of the experimental diets.

Ingredient %

Diet 1

Diet 2

Diet 3

Diet 4

Yellow corn, ground

Soybean meal (44% CP)

Corn gluten meal (60% CP)

Vit. & Min. Premix*

Sunflower oil

Dicalcium phosphate Limestone

Salt

L- lysine

DL- methionine

64.825 18.00

10.00

0.30

3.00

1.80

1.40

0.30

0.250

0.125

65.25 18.00

10.00

0.30

3.00

1.80

1.40

0.30

--

--

64.950 18.00

10.00

0.30

3.00

1.80

1.40

0.30

0.250

--

65.075 18.00

10.00

0.30

3.00

1.80

1.40

0.30

--

0.125

Total 100 100 100 100

Calculated analysis

ME, Kcal ⁄ Kg Crude Protein, (%)

Crude Fiber, (%)

Crude Fat, (%)

Ca, (%)

P (Available, %)

Lysine, (%)

Methionine, (%)

3225 20.20

2.87

5.87

1.05

0.39

1.05

0.50

3222 19.86

2.88

5.87

1.05

0.39

0.75

0.37

3225 20.13

2.87

5.87

1.05

0.39

1.05

0.37

3225 20.20

2.87

5.87

1.05

0.39

0.75

0.50

*Vitamins and minerals premix provided per Kilogram of the diet: Vit A, 10.000 IU; Vit D3, 2000

IU; Vit E, 10 mg; Vit K3 , 1 mg; Vit B1, 10 mg; Vit B2, 5 mg; Vit B6, 15000 mg; Vit B12, 10 mg; Nicotinic acid, 30 mg; Pantothenic acid, 10 mg; Folic acid, 1 mg; Biotin, 50 mcg; Chlorine chloride 50%, 500 mg; Iron, 50 mg; Copper, 10 mg; Zinc, 50 mg; Manganese, 60 mg; Iodine, 10 mg; Selenium, 0.1 mg; **

Calculated according to the NRC (1994)

Table 2. Time of feeding schedule of the experimental diets

Time

(hrs)

Groups

6-8

am

8-10

am

10-12

am

12-2

pm

2-4

pm

4-6

pm

6-8

pm

8-10

pm

10-12

pm

12-2

am

2-4

am

4-6

am

1 Diet 1 all the time (+M,+L) 2 Diet 2 all the time (-M, -L) 3 Diet 3 all the time (-M,+L) 4 Diet 4 all the time (+M,-L) 5 Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 1 6 Diet 1 Diet 3 Diet 1 Diet 3 Diet 1 Diet 3 Diet 1 7 Diet 1 Diet 4 Diet 1 Diet 4 Diet 1 Diet 4 Diet 1 8 Diet 2 Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 1 Diet 1 9 Diet 3 Diet 1 Diet 3 Diet 1 Diet 3 Diet 1 Diet 1 10 Diet 4 Diet 1 Diet 4 Diet 1 Diet 4 Diet 1 Diet 1



Page 480 of 482

Table 3. Live body weight (g) as affected by discontinuous feeding and time of feeding of lysine

and/or methionine.

Age

(in wks)

Groups

At hatch

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

Probability N.S. 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

1 40.7±0.6 105.0a±2.8 209.1a±4.2 380.0a±7.0 660.0a±12.5 1049.9a±20.9 1439.7a±22.7 1837.5a±34.4

2 40.6±0.6 89.8cde±1.6 153.1d±4.0 242.0d±8.0 393.8f±13.7 601.0f±20.8 828.0e±31.3 1112.5f±36.8

3 40.1±0.6 88.0e±1.9 165.6bcd±4.6 290.0bc±8.0 516.0bc±13.8 846.0bc±25.9 1207.7b±28.7 1565.3b±50.8

4 40.6±0.7 93.7cde±2.3 167.7bc±6.0 276.8c±9.0 421.5ef±14.2 607.3f±21.7 846.0e±28.7 1127.5ef±34.5

5 40.0±0.7 89.9cde±2.0 161.5cd±4.6 278.6c±10.0 458.6de±13.7 691.0e±20.2 957.7d±28.9 1228.7de±38.1

6 41.3±0.7 94.9bcd±2.6 175.5bc±5.3 307.6b±10.9 539.5b±15.9 877.0b±27.9 1203.2b±32.9 1531.3b±40.8

7 40.9±0.6 100.4ab±1.7 175.6bc±4.0 310.1b±9.5 524.0bc±13.0 795.3cd±20.4 1073.7c±29.6 1420.5c±40.8

8 40.5±0.7 93.6cde±2.3 178.1b±5.2 308.1b±8.0 517.2bc±13.7 817.0bcd±20.7 1101.2c±27.9 1410.7c±38.2

9 41.2±0.7 89.4de±2.5 162.0cd±4.7 277.9c±13.4 523.9bc±16.7 862.3b±27.1 1225.6b±31.6 1597.8b±44.2

10 40.6±0.6 92.3cde±2.7 178.8b±6.3 307.9b±11.7 491.0cd±18.4 710.1e±25.2 976.8d±36.3 1238.7d±43.4

5+8 40.3±0.6 91.7cde±1.6 169.8bc±3.4 293.4bc±6.2 487.9cd±9.9 754.0de±15.6 1029.4cd±20.6 1319.7cd±27.1

6+9 41.3±0.5 92.2cde±1.8 92.2cde±1.8 292.8bc±9.0 531.7bc±11.9 869.7b±22.0 1214.4b±25.2 1564.6b±30.9

7+10 40.8±0.5 96.4bc±1.7 96.4bc±1.7 309.0b±7.8 507.5bc±11.8 752.7de±16.2 1025.2cd±25.7 1329.6cd±31.0

a----f Means (±SE) in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different ( P≤ 0.01)

Table 4. Body weight gain (g/bird/day) as affected by discontinuous feeding and time of feeding of

lysine and/or methionine.

Age (in wks)

Groups

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

Probability 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

1 9.2a ±0.4 14.9a±0.5 24.4a±0.8 40.0a±1.3 55.7a±1.8 55.6a±1.8 56.9a±2.4±

2 7.0d±0.2 9.0e±0.5 12.7d±0.9 21.7h±1.2 29.6gh±1.5 32.4e±2.2 40.6de±2.1

3 6.8d±0.2 11.1bcd±0.6 17.7bc±0.9 32.3bcd±1.1 47.1bc±2.2 51.7ab±1.8 51.1abc±5.4

4 7.6cd±0.3 10.6cd±0.7 15.6c±0.8 20.7h±1.1 26.5h±1.4 34.1de±1.9 40.2de±1.9

5 7.1cd±0.2 10.2de±0.5 16.7bc±1.0 25.7g±1.1 33.2fg±1.4 38.1cd±1.9 38.7de±2.4

6 7.7cd±0.4 11.5bcd±0.5 18.9b±1.0 33.1bcd±1.0 48.2b±2.2 46.6b±1.6 46.9bcd±2.6

7 8.5ab±0.2 10.7bcd±0.5 19.2b±0.9 30.6de±1.1 38.8de±1.7 39.8cd±2.3 49.5abc±2.4

8 7.6cd±0.3 12.1bc±0.5 18.6bc±0.6 29.9def±1.3 42.9cd±1.5 40.6c±2.6 44.2cde±2.3

9 6.9d±0.3 10.4de±0.4 16.6bc±1.8 35.1b±2.2 48.3b±1.8 51.9ab±1.6 53.2ab±2.7

10 7.4cd±0.4 12.4b±0.7 18.4bc±1.2 26.2fg±1.4 31.3fg±1.6 38.1cd±2.2 37.4e±2.2

5+8 7.3cd±0.2 11.2bcd±0.4 17.7bc±0.6 27.8efg±0.9 38.0e±1.2 39.3cd±1.5 41.5de±1.7

6+9 7.3cd±0.2 10.9bcd±0.3 17.7bc±1.0 34.1bc±1.2 48.3b±1.7 49.2b±1.0 50.0abc±1.7

7+10 7.9bc±0.2 11.6bcd±0.4 18.8b±0.8 28.4efg±0.8 35.0ef±1.0 38.9cd±1.7 43.5cde±1.6

a----h Means (±SE) in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different ( P≤ 0.01)



Page 481 of 482

Table 5. Feed consumption (g/bird/day) as affected by discontinuous feeding and time of feeding of


Age

(in wks)

Groups

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

Overall

mean

Probability 0.0001 0.0006 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

1 17.6bcd±0.9 28.0ab±0.1 34.8efg±0.5 62.6de±0.4 90.9b±0.5 106.2bc±0.4 118.6bc±0.4 65.5±8.3

2 17.9abc±0.5 23.1d±1.6 38.3a±0.5 62.6de±0.2 88.7c±1.0 100.7h±0.6 109.6h±0.5 63.0±7.8

3 17.0cd±0.08 23.0d±0.9 33.4g±0.5 63.7cd±0.4 88.8c±0.3 104.0f±0.2 117.0de±0.5 63.8±8.4

4 18.9a±0.5 25.7bcd±0.8 34.0fg±0.3 63.1de±0.5 86.3d±0.7 100.8h±0.5 115.4g±0.7 63.5±8.0

5 17.4bcd±0.3 25.9bcd±0.8 35.9cde±0.3 64.5bc±0.3 89.0c±0.4 103.6fg±0.4 116.6ef±0.3 65.7±7.9

6 18.01abc±0.3 25.8bcd±0.8 38.3a±0.3 66.5a±0.4 92.6a±0.3 106.6abc±0.4 119.3ab±0.5 67.7±8.1

7 16.5d±0.4 23.5d±1.1 34.2fg±0.6 59.8g±0.7 86.3d±0.7 100.0h±0.4 115.0g±0.6 63.5±7.7

8 19.24a±1.0 29.2a±1.1 36.9abc±0.6 65.1b±0.4 89.7c±0.3 105.0de±0.4 117.8cd±0.3 67.6±7.7

9 18.6ab±0.2 24.0d±0.4 37.6ab±0.6 66.4a±0.3 92.2a±0.4 107.3a±0.2 120.3a±0.5 67.8±8.2

10 17.5bcd±0.2 27.6abc±0.5 35.9cde±0.8 62.3e±0.4 90.9b±0.5 105.7cd±0.3 116.7def±0.4 66.0±8.0

5+8 18.3abc±0.2 27.5abc±0.6 36.4bcd±0.2 64.8bc±0.2 89.4c±0.2 104.3ef±0.4 117.2de±0.1 66.6±7.8

6+9 8.3abc±0.08 24.9cd±0.2 37.9ab±0.1 66.4a±0.4 92.4a±0.05 106.9ab±0.1 119.8a±0.5 67.8±8.2

7+10 17.0cd±0.33 25.5bcd±0.8 35.1def±0.7 61.0f±0.3 88.6c±0.6 102.8g±0.3 115.8fg±0.5 64.8±7.9


Table 6. Feed conversion ratio (g feed/g gain) as affected by discontinuous feeding and time of

feeding of lysine and/or methionine.

Age

(in wks)

Groups

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

Overall

mean

Probability 0.0001 0.0135 0.0135 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0167 0.0001

1 1.93d±0.2 1.88d±0.06 1.43f±0.09 1.57e±0.05 1.64h±0.1 1.92f±0.09 2.09c±0.1 1.78f±0.06

2 2.56ab±0.1 2.56a±0.2 3.02a±0.1 2.89a±0.1 3.03ab±0.2 3.11a±0.03 2.70abc±0.1 2.84a±0.06

3 2.49ab±0.05 2.08cd±0.07 1.88cde±0.03 1.97d±0.05 1.88gh±0.01 2.02f±0.07 2.38bc±0.3 2.10e±0.06

4 2.50ab±0.05 2.44abc±0.1 2.20b±0.1 3.06a±0.1 3.29a±0.2 3.03ab±0.3 2.89ab±0.2 2.77ab±0.10

5 2.44abc±0.06 2.53ab±0.1 2.15bc±0.06 2.51b±0.04 2.70bcd±0.1 2.73abc±0.1 3.05a±0.2 2.73ab±0.09

6 2.36bc±0.12 2.24abc±0.07 2.03bcde±0.08 2.02d±0.1 1.94gh±0.1 2.29def±0.07 2.58abc±0.2 2.34cde±0.10

7 1.93d±0.06 2.18bcd±0.05 1.78e±0.04 1.97d±0.1 2.23efg±0.06 2.55cde±0.2 2.34bc±0.1 2.29de±0.09

8 2.54ab±0.02 2.44abc±0.1 1.99bcde±0.03 2.18cd±0.06 2.11fg±0.1 2.60cd±0.1 2.67abc±0.09 2.55abcd±0.13

9 2.72a±0.19 2.31abc±0.03 2.13bcd±0.2 1.91d±0.1 1.91gh±0.04 2.07f±0.06 2.28bc±0.1 2.37cde±0.15

10 2.39abc±0.14 2.26abc±0.2 1.95bcde±0.04 2.42bc±0.2 2.91abc±0.1 2.78abc±0.04 3.17a±0.3 2.67abc±0.11

5+8 2.49ab±0.03 2.49ab±0.1 2.07bcd±0.04 2.35bc±0.04 2.40def±0.1 2.66bcd±0.07 2.86ab±0.1 2.64abc±0.12

6+9 2.52ab±0.01 2.38abc±0.05 2.08bcd±0.09 1.97d±0.1 1.92gh±0.05 2.18ef±0.01 2.43bc±0.04 2.34cde±0.12

7+10 2.14dc±0.09 2.22abcd±0.08 1.87de±0.007 2.19bcd±0.1 2.57cde±0.07 2.66bcd±0.1 2.75ab±0.2 2.48bcd±0.09




Page 482 of 482

Table 7. Averages (±SE) of carcass parts as affected by discontinuous feeding and time of feeding of


Items

Groups Breast

(g) Femurs &

Drumsticks (g) Liver

(g) Total fat

(g)

Probability 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0007

1 323.98a±28.09 196.88

a ±7.19 47.74

a±5.85 99.10

a±14.21

2 184.52f±6.58 116.42

e±2.92 27.26

f±1.92 55.40

c±6.23

3 273.58bc

±15.20 171.92b±8.49 35.20

bcd±1.39 81.20

abc±11.75

4 183.46f±19.72 122.88

e±6.02 27.06

f±0.43 58.24

bc±9.50

5 195.72ef

±9.42 123.10e±4.57 27.24

f±1.72 52.80

c±9.17

6 265.18bcd

±9.35 148.78cd

±6.27 35.09bcde

±1.99 76.62abc

±7.96

7 235.78cde

±14.43 134.88de

±3.97 34.18bcdef

±1.42 97.92a±7.07

8 224.90def

±9.80 133.32de

±4.96 29.30def

±1.76 59.00bc

±9.44

9 296.02ab

±5.44 161.92bc

±4.91 38.64b±1.43 97.58

a±9.41

10 198.78ef

±17.88 123.30e10.29 30.20

cdef±3.31 60.92

bc±10.99

5+8 210.31ef

±8.20 128.21e±3.78 28.27

ef±0.60 55.90

c±8.16

6+9 280.60b±5.60 155.35

bc±3.11 36.87

bc±1.13 87.10

ab±7.96

7+10 217.28ef

±14.48 129.09e±6.80 32.19

bcdef±2.14 79.42

abc±8.43

a‐‐‐‐g Means (±SE) in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different ( P≤ 0.01)

Table 8. Chemical composition of breast, femur and drumstick as affected by discontinuous feeding

and time of feeding of lysine and/or methionine.

Items

Groups

Breast (%) Femur (%) Drumstick (%)

Moisture Protein Ash Fat Moisture Protein Ash Fat Moisture Protein Ash Fat

Probability 0.0003 0.0005 0.0031 0.0031 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

1 75.07bcd

±0.4 22.53a

±0.2 1.37ab

±0.09 1.03ab

±0.07 72.02c

±0.3 23.69b

±0.2 1.10bc

±0.04 3.18bc

±0.1 72.64c

±1.1 23.36cd

±0.6 1.02cd

±0.1 2.95cd

±0.4

2 75.54abcd

±0.3 22.24ab

±0.2 1.26abc

±0.08 0.95abc

±0.06 73.96ab

±0.1 22.66ef

±0.07 0.87de

±0.01 2.52ef

±0.04 73.59abc

±0.5 22.87def

±0.3 0.91de ±0.05

2.67cde

±0.2

3 75.06bcd

±0.2 22.55a

±0.1 1.36ab

±0.04 1.02ab

±0.03 73.38abc

±0.3 22.97cdef

±0.2 0.94bcde

±0.04 2.71de

±0.1 73.45abc

±0.9 22.93cdef

±0.5 0.92cde

±0.1 2.69cde

±0.3

4 74.93bcd

±0.3 22.62a

±0.2 1.40a

±0.07 1.05a

±0.05 72.62bc

±0.3 23.38bcd

±0.2 1.03bcd

±0.04 2.97cd

±0.1 72.73c

±1.1 23.50bc

±0.9 1.06bc

±0.2 2.99c

±0.4

5 75.71abcd

±0.3 22.14ab

±0.2 1.22abc

±0.08 0.92abc

±0.06 73.55ab

±0.6 22.85def

±0.3 0.92cde

±0.06 2.80de

±0.1 73.15abc

±0.9 23.26cde

±0.9 1.00cde

±0.2 2.83cde

±0.4

6 74.08d

±0.8 22.59a

±0.1 1.38a

±0.05 1.04a

±0.04 70.10d

±0.5 22.85def

±0.3 1.38a

±0.08 4.00a

±0.2 69.68e

±1.9 24.81a

±0.8 1.41a

±0.3 4.09a

0.8

7 76.22abc

±0.5 21.82bc

±0.3 1.12bcd

±0.1 0.84bcd

±0.08 73.56ab

±1.1 24.72a

±0.3 0.95bcde

±0.1 2.34f

±0.08 73.67abc

±1.0 22.80def

±0.5 0.90de

±0.1 2.60cde

±0.3

8 77.05a

±0.3 21.29c

±0.2 0.95d

±0.06 0.71d

±0.05 73.19abc

±0.5 22.76def

±0.5 0 .99bcde

±0.06 2.75de

±0.1 72.77bc

±1.0 23.30cde

±0.5 1.00cde

±0.1 2.92cd

±0.4

9 74.07d

±0.9 22.58a

±0.3 1.40a

±0.13 1.05a

±0.1 74.17a

±0.5 23.17bcde

±0.2 0.85de

±0.06 2.57ef

±0.1 73.14abc

±1.7 23.07cdef

±0.9 0.96cde

±0.2 2.80cde

±0.6

10 74.59cd

±0.9 22.27ab

±0.2 1.28abc

±0.09 0.96abc

±0.07 74.52a

±0.2 22.52ef

±0.3 0.81e

±0.02 2.34f

±0.05 73.93a

±0.5 22.66f

±0.3 0.87e

±0.06 2.52e

±0.2

5+8 76.38ab

±0.2 21.72bc

±0.1 1.09cd

±0.03 0.81cd

±0.03 73.37abc

±0.5 22.33f

±0.1 0.95bcde

±0.06 2.78de

±0.1 72.96abc

±0.7 23.28cde

±0.5 1.00cde

±0.1 2.87cde

±0.2

6+9 74.08d

±0.6 22.59a

±0.2 1.39a

±0.07 1.04a

±0.05 72.14c

±0.4 23.01cdef

±0.3 1.12b

±0.05 3.28b

±0.1 71.41d

±1.4 23.94b

±0.7 1.19b

±0.2 3.44b

±0.5

7+10 75.40bcd

±0.4 22.05ab

±0.2 1.20abc

±0.06 0.90abc

±0.04 74.04a

±0.5 23.62bc

±0.2 0.88de

±0.07 2.34f

±0.05 73.80ab

±0.7 22.73ef

±0.4 0.88de

±0.07 2.57de

±0.2

a----f Means (±SE) in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different ( P≤ 0.01)

Effect of Diurnal Discontinuous Feeding of Optimal and Suboptimal Levels of Lysine and/or Methionine...

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