Effect of cellulose and lignin content on pyrolysis and combustion characteristics for several types...

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Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 649–661

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Effect of cellulose and lignin content on pyrolysisand combustion characteristics for several types

of biomass

Asri Gani, Ichiro Naruse�

Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580,

Japan

Received 26 July 2005; accepted 22 February 2006

Available online 21 April 2006

Abstract

Fundamental pyrolysis and combustion behaviors for several types of biomass are tested by a

thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The main compositions of cellulose and lignin contents for several

types of biomass are analyzed chemically. Based on the main composition results obtained, the

experimental results for the actual biomass samples are compared with those for the simulated

biomass, which is made of the mixture of the cellulose with lignin chemical. The morphological

changes before and after the reactions are also observed by a scanning electron microscope. The main

compositions in the biomass consisted of cellulose and lignin. The cellulose content was more than

lignin for the biomass samples selected in this study. The reaction for the actual biomass samples

proceeded with the two stages. The first and second stage corresponded to devolatilization and char

combustion during combustion, respectively. The first stage showed rapid mass decrease caused by

cellulose decomposition. At the second stage, lignin decomposed for pyrolysis and its char burned for

combustion. For the biomass with higher cellulose content, the pyrolysis rate became faster. While,

the biomass with higher lignin content gave slower pyrolysis rate. The cellulose and lignin content in

the biomasses was one of the important parameters to evaluate the pyrolysis characteristics. The

combustion characteristics for the actual biomass depends on the char morphology produced.

r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Biomass; Pyrolysis; Combustion; Gasification; Cellulose; Lignin

see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

.renene.2006.02.017

nding author. Tel.: +81532 44 6911; fax: +81 532 44 6929.

dress: [email protected] (I. Naruse).

www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2006.02.017

mailto:[email protected]

ARTICLE IN PRESSA. Gani, I. Naruse / Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 649–661650

1. Introduction

Biomass is recognized as the third largest primary energy resource in the world [1]. Inmany developing countries, fraction of the biomass energy consumed is ranged from 40%to 50% since these countries have large agriculture and forest area. Indonesia, as anexample of the developing countries, also has a potential of the biomass resources of about250 millions tons per year in the agriculture and forest area [2]. Although Indonesia alsohas the coal resource of about 38.8 billion tons, some of them are classified as low-rankcoals, which are categorized as brown coal and lignite [3]. In order to utilize both the low-rank coal and biomass effectively as energy resources effectively, co-combustion and/or co-gasification technologies have been focused recently [4]. Many researchers [5–9] havealready studied the co-combustion characteristics of biomass with coal. Co-combustiontechnologies of coal with biomass have also been applied in several practical boilers toreduce CO2 emission, fuel cost and so forth. A large number of research projects on thisresearch field have also been performed [10–13]. However, fundamental combustion,pyrolysis and gasification characteristics for the biomass have not been elucidated preciselyyet, based on the main compositions in the biomass, which correspond to cellulose andlignin contents. As the Kyoto protocol was ratified in 2005, on the other hand, somedeveloped countries like European Union (EU) and Japan try to reduce CO2 emission intheir own countries as well as to cooperate with some developing countries by means of theclean development mechanisms (CDM). In order to promote the CDM programs with thedeveloping countries, it is necessary to study the fundamental combustion, pyrolysis andgasification characteristics for the biomass, which is produced in the developing countries.This study focuses on (1) analysis of the main compositions for several types of biomass,

which includes Indonesian agricultural biomass of palm oil fiber and bagasse, (2)fundamental pyrolysis and combustion characteristics for the biomass samples selected bya thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis, (3) the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics forthe simulated biomass, which consists of mixture of cellulose with lignin chemicals, todiscuss the effect of the cellulose and lignin content in the biomass on the pyrolysis andcombustion characteristics, and (4) elucidation of the reason for difference of the reactivityfor the actual biomass samples from that for the simulated biomass samples by means ofobservation of morphological change before and after the reaction.

2. Experimental

Fundamental tests on pyrolysis and combustion for several kinds of biomass areconducted, using a thermo-gravimetric (TG) analyzer. The experimental conditions of theTG experiments are shown in Table 1. The biomass sample of approximately 7mg isweighed accurately, and is put into the platinum (Pt) pan. The nitrogen gas and air aresupplied for the pyrolysis and combustion experiment, respectively. The sample is heatedfrom 298 to 1173K for pyrolysis and to 1088K for combustion at the heating rate of20K/min, respectively. Hinoki sawdust, larch bark and palm oil fiber, which arecategorized as a woody biomass, and rice husk, sugar cane bagasse, rice straw and cornstalk, which are categorized as an agricultural biomass, are used as the test samples. Allbiomass samples are milled to produce the particles with the size of less than 1mm. Inorder to elucidate the effect of cellulose and lignin on the fundamental pyrolysis andcombustion characteristics, the simulated biomass samples, which are made by mixing

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Table 1

Experimental condition in thermo-gravimetric analysis

Sample Hinoki sawdust, rice husks, rice

straww, larch bark, corn stalk,

palm oil fiber, bagasse, lignin,

cellulose

Temperature raising rate 20K/min

Sample weight 7mg

Gas flow rate 120ml/min

Pyrolysis Atmosphere N2

Final holding temp. 1173K

Combustion Atmosphere Air

Final holding temp. 1088K

A. Gani, I. Naruse / Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 649–661 651

cellulose with lignin chemicals in various mass ratios, are also tested in the TGexperiments. The cellulose and lignin chemicals employed are microcrystalline cellulosepowder and organic-solved lignin with the particle size of 20–100 mm, respectively. Theproperties of the biomass samples, cellulose and lignin chemicals are shown in Table 2.This table shows that all types of biomass contain high volatile matter content and littleamount of ash, except for rice husk and straw.

The cellulose and lignin analyses in the biomass are conducted in this study. Theanalytical method of cellulose and lignin content in the biomass is as follows. First, thebiomass sample crushed is extracted for 5–6 h in ethanol–benzene of 1:2 (v/v of biomass tothe solvent) in a soxhlet apparatus, according to TAPPI, T264 om-97 [14]. Then, thechemical analyses in the residue after the extraction are conducted. Content of the acidinsoluble lignin (known as ‘‘Klason lignin’’) is determined, extracting the residue in asulfuric acid of 72% (TAPPI T-222) [15]. Content of holocellulose, while, is determinedaccording to Wise’s chlorite method [16] and TAPPI T-203 [17].

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Cellulose and lignin contents in the biomass

In considering reaction characteristics of solid fuels, data of chemical analysis forbiomass is one of the important information. For the biomass, the cellulose and lignin aregenerally recognized as main components in the biomass [18]. Fig. 1 shows the celluloseand lignin content in the biomass samples employed in this study. In this figure, the term ofholocellulose represents the total cellulose, which is composed of cellulose andhemicelluloses. The weight fraction except for the cellulose and lignin fraction correspondsto the fraction of acid-soluble hydrocarbons in the biomass. From this figure, all of thebiomass samples contain more cellulose that lignin. The larch bark contains the highestamount of lignin of all the samples and bagasse has the lowest. The cellulose and lignincontents are varied from 60% to 70% and from 8% to 35%, respectively. The corn stalksample has the highest fraction of acid-soluble hydrocarbons.

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Table

2

Properties

ofseveraltypes

ofbiomass,cellulose

andlignin

Unit

Basis

Biomass

Cellulose

Lignin

Hinokisaw

dust

Ricestraw

RicehusksLarchbark

Corn

stalk

BagassePalm

oilfiber

Lower

heatingvalue

MJ/kgDry

18.04

11.96

13.43

12.26

9.19

14.39

13.17

10.13

11.74

Moisture

wt%

Dry

11.0

5.8

5.6

8.7

7.4

3.78

6.6

4.37

10.86

Proxim

ate

analysis

Ash

1.3

20.4

20.2

2.6

2.1

2.69

3.4

0.51

1.71

VM

97.4

79.6

78.4

97.1

88.8

86.37

93.0

98.7

93.8

FC

1.3

A0

1.4

0.2

9.1

10.94

3.7

0.8

4.5

Fuel

ratio

(FC/V

M)

——

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.10

0.13

0.04

0.01

0.05

TotalS

wt%

Dry

0.01

0.05

0.02

0.02

0.05

0.0

0.02

00

C55.94

48.25

51.29

47.07

40.10

48.9

46.73

39.99

49.53

Ultim

ate

analysis

Hd.a.f.

7.07

6.59

6.81

5.5

5.20

5.79

6.12

5.8

4.39

Nwt%

¼dry

ash

free

0.24

1.23

0.29

0.23

2.10

0.6

0.56

0.01

0.01

S0.01

0.02

0.01

00.05

0.01

0.04

00

036.74

43.91

41.30

47.20

52.55

44.71

46.59

54.2

46.07

H/C

(molratio)

1.52

1.64

1.58

1.40

1.56

1.42

1.57

1.74

1.06

A. Gani, I. Naruse / Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 649–661652

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0

20

40

60

80

100Cellulose

BagasseLarch bark

Palm fibre

Corn stalk

Hinoki sawdust

Rice husk

Rice straw

Mas

s fr

actio

n [%

]

Lignin

Fig. 1. Cellulose and lignin contents in several types of biomass.


3.2. Pyrolysis behavior of several types of biomass, cellulose and lignin

As a representative result of the pyrolysis tests, Figs. 2a and b shows profiles of fractionof the mass decrease of combustibles for several types of biomass such as hinoki sawdust,rice husk, palm oil fiber, corn stalk, rice straw, larch bark and bagasse, comparing with thecellulose and lignin chemicals. The vertical axis represents fraction of mass decrease ofcombustibles. The cellulose and lignin chemicals are also tested as references since thebiomass mainly consists of these compounds as shown in Fig. 1. From both the figures, thepyrolysis starts at about 473K for all of the samples. The combustibles in the biomassreact at the two stages during pyrolysis. At the first stage, the mass rapidly decreases due tocellulose volatilization. After that, the slow mass decrease occurs at the second stage due tolignin decomposition. Focusing on pattern of the profile of mass decrease, trend of themass decrease for bark differs from that for the others. The cellulose chemical decomposesat high decomposition rate within narrow temperature range. While, decomposition rate ofthe lignin chemical becomes slower than that of the cellulose chemical. Comparing theseresults for the actual biomass samples with those for the cellulose and lignin chemicals, theprofile for bark relatively comes near to that for the lignin. This is because the barkcontains the highest lignin content as shown in Fig. 1. On the contrary, the profile for ricehusks approaches to that for the cellulose. These results suggest that the volatilizationbehavior of biomass depends on its own component such as the cellulose and lignincontent. Generally, the lignin is harder to decompose than the cellulose since part of ligninconsists of benzene rings [19].

3.3. Combustion behavior of several types of biomass, cellulose and lignin

Changes of fraction of mass decrease of combustibles during combustion for severaltypes of biomass, lignin and cellulose are shown in Figs. 3a and b. Trend of the massdecrease for combustion differs from that for pyrolysis obtained before. The results show

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0.0 0.8

Atmosphere: NitrogenHeating rate: 20 K/min

Cornstalk

Ricestraw

Palm oil fibre

Bagasse

Dec

reas

ing

frac

tion

of c

ombu

stib

le [-

]

473

673

873

1073

Tem

pera

ture

[K]


Cellulose Bark H.sawdust Ricehusks Lignin

Dec

reas

ing

frac

tion

of c

ombu

stib

le [-

]

473

673

873

1073

1273

Tem

pera

ture

[K]

Time [h]

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.2 0.4 0.6

Time [h]

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1273

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. Residual fraction of combustibles for several types of biomass, cellulose and lignin during pyrolysis.


that the reaction rate for all of the samples during combustion becomes faster than thatduring pyrolysis. Comparing the result for bark with that for the lignin chemical, as anexample, the reaction rate for bark becomes much higher than that for the lignin even if thelignin content in the bark is the highest of all of the biomass samples. These results suggestthat cellulose content in the biomass may enhance the ignition characteristics anddecomposition of lignin since the cellulose compounds have the structure of branchingchain of polysaccharides and no aromatic compounds, which are easily volatilized.Consequently, the biomass will burn at the flowing steps. First, the cellulose components inthe biomass are volatilized, so that the porosity in the char particles of biomass increasesand that oxygen easily diffuses into the char particles. Next, the lignin components in thebiomass can also react with oxygen diffused even if the reactivity of lignin itself is low. Inother words, this discussion suggests that the char morphology will be one of theimportant indices to evaluate the biomass reactivity during combustion.

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0.0 0.8

Atmosphere: Air

Heating rate: 20 K/min

Cornstalk

Ricestraw

Palm oil fibre

Bagasse

Dec

reas

ing

frac

tion

of c

ombu

stib

le [-

]

473

673

873

1073

Tem

pera

ture

[K]

Atmosphere: AirHeating rate: 20 K/min

Cellulose

Bark H.sawdust

Ricehusks

Lignin

Dec

reas

ing

frac

tion

of c

ombu

stib

le [-

]

473

673

873

1073

1273

Tem

pera

ture

[K]

Time [h]

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.2 0.4 0.6

Time [h]

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1273

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3. Residual fraction of combustibles for several types of biomass, cellulose and lignin during combustion.


3.4. Pyrolysis and combustion behavior for the simulated biomass

The results above-mentioned show the reaction characteristics for the actual biomasssamples. Additionally, the results suggest that the cellulose and lignin content in thebiomass affects the reactivity qualitatively. In order to quantitatively elucidate effect of thecellulose and lignin content on the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics for thebiomass, the simulated biomasses are made by means of mixing the cellulose with ligninchemicals in various concentration ratios. In this experiment, the cellulose compositions ofthe simulated biomasses are varied from 0% to 100%, and the other component is lignin.Figs. 4a and b shows profiles of mass decrease fraction of combustibles for severalsimulated biomasses with different cellulose and lignin contents during pyrolysis andcombustion at heating rate 20K/min, respectively. The results for pyrolysis show that the

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0.0 0.8

Dec

reas

ing

frac

tion

of c

ombu

stib

le [-

]

473

673

873

1073

Tem

pera

ture

[K]


Res

idua

l fra

ctio

n of

com

bust

ible

[-]

473

673

873

1073

1273

Tem

pera

ture

[K]

Time [h]

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.2 0.4 0.6

Time [h]

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1273

(a)

(b)

Lignin

Cell20%; Lig80%

Cell40%; Lig60%

Cell60%; Lig40%

Cell80%; Lig20%

Cellulose


Lignin

Cell20%; Lig80%

Cell40%; Lig60%

Cell60%; Lig40%

Cell80%; Lig20%

Cellulose

Fig. 4. Residual fraction of combustibles of cellulose, lignin and their mixtures.


over all reaction rate decreases with an increase of the lignin content. Profiles of the massdecrease seem to rise up proportionally to the lignin content in the simulated biomass.While, for combustion, the similar tendency to the results for pyrolysis is obtainedespecially before about 0.8 h. After that, the mass suddenly decreases due to the lignincombustion. This result means that the lignin in the biomass controls the reaction rateduring combustion.Fig. 5a and b shows correlation between the cellulose and lignin content in the simulated

biomasses and several types of biomass on the reaction conversion at t ¼ 1:0 h and 0.5 h inpyrolysis and combustion, respectively. The residual fraction of combustibles for thesimulated biomasses is plotted, based on the results of Figs. 4a and b, which are indicatedas a solid square. The results for the actual biomasses are also plotted, based on the resultsof Figs. 2 and 3, as an open square. For the pyrolysis results of Fig. 5a, the lignin content is

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Combustion Heating rate 20 K/min

Res

idua

l fra

ctio

n of

com

bust

ible

[-]

Rice huskRice straw

0 40 800.0

Pyrolysis Heating rate 20 K/min

Res

idua

l fra

ctio

n of

com

bust

ible

[-]

Rice strawLarch bark

Bagasse

Time: 1.0 hY= 0.00472X - 0.00162R2 = 0.97838

Palm oil fibre

Hinoki sawdust

Rice husk

Corn stalk

20 60 100

0 40 8020 60 100

Lignin content [%]

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

Cellulose content [%]

Time: 0.5h Y = -0.00634X + 0.65 R2 = 0.99

Larch barkHinoki sawdustPalm O. Fibre

Corn stalkBagasse

(a)

(b)

Fig. 5. Correlation between the cellulose and lignin content in the simulated biomasses and several types of

biomass and the reaction conversion.


selected as a parameter to correlate since the lignin mainly controls the decomposition rateduring pyrolysis. For the combustion results of Fig. 5b, on the other hand, the cellulosecontent is chosen as a parameter to correlate since the cellulose burns faster than the ligninduring combustion. It can be seen from Fig. 5a, the plots for the actual biomasses fit wellon the line obtained by the results for the simulated biomasses. This good correlationbetween the lignin content and the reaction conversion will be able to be applied to predictthe pyrolysis characteristics for the other types of biomass as well as to estimate thepyrolysis period.

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Fig. 6. Morphology of hinoki sawdust and cellulose and lignin chemicals before reaction.


For the combustion results shown in Fig. 5b, on the other hand, the data for the actualbiomass samples differ from those for the simulated biomasses. The combustionconversion for all of the actual biomass samples becomes higher than that for the

ARTICLE IN PRESSA. Gani, I. Naruse / Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 649–661 659

simulated biomasses. These phenomena can be explained by difference of morphology oftheir char structures during combustion.

3.5. Effect of morphology of biomass on combustion characteristics

Morphological change of the simulated and actual biomass samples before and afterpyrolysis and combustion are observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Figs.6a–c show the surface morphology of the raw material of Hinoki sawdust and the celluloseand lignin chemicals, respectively. It can be observed from this figure that Hinoki sawdusthas fibrous and porous structure. The cellulose chemical also has the similar structure, asshown in Fig. 6b. While, morphology of the lignin chemical is observed to be lumpy solid,as shown in Fig. 6c. From these observation results, hinoki sawdust and cellulose chemicalcan easily decompose and burn, comparing with the lignin chemical.

Fig.s 7a and b, as an example, shows the morphological structure after 1 h pyrolysis forHinoki sawdust and the simulated biomass of 60% cellulose and 40% lignin, respectively.From Fig. 7a, the morphology of the actual biomass is still to be fibrous and porous, evenif the pyrolysis proceeds. Under this condition, oxygen can diffuse easily inside the particleduring combustion. While the simulated biomass shown in Fig. 7b, while, it can be

Fig. 7. Morphology of Hinoki sawdust and the simulated biomass (60% cellulose; 40% lignin) after 1 h pyrolysis.

ARTICLE IN PRESSA. Gani, I. Naruse / Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 649–661660

observed that the cellulose and lignin chemicals seem to react individually. In other words,the lignin chemical does not react much, so that the shape of the lignin remains lumpysolid. This is one of the reasons why the combustion reactivity for the simulated biomassdiffers from that for the actual biomass samples, as described in Fig. 5b. The combustionreactivity of the biomass deeply relates to the char morphology formed.

4. Conclusions

Fundamental pyrolysis and combustion behaviors for several types of biomass weretested by a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. Both the cellulose and lignin contents in theactual biomass samples were analyzed chemically. Based on the main composition resultsobtained, the experimental results for the actual biomass samples were compared withthose for the simulated biomass, which was made of the mixture of the cellulose with ligninchemical. The main compositions in the biomass consisted of cellulose and lignin. Thecellulose content was more than lignin for the biomass samples selected in this study. Thereaction for the actual biomass samples proceeded with the two stages. The first andsecond stage corresponded to devolatilization and char combustion during combustion,respectively. The first stage showed rapid mass decrease caused by cellulose decomposition.At the second stage, lignin decomposed for pyrolysis and its char burned for combustion.For the biomass with higher cellulose content, the pyrolysis rate became faster. While, thebiomass with higher lignin content gave slower pyrolysis rate. The cellulose and lignincontent in the biomasses was one of the important parameters to evaluate the pyrolysischaracteristics. The combustion characteristics for the actual biomass depends on the charmorphology produced.

Acknowledgement

This study was partly supported, as the International Joint Research Project and the21st Century COE Program of ‘‘Ecological Engineering for Homeostatic HumanActivities’’, by New Energy Development Organization (NEDO) Japan and the ministryof Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, respectively.

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