ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION AND INNOVATIONS IN EDUC. FINANCE

(MELS 562)

SEFAM E. ADOBOEANTHONY ADJETEY ADJEI EMMA AYAW YEBOAHIRENE ANINIWAA KOREE

QUESTION• INVESTIGATE ANY THREE MARGINALISED GROUPS, COME OUT WITH AREAS OF FUNDING THEIR EDUCATION, SET UP A SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME FOR THEM AND DETERMINE THE CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE SCHEME

INTRODUCTION• EVIDENCE OF THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION • Numerous human rights treaties - high on the agenda of the international community

• Recognition by governments of the place of education - their commitment to Millennium Development Goal Two (MDG2) of 2000 - universal access to free, quality and compulsory primary education by 2015

INTRODUCTION Cont’d•THE CONTRARY •United Nations website 2014 – achieving (MDG2) is becoming a mirage.

•Education Task Force’s 2012 report:

•about 67 million children are out of school

•72 million more children would be out of school by 2015

•Part of this 72 million would be girls, children in war torn areas and other most disadvantaged / marginalized groups

INTRODUCTION Cont’d •Enormous contributions towards the achievement of the MDG2 automatically presents a positive correlation to access

•But up to $16 billion is needed annually

•Impact of financial crisis: decline in the contribution of aids due to prioritizing of resources means impossibility of achievement through government efforts only

INTRODUCTION Cont’d• THE RESULT?• INCREASE IN NUMBERS OF MARGINALIZED GROUPS • SOLUTION?• To unearth innovative ways and means of funding the education of all especially these margiNalized groups

SYNOPSIS1.Defining Target Groups2. Innovative Fund Raising Models

3.Setting Up the Scheme4. Administration of the Scheme5.Eligibility Requirement/Criteria

6.Sustainability, Monitoring and Evaluation

7.Conclusion

TARGET GROUP 1: GIRL TEEN PARENTS•Girl teen parent: any girl of school going age (10 to 19) who has dropped out of school due to pregnancy or betrothal in marriage.

• Ghana : nearly one-third of the childbirths - women less than 19 years of age

•Central Region: 1 out of 3 girls aged 15 to 19; Fertility rate is 5.6 percent

TARGET GROUP 1: GIRL TEEN PARENTS•Contributing Factors: poverty, peer pressure, rape, lack of education, lack of parental care among others.

•Girls’ failure to make conscious effort at preventing pregnancy (Landry, Bertrand, Cherry & Rice (1986), hence decision on motherhood results in teen parenting and dropping out of school (Jacobs, 1994).

•Then rippling effects - lack of gainful employment – therefore need for education

TARGET GROUP 2: Children Orphaned by HIV/AIDS

•17.8 million; to increase to 25 million by 2015

•15.1 out of the 17.8 live in Sub Saharan Africa

•1.1 million orphans in Ghana, continues to increase with increase in rates of HIV/AIDS UNESCO ((2012)

TARGET GROUP 2: Children Orphaned by HIV/AIDS•Experience of neglect due to stigmatization

•Then orphanages become the way out - for food, education, etc

•Education is crucial

TARGET GROUP 3: Children of Head Porters (Kayayei)•For over a decade now, southern Ghana has witnessed a growing influx of young women and teenage girls whose sole business is to engage in head porterage

TARGET GROUP 3: Children of Head Porters (Kayayei)•They engage in head porterage in the leading

•Need to mitigate cyclical effects of the migration education

INNOVATIVE FUND RAISING MODELS

1. High- Profile Awareness Raising Levies • Sport levies: • Voluntary, tourist and travellers levies: • Micro-donations from individual bank transaction

2. The Red Type Model • Selection: top 100 companies in Ghana for 2013 as listed on the Graphic logo website.

• Submission of proposal and presentation • Tagging of product in 5 phases in groups of 20 companies

INNOVATIVE FUND RAISING MODELS3. Corporate Social Responsibility of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises• Levies by Local Authorities i.e. Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assembles (MMDA’s) taken from SMEs in their localities.

• Have tax exemption • Taken on a yearly basis• SMEs choose for type of investment • MMDA only play role of collectors • Would be based on revenue of SMEs

INNOVATIVE FUND RAISING MODELS4. ICT Based Technique• Online donation platform of our website • Information Technology compliant bank• Also with the mobile telephone companies • Help of Trustees • Provision of a short code for deduction of 0.50 Ghp donation by texting

INNOVATIVE FUND RAISING MODELS5. Volunteerism Day Out• To satisfy public’s desire to be actively involved in fundraising

• Combines fundraising and volunteerism into one great opportunity.

• With this idea, you ask people to make a donation in return for a position as part of your volunteer day. 

SETTING UP THE SCHEME

• Name: SITE Opportunities Scholarship Scheme

• Registration as an entity• Appointment of Board of Trustees • Design an excellent accessible website • Embark on series of media engagements and other meetings

PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION

• Institutions compliance with criteria and administrative procedures in the SITE Opportunities Scholarship Scheme Administrative Guidelines for Educational as amended from time to time.

• The Board of Trustees will provide such logistical advice in the administration of the SITE Opportunities Scholarship Scheme as the Board deems appropriate and feasible.

ADMINISTRATION Cont’d• The Board of Trustees will consider the institution’s compliance with the SITE Opportunities Scholarship Scheme Administrative Guidelines forEducationalh Institutions in

determining whether to suspend or cancel the institution’s participation in the determining whether to suspend or cancel the institution’s participation in SITE Opportunities Scholarship Scheme. 

• Institutions (in this case refers to schools and other training centres where beneficiaries are acquiring knowledge and skills) acknowledge that funds provided for the SITE Opportunities Scholarship Scheme are subject to annual appropriation and Board of Trustee approval, and as such, may be discontinued or may vary from year to year.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE SCHEME

• To be run by effective Administrative System:

• Work with educational institutions • Areas of Provision of Support - payment of fees, feeding at school and logistics i.e. stationery, uniforms, school bags, etc

• Acceptance of other awards by recipients• Event of Withdrawal from study• Use of funds • Annual Allocations

ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENT/CRITERIA

• Needed for accountability, effectiveness and efficiency

• Criteria:a female and between the ages of ten to nineteen

They should be residents or making a living (as in the case of the head porters) within the specified or selected geographical area.

Evidently needyParents of orphans should have died from HIV/AIDS

Must be highly motivated

SUSTAINABILITY, MONITORING AND EVALUATION

• Effective Auditing Process to ensure transparency and accountability

• Institutions are required to report to the Scheme twice annually

• The institution will advise the scheme on priorities for scholarships

CONCLUSION

• Provision of education cannot be solely government’s responsibility

• Difficulty in reaching and satisfying all in spite of high the budgetary allocation

• Innovations in funding not only the way but has come to stay

• So all need to join - ideas and policies, monetary terms.

CREDITS:• Agarwal, S. Attah, M. Apt, N. Grieco, M. Kwakye, E.A. and Turner, J. (1994). Bearing the Weight: the Kayayoo, Ghana's Working Child Girl, report presented at the UNICEF Conference on the Girl Child, DeChi. February.

• D'Aeth, R. (1983). Education and Development in the Third World. Aldershot, Gower.

• Freidus, Andrea. (2010). “Saving Malawi: Faithful Responses to Orphans and Vulnerable Children.” Napa Bulletin. 30, 50-67.

• Jacobs J L (1994) "Gender, race, class, and the trend toward early motherhood: A feminist analysis of teen mothers in contemporary society." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22, 442-462.

• Klein, S. (2000).Globalisation, Poverty and Migration. Vancouver, BC

• Landry E; Bertrand, J T; Cherry, F & Rice, J (1986) "Teen pregnancy in New Orleans: Factors that differentiate teens who deliver, abort, and successfully contracept." Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 15, 259-274.

CREDITS:•UIS (2012). UNESCO eAtlas of Out-of-School Children.•http://www.app.collinsindicate.com/uis-atlas--‐out-of--‐school-children/en-us•UNICEF.(2010). At a glance: Ghana. Unite for Children. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ghana_statistics.html•UNESCO (2012). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2012: Youth and skills: Putting education to work. Paris: UNESCO•http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002180/218003e.pdf•UNESCO (2011). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011: The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education. Paris: UNESCO.•http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001907/190743e.pdf•Xinhua News Agency (1996) "Teenage pregnancy high in Ghana's central region," in Inronautics Electric Library, June 20.•http://www.uis.unesco.org/FactSheets/Documents/fs-18-OOSC-2.pdf•http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/11/3/gpr110313.html•http://www.idpfoundation.org/IFC_Ghana_Report_October_2010.pdf •http://www.unido.org/en/what-we-do/trade/csr/what-is-csr.html  

THANK YOU!