Ecological input–output modeling for embodied resources and emissions in Chinese economy 2005

Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15 (2010) 1942–1965

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Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat

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Ecological input–output modeling for embodied resourcesand emissions in Chinese economy 2005

Z.M. Chen a, G.Q. Chen a,*, J.B. Zhou b, M.M. Jiang a, B. Chen a

a State Key Laboratory of Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace, College of Engineering,Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR Chinab EcoSecurities Group (China) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100005, PR China

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 12 June 2009Received in revised form 31 July 2009Accepted 3 August 2009Available online 11 August 2009

Keywords:EnergyCarbon emissionNatural resourcesEnvironmental emissionsInput–output analysis

1007-5704/$ - see front matter � 2009 Elsevier B.Vdoi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.08.001

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62767167; fE-mail address: [email protected] (G.Q. Chen).

a b s t r a c t

For the embodiment of natural resources and environmental emissions in Chinese econ-omy 2005, a biophysical balance modeling is carried out based on an extension of the eco-nomic input–output table into an ecological one integrating the economy with its variousenvironmental driving forces. Included resource flows into the primary resource sectorsand environmental emission flows from the primary emission sectors belong to seven cat-egories as energy resources in terms of fossil fuels, hydropower and nuclear energy, bio-mass, and other sources; freshwater resources; greenhouse gas emissions in terms ofCO2, CH4, and N2O; industrial wastes in terms of waste water, waste gas, and waste solid;exergy in terms of fossil fuel resources, biological resources, mineral resources, and envi-ronmental resources; solar emergy and cosmic emergy in terms of climate resources, soil,fossil fuels, and minerals. The resulted database for embodiment intensity and sectoralembodiment of natural resources and environmental emissions is of essential implicationsin context of systems ecology and ecological economics in general and of global climatechange in particular.

� 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Though various efforts have been made to account natural resources consumption and environmental emissions for typ-ical industrial sectors and the socio-economy as a whole or network in China [1–24], relevant decision making at national,regional or international levels necessitates more systematic study of the economy in context of environmental resources ingeneral and global climate change in particular.

To track both direct and indirect effects as embodiments in an economic system, the input–output analysis initiallybrought forward for economic account [25] and later extended for economic-ecological account [26–30] has been appliedto calculate embodied consumption of energy sources and water resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in nationaleconomy accounts [23,31–39], international trade [16,22,40–45], and specific industrial sectors or regional economies[19,46–48].

Highly remarkable in the endeavor by Chen and his students or colleagues for a unified ecological accounting framework,with multi-scale (top-down at global, national, sectoral and regional scales) databases for embodied biophysical fluxes ofresources and emissions, is Zhou’s doctoral dissertation titled Embodied Ecological Elements in National Economy [39], as asystematic account of the embodied resources and emissions for the Chinese economy, distinctively and typically in 1992

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Z.M. Chen et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15 (2010) 1942–1965 1943

under the Material Product System (MPS) for planning economies of the socialist Soviet style as well as in 2002 under theSystem of National Accounts (SNA) for marketing economies.

Provided this paper is an embodied resources and emissions account for the economy in mainland China 2005 with 42industrial sectors with the most recently available economic input–output table. This study focuses on the embodimentof seven representative biophysical flows as energy, water, GHG emissions, industrial wastes, exergy [49–51], solar emergy(embodied solar energy) [52–55], and cosmic emergy (embodied cosmic exergy) [5,39,56–59] with their typical components.Amongst these fluxes, energy and water are conventionally recognized to be the most important natural resources support-ing the economy; GHG emissions and industrial wastes are considered to be the major emissions affecting the sustainabilityof the environment; and natural resources as inclusively measured by exergy, solar emergy and cosmic emergy are essentialfor systems ecological assessment of the sustainability.

2. Methodology

2.1. Ecological input–output table

In the official input–output table in use matrix for the Chinese economy 2005 by the Department of National Accounts,National Bureau of Statistics [60] as used in this study, the Chinese economy is divided into 42 formal industrial sectors aslisted in Table 1 and the economic flows are expressed in the producers’ prices in 2005 by the unit of 100 million ChineseYuan’s (CNY hereafter).

For an account of embodied resource or emission of the economy, the economic input–output table is extended to form anecological input–output table covering both economic flows and biophysical flows within and across the boundary of theeconomic system. As illustrated in Table 2, the three original parts for the monetary balance denoted as Q1; Q2, and Q3 rep-resent inter-industrial flows, final use from industries, and net economic inputs to industries, respectively, while the ex-tended parts of Q0 and Q 00 represent the direct entrance of external environmental inputs in terms of separatebiophysical indicators (in raw units) and aggregate biophysical indicators (in unified ecological units). The external environ-mental inputs are the only inputs as primary resources and emissions exogenous to the economy; all imported inputs areeconomic products divided into domestic intermediate use categories.

2.2. Algorithm

As in conventional input–output studies, it is assumed:

(a) The embodied resource and emission intensities are assumed to be equal for all commodities from the same industrialsector.

(b) Storages have the same embodied resource and emission intensities as the commodities produced in the current year.(c) Imported commodities have the same embodied resource and emission intensities as domestic ones.

Table 1Formal industrial sectors included in Chinese Input–Output Table 2005.

Sector code Sector content Sector code Sector content

1 Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery 22 Scrap and waste2 Mining and washing of coal 23 Electricity, steam and hot water production and supply3 Extraction of petroleum and natural gas 24 Gas production and supply4 Metal ore mining 25 Water production and supply5 Non-metal minerals mining 26 Construction6 Manufacture of food products and tobacco processing 27 Transport and storage7 Textiles 28 Post services8 Wearing apparel, leather, fur, down and related products 29 Telecommunication, computer services and software9 Sawmills and furniture 30 Wholesale and retail trade services

10 Paper and products, printing and record medium reproduction 31 Accommodation and food serving services11 Petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing 32 Finance and insurance12 Chemicals 33 Real estate13 Nonmetallic mineral products 34 Rental and business services14 Metal smelting and pressing 35 Scientific research15 Metal products 36 Professional, scientific and technical services16 General and special purpose machinery 37 Other public services17 Transport equipment 38 Other social services18 Electric equipment and machinery 39 Educational services19 Electronic and telecommunication equipment 40 Health, social security and welfare20 Instruments, meters, cultural and office machinery 41 Cultural, sporting and recreational services21 Other manufacturing products 42 Public administration and other sectors

Table 2Ecological input–output table as an integration of resources, emissions, and economy.

Intermediate use Final use

Sector 1

Sector 2

…

Sector n

Consum

ptive use

Gross capital form

ation

Export

Sector 1 Sector 2

…

Intermediate

inputs Sector n

Q1Q2

Net economic inputs

(Value added) Wages, taxes, surplus, etc. Q 3

Fossil fuel Hydro & nuclear

Biological Energy

Other Fresh water Water

Other

Natural resources Other resources

CO2

CH4

N2O

Greenhouse gas

emissions Other Water Gas Industrial wastes

Solid

Net environmental

inputs (in raw units)

Environm

ental em

issions

Other emissions

Q0

Fossil fuel Biological Mineral

Exergy

Environmental Solar based

Deep earth based Gravitation based

Soil Fossil fuel

Solar emergy

Mineral Solar based

Deep earth based Gravitation based

Soil Fossil fuel

Cosmic emergy

Mineral

Net environmental

inputs (in unified ecological

units)

Natural resources &

environmental em

issions Other indicators

Q0’

1944 Z.M. Chen et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15 (2010) 1942–1965

∑=

m

kkid

1

∑∑= =

m

k

n

jjikj xtr

1 1

∑=

m

kiki ptr

1

Fig. 1. Input–output biophysical flows of a typical industrial sector.


According to the third assumption, the resources and emissions virtually embodied in the imports, as the imported virtualwater [23,61], are actually the resources and emissions would be embodied if the imported products were produced domes-tically, instead of the real ones embodied at the production side outside the concerned economy.

Then for the ith sector with the account scope of m types of resources and emissions as described in Fig. 1, the biophysicalbalance for the kth type requires that dki þ

Pnj¼1trkjxji ¼ trkipi, in which dki is the direct external biophysical flow as direct re-

source input to Sector i or the direct external emission from Sector i; n equals to 42 as the number of industrial sectors in theChinese economy in 2005, trki and trkj are the embodied resource or emission intensities of commodities from Sectors i andj; xji is the input of commodities to Sector i actually from Sector j of the domestic economy or imported with a category asvirtually from Sector j, pi is the total output of commodity from Sector i. For the whole economy with concerned environ-mental inputs as an integration, we have an aggregate matrix equation as Dþ TrX ¼ TrY , in whichD ¼ ½dki�m�n; Trk ¼ ½trki�m�n; X ¼ ½xji�n�n, and Y ¼ ½yji�n�n for which yji ¼ pi when i ¼ j and yji ¼ 0 when i–j. With properly givendirect external resource or emission matrix D, input–output matrix X, and total yield matrix Y, the concerned embodimentintensity matrix is obtained as Tr ¼ DðY � XÞ�1. Embodied resource or emission of a commodity is obtained via multiplyingits economic value by the embodiment intensity of the corresponding sector.

3. Primary resources and emissions

3.1. Energy

Included eight sources for direct external energy are divided into four categories, i.e., fossil fuel source (coal, crude oil, andnatural gas), hydro and nuclear source (hydropower and nuclear power), biological source (firewood), and other source(other energy). The raw data for fossil fuel, hydro and nuclear, and other sources are taken as those for corresponding pri-mary energy sources from CESY (China Energy Statistical Yearbook) [62], while those for biological source are obtained fromZhang et al. [63]. It is noticeable that part of the fossil sources as coal, crude oil and natural gas are used as raw materials forindustrial production instead of energy sources and is excluded in the energy account. The direct energy inputs are listed inTable 3, in unit of both joule (J hereafter) and 10 thousand metric tons (t hereafter) of coal equivalents (tce hereafter) cor-responding to an energy transformation factor of 2.93E + 10 J/tce.

3.2. Water

Accounted freshwater resources include those directly delivered into the major water users as agricultural production,industrial production, municipal ecological protection, and household, for which the raw data are 3.58E + 11 cubic meters(m3 hereafter), 1.29E + 11, 9.27E + 09, and 6:75Eþ 10 m3, respectively, according to CSY (China Statistical Yearbook) [64].

Table 3Direct external energy resources for Chinese economy 2005.

Source Raw data (1E + 04 tce) Energy (J)

Coal 1.54E + 05 4.51E + 19Crude oil 2.37E + 04 6.93E + 18Natural gas 5.32E + 03 1.56E + 18Hydropower 4.88E + 03 1.43E + 18Nuclear power 6.52E + 02 1.91E + 17Firewood 3.29E + 03 9.63E + 17Other energy 3.50E + 01 1.02E + 16

Table 4Direct external GHG emissions for Chinese economy 2005.

Emission type Category Source (unit) Raw data Emission factor (t/unit) Emission (t)

CO2 Energy Coal (t) 2.16E + 09 1.98E + 00 4.27E + 09Crude oil (t) 1.66E + 08 3.07E + 00 5.08E + 08Natural gas (m3) 4.00E + 10 2.18E � 03 8.72E + 07Firewood (E + 12J) 9.63E + 05 1.12E + 02 1.08E + 08

Industrial production Cement (t) 1.00E + 09 3.80E � 01 3.82E + 08Steel (t) 3.59E + 08 1.20E � 01 4.30E + 07Calcium carbide (t) 8.95E + 06 1.41E + 00 1.26E + 07

CH4 Energy Coal (t) 2.16E + 09 5.73E � 03 1.23E + 07Crude oil (t) 1.66E + 08 8.00E � 05 1.32E + 04Natural gas (m3) 4.00E + 10 6.83E � 04 2.73E + 07Firewood (E + 12J) 9.63E + 05 3.00E � 01 2.89E + 05

Agricultural production Grain (t) 4.84E + 08 1.38E � 02 6.68E + 06Livestock (1E + 04 capita) 1.04E + 05 2.53E + 01 2.62E + 06

N2O Agricultural production Grain (t) 4.84E + 08 1.42E � 03 6.87E + 05Livestock (1E + 04 capita) 1.04E + 05 1.45E + 00 1.50E + 05

Industrial production Electricity generation (kWh) 2.50E + 12 5.39E � 08 1.35E + 05


3.3. GHG emissions

This study concentrates on three main GHG types, i.e., CO2; CH4, and N2O. For CO2, there are seven sources in two cat-egories as energy source (coal, crude oil, natural gas, and firewood) and industrial production source (cement, steel, and cal-cium carbide). For CH4, there are six sources in two categories as energy source (coal, crude oil, natural gas, and firewood)and agricultural production source (grains and livestock). For N2O, there are three sources in two categories as agriculturalproduction source (grains and livestock) and industrial production source (electricity generation). Data for energy sourcesare collected from CESY [62] and Zhang et al. [63] while those for agricultural and industrial production sources are fromCSY [64]. The raw data and direct GHG emissions for different sources are listed in Table 4, based on emission factors fromZhou et al. [13], Zhou [39], and IPCC [65]. To account the equivalent CO2 ðCO2 Eq. hereafter) emission, we adopt the globalwarming potentials as the ratio of the radiative forcing of one mass unit of GHG emitted to the atmosphere over 100 years tothat of the same amount of CO2, as 21:1 and 310:1 for CH4 and N2O, respectively, according to IPCC [65].

3.4. Industrial wastes

Industrial wastes of industrial waste water with eleven major indicators (total industrial waste water, COD, ammonianitrogen, petroleum, volatile hydroxybenzene, cyanide, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chrome, lead, and arsenic), industrial

Table 5Direct external industrial wastes emissions for Chinese economy 2005.

Category Index Raw data

Industrial waste water Total waste water (1E + 004 t) 2.16E + 06COD (t) 4.93E + 06Ammonia nitrogen (t) 4.80E + 05Petroleum (t) 2.32E + 04Volatile hydroxybenzene (t) 4.17E + 03Cyanide (t) 5.74E + 02Mercury (t) 2.69E + 00Cadmium (t) 6.10E + 01Hexavalent chrome (t) 1.06E + 02Lead (t) 3.78E + 02Arsenic (t) 4.52E + 02

Industrial waste gas Total waste gas (1E + 04 m3) 2.68E + 05SO2 (t) 1.98E + 03Soot (t) 8.55E + 02Dust (t) 8.28E + 02

Industrial waste solid Total waste solid (1E + 04 t) 1.24E + 05Hazardous wastes (1E + 04 t) 1.16E + 03Total waste solid discharge (1E + 04 t) 1.49E + 03Hazardous wastes discharge (t) 5.90E � 01


waste gas with four major indicators (total industrial waste gas, SO2, soot, dust), and industrial waste solid with four majorindicators (total industrial waste solid, hazardous industrial waste solid, total industrial waste solid discharge, industrial

Table 6Direct external exergy resources for Chinese economy 2005.

Category Source (unit) Raw data Exergy intensity (J/unit) Exergy (J)

Fossil fuel Coal (1E + 04 tce) 1.57E + 05 3.08E + 14 4.85E + 19Crude oil (1E + 04 tce) 2.59E + 04 3.14E + 14 8.12E + 18Natural gas (1E + 04 tce) 6.56E + 03 3.02E + 14 1.98E + 18

Biological Cereals (1E + 04 t)Product 4.28E + 04 1.47E + 14 6.28E + 18Straw 4.66E + 04 1.49E + 14 6.93E + 18

Beans (1E + 04 t)Product 2.16E + 03 1.52E + 14 3.27E + 17Straw 3.69E + 03 1.49E + 14 5.48E + 17

Tubers (1E + 04 t)Product 3.47E + 03 1.47E + 14 5.09E + 17Straw 3.78E + 03 1.49E + 14 5.62E + 17

Cotton (1E + 04 t)Product 5.71E + 02 1.58E + 14 9.05E + 16Straw 1.71E + 03 1.49E + 14 2.55E + 17

Oil-bearing crops (1E + 04 t)Product 3.08E + 03 1.56E + 14 4.79E + 17Straw 6.40E + 03 1.49E + 14 9.51E + 17

Fiber crops (1E + 04 t)Product 1.11E + 02 1.54E + 14 1.71E + 16Straw 1.88E + 02 1.49E + 14 2.79E + 16

Sugarcane (1E + 04 t)Product 8.66E + 03 1.62E + 14 1.41E + 18Straw 2.17E + 03 1.49E + 14 3.22E + 17

Beetroots (1E + 04 t)Product 7.88E + 02 1.62E + 14 1.28E + 17Straw 1.26E + 03 1.49E + 14 1.87E + 17

Tobacco (1E + 04 t)Product 2.68E + 02 1.07E + 14 2.87E + 16Straw 2.68E + 02 1.49E + 14 3.99E + 16

Tea (1E + 04 t)Product 9.35E + 01 1.07E + 14 1.00E + 16Straw 1.50E + 02 1.49E + 14 2.22E + 16

Fruits (1E + 04 t)Product 1.61E + 04 1.90E + 13 3.06E + 17Straw 2.58E + 04 1.49E + 14 3.83E + 18

Vegetables (1E + 04 t)Product 5.65E + 04 1.90E + 13 1.07E + 18Straw 9.03E + 04 1.49E + 14 1.34E + 19

Timbers (1E + 04 m3)Product 5.02E + 03 1.00E + 14 5.02E + 17Straw 3.11E + 02 1.00E + 14 3.11E + 16

Fuel wood (1E + 04 m3)Product 5.37E + 02 1.00E + 14 5.37E + 16Straw 3.33E + 01 1.00E + 14 3.33E + 15

Bamboos (1E + 04 unit)Product 1.15E + 05 2.49E + 12 2.86E + 17Straw 7.14E + 03 2.49E + 12 1.78E + 16

Aquatic products (1E + 04 t) 5.11E + 03 5.80E + 13 2.96E + 17

Mineral Steel (1E + 04 t) 1.80E + 04 6.80E + 13 1.22E + 18Aluminum (1E + 04 t) 7.41E + 02 3.29E + 14 2.44E + 17Copper (1E + 04 t) 2.53E + 02 2.10E + 13 5.32E + 15Lead (1E + 04 t) 2.33E + 02 1.30E + 14 3.03E + 16Zinc (1E + 04 t) 2.67E + 02 5.40E + 13 1.44E + 16Tin (1E + 04 t) 1.24E + 01 3.40E + 13 4.22E + 14Nickel (1E + 04 t) 9.14E + 00 4.30E + 13 3.93E + 14Gypsum (1E + 04 t) 3.20E + 03 5.00E + 11 1.60E + 15Magnesite (1E + 04 t) 1.36E + 03 3.21E + 12 4.38E + 15Limestone (1E + 04 t) 4.30E + 03 1.00E + 11 4.30E + 14Cement (1E + 04 t) 1.04E + 05 1.50E + 13 1.56E + 18

Environmental Hydropower (1E + 04 tce) 4.88E + 03 3.23E + 14 1.57E + 18Other energy (1E + 04 tce) 3.46E + 01 4.04E + 14 1.40E + 16

Table 7Direct external solar emergy resources for Chinese economy 2005.

Category Source (unit) Raw data Transformity (sej/unit) Solar emergy (sej)

RenewableSolar based Sunlight (J) 5.12E + 22 1.00E + 00 5.12E + 22

Wind power (J) 9.76E + 19 2.45E + 03 2.39E + 23Rain, chemical (J) 3.12E + 19 3.05E + 04 9.53E + 23Rain, geopotential (J) 1.96E + 19 4.70E + 04 9.23E + 23Stream, chemical (J) 1.33E + 19 8.10E + 04 1.08E + 24Stream, geopotential (J) 2.51E + 19 4.70E + 04 1.18E + 24Wave power (J) 2.21E + 19 5.10E + 04 1.13E + 24

Deep earth based Geothermal (J) 2.12E + 19 5.80E + 04 1.23E + 24Gravitation based Tide (J) 1.71E + 18 7.39E + 04 1.27E + 23

NonrenewableSoil Topsoil loss (g) 4.88E + 15 2.00E + 09 9.76E + 24

Fossil fuel Coal (J) 4.62E + 19 4.00E + 04 1.85E + 24Crude oil (J) 7.59E + 18 5.40E + 04 4.10E + 23Natural gas (J) 1.92E + 18 4.80E + 04 9.23E + 22

Mineral Steel (t) 1.80E + 04 1.80E + 15 3.24E + 19Aluminum (t) 7.41E + 02 2.00E + 16 1.48E + 19Copper (t) 2.53E + 02 1.68E + 16 4.26E + 18Lead (t) 2.33E + 02 1.68E + 15 3.92E + 17Zinc (t) 2.67E + 02 1.68E + 15 4.49E + 17Tin (t) 1.24E + 01 1.68E + 15 2.08E + 16Nickel (t) 9.14E + 00 1.68E + 15 1.54E + 16Gypsum (t) 3.20E + 03 3.64E + 15 1.16E + 19Magnesite (t) 1.36E + 03 3.64E + 15 4.96E + 18Limestone (t) 4.30E + 03 1.00E + 15 4.30E + 18Cement (t) 1.04E + 05 1.97E + 15 2.05E + 20Nuclear fuel (J) 1.91E + 17 2.00E + 05 3.82E + 22

Table 8Direct external cosmic emergy resources for Chinese economy 2005.

Category Source (unit) Raw data Transformity (Jc/unit) Cosmic emergy (Jc)

RenewableSolar based Sunlight (J) 5.12E + 22 1.02E � 05 5.24E + 17

Wind power (J) 9.76E + 19 3.12E � 01 3.05E + 19Rain, chemical (J) 3.12E + 19 6.08E � 01 1.90E + 19Rain, geopotential (J) 1.96E + 19 3.51E � 01 6.89E + 18Stream, chemical (J) 1.33E + 19 1.01E + 00 1.34E + 19Stream, geopotential (J) 2.51E + 19 5.80E � 01 1.46E + 19Wave power (J) 2.21E + 19 6.38E � 01 1.41E + 19

Deep earth based Geothermal (J) 2.12E + 19 7.82E � 03 1.66E + 17Gravitation based Tide (J) 1.71E + 18 1.07E � 02 1.83E + 16

NonrenewableSoil Topsoil loss (g) 4.88E + 15 4.21E + 05 2.05E + 21

Fossil fuel Coal (t) 2.20E + 09 4.47E + 11 9.85E + 20Crude oil (t) 1.81E + 08 1.40E + 12 2.53E + 20Natural gas (m3) 4.93E + 10 5.31E + 08 2.62E + 19

Mineral Steel (t) 1.80E + 04 3.78E + 11 6.80E + 15Aluminium (t) 7.41E + 02 4.20E + 12 3.11E + 15Copper (t) 2.53E + 02 3.53E + 12 8.94E + 14Lead (t) 2.33E + 02 3.53E + 11 8.24E + 13Zinc (t) 2.67E + 02 3.53E + 11 9.43E + 13Tin (t) 1.24E + 01 3.53E + 11 4.37E + 12Nickel (t) 9.14E + 00 3.53E + 11 3.22E + 12Gypsum (t) 3.20E + 03 7.64E + 11 2.45E + 15Magnesite (t) 1.36E + 03 7.64E + 11 1.04E + 15Limestone (t) 4.30E + 03 2.10E + 11 9.02E + 14Cement (t) 1.04E + 05 4.14E + 11 4.30E + 16Nuclear fuel (J) 1.91E + 17 4.20E + 01 8.03E + 18



hazardous waste solid discharge) are conclusively accounted. The direct industrial wastes associated with different indus-trial sectors are collected from CSYE (China Statistical Yearbook on Environment) [66] and presented in Table 5.

3.5. Exergy

Natural resources accounted with exergy as a unified ecological measure come from thirty three sources of four catego-ries, i.e., fossil fuel source (coal, crude oil, and natural gas), biological source (cereals, beans, tubers, cotton, oil-bearing crops,fiber crops, sugarcane, beetroots, tobacco, tea, fruits, vegetables, aquatic products, timbers, fuel wood, and bamboos), mineralsource (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, gypsum, magnesite, limestone, cement, and nuclear fuel), and envi-ronmental source (hydropower and other energy). Most of the data are collected from CESY [62], CSY [64], and CEY (ChinaEconomic Yearbook) [67], except the straw volumes estimated according to Zhou [39], CAY (China Agriculture Yearbook)[68], Fang et al. [69], AEM (Agricultural Economic Manual) [70], and Liu et al. [71]. The direct external exergy resourcesare listed in Table 6, based on exergy intensities in Chen and Qi [11], Kotas [72], and Szargut [73].

3.6. Solar emergy

Accounted natural resources in terms of solar emergy have 25 sources in six categories, i.e., solar based sources (sunlight,wind power, chemical power of rain, geopotential power of rain, chemical power of stream, geopotential power of stream,and wave power), deep earth based source (geothermal power), gravitation based source (tide power), soil source (topsoilloss), fossil fuel source (coal, crude oil, and natural gas), and mineral source (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel,gypsum, magnesite, limestone, cement, and nuclear fuel). To analyze the renewability of the resources, we further categorizethe above sources into renewable sources (solar based source, deep earth based source, and gravitation based source) andnonrenewable sources (soil source, fossil fuel source, and mineral source). Most of the raw data are collected from CESY[62], CSY [64], and CEY [67], with the rest calculated according to Jiang et al. [14]. The direct external emergy resourcesare listed in Table 7, based on solar emergy transformities from Odum [52,74] and Odum et al. [75] with the global solarempower base of 9.44E + 24 sej/yr.

3.7. Cosmic emergy

For the account of natural resources in terms of cosmic emergy, resource types and categories and raw data are taken asthe same for solar emergy account. The direct external cosmic emergy resources are listed in Table 8, based on cosmic emer-gy transformities from Chen [57], Jiang [58], Zhou [39], and Ji [59].

Table 11Sectoral distribution of direct external GHG emissions for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: t).

Primary sector CO2 CH4 N2O Total(�t CO2 Eq./t)

Fossil fuel Industrialproduction

Summary Fossil fuel Agriculturalproduction

Summary Agriculturalproduction

Industrialproduction

Summary

1 1.08E + 08 1.08E + 08 2.89E + 05 9.30E + 06 9.59E + 06 8.37E + 05 8.37E + 05 5.69E + 082 4.27E + 09 4.27E + 09 1.23E + 07 1.23E + 07 4.53E + 093 5.95E + 08 5.95E + 08 2.73E + 07 2.73E + 07 1.17E + 09

13 3.94E + 08 3.94E + 08 3.94E + 0815 4.30E + 07 4.30E + 07 4.30E + 0723 1.35E + 05 1.35E + 05 4.17E + 07

Table 9Sectoral distribution of direct external energy for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: J).

Primary sector Fossil fuel Hydro and nuclear Biological Other Total

1 9.63E + 17 9.63E + 172 4.51E + 19 4.51E + 193 8.49E + 18 8.49E + 18

23 1.62E + 18 1.02E + 16 1.63E + 18

Table 10Sectoral distribution of direct external water for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: m3).

Primary sector Fresh water

1 3.58E + 1125 2.05E + 11

Table 12Sectoral distribution of direct external industrial wastes for Chinese economy 2005.

Primarysector

Wastewater(�1E + 04)

COD Ammonianitrogen

Petroleum Volatilehydroxy-benzene

Cyanide Mercury Cadmium Hexavalentchrome

Lead Arsenic

2 4.67E + 04 5.74E + 04 2.17E + 03 2.46E + 02 3.18E + 02 1.07E + 00 2.00E � 03 7.00E � 03 3.91E � 01 2.08E � 01 4.62E � 013 1.13E + 04 1.67E + 04 2.42E + 03 3.24E + 03 8.82E + 00 6.59E � 01 1.10E � 02 7.80E � 02 2.50E � 02 4.10E � 024 4.54E + 04 7.52E + 04 8.96E + 02 1.60E + 02 3.00E + 00 2.92E + 01 1.42E � 01 1.19E + 01 2.63E + 00 1.28E + 02 2.03E + 015 1.35E + 04 2.07E + 04 1.57E + 03 7.10E + 00 1.00E � 03 5.00E � 02 5.00E � 02 3.63E � 01 3.51E � 01 1.21E + 006 2.08E + 05 1.02E + 06 8.30E + 04 6.52E + 02 2.07E + 01 1.42E + 01 2.90E � 02 2.50E � 02 2.22E � 01 2.56E � 01 8.39E � 017 1.72E + 05 2.99E + 05 1.66E + 04 3.44E + 02 5.70E + 00 3.18E + 00 2.00E � 03 1.68E + 00 8.98E � 01 5.00E � 038 2.75E + 04 9.65E + 04 9.85E + 03 8.66E + 01 5.05E � 01 3.80E � 02 1.80E � 02 2.15E + 01 1.00E � 039 7.37E + 03 2.88E + 04 2.19E + 03 7.71E + 01 6.65E + 00 1.16E � 01 7.60E � 02 2.11E � 01 1.74E � 01

10 3.70E + 05 1.60E + 06 4.25E + 04 4.20E + 02 3.06E + 02 1.58E + 00 2.50E � 02 3.30E � 01 1.09E � 01 6.10E � 0211 6.81E + 04 8.33E + 04 1.63E + 04 3.26E + 03 1.66E + 03 6.10E + 01 7.40E � 02 2.57E � 01 6.39E � 01 1.19E + 00 2.27E + 0012 4.36E + 05 8.16E + 05 2.35E + 05 5.07E + 03 3.08E + 02 2.81E + 02 1.39E + 00 4.32E + 00 6.87E + 00 3.17E + 01 1.02E + 0213 4.82E + 04 5.28E + 04 1.45E + 03 3.32E + 02 1.63E + 01 1.13E + 00 2.20E � 02 1.27E � 01 8.30E � 02 1.08E � 0114 2.04E + 05 2.11E + 05 3.13E + 04 5.15E + 03 2.38E + 02 1.19E + 02 8.72E � 01 4.31E + 01 2.26E + 01 2.03E + 02 2.93E + 0215 2.11E + 04 2.02E + 04 7.53E + 02 2.17E + 02 7.50E � 02 3.07E + 01 6.00E � 03 6.15E � 01 3.09E + 01 1.82E + 00 9.68E � 0116 2.70E + 04 3.30E + 04 3.28E + 03 1.19E + 03 2.30E + 00 6.61E + 00 6.00E � 03 5.40E � 02 3.17E + 00 4.77E � 01 1.00E � 0117 2.47E + 04 3.81E + 04 1.99E + 03 8.96E + 02 6.72E � 01 1.08E + 00 1.00E � 03 5.80E � 02 5.63E + 00 5.17E � 01 4.00E � 0218 8.11E + 03 9.59E + 03 3.48E + 02 1.07E + 02 5.14E � 01 1.07E + 00 8.40E � 02 8.00E � 02 6.14E � 01 2.50E + 00 9.80E � 0219 1.87E + 04 1.67E + 04 1.00E + 03 1.69E + 02 9.47E � 01 4.73E + 00 1.00E � 03 3.50E � 02 3.90E + 00 2.46E + 00 5.00E � 0220 7.24E + 03 9.35E + 03 5.50E + 02 6.31E + 01 1.25E � 01 1.19E + 00 6.60E � 02 1.51E + 00 1.89E + 00 8.00E � 0321 2.16E + 03 4.21E + 03 2.61E + 02 8.60E + 00 8.37E � 01 4.03E � 01 3.00E � 03 1.65E � 01 1.30E � 0222 2.35E + 02 6.38E + 02 9.70E + 00 4.70E + 00 1.80E � 02 7.00E � 0223 2.51E + 05 1.32E + 05 5.51E + 03 9.97E + 02 2.39E + 01 5.30E � 01 1.00E � 03 3.54E � 01 1.30E + 00 1.78E + 00 3.00E + 0124 4.10E + 03 9.46E + 03 6.28E + 03 7.09E + 01 1.22E + 03 5.67E + 00 5.00E � 0325 1.88E + 04 2.37E + 04 2.19E + 03 2.66E + 02 7.57E + 00 6.74E + 00 1.76E � 0126 1.19E + 05 2.50E + 05 1.33E + 04 2.09E + 02 1.64E + 01 2.74E + 00 1.00E � 03 3.40E � 02 4.17E � 01 7.39E � 01 3.04E � 01

Primary sector Waste gas(�1E+ 04 m3/t)

Sulphurdioxide

Soot Dust Solid wastesgeneration(�1E + 04)

Hazardous wastesgeneration(�1E + 04)

Solid wastesdischarge(�1E + 04)

Hazardous wastesdischarge(�1E + 04)

2 1.94E + 03 2.10E + 01 1.09E + 01 2.46E + 01 1.82E + 04 8.00E � 02 4.44E + 023 9.63E + 02 3.22E + 00 1.44E + 00 1.40E � 01 1.49E + 02 1.91E + 01 1.00E + 004 1.54E + 03 1.10E + 01 4.37E + 00 6.77E + 00 2.90E + 04 2.22E + 02 3.67E + 025 1.29E + 03 5.93E + 00 6.95E + 00 8.97E + 00 1.28E + 03 7.63E + 01 2.20E + 016 4.47E + 03 3.69E + 01 3.51E + 01 3.00E + 00 2.53E + 03 3.80E � 01 6.50E + 017 3.02E + 03 2.96E + 01 1.28E + 01 2.60E � 01 6.90E + 02 1.52E + 01 1.70E + 018 6.41E + 02 3.65E + 00 1.85E + 00 1.34E + 00 1.15E + 02 4.22E + 00 1.00E + 009 1.22E + 03 5.15E + 00 5.70E + 00 1.86E + 00 1.97E + 02 4.20E � 01 1.00E + 00

10 4.63E + 03 4.37E + 01 2.44E + 01 1.98E + 00 1.26E + 03 7.01E + 00 8.00E + 0011 9.13E + 03 7.09E + 01 3.82E + 01 1.88E + 01 1.84E + 03 7.48E + 01 5.30E + 0112 2.10E + 04 1.40E + 02 6.48E + 01 1.78E + 01 9.95E + 03 4.93E + 02 7.40E + 01 3.00E � 0213 4.99E + 04 1.78E + 02 1.34E + 02 5.66E + 02 3.24E + 03 2.83E + 00 1.69E + 0214 6.94E + 04 2.13E + 02 8.85E + 01 1.44E + 02 2.83E + 04 1.02E + 02 1.89E + 0215 8.46E + 02 2.55E + 00 1.71E + 00 1.04E + 00 1.21E + 02 9.87E + 00 2.00E + 00 1.00E � 0216 1.97E + 03 8.82E + 00 5.90E + 00 4.04E + 00 6.46E + 02 1.02E + 01 2.30E + 01 5.50E � 0117 1.95E + 03 4.10E + 00 2.95E + 00 3.17E + 00 3.37E + 02 7.75E + 00 4.00E + 0018 6.21E + 02 2.72E + 00 1.54E + 00 2.60E � 01 4.20E + 01 3.53E + 00 1.00E + 0019 1.54E + 03 1.70E + 00 7.80E � 01 3.60E � 01 9.80E + 01 1.81E + 0120 5.25E + 02 1.30E + 00 4.40E � 01 2.00E � 02 5.60E + 01 4.03E + 0021 2.88E + 02 4.90E � 01 5.00E � 01 2.20E � 01 9.00E + 00 3.40E � 0122 8.00E + 00 4.00E � 02 2.00E � 02 1.00E + 01 9.00E � 0223 8.83E + 04 1.17E + 03 4.05E + 02 1.08E + 01 2.56E + 04 6.76E + 01 4.90E + 0124 7.87E + 02 1.88E + 00 1.40E + 00 1.40E � 01 1.19E + 02 1.50E � 0125 5.50E + 01 5.30E � 01 2.20E � 01 2.20E + 01 1.30E � 0126 2.01E + 03 2.64E + 01 5.32E + 00 1.24E + 01 4.01E + 02 2.07E + 01 3.00E + 00

Table 13Sectoral distribution of direct external exergy for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: J).

Primary sector Fossil fuel Biological Mineral Environmental Total

1 3.89E + 19 3.89E + 192 4.85E + 19 4.85E + 193 1.01E + 19 1.01E + 194 1.52E + 18 1.52E + 185 1.56E + 18 1.56E + 18

23 5.05E + 17 1.59E + 18 2.09E + 18


Table 14Sectoral distribution of direct external solar emergy for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: sej).

Primary sector Renewable Nonrenewable Total

Solar based Deep earth based Gravitation based Summary Soil Fossil fuel Mineral Summary

1 9.27E + 23 1.23E + 24 1.27E + 23 1.23E + 24 9.76E + 24 9.76E + 24 1.10E + 252 1.85E + 24 1.85E + 24 1.85E + 243 5.02E + 23 5.02E + 23 5.02E + 234 5.24E + 19 5.24E + 19 5.24E + 195 2.25E + 20 2.25E + 20 2.25E + 20

23 2.54E + 23 2.54E + 23 3.82E + 22 3.82E + 22 2.92E + 23

Table 15Sectoral distribution of direct external cosmic emergy for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: Jc).

Primary sector Renewable Nonrenewable Total

Solar based Deep earth based Gravitation based Summary Soil Fossil fuel Mineral Summary

1 9.58E + 19 1.66E + 17 1.83E + 16 9.60E + 19 2.05E + 21 2.05E + 21 2.15E + 212 9.85E + 20 9.85E + 20 9.85E + 203 2.80E + 20 2.80E + 20 2.80E + 204 1.10E + 16 1.10E + 16 1.10E + 165 4.73E + 16 4.73E + 16 4.73E + 16

23 3.13E + 18 8.03E + 18 3.13E + 18 8.03E + 18 1.12E + 19

Table 16Sectoral embodied energy intensities for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: J/1E + 08NY).

Sector code Fossil fuel Hydro and nuclear Biological Other Total

1 1.86E + 14 4.53E + 12 3.03E + 13 2.84E + 10 2.21E + 142 6.83E + 15 1.64E + 13 1.08E + 12 1.03E + 11 6.85E + 153 1.79E + 15 8.54E + 12 4.14E + 11 5.35E + 10 1.80E + 154 6.43E + 14 2.03E + 13 1.05E + 12 1.27E + 11 6.64E + 145 5.15E + 14 1.47E + 13 1.17E + 12 9.21E + 10 5.31E + 146 2.28E + 14 5.66E + 12 1.36E + 13 3.54E + 10 2.48E + 147 3.74E + 14 1.03E + 13 8.92E + 12 6.48E + 10 3.93E + 148 2.88E + 14 7.82E + 12 5.42E + 12 4.90E + 10 3.02E + 149 4.20E + 14 1.03E + 13 5.87E + 12 6.46E + 10 4.36E + 14

10 4.14E + 14 1.09E + 13 2.90E + 12 6.86E + 10 4.28E + 1411 1.37E + 15 1.07E + 13 5.91E + 11 6.70E + 10 1.38E + 1512 6.56E + 14 1.76E + 13 2.88E + 12 1.10E + 11 6.76E + 1413 7.72E + 14 1.75E + 13 1.12E + 12 1.09E + 11 7.90E + 1414 7.29E + 14 1.76E + 13 7.41E + 11 1.10E + 11 7.48E + 1415 5.58E + 14 1.58E + 13 9.26E + 11 9.88E + 10 5.75E + 1416 5.03E + 14 1.31E + 13 1.01E + 12 8.20E + 10 5.17E + 1417 4.57E + 14 1.16E + 13 9.97E + 11 7.26E + 10 4.69E + 1418 4.79E + 14 1.25E + 13 1.19E + 12 7.84E + 10 4.93E + 1419 4.03E + 14 1.11E + 13 1.11E + 12 6.96E + 10 4.16E + 1420 4.13E + 14 1.11E + 13 1.20E + 12 6.93E + 10 4.25E + 1421 4.47E + 14 9.99E + 12 5.57E + 12 6.26E + 10 4.63E + 1422 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 0023 1.81E + 15 9.42E + 13 7.87E + 11 5.90E + 11 1.91E + 1524 2.36E + 15 1.30E + 13 1.15E + 12 8.15E + 10 2.37E + 1525 5.86E + 14 2.56E + 13 7.24E + 11 1.60E + 11 6.12E + 1426 4.38E + 14 1.09E + 13 3.85E + 12 6.86E + 10 4.53E + 1427 4.28E + 14 6.58E + 12 1.16E + 12 4.12E + 10 4.36E + 1428 2.77E + 14 7.27E + 12 1.12E + 12 4.55E + 10 2.86E + 1429 2.77E + 14 8.91E + 12 7.91E + 11 5.58E + 10 2.87E + 1430 1.43E + 14 3.96E + 12 1.00E + 12 2.48E + 10 1.48E + 1431 2.60E + 14 7.08E + 12 7.93E + 12 4.43E + 10 2.75E + 1432 1.44E + 14 4.24E + 12 7.65E + 11 2.66E + 10 1.49E + 1433 1.04E + 14 2.57E + 12 3.66E + 11 1.61E + 10 1.07E + 1434 3.13E + 14 8.50E + 12 1.42E + 12 5.32E + 10 3.23E + 1435 3.82E + 14 9.44E + 12 1.35E + 12 5.91E + 10 3.93E + 1436 3.19E + 14 7.32E + 12 1.93E + 12 4.59E + 10 3.29E + 1437 4.16E + 14 8.23E + 12 1.39E + 12 5.15E + 10 4.26E + 1438 3.16E + 14 6.51E + 12 2.26E + 12 4.08E + 10 3.25E + 1439 3.01E + 14 7.59E + 12 1.24E + 12 4.76E + 10 3.09E + 1440 4.52E + 14 1.22E + 13 1.91E + 12 7.63E + 10 4.66E + 1441 2.39E + 14 6.20E + 12 2.35E + 12 3.88E + 10 2.48E + 1442 2.03E + 14 5.28E + 12 1.75E + 12 3.31E + 10 2.10E + 14



3.8. Distribution of direct external resources and emissions

As in the physical entry scheme for embodied energy account (e.g., in [31,33,39]), the biophysical fluxes are allocated di-rectly into corresponding primary resource or emission sectors and other sectors receive no direct external biophysical flows.As an aggregation of above account, the detailed distribution of direct external resources and emissions into primary sectorsare provided in Tables 9–15, with only nonzero elements presented for brevity.

4. Results

With the given input–output matrix, total yield matrix, and direct entrance data of external resources and emissions, theembodiment intensities for the 42 sectors are found as listed in concrete details in Tables 16–22 and partially illustrated inFigs. 2–8. The total sectoral embodiment of resources and emissions for domestic use are shown in Figs. 9–15, with the con-sumptive use (rural, urban, and governmental consumptions) and productive use (fixed capital formation, inventory change,and other intermediate input) distinctively illustrated.

As a manipulative simplification due to the difficulty to obtain related data, the inputs from all the 42 sectors to Sector 22are denoted as zero in the original input–output table. This deficiency in data correspondingly results in zero value (exceptfor the industrial wastes, in which the direct emissions from Sector 22 are taken into account) for both the embodimentintensities and the total sectoral embodiment for Sector 22.

As illustrated in Fig. 2, the economy is highly dependent on fossil fuels, with very low energy source diversity. The energyexploitation and conversion sectors of Sectors 2, 3, 11, 23, and 24 are shown with significantly higher embodied energy

Table 17Sectoral embodied water intensities for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: m3/1E + 08 CNY).

Sector code Fresh water

1 1.16E + 072 1.30E + 063 7.21E + 054 1.69E + 065 1.76E + 066 5.67E + 067 4.20E + 068 2.80E + 069 3.19E + 06

10 2.35E + 0611 1.03E + 0612 2.30E + 0613 1.58E + 0614 1.38E + 0615 1.46E + 0616 1.38E + 0617 1.48E + 0618 1.53E + 0619 1.51E + 0620 1.66E + 0621 2.94E + 0622 0.00E + 0023 1.49E + 0624 1.89E + 0625 2.22E + 0826 2.38E + 0627 1.24E + 0628 1.66E + 0629 1.55E + 0630 8.85E + 0531 4.29E + 0632 9.25E + 0533 4.12E + 0534 1.60E + 0635 1.71E + 0636 2.04E + 0637 1.66E + 0638 1.86E + 0639 1.92E + 0640 2.07E + 0641 1.97E + 0642 1.35E + 06


intensities than other sectors. According to Fig. 9 for the gross energy embodiment in domestic use, Sectors 2 and Sector 23are the leading energy consumers.

According to Fig. 3, the agriculture as Sector 1 has the highest embodied water intensity, besides the water production asSector 25. Consequently, it is possible for China to relieve its water shortage by increasing importation of agricultural prod-ucts. As illustrated in Fig. 10, along with Sectors 1 and 25, Sector 6 also embodied a very large amount of water resources interms of both productive and consumptive use.

The dominance of CO2 is obvious in Fig. 4. As most of the CO2 is emitted from the consumption of fossil fuels, the embod-ied intensity structure of GHG emissions is similar to that of energy. The domestic consumed commodities of Sectors 2 and23 embedded a very large amount of GHG emissions.

As illustrated in Figs. 5 and 12, the most intensive sectors for embodied industrial waste water, industrial waste gas, andindustrial waste solid are Sector 10, 23, and 4, while the largest amounts of total emissions for use are embodied in Sectors12, 14, and 14, respectively.

The embodied intensity structure of exergy resource presented in Fig. 6 is largely similar to that of energy resource, withthe exception for Sector 1 with remarkable exergy from biological source taken into account. Besides, the mineral source alsocontributes considerably to the embodied exergy intensities of Sectors 4 and 5. According to Fig. 13, Sector 1 followed bySectors 2 and 23 takes the largest fraction of total exergy resources.

Table 18Sectoral embodied GHG emissions intensities for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: t/1E + 08 CNY).

Sector code CO2 CH4 N2O Total(�t CO2 Eq./t)

Fossil fuel Industrialproduction

Summary Fossil fuel Agriculturalproduction

Summary Agriculturalproduction

Industrialproduction

Summary

1 2.01E + 04 3.62E + 02 2.05E + 04 1.66E + 02 2.93E + 02 4.59E + 02 2.64E + 01 3.76E � 01 2.68E + 01 3.84E + 042 6.44E + 05 1.06E + 03 6.45E + 05 2.07E + 03 1.04E + 01 2.08E + 03 9.38E � 01 1.36E + 00 2.30E + 00 6.90E + 053 1.31E + 05 5.05E + 02 1.32E + 05 5.04E + 03 4.00E + 00 5.05E + 03 3.60E � 01 7.09E � 01 1.07E + 00 2.38E + 054 5.75E + 04 9.55E + 02 5.84E + 04 5.91E + 02 1.01E + 01 6.01E + 02 9.11E � 01 1.69E + 00 2.60E + 00 7.18E + 045 4.58E + 04 1.10E + 03 4.69E + 04 5.02E + 02 1.13E + 01 5.13E + 02 1.02E + 00 1.22E + 00 2.24E + 00 5.84E + 046 2.22E + 04 5.97E + 02 2.28E + 04 1.83E + 02 1.31E + 02 3.14E + 02 1.18E + 01 4.70E � 01 1.23E + 01 3.32E + 047 3.49E + 04 5.75E + 02 3.55E + 04 2.78E + 02 8.61E + 01 3.64E + 02 7.75E + 00 8.59E � 01 8.61E + 00 4.58E + 048 2.66E + 04 5.99E + 02 2.72E + 04 2.29E + 02 5.23E + 01 2.81E + 02 4.71E + 00 6.49E � 01 5.36E + 00 3.48E + 049 3.87E + 04 8.67E + 02 3.95E + 04 3.22E + 02 5.67E + 01 3.79E + 02 5.11E + 00 8.57E � 01 5.96E + 00 4.93E + 04

10 3.79E + 04 7.41E + 02 3.86E + 04 3.14E + 02 2.80E + 01 3.42E + 02 2.52E + 00 9.09E � 01 3.43E + 00 4.68E + 0411 1.09E + 05 5.96E + 02 1.10E + 05 2.80E + 03 5.71E + 00 2.81E + 03 5.14E � 01 8.89E � 01 1.40E + 00 1.69E + 0512 5.93E + 04 8.91E + 02 6.02E + 04 5.43E + 02 2.78E + 01 5.71E + 02 2.50E + 00 1.46E + 00 3.96E + 00 7.35E + 0413 7.05E + 04 2.91E + 04 9.96E + 04 5.23E + 02 1.08E + 01 5.34E + 02 9.75E � 01 1.45E + 00 2.43E + 00 1.12E + 0514 6.63E + 04 3.52E + 03 6.98E + 04 5.34E + 02 7.15E + 00 5.41E + 02 6.44E � 01 1.46E + 00 2.10E + 00 8.18E + 0415 5.07E + 04 2.10E + 03 5.28E + 04 4.20E + 02 8.94E + 00 4.29E + 02 8.05E � 01 1.31E + 00 2.12E + 00 6.24E + 0416 4.57E + 04 1.70E + 03 4.74E + 04 3.78E + 02 9.75E + 00 3.88E + 02 8.78E � 01 1.09E + 00 1.96E + 00 5.61E + 0417 4.15E + 04 1.57E + 03 4.30E + 04 3.47E + 02 9.63E + 00 3.57E + 02 8.67E � 01 9.62E � 01 1.83E + 00 5.11E + 0418 4.34E + 04 2.01E + 03 4.55E + 04 3.77E + 02 1.15E + 01 3.89E + 02 1.03E + 00 1.04E + 00 2.07E + 00 5.43E + 0419 3.66E + 04 3.34E + 03 3.99E + 04 3.16E + 02 1.07E + 01 3.27E + 02 9.62E � 01 9.22E � 01 1.88E + 00 4.74E + 0420 3.74E + 04 2.40E + 03 3.98E + 04 3.27E + 02 1.16E + 01 3.39E + 02 1.04E + 00 9.19E � 01 1.96E + 00 4.75E + 0421 4.12E + 04 1.34E + 03 4.26E + 04 3.28E + 02 5.37E + 01 3.82E + 02 4.84E + 00 8.30E � 01 5.67E + 00 5.24E + 0422 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 0023 1.68E + 05 8.62E + 02 1.69E + 05 8.59E + 02 7.60E + 00 8.67E + 02 6.84E � 01 7.82E + 00 8.50E + 00 1.90E + 0524 2.18E + 05 7.08E + 02 2.19E + 05 1.29E + 03 1.11E + 01 1.30E + 03 1.00E + 00 1.08E + 00 2.08E + 00 2.46E + 0525 5.41E + 04 6.75E + 02 5.48E + 04 3.26E + 02 6.99E + 00 3.33E + 02 6.29E � 01 2.13E + 00 2.75E + 00 6.26E + 0426 3.99E + 04 6.75E + 03 4.67E + 04 3.56E + 02 3.72E + 01 3.93E + 02 3.35E + 00 9.09E � 01 4.26E + 00 5.62E + 0427 3.61E + 04 5.71E + 02 3.67E + 04 6.59E + 02 1.12E + 01 6.70E + 02 1.01E + 00 5.46E � 01 1.55E + 00 5.12E + 0428 2.49E + 04 1.09E + 03 2.60E + 04 2.45E + 02 1.09E + 01 2.56E + 02 9.77E � 01 6.04E � 01 1.58E + 00 3.19E + 0429 2.53E + 04 9.93E + 02 2.63E + 04 1.94E + 02 7.64E + 00 2.01E + 02 6.88E � 01 7.40E � 01 1.43E + 00 3.10E + 0430 1.29E + 04 3.36E + 02 1.32E + 04 1.25E + 02 9.68E + 00 1.35E + 02 8.72E � 01 3.29E � 01 1.20E + 00 1.64E + 0431 2.45E + 04 5.70E + 02 2.51E + 04 1.93E + 02 7.66E + 01 2.69E + 02 6.90E + 00 5.88E � 01 7.48E + 00 3.31E + 0432 1.30E + 04 4.63E + 02 1.35E + 04 1.19E + 02 7.39E + 00 1.27E + 02 6.65E � 01 3.52E � 01 1.02E + 00 1.64E + 0433 9.51E + 03 5.79E + 02 1.01E + 04 7.16E + 01 3.53E + 00 7.51E + 01 3.18E � 01 2.13E � 01 5.31E � 01 1.18E + 0434 2.84E + 04 1.33E + 03 2.97E + 04 2.50E + 02 1.37E + 01 2.64E + 02 1.24E + 00 7.06E � 01 1.94E + 00 3.59E + 0435 3.47E + 04 1.24E + 03 3.59E + 04 2.98E + 02 1.30E + 01 3.11E + 02 1.17E + 00 7.84E � 01 1.96E + 00 4.31E + 0436 2.91E + 04 1.31E + 03 3.04E + 04 2.51E + 02 1.86E + 01 2.69E + 02 1.67E + 00 6.08E � 01 2.28E + 00 3.68E + 0437 3.69E + 04 1.22E + 03 3.81E + 04 4.35E + 02 1.34E + 01 4.48E + 02 1.21E + 00 6.83E � 01 1.89E + 00 4.81E + 0438 2.90E + 04 6.78E + 02 2.97E + 04 2.25E + 02 2.18E + 01 2.47E + 02 1.97E + 00 5.40E � 01 2.51E + 00 3.56E + 0439 2.77E + 04 7.13E + 02 2.85E + 04 1.83E + 02 1.20E + 01 1.95E + 02 1.08E + 00 6.30E � 01 1.71E + 00 3.31E + 0440 4.11E + 04 9.24E + 02 4.20E + 04 3.44E + 02 1.85E + 01 3.62E + 02 1.66E + 00 1.01E + 00 2.67E + 00 5.05E + 0441 2.17E + 04 6.90E + 02 2.24E + 04 2.11E + 02 2.26E + 01 2.34E + 02 2.04E + 00 5.15E � 01 2.55E + 00 2.81E + 0442 1.85E + 04 5.02E + 02 1.90E + 04 1.65E + 02 1.69E + 01 1.82E + 02 1.52E + 00 4.39E � 01 1.96E + 00 2.34E + 04

Table 19Sectoral embodied industrial intensities wastes for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: t/1E + 08 CNY).

Sectorcode

Industrialwastewateremission(�1E + 04)

COD Ammonianitrogen

Petroleum Volatilehyroxybenzene

Cyanide Mercury Cadmium Hexavalentchrome

Lead Arsenic

1 5.49E + 00 1.32E + 01 1.77E + 00 6.78E � 02 1.05E � 02 1.93E � 03 8.67E � 06 1.00E � 04 1.39E � 04 6.69E � 04 9.98E � 042 1.52E + 01 2.12E + 01 1.85E + 00 1.61E � 01 6.52E � 02 2.91E � 03 1.35E � 05 3.96E � 04 4.83E � 04 2.53E � 03 2.82E � 033 6.75E + 00 1.05E + 01 1.29E + 00 6.48E � 01 1.67E � 02 1.62E � 03 6.71E � 06 1.91E � 04 2.30E � 04 1.21E � 03 1.35E � 034 2.58E + 01 4.12E + 01 2.34E + 00 2.39E � 01 3.83E � 02 1.33E � 02 6.23E � 05 4.35E � 03 1.32E � 03 4.53E � 02 9.47E � 035 1.71E + 01 2.84E + 01 3.41E + 00 1.80E � 01 3.10E � 02 4.00E � 03 1.74E � 05 3.32E � 04 5.70E � 04 2.17E � 03 3.13E � 036 1.61E + 01 6.28E + 01 5.51E + 00 1.05E � 01 1.44E � 02 2.69E � 03 1.05E � 05 1.34E � 04 2.07E � 04 8.84E � 04 1.23E � 037 2.62E + 01 4.78E + 01 4.58E + 00 1.55E � 01 1.91E � 02 4.07E � 03 1.76E � 05 1.99E � 04 4.33E � 04 1.42E � 03 2.04E � 038 1.72E + 01 3.99E + 01 4.13E + 00 1.25E � 01 1.69E � 02 3.24E � 03 1.45E � 05 1.85E � 04 2.39E � 03 1.25E � 03 1.74E � 039 1.22E + 01 2.77E + 01 3.25E + 00 1.54E � 01 2.34E � 02 3.80E � 03 3.42E � 05 3.06E � 04 5.05E � 04 2.02E � 03 2.49E � 03

10 5.68E + 01 2.19E + 02 8.39E + 00 1.94E � 01 5.92E � 02 4.40E � 03 1.98E � 05 2.85E � 04 4.51E � 04 1.87E � 03 2.53E � 0311 1.35E + 01 1.92E + 01 2.94E + 00 6.74E � 01 1.66E � 01 7.48E � 03 1.58E � 05 2.50E � 04 3.19E � 04 1.55E � 03 1.90E � 0312 2.77E + 01 5.16E + 01 1.13E + 01 3.51E � 01 4.01E � 02 1.40E � 02 6.73E � 05 4.53E � 04 6.19E � 04 3.20E � 03 6.16E � 0313 1.60E + 01 2.74E + 01 2.64E + 00 1.91E � 01 3.45E � 02 3.84E � 03 1.67E � 05 3.81E � 04 4.93E � 04 2.48E � 03 2.89E � 0314 2.08E + 01 2.70E + 01 3.11E + 00 4.00E � 01 4.34E � 02 9.76E � 03 5.92E � 05 2.90E � 03 1.55E � 03 1.77E � 02 1.69E � 0215 1.64E + 01 2.34E + 01 2.46E + 00 2.59E � 01 3.04E � 02 9.06E � 03 3.30E � 05 1.48E � 03 4.14E � 03 9.30E � 03 8.29E � 0316 1.41E + 01 2.21E + 01 2.68E + 00 2.61E � 01 2.78E � 02 5.61E � 03 2.84E � 05 1.06E � 03 9.86E � 04 6.67E � 03 6.46E � 0317 1.41E + 01 2.31E + 01 2.83E + 00 2.65E � 01 2.61E � 02 5.14E � 03 2.64E � 05 8.78E � 04 1.17E � 03 5.55E � 03 5.55E � 0318 1.55E + 01 2.79E + 01 3.38E + 00 2.28E � 01 3.03E � 02 6.18E � 03 3.73E � 05 1.03E � 03 8.99E � 04 6.73E � 03 6.51E � 0319 1.31E + 01 2.40E + 01 2.84E + 00 1.69E � 01 2.45E � 02 4.64E � 03 2.13E � 05 5.01E � 04 8.54E � 04 3.39E � 03 3.52E � 0320 1.52E + 01 2.69E + 01 3.41E + 00 1.99E � 01 2.56E � 02 5.59E � 03 2.58E � 05 6.53E � 04 1.17E � 03 4.63E � 03 4.40E � 0321 1.37E + 01 2.92E + 01 2.98E + 00 1.51E � 01 2.60E � 02 4.10E � 03 1.88E � 05 4.30E � 04 5.84E � 04 2.75E � 03 3.11E � 0322 1.91E � 01 5.19E � 01 7.90E � 03 3.83E � 03 0.00E + 00 1.47E � 05 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 5.70E � 05 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 0023 2.23E + 01 2.18E + 01 1.93E + 00 2.16E � 01 4.15E � 02 2.95E � 03 1.25E � 05 3.50E � 04 4.60E � 04 2.24E � 03 3.83E � 0324 1.58E + 01 2.88E + 01 1.06E + 01 3.09E � 01 1.80E + 00 1.10E � 02 1.04E � 05 2.57E � 04 3.37E � 04 1.65E � 03 1.90E � 0325 3.00E + 01 3.94E + 01 3.98E + 00 3.98E � 01 3.37E � 02 9.73E � 03 1.09E � 05 2.51E � 04 5.90E � 04 1.62E � 03 2.13E � 0326 1.35E + 01 2.46E + 01 2.47E + 00 1.61E � 01 2.49E � 02 3.75E � 03 1.77E � 05 5.07E � 04 5.94E � 04 3.23E � 03 3.40E � 0327 6.63E + 00 1.16E + 01 1.42E + 00 1.86E � 01 4.18E � 02 2.69E � 03 9.02E � 06 2.06E � 04 2.68E � 04 1.31E � 03 1.47E � 0328 1.14E + 01 3.36E + 01 1.93E + 00 1.02E � 01 2.23E � 02 2.05E � 03 9.00E � 06 2.09E � 04 3.11E � 04 1.35E � 03 1.53E � 0329 8.29E + 00 1.78E + 01 1.58E + 00 9.50E � 02 1.61E � 02 2.35E � 03 1.15E � 05 2.94E � 04 3.98E � 04 1.93E � 03 2.04E � 0330 4.47E + 00 1.14E + 01 9.18E � 01 5.06E � 02 9.88E � 03 1.12E � 03 4.99E � 06 1.03E � 04 1.52E � 04 6.69E � 04 7.85E � 0431 8.05E + 00 2.40E + 01 2.27E + 00 7.62E � 02 1.76E � 02 1.80E � 03 7.38E � 06 1.20E � 04 1.83E � 04 7.88E � 04 1.04E � 0332 4.37E + 00 1.08E + 01 8.45E � 01 4.82E � 02 9.41E � 03 1.06E � 03 4.69E � 06 1.05E � 04 1.57E � 04 6.82E � 04 7.80E � 0433 2.14E + 00 4.39E + 00 3.93E � 01 2.69E � 02 5.31E � 03 5.76E � 04 2.64E � 06 7.02E � 05 9.16E � 05 4.51E � 04 4.93E � 0434 1.23E + 01 3.24E + 01 2.31E + 00 1.22E � 01 2.28E � 02 3.00E � 03 1.39E � 05 3.41E � 04 5.34E � 04 2.24E � 03 2.37E � 0335 9.35E + 00 1.82E + 01 1.97E + 00 1.26E � 01 2.11E � 02 3.17E � 03 1.47E � 05 3.83E � 04 4.94E � 04 2.67E � 03 2.49E � 0336 7.99E + 00 1.77E + 01 1.67E + 00 1.02E � 01 1.90E � 02 2.37E � 03 1.06E � 05 2.63E � 04 3.56E � 04 1.71E � 03 1.85E � 0337 7.86E + 00 1.48E + 01 1.68E + 00 1.46E � 01 2.97E � 02 2.72E � 03 1.13E � 05 2.74E � 04 3.47E � 04 1.79E � 03 1.91E � 0338 9.49E + 00 2.14E + 01 2.20E + 00 9.44E � 02 1.78E � 02 2.51E � 03 1.16E � 05 1.67E � 04 2.60E � 04 1.11E � 03 1.47E � 0339 7.24E + 00 1.87E + 01 1.32E + 00 6.60E � 02 1.45E � 02 1.47E � 03 6.66E � 06 1.32E � 04 1.85E � 04 8.62E � 04 1.06E � 0340 1.50E + 01 2.85E + 01 5.18E + 00 1.89E � 01 2.53E � 02 6.60E � 03 3.14E � 05 3.11E � 04 4.13E � 04 2.11E � 03 3.36E � 0341 1.22E + 01 3.91E + 01 2.41E + 00 9.21E � 02 2.12E � 02 2.13E � 03 9.41E � 06 1.58E � 04 2.34E � 04 1.03E � 03 1.30E � 0342 6.83E + 00 1.80E + 01 1.33E + 00 6.46E � 02 1.33E � 02 1.42E � 03 6.33E � 06 1.19E � 04 1.94E � 04 7.78E � 04 9.39E � 04

Sector code Industrial wastegas (�1E + 04 m3/t)

SO2 Soot Dust Industrial wastesolid (�1E + 04)

Hazardouswastes(�1E + 04)

Industrial wastesolid (�1E + 04)


1 5.62E � 01 5.00E � 03 2.09E � 03 9.49E � 04 2.99E � 01 3.70E � 03 3.63E � 03 7.54E � 072 1.94E + 00 1.81E � 02 7.30E � 03 6.16E � 03 3.48E + 00 6.11E � 03 7.24E � 02 2.10E � 063 1.03E + 00 8.51E � 03 3.30E � 03 1.38E � 03 4.96E � 01 6.62E � 03 5.49E � 03 1.18E � 064 2.43E + 00 2.22E � 02 8.52E � 03 4.98E � 03 1.08E + 01 8.22E � 02 1.35E � 01 2.36E � 065 2.21E + 00 1.73E � 02 8.97E � 03 6.95E � 03 1.42E + 00 4.38E � 02 1.96E � 02 2.72E � 066 9.06E � 01 7.82E � 03 4.12E � 03 1.51E � 03 4.84E � 01 4.08E � 03 7.35E � 03 8.54E � 077 1.42E + 00 1.34E � 02 5.38E � 03 1.67E � 03 6.68E � 01 8.93E � 03 8.42E � 03 1.64E � 068 1.11E + 00 9.72E � 03 4.01E � 03 1.70E � 03 5.36E � 01 7.04E � 03 6.40E � 03 1.27E � 069 1.56E + 00 1.22E � 02 5.69E � 03 2.68E � 03 7.71E � 01 7.63E � 03 8.63E � 03 1.49E � 06

10 1.88E + 00 1.70E � 02 7.60E � 03 2.31E � 03 8.76E � 01 9.23E � 03 9.14E � 03 1.64E � 0611 1.97E + 00 1.66E � 02 7.35E � 03 3.43E � 03 8.53E � 01 1.27E � 02 1.36E � 02 1.45E � 0612 2.46E + 00 2.16E � 02 8.74E � 03 3.18E � 03 1.32E + 00 2.69E � 02 1.39E � 02 2.78E � 0613 5.39E + 00 2.96E � 02 1.62E � 02 4.34E � 02 1.32E + 00 1.03E � 02 2.55E � 02 2.20E � 0614 5.03E + 00 2.67E � 02 1.07E � 02 1.05E � 02 3.69E + 00 2.22E � 02 3.87E � 02 2.09E � 0615 3.00E + 00 1.93E � 02 7.68E � 03 5.95E � 03 2.16E + 00 1.52E � 02 2.34E � 02 2.99E � 0616 2.46E + 00 1.62E � 02 6.56E � 03 4.89E � 03 1.65E + 00 1.22E � 02 1.86E � 02 2.73E � 0517 2.24E + 00 1.45E � 02 5.90E � 03 4.47E � 03 1.41E + 00 1.15E � 02 1.55E � 02 4.20E � 06


Table 19 (continued)

Sector code Industrial wastegas (�1E + 04 m3/t)

SO2 Soot Dust Industrial wastesolid (�1E + 04)


Industrial wastesolid (�1E + 04)


18 2.45E + 00 1.61E � 02 6.57E � 03 5.15E � 03 1.62E + 00 1.35E � 02 1.77E � 02 2.69E � 0619 1.97E + 00 1.35E � 02 5.76E � 03 6.16E � 03 9.77E � 01 1.03E � 02 1.15E � 02 2.02E � 0620 2.10E + 00 1.40E � 02 5.80E � 03 5.04E � 03 1.14E + 00 1.21E � 02 1.27E � 02 2.43E � 0621 1.59E + 00 1.19E � 02 4.96E � 03 3.23E � 03 8.78E � 01 8.28E � 03 1.03E � 02 1.44E � 0622 6.52E � 03 3.26E � 05 1.63E � 05 0.00E + 00 8.15E � 03 7.33E � 05 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 0023 5.92E + 00 7.18E � 02 2.56E � 02 3.63E � 03 2.60E + 00 9.47E � 03 2.45E � 02 2.44E � 0624 2.57E + 00 1.62E � 02 7.39E � 03 3.27E � 03 1.59E + 00 5.95E � 03 2.57E � 02 1.76E � 0625 2.01E + 00 2.16E � 02 7.97E � 03 2.02E � 03 9.69E � 01 5.80E � 03 9.63E � 03 1.85E � 0626 2.33E + 00 1.53E � 02 6.92E � 03 1.15E � 02 1.01E + 00 9.16E � 03 1.34E � 02 2.16E � 0627 9.62E � 01 7.90E � 03 3.29E � 03 1.78E � 03 4.95E � 01 5.11E � 03 6.39E � 03 1.49E � 0628 1.01E + 00 8.35E � 03 3.48E � 03 2.31E � 03 5.04E � 01 4.36E � 03 5.89E � 03 1.84E � 0629 1.13E + 00 9.22E � 03 3.67E � 03 2.25E � 03 6.16E � 01 5.11E � 03 6.80E � 03 1.44E � 0630 4.82E � 01 4.18E � 03 1.69E � 03 8.47E � 04 2.53E � 01 2.29E � 03 2.90E � 03 7.37E � 0731 7.87E � 01 7.29E � 03 3.13E � 03 1.36E � 03 4.06E � 01 3.29E � 03 5.23E � 03 7.45E � 0732 5.09E � 01 4.40E � 03 1.78E � 03 1.03E � 03 2.59E � 01 2.22E � 03 2.98E � 03 7.36E � 0733 3.42E � 01 2.73E � 03 1.14E � 03 1.07E � 03 1.71E � 01 1.27E � 03 2.15E � 03 4.16E � 0734 1.29E + 00 9.90E � 03 4.11E � 03 2.89E � 03 6.95E � 01 6.34E � 03 7.93E � 03 1.83E � 0635 1.30E + 00 1.03E � 02 4.18E � 03 2.83E � 03 8.21E � 01 7.13E � 03 9.70E � 03 1.96E � 0636 1.06E + 00 8.26E � 03 3.44E � 03 2.71E � 03 5.78E � 01 4.97E � 03 7.04E � 03 1.88E � 0637 1.15E + 00 9.26E � 03 3.83E � 03 2.75E � 03 6.37E � 01 5.66E � 03 7.96E � 03 1.80E � 0638 8.69E � 01 7.47E � 03 3.08E � 03 1.64E � 03 4.68E � 01 5.08E � 03 5.83E � 03 9.65E � 0739 8.06E � 01 7.47E � 03 2.99E � 03 1.58E � 03 4.19E � 01 3.12E � 03 5.11E � 03 8.42E � 0740 1.57E + 00 1.37E � 02 5.52E � 03 2.52E � 03 8.44E � 01 1.29E � 02 9.35E � 03 3.02E � 0641 8.56E � 01 7.37E � 03 3.15E � 03 1.61E � 03 4.27E � 01 4.26E � 03 5.01E � 03 9.56E � 0742 6.42E � 01 5.68E � 03 2.33E � 03 1.19E � 03 3.28E � 01 2.91E � 03 3.91E � 03 6.91E � 07

Table 20Sectoral embodied exergy intensities for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: J/1E + 08 CNY).

Sector code Fossil fuel Biological Mineral Environmental Total

1 2.04E + 14 1.23E + 15 7.46E + 12 4.43E + 12 1.44E + 152 7.34E + 15 4.36E + 13 2.20E + 13 1.61E + 13 7.43E + 153 2.10E + 15 1.67E + 13 1.06E + 13 8.36E + 12 2.14E + 154 7.07E + 14 4.23E + 13 5.34E + 14 1.99E + 13 1.30E + 155 5.67E + 14 4.75E + 13 7.52E + 14 1.44E + 13 1.38E + 156 2.50E + 14 5.50E + 14 9.75E + 12 5.54E + 12 8.15E + 147 4.09E + 14 3.60E + 14 1.46E + 13 1.01E + 13 7.94E + 148 3.16E + 14 2.19E + 14 1.26E + 13 7.66E + 12 5.55E + 149 4.59E + 14 2.37E + 14 1.79E + 13 1.01E + 13 7.25E + 14

10 4.53E + 14 1.17E + 14 1.79E + 13 1.07E + 13 5.99E + 1411 1.56E + 15 2.39E + 13 1.32E + 13 1.05E + 13 1.61E + 1512 7.19E + 14 1.16E + 14 3.78E + 13 1.72E + 13 8.90E + 1413 8.41E + 14 4.53E + 13 6.83E + 13 1.71E + 13 9.72E + 1414 7.97E + 14 2.99E + 13 1.02E + 14 1.72E + 13 9.46E + 1415 6.10E + 14 3.74E + 13 6.44E + 13 1.55E + 13 7.27E + 1416 5.50E + 14 4.08E + 13 4.54E + 13 1.28E + 13 6.49E + 1417 4.99E + 14 4.03E + 13 3.83E + 13 1.13E + 13 5.89E + 1418 5.25E + 14 4.80E + 13 4.66E + 13 1.23E + 13 6.32E + 1419 4.41E + 14 4.47E + 13 2.94E + 13 1.09E + 13 5.26E + 1420 4.52E + 14 4.85E + 13 3.28E + 13 1.08E + 13 5.44E + 1421 4.89E + 14 2.25E + 14 2.40E + 13 9.79E + 12 7.47E + 1422 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 0023 1.96E + 15 3.18E + 13 4.39E + 13 9.23E + 13 2.13E + 1524 2.56E + 15 4.66E + 13 1.51E + 13 1.27E + 13 2.63E + 1525 6.36E + 14 2.93E + 13 1.96E + 13 2.51E + 13 7.10E + 1426 4.80E + 14 1.56E + 14 4.56E + 13 1.07E + 13 6.92E + 1427 4.81E + 14 4.68E + 13 1.11E + 13 6.44E + 12 5.46E + 1428 3.04E + 14 4.54E + 13 1.30E + 13 7.12E + 12 3.70E + 1429 3.02E + 14 3.20E + 13 1.61E + 13 8.73E + 12 3.59E + 1430 1.57E + 14 4.05E + 13 6.12E + 12 3.88E + 12 2.07E + 14

(continued on next page)


Table 20 (continued)

Sector code Fossil fuel Biological Mineral Environmental Total

31 2.84E + 14 3.21E + 14 8.87E + 12 6.93E + 12 6.21E + 1432 1.57E + 14 3.09E + 13 6.55E + 12 4.16E + 12 1.99E + 1433 1.13E + 14 1.48E + 13 4.86E + 12 2.51E + 12 1.35E + 1434 3.43E + 14 5.75E + 13 1.86E + 13 8.32E + 12 4.27E + 1435 4.18E + 14 5.46E + 13 2.39E + 13 9.25E + 12 5.06E + 1436 3.50E + 14 7.78E + 13 1.64E + 13 7.18E + 12 4.51E + 1437 4.60E + 14 5.63E + 13 1.69E + 13 8.06E + 12 5.41E + 1438 3.45E + 14 9.14E + 13 1.13E + 13 6.38E + 12 4.54E + 1439 3.27E + 14 5.01E + 13 9.75E + 12 7.44E + 12 3.94E + 1440 4.94E + 14 7.73E + 13 2.31E + 13 1.19E + 13 6.06E + 1441 2.63E + 14 9.48E + 13 1.04E + 13 6.07E + 12 3.74E + 1442 2.23E + 14 7.08E + 13 7.80E + 12 5.18E + 12 3.06E + 14


According to Fig. 7, Sectors 1, 2, and 6 have the highest embodied solar emergy intensities. Besides, renewable sourcescontribute considerably (around 10% for most sectors) to the total solar emergy resources. Sectors 1 and 6 share the largestfractions of total solar emergy resources according to Fig. 14.

Table 21Sectoral embodied solar emergy intensities for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: sej/1E + 08 CNY).

Sector code Renewable Nonrenewable Total

Solar based Deep earth based Gravitation based Summary Soil Fossil fuels Mineral Summary

1 2.99E + 19 3.87E + 19 3.99E + 18 3.94E + 19 3.07E + 20 8.28E + 18 1.07E + 17 3.16E + 20 3.55E + 202 3.60E + 18 1.38E + 18 1.42E + 17 3.94E + 18 1.09E + 19 2.81E + 20 3.88E + 17 2.92E + 20 2.96E + 203 1.74E + 18 5.28E + 17 5.44E + 16 1.86E + 18 4.19E + 18 1.01E + 20 2.02E + 17 1.06E + 20 1.08E + 204 4.19E + 18 1.34E + 18 1.38E + 17 4.52E + 18 1.06E + 19 2.89E + 19 4.98E + 17 4.00E + 19 4.45E + 195 3.43E + 18 1.50E + 18 1.55E + 17 3.80E + 18 1.19E + 19 2.33E + 19 4.54E + 17 3.57E + 19 3.95E + 196 1.40E + 19 1.74E + 19 1.79E + 18 1.82E + 19 1.38E + 20 1.01E + 19 1.34E + 17 1.48E + 20 1.66E + 207 1.02E + 19 1.14E + 19 1.17E + 18 1.30E + 19 9.03E + 19 1.64E + 19 2.45E + 17 1.07E + 20 1.20E + 208 6.44E + 18 6.92E + 18 7.13E + 17 8.14E + 18 5.49E + 19 1.27E + 19 1.85E + 17 6.78E + 19 7.59E + 199 7.27E + 18 7.49E + 18 7.73E + 17 9.11E + 18 5.95E + 19 1.85E + 19 2.45E + 17 7.82E + 19 8.73E + 19

10 4.50E + 18 3.70E + 18 3.81E + 17 5.41E + 18 2.94E + 19 1.82E + 19 2.59E + 17 4.78E + 19 5.32E + 1911 2.24E + 18 7.54E + 17 7.78E + 16 2.43E + 18 5.99E + 18 7.09E + 19 2.53E + 17 7.72E + 19 7.96E + 1912 5.52E + 18 3.67E + 18 3.79E + 17 6.43E + 18 2.92E + 19 2.91E + 19 4.18E + 17 5.87E + 19 6.51E + 1913 3.81E + 18 1.43E + 18 1.48E + 17 4.17E + 18 1.14E + 19 3.35E + 19 4.20E + 17 4.53E + 19 4.95E + 1914 3.46E + 18 9.45E + 17 9.74E + 16 3.70E + 18 7.50E + 18 3.19E + 19 4.19E + 17 3.98E + 19 4.35E + 1915 3.36E + 18 1.18E + 18 1.22E + 17 3.65E + 18 9.38E + 18 2.45E + 19 3.75E + 17 3.42E + 19 3.79E + 1916 3.02E + 18 1.29E + 18 1.33E + 17 3.34E + 18 1.02E + 19 2.21E + 19 3.11E + 17 3.26E + 19 3.59E + 1917 2.77E + 18 1.27E + 18 1.31E + 17 3.09E + 18 1.01E + 19 2.01E + 19 2.75E + 17 3.04E + 19 3.35E + 1918 3.10E + 18 1.51E + 18 1.56E + 17 3.47E + 18 1.20E + 19 2.11E + 19 2.98E + 17 3.35E + 19 3.69E + 1919 2.80E + 18 1.41E + 18 1.46E + 17 3.15E + 18 1.12E + 19 1.78E + 19 2.64E + 17 2.93E + 19 3.24E + 1920 2.89E + 18 1.53E + 18 1.58E + 17 3.26E + 18 1.22E + 19 1.82E + 19 2.63E + 17 3.06E + 19 3.39E + 1921 6.92E + 18 7.10E + 18 7.32E + 17 8.67E + 18 5.64E + 19 1.96E + 19 2.37E + 17 7.62E + 19 8.49E + 1922 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 0023 1.55E + 19 1.00E + 18 1.04E + 17 1.57E + 19 7.97E + 18 7.64E + 19 2.22E + 18 8.66E + 19 1.02E + 2024 3.15E + 18 1.47E + 18 1.52E + 17 3.51E + 18 1.17E + 19 1.00E + 20 3.08E + 17 1.12E + 20 1.16E + 2025 4.70E + 18 9.24E + 17 9.52E + 16 4.93E + 18 7.33E + 18 2.50E + 19 6.05E + 17 3.29E + 19 3.79E + 1926 5.42E + 18 4.92E + 18 5.07E + 17 6.63E + 18 3.90E + 19 1.94E + 19 2.63E + 17 5.87E + 19 6.53E + 1927 2.14E + 18 1.48E + 18 1.52E + 17 2.51E + 18 1.17E + 19 2.09E + 19 1.56E + 17 3.27E + 19 3.53E + 1928 2.22E + 18 1.43E + 18 1.48E + 17 2.57E + 18 1.14E + 19 1.24E + 19 1.72E + 17 2.39E + 19 2.65E + 1929 2.16E + 18 1.01E + 18 1.04E + 17 2.40E + 18 8.01E + 18 1.21E + 19 2.11E + 17 2.03E + 19 2.27E + 1930 1.59E + 18 1.28E + 18 1.32E + 17 1.90E + 18 1.02E + 19 6.37E + 18 9.38E + 16 1.66E + 19 1.85E + 1931 8.74E + 18 1.01E + 19 1.04E + 18 1.12E + 19 8.04E + 19 1.14E + 19 1.67E + 17 9.19E + 19 1.03E + 2032 1.40E + 18 9.77E + 17 1.01E + 17 1.64E + 18 7.75E + 18 6.37E + 18 1.00E + 17 1.42E + 19 1.59E + 1933 7.53E + 17 4.66E + 17 4.81E + 16 8.68E + 17 3.70E + 18 4.52E + 18 6.09E + 16 8.28E + 18 9.15E + 1834 2.70E + 18 1.82E + 18 1.87E + 17 3.15E + 18 1.44E + 19 1.38E + 19 2.02E + 17 2.84E + 19 3.16E + 1935 2.78E + 18 1.72E + 18 1.78E + 17 3.20E + 18 1.37E + 19 1.68E + 19 2.24E + 17 3.07E + 19 3.39E + 1936 3.00E + 18 2.46E + 18 2.53E + 17 3.60E + 18 1.95E + 19 1.41E + 19 1.74E + 17 3.38E + 19 3.74E + 1937 2.63E + 18 1.78E + 18 1.83E + 17 3.07E + 18 1.41E + 19 1.90E + 19 1.95E + 17 3.33E + 19 3.64E + 1938 3.19E + 18 2.89E + 18 2.97E + 17 3.90E + 18 2.29E + 19 1.38E + 19 1.54E + 17 3.68E + 19 4.07E + 1939 2.38E + 18 1.58E + 18 1.63E + 17 2.77E + 18 1.26E + 19 1.29E + 19 1.80E + 17 2.57E + 19 2.84E + 1940 3.75E + 18 2.44E + 18 2.52E + 17 4.35E + 18 1.94E + 19 1.98E + 19 2.89E + 17 3.95E + 19 4.39E + 1941 3.23E + 18 2.99E + 18 3.09E + 17 3.96E + 18 2.38E + 19 1.07E + 19 1.47E + 17 3.46E + 19 3.86E + 1942 2.51E + 18 2.24E + 18 2.30E + 17 3.06E + 18 1.77E + 19 8.99E + 18 1.25E + 17 2.69E + 19 2.99E + 19

Table 22Sectoral embodied cosmic emergy intensities for Chinese economy 2005 (unit: Jc/1E + 08 CNY).

Sector code Renewable Nonrenewable Total

Solar based Deep earth based Gravitation based Summary Soil Fossil fuels Mineral Summary

1 3.03E + 15 5.22E + 12 5.78E + 11 3.03E + 15 6.47E + 16 4.47E + 15 2.25E + 13 6.92E + 16 7.22E + 162 1.39E + 14 1.86E + 11 2.06E + 10 1.39E + 14 2.30E + 15 1.50E + 17 8.14E + 13 1.52E + 17 1.52E + 173 5.77E + 13 7.12E + 10 7.88E + 09 5.77E + 13 8.83E + 14 5.62E + 16 4.24E + 13 5.71E + 16 5.72E + 164 1.43E + 14 1.80E + 11 2.00E + 10 1.44E + 14 2.23E + 15 1.56E + 16 1.05E + 14 1.79E + 16 1.81E + 165 1.45E + 14 2.02E + 11 2.24E + 10 1.45E + 14 2.50E + 15 1.26E + 16 9.53E + 13 1.52E + 16 1.53E + 166 1.36E + 15 2.34E + 12 2.59E + 11 1.37E + 15 2.90E + 16 5.43E + 15 2.82E + 13 3.45E + 16 3.58E + 167 9.07E + 14 1.53E + 12 1.70E + 11 9.08E + 14 1.90E + 16 8.82E + 15 5.14E + 13 2.79E + 16 2.88E + 168 5.54E + 14 9.32E + 11 1.03E + 11 5.55E + 14 1.16E + 16 6.86E + 15 3.89E + 13 1.85E + 16 1.90E + 169 6.04E + 14 1.01E + 12 1.12E + 11 6.05E + 14 1.25E + 16 9.95E + 15 5.14E + 13 2.25E + 16 2.31E + 16

10 3.09E + 14 4.98E + 11 5.52E + 10 3.10E + 14 6.18E + 15 9.80E + 15 5.45E + 13 1.60E + 16 1.63E + 1611 7.95E + 13 1.02E + 11 1.13E + 10 7.96E + 13 1.26E + 15 3.90E + 16 5.31E + 13 4.03E + 16 4.04E + 1612 3.20E + 14 4.95E + 11 5.48E + 10 3.21E + 14 6.14E + 15 1.57E + 16 8.79E + 13 2.19E + 16 2.22E + 1613 1.45E + 14 1.93E + 11 2.14E + 10 1.46E + 14 2.39E + 15 1.80E + 16 8.82E + 13 2.05E + 16 2.07E + 1614 1.08E + 14 1.27E + 11 1.41E + 10 1.08E + 14 1.58E + 15 1.72E + 16 8.80E + 13 1.89E + 16 1.90E + 1615 1.23E + 14 1.59E + 11 1.76E + 10 1.23E + 14 1.98E + 15 1.32E + 16 7.88E + 13 1.52E + 16 1.54E + 1616 1.26E + 14 1.74E + 11 1.92E + 10 1.26E + 14 2.15E + 15 1.19E + 16 6.53E + 13 1.41E + 16 1.42E + 1617 1.22E + 14 1.72E + 11 1.90E + 10 1.22E + 14 2.13E + 15 1.08E + 16 5.78E + 13 1.30E + 16 1.31E + 1618 1.42E + 14 2.04E + 11 2.26E + 10 1.42E + 14 2.53E + 15 1.14E + 16 6.25E + 13 1.40E + 16 1.41E + 1619 1.32E + 14 1.90E + 11 2.11E + 10 1.32E + 14 2.36E + 15 9.58E + 15 5.54E + 13 1.20E + 16 1.21E + 1620 1.41E + 14 2.07E + 11 2.29E + 10 1.41E + 14 2.56E + 15 9.82E + 15 5.52E + 13 1.24E + 16 1.26E + 1621 5.73E + 14 9.58E + 11 1.06E + 11 5.74E + 14 1.19E + 16 1.05E + 16 4.98E + 13 2.25E + 16 2.30E + 1622 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 00 0.00E + 0023 2.60E + 14 1.35E + 11 1.50E + 10 2.60E + 14 1.68E + 15 4.09E + 16 4.67E + 14 4.31E + 16 4.33E + 1624 1.40E + 14 1.98E + 11 2.20E + 10 1.40E + 14 2.46E + 15 5.39E + 16 6.46E + 13 5.65E + 16 5.66E + 1625 1.21E + 14 1.25E + 11 1.38E + 10 1.22E + 14 1.54E + 15 1.34E + 16 1.27E + 14 1.51E + 16 1.52E + 1626 4.04E + 14 6.63E + 11 7.34E + 10 4.05E + 14 8.21E + 15 1.05E + 16 5.51E + 13 1.87E + 16 1.91E + 1627 1.28E + 14 1.99E + 11 2.20E + 10 1.28E + 14 2.47E + 15 1.14E + 16 3.27E + 13 1.39E + 16 1.40E + 1628 1.26E + 14 1.93E + 11 2.14E + 10 1.26E + 14 2.40E + 15 6.69E + 15 3.62E + 13 9.12E + 15 9.25E + 1529 9.59E + 13 1.36E + 11 1.51E + 10 9.60E + 13 1.69E + 15 6.49E + 15 4.43E + 13 8.22E + 15 8.32E + 1530 1.07E + 14 1.73E + 11 1.91E + 10 1.08E + 14 2.14E + 15 3.44E + 15 1.97E + 13 5.60E + 15 5.71E + 1531 8.03E + 14 1.36E + 12 1.51E + 11 8.04E + 14 1.69E + 16 6.13E + 15 3.52E + 13 2.31E + 16 2.39E + 1632 8.43E + 13 1.32E + 11 1.46E + 10 8.45E + 13 1.63E + 15 3.44E + 15 2.11E + 13 5.09E + 15 5.18E + 1533 4.13E + 13 6.29E + 10 6.96E + 09 4.14E + 13 7.79E + 14 2.43E + 15 1.28E + 13 3.22E + 15 3.26E + 1534 1.58E + 14 2.45E + 11 2.71E + 10 1.58E + 14 3.03E + 15 7.45E + 15 4.23E + 13 1.05E + 16 1.07E + 1635 1.53E + 14 2.32E + 11 2.57E + 10 1.53E + 14 2.88E + 15 9.07E + 15 4.70E + 13 1.20E + 16 1.22E + 1636 2.06E + 14 3.31E + 11 3.67E + 10 2.06E + 14 4.10E + 15 7.59E + 15 3.65E + 13 1.17E + 16 1.19E + 1637 1.54E + 14 2.40E + 11 2.65E + 10 1.55E + 14 2.97E + 15 1.03E + 16 4.10E + 13 1.33E + 16 1.35E + 1638 2.37E + 14 3.89E + 11 4.31E + 10 2.38E + 14 4.82E + 15 7.42E + 15 3.24E + 13 1.23E + 16 1.25E + 1639 1.38E + 14 2.13E + 11 2.36E + 10 1.38E + 14 2.65E + 15 6.94E + 15 3.77E + 13 9.63E + 15 9.76E + 1540 2.14E + 14 3.29E + 11 3.64E + 10 2.14E + 14 4.08E + 15 1.07E + 16 6.07E + 13 1.48E + 16 1.50E + 1641 2.45E + 14 4.04E + 11 4.47E + 10 2.46E + 14 5.00E + 15 5.77E + 15 3.09E + 13 1.08E + 16 1.11E + 1642 1.84E + 14 3.01E + 11 3.34E + 10 1.85E + 14 3.74E + 15 4.85E + 15 2.63E + 13 8.61E + 15 8.79E + 15

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 7.0

Embodied energy intensity (E+15 J/1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

Fossil fuel Other

Fig. 2. Sectoral embodied energy intensities for Chinese economy 2005.


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.320.220.10.0

Embodied water intensity (E+07 m3/1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

Fig. 3. Sectoral embodied water intensities for Chinese economy 2005.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 7.0

Embodied GHG emissions intensity (E+05 t CO2 Eq./1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

CO2

CH4

N2O

Fig. 4. Sectoral embodied GHG emissions intensities for Chinese economy 2005.


Regarding the cosmic emergy results, Sectors 1, 2, 3, and 24 have the highest embodied intensity while the first sectortakes the largest amount of total resources.

5. Concluding remarks

For the embodiment of natural resources and environmental emissions in Chinese economy 2005, a biophysical balancemodeling is carried out based on an extension of the economic input–output table into an ecological one integrating theeconomy with its various environmental driving forces. Included resource flows into the primary resource sectors and envi-ronmental emission flows from the primary emission sectors belong to seven categories as energy resources in terms of fossilfuels, hydropower and nuclear energy, biomass, and other sources; freshwater resources; greenhouse gas emissions in termsof CO2; CH4, and N2O; industrial wastes in terms of waste water, waste gas, and waste solid; exergy in terms of fossil fuelresources, biological resources, mineral resources, and environmental resources; solar emergy and cosmic emergy in termsof climate resources, soil, fossil fuels, and minerals. The resulted database for embodiment intensity and sectoral embodi-ment of natural resources and environmental emissions is of essential implications in context of systems ecology and eco-logical economics in general and of global climate change in particular.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Embodied industrial waste water intensity (E+05 t/1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Embodied industrial waste gas intensity (E+08 m3/1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

a

b

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

Embodied industrial waste solid intensity (E+04 t/1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

c

Fig. 5. Sectoral embodied industrial wastes intensities for Chinese economy 2005: (a) industrial waste water; (b) industrial waste gas; and (c) industrialwaste solid.


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.0 1.0 2.0 7.0 8.0

Embodied exergy intensity (E+15 J/1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

Fossil fuel Biological Mineral Environmental

Fig. 6. Sectoral embodied exergy intensities for Chinese economy 2005.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.40.30.10.0

Embodied solar emergy intensity (E+20 sej/1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

Nonrenewable Renewable

Fig. 7. Sectoral embodied solar emergy intensities for Chinese economy 2005.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 14.0 16.0

Embodied cosmic emergy intensity (E+16 Jc/1E+08 CNY)

Sec

tor

code

Nonrenewable Renewable

Fig. 8. Sectoral embodied cosmic emergy intensities for Chinese economy 2005.


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Energy embodiment (E+19 J)

Sec

tor

code

Productive Consumptive

Fig. 9. Sectoral energy embodiments for domestic use for Chinese economy 2005.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

4.02.00.02.0

Water embodiment (E+11 m3)

Sec

tor

code


Fig. 10. Sectoral water embodiments for domestic use for Chinese economy 2005.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

GHG emissions embodiment (E+09 t CO2 Eq.)

Sec

tor

code


Fig. 11. Sectoral GHG emissions embodiments for domestic use for Chinese economy 2005.


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

Industrial waste water embodiment (E+05 t)

Sec

tor

code


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Industrial waste gas embodiment (E+04 m3)

Sec

tor

code


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

Industrial waste solid embodiment (E+04 t)

Sec

tor

code


a

b

c

Fig. 12. Sectoral industrial wastes embodiments for domestic use for Chinese economy 2005: (a) industrial waste water; (b) industrial waste gas; and (c)industrial waste solid.


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

Exergy embodiment (E+19 J)

Sec

tor

code


Fig. 13. Sectoral exergy embodiments for domestic use for Chinese economy 2005.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

4.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0

Solar emergy embodiment (E+24 sej)

Sec

tor

code


Fig. 14. Sectoral solar emergy embodiments for domestic use for Chinese economy 2005.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Cosmic emergy embodiment (E+21 Jc)

Sec

tor

code


Fig. 15. Sectoral cosmic emergy embodiments for domestic use for Chinese economy 2005.



Acknowledgment

This study has been supported by State Key Program for Basic Research (973 Program, Grant Nos. 2005CB724204 and2006CB403304).

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Ecological input–output modeling for embodied resources and emissions in Chinese economy 2005

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