Title Leaf galls in our native trees and shrubs

Author(s) Walsh, Eileen G.

Publication date 1945

Original citation Walsh, E. G. 1945. Leaf galls in our native trees and shrubs. PhD Thesis,University College Cork.

Type of publication Doctoral thesis

Rights © 1945, Eileen G. Walshhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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My deepest ,thanks are 4~e to Protessor Renouf, D.Se. of

the !oology Department, University, College Cork, tor the moat

Y&lu&ble help, sugges,tions and infoi'mation which he has giYen

me trom the time I co~nced this study; also tor books and

appiiratuswhich he has kindly lent to me.

To Mr. R. Kennedy,M.Sc., ot the ChemistrJ Department,

u.e.c., for help and suggestions in relation to the chemical

aspect.

To Dr. A.M. Kasse. Qr Bast Kalling B._.arch Station

Kentf England, &nd Mr. R.B.Keiter, state Department ot

~riculture, CalltorDia, tor much into~tlon and biblio­

graphical knowledge concerning the ~optidae.

To Dr. H.~.Barne8,RothampstedAAperimental Station

Harpenden, Herta., England, tor assistance with the

identification or the Cecldomyldae.

K1 thanks are specially due to Mr. A.W.Stelfox, ot the

National Kuseum, Dublin, tor the time and patience he has so

otten bestowed on the ldentlr~catlon ot Y~rlou8 purasites

bred from the galls.

Lastly to Mr. J. Fh11~ott of tha ZoologJ Uepartment

V.C.C. tor the .ll11ng and able assistance rendered in!

breeding LuW othe~~xperlment3 as well as in all praotical

details.

Cork 1944.

...,

Klleen G.illlsh.

I.

I·

!bi. work i8 divided into the tollowing sectionaa-

I. General note on Galls.

( a) Si.e.

(b) Colour.

(c) Shape.

(d) texture.

(e) Internal Structure.

2. Li.t of plants &ttected.

3. Collecting, Rearing and Preserving.

4. List or Gall-makers.

5. Detai~ed descriptions ot those coll.ct~.

e. Table. ot Galls collected and Plants afrected.

,. Botas on microtome sect10ning aDd chemical anal7s1s.

8. Cllaaa1tication and Xel.

9. B1bliograplq•

IO. Plat•••

2.,

LEAF AALLS OF OUR NATIVE ~RiES AND SHRUBS.

to those or our native trees and shrubs.

both of herbs and trees provido so large a field ot invest-. ~

igation that ultimately I decided to confiAe my attention

Plant galls constitute a br~oh ot study and research

which haa been to me a subj.c~ or much interest tor 'some

time~ At the start ot this work, it was lzltended ~o in­

clude plant g&ll~n general, but after some months this was

found to be too comprehensive a tiel. and would in tact take~

1'~

1

Even leaf g~lls alone,

Upon looking up the literature on this subject, it

will be tound that in nearly all cases, either the gall 1s

described tUlly and mere mention made or the agent concerned

in its production, or vice versa. This state of things is

most unsatisfactory, a8 1n studying galls, both the gall­

maker ,~ the gall tormation must be examined in detail

bofore it is sate to ap~ll nomenclature. This work,

therefore, sets out to give accurate and scientific descrip.

a great many years to studj rul~y.

tiona of both galls and gall-mak.rs.

The difficulties encountered are manifold; firstly,

our treds are all deciduous, ~nc. the collecting period is

necessarily restricted to that time or the year between the

appearance of the buds 'and the fall ot the leat. Secondly,

the rearing of imagines is always diffiCUlt, especially in

the case or the autumn galla; more w111 be said on this matter

later. Lastly, due to war-time conditions much trouble was

experienced in obtaining suitable literature and man1

invaluable books on this subject were unprocurable.

The Plates at the back have all been copied from original

material exoept in the case or the Phytoptld mites which haye

been sketched with the help ot illustrations, the reason tor

this being the difficulty of making suitable mounts of these

minute oreatures, Whe~e possible all stage. or at least

larva and imago have been sketched, together with the host

plant and the type ot gall-formation produced. Slides

have' also been made ot most larvae and the imagines

attached to cards and pinned on to pith or oork in the

usual manner.

(S-;slide. Pl ••plate)

Genera.l Note

4.

on Galls •

Very tew ot the higher torms ot plants are altogether

immune tram the attacks or gall-producers. Most ot our

native trees are subject to them, but the death ot the plant

does not always result. In tact, the greatest ev1l caused

by the majority ot these galls is distortion of the tollage.

However, tBiI 1. not alwa18 the case, as tor instance, the

attacks or Briophyes Avellanae on Corylus Avellana., by

wt~ch the buds are prevented tram unfolding. This 1s a

great source of anno.ance otten to the arboriculturiat.

The horticulturist is likewise troubledb7 Eriophy•• ribis

which cap.es "Big Bud" disease on the Black Ourrant.

Many Cecidomyida attack willows, the result being that these

are unsuitable commeroially for use in basket-making.

Some galls, while not seriously damaging the ho.t

plant, present a strikingly beautiful picture. Among

these may be mentioned Eriophyes tiliae-typicua, their

brilliant red colour contrasting magnirlo..t~7 with the

light green ot the l1me leat.

Each species of tree will not necessarily have it.

own particular type or gall, but in tact, mal have several

varieti•• caused by the same or different 'animal groups •.

Similarly, although certain insects exhibit a mArked

preference tor one specific host plant, many or them are

. j

i

Phytophagous. I have noticed i. the Hymenoptera, taking

the group as a whole, • decided liking tor ~h8 Oak lear

and muny species. attacking tt..1s vd.ll neyer b. found on anJ

5.

other type of leaf. Since the Hymenoptera include such

a large number ot gall-makers, lt natural17 tollows that

oak trees present a tar greater numb&r ot gall. than do

any other trees or shrubs (there are up to 2C different

leaf galls on oak)

Lonlcera appe.rs to be very popular with the Agromyz1dae.

Alnus glutinoea too provide. quite a 800d variety, while

Diptera (Ceeidom1idae) and Phytoptidae have been found.

Variou.s species of H,.anoptera, Lepidoptera,

should think, comes the Willow. 1

ot Salix and I haye tound a greaterl

galling ita leavea than in any il;

I~

11

other plant.

lext in tavour, I

Here .8 have m&n7 .peele.

variety of insect species

The following 1. a list ot plants affected with

the number ot 41fferent types of ,leaf galls found on each,­

Acer Pseudo-platanus (Sycamore) 2.

Alnua glutinoaa (Alder) 6.

Crataegua Oxyacantha (Hawthorn) 2.

Fagus S1lvat1ca (Beech) I.

Praxlnu. excelsior (Ash) 2.

Ilex Aquifolium (Hol17) 2.

Juglanis Regia (Walnut) I.

Lonicera PericlJ1nenum. (WoodbiJle) 2.

Prunua apinoa. (Sloe) 2.

'rrua Aucuparla (Kountain Ash) I.

P,.rus communi. (Pear) 2.

pyrus malus (Apple) 2.

Quercu8 Robur (Oak) 17.

6.

Ribes nigrum (Blackcurrant) ~.

Rosa oanina (Ro.e) I.

Rubus tructicosua (Blackberry) I.

Salix alba

" aurlta

II caprea

" cinerea.(Willows) 16.

" tragil!s ~,:/

It pentandra

" purpure.

" viminalia0..-

Tilla .urop~a (L~e) I.

U~u. oampeatria (Elm) I.

Many leaf galla quoted by different authors aa being

ot verr frequent occurrence 3ave, 8;rangely enough# Dot

been louod, whereaa, the search tor 8uch rare varleties

as Erlophyes aucuparia, proved 8ucceastulJ. Among the

ro~er are 8uch familiar membera a8 Rhodites rosae,

which though caretully sought haa not 80 tar b.en

discovered. It may be tr~t these ga11. are recurrent in

this area everJ rew years as it 8esma extremely unlikel,

that being 80 w1~elJ distributed, they should be absent

entirely trOB here. I have a180 tailed to secure any

type of gall from the Birch, although many Hymenoptera

are known to attack the leavea; and the only insect tound,'" ".,.v

QR' the Beech was the Col.opter~ Orchest88 tag! (Pl.I9)

7.

even tho~h this plant 1s recorded as also harbouring

several Cecidomyidae and Phytoptidae. The Elm, too,

·seems here to be immune from attack , with the exception

of Schlzoneura ulml. The Ho~.e Chestnut likewise

yielded nothing, nor have I come across mintion of it in

~y literature on galla.

(The numbers in bracke~ in the above list

indicate the number of different types of gall found

on each plant.)

Aa regards the insecta themselves, judging by

the number or Htm.DopD.rb~~dlalla oollected as compared

with Dipterous, it would ••em a8 if the.e tlie. were

more impartial to trees and shrubs, while the latter

eVident17 preter herb. and garden produce. Ph7topti~

,.galls are also widely distributed on tree. but those

ot Coleoptera are ver7 rare.

The following list indicates the number or.apecies of each group found producing galla:-

. HYMENOPTERA 19.

DIPTERA ro.LEPIDOPTERA II.

HEMIPTERA 5.

COLEOPTERA I.

I

j

ACARINA 14.

In this work I have included leat blisters and man,.

other types of deformity .a well a8 the "true" gall auch

as those found .0 trequently on Quercua. Almost ever7

8.

tr... i tlon may be aeen trom the simple eriDeum ot,.

Erlophyes tristrlatus (Pl.30) on Jugl~8 regia ,to the

most highly evolved types which are on11 oonnected to the

plant by a narrow neck of tissue e.g.Dryophanta divisa

(Pl.2) In the Cynlpidae we have an alternation ot

g'nerat1ons, the agamic br90d in many cases producing

a completel7 d1fferent t,pe er gall to that ot the

sexual genaratlon.

(a) SIZES OF GALLS.

It ma~ be thought b1 amateur naturali.t. that the

aize ot the gall w1ll depend on the size ot the agent

reapon.ible tor 1t. pre.ence and that the more diminutiYe

the creature, the ~ller the gall, but this 1. Dot ao.

Very ott.. the smallest creature will cause the greatest

1Jj

'111

deformity. This 1. best illustrated in the Phytoptldae.1

It .e consider the gall caueel by Eriophyea tristr1atu. ,/1on J'uglanjis regla,(Pl.30), the faaal. mite aea.ure. only: .~

f;

18~ in length by 45J( in breadth, yet they cause an li107;tl~i

elevation ot the upper surface of the leat, measuring,on

an average I6mms. xIImms. x 16mms., where.s the larvae

of Ho~omyia capraa which are quite ea8117 Yisible to the

naked 8ye, cause gallion Salix caprea ot average dimensions

6mms. x 4mms. (Pl.I5). The mites ot course are gregariou8

and occur in large number. wherea. the galls or Ho~omyia

caprea, though plurilocular, aeldom contain more than eight

larvae.

~ong the H~enopt.ra a aimilar disparity is

manifested between the 8i&e ot the gall and the imago

1ssuing therefrom, e.g. tbe case or B1orh1za terminal1s.

Thi. tiny insect causes an enormous swelling on the

twigs or Quercus Robur, the fly itselt being 3 to 7mma.

wbile the gall may measure up to 25mms.

Some ot the Aphididae cau•••ery large deformities

by auokinl the Juices ot the le••e. e.g. Sch1zoneura

ulm1 on Elm (Pl. 35) and Rhapaloaiph\8 rib1. on Black

Currant (Pl.34), whilst 8uch small Coleoptera as

Orchest'•.::,fap.'Jwho••:cla.",ae measure onll 2mms. ~ yet are

capable, ot destroying whole beech tou••ta b7 th.tr large

blister-like mine. on the leaves which ,iye the trees

a withered appeareDce(Pl.I9).

(b) COLOUR

The colour or leat galla vari•••no~ou.l1, and as

may be expected, green .&.•o~... i. predominant, but

every transition may b& seen from yellowish green,

through 7.llo.~. orange, brilliant reds and purples to

dull brown 01 almost black. Some have very beautiful

colouration. Y.~ often the young gall 1s pale green

and as it reaches maturity it bedom•• tinged with pink

or purple(Nematus viminalls Pl.8), and when old may

turn completely black. Many Hymenopterous gall8 6 are

white and succulent at f1r8t~ becoming suffused with

plnk and 8ventual17 turn quit. 'hard and buft coloured

when mature e.g. Dryophanta dlvlsa (Pl.2). Yellowish

IO.

grean and olive are very prevalent. The edges of the leaf

lobes of Crataegu8 Oxyacantha (PI.28) when rolled backwards

by EriophY9S goniothorax are at first pale 1Yellowish green,

but later become suffused with pink, while the galla ot

Eriophyes tristriatu. become tinged with ~.

Here again we find great d'.ersity in the colours ot

galls formed by mambers ot the same natural order. Among

the Phytopt1dae pale green 1s of common occurrence, wr~lst

the galls of Phyllocopt~8 acaricola on Acer pseudo-platanus

(Pl.27) are brilliant c~m1ne. These conical galls when

very young arc greenish ,el10w, gradually changing tt ,ellow,

orange, red, crimson, purple and tinally dark brown when

very old. I haye found the carmine colour remaining in

some eases as late a8 October. The "nail" galls ot EriopbJ••

tiliae typicus on Tilla EuroPl& (Pl. 37) are similarly coloured.

Thoa. of Erlophyea laevis on Alnus I~utiao.a (Pl. 24) are

very numerous and varJ in oolour trom green ,yellow, orange,

reddish, purple or even chocolate brown, all colours

appearing on the one leaf at the same time.

green-pea-salls on the ventral leaf surface ot Salix capreQ

Ceoidomyid sa11a are I'n'rally pale green or yellowiah

when 10ung, but ohange gradually through yellow, red purple

to a dark brown or black a8 they mature. This is seen

particularly well tn the cas~ ot Salix viminal.. .he.. edge.

are rolled by the larvae ot Rhabdophaga Ilarginem-torq\1ea••

also.

HymenopteroU8 galls exhibit a good Tariet1 ot colour

The larYa. ot Bematus v1m1nalls torm the well-known

I11;I

II.

while those of ~emat~s Gallicola torm bean-shaped bright

red galls projecting from both surfacos or the leaves of

Salix tragilis (Pl. 6,7). Taese are one of the mast

brilliant11 colored which I have found and are readily

seen at ~ distance.

Many or the Hymenopterou,oak galls have very

beautiful colourings although this may not be evident

to the naked 8,.•• The ao-called "splUlgle galls"

vary trom light green to olive, and may be yellow

suffused with pink, ca~ln" purple or orange. .The

larvae of Neuroteru8 numismatls tormLone or the prettiest

galls of all which is popular11 termed the "button gall".

In shape it ia round but deeply depressed in the centra

and when eX~lined with 'he aid ot a lens ~s found to be

red itself but kas the sides covered with silky golden

hairs (Pl.I,37).

Lepidopterous galls do not show much variety as

regards colour, since these lMDyae generally conten~

thwnselves with folding or rolling the leaves and

reeding on tjm cuticle.

V.ry often the ventral surface of ~ g~ll is of a

. much lighter colour than the dorsal and i8 1n m&n7 case.

cOTered with whitish sllky ~irs e.g.~riophye. tristriatua

on Juglands regia(ll.30)

(c) TEXTuRE

Here again w. a•• a gradual transition from the

perfectly smooth type to the rough17 wrinkled or ha'ry

gall.

12.

It is probable that the texture has muoh to do

with the protection of the larva inside. Protoetiv.

'colouration is not well exhibited in the leaf g~lls

except in a tew instances, such as leuroteru8 lentio­

ulari. (Pl. 1,37), wLloh are at first green as is the

10ung leaf, but became gr~dualll brownish. The.e~~

galls tallttothe Iround berore~rul17 developed, their~

brown colour thus assim1lating~thewithered herbage.

In this lllalUler ala8 the period during which they are s1;cje

subject to enemJ attack i. considerably reduced.

The presence or hairs UDdoubtedly atroads protect1on

to the loung larva, and the hard woody Dature of many

galls w1ll provide a sure aeans ot deten.e. The,presence or tannins a180 help.. Sma~n••s ot size

speaks tor itselt, rendering th~e8s! conspicuous,

but converaelf, largoe•• or .ize ma~lso prove a help

rather thaD a hindrance. It the walla are ..er'1 thick

not m&n7 enemy insects will have auffiolently long

oYipositora to reach the interior, thus reducing the

possibility of the presence ot parasites, while 1t the

larval chamber be large, both laqui11n•• aDd the

original larva can survive cQmtortab17.

(d) SlliU'ES-Like the coloQr, the .hape• • t galla are m&nland

varied. Many authors us. different classification

and nomenclature with regard~. sr.l.b.pas, but I 8Lve

fluopted si:t:l'le tenus \'Ihie!:.. will be given below.

13.

Ce) INTEm~AL STHUCT0HE.

Leaf galls may be elther unilocular , as 1. the

cal. with most ot those caused b1 PhJtoptldae, or el••

plurilocular. In the latter, the'nWMber ot compartments

will vary e.g. the galla of Hormomyia caprea ('1.15)

are typicall7 a-celled while those of CecidomyiaCAkYv

saliciperda have 6.- Similarl1 they may be unilarval

or multI larval; generall1 oae larva occup1es each~u ..

cell in the latter Instano•• Where the gal18 coalesce

as in Rhabdopr~ga marglnem-torquens(Pl.II,I6), several

larva. are tound to occupy the rolled leaf edges.

Tha mult1nymphal conditicn occurs in maRy Aphid salla.

The tollowing list. with examples ot type.

collected w11l serye to illustrate the preceding Dotes:-

Lear galla mal bea-

(I) SUCCULENT(leuroterus baccarum)or HARD and WOODY (Dr7ophanta d!v1aa)

(2) SMOOTH (Neuroterus laevi.culls)or WRINKLBD (Brioph7es tristrlatus)

(3) GLABROUS (Ph111ocopt•• acerloo1a)or IlUBESCENT ( " tetaaothr1% laev1a)

(4) SOLITARY ( t )

(5) SESSILE (near1, all)

(6) FREE (near11 all)

or GREGARIOUS (l.uroteru8 lenticulari.)

or PEDUNCULATED (Brioph7e. la.Yia)

or COALESCEJIT (Bhabdophaga marginem-torquens)

14.

II. SHJES

. Kay bel-

(I) GLOBULAR (Nematus Tlminalls)

(2) FLAT (Neuroterua laaYI8Q.lti~)

(3) OVAL (Addricua ostreua)

(4) LENTICULAH (Weuroterua lenticularla)

(5) KIDHEY-SH.aPlW (Brioph7.a axillari.)

(6) ROSETTE (DasJneura o.at.egi)

(7) BLISTER (Orcheate. taai)

(8) PUSTULATE (EriopbJ'ea aucuparIae)

(9)' CONICAL (Phyllocopt•• aoericola)

(10) POUCH-LIKE (Erioph1ea tetanothrtx laeTia)

( II) KINE-LIKE (Agr01ll1za rubI)

(12) POD-LIKE (CeciaQa71a ro.arua)

(13) JAIL GALL (Eriopbyea tiliae typicua)

(14) BRINEUIl (Er1ophJ.a tr1atr1atua)

(15) HEAl SHAPED (Iematua ga111001a)

III. POSITION O~ LEAF.- -(I) PETIOLE (Andrlcu8 teataeelpe.)

(2) .uILL.n.RY (Eriopues uJ.llarla)

(S) IlIDRIB (£w1rIcua oatreua)

(4) 01 LiLTERJU, VEIHS (Dr7ophanta d1vIaa)

(5) BETNF.Eli LATERAL VElliS (KrlopbJea trlatriatua)

(6) UPPER SVRFACE (Er1oph7e. tetanothrU la8T1.)

('7) LOWER SUHFIAC:i (ieaatua T1m1nalla)

(8) PROJECTING FROM BOTH SURPJi.CES (Nematua gallic.l.)

-)l!l

1.;

Ii..

ROLLING BADK JlARGIH (Rhabdophaga marg1'neDl-torquens)

(9)

(10)

(II)

(12)

SCATTERED THROUGHOUT LEAF BLAD:i (Phyllocoptes

ON MARGIN (Neuroteru. alblpea)

DRAWING EDGES TOGEClHEB (Oeoldo.71a rosarwa)

acerlcola)l

1l

1J

COLLECTING AND REARING THE IMaGINES •.- _.~. great draw-back 1n the stud1 or'leat galls 1.

the ahort period during which the,. are avaI1a~le 1 •••

from Spring to Autwm. SODle, su.oh &8 man,. of the

Hymenopterous parasites on Quercu. Robur, mal still be

tound atter the lea... have fallen, but here again

diffioult1•• are encountered. The aatumR galla are

aeldom .ery auoceastulll reared•. OD. the whole, the

spr1ng and summer galla have produced mach more .atls-

faotory re.ult•• In many oases, the length or tlae b

betw.en hatohing ot the larYa aDd ..eraioD ot the 1magln••

1. qUite abort. Ver,- ott.. & new tJPe of gall has b••n

41s00Y8r84, onl1 to find that the imagine has &lr8ad7---eacaped. Thi. I tound to b. the cas. with Aadricu.

CUrTator. I first dasco••red th••e lalla OA the petiol••

or Quercu. Robur in lat• .lull but when examined & t1D7

hal. was noticed 1D the inner seed gall which .told at

ODC. that the tly had ••caped.

When collectiag, gla.. tube. aDd air-tight box.s

ot Yar10U8 slze. are necessary tor separate leave. auch

aa tor example, the Beeoh, which haa delicate b11ater-

16.

like min... It not handled gentl" the.e are often in­

jured and the lar"f'a8 or papae ••cape. The leaves are

kept tresh in tbl. manner also. V.r7 ott_ 1t i. n8C888&17

to tie a mesliD net seoure17 OYer the affected l.avesi~

in situ. The spot must then be Yisited trequent17

and careful field-notes mad~. Some leafy twigs were

kept quite well in a special c~.~ritte4 witheoelluloid

side-pieces and gauze top) 1a \he laborator7J the tlie.

on escaping troa the galls were kept securely within the

cage_ Por Dipterous and other mining inaects 1 found

that by placing the leayes in .hallow air-t1ght tiDa

f1tted with gla.s tops and allowing i. a oertai. amount

of air each day, the larYae aucce.slul11 deY.loped in

due course. The pupae .ere thUl transferred to :uu.ll

glass tube. whose ends were plugred with cotton wool

which was moistened dail,._

Great care must be '&ken in reaalng all gall-

flies. It too auch .o1sture 1. allowed, tU8gal growth

rapid17 appears and destroY8 the insecta. On. the other

hand, it kept too dry the gal~wl11 8r~iv.l up and

become useless. It 1. yery neceasar7 to k.e~· each

species separate in order to avoid errors in the records

of p~asites and inquilin•••

Another .ethod emplo1ed was baking some tresh

earth to reao.e foreign matter, placing this in the

bottom of a wire .age and placing galled. leave. OIl top

17.

The larvae when reaity to pupate can do so in the earth

provided.

It is always necessary to examine leaves

tram both doraal and Yentral aspects as gall tormations

may appear on either surtaC·e.

suitable for collectiug.

PRESERVING.

Windy days are un-

I hay. 10 rar railed to discover any satlstacborJ

method or presorvation. Various media were tried but

inaall casas the colour was *ventuall1 lost.

Permanent slides have been made where pOBsi_le,

of the agent producing the gall. The usual metho. ot

dehydrating wi th alcohAl and mounting in Canada Balsam

haa been followed with all relatiYely large larvae and

pupae but where the oreature was very tiny, E~arol

proved a more aatistacto17 .inmblng .eci11Unj~:i.•lna. _U.Bdid not •••easltate the use of a clearing agent such ~s

cloye oil, at which stage specimens are most easlly lost.

Dr. R.P. Barne. of the Bottuunsted Experimental

Station kindly sent the tollowing method for dealing

with Cecidomyidaea-

Transfer the rlies to 95% alcohol tor one hour;

dip them. in • mixture or carbolic acid c17stals (40~)

and rectified spirits ot turpentine (60%) tor roughly

as long as it take. to clean a slide and coyer slip.

Then place on slid., dissect or! head, and it male, the

genitalia. Next soak'oft the ~ure as it does not

18.

mix well w1th Canada Balsam. Replaoe with the balsam.

The .sad and genitalia must be kept flat, dorsal

surface upwards, and are mounted under the same coyer

sllp aa the rest ot the midge.

mid.ge~

One sllde for each

Untold difficulties were encountared w1th the

Phytoptldae. Theae creatures are 80 minute and their

struoture .0 de11cIlte that an,. ot the ord1nar7 mount­

in! methot. do Dot glye a.t1atactor7 results when

applie~ to them. At flrst the lrrigatloR method was

attempt", usi~ Euparol aa the mounting medium, but

the inevitable result was the disappearance of the

mite 1. the late stage•• The next attempt was the

picking out or the IndiYldual. under low power by

means ot a glass pipette which had already been drawn

out to a yery tine hair-like point 1n the gas tlame,

but thil again was unsatlaractorr.

QUite 100G 1mm8dlat. resulta were obtained in

the followini manner. Small portloal ot the galla

were examined under low power, and tho.e piece. oontaln­

iD8 alte. were the. put through the alcohol. up to 85%,

and then into Buparol ••••no•• Boae Buparol wa. then

placed on the .lide aDd the 8all portions tranar.rr••

to this aDd te•••d Gut. '"A co.er slip ... next placed

oyer the whole lot. In this W&7 80m. rather good

slid•••er. -.d., but OIl .tandina the II1t•• app.ared

'0 ahri••l lip.

KY8Dtualll the moat 8uocessful JUdiua tor -.king

permanent preparations was found to be Berlese fluid

and the tormula u.ed was that ot Keiter (Eriophyid

studi•• VIII. Agrl0.Bull.Calit. Vol.XXIX.).

as rollowsl-

H20.' 10 - 120cl.

Ohloral Hldr~~. 53 - 55grl.

Gum Arabic Sira.

Gl,cerl.e 6cel.

It i.

Iodine cr~.tal. Small amount.

"fbi. 1. moat eaal11 mad. bl obtaining the beat

grade or powdered gum. The chloral crystkll are then

c.u.shed in a mortar w1th the gum arabic powder. Thi.

mixture 18 .44.. to the water is a permanlnt oontain••

and all.w~ to d1aaol.e·tor .eyeral dal' with oocaaioaal

stirring. G~ arabio powder, it'plaoed alon. in .ate.

Atter solu.tion 1. ..11,.nd. to tora 1nsolubl. lump••

~der wal, a~h. a17cerlne.

Iodine, whioh 1. the ataiu1ng element, oan b.

put ill the <lrl aixture ar in the tlaal aolatiGa. I't

41.801••••10w17. The mit•• ·are needled OYer into,a

drop ot this medlwa 011 • s11de, the Go.er.lip 18 plaoed,

azUl .he .ount 1s di.crete17 waraed. tJ'ntortunate17,

thia aed1u. lea.e. much to be deslred.t

IIi tea transterred troath18 ••diu-. to re.1noul

media, ahrl.e1 up aDd becQRe worthles. tor recogDit1oR

purpo••s; alcoholio mites .baiyal in th1. ohloral

h7d.rat. aed1ua.·

20.

LIST OF GALL ~ K~~R3.

!he tollowing orders Inolude l.ar sall-makers:­

(I) ACARINA (Phytoptidae)

( 2) DIPTERA ( Agro~zidae, Oecid0JR7idae)

( :5 ) HYlmNOPTERA. ( Tenthred1n1dae, CJ1l1pidae)

(4) LEPIDOPTERA (Tortriclnae, Tine ina)

(5) COLEOPTERA. (Curcullonldae)

( 6) HIDlIPTERA (Aphidida., P8711idae)

I. ORIJER COLEOPTERA.

AlthoU&h the members ot nati.e Ooleoptera oompri•• a

TerJ large Dumber, all the leaf-saller. are oonfined to

ane lami17, namel7 Curculionidae.

G~.ral Charaoteristics ot Pamil7 aDd Order.

Forewings moditled into leather7 elltra, .eating to .

to~ a straight dorsal .uture. Hind wings membrane.ua.

Prothorax mobile; mouth parts adapted tor biting.

Metamorphosia oomplete. LarYae have well deYeloped

head; abdominal teet absent but thoracic legs general17

present.

Famill Carcullonldae c!t&racterl.ed b7 the kead being

prolonged In tront to tora the Bostrua which 1. Yar1able

in length. Tarai '-jo1Atedj palpi small, represented

by single-jointed ~ubercl.8. labrua absent; antennae

elbowed. Larvae maggot-11ke with Y8stigial ant~e,

~I.

reduo.d mouth parts and oercl absent.

, O~CHESTES F~I(Llnn.) (P1.I9. 81.14)

Plant afrected • Fagua .71yatioa.

~1Pe ar. gall • B11.t.r-l1k. mine.

Posltion on leaf _ Outer halt.

Colour. BroWR aDd wlthered look1QS.

Date and Looal1tl • Cork Mar '44; Bant17, luae to S.pt.

Wypical Conditlon =Unilar.al.

D1.trlbutloD • VerJ w1de17 di.trlbuted.

£lthough C1lrc_lonldae comprl.e. eme tit the largest

Datural .fami11es, onl7 this one member .as dlsco••red

damaglna the tollag. or tree•• Whlle huntlag for lall.

1. Lota, Oork on Mal IOth.,I obser.ed that part of the

lea••• at all the be.oh••••re .er7 brown and ha4 quite

an autumnal appearance. Attaok b1 troat .a8 thought to

be the CiA.us., but the qu••tlO1l r ....ln.d,.hJ on11 the outer

part ot eaoh lear, Upon e:x••'nat1on lt was twnd that

thia brown area .a. 1D rea11t7 a b11ater-11ke mine

OOCUP11na general17 that area of the leaf Dearest the apex

aDd when held against the llght tn. larYa Gould be .eeD

ins1de. ~he ain. 1a eaoh ca.e, started. troa the midr1b,

about halt .a1 down •• • .~I"J thill thread, .idening

gradaal17 UIltll evehtualll the whel. outer part of the

leaf .as 1n.ol.84• Moat of th••e threaa. .ent 1D the

.... general Qirect10n aa the lateral .el~. Bnclo.ed

w1thin each a1ne W&8 a oircular ...88 Ct .erJ tine whit.

threads, aeaaur1q .....111 diameter, and w1tt.a1n which the

larva liYed.

22.

These threads were spun by the larva prior

to pupation, issuing tram the anal segment.

The larva ... perrect11 white in colour, with a

pale-gr~eJ1 tood canal. Consists or a tlattiah head and

I~ body segment,; apOdOU8 with &pairs ot locomotar7

.wellings; Yentral surtace has 3 oliYe-brown ~rking.

just beneath the headJ pale ...tiki... also on dora&!

surface or head. Leaping mov..ents noticed.

Kay 15th. Soae larvae had ..erged traa the mines.

This may be due to the tact that the leayes got crushed

since ther detiaitelr spun the cocoon within the m1ne •

.A tew, found 1n the act of metamorphosing, made 8pringing

moYements when touched. Pupae transterred to glass

tubes plugged with cotton wool aDl moistened daill.

Leaping mOYement. were DOW clearll yislble.

Mar 19th. ~ult weeyila eaerged.

Colour • ~rown, c~othed with short whitish hairs, and

baving Coarae linea ot puncture. on the Ultra.

Length. in with head. small, and upper surface m.ost11"

occupi&d by the 81e.. Blytra are '.ic8 ae lona as head

and thorax together. Antennae d18tlact11 elbowed, basal

joint stout, 2nd. halt a. long, 3rd,shorter and slender,

last tour joint8 torming a olub-shaped atructure.

Kandible. thre.-toothed, upper tooth being smallest.

Palpl verT short. Kine legs lave the tiRora .el1 developed

.hich aid. 1n the leap1Rg .ov.-ent. 80 oharacteristic or

I11:11

this beetle. Claws ait.sbJ.:c~ tooth Dear the baae.

The damage done by this weevil 1s ver7 ext.na!Ya

and it attacks the Copper Beeab. .also. LarTa'? s1m11ar 1n

every respect except tor green food canal which was not

evident here. The adults tee. on the leaves, .eating

"out small ro~ portiana ot the blade and giYing riae to

the fami11ar "shot-hales".

24.

i4~"",

II. ORDER i(;bis8i'i'ERA.-F~Y Ca) APhIDIIDiLB.

The injuries caused b7 greeD-tly are tamiliar to

all horticulturiats. The., dama,e the plant in either of

two wa.,1 1-

( I ) B., BuckIng awa., the sap and thU8 .eakening the plaS

(2) B., their excitement talllD& on the lea.e8 and c".gSiDI

the .'omata.

The \18ual positloB ot Aphid galll i. on a lear or

leaf-atalk. thel eIther roll the leave. ot tre•• or

build up gall-structure. on their Burfaces: others

construot habitationa tor ooncealment 10 the petioles.

Onl7 thr.e .embera are included in th6a work 1.e. )[yzu.

rib1a, Schi&oneura u1ml~and .&phis POlR1.

General Characteristics ot 'amil., and Order.

!he Hemiptera are ••wlnged tl'.. haVing the

anterior pair usuallJ ot harder cODaieteno., thaD the

posterior. Kouth part. auotorial. PrQt.horax Ire.

'traa the other thoraoi. a.gments.

plete.

Paa1l7 Aphldiidae.

\.,}o\

.etamo~hoa1a~caa-

Saall in••cta rith lODg antennae. WiAg.

when present ae-.braneod; tarai 2-jointed, firat jotllt

otten .err ahert - 5th abdominal a_pent otten .ita a

pair ot corniole. or hODe.,-tub•• situated doraal17_

Aphids e.xh1bl t JDan7 curious phen_ena such as parthlR18-

25.

leneais, viviparous and oTiparous reproduction eto.,

and present a most intensi.,.e study in themselTes.

~CHIZONEURA U~I__ (Pl. 35.)

Plant Attect~ • Ulmus campestria.

Position on Leat : On one halt ot leat blade.

Type ot Gall • One half ot leat 1s curled backwards

and 1nwards presenting a very distorted and 8.01le.

appearance.

Colour • lot very~ dltterent trom remainder ot

leal'; iJ&Y be a paler green.J- ,

Date and LocalltJ" It Lota" Cork June 6th. ,~.

TJp1cal Conditiaa ••ultlla~T.l and .ultlD~hal.

Dd.trlbutioa • Doe. aot appear to be wide17 di.-

tributed aa I have ~~!lllJloWid"~liltwioe aDd 1n the same

diatrict OD both oocaaiona.

mint. Wings ••aaure 7mms ill expanse and antennae Imm

In length...

Found .n large numbers on t~ le• .".. 1D

.Tune. Bod7 _tirel7 black, haT~ abdoaen much ringed•

Rostrum is sbort. Ey•• black &D4 prominent. Antennaej

6-Jointed with the 3rd joint lODger thaD all others tog.the~

3rd aDd 4th Joint. are ringed. Cubital .,.elD forked once

only- Wing••em~eou8, ha."ing a amoky -tint. Stlgmat4

-large and dilated. Ligl rather long and black.

In Ka7 ot the following 7ear I &gal. Y,.lted

the lam. 10ca11t7 and this ti.. the Q,ueen mother was

present in the gall. Apteroua, almost &ma oX !:11m.

Ant.nna. •3mm••

26.

Dark oli.e-sreen with alightlJ blueish

. tinge. Pour series of pores are arranged longitudinall7

on the back which giye ria. to a cottony exudatloD

which sparsel,. clothes the b0d7. H.ad and thorax small

and black. Antenna. and l.ss also ahort aDd black,

Bance the creature has a yerJ .quat appearanoe. Roatrua

Plant afr.ct.d • P"rus malu••

Typ. ot gall. Curling ot 1••••••

Colour • Same aa remainder ot leayes ot paler gre~.

~ ,Dat. and LocalitJ • Cork Ju11 '43.

Typical Condition. Kultinymphal.

Distribution • Supposed to be common in orchards

throughout the count17 but I have not toUDd. lt to be •••

Th. Aphids t.ed OIl the lower leat-surfac. imbib­

ing the juices which cau.e the l.aye. to curl up and

then tall oft. Th••• aphids attract a great many ant•.

by reason ot their ••c••tlan of hone7-du••

Winged female • 2111ms x.7--.. Wing expanse • 7jmm.

Antennae. Ilmma. ~tenna., h.ad and thoraa black.

£bdomen green with 4 lateral black dots on each aide.

Lags ochreous with kneas and tarsi black. Rostrum 1....

Cornicl•• abort and blackish. Cubital ••in bifurcated•.....

stigma~pale greenish. I have noticed the bark of apple

trees quite blackened bJ the glutinous ••or.tiona ot

27.

these insects.

RHOPALOSIPHU14 ttms (Linn.) (Pl.34)

Plant Affected • Rlbei nigrum.

TJpe ot Gall • Pustulate awell1nas causing the leaf to

curl downwards.

Position on leaf. Scattered oyer upper surtace.

Colour • Reddish of reddish-yellow•.1- t

Date and Locality. U.C.C. gardens 22/3/'44.

Typical Condition e Multlnymphal.

Distribution : Common.

This i8 quite a cammon peat in fruit gardena.

Winged female measurea emma x .7mm.. Expanae or wings •

&luns. Length of antennae • just oyer 2mms and cornicla.

are not Quite imm. Yellowish green; Bead, thorax and.

antennae black.; band on prothorax balck also. Abdomen

bright green with 3 or more darke~green patches on

dorsum and seyeral spote on aldea. Cornicl•• 7ello_,

tapering at both extremities. . Legs ochreous with knees

and tarsi black.(

Occurs also on Goo.eberry.

MYZUS RIBIS CLinn.) (Pl.35)- -Plant affected =Ribe4 grossularla.

Type of Gall. puatulat. swellings causing curltng ot l.at.

Position on Leaf. Upper surface.

Colour • Reddish, purpl,flsh or brown.

Date and Looality • U.C.C.g~rdena June '43,'44.

28.

Typical Oondition • Kultinymphal.

»tstribution • Commo••

W Winged temale measures 2i x Imm.· Expanse ot

wings. 7imIna. Antennae. a little over 2mma and

cornlcles mealure jmm. Colour =bright greenish-yellow,

with darke~ olive-tinted head and eyes red. Ocelli t3)

obvious. Antennae come ott small ttubercle•• Pro-

thorax also has an indented olive band. Thoracic lobe.

ver-J dark brown. Abd~.n has 6 or 7 transyerse very

irregular bands and 4 or 5 spots situated laterally.

Cornicles olive green, cylindrical. Legs green wi th

darker temora and tarsi"

greyish.

Wings rather broad and stigma.

••

Fam. II PS1'LLIDAE.- ------Very aas111 mistaken tor Apb1didae. Bead some-

what broad and preduceQ 1n .tront; ey•• large and con­

spiouous; 3 ocelli present, one near each eye ~d one

in them middle. Antennae IO-Jointed with 2 large basal

Joints terminated by slender torked bristle•• Wings

when at r ••t folded roof-like over body, 4 in number.

Venation ot upper wing simple; subcostal yein passe.

oblique17 ac"ss dividing the wing into 7 distinct open

cella. Small indistinct stigma present. Front legs

shorter tr~ others. Leaping powera remarkable, 1D faot

it has been notlc~ that they fly very little, d~pend1ng

almost entirel1 on this aa a means or eacape.

29.

RSILLOfSIS FBaXINI (Linn.) (Pl.2I)

Plant Affected :Fraxlnus excelsior.

Type of Gall • Rolling of leaflets backwards and

inward••

Position on leaf _ Edges ot leafleta.

Colour t Green mottled with purpl~lsh and Brownish

streaks.'- I

Date and Looality a Bantry, Kay, June and July.

Typical Condition =Kultinymphal and Multilarval.

Di.tribution =Bot verl common.

When this gall .as first discover&d 1t was at a

glance relegated to the Pbytoptid group and named as

..~

being caus~ by Phyllooopte. traxl~. Howev... , after

••eking vainl, on .everal occasions tor the presence ot

~te. in the tissue., it was ••t aside tor lome t1me.

WhaD tirst touna, I noticed the apLld-like oreatures

inhabiting the 'all, but thought that the.e .ere .erelJ

visitors a8 80 orten happens with rolled or curled

leaves. Haying came across a plate ot Payllopsis

traxin1 in a book, I again sought this gall and ex­

amined it carefull, and this t1Be identified it as a.u••d".

b7 PS1111dae •

fhe leafl.ta are rolled toward. the centre and

ever: leafl.t 1s affected. This 1. Dot 80 with Phyllo-

copt•• traxinl. When remoyed trom the stalk, the leaf.

lets appea» to become quite tlabbl and 80tt. A large

amount or whit. wool17 substance 1s found up_ un.tolding

30.

Adult insect measures about 2immsJ abelo.enisi.

black above aDd 78110w below. Thorax 78110. with

black markings and head i8 78110. with. reddish tinge

and large dark eY88. Antennae IO-jointed, tapering

towards the extremitY' wMeh i8 terminated by a slender

forked bristle.· Legs r.ddi8~7ello••

at edges.

Wings clouded

31.

General Characteristios of Order.

InSGcta with 2ppairs of membran(ouswinga j

hind wings ~ller ~d interlocked by hooklet. with

anterior pa1r. Kouth parts biting o~ b1t1ns and

sucking; o~ipoaitor pD.sent and adapted tor sawing,

pieroing or stinging_ Metamorphosis oomplete; lar.a

~arioua (aee balow) Cocoon generally present.. .~he condition of the abd.omen is important as

regards olassification. If Joined to therax by its

by a deep constriction or petIole only • Re~iollv.n1te8

. Included among th.ato~.r are the familie.

Tenthred1nIdae (Saw-tlie.), 81ricidae (Wood-wasps),

entire wid.th • Sessilivantreaj if joiAed to thorax

\

Cephidae (stem-aawflie.) and. Ol'1ssidae. Included

among the latter are the Cynipidae (Gall-wasps),

Ichneumonida. and Obalcid1dae, the two latter famili••

having many members trequent17 parasitiaing the larvae

or true gall-makers.

Tj)? es ~ £!!!!..fhe Order HJmanpptera 1ncludes a .er7 large

proportion of all the known gall--.kiDg lasGcta. ~h.

~.nopt.rou. galls are completely closed and are of

man1 kinds; morphologicalll they may be 80ft 8Dd

succulent or hard and wood7.

peculiar type of gall such as that tormed b7 Andricua

carvator (Pl.5) which 1s simply a mass of cellular

tissue not differentiated into separate layera but

containing an 1nner seed-like gall 111ng loose 1n the

oavity and within which the larya 11ves. . From these

we arrive at the other 8xtrame where that. is a complete

differentiation or tissue, having quite a complIcated

structure.

~he galla or Cynipidae d1tter tram those or the

s~w-tli•• both 1n general appearance and in struoture.

Among the to~er, Neuroterus lenticularis will .erve

as an example. These lalla when seeD in transverse

seotion will be ••en to have the tollowing atruc~ur.l­

(I) On the outside 1s the Epidermis tram which grow

int••l1uar[tr••cilu.:·~lr._ (2) ,arenchJmatoua tissue

made up of aeveral layers of cells. (3) ProteotiY.(

l

layer ot tb1cken&d greyish cells (4) Nutritive layer

very rich 10 atarch, surrounding the larval chamber.

These gall. are attached to the leaf by a narrow neck

of tissue onll-

Bven all the galla or the same species of Cynipi4

will not ba.e similar torm. The aboy. described gall

ot ••uroterua lenticular1a belongs to the agamic

generation, that is, the agamic or spring generation

amergea from them. The7 may be found as late as

November and the imagines do Dot emerge until the

tollowing Spring. These inaects then oviposit in the

young leaves and the re8ulti~ galls are round and~i.lCc L~16nt

sU8culent, without the differentiation of tissu. mentioned

above.' The tlles .b1Ch\no~~erg. 1n summer are very'--

. often rererred to as Spathegaster or leuroteru& baocarum.

The agamio brood a.re all females which must ot necessity

b. parthenogenetic, whereas both ~. and female are found

in the summer brood. The ovipositor 1& larger in the

tormer brood. ..

, The larvae ot maat Cynlpldae are similar; theY'

are white apodous .ith .ell deYe~oped chitinoua dentate...

aandlbl••, small head, 12 bod7 .egment. and 9 pairs ot

.plrac~.8 (Pl.37), yet the fO~8 of galls produced are

endless and occur in every part ot the leat. Those of

Andricu8 testac81pes (PlI,!) are tound on the pet1ole,

Andrioua oetreua moatl7 OD midrib bet.een two brown

soales; Dryophanta dlvlaa on the lateral veins; ••uroterua

alblpe8 on the edge ot the leaf, .•hilst leuroteru8 lentlo­

ulari. and numiamatla are scattered all OYer the l.ar blade.

Shape. may _. flat, oval, lenticular, button-shaped, round

e~.

The Saw-fly galla differ tram these. ~hey are

generall7 green In colo.. and the laryae continue to teed

on the internal layers untIl a .ere ahell ia lett 8urroWld.-,

1ng them. In transverse section they are found to oonsiat

or a mall of irregular oella, the outer or which contain ~

cbloroph1ll. The inner c.lla are paler and have more

inter-cellular apaces. In the Sawflies, the gall 18'-',

to~ed _.tore the 70ung larvae quit the eggs, which tact

34.

seems to point to an injection trom th-e ovipositor ot

the female as causing the gall whilst in the lynip1dae

ao growth tak.a place until such t~e as the la.va

commences to feed.

Larvae.

Kay serve &s an iJll)8»taDt ..&lUI ot ld..tlt1oatloa

both with regard to to~ and habit, aince in m&n7 casess~~ ..

imag1ne. which resemble each *ther so close17 as to be,lS\.._ .~tV

a~ost 1ndist1D&uishabl., will be easl11 recognised

separatel, 1n the larval to~. POl' thi. reason it 1.

always necessarr to breed these tlies trom the veri loUDS

atages. It 1. not .ufficient to merelJ Identltl the

gall awl then name the t17 which emerge. aa having

caused it, as inquiline., parasites and commensals are

of extremell frequent oocurrence in these ialla,

Commensals are generally tound in large galla but do not

kill the insect. Inquiline. prey on the substance of

the gall aDd a8 a rule indirectlJ kill the gall-to~ng

insect. The true parasite preys directly on the larva

ot the gall and kills ita hoat.

At a glance saw-tll larvae resemble Lepidopteroua

larvae but differ in the tollowing respeots:-

(1) Possess only one ocellua on either side ot the

head while lepidoptera have ~everal.

(il) Poase8a a 6reater number of ventral 1e.8; may

haye 22, but lepldoptera never have m.ore than 16.

(11i) Lepldopterous larvae never possesa legs on the

4th and 5th body segments while ~enopterou. larvae

35.

never have legs on the 4th but may have them on the 5th.

Saw-fly larva yery often have a pair of oeroi on the

last abdominal segment and these may be ditferently

colouredd tram the surrounding parts. The skin may

be wriRkled or beset with tuberoles eaoh of whioh ends

in a sott hair or bristle.

Habits of Larvae.

SeTeral ot the Tenthred1n1da8 produoe gal18,

prlnc1pall1 the *rlbe lematina , and here again .e

haTe members of the sam. tribe e.xh1biting ditterence.

1R habit; the Hematina include tree_living splties,

lear·rollers, leat-tolders and gall-inhabltaats.

Many members ot the genua Ph111otoma are lear-miner."

and here again oare muat be taken to watch habits

since the mines are s1m11ar to those of the genus

FenusQ but the latter do not spin a oocoon in the min.

whilst the tormer do.

structure ot Larvae.

General17 c7lindrlcal. Mandible. ahort, thick

and harn7. Maxilla bl1obed. ~alra or Jointed thoracic

leg. each ending in a horn7 claw.' Pro-legs which are

aor. l1ke ~cular prot~uberance. and without the

circlet ot hooklets so characteristic or lepidopterou8

lar'Ya••

structural Modificationa.

It haa been ••ntloned that H1J1leIlopteroua larvae

var7 great11 in habit. Their structure will a180 'Yarl

36.

as an adaptation to their mode ot lit•• Leat-miners

such as Fenuaa melanopoda (PllO) have the head quit.

flat and triangular in shape. the lematina never

have more than 20 lega, while the gall-inhabiting

Cynipidae have maggot-like larvae. • In oorrilation

with their mode of litem the organa of special sen••

have degenerated)and they are very sluggish and live

rolled up inside the gall. Faecal contents ar~!~~~

ejected(at the end of the la~.al .tage, the .tomach

be1ns merelf a blind sack. Thus may be .een a gradual

transition trom the tree living larv~e with the .ax­

tmu. number ot 1eg8 to the apodoua t7p. as represented

b7 DrJophanta di.iaa (Pl. 2 )

Colouratlon of Larvae.

Species whioh roll leaves ot plant. are moatlf

green with darker tood-canals, while 1Dternal gall­

teedere will .ary tram the pale .hiti.h-gr.~ or.....tu••im1nalia (Pl.at to the perrectl-f whit. ~

AndriCU8 o.treua. This &8ain Is 0108e11 oonnect..

with the surroundings since the gall produced b1 the

tormer 1••erJ detin1telJ green and succulent, while

that ot the latter i8 whitish when young, turning

woody a8 it aatur•• , The greeR tood-oanal 80

oharacteriatic ot all_phytophagoua larvae i8 ab.eDt

tram the latter. I have found·the larvae of »ematu8

viminalia varying greatly in oolour. In galls

examined from the same tree larvae varied trom .er-J

pale whitish-green to an almost artificial-looking

37.

bright green.

Some lea~m1ner8 had very charact.ris~'o

~rklngs by which they were immediately identified.

In many ot these at the last moult the markings are

entirely cast otf, so that it eaam1ned ~or the first

time after thi S occurrenc e It Dlay be ver7 e.si17

mistaken 'or. distinot speoie•• This phenomenon

is exhibited particularly by Fenusa melanopoda (Pl.IO)

NEMATUS VIMINaLIS (Led.) (Pl.881.22,34,38)-Plant Atfected • Salix purpurea.

Type ot Gall a '.a..shaped, someti.e. irregular or with

wart-like texture due to presenoe ot

tungi.

. ~

~I

1

i1

j1

Position on lear. Undersurface, attached to midrib.

Oocur 8ing17 or a te. coalescing.

Colour. Green or 7ellowiah-green otten with pink cheek••;L (

Date and LoaalitJ • Bantr7 Sept. '43. June ot Sept '44.

Typical ConditioD _ Unilocular &ad Unllarval. Internal

ohamber large.

Average Dimenaions : 6mms 1n diameter.

Distribution • Common.

Larva lives in gall with body curved to resemble

tht~. letter J. Unlike Hematus gall'cola it doe. not

-.ke a hole for the expulsion ot trail which is tine,

dry and brown in colQur, but retaina it within the gall

which eventually becomes well-filled with it.

Larva oontinues to feed on inner layers until rea"

to pupate, when it eats its way out of the sall,. which

w111 than shrivel up and become brownish.

Colour.whitish with green food-canal. Head

body segment, greyish with green tinge, body tapering

towards poateriot end, shlnlne ereenlsh-white usuall7,

Position tD Lear. Projecting equallJ aboYe and below

lIay or

)(al. longer

]

,I-i

ij

Body segments project in ~I

Legs greYish-1

~I

l~j

stigma tuscous.

GALLICOLA (Cam.) (Pl.6,7,g.

Legs pale yellow with darker temora, apex

When rull~r8d head 1s narrower than second

N:lMATUS

Imagine emerged 10/5/'44.LL6Dgth.2t lines. (temale) Colour. Black and

shining.

with thicker antennae.

whit., claws light brown.

ridges, each segment having three tolds.

but may vary slightly.

brown with rew hairs; ey.-spots black, mandibles dark

brown.

ot hind tibiae and tarsi brown. Antennae tilito~~

slightl7 longer than abdomen. 3rd antennal joint

longer than 4th; apices reddish, wings hyaline.

stigma tuscoua with extreme base pale.

Plant Affected =Salix ~ragili••

TJpe or Gall. Bean-shaped, glabrous, rugose.

--7 not be coalescent.

on either side of midrib but never

attached to it.

39.

Colour • Grean .hen yoU8g becoming oonspicuous17

deep red w~ mature •.~ t

Date and Localit7 .~I~.iO~t.~43. 3u17 to Sep. '44.

Typical Oondition : Unilocular and unilarval.

Average Dimensions .~in_*n x in X tn.Distribution • Common.

When young the internal oayi ty is ....11 liUld

the walls much thicker than in HematuB Yim1nalis.

Larval habits:- Liye singly within the galls.

When 70ung there 18 'but a yer, small internal cavity

but as the larla mature. it teeds on the surrounding

tissue until eventuall7 a .ere shell remains on the

.···l·.·.~·..'

·1

out.1de. At one end ot the gall it make. a round

hole tor expulsion ot fras8 and ma7 even leaye the

gall entire17 '.r briet periods.

Larva at first i. very tiny and transparent-

white with head Yery dark and shining. Immature

specimens measuredI/I6" to I/I2" gradually lncreasing

to into i lt • Pood-canal ahows up greeD atter a wbile

and head 18 dark ah.1nlI18 .~th pale-greenish semi-

circle on the tace. Mouth and mandibles brown.

Legs white, claws brown. Some "hen JIUltu.re are

yellowish in colour with cloudy-orange foo. canal••

Laryae tound in Autumn galla pupate ~ the

ground and fli.. knerge in • ..,.. The male tll has

not been bred and ls in any case YerJ rare.

Im.agine~ Smaller than lematu8 v..lnali. with

40•.

longer antennae. "Length. 2 lines. Colour _ black

shining, legs pale yellow, part ot coxae black and

black line. allo on remora, base of hind tibiae and

tarai brownish. Antennae slightl}' longer than

abdomen, apices brownish beneath; antennal tovea

large and deep. Wings hyaline, atigma alight17

longer than broad; hind wings haye upper , middle

cellule smaller than lower.

Galls ooll~cted 5/8/'4~ere put into breeding

boxes; hole. tor expulsion ot tras. appeared 13/8/'44.

When examined on 21/8/'44, the laryae had disappeared

entirel, trom some galla while in all the remainder

a brown Baed-like struoture was discoyered. These

which measured I line x t" and were cylindrical in..

shape were tound to contain the larvae. . Larvae were.~

1

·:11

Lett to develop and at time ot writing are still

now Yery sluggish and rather tat-looking, measuring

about 6mms x IiInms. and lay bent intl1de its new case. 1j

J'1ali.e but not any bigger. Ji

A tresh supply of galla were gathered on 22/8/'44'

and a curious Yariety ot inhalJitants discovered (Pl 9)

Some of the Hematlna larvae were ot a rather peculiar

bright grean colour throughout with a blacklsh-brown

shining head, and when examined under the microscope

the roo~canal showed up yellow. This green colour

is 1s not that which is usual in larvae; in tact

these looked as it the1 had been dyed a brilliant sreen.

Lencth -

41.

Length - about 3~8. Whitish apectmens from Other

galls were &8 amall as Imm. All these galls it may'\

1

be mentioned were collected trom the one tree. In

one of these living in company with the tiny white

Hymenopterous larva I also tound a very amall

iepidopterou8 larva. Length - 4mms, bright yellow in

colour, paler ventrally with _rown lines in head;

aecoad bod1 segment had a rather faint broken brown

mw.rk. Legs paler than dorsal part of body. two

reddish dots situat8d laterall1 on each ••gment.

Tubercles present with hairs. This I have tailed to

Three chalcids wore also

identify and the larYa did not develop further. In

another gall was an apodous dirty-white larva with

grey tood-canal; two grey »»iangular marks at anterior

end and two short processes at either side. Body

13-aegmented, yery rinel~" serloated at edge and taper­

ing very much towards p08terio~ end.

Sept. lOth male Pimpla (Ichneumon) emerged.

Pimpla vealearia (liatz.)

bred tDom these galls.

On ~/8/'44 galls were round on broad-leaved

Sallx (phyllcifoliaf) of whoae identity I am not quit.

certain. Xach contained a single, larva .1th 20 legs.

Gall was green in colour projecting above and below

lea!. Must be one of three type. - GalIlcola,

IsclUliocraus ar Veslcator.

iematas vesicator haa galls "pressed closely to

42.

midrib, walls thin and space inside larger than any

other gall". This description again does not tit,

~

.~

.,

hence ,my. galls seem to be gallicola. In appear&.nce

it is like ~hose on Salix tr&gllis but green in c.lour.

This may be d~e, to the fact that they are .till young.

They have the sawe sculptured appearance. Size ot

gall. t" x i" s in. One very tiny larva f'ound 1n

each. Body 1s whitish with darker head; faint green

tinge. Legs white with dark claws. Galls had not

been aateD away very much as larvae were still yery

young and no hole was made tor the expulsion of trass

ailS yet. Another gall examined had the lar.a 'wlce as

large and a hole made tor frass.

Tiny larfa • 1tmm•. Trknsparent white except

head which is shining brownish-black. Larger apecimen.

measured ~ns in length and had became gr••niah-yello.

in c.lour. Head brownish-Olack, mouth light brown,

~ibles darker. Body yellowish-green with darket

tood canal. Legs whitish with brown claws. Green

semicircle on tace not clear.

LE;JCQ,3TICTUS (Btg.) (Pl.6)

Plant Affected • Sa.lix pentandra.

Type or Gall = Leaves folded backwards along entire

length of one aide.

Colour =Sam. &8 remainder of leaf.1.... ,

Dat~ and Locality _ Bantry 10/8/'43.

Typical Condition. Unllarva.l. •

that remains.

~ength of larva • 2 lines at time of finding. Reache.

5-7 lines when full-g~own. Three other apecies of

43.

Larval haDits

Lives in willow leaves which. a. re folded

down on under side. "Edge of fold appears to be glued

down along its eage. Larva f6.ds on the epidermis

inside the told and bro~n patches appe~r on the outside.j

Finally a mere skeleton of that part of the leaf 1s all jJ

"1.~

, ,1

1J11

NematuB roll Willow leave8 namely, bipartitu8, nigro- .~

11neatu. and purpur.~. Thi. do•• not agree Identloall~with any but 1. nearest to leucostlctus. When ex- ~

amined first, it was thought to b. ODe of the many

lepidopteroua larvae rolling willow leaves, but the

position and number ot the prolegs at once contradicted

this. Head flattenad in tront, slightly broader than

second segment. Colour, whitish with brown cla••

and ovar each leg 18 a broad black band. Abdominal

legs whitish. Body pale yellow with 11me green tood-

canal. Skin has many .ery small tubercles, each

ending in a ahorthair $vls1ble only with aid ot

bin.cular,) At the aldea the body s'~nent8 project

in ridges. OTer anal 8egment a». two broad black

bands each contracted in the middle.

ainent and black.

Cerci are pro-

This larva died while being used for ld.ntltlcat~

ion purposes and another l1Te specimen was not found

44.a

theretor. BO lmagLD4 bred.

FENUSA MELANOPODA (Cam.) (Pl.lO. 51.30, 45).Plant affected • Alnus glutlnosa.

Type or Gall • Blister-llke mine.

Posltlon on leat _ Kostl1 upper 8urtkce. Wrl~l.d

below.

Colour. Brownish withered appearance.1.. •

~t. and Localit,. ... Lota, Cork 30/10/' 43,

Bantry, 28/1/'44, t/8/'44.

Typ~cal Con&1tlon • Un'la~al general17 but 8ometime.

two larTa(m&1 be toun4 together,; suggestive ot two

JIline. coalesoed.

Dls~rlbutlon • Cammon.

Larva - S.en inside mine when leat 1 s held .\lP

1

1

-I

toward. l,pt. Phyllotoma specie. allo atfect leavel

in the .ame manner but larva ot Penuaa do.. not apia

a cocoon within the min.. In tho•• 1••T.~Ollected

9/8/'44 most ot the larvae had lett the mine. to pupate.

Lensth of larva. I". Colour. whitish-green, with

green to~anal. Head and lees ~Owni3h blaok.

On dorsal part of .econd segment is a large black

plate divided down the middle. Ventrally on the sam.

segment 1. another large plate ot the same colour,

which 1s amall and trunca~ed at the base, but apreads

and curla .ut at apex. On 3rd. and 4th .egmenta,

Tentrally, there 1. a amall black round dot. LarTa

moulted Aug.12th and all these markings were cast ott.

45.

Body'~o. yellowish-green with head sl1ghtly darker

and mouth parts brown. (No cocoon spun in mine )

Imagin~.Ii11n.s. Blaok, ahining, anteaaa.

slight11 ourved and pilose, short, same length as

thorax, not thiokened towards apex, 3rd jolit great.r

than double the leagth of 4th joint. 9th jo1nt

con1cal in .hape, thin and longer than 8th. Bead

almost same .1dth aa thorax w1th d1stinot suture••

Thorax verJ shining and smooth. Abdomen short, ..ings

dark, coata, atigma and ~erYures black. Pirat radial

cellule larger than ••cond which 1. twice •••1a. a'

Chalc1d emerged from on. of theae mines ln .lug.S

Also 41sco,ered a mine on oak leaf very 11ke that of

apex as at baae. TRaneYera. radial neryure curved.

Penusa, but larva had .scaped.

CYNIPID~.

Cyn,1p1dJl,. larvae are wh1te, footles8)fle.hJ"

grubs having I~ .egments including tbe head, which

has ...ll-chitini.ed dentate mandible•• Pupa ls whlte

and fleshy like the larva. Antennae placed along

bod7i legs are outside these and enveloped 1n pellicle.

and wings appea1Vas bag-llke prot\uberance. on elther

side of the thorax. There i8 considerable diversity

of time regarding tl1e lanal stage.iY/

Imago- male has longer antenna. ~ one or two aore

species.

46.

joints than temale; smaller abdomen which r n temale

varies in shape acco~ding to torm of ovipositor.

Two torms, agamic and suual whioh may be very similar

in appearance and hence it wlll otten b. nec.ssar7 to

rely on the galla thamselves tor the discrimination ot

I-j

-:NEuRCTERUS LENTICULARIS (Adl.) (Pl.I, 37, SL.29, ~

~. 6S;72,77,78,8I) 1Plant .Affected :r Quercus J('obur. 'I

Type of Gall. "Spangle Gall" Flat, lenticular, pressing

against leaf.fllide tlat or perhaps alight1l

curled up, :but not noticeably 80; raised

in cent•• , tapering to thin edges; covered

with stellate hair. above, glabrous ~.neat~

attached to leaf by a tiny knob.

Position on _eat. Scattered over under surtace. Gregarlo~

Colour • Yello.ish~or reddish-brown." ,

Date and Locality: Cork IO/10_'43, Bantry Jull to 8.pt'~

fypical Condition a Unilarval and unilocular.

Average D~.nsion. _ 4imma x 2jmm••hen quite mature.

DistributIon = Common.

Some of the•• lall. which .ere collectet in lU17

while .till 70uns ••asured on an average i-2mma in

diameber. They appe.*ed on ••ntral 8urtac. ot leat aa

marvellous dark-red velvet-llke diSC8 and were v~r7

b.autltul~~tll'lQ:. AS the7 matured they lost thi8

lovely red colour, 80me ot the radiating hair. tallingi~J.

otf the galla gradual17 becoming barer. ,"

47.

Larva enclosed with1a,'iamall larval chamber.

Typical Cynlpid whit.,tleshy grub with reddish man­

dibles. These galla tall to earth in Octooer and

flies ~erge 1n Karch.

HEU 10T~RUS B.ACCARUM (Htg.) (Pl.38)4$gasterBaccarum)

This 'a the sexual fo~ of Neuroterus lenticulatls

but the g~ll although found also on the oak leaf 1.~~4 •

~ different 10 appearance.- Berr7-shaped, or pea-

shaped, amooth, slab_oua, 80ft and sucoulent.

Attached to unde~urrac. or leat but projects alight170/

on the upper surface. Green with or without reddish

oheeks. Appea» in Mal and JWle. Plies emerge 1n

June. My .pec~en. were not discovered until Aug.1st

and by this time the,. were ~ather dry and hardened,

but the larval chamber was still surrounded b7 a

whitish l~yer. Found again AugtOth with white pupa

inside. Length 2mms. Bod,. .hite ..i th large red

spot on .1ther side of head. B7 AU~?th segments

on abdomen were clearl,. visible with the aid of a

hand~l.ns and pupa looked quit. black and shining t'naked ey8.

than this.

However it did not develope any further

It was~bab11 a parasitic chalcld or

ichneumon fly.

48.

NEUROTERUS FU~IPENNIS {Htg.} (Pl.!, 3)

Plant affected _ Quercus robur.

Type of Gall e Very like that of lenticular!s but

smaller and brighter in colour. Ohler difference

l1es in the tact khat the tundpenn1s gall has the

sides distinctly curled up, and there 1. onlr a small

knob-11ke eleYation in the centre. Upper surface

is covered with stellate hairs as '1s under surface

also but to a 18a8er extent. Became. bare with age.

wlngs irrlde.cent, amokJ at tips.

The larva 18 later in i •• deYelopment thaa 1~

tormer gall. Imago does not .merge until May.

Length • 2mma. Thorax black, not shining, meaonotum

PositionOD Lear _ Scattered over ventral surface.

Colour: Br1ghter than "spangle-gall" but darker

beneath, never be1ng whit18h or yellowish.L I

Date and Locality. Lota, Cork, ~/IO/143.

Average Dimensiona : ~totsmma, Dever 4Imns.

Distribution. Not as oommon as lentioulari••

Antenna. brown, lAgs lellow,wrinkled at aidea.

SPATnEGASTER ALBIPE,2 (Schenck.) (Pl.4)

Plant &tfect.. : Quercus robur.

Type ot Gall a Smooth, OYoid, .eed-11ke, glabrous,

without an inner gall.

Position on Leaf: Marginal, contraoting that pari of

leaf around 1 t •

Colour • Yellowish-white.

49.2. I

Date and Locality: Bantry, 28/7/~44.

Typical Oondl~on : Vnilocular and unl1arval.

Average Dimenaiona =Iimms.Distribution : Not Yer7 common.

Larva 1. ot the typioal Cynipid t·ype.' Haa

not yet developed. This 1. the ••xual torm at

Neuroterus laevieculia.

NEliH07ERUS LaEVISCULIS (Schenck)

Plant Affected =Quercus robur.

Type ot Gall • Bare, tlat, sides slightly raised,

.with a ~all well-defined knob 1n the

centre, this being covered with hair.. ~

jBorder not as distinctly curled up a8 inj

tummipennis and differs trom lenticular1.

in not having stillat. hairs; lrregul-

arly circular.

Colour _ Greenish or reddish.

Position on Leal. Scattered over under surface.J- I

Date and Localitl • Cork ~7/'43.

Typical Condition: Unilocular and Unilarval.

Average Dimensions : ~s.

Distribution _ Hot .. common a. lenticulari••

Larvae killed by paraaite. T0rJaus sodali.

and hibernw.ns.

lffiGhOTEhUS NuMIS~TI3 (Mayr) (Pl.1137) (81.48)

plant Affected _. Quercus robur.

50.

Type or G~ll : "Button Gall". Round with shallow

Colour. Red with golden)s11ky hairs giving it a

gelden or fawn-coloured appearanoe to the

tlrou~ar depression in centre, this

depresalon being wider than the sides.

Hard, sides oowered with gelden,silky

hairs.

Position on Leaf =Under surface. Gregarious.

naked 'ye. Very beautiful

One tly emerged 6/5/'44. Black with 7ellowlsh

Bantry,Aug-SWpt •.144. j

1.~

•Wings hlalineQt~th brown spot at bale otbrown lega.

Distribution • Common.

Typical Condition :' Unilocular and Unilarval.

Average Dimensions • 2mms in diameter •.t..

Date and Localitl • Lota, Cork, Sept l 43.

tirst cubital cellule. fhorax shiny. Length 2mms.

ANDRICUS £STREUS (Kalr) (Pl.2,3,37. Sl.42,4~,69,70, ­7If74, 78)

Plant Atfected : Querous .obur.

Position on Lear: Vnder aide, attached to midrib as &

• rule.

Type ot Gall: OYa1, situated b.t.eeD two broWDlah~

aembran_ou8 soalea which mal b. as long".;

&s the gall. Smooth, glab~ous, ahinius,

moderatel7 hard but when .erl young in-

elined to be 80tt. Th. basal aemb2Janea

remain attached to m1~1b atter gall haa

tallen to earth.

51.

Colour =Whitlsh or pale yellowisr4 mottled with pink

or red spots and suggest1Ye ot a m1ni~ture,,'

blrd's egg.

Typical Condition =Uallocular and unilarval.

have found an occasional member on one ot the lateral

On one le,,..! were 5 ot these galla, " on midrib

rather thin and larfa i8 rolled up inside.

Date· and Locality: 22/10/'43, Cork. 20/7/'44, Bantrl.

AYerage Dimensions: It-2mms.

Distribution • Rather oommon.

On other occasions also Iand I on lateral yein.

Y.lns.

Larva lives rolled up inside the gall.- White,

apodous, with strong,reddi.h mouth parts whlch move

Ylgorousll when larva is removed trom the gall.

Flies emerge in October. iasl1y reoognised by the

tact that the claw. are bitid and the keels on ••sonotum

are not straight and parallel but bulge outwards.

Length a 2mms. Black and abining with duller thorax.

Wings and antennae long. Legs 1ellowiah in their

thinner parts and darker on top next to bod,.. Antennae

thin. Apices ot wings have rather long cll1a. Abdomen

glabrous but t~ouax pilose.

&~URIC0S CL~VATCR (Htg.) (Pl.5)

Plant Affected • Quercus robur.

Type of Gall. 1rregula» swellings on leaf, containing

52.'

an inner sead-like gall. Glab~ous.

Position on leat = On the midrib or young aborted

leaYes or on the sides or more developed 18av$$.

Hard and solid at tirst but later expand. and

cavity to~ed inside and 1n this lles loosely

the aeed-like g~ll.

Colour: Green on outside. ~ Inner gall brown.

Date and Local1t7 : II/7/'44, BantrYe

Average Dimensions =i". Inner gall • I~s.

Distribution : Not CommOD.

Most ot the tlies had emerged since Ju11 but some

sead galls .ere still intact. 23/7/'44 two small

metallic green tlies ~er.ed • Synergu8 Sp.

,AI~DRICUS FEC'vJ:~Dli'l'RIX.(i4ayr) (Pl.4)

This gall was also round several times on oak. but I

have never succeeded 1n rearing the fly itself.

or the galls were abortive and those which developed

yielded only parasites. This is called the "artichoke

gall" and consists or enormously developed bud-scales.

The real gall 1s enveloped in this and 1s pointed at

basal end. Length. 8mma. Hard and woody, S'hlnlnc,

gr0en when young but turning a light brown. Length

of artichoke. In inoluding fringe on top.

hl~jJRICUS l1ES'J.'ACEi.P~S (litg) (Pl. I, 1>Found one apeciaen Onl7 tosether with indrlcu8 curv~t.r

Bantry 19/8/ 1 44. Testaceipes was Just at the base or

53.

position it appear. to be Andricu8 gemmatus.

SP4rrHFixt:\STER BACCMUM (Htg) (11 38)

•This 1s the sexual toam of Neuroterus lentlcularls

Seems to be rare.

AKuRIClJS GXhCllATUS (Adler) (Pl'~3)

On Oak 28/7/ 1 44. Only one found and from 1ts

the leaf on the poriole. The gall formed an elong­

ated swelling, one· celled, Itnmis long, green 1n colour~

and surrounding the internal cavity is a tine whlte

cellular substance.

but the gall, although tound also on the oak leaf ,.'lay,/-'~h different in appearance. Berry-shaped, or

pea-shaped, ~ooth, glabrous, soft and succulent.

Attaohed to unde~8urtace ot leaf but ?rojecta slightly

on the upper surtace. Green with Gr without reddish

cheek•• Appear in Mal' and June. Flies emerge in

June. My specimens were Dot disoovered until Aug.1st,

and by this time th.y were Dather drJ ~d hardened, but

the larval Chamber was atill surrounded by a whitish

layer. PoUDI again Aug lOth with white pupa inside.

Length- 2mms. Body white with large red spot on e1ther.

aide ot head. By Aug 17th segments on abdomen were

clearl, Yislble with the aid ot a hand len. and pupa

looked quit. black and shining t~ naked t7a. Bo.eYer

it did not develop any further khan this. It was

probabl1 a parasitic chalcid or ichneumon tly.

54•.

DI{{OPHANTA DIVISA (Htg.) (Pl.2) (S~.23,47, 75,79)

All the Dryophanta galls are found on the under

surface or lear and judging trom their trequenc7 ormention in the text-boois, are of oommon occurrence,

but, strangely , I have succeeded in finding one

species only from wh,"ch the fly was succes.tull7

reared. This gall was Yery common on all the oak. in

this arell.

Type of Gall. Smooth, !labrous, woody, top

depressed in oentre. Frequently the surface~

bear.s tiny warts. Walls thick, therefore OaYit7 ~ll.

Position on leaf. Ventral .urtace , attached

to midrib and lateral Yeins.

Colour. Light brown or whitish-fawn with or

without red cheek••.Average Size. 5mms x 3mms.

2- I

Date and Locality a Lota,CRk 10/10/'43, 2/11/'43.

Bantry,Jul7'to Sept. '44.

Typical Condition =Unilocular and unilarYal.

Larval cb.lurJber small. Ply emerged Oot.20th. Reddish

brown with black abdomen. Antennae 14-jolnted, dark

brown. Legs reddish-brown. Thorax pilose •

Abdomen longer than head and thorax. Laterall,.

compressed. Antennae 14-Jointed. Claws bifid. Wings

longer than bod,.. Length 4mms.

55.

Unidentified Oak Galls.

I. Dark blotch•• on oak leaves probably made by

Fanusa pygmaea.

2. Unidentified gall in bud (Pl.4) Large scales

. tormed like that of Andrlcua tecundatr1x but here the

inner lall was found near the outside, covered only

by a few scales. In appearance it was like a tiny

brown nut. Colour and texture the same as skell ot

hazel nut with little beak on top which was paler 1n

colour. Bottom also paler. Not globular 1n shape,

inclinea to be ang~lar. two different specimens

found (one 1n each bud) Length-I/S".

3. Unidentified gall in bud. Long green tube-like

structure projecting out of 'artichoke' This tell oft

when being picked, but down at base of bud was the

remainser ot gall which was greeniah-brown with larva

inside. EVidently Andricua species. (Pl.4)

(Humber 2 aboYe.as found in same bud.)

Another 8pec~en was examined which had not the tUbe

projecting above. 3/IO"long, green, fairly soft. No

hard shell inside. Larva like that ot Cynipa Kollari,

quite fa~ and a1most &8 large. Length whan bent

inside gall - in X I/I2-. Mouth parts reddish.

4. July 30th oak leav•• tound with Heuroteru8

numismatis and several withered galla 11ke those ot

Dryophanta dlvlsa. July 31st, one was opeaed and two

stag. of devolopunt found. inside. Aug Ist, onl1

56.2-

one image had emerged - small green.metallic chalcid.

Ventral part ot abdomen golden-yellow. Antellllae yellow.

Head and thorax light metallic-grean. Legs yellow.

Tip or abdomen black. Length-about 2mms. Second

emerged two days later •

•

57.

OhiJER

Laptdoptera are 4-winged insects having not more thaa

Body, wings and other appendages

are covered with scales. Kouth parts suctor!al.

•

Metamorphosis complete.

Larvae- Well-developed head, ~pairs legs and a variable

numbe~ of prolegs. 4th~and 5th abdominal segments .

never bear prolegs and in th!s and other ways alreadl

enumerated, thiy may be distinguished trom Saw-fly

larvae.. The thoracic legs are 5-Jointed, .ending in

a curved claw. Prolegs have a circlet of hooklets and

those on last segment may be te~ed clas.ers. Pro-

and metathorax small, mesothorax large. Number orthoracic legs alw.,.. constant except in case. where

there are none at all. The head 1s well-developed

..l..

Here 1Ie are only

Conalst ot head and 12 body segments.

showing the median epicranial suture olearly and the

trona 1s bounded by narrow adtrontal plates.

General11 6 ocellJ 8ituated bahind tke antennae, which

are very short. Well-developed mandibles; labial~ftA,.\.~

palps vestigial. Humber of abdominal legs ~ vary~_ •..i

andlHl -I.ome leaj;.. miners they may be entirel}' absent.

Body may be beset with simple hairs or tubercles of

various types.

'.Habits of Larvae- ~ vary greatly.r

concerned with leaf-miners, leaf-folders. leaf-roller.

and those which spin adjacent leaves together.1

j

58.

Many ot the Tinaina live between united leave. or

torm a dwelling by drawing together the terminal

shoots of plants, especially vario•• specie. ot Sa11x.

The great maoorit7 ot them mine between the outioles

and ,these are very easily detected, the mined portions

becoming discoloured with age. Some members exhibit

a marked preference tor one particular kind ot plant,

while others are polyphagous.

The mo••• tor sheltering thlma.lve8 adapted

by the Tortricina are numerous and varied. fhey roll.>

twist or distort the leaves ot various plants. i'h.1r

larvae are naked or very aparing17 sprinkled with

hairs and are never to b. round gregariously.

or them are leaf-miners 1n their young state.

Many

!he

folding and twisting ot the leaves, so frequently

met with, is accomplished b7 mean. ot white s11k .puno....... ~ •

by the larva whlea is evidently of an elastic nature,

and h.rdans on exposure to air. In this manner,

opposite edges of the strongest leaves may be drawn

towards each other.

Length of larval lite varie., most ~_

remaining in this state dur1ng the winter months.

These laryae are all much a11ke 1n g.~.ral appearanoe.

Oenerally possi•• IS teet (~roleg8 and 2 anal) Head

and shield horny~and there 1. trequently a ~orn7 plat.

situated dorsal17 on the anal segment.

59.

Larvae reeding on the surface ot the foliage usually

have well-developed legs and are .lothed with hairs,

. while those within the .is8ues ot the plant are either

tootless or poasess partial17 developed legs and have

a smooth surtace.

In the p~pal stage there is also great diversity

as regards torm and habit. In manJ cases the laRvae

deseDt the too~plant and search tor a 8uitable place

in which to undergo transformation. Lanal skin

usual17 1088s .uch of its colour now and is eventuallJ

cast orf. I have often found the cast skins with1D

the mines ~rter pupation has takeR place. The maJor-

tty of species spin a cocoon. ~i8 1s orten tormed

ot leaves drawn together bJ a silkeD meahwork. The

body divisions ot head, thorax and abdomen are now

clearly Yislble.

fha various speoies ot Salix seem to be most

prone to LapidopteroU8 attacks but I have also ~ound

the larvae inhabiting holly, oak and alder.

OK the whole this group has proved more diff1c­

ult to identify than any other, since many different

larvae species have similar habits.

F~I3Crl Or:iil;;i~.~ICJU~a (Hub) (Pl.18)

Plant affected • Ilex aqulfo11~.

Type of Gall • LeaY6S of terminal shoot drawn together

i

j

60.

by silken thread. to form a kind or rosette.

Oolour _ Same as remainder ot the young leaves.

Typio...l oondition • Unilarval •.2- I

Date and Locality: Cork Kay and June '44.

Distribution e Hot veri common.

It holly trees be examined during Kay and June

the wor~of these lar~a. s111 be readily seen. Ih.

leaves ot the terminal shoot. are drawn upwards and

fastened securely together by tlne,whitesilken threads.

This larva whlch is a Tortrix has 16 teet and is of a

. dirty-green colour with black hoany head and shield.

Pupa measuree 3/5". Dark brown.

Imaso emerged. lat JUly 144. Head amo~ black, tufted

with hairy scales. :l7es lars-, d••p brown and having

a kind ot velvety appearanoe. Antennae simple, smolq

blaok. Abdomen shining ~ld gre71sh. Length -over In.

Forewings very dark grey and bind wings lighter and

rather greenish. Palp longer than head with middle'

Joint twice as long as apical. Terminal Joint black.

Thorax smoky black.

long as broad.'

Anterior lwlngs three times as

U~nE.3S~la COi~'J.'~.i¥iIllZLLb. (Zeller) {Pl. 20)

Plant affected. Salix vlm1nali·s.

TypQ of Gall. Leaves at tips or leading shoots joined

together.

Colour • S&mG as other 70ung leaves, pale green or reddl~

61.

Typical Condition _ Unilarval •.,L (

Date ~ld Locallt1 • Lota, Cork 10/5/'44.

Distribution : Oommon.

It osiers be examined during Mal (and June also)

it w11l be tound that the t81~nal shoots have the

leaves all united. Each lear is drawn upwards and.\~ /N.;~~./

curved inwards and glued togethQr. There aay be 7

or 8 or even more leaves involved, and the larva i.

enolosed in the innermost le~, Larva 1s ver1 small,

whitish, and wriggle. actively wheD disturbed. One

moth emerged 28/6/'44. Anterior wings 2* times &8

long as broad, rounded a~ tip. Hind wings not quite

as long. Anterior wings reddish-ochreous, with base

pale yellowish-grey with. small d~rk spot on the inner

m&rgin. Above the middle are two black spots· united

to torm a curved. streak; below the middle 18:.

lellowish-grey spot surrounded by black. -Fo.ter1or

wings whitish-grey.

Length-I9mma.

Head and thorax pale ochreous,

Plant Atfected =Alnus glutinosa.

Type of Gall : Blister. Transparent when held against

light.

~osition on Leaf =Between the lateral vein••

Colour. Light green at tirst, turning brown with age.

These l.ayes were collected as late as hov.7th

62.

with the la~va. still within the b~lsterl-I line long,

yellowish, tood aanal showing as a greenish streak.

Head blaok at aides with a black V-shaped mark in the

middle. Legs 14 in all. Head narrower than seoond

SGgnent. I have never succeeded in rearing this moth.

When exam1ned again on Nov.lIth the mine was found to

contain a second Case in'ide in which the l~rva was

situated with its head end towards the midrib and~

remainder ot the mine contained trass. This seoond

case may be present when the larva is about to pupate.

Later found similar galls in Kay with pupal case pro-

truding trom lower surrace. This and the fact ot larvae

having 14 legs seems to po~nt to it, being a 'lthocoll-

.tis species. It also had the 3rd and 4th body ••8-

menta rather enlarged, which is a characteristic ot

some members of this tamilr.

probablr L1thocolletis alni'oliella (Zeller).

LITHOCOLLE~IS SALICICOLELLA (Zeller)

Plant Affected =Salix Capreae.

Type ot Gall : Blotch on under surtace which causes

the leaf to told sll&ltly backwards.

Date and Locality. Cork, Wilton 13/12/1 43.

Colour • Whitish-b~own beneath.

Ratner 11k. that Of Llthocollet1s messaniella

on oak. (OBly(found'jOllCe and this was in December,,-_ ...../

when the pupal stage r~ bean reached, ther0fore there

63.

1s no certainty that the blotoh was tormed by this

species, but from all appearances a Ll thocolletls sp.

is indicated. At Easter an Ichneumon fly (~li.mitela8)

had emerg~d which was evidently a parasite on the

owner ot the 'gall'.

LI'J.'::0CCL~E'i'IS iV1bS8.n.NI:C;LL4 '1 (Zeller) (Pl.39)

Plant Affected • Oak.

Type of Gall # Pucker 08 upper surface, tlat,bliater

below.

Colour =Pale brown and witherod-looking above, whitish

below.L \

Date and Locality. Bantry June"4,Gle~garritrAug. '44

Cork 'Sept. Oct '44.

Typical Condition: Unilarval.

averabG Dimensions. 5/12" x 3/12".

Distribution « Co~aon.

Tilese galls were found several times previously

after the imagos had escaped, and it was only this

summer that they were suocess!ullJ reared. The larvae,

mine the leaves of oak by simpl1 creating a rlat blotoh

on the vontral surtace of the leaf in such a manne~ th•• ,

a pucker 18 produced on the upper surface. The gall

1s quite transparent and wheG held ~a1n.t the light

~e larva may be seen inside. When discovered in

Glengarrl~t on Aug. 15th allstagea were found on the

same tree, that is, la~a, pupa and stage after which

imago had emerged. The ventral part or this mine 1.

64.

suggestive of tissue paper pasted on to the leat and

and always has a told ot tissue running lengthwise.

Len~th of larva - ~~s. Colour - white. with head

faintly-ooloured brown. Food canal green. Head

narrower than second ~egmant. Thoracic legs short.

Pro-lega not well defined (~air8 and claspers). Ta-pers

towards posterior end. Segments bulge outwards ati

edge~ there are minute tubercles with hairs attaohed.

The larvae eat the patches in ~per part of leaf.

Mouth parts are pale brownish-yellow.

Pupa - 4mms a180 • Enclos.d 1n a pure-wh1te,sllk,

cigar-shaped oocoon within the mine. Attached by 8ilken

ihreads to lower part ot mine at either end. Lies

lengthwise 1n mine. Later becomes covered with dark

trass-llke particles.

13/8/1 44. Imago amerged.

9/9/'44 Chalcld ..erged trom similar mine.

IO/9/'44 Male Hemiteles aad female Colas tea braconlu8

emerged trom similar mines.

EPiJNj)~ VL,lIi....LIS (Pl. 20)

Plant Affected • Sallow.

Type of Gall. Leaf folded backwards.

Colour. Green. same as other leayes.

Date =July '44.

~ypical Condition. Unilartal.

Distribution • Common.

Larva-i" long. Colour - pale green w1tL bright...,.."too-).~:-"): ...

",: ....... '.. _ -

65.

green tood-canal. Head shining grey with black lines.

Legs black tor most part. Second segment has semi-

oiroular black mark broled in middle. Tapers slightly

towards each end; flat beneath. Very activo larfa.

Leaves folded along one or both sides. Sometimes

almost meet in middle below.

One larva only in euch leaf.

Wh1t9)s11ken tube inside.

This larva comes nearest

to Bpunda vim1nalis but I could not aee the white dots

on the back of each segment which are oharacteristic

of that speciesJ 3pr. legs, 4 pre prolega , and Ipr.

olaspers.

Parasite bred • temale Braconid.

,Found lepidopterous tarva rolling willow le~-ve8 on

Aug 1st ot this lear. Description corresponds with

that of Taeniocampa cruaa but the latter~, 1s

full grown in Mal or the beginning ot June, whl~e aJ

specimen was still onll in on Aug 1st.

Head shining black, about same width a~s second segmentLegs black. Prolega dull yellowish-green. Body

cylindrical, brownish-green above, ventral surface

paler. Shining black plate on second s'gment, dividedt

in centre; another black plate on anal segment.

Ventral surface and prolegs dull yellowish-green.

Splr~cles black.

66.

Lepidopterous l~rva rolling !!!£ of ~lder. (Pl.40)

An Alder leaf was foun. I9/8/'44 rolled com­

pletely around and secured with silken tl~e~.s. Tip

ot leaf was folded 1n so that the top of the structure

formed by the rolling of the leaf was completell

closed at this end but had an opening at the base.

The larva (one on11) was 3/IO"in length.

Colour - tranpparent whitish with dark brown food-canal.

Legs, same as body. Anal segments blackish. Kouth·

parts reddish.Ypsipetes impluviatalQCcurs 1n folded

up Alder leaves but ttis belongs to the Geometrae,

and has not the usual number ot legs which my larva

had. They are quite alike 1n colour and markings

generally_

lIla1 be Gracilaria elol~ei'lla but I can fina no

description of this larva apart from the tact that

it rolla up the leaves or Alder.

Lecidopterous larva rolling broad-leaved willow.{Pl.20)

On Aug 3rd. round one edge ot le~r folded

backwards and glued down on ventral surface. Only

one larfa discovered in each leaf. Length - 4imrns.

Head blaCk. Body yellowish. ~airs ot legs and 4

or prolegs. Claspers present. At first it was thOUght

to be til Hymeu.opterolls larva, but pos1 tion or prolegs

contradicted this. Legs had blackish-grey banda

and brown claws. Prolegs same colouration a8 abdomen.

j

67.·

Proj ect well below abdomen. Orange-brown tood-canal

passes through body. Head black, mouth;parts reddish.

Lepldopterou8 larva rolling broad-leaved willows (Pl.iO)

Found Aug loth. Length 1/5". 0010\11' whi tish

with lime,green food-eanal. Head shining black, with

V-shaped light lines. Legs black tor the most part.

Mouth-parts brown. No characteristic markings except

on head.

Also found tiny white Tineina larva uniting

these leaves. Length - 1/10". Looks whlt,to naked

eye, but when examined under lena appeared to be pale

yell... Head black. Legs dark gr.,- First .egment

has dark brownish-black band. Head heart-ahaped with

line. ot a paler tint.

Alao found an osier leaf on 9/8/'44 with a tin1

white caterpillar rolling back and glueing down the

extreme tip ot leat. BG markings whatsoever.

Colaophara sp.

Seyeral tim•• have I found Alder leaves with

brown blisters and attached to the blister, a brownish",

withered-looking case about in in length, which I had

neY&r been able to name. When writing this I accident.

11 came a~088 an illustration or a similar case named

as belonging to the"Pi.tol Case-B.are~, Coltophora

MallTOre1la (Hiler) on apple leaves. !he cases which

I found alao resembled an old-fashioned pistol .in

miniature, the butt bteng the upper end. These little

68.

cases are yery tough and afford a good .iana or pro-

tect10n tor the larvae.",-..,.....L

Since 8B1"···ot these were p.e(

kept it must sufrlc~ to sJY that the7 were Coleophora

ap. Perhaps Coleophora tusced1nella (Zell) which 1.

round on Alder.

69.

OhVBR lYe ACAhINA.

FM4. PHYTOPTIU~ ..

\

The tiny creatures belonging to this t~i17 are so des­

tructiva to our native tree. and have been so little studied,

that it may be well h~re to give an account and also a classlf-

ication of the group. In most text-books the•• tour-footed

mites are to£erred to as Erlophyidae, but recent research has

given Phytoptidae priority over Eriophyldae. The most u-

tensive and important work done is by Nalepa, whose writings

are not, however, in English. Keifer, of California, has

pl.,iolish3d mWl! Pall1.plllets in recent years ~s al"9o has Kassee,

of tbe East Malling Research Station.

These mites are of such slliall dimensions that they must

be measured in terms of~. They may vary from 90( x 30~ to

250.1( x 60.li in the male. The b~dY' 1s elongated and vermiform

in shape, and.. is divided into two parts. (I) C.phalothorax,.

which is short and broad, and (2) an elongated cylindrical

abdomen. When looked on from Ihs dorsal aspect l t~~ distinc-

tlGn tet~.ve0r. the two is quite dlstince, but ventrally it is

in6istinct. The head and thoras proper aro hidden by a

dorsal shield-like pla.te, bearing distinctive sculptural

markings, which torm an impo»tant feature of the nO.m~J.iclature.

Close to the head is a pair of 3-aegmented palps. 'j,'he ba&al

segmonts Wlite to form the labiwn. The rostrum liez between

70.

the palps Q.nu this is formed uy tb.'-' two me..xill€:.o j oln­

1ng to form a groove in 'which 110 the chelicerae or r.>.

mandibles. ~he rnaxillae are really projections from

tho sides of the pulpi.

The l~t.;s (four in number) k.re 6-j oint~6, the

segments being known as tbc trocl:~ntor) f~mur" ~;P..telllZ."

tl~ia, tarsus and pret.rsus. This last segment 1 •••

the pretarsus was called "Fl.derbos~en (Feathered hair)

by Nalepa. It i~ referrod to by most author. as the

"Fe&trered Claw" • It consists of a central axis wi th

2-5raY8 branching from it. ~t the extremity of the

tarsus a stout curved brj)stle known ~s the "Krallenborste"

(Claw bristle) in situatsd dorsally.

Usually all the segments except the trochanters

of all four legs are provided with bristles. These

lJristles vary in stran~tL. klld in leagth. ~lhe bristles

on the femora .ra fiu9, short and placed ventrally.

Those on the ]Jatellue &.re strong, rather long and pl.ced

dorsally. Each tarsus hkZ two bristles arising close

together from a notch on tho dorsal surface. Gener'-ill;r

the outer bristle 1s longer than the anterior one.

Placed ventrally on the Cephalothorax, between

tl~e legs are three pall'S of bristles, called thoracic

seta I,II,and III, respectively. Pair I is longest

and p&ir III shortest~usually. There is gener&.lly a

71.

pair of dorsal setae also weich may be sessilo or arise

from prondnent tubercles.

The abdomen 's verJ' much elongated a~d tapers

slightly towards the posterior and. It is transversely

striated,I the number of rings or striations vaa.l"~/lng

according to the specias. These mayor may not be

complete, and there may be very tiny or comparatively

large tubercle" lying on" or 1n bejw90n the striae.

As well as the thoracic setae, there ~re also abdomln~l

setae. These are (I) Genital setae. (2) Lateral setae

(~) Ventral setae I,IL,III, (4) whip-like Caudal setae

(5) Accessory setae, slt·.1ate:: between the caadal zeta.,~.>~

but these may be absent in soma.

The genital openings ~re situated on the ventral. ~

surface of the abd()~Ueil. Tho f'emal~...consi~ts of' ..

~~- semicircular f'laPI~-an openi~-;;th-;"·-~1;-~d-;;~~;3"i~~.

1'1'19 male opening 1s smaller and slit-like with thickened

murnlns.

Colours are generally white, whijlsh-yellow or '

(For diagram or above discriptlon see Plate 43)

72.

The following CLASSIFICATION 1s th~t or Nalepa(I9IGb)

Sub-family l.:;l'~ovh;;inaa.

Abdomen uniformly striated. The striae appear circular

aro~~d the abdomen, the number dorsally being about

equal to that ventrally. Venter always, dorsum

usually.tuberculateu.

I. Abdomen without dorsal longitudinal turrows. 2.

abdomen wIth one or more longitudinal turrows. 3.

2. AbdoMen wi th narrow stria:3 mastly tuberculated or at

most smooth dorsally; generally 3 ~~irs ventral bristles.

• EhIO.t>HYES •

Abdomen with broad smooth striae; first and second

pairs of abdominal bristles absout. • C~CIDC~AC~ES.

Abdomon tuberculated; tubercles carrying I or more

upright or backward;/~urVinghairs. • ~hICriOSTIG~A.

3. Abdomen ~lth I median longitudinal furrow •

• ilIOh0CHE'J.'lTS.

Abdomen with several dorsal longitudinal furrows.

• PHYiOP10CHE~0S

Sub-family Phyllococtinae.

Abdomen not unlforml1 striated. The striae appear as

halt ciecles around the abdomen; the number dorsll11

being usually much less than that ventrally. The

ventral striae are narrow and tuberculated. The last

"posterior 5 striae ap,ear complete, thus encarcllus

the abdomen.

73.

I. Number of dOl~sal half-rinss smaller than that of

ventral, which are very narrow, most of them bearing

tubercles.

Number of dorsal halt-rings larger than ventral, the

latter are very broad, overlapping like sc~les.

, PHYLLOCOP~YChES.

2. Legs 6-segmented, feathered-cIa. simple. 3.

Legs 5-sagmented, feathered-claw forked:.lJlfJ.'ILOMIOPUS

3. Abdomen not uniformly striated throughout, all dorsal

halt-rings broader than those of ventral side. 4.'--<~

Abdomen back of shield uniforml; striated, thence to

anal opening not unito~ll striated and covered with

broad8r dorsal halt-rings. ~ PAhaPHYTOPTUS.

4. Dorsum ot abdomen smooth or with tubercles. 5.

Dorsum ot abdomen bearing longitudinal row. ot

recumbent chitinous proce8s~s.

I. Dorsal halt-rings projecting tooth-llke at aides.

• OXYPLEURITES

Dorsal halt-rings .ever projecting tooth-like at sides.

6.

6. Dorsum evenly arched throuji'hout.

Dorsum stronBlj ~rched in middle.

7.

8.

7. Posterlo~ end of abdomen narrowly ringed Lnd sh~r~17

differentiated trom the rest, which 18 covered with few

broad Lalf-rlngs.

Posterior end ot abdomen not so differentiated.

• FEYLLOCCP~ES

w••8. Dorsum lined with 2 longitudinal furrows, flattened

posteriorly; dorsal half-rings mostly narrow, orten

wi th tubercles. • EPI'..ChLIGHUS

Dorsum of abdomen roof-like or arched, with'furro\Vs

and with 40rsal half-rings mostly broad, sometimes

moderately tooth-like or saddle like. = TEJO~OTUp.

75.

Notes on Galls caused by Phytoptld Mite••

This group of mites includas a l~rgo number of

gall-makers, a.nd the galls thus ~roduceofary much in

rOl~ and colour. The mi tes t:r~.ms.lYe8 are all some-

wh:\t similar in general appearlil.nce and structure, yet

th~ diversity of 3G.lll-structure Is tru.ly am:..:aing.

'rhe well-known Eriophyes tri striatus crinea w1:ich

attHcks Juglv.nds regia nukes l.>.l1 crinew.u g'iill on the

lOdflets which nevor differs much in colour from the

remainder of tLe loaf, thouph. .O"il"tillles becoming

chocolute-bro,Yn with ag A (Pl.30) Eriophyes brevitarsu.

forms large blister-like swellings on Alder (Pl.?2)

·...·hile tV'iO other species a.lso attack this same plant

but produce totally different gall~structur~G, i.e.

i.l'iCI~:t:-es l.evis (Pl.24) Which torms masses of small

globular,) slightly pedunculated ,-,Htlllngs, which, owing

to their o.ccurrenc~ in such l~rr:" numbers considerably

distort the leaf, whilst Erlophyes axillarls, 'as tl.:.e'\- -. . _--.. .,' }

(~arr~~._.~.~~~~.!;cat,;.ses small ren:i.form [Rlls '"diet. occur

in pairS/lin the axile of the lateral v.lns from the

midrib. ('1.2~) ~hese two: latter types of gall vary

in colour trom light gref)n, yellow, yellow~3h-or~nge,

orange-rcd to Qkrk chocolate-brown, and ~re thus Tery

Gb.sllJ sean at a glance wl;crever they occur. 'f11e

mites themselves never v&ry very mucb in colour, being

76.

their galls eX4~ibit a very wide diversity or colour.

'lIb us " tto Galls of Phrllocoptes ucerieol: CJl1 Acer p:.~9uc.lo-

I-':l~t(.nv.s {~rf' (; brilliant crimson colour and oecur in

great numbers as tine cone-shaped structures on the uppor

surface of tl:e leaf" s12.o.:inG DJ; 'iV~ll acuinst ti'e litLt

green or 'he leaf itself; similarly the :familiar f'nCl.II

gall" of Erio~..)hyes tiliaa t:;'picus on tl(1 Lime 1s also

brilliantlJ colon.red (?1.~7) In fact tLese two latter~ ~

tY-P'33 ar3 p'3rh<.i~)s tr'~~:~riL~:~t~t colCJ\lrBd of ;;.:.11 l(~hf-

~-::~!.ll s found so fs::..r •

..:Lll Phltoptid GQlls wLich I ha.ve foUnd wore on

the u;>IH~r iurface of the leaf, GUld eacl: had aj."l o.1Joning

vent~~ll:r and Wel'., nover completel:! close(.,- as in "true

galls ll•

~iCiUlY ap.~ear to be local, as some which Qrc mentionec

in most books on the subj oct ~ I have f.l1ed entirolJ- to

perceive. Erloph,y9S aucnpariaa"r b~ve, only once( found----_...- .._,_._ .._--'-- ........~

on pyrus aucuparia at Cara~h Lake, Co. Kerry, and although

t!-·~ Mountuln As!: is pL.7'ticularly plentiful arcurid

Gleu[arritf, I h&ve sev~r~l times lockoC for it but in

vain. Cr~tQegus oxyac~itha yielded only Eriophyes

~~"'''te!irl:u.:,_:t, but Eriophyes crat,,-egl which should be very

conln>.on L<.iS not be 011 found./,-.

Erio..ohyes pirl has~nl1'\___,,,.. I' .,_/

been dlscovered,once. Eere ~gain I have found tbe

Beecr. q".li te llrJlT'.u-''1.6, ~lthougL Nale:~·a. t~s recordod n'y~ci~e

I hav~ f ..... ilc... to fina ;,Jly [l'C\itt cr.:. B11'ct le~vas.C'tr..Lt.~

..

77.

Ph:rtoptu,s calycophthirus (l~61.l) and Phyto)tus leionotus

(Nal) lire both l,tnoWl1; to iii.t tact! t::..ls p l ..nt. t.rho Maple

although commonly illustrat~d wlt~ t.o different types

of Phytoptid g~ll also gave negatl vo results but tl.:.is

tree is net of sucb fl'Oqt.:..011t eccu;crellCC in -'chis ~~ro~ e:;.S

[.:""0 t!:.G Eee:ct. ~d ·C. thl!! Birch.

llLUS glutinosa again yielded great abur..dance ~nd

variety, while Crataegus oxyaca~tha.and Prunus spinosa

were quite commonly attacked. Eosa sp. yielded no

mite-gall whatsoever, nor m'd Quercus robur. Theee two

plants seem to be favoured by Hymenorytera more than by

any ot}v~r ins act groups, so lt~·.ieeJils. that ~von such

tiny creatures as P~ytoptid mitei huv~ t~elr choice host

r1&lltz ulzo.

to work on due to t~'ir uinutc size. Sev01'al l"lCtj'.CGS

of mounting for microscopical eX&:,iL.inatlon I::kVe been

attempted as above de.cribed. Hassan "Biology of the

Epio,hyidae." gives a very detailed account ot micro­

scopical technique as applied in hes research, which

ho~~ver, I have n~t fOWld very successful.

79.

ERIOiH".i.'"E3 TRIS~RIATU§. bIN.TIl, llial) (Pl.:SO)

Plant affected = Jugl~ds regia.

type ot Gall • Erlneuwj glabrous above, densely

pubescent below, surface covered with

wrinkles.

Position on Leaf - Upper surface of leaflet between

the lateral veins.

Colour =Pale green turning brown with age.2... r

Date and Localit7.: U.C.C. Oct. 1 42,'43.aug-lov'44

Distribution - Much cannot be said here as this

~as the only ~alnut tree examined.

Averag~ dimensions : 6rnms. high x 16 '1ms, long x IOrr:.ms

These galls are·very noticeable on the leaflets of uklnut

occurring between the la~9r~1 veins. The] may be

coalescent • A swelling appekra on the upper surface of

the leaflet as if it were pushed upwards from below,

and the interior becomes tilled with a felt-ll.e mass ot

light bufr-coloured hairs among which the mites .warm.

The galla were tirst discovered in Oct. '42, but at

this late date no mites were pres.~t in the galls.

HoweYer, the latter were quite plentifUl in August and

September of the following yekr, and quite ,ucc'.stul

.8lides ware made of them~ul1ng Berle!. fluid.8 the

mountin~ medium.

Measurements or :Male -lYo( x 2'11(

"Body - elongated, cylindrical. St~81d sffi&ll, tr1angular

80.

the middle area having three long lines. .l>orsal .eta

Ii times as long as the shield, its protiub.r~lc.

simple. Thoracic .eta II~ far removed from the inner

coxal angle. Abdomen with about 70 - eo rings, saooth

or sparsely pittod. Lateral setk very short.

Accessor:r seta rb.tLer long. Cover-flap strongf'arched

and smooth. Genltul seta short, fixed at base.

Yare Erineus - SlJ!le as above descripticn but ring.

broader • Leis and tarsus proport1.on~ltelY sr-:orter.

. .EliIOfHYES 'lIET.tUiO'rrlRI.f L.ri.EVIS (Hal) (p1.24) t

Plant affected ~ Salix caprea.

T7PG of Gall =Gregarious, may be coalescent,

woody, pilose above with an opening

below.

Position on leaf e Scattered over upper surface.

Colour-= Green, MUJ be Dinged with red or brown.J- •

Date and Locality. Bantry, 1017/ 1 44

Distribution :' 1'Ia lr11 common.

Average dimensions : 3:,~"1ls x 81r.InS in girth.

I am not satisfied with the identity or these galls.

Connold in his descript1~n of the~ (Br,Veg.Galls) say&:-

The call-strilcture i":~ pilos0 011 the uP::J'.:r surfD.ce of the

le~r and glabrous beneath. ~hen this (the aperture) 18

vle~ea under magnification, numerous purple-coloured

spots can oe seen studdinc the mar~ln.n Those which I

Sl.

found were not by any means glabrous beneat~, a~~ the

up~er surface *as on17 very sparing11 hairJ. Ag&.ln .

I failed entirely to find the purple spots studding the

marfin of the aperture. The mite was or~g. in colour.,As I cannot rind any me~~s or verification, N~lep~'s

description of Eriophyas tetanothrix laevis 1s given

below.

Measurements of Male )1i te a A60~ x4tlt

n ft Female n

Body ...atly slender, splncile-sr-apeJ. Shielu triallg~lar

with netted linas. Dorsal seta long and st1ft.

Rostrum' slender. Tarsus shorter

than tibia. Fe.therlcl•• "-radiate. Sternal r1dge

movlabl.. Abdomen with 50 • 60 rings, pitted or smooth

dorsally. Vontral setae long. Accessory setae short.

Cover-flap strlpea. Gealtal setae lone.

VJiJ.r. laevis~

Dorsal surface of abdomen _ mooth or very £1u811 p1tted.

.Shield-marking ~ot clear.

as Vontral seta I.

Dorsal leta hard11 as long

EI-IOP:Ir~3 fILI~ ?lPIC',JS (l~al) (Pl. 37)

Fl~..nt Q.f~octr.-d • Tilla ~rop.~••

Type of Gall ~ Glabrous, conIcal, glos~7,gre£arlou•.

Position en Leaf. Scattered on ~pper surface.

Oolour • Yellow1sh-green turning a brilliant cr1mso#"..... . .

Date and Locality. U.C.C. 38/IO/'44

Ul.:;tri'Wtial - Veri rare here.

82.

Average Dimensions = 81'u::s high.

Commonly called "nail gallsn since they r-Js-ombla points

or small nails sticking up ~hrou~h the leaf.

having the 1nterior tilled with lon; hairs.

Quite hollow)

Although I

have searched tor these galls tor a long time, I did not

find them until lat. October of this year and then only

on a few leaves and not in large numbers. I did not find

a single mit. in any gall, but since the growth ot this

particular type Is complete since the end of July, this waa

no surprise • Hence I can again give·only a copy ot Nalepa's

. account of these mites.

Measurements of 'Male -l'•.f( x 141(

It .. 14'smale -100.1( x j 5A.t

Body ve~lrorm, or cylindrical. Shield semlcirculaD.

Dorsal sa)a I1 times ns lont; as shield, not very strai:ht.

Tub~rcles large near posterior ena. hostrum slender.

Feathe~claw4-radlat.. Tibia and tarsus fairly long.

Sternal ridge not fiIed. Tl,or&c1c seta II a*&J from

inner coxal ~1g1e. AbdoLan 'if1 tL ~~D\.tt 80 rin[s. Ventral

seta I very long, d~licate. Ventral seta II somewhat

Genital seta fixed, short.

S!10rter. I Caudal seta ver"":J'" lonG •..

Coverflap striped.

Vnr, typlcus.

Abdomen coarsely pitted.

Accessory set~ n:lss1ng.

PEYTOPTnS ~CROCHELUS ~hO~IDS. (Pl.26)

Plai'1.t 9.tfect~d :: ii.cer ~seullo-platanus.

"

83,

, ~'1pe of Gall. Erlneum.

Positioa on Leaf. Upper surface between the veins

Colour. &reonlsh at first turnin! dark brown to blackL ,

Dat8 and Locality. Bantry Auguat '44.

, Diatributlon : ~re.

·This call was at first thought to b. due to tungi but

lat.r the mite. were found s~Qrmin& in the relt~llk. ventral

surtace. I am indebted to Dr. ~aS$0. or tho Bast MaIling

Research Station tQr the Identltlcatioa ot this species,

.a I had not to'..Uld the ga.ll mention.ed in any or the availa.ble .

literature.

Measurement ot 14ue -.~ x a....,if j'emale - 1-4t x 14.1(

Body elong~ted c;rlil1d.rloal. Shield. s.;uall with indistinct'.r:..~..t:

long "lines. Doraal seta someWhat longer than the shield,

atitt. Legs weak. Ola,,-brl.trle more thaa twice .a Alone-as the 4-radlate fe~ther~l••• sternAl ridge simple.

Thoracic ••ta II placed much to tore. Abdome». finely

pitted with about 66 rings. Rings -.ar tall-flap dlstiactljet

broa.der. tateral .eta QDout half as long as Dorsal ••ta.d

Ventral seta II 80J11ewhat, lOD&er thu Doraal set5l.. Ventral

seta II very tln,(nd&lmOat aa lODg as the claw. Cover/lap

8~rlped... Epigynum ba81n ....hap~d. Gen1 tal seta stirt, short.

ERI0PHYES RIBIS (Nal) (Pl.3I)

Plant affected =Ribas Aigr~.

Type ot Gall. nBig Bud".

rosition on Plaut. SlngI1 a' nodes ~ld in clusters

84.

at apex or branch.

Colour =Greyish brown •.2- r

Date and Locality .Bantry, Kay 143. Karch,Aprll 114.

Distribution : Rather common.

Causes the ••11 known "Big Budftdls.~s$ in black-ourrant

and become. quite a pest in gardens ,here."

~h. mites

occur in Gl.l0rmOUS nu3bera in the buds and nw.7 b. looked.

for as loon as buds appear. lewlt.ad (n~he Currant Bud

I"

Jiite" Journ.Roy.Hort.Soc.I90I) records having counted

3,000 individuals in one"bud in Zan. and in Karch, h..

says .. It would be sate to add halt as many more" ~.

buds are intested and swell until ~.7 are globular 1n

shape and almost twioe the sl.e ot a llomal bud. They

drj up 'early in summer and produce no tolLage. I haye

also found it attackL~ gooseberry.

Measu.rements ot Male - 1604(X .••,.,

" ft Female - 2so.c( :x. ;'0'4

Body very elongated, cylindrical. ShielQ almost tri-

angular, aaont 5 line 8 long, In the middle area. Side

are&i4.S aBe coarsel,. pitted and traversed by curved lines

Dorsal .eta absent. Rostrum short... 'tibia and tarsus

from inner ooxal angle.

almost equally long.

ridge stltt and tixed.

P.ath.rela~ 5-rad1ate. Sternalf\

Thoracic .eta II far removed

Abdomen witb approximately

70 rings. Ventral seta I long. Ventral seta II ~hort

Accessory seta abs.nt.~ Coverllap atrlped.Genltal ••ta

projecting {80m sid., .hort.

85.:

Plant Iltr·"cted • P1'rus oommunls.

..ER...:i:_'O....'P...,H_YE.-,·....8 PItt! (Nal) (Pl.3I)

,*.

•

. ,#

.Type of Gall. Gregarious, glab~ous, coalescent.

Position on leaf a Scatterod lB. very large num.bera

ov.~ upp.r surface or leaf.i'

Colour = Gre ')nl sh-yollo'Y,reddish turn1ng bro-q. •.2- 'Date and Locality. U.C.C.gardens July '43.

Average dimensions ~ Imm x 2mms.

These galls occur in very lar~. numbers on the leat.

T1ny hol•• on ••ntral surface give access to hollow

protjuberauce"bove. I have f~.~.~!'roun(rthes&Tonce, though.

alwa18 on the ·'Batch tor them.

}!oasurements of Male - ~~"( .x 404(

• t1 Pemale -~ Sol(

Bod1 vermitorm. Shield small, .em1clrculhr, marked with~~;".(J

long~lln.s. Dorsal seta a l1ttle longer *ban .~1.ld,

Dearly straight. Tuberc'les large, very ~.i?r each other,

• ear posterior end.

almost knobbed.

behind anterior

Peatherela9 '-radIate •1\

sternal ridge simple. Thoracic set. IS

end or )'teru.l ridge. Thoracic ••ta II

far remoyed from inner coxal angle. Abdomen with 80

rings. Ventral seta I fairly long. Ventral .eta II ver7

short. .&ccel80rY .eta atltflsh. '. BpiEaJlUB tar back.

Coyer,...flap stripea., Genita.l .etfat fairl,.- long.

ERIOPHY~ SIMILIS.(Nal) (Pl.33)J

Plant atfect8d • Prunus spinosa.

•

86.

Type or Gall =Gregarious, pUbescent, amall~irreg~lar

in shape.

POlitlo. on Leaf: Upper surface or ~ .d~el, open1.,

below.

Colour =Yellowish-green turaln~ brownIsh2- t

Date and LocalIt1 • Bantry June - Sept '44J .

ATerage Dimensions a 2m..'T1S hlgh.x6 in girth

These galla were not very common On Sloe tree.. Some whioh

were found in Oct. were butt-coloured, rather dried up and

contalRed ao mite.. The.e ••re densely pubescent and t

rather poInted at the top.

Measurements ot .ale - ~D4t x 401{'0

• ".male - i!o.fx -'s.,Body c7lindrlcal. Shield triangular, trayer••d by loq

lines. Dorsal .eta shorter than the ahleldand directed.

forwards. RO~um short. Tibia scare.l1 loager thaR

taraus. Feath.~ala. 5-ra~late. Sternal ri4ge fixed.

Thoracic sets II removed traa the lnaer coxal angl••

Abdome. with approx1matel~ 60 rin~8, mostly co~rse17

pittqL V~ntr.l seta I long. Ventral seta II stcrt.

Ace.aaorr seta absent.

short.

Covertlap smooth. Genital seta'"

iJiITOPTUS .~ PRUNIANU~ Yar. !!Q!,?P~Y."!:J~(Nal)(Pl~.z}

Plant ar:t'ected. • Prunua spinosa.

I am a.gun 1ndebt4tdto l)r,Kasae.~ tor the Identitlcatloa.

ot thi8 spec1$s. It was thoUght at first to b. Erlophyes

aimili. &al1. Colour - 7.11ow~1sh-p1ak autfused with red

8'1.

or purple. Occurred most17 oa edge of leaves •. Irregul­

ar17 reniform .1n shape, ~ath.r thickened, .-ith opening

on the upper sur1'ace. Pilose on inside•. Very common.

"MeRsuramonts or l£alo - NtrU x '041

" Female - .116.ltX 10'('(

Body cyllndrlc~l. Shield triangular, smooth or traversed.•r:..;.;....-..Q

by indistinct longh11»es. ~r.al .eta ahorter than the

shield, directed upw~.; prot;uwerances .err near to

eaoh other, lAserted at posterior .n4.

sbort. Tibia. .& little longer th&.Jl ta.rsus. -Featherslawf\

4-radiate. sternal rids_ rigid. Thoracic 8eta II tar

removed from the ilUl.er coxal aagle. Abdomen w1 th approx­

1mate11 55 rings, mostly smooth. Ventral seta I near

YGntral se~a II. fh.. latter 1s near17 halt ail,S long as

1;h. former. Accessory seta absent.

PLYLLOCCP'i'ES ACEIiICOLA (N~l) (Pl.2'7)

Plant atfected : Acer jseudo-platUlus.

~'1p. of Gall • More or less coaleal 'but not ver'1

pointed 0. top as 1n irlophle. tl11ae typlcua.

Glabrous, gregariou8.

Position on Leaf • Scattered in :\arge numbers over

upper surface.

Oolour • Bright carmine.

AYerage dimensions =Z x I~mma.~ ,

Date and Loealit7 _ Lota 10/5/1 44 Baatry 8/8/'44

Di.tributloa • Bather cammon.

The interior o.t these galla 1. tilled wfth hain.~ Very

elon~atedand stood upright on the leat.

brightly coloured, and since the.,. occur in such l~rge

numbers they are very easily detected. Smaller tran. lrJtil.

Erlophyes tll1ae typicus ~ which they agree in colour

but OOllllOld (Br.Veg.Galls) 6ioscrlbes tham as beiuEi more

or less round, whereas my specimens ware definitely

t 88. •'.C.1.~.:•.\.

'~

Measurement. or. Puale--.... x ..,. ,~

Body compressed. Posterior end of shield w1~e and strong.~

Shield large '!With indistinct delineation carrle4 up on»':;~

Dorsal seta short» and stiff., Rostrum

sternal ridge not fixed. Abdomen arched with ap~rox.

to rosi:rwll.

long and firm. Legs short. Feathe~c~a~ 4-raRiate.'j':

:.:...:.'.•.~:.>.., ...

,,-

.. :.:~

21 • 2~ smooth dor£~l sem1clrclea. ,Ventral set. I ver1

long- Accessory $et~ missinG- ~t.i.i1 flap slr.i.Qll.

Cover-- flap striped.

lon~.

Genital seta tixed at side, »athar

PEYLi~COPTE3 FRAXINI (Nal) (Fl.25)

Plant affected • Frax1nus excelsict.

~ype ot Gall. Glabrous, le~rlets rolle~ b&ckwards

and inwO-rds.

Pos·! tlon on leaf: Edges or l~arlets.

one side or botb. It the l~ttar,

may roll in so as to meet in-centre

Colour: Pale green beeondng sutfused with purpl.,

ult~tely tur:11ng chocol;:.a.te-bro';m",... ,

Dat:: a...."'1.d Loc~11tJ :# Bantry June '44.

Distribution • Not uncommon •.

-'11'

g~ln very eas7 acc'sa.

Measurell'lents of iliale - IJto.f( x ~'I.(!

" Female - 110.1{ X AiOA("

89.

animals. Since the ends lil.:ro.'0pGn tbese 11ttl$

These rolls are otten tenanted by aphiQs or oth.cr

Bod,. elongated. Shield halt-.lllptl~al, smooth.

Anterior end llttl.~marked. Dorsal .eta almost as lo~

as the·sh.ield, s1 tutilted well a.part trom each other at

the posterior end. Legs .ell pro-

or 2uttu••d with red.

Bantr1 JUM-Aug. '44.

••ta short. Accessor1 seta very short, 4ellcate.

sternal ridge not fixed.

Ventral seta II lone- CauQ~l

Cove~tlap narrowlJ striped.

Tibia almost twice a.lon~ as the tarsus.

I,ateral seta a 11ttleshorter than the very

Glabrous, coalescent.

Position o~ l.~t: Edges ot leaf lobes.

Colou:b .: Ei tl-:'ilr palGr green tr..aIl remainder ot leht

EliICf~~~ GCNIO~IORAA (Nall (Pl.28)

~ )Date and Locallt~ • Blarney Kay-Oct. '43.

Abdomen with approximatel)" 40 small sm.ooth doraal semi.

circles.

Feather-claw 4-radlate.

long Vantral seta I.

portioned.

:iplgyuwa large.

~AYerage Dimensions ~ 9mms x Inllt'l.•

·90.

•. '

Distribution • 'Common •.....

These '61.118 arc best seen if 'look•• ~or from below.

'l'hen the rolled edge,s s~w up well and coloured rod a.re . i:

still more easily seen. In leaves vvhlch are ...ery l;w.d17 I,:',

.,~~.

affected the whole leaf' may be condid~l~ably disterted.

s eta II short.. Acces '-Jor,,!. seta absent.

EhI~r:n:~ fIliI '.a.: ..21CUS \l.ial) (fl.29)----------

Oaragh Lake Co.Kerry, ~ld here on11 on one tree which was

~/entral ~eta I lonc;'; Ventral

brown.

GGnltll seta r~lr11 long.

2- ,

Date and Localit.7 • Oaruch Lake. JUly '44.

Colour =GreGul.lsh-yellow, turning r(t4 or reddlsh-

Plant ~rZected =pyrus &Q~~arla.

Type of' Gall : Pustul~t~ swelliRgs, gregarious

- hollow I co&.loscent.

Position on lca~ = Upper surface.

pitted..w~ .,.,bout 40 rings

smooth.

Distribution = Ver~ r4re.,,:'"

These galls wer~ found on one occ~sion on11. i.e. at

9I.

rather badly atfected. '1 have loaked tor it soveral

timea at Glengarrltt 'but never Succ,.>~ded 'in finding!'

again. Did not succeed in i ••lating any or the mites.

Plant arrectad • Alnus glutinosa.

EhIOPHY~3 BhEVITARSUS (Nal) (Pl.22)

Position on Lear =An7 part ot upper surface.

glabrous above, sll~ht17 pUb.8C.~t

below.

• Blister-liko swsllings. Gregariou.s,Type of Gall

-.f,

Connold (Br.Veg.Galls) applies tt.u~ nomenclature Erlophyes:~1,,!.j

aucuparlae to th1'~>speclesl but IIIves no description or ,;~

the mite; it is probabl: & 8,uonym ot E. pirl tJPlcus(Nal~

Nalepa's description ot this speci8s agrees with that of :.~.~..:...•••.'Erioph,.es plrl a.s given a"oYe but abdomen is oloarly .~

,:~

.~~'i~.~,~

~

~],";1;~,:J.i::j

Colou.r • Green, paler than leaf, often with a sort ot!;j

whitish hue above. BrownisL when old. ~~ t .~

Da.te and Local!~ i.Co1'k JUne t 42. Bantry June-Sept' 44';j

pitted.

Average dlme».siolls :: Very variable.

Distribution. Common.

The a.vera.ge size or one or these ga.lla,wou.ld be about

7 X I2 oX ZOmllls. but since they arc grega.rious and1:\

coalascent I have found one enormous blister oovGrln~

~lmost the entlra leat~urt&ee ~o that the 14at appears

to be almost semiclrcul~~ in transverse section.

. MG4ilsurem'!nts or Femal~ -._ x IP:'r(

Body cyli~drlcal).41ongatM. Shl\elcl small triangulart "lineattan~~ .

mostly 1t'dist1net,.xcept tor three long{'I..11"e. li1:u8te4 t" the

m1dnle ar... •

margins · Snont a.n.d bristle short.- lfib1+,,,d tarlu. short.~ -

Claw~bristle longer' than 'the 4-rad1s.te ;eath8~law. Iternal

ridge not fia.d-

from 'the 'tall-t"lap are smooth. Lateral ••t9.. aborter then the

dm-s... l .e'tae - Ventral seta t almos't twioe &a long. Tentral

seta II somewhat .1,ort~1'". Yen'tra.l .eta III reaching to 1;h. et'!4

or. body, atrong, stitt. . Aocessory Ina absent- Ipigynum

small- Conr,rlap l1'l'ooth- Genital .eta almon tixed ..t base·

ERI0iJE'IES L..EVIS (llal) (Pl.24)

Plant ~tf&cted • Alnu. &l~tinoaa

Type ot Gall: Globular, slightl,. pedunoulated, ~lo.s,.

gl~brou., hollow beneath.

Position on Leaf • Verl BQmeroua on upper surface.,.Colour • Green, 7.11owlah-sreen, 7ellowlsh-oran!e, red-

pur--.v1e to dark bro1lfll.)-. t

D..te and Locality: Bb.I1try I6/rr/'44, Sept '44 also.

Typical condition =Several mites in gall

Averagadimans10ns • 2~ x 4~i~

Distribution • Very common.

The•• galls are extremely common and 'JPher-e they occur,

fa.irly 101"&·

ERICFEYE:; ll.aUZF'.:~ (Fock,}u) (Pl.23)

eon! 8.!".gle· Abd~&n 1rlde-,r1,.,~ed wi'th a.bout 45 r!"!;s· Yentral

and dorsal .urf'aoe a.lmost smooth· Yentral se-ta I iO"tewha't

Colour ~ YellowIsh, red; dark brown whb old ••;- t

Date and Locallt,. • BQAtr}' II/7/'44, Cork~/6/143_

In many oases the

!horac1.c seta tt away t~O"" inner

"

Sternal ridge not fixed

Plant "affected. alnus glutlnosa.

Type ot Gall _ Reniform, glabrou.,glossy>hollow.

Position on leaf: Upper surt~ce. ~lwaY8 ~n pairs

in axils or lateral ••ins from midrib.

longer thaJ" Lat~ral .eta- Acee8"ory ••1:&e presetrt- COTer-

flap mooth, flat· Genital letae standing out tr<:m s1de· and

II Pemale.- ,.~, x .,•.

!od~r c:"11"d,.ieal I}'ield setft1,-clreular, ''JIlooth ov'r1thl

;(...~..JindistlT'et long~11~•• tn.....r.ing the'mid.dle area- Dor.al ae'tae

sh.ort and meetin~t poaterlm- end- 'eatl\f)~ela.lI' 4-radlate-

they do so in -err large numbera.

lea.t was so thlok11 covered ,nth the galls that none of

tbe actual blade "as vl.1ble, ~!1d the wh.ole looked like

a mass of vario~~COlouredwarts. The lear-blade was

bent' ID.wa.rds until the two edges me. beneath; th.,. are

very easl1ydetected both ,on account or their 00100 and

Ih&peand the nunmers in wh1ch they occur.

Measurement or Ma.le - /I/t;'( x ~":'/

Distribution. lot a8 common a. E. 1&8.11.

These sal18 always occur in tho &x11s ot the lateral

veins and yary in colour. Viewed traa below, they are·

hollow and tilled with rather wool11 hairs many of which

project throu~gh and partlrclose the openlng below.

••asurements of Male - I,saq x Jt.'S.#(

eX&mlned with lens they are round ~o have- tiA7

(li(~asurements f..nd desQrlpticns of {uites ~f'ter Nal.)

Appear to ,be smooth but when

The mites are colourlp8s.

Always glabrous above.

markings •

. i-:;:~'

95.

Gen~ral Characteristic! ~ prder. ~

,'~Larvae

Only tour

Laryae apodpus,•

Pl.lp& variable. ~

Ket"orphoais complete.

Fa.nlly I. ,Agrorc.;fzidae~.

This 1$ a very large order or ia.ect. whose

Small tamily or minute dipt.ro~s tlle~.

Insects provided with a sing16 pair of membran,'ou8

Second paIr ot wIng_ ]

~1,~

II

;t~"

7~

~

I!

~:~

larval h&bita ar••xtremely variable.

wings, which are .eyer Ye~l large.

families are phyto!)hagous in the larval stage. 1,'••

otten with head verT much reduced.

segments.

Cecldomyldae, Agromyilda., T-rPaneldae and Oscinidae,

but of these the two tormer en11 are dealt 'filth' here.

represented ,by modified strlctures called "halterss".

Kouth-part. adapted tor· pIercing lU1~UCklng. 'Pro­

thorax not distinct but ruaeq ~th other thor~c~o

usual11 le.f-miners, having a verl~ld. range of tool-

LarTae c~llndrlckl, tapering anteriorly and truncatedh~

posteriotlr; Mouth·parta verJ strongly c~lnized and

sucker-11ke disc on ventral 8urfkoe o£ anal segment.

Puparlum broad, _ather barrel-liko, tapering abrup~ly

d ..rker in colour th~l relr..ai.lnder or body. Small

Segments are verT clearll defined;

They ••emIngly att~ck herbs more than t.~.s.

at b9th ends.

plants.

colour generallY yellow-ochreo~s. Anterloit an.<l

96.

the auxl11ar1 connected with it at tip; posterior

tranaverse vein far distant trom the border_ Border ot

poster1or spiracles very prominent and.,proj ectin~_

l~hoge which are mentioned below pupate wi thin the min••

Imagines are difficult to rear as they .... ver1 prone

to attack ot Ichneumonldae etc.

First longitudinal ••1n ahort,No coatal bristles.

mouth has vibrissa on each side. Third joint ot

antennae. rounded. terminal bristle. bare or pubesc.nt~

.~

.~

..J

This speci8. 18 a Holl7.. leaf miner._ Found trom

late autumn to March,eausing a dlscQlourod blotch 1n

the upp~r surface ot le&ves. Pup~tlon take. plac.

with1h the mine. Puparlum 1s oval in. ahapeand tlatt'ne«

It is marked by a number of regulir transY~rs. segments. J

BroWDiah-yellow oolour. Fly do&s not ~ppear until

Rather 1i•••A.pril ot )(al of the tollowin~ ,.ea••

small house-t17 in general app.ar~ce. Expanse or"~

wings = 4m..Y[lS. Byes 'brown and shining. Bod,- bl...ck and

pilose. Wings hyaline with dark ....ina. Ventr~l lurt\lce,

or abdomen haa a taint ,..llow tinge, and dorsal surface

111&1 have very Ilarrow whitish bands.Very commoa at Lota Cork.

AJRCi~ryZ.ti. RUBI.(lUtlt) (Pl.I?)

LarYa tound in July tunnelling in the leay••

of Bubu8 fructlcosus. The mine in this case,unlike

g"l.

that of the former spaclles, starts as a small p6i8Sae.,

which widens out into a "Cloud-llka billowy mass" ••

Pupation dOl)s ~ occur in the mine in this lust!'i';.Dee.

Fl~ appears InjLeptember and is recognised by it. black

antennae and prominent dark h9~d.

NAPO~YZA ZYLCSTEI. (Pl.I7)

star-shaped, ram~yln~ mine in upper surt~c. or l.~ves 1i

ot Lonlcera perlclrmanum. Whitish in colour with taece. ]~J

showing through as a black row. Larva 'fIhite and Inactlve. .~

PHYTOMYLA XYLOS1EI.(Pl.I7) .

thes8 tlies Is about to b. published and to whom this

Dacnusa. aphanta,lIarab.all, and were it Rot that the

<jYellowlsh-J

,1'1

Pupat1an ~"~

These were round in Bantry Ie/7/ t 4412I/7/ 1 44 two 4- winged flies parasitl~

~~.~~~,~

,~

I'~

ci~

jDacnuaa species 1 near 6phanta Marsball j

.'1

,',,~, ~

:.:~

..~

.~

Faeces 11.~ 1m a cloucl1 mass in middle.

(11) On Aug 3rd.

occurs within mine.

emerged - amal1rgre9nrmetaIIl~ Chalcldldae.--and lett to breed.

Mine in upper surface; not,branched_ but blotch-like or

Bro'mlsh in c·olour. Two types ot fly em8rged.

( 1) On Aug. 1st. ~d. 2nd. two {~:tt!en!m.tQITI·C(Chalcldl

Mr. G.E.J.1iixon (Imp.lnat.Bnt.London) whoa. work Oil

blister-like.

parasite was ••nt, .ayt of it -It 1s oertaln17 yery 11k.

stigma is less attenuated, I shoul. be 1.nc11ned to call1 t this S{ats"

Pupa 11 es at one elld or the radiating passage.·.t~ .

brown with long,black streaks OIl aliies.

98.

but no true eyes. $ pairs ot spiracl&8 which are clearll

~enGral11 of an orange colour, small (those which I haye

'found varied flJom I - :5ml1ls. in 1ensth) narrow.a, iLt both.

~ibla.

The most interesting

Larvae or the gall-making specl~s ~re

13 body-s~gments, pl~ent spots present

ot ·hair., Wings have a ver7 simple venation.

b'an..lly Cacidomyidae.

Ver1 minute flies with very characteristic

long antennae '~"lhlch ~re furnished. wi tb peculia.r whorls

vi81b18 on close examination.

extremities.

without spurs.

structur9 or the larfa is' the ster~al spatula situated

on ventral part c4 thorax whose function 1s unknown, but

in some which I haye atudiec't' it a.~ms to assist the la.rYa

!II-

iupa enclosed in a eoboon of ver:r fine .hit.

threads which torm quit. a tough pellicle.

Plar.Lt. affected =Crata.gus oxyacantha.

i'ype or Gall • ROlette formed. ~tgp-::most leaves.

Each lea! i8 thickl: .tudded dor.al11 and .entrally

with thick)blunt)papl11a-11ke otttgrowtha. Bach

outgrowth has a black tip. The number of le~v.s

+-t-acomprising the ro••tt. varies, If"1s usu~l but ~~

~ ~

"~i.:e.,.~i

·'·.1,·"·.·····'···'···

;.~

\.

~.,~

,.. @.:,-~

'~~.~

be up to 40.,..

posi tieD. on ilant = OI~lY' one ell GaeL, i1L.c<.;t Ll tuated~

Oonsequ8Dtll

Pl~.:1t aff.3ctco • S::~.lix v1m1nalls,

and inwards.

ThlsseeJtl8

R.t:IABDOP:1AGA M_'"U'~F7Ij~E1li+I_ICR>UENS (PIlI, 115) (s.S,It, 2·1.54,55)

..Type of Gall III Glabrous, Slossy ~ L~Lves rolled und~r

to point to the faot that they leave the leaves to pupate

99.

.~

Connold (Br.Veg.Galls.) states of these !alla th~t they

may be found trom June to Oct. anei t,pical condition. is

Colour • S~e as remainder ot the leaves.~ \

Date and Locality = Bantr:"" 9/8/' 44

~istributlon • Not very common •

tarmlnall:~' •

case did I lind the larvae wit~~n the galls.

multilarval the larvae pupating tn ti:..o ground...bu.t althouGh

I found several of th8' galls during sfa.rly August in no

sometime befor. the boginnin,r, ot Augu.st •./

no dra~lngs haY. b~Qn made or the vario•• St~g.8.

tPosition on Leaf: Alon6 one or both edges

Oolour • Pale green at first, eh~lng to 1.11o~

red J)urple and finally b18.ckish2- ,

Date and Loaali ty • Bantry lilli' 4"'. IO/7/t.44

&/'/'44 19/8/'44.

Distribution * Common where Salix Yiminalis occur•.

Difficult to state whether th9 typical condition oa the

gall is multi- Qr uni-larval but woulci sug£est unl1arval•

galls which coalesce to give the multl1arv&1 condition.

•

Basal Joints 1;w10. as lOAg &s their petioles., short.r

a.eoad

100.

Fomaleantel1.naG IS-jointed., halt thetowards' tips.

the contrary)

"~i~

S1Roe in breeding these flies, 1maginesof the aame sl)eOi.'

em~rged during tho months of Jul~·. Aug, trom galla found i~

Ints'the middle but Itralght towards the tip.

Inat.t,;o -. i-Iline •<:.~.t

wings prov1ded with. Ireylah dO\VD~ Cubital .ein ·curY.d

summer and those touad in Nov .. did aot emerge t1ll the

following .pring" it follows that there must be '8~eral

OYerlapping generatloas ••oh year.

00C1d::::: :h::::::r::::c:~an;:p~_c~:~re(·ncCo~os11s:a:~t-D'tf~~s"e ~.·.•.'.'.·.:.•.I·'.·.:..""'"

whi te pellicle. iu.u5..te y~1 t:hir~ tCrc ltd.ne _~ w.. "'" v ..... --

Bl..ck w1 th sides or thorax 11ghter.,1

.:~"J

.j~J

"""-'~

::~:t:::a~:'::_::::a::dhla:: =::.aa~~.a:a~:d7'~i

."~

'1leagthot bGQ.7. Abdomen haying broad)black... ha1ry banda

Bhabdophaga sp • found ~/6/'44 rol11ng lea! Jtar81na ot

Salix caprea in the same manner as the tormer 8pec1os.

Upon wX6Uiuna t1'on the lal"vae did not show Ul1 peculiar

struc.tural dlfter9cas. Length G'J'Alus. ?a.le orange. .Fl~,'

did not emerge.

;:

•·.•.'.•.Ji..'.-..~

•.··..··.<.• ".~1.;~

·'1j~

R:i~J)()PH.ti.GA TERMIl~ALI~ (H.Low) (Pl. 40 )

Plu't affected a 5alixtraGills.

'l1Pe of Gall • Coae-shaped stru.cture forme-a 'by the

101.

top leayes being %tolled olosely togeth.er.

Position on tlant = One at apex or each shoot.

Colou~ : Swme as remaind$r of· plant~ l

Date and Locali t:r- Bantry 9/£',/' 44

T~~ical conditio. = MultilarYal

Larva- all stages were round in the galla; Yaried in lengt

Orungc ill colour; Illore sluge-1sh in habit.

than Rhabdophaga mar6in~-torque~$.

14/8/' 44 and 1718/144.' Lenith - I line. Brownish in

Plant affected =Sali. triandra.

little d1stRllC9 in front of the wing tip.

F~le antennae 16-

Aodomen tawny benoath.

Wings smoky-grey with dark brown

Cubital v61n curved towards the tip, ending a

Type ot ~all =Loose rosette with mor~ or less long---e..

~;1h1 te lulirs wtich is not abu:llUa.llt.

~ISecond brcnch ~

anal yeln cdurvad ttowardSl thehindt· bgorder

a

JKalte .....•.•..•,.1•...'

~~te:u1ae I~-Jolnte almos as ong ashe odyj oin 8,

Ij'~\!:~

,~,~

'1'~

of tb.e

veins.

equal 1n length w1th the p,et101es.

Jointed;half as long as the body.

colour, bod1 taperln! toward. posterior end, antennae

brownish at base.

Oolour • F&le green.

Typical condition • Multil~rv~l.).... f

~ate ~ld Lccality =BQntry 12/8/1 44.

the inner-most leaves.

102.

Tlloras wi th 2 stripes of hairs, which

Length - 2/J.ines. Veins black and

20-24-Jointed and as long as body-

ttds Case only one was found on tree)

faaves turnin[ brovm later.

~amale ~lt.nna. IS-jointed, halt thG

Ma.le anter..nae

Colour • Same as remainder of leaves a~ first, outer

Plar.lt af.fect'Jd • Salix c&prea.

Type or Gall = Rosette tormed b~ t.~al la~ve3.

~Position on Plaut .: Ona at apex ot each shoot (I.

&.. t •

Date and Local1t1. Bantry 27/8/'44.;..

Typical Oondition • Un1l.»val

Fly Blackish •

Fly is not quite I line long. '. Blackish. Wing veina

d..rltbrown. CUbit",l veln stralgrt. M.le antennae 17.,r9

jointed, almost. as long as body_ Joints equal in lancth

A single pale red larva was round tightlj enclosed wltr~n

to the petioles.

length of btdy.

trick.

outer larger leaves Mve midrib .ery much thickened and.

wavy in outline, while 1nneJn-'leav.& are small and stunted..

are lilht in colour.

broadeU8d at base, and edg~s of leaY~s ~re inclined to be

;~'&I

!~/~;~~~~

;1:-~~

'.~...~~

Se'YGral leaves 'go to make \1p ~o8ett. (25 in thi~ .1D.stanc.) ,~

-·1.~

'~i~

.~;~

;;1

11'.l!:;~

.~~~

Basal Joint. longer than their petioles. Other joints as

long as t~'ir petiole~. Female antennae also 22-24-jolnted'

but onl,. halt the l'agth of 'body.

103.

CECliJOMJ:Ilt ROBARUM

Plant affected • Rosa canina.

!ype or Gall a Belges of leaflet drawn together until a

hollow pod is formed. Glabro~s, wrinkled.

Position on leaf. On. formed from each leaflet.

Oolour • Gr~0n exteriorly, reddish-brown internally •.1.. I

Date and Locality: Bantry 20/8/'1:4

T~pical condition • MUltil~rval~pupQtlon taking place

in the ground but when these galls were discovered all

the larYat had left.

j •

This 18 n.ecessary in order to gettwo more changes.

1........~~ <,.).>.,.'" :,

a.lcohol in the .following percentag•• - 2'~' 5, 10,25,

Wash in rwmln; water Qvern1ght-. Debydrat. alow1,. ..1th

5%,. 30~, 50%, 707; (one hourln each) 85% ,)95% .I absolute

~t.r a.bout thre& hours p our oft the mixture ot chloro­

form ~£d paraf~in and r~plac. lnaed1atGl~ with pure

melted paraftin. . Within ne'xt 12 hours malt. at le::~st

rid ot a.ll traces ot chloroform, otherwise the paratt1Jl

will cr~ltal118. after embeodlng.

:to..

WETHOD ~f,'~ tlWBE.DnlllClJ ndn'~:.: ~TiOCfIIiG"'/'itA.r.u~13.'

The following method "aa'tried and found.

saoo••stul \flth salla ot Dryopuanta d.1vlaa... Heuroterul

"..~ lentlcularls, Neuroterus numismatls and Nematua galllcela

(I) Fix th8 galla in Eouin't tlu.ld for 24 lloura.

t·

.-'Whu good ribbon... lot (Heat it 4ay 1.)*00 col.) tl'G41

• .. r--....

1a het wit.!' o'Y.U slidesbeared nth egg'*album.. or .

••7er'. aah.81~.. Plood sl~.$ with xylol -0 r.mo~...t..

-.ax; place' In abRlllte.alcohol and xylol to" '.T.ra.i~*\

minute. J.. thea into abil@lute alcohol 011.11 a:A. 80 011 down.....'to water. '..,.. 3.. *'

•(6),ta1n1ng.. Ha...toi11~ u••4 •. -Lea•• tor ~u 't,~

1a atrcmg .taia ando••1"n1ght 1n n~ 8~a.1Jl.· .',1

(" Dehyd}-at. agaia. Dip allc1..1r:5/XylA ,and mount· ~

.~a C.uada ~al..m. .~k<'.'; ... ~1

· · ~ ~ 1i'~;;i. ~

I'.,*~> "J

.~~,;~

'?.. ,

"'r -.'......

,.,. ~..;., ,(5

•. ~ ~.. 't-. .·..f

. CHEMICAL ANALr~IS OF GALLS OF DRYOPHANTA DIVISA •

~_.....'....._----

dessicator.,. (2) Gallic acid la7er mi.q;f.1 was tlrs'ft...•;,...,/

,lett in th. air and thtn put Oyer c ...lclum· chlorida. 1na'~

de8::::t:r;i:;:.:~:~t:~w::r;:::::::~w:::~:: 'il. ,~

and test4Ki, thus :-- (1) Add G.la&ln and" halt oat-;~ .••~COi181Uat101l... ~1i) A4Ii Ferric chloride -- lIo :I'.S~.~:~ .•~J 11i) Add Soditim Hydt:Ox1de ..... Sl1cllt b2"ow!1 co1c~:<.tlin ";1~; '''''''1<''' ,·il

~::.erG:.ror~· ,no taanic a.,cid.. o~ ta..--:nln,r~s ~nt ••• I ,.~ '1.

Sol. n ~i~ltiedO.II ern•. but ff th,cs onlj'o.c03f[I'1II ',;. 'f,~'-~

was 801~bl. 1n .at.,. ,'fP.J; ..at..-aaluble portiOl3. waa -j~ .

t&ated, thus ,..,.. (1) Add Ferric chloride ·""Very f5..1nt. .i: -

yellow colouration (not 'tr~e us..l ¢c.lo.ur>,'t

.....'> '.,. oSI!

11;."at hoped to be able to extract tannin tro.". . ..... "' .,~ • ' .."*these gallt_J1fIon-.a17a18 the surprising relutltwas

,the absence entirel,. of bo~ t-.nln~d. ~.al11. aC14f1*' ,.. "~

trom this apfcles. ~I was most "xpectedilnc., the

.e;al?-s ot)! Cfnl~8 loilart.r. aorlch in t'ese ·aubatlUlc'..• ~ .

~.Gd the 'wo apedles are 010.11 allied'0' ~llf.

,,*,t 7 grms or.~op~ta dlT1aa galls.a!'. collf)cted

and. ri~17 powdere4•• Ether, alcohol and_a~.r were

~adUed to the powdaroccalls w1:.ic~ r4il.u been placed in it··10'

. • .... :. ......separatln& rumlel. fhl.;L~s f'llter,a. slo-.1,. tr~ugh

..'iiif: • .• .~" .'4t4' cotto....wool at:few tIlDes.' 1'he ti)tered .solution ..•a~ '\'* ..~

'&110"" to .ettle and 2 lqars Vl&rG ·eYld.Gnt':.~(I) Tw:inl~, ""'t i'

acid la.th' and this was k4ifjt over $\llph~ric acid fl." !o

.,......•..- i~~~

",::: 4(

,{.~.·i

'iii:.

;j'~...•' '

• •·It··~ .4•.,

-~

."...~.

..~

.I?

> •

'.,'1,. It

, ,~.

"'~"

:1,

*'... ...* .......1

...

'.'

....~Q.vail~1Jle.,

.iI1d Sodium h7drex;'de oii.. Faint pink colour til.. ~. ..8; . .• rap1ri11 fo.des &\"'1. '., if. '''"

~ {

Therefore IlO GallIc ac1eS. present.*-"Til, r&sldue probabl:- ';containa some 'au~.tanc. ot.~' .jp"

aat~, tram ~ odour, b~~ the amount /,.re probab17 too

small.. to fatIlll out the exact nature of thi s., substance.t'.,. 'Ii:f

. • ·It l' hODe,l' t,p continue tr.-!.s section ot th. work• • ,.,.' ."<" .-

in spring when large quantl*1es of the galls wl11~ 'i

~!,-----

lov. '44.,

.J ..lj~-S.pt•143 1,'*.•

-

---'

GROUP.

Lep ldop tara( 'Il ia.lna)

ErlopAl.. 1••v1a.

Briophre• axillar1.. Acarina June-Julrl~hytoptldae) '43 '44 •

GENUS and SPECIESot GALLtKAKER.

J:,1thocollet1a ape

•

"

"

lLANT.

..

107.

Tht following two tables give respectively (I) List orplants salled with name of Gall-makar, Grou.p, and Date wbenfound, (2) List or gall-makers with ba.' plant, position otgallon saul. and type or gall. .

~,.Alnu. glutinosa "enu.a melanopoda. HJXIlenoptera lull" 48, t 44~(alder)~, ~Tenthred1nlda,)

A.oarina(Pb.7toptld.ae)

Mal' ',44.

Aq. ·44

oct •. '43. '

June-Sept.'43 '44.

." I

"

•

----'--

'--

Lepidoptera( ~lineilLa)

1

Ooleophora ap.

Brloph18 ' brevi­tarsus.

Phyllocopte8 ac.r~

lcola.

: lhytoptul macro­. ohelua .robiu.a.

"

"

..

~,Acer ~seudo­platanus •

. (Syc~.~ol"e)

Crataegus• ..0xyacantha

(Hawthorn)

Dipt.ra(CecidoDll1dae)

• Eriophyel sonio­~r&X.

Acar1na(PhJtoptldae)

-Kay-Oct'43June-Aug'4-

Fasua sylvat1.. Orcheat•• tag1.(Be.oh)

Coleoptera-(Curcullonld.ae)

lIa1l44_

-

l.uo.

B*loph1e. tristrlatu8 Acarina 'Aug-Bov.yare erinea. (Phltoptldae) '43,'44

Dlptera ~ul1, Aug(Agromyzldae) '44.

Acarina j luae-Sept(Phytoptl<1ae) ! '44.

---

-

-

June '44.::

July,' 44~~'44

Kay-June'

-

--.tt

GROUP

Lepidoptera(Tortr1cina)

-Aoarina

(Phytoptidae)

BapQmfZ& .llos'e1 •

Ph111ocopte.tra.xinl.

GENUS and SPECIES otGALL-MAliliR.

. PS1110pala traxlnl. Hemiptera(Psl111dae)

•

•

PItANT

.~'"

Juglands regia(Walllut)

PrWlUS splnosa Brloplqe. a1Ja111a.(Sloe)

Ilex aquitollum Pa~lsca ophthal-(Holly) .1cana.

Fraxinusexcelsior

(Ash)

Lonlcera phytQmJza ayloatelp...periclymenum.(Woodbine)

-• .lua. t~_. ---• June',"---.. ...

_.• Jullf44........ .......

Ph,-top tUB pad1prunianua var.homo­

__JPhylla.

Brloph7e, piri.

••

P7rus communis.(Pear) •

pyrus aucuparlae.BriophJe• aucupar1ae.(Mountain ash)

Quercus robur, . Ifenuaa Plp.a.ea(Oak)

HJmenoptera July-Aug(~enthr8d1nlda.) '43,'44.

».urot.rUB lentlc­.ularla

Q •

•

•

•

•

tumipennla.

la••i.culls.

- ........H1D1enoptera Jull'-liov.

(ClDipldae) '43,'44•-.... _.

• Oct. ,------ .......

• Jul,-'4S.

- -

PLANT.

.LVtf.

GiNUSandSPECIES orGlU.L-MAKER•..

GROUp·

Quercus robur(Oak)

Neuroteru8 numiamatl'. Hymenoptera'. . (Cyn1pldae)

Aug-Sept.'43,,141

---

July-oct."3,'44.

Ju17 '44.

-lull 144.

-AUI.143, 14~

Aug 1 44.

Aug_){OVI4~

'44-..- .June-Sept

t44 •

.-Rhopaloalphum rlbls Hemiptera

(Aphid1dae )Rlbes nlgrum(Black currant)

"tI

6

llyxua rib! ••

Eriophye. rib1.

•-

A.carina(Phytoptldae)

-

Karch t44

lIay'~

Karch, Apri 1'44.-

Roaa canlna(Rose)

Ceclc:lomyla roa.rum,· Dlptera(Cecidomyldae)

Aug'44._.Rubus fructlcosua.ihytaDyza rubu8

(Bramble)Dlptera

( Aarouqzld.ae.)

-oct '4Z

-)

Hym.'noptera. June-sept.(~lenthred.ln1d&.) '4Z, '44.

.. Rhabdophaga margin.. Diptera,-torquen.. (Cecidom71dae)

110

GENUS and SFECIES ot GROUP.G.aLL-M.tU\ER.

---

DATB.

-

Aug. '44•.

)lOY. f~

July-AUS· '. I

oct.'43.June­Sept. f ,,,.

•

•

-

--

Nematus leucost1ctu.

"

"

PLANT.

•

Hematul gal11001&

Salix. Nematu8 vim1nalla.(WillowsOVarious specie••

"

Bhabdophaga t.~lnall.

:t,-_~J .t~b{; c~·c, 1-. ti .-~ ~.I_ '~,~:~) t -. :~-.. ()b i c.

Bhabdophaga het.rob!••

Bhabdophaga aallclpe~da

"-•..-

Aug. '44.

--

_ .. -Rhabdophaia roa.ria • Aug. • 44

" Cecldomyia »osarum •- -

II J)epressariaoontenainella

Lepidoptera(Tin.ina)

-Kay '44.

-• Litho.olleti.

.allele.lell.• 1>80.' oi3

•

•

•

•

Bpunda Ylm1nall.

Taenlocampa oruda

Dlophye. tetano­thru laey1.

-.. e!ulJ '44.

- -• Aug. '44.

- ---Acarina Ju17 144:.(Phytop~1da.)

....-. .-...

~p~dopt.ra. .lug" 44.

-

-

- - --

J'uae'f4.

DATE

Oot '4"_

GROUP

Acarina(Phytop tida. )

III.

Brioph'88 tlliae­typlous.

~GENUS AND 8PECI:iS 01'GALL-11AKER•

PLANT.

~

Tilla Europe.(Lime)

Ulmus camp'.trla Schiaoneura ulm1. Hemiptera(Elm) (Aphididae )

'~:;""~~~ 1-I2-~----

PLANT Af~ACKED. POSITION ON LEAF.d~

'\';.... f.•.:•...,(

It1L

! ~

1.....•.1

' ' ;.·1;,,

!

r.~\

1 I

II;~ ;

~ ,~

Andr1culcurv.tor.

Andr1cusrecundatrix.

AndriOU8gemmatu.••

Andrlcuaostreua.

Andrlcuateatacelp•••

GROUP.

"

"

"

Quercuarobur.

..1t

"

-....----On aborted leav.. oraides ot deV'eloped le.:"s,

BnY810ped ill lear bud .scales.

Buds or 70ung leaves.

'. Under surfaee, genera11lattacheu to midrib.

Petiole or midrib.

.Aphi. pomi. Bem1p't. pyrus malus.

Cecldomyla Dlpt,rosaria.

Depressaria Lepld.conterminella

EDge.

All l ••••s at tip oftwigs involved.

Top-most leave. in­Yolved.

Upp&r surrace atIeaf'lets.

Whol.lear.lnyolv8d•

All leaves at apex ottwig involved.·

Both 8urface••

"pyrusaucuparlae.

Alnusglutinosa.

Crataegusoxyacantha.

Salixv1mlnalis.

8a11x caprea.

"

ll.car.Brloph,.e.aucuparlae.

Bp1.mdaviminalis.

Ooleophora Lepld.ap.

Dasyneura Ddpt.crataea1.

Upper surface.

Upper surface betwe.nmidrib and lateral veia.

Upper aurtace- Midribmay be involved.

Beige. or leaf lobes.

Alnusglutinosa.

Crataegusoxyacantha.

"

Alnusglutlnosa.

•

"

"

"Brioph'1esbrevitarsua. ~

Brloph,.esgoniothorax,

Eriophyeslaavia •

1'rloph,.••axillar1••

Erloph,..spiri.

Brloph'1e •ribls.

tI pyru.s communia •

Ribes nlgrum.

Both surface.-

Leaf buds.

f1.-.~.: ,-.~

Large green lrre.ular 8.ellings w1th broWll .eed-llke innerlall.

td

TYPE OF G£LL.

- .-. -'~'~_:_'--._.;-~~

-,

"Artiohoke gall" Small aoorn-llke gall .ithin the scalea.

Oval, .arrowing towa1'da baae.

Ovold, 7ellowish).pecklea red, 11ke minia»ure blrd. egl-,situated between two brown 80al•••

Elongated ••ellings.

Curling ot leav•••

Rosette ot leave. 011 tlp. ot twigs.and broad.

Midrib .er1 th!ck-ae4

Bli.ter-llke min. at firat. Larval oase attached to lear.

Bo••tt. ot leavea at tips ot twigs. Bach leat has ahor\tb1ck~apl11ae trom both surfaces.

Unit•• t~st leave••

Polds baok edge ot leaf.

Pustulate.

Bllster-llke ••ell1ags •

• arg1l1. ot le.t lob.. curl 4own.arda aDd UDder.

Vel''' alaerou. alish-tll' ped.W1Culate, Ilabrou••

Gregarioua, pustulate.

"Big Bud".

11.4.GALL-MAKER. GROUP. P~T AT'lACKED. POSITION ON LEO.----_._.~rioph1·8similis.

Acar. PrWlua spinosa. Mostly ~pper 8~rade.

•

Upper surtace.

Between upper and lowerepidermis.

Upper &urface~b.t.een

lateral veins.

Uppe* surface.

Juglanda regia.

Alnus,lutinosa.

Quercu8 robur.

Salix oapr'a

..'.rilla l'uropea.n

"

"Eriophyeatristriatus •.

Xriopbyeatlliaetyplcua.

i'enusapygmaell.

Fenusa HJmen.lUelanopoda.

EriOPh,.estetanothrlJllaevia.

'"Lithocolletlsme::;.~l ell [,.Lep i ••

Alnusglutlnoaa.

i;o••r surfa.ce.

LithocolletlsDle&san1.11~. ':'i,""~." Quercua robur.

Llthocoll.tist~:! Salix.1.1101co1.11a.

Kyzua rib!. Hem1pt. Ribe. nlgrum.

Jlm.en.Hematu8ga111cola

Hematu8leucostict\1s.

II

Salix t'ragl1ls.

•

••

Upper surface.

Projecting equallJ fromboth surfaces.

Bntlr. edge.

Col.

Dlpt.

Nematu8vilninalis.•Napomyza.zylostel.

Orchestest'agl.

'aediaea Lepld.ophthalmlcana.

Phyllocopt•• Acar.traxlnl.

•

Lonioerapericlymen\Ui1.

Fagus &11vatlca.

Ilexaqul11tollum.

Frax1nusexcelsior.

Under surface,attawhed to midrib •

tInder aurface.

Outer halt.

All leaves of te~nal

shoot involved.

Edges ot leaflets.GenerallJ on17 onehalt of each.

1I5~

TYPE OJ' GALL

rubescent aperture below, fringed with tine hair••

~h1ck-walled with aperture beneath. ~Ube8oent aboY4!. c1abroulbelow•.

Conlcal~gloss7~brlght-r.dor purple. VerJ numerOU8.

Erlneum.

Blister-like mine.

"Puckered mine-11ke blotchese

puckeredd blotche.. Tlasue-paper effect beneath.

pucker~ blotches.

Pustulate, reddish.

lean -ahaped bright red. 11&1 haye hole at one ead.

Polding back ot leaf.

Pea gall.

Klned galleria••

Blister-like blotoh.

UD1tea ltaye. ot '.rm1nal ahoota.

Beige. of leaflet. ourled downwards aDd inwarda.

t

.LJ.o.

GALL-llAKEh. GROUP. PLANT ATTACKED. POSITION ON LEAF.

Ph1l1ocopt.~ Acar.acer1.cola.

.leer pseudo­platanus.

Upper 8urtace •

Phyt0Jll'1sa111e18.

Phytom,wzazylostel.

Phytom1sarubus.

Phytoptuamacllochel\1aerob1um.

Dipt.

"

"A&ar.

IlexaQ.u1l1tollum.

Loniceraperlclymenum.

Rubustruotlcoau.s.

Acer pseudo­platanus.

Kostl,. appersurface affected.

"

"Upper surface.

Phytoptuapadiprunianus,

·Tar. homophylla.

Psyllopsis Bem1pt~tra.xlni.

Prunua apino.a.

Frax1nusexcelsior.

Kostly edges ot leaves.

Bdgea of l.arlets.

• euroterua Hymen.tum.1pennis.

Neuroteruslaevlsou11a•

leuroterusnum1smatis.

•

•

Quercus robur•

•

•

Ventral surface.

•

"Bhabdophaga l)1pt.aarglnem­

torqueD.s.

Salixvlmlnalia.

One oP both leaflets.

Bhabdophaga "saliclperda. ~

Rhabdophag"aros&rwn.

Rhabdophagah.terobla.

lihabdophagatermi1J.alla.

•

•

•

Ro.a canlna.

Salix.iminal1••

•

Salixfragi11s.

'etioles and twigs.

Topmost leave8~

TYPE OF G~.

Rather high narrow, 'br1ght red)gregarlops.

Kined leayes. Blotch-11k. mine••

• 1ned leave.. Tortuou.. aiaes.

Mined leayes. Tortuoua mn.a.

Br1neua.

Pouch-11ke.

Rolled edge. ot leaflets. ~l leaflet. uaual17 arrected.

'Circular, depres.84 1n oentre. 8ide. hai17. 2mms•.

Circular, distinct knob ia oentre, bare. aide. eurle4 up.

"Button gall".Clrcular depression in oeDtre.

Edge. of lea••• rolle~own.ard. and uader.

Edges pt l.aflets drawn together to tora pad-like reOe•••

Larg. woodJ galla.

Terminal bud tOl'llling oc:ae -ahapeci atructlire.

Terminal lea... ~;ed together.

t "t tALL-MAKER. . GROUP.IIR.

PLANT ATTACKED. POSITION ON LEAF.

----_._*......-Bhopaloslphum Hemp.. Bib•• nlgrum.ribls. Upper surface.

Neuroterus HJmen.lenticularis.

Quercus robur. Ventral .uriac••

Schlzoneura Hem1pt. Ulmusulmi. campestria.

Upper aurface.

Spathegaster Hymen.albipes.

Quercu. robur. Leal margin••

Spathegasterbaccarum..

TaenIooampacruda.

•

Lepld.

•

Salix caprea.

Ventral surface, attach·ed D••jEapp••rlng throughupper su.rface.

Beige ot iear.

. Folding back edge of'leaf.

•Ll.d.

OF GALL.-.... TYPE

Bli.ter-11ke swellings and curling or·leaf.

"Spangle gall". Lenticular, .ery numerouI, rlat beneath but-small knob tor att&cl~ent. Sid•• alightll curled up.

Distortion and oblique curling or leaf•

Glj. __ a »

(1) In the axile of lateral Yeins and mid-rib.

I.

120.KEY TO LL.F-GALLS.

OR ALNUS GLUTINOSA. (Alder) ·11.

(2)

" bre'Yltaraus.(~car)

(i) Reniform, al.a11 in pairs. - - &.i~phyes axillar·(Acar)

(2) Blister-like 8w.lllngs on upper surface. (3)

(i) Kay involve midrib, hollow beneath ---

(3) Ver7 numerou.).11ght1l pedunoulated, slabrou8

galla on up,er surface. -

(4) Mined leaves.

- Eriophye. laevis.(Acar)

(5)

Caused by HJmenopteroua larva.

(1) Cocoon spun 1n mine, larva solitary or 2 or 3

together; Spring or Autumn. - - -Phyllotoma Yagans.(Hymen)

(11) No cocoon in mine; brown blister, shows

mostly on upper surface. July-Sept.Fanusa melanopoda.(H)'Dlen)

Caused by Lepidopteroua larva.

(a> Larva .ith 14 teet, pupating within mine, with .mp t 7

pupal case protruding through skin ot lear after 1mago has

.~caped. Mines.e1!h!r on upper or lower surface, Bot on bo

(1) Under surface of lear, Ju17 or Autumn,

constructing a firm ochreous COOOOD. .1.hocolletisal-nifol1ella.

(il) Under surtace of leat, resembling{l) ft Klemanell••.(iii) Under surtace ot leaf', lull or..

Autumn. - - .. - Llthocolletla Frolichiel

(1.,.) Upper surfac. ot leat, small Idne plaeec1exa.ctl,.

along a ~drlb. Dot bet.eaD two .elna.- Lithocollet1sstillinensls.

121 ""1...

and larva Ii.ing in case attached to underside ot leaf.

+Coleophora aps.

-- Agromyaa albitarsus.

Caused by Dipteroua larva.

. distendins considerably -

Caused by Hymenopterous larva.

(1) Upper surfac., narro. tunnel·s at first, later

(b) Wh1~ish or brown min.s with round hole in lower cuticl. 1

I'.Jt7~

II,'~

i(5)

(I) Swollen leaf buds- E~ophyes rudis

(2) In axils ot lateral .ein. and midrIb.

larva gregarioua.

OD BETULA ALBA. (Birch)

(1) Leaf rolled -up into a cone. Larva I4-tooted, devours

,(i) Edge ot leaf rolled down iht'oa tub., the roll being j

kept togetherb7 ailkea threads. Jul,. pamphill.S:). depressul. 'j

Caused by Ltpldopteroua larvae)::;~,;;1

';~;\~

interior of cone - disooloured. Ma! or Aug. Gracilarla~aln:" foIl ella.~

.< 11) One side ot lear ourle4 oyer other or laaves uni ted '1

tog.th.r. Lar...a(G.OIII.trlda.) reats 1». cur..... Loops 1activel,. wh8tl disturbed. .w . Yesipetes implUtia!a •..J.:.

Caused b7 Dipterou8 larya. ](1 1(1) Leave. folded, Yelna thickened al0n& basal portion, ,;~

C.cldoffilia tortili$. Ir.~

~III .;'~

/;

...•.•.•.~~~

(Acar)·;1....~

(3) ..~..~

(1) One gall 18 each axil, generally 6 on lea~, .111ptical~1

r.ddish-brown, inconspicuous at tirst, but rising abov.;J

::;t::·o::.leat blade eor about 2 orE:~~: :::o::~ ~.............---- '---':'·:,-:',1

;1

II.

... "'i

. Caused b7 Hymenopterous larvae.

(1) Kines near edge or tip., Solitary. Cocoon SpUR with1n

mine. June, July or Autumn. Phyllotoma nemo~~ta~

(ii) Cocoon not spun in mine. Gregario•• , 7 or a in leaf.

June or Autumn. }Ienusa betulae._

•(11i) Cocoon Dot spun in aine. 4~IO in l.at- Kines sepa»ate

at first but become united. Larva white, with sreenlsh

tinge; head pale brown; 2nd. segment has black dumb-b.ll

shaped mark Yentrally with round black dot in centre or.... .

(3) Mined leaves

122

(4)

3rd.and 4th. segments. Feet encircled with black.

Fanus&. putnila.

Caused b7 Lepidopteroul larva,

( 1) Young leaves mined in Kay and. June. IncurvarlaP'3C tinea.

(11) Under.urface ot leaves. Jull and Autumn.'. Ll thocolletis ulmifoll.lla

( l11) Small tortuoua min.. In July. .." N9atiluca argentlpodell~.

(1Y) Leaves mined at tirst, ~hea e~Ge turned ~cwn and fl~t

ochreous 00C008 SpUR. o~ betulae.

(4) Balled ~,a••~tl)f-{)epl4.QPV.:rOU8 larva) . (5)

(1) Lea! rolled into a cylinder and secured with sllke~

threads.

(il) Leaf rolled into a cylinder at right an~les to midrib '

and internal portion eaten. Paedisca Solandrlana.q .

(5) United ~eaY.1 (Lepldopteroua larva) (6)

(1) ~o~ leave. drawn together b7 • conspicuous whit.

and larva pupatea. wlthlb this neat. iemphelia formo.!a

,(11) Two leaves spun together first or corner .r • 1.al

123t~rned QOwn where larva teeds tor a few days and then a con- ~

<jconsiderable number or threads agglu.inate the leaves togetherE

(7) Abnormal pl1osit1 without deformation otup~~r surface

Small telt-llke mas•••• Carmine ln spring, blood-red 1n

,,~.

Parwmasi~.t.rrugata

iemphelia betulae.

Gelechla .. £,roxlmella.

Er10phyes rudls Tar,

•

Lepitppteroua larya.

autumn.

•

iu various dlrectlona.

(11lh Le~ves united ln S.pt~

(i.) Leave. unlted in Sept and Oct. Chem1~~. p!&ell!

(6) Leaf puckered b7 a web of white 811k spun ln Sept. b1

III ON FAGUS SYLVAXICA. (Beech)

(I) SwolleA leat buds Pt¥toRt~s caycophth1rus( Acar)

(2~ Pyramidal gallSt~as high, &r.en, yellow)or red jon upper

surtace of leat. Hormomyia tad fD1pt)

(3) Pilose gregarious galla, 1.11ow1ah, deepening to red; on

(7) Mined leaves.

, (1) Large blister-11k' blotches on outer part ot leaf,

(11) Broac1 galleries mined towards marGins In July and

Autumn." Neptl1uca ti tyrella

Caused by Col.opt.reus larva.

."-Hormomyia~illger~{ Dlpt)

"' -~ blpunctata

Monochetu8 sulcatus (Acar'

Lea-ves cut and rolled lengthwise to 1'esemble a tunnel~'Doporaus betul~9 (Col)

upper surface near midrib.

Hair7 salla on upper surf.c.

Pod-llke format1on ot l.at

( 4)

(5J

(-6)

I24

startiag asamall thread halt way down the midrib, then

continuing straight across to outer edge. GiTe. tree. an

~tumnal tint. Orchestes fag!.

(8) Leavea contraoted along lateral veins Phlllaphis tagi.

(9) Ealneum gallon lower surface, hairs whit. at first, then

·.red, finally brown. EriophY9S nervisequu~ maculir.~r(.4\car)

(10) Lear folded and lateral .eins hypertrophied, blade

thickened, covered with haira, sometimes tinted red.

Eriophyes stenaspis(Aoa

'.On PYRUS AUCuPARIA. (MountaiIi Ash) v.(I) Lenticular pustulate galls on upper surface or leatlet.

Eriophles aucuparla (Acar)

(2) Leal rolled down on either side or 3 upper leaflets'

spun togetherl Larva (Hymenopterous) clear bluish-green,

bead reddiah-brown"ahinlng; on und.raid. or anterior aeg­

. .enta are, on each alde a black streak, reaching to first

Pamphllius sylvatlcu8 (Hymen)

. Caused by Lepldopteroua larva.

Leayes united. Sept. and Oct. ~endbacche taGella

Leaflets turned down A~. and Sept. Semloscopls. I teini-.:ollnerlana_

Leaves mined AUf- and Sept. Quite mine before pupatine:;

and turns .doWn port~on of edge or leaf, but 'this does not

assume a conical torma, Plat.ochreous cocoon.

pair ot legs •,(3)

(4)

(5)

125

v..~

On RUBUS FRUCTICOSUS. (Bramble) VI.

turbed, frequently pupating withi. these larval habitationsLozotaenia musculans

(11) Ordinary mine. found July, Autumn and Winter on17Tischeria margL.J.ea

(2)

AirOmyza aplreae.

Neptiluca aurellascalloped .o.ge~..

Caus.d b7 Dipterous larva.

(1) Upper surface, wide tunnels.

C.u.. eO. b7 H1JBenopteroua larva_.

(1) Qau81ns great dam••• to bush•• , t~o broods, July and

AU&ust; or,Se:,Jt. and October. Larya g-IO l1n•• , c11Z;,.. .

.hit., .,......pot. black; \ho~acl0 le.8 banded with brown;

abdomdn.l marked post.rlo~11 wIth •. semicircular black

mark; anal pair surrounded with black. 2nd,segment has

a blaok band on back. 3rd and 4th ~7 also have narrow

black baad. Markings aaat oft at last moult.., Fenusa pumilio.

Caused bJ Lepldopterou8 larva.

(1) Long tortuous galleries which may b. round everJ

month or rear. )lake. aingular flattened cocoon with

(1) Younc leave. spun together and muoh oontortedLozotaania Wdmanlliana

~~. (il) Leave. united, larva full-red. In Sept.'.. Lozotaenia sorblani.

(3) Mined l.avea. 1

(2) Leave. united together.

Oau••d b~ Lepidopterous larva

(1) Bolled or tolded leave.

',Oaused by Lepidopteroua larva.

(1) Rolled or tolded leaves, larva .....ry active when dls-

126

(11) Upper surfa'ce. Small thread-like mine w1deJllns into a

"Cloud-llke billowy .welling", Jull and AUS. AgrOmlzaruble

(Fenusa pumill0 also atfeota Rubus ida.us, Raspberry, ~hich

it does such great injury that a proper supp17 or truit 1.

not produced tor two or three rears)

VI. On CORYLUS AVELLANA (Hazel) VII.

(3) Kined leave.

(I) Swollen leaf buds. ErioPhy8s avel1anae (Acaz

(2) Leaf folded longitudlnal17 by gra.s-green Lepldopteroua

larva with coronet ot 8 ra1a on the anal segment.Tortrlx corylana (Lepld)

Oaused by Lepldopteroul larvae.

(1) Extreme11 narrow tortuous saller1e. in Ju17 and Autumn.

Kay be up to 30 in one lear Neptilucamicrotherlella

(11) Broad tortuous salleries. Barelf more thaa 6 in on.

leaf. Cocoon .er1 tloss7. Neptl1uca rloslactella.~

(lii) Mines OR UDdsr surface ot leaf, July and Autumn.Llthocolletls Ricell!!.

(iv) linea on upper aurtace 0' leaf. Larg' whIte blotches

yer., conspicuous. Whell larva 18 tull ted It.oause.

leaves to pucker verT much, therefore ... knoWD b7~

amount or distortion. Lithocolletis eorlli.

(y) Like Lithocolletia mine but larva leaves betore pupat-

ing, therefor, no pupal akin protruding. !'urns down

portion of edge o~ leat and spina here a flat ochreoua

cocoon. Ornlx avellanae.

IX.

VIII. ,

'.~

Er1ophye........;,,;;;e;:;.

127

On HIBBS NIGRUM {:Blaok Currant) .

(I) awoll.. buds ("B11 Bud" di••ase)

(2) Blistered and curled leaves

(1) Bright orange-red and brown blisters causing leaves

to curl into knots and bunche.. Aphids "811011' wi th head..and thorax black. April to July. Rhopa1os iphum rlb1 s •

(Hem1pt)(1i) Similar det'ormitJ due to bright 7.1lo.i8h~greell

aphids with red eyes.Kay to July. Myzus r1bis(Hemlpt)

•

VIII. On RIBES RlTBRlTM and RIBES GROSSUL&RIA.(Red Currant) (Gooseberr,.)

VII.

Vide VII (2)

IX. On uuros (Elm)

A.. On Ulmua !labra (Wreh Elm)

(1) Galla on midrib. Pemphigus pallidus(Hem

B. On Ulmus campestris(Bngllsh Blm)

(I) One half ot leaf blistered and ro+led under obliquel,.

Schlzoneura ulmi IHemlpt)

(2) Den.e17 halrJ gall-like ma.se. at tip. of twigs,gr...

(3) Leaves united bT ~pldopterous larva

or brownish, corrugated • Schlzoneura lanuglnola(H

( i) Larva full ted InJune Oxygrapha lk>scana..(11) Te~nal lea••8 spun together. Lar.a pale 011••-gr~~

·~

1285-6 lines. Head shin1ng blaok an4 hairy; shield black; 2nd and

3rd. segments having a row of 4 oval'greylah spots placed

tr~sverse11 and 2 smaller ones on eaohslde. Anal ~egment

haa 2 taanaverae17ow8 of .dotl tollowed b7 an eval patch or. ~~

minute s~••n1.h dot. Badya trlmatulln~.

(111) Two leavea united at first, or corner of leaf tu.rned

down and fastened w1th a few threads, then s~veral leaves

agglutinated together ~ various d1rec~ons. July and Aug.femplilia £~.

. (5)Mined leQves.

Caused by Hymenopterous larva.

(1) Several" larvae in same lear, 5 lines, whitish w1th head

(4)

green oooooa. Lithocolletls scherberella.

(111) Kines on upper surface in Autumn.· trlstrigella.

(1v) Bright sre. larva making convolutions or its n6lrrow

mine 80 close together that theytorm brown blotches

in Autumn. ii, Beptiluca ,f"~89_~.~~)1:..

(v) Yellowish larva making long~ lnt.rtwined gal1817

trequentlJat leal edg_s, going 1D and out ot each

serrature. Autumn and Jul~ N6ptiluca marginlcol~~~~.

129Oaused by Coleoptero\.ls lar't'ae.

(1) Blister-llke mine on outer pan of leave•. livine them a

-froated or autU1lU1al appearanoe. Oocooa spun w1 thin

Orchestes \llm1.-(5) Irregula.r and pedunculated galla on aldrlb and upper

s\U'faoe. ~tt. Entrance guarded b7 hairs. Found a.bout

middle or .a1. Tetraneura~. (Hem1pt)

(6) Basal part ot midrib awolleR to fb~ a bursl'o~ gpowth

and leaf bent at right angle•• Tetraneura .alba.tHeluipt)

(7) Galla projent1nl Imm trom upner surtace, ahowing as a

-"';(1' 1ittl. cylindrical prominenoe below. :Er1oph;res ~'Acal':

x. OAnOlAlAmUS OXYACANTHA (Hawthorn) XI.

{I) Round or lenticular .wellings on both surtaces. Verr•

numerous, 2mms. Kay to lov~ Erlophyes crataeal(Acal'

(2) Rosette ot leaves at tip ~r twig, each leaf studded aboY.

and below wlt1}thick.)blunt papillae•. J)asyneuracrataegl(Dlpl,

(3) Kargins ot leaf-lobes curled downwards and under_ Eriophtes gOJ.110thors.x(A.car)

<tl Swollea pouched and rolled. lea.ves a tep of Ihoots,

forming tangled and ourled masses. Kay to late July. ­Aphis oratae~i(Hemipt)

($) Shrivelled leaves Mar to Jlly.Aphismkli. (~em1pt)

(6) wav•• united bl Lepldopterou.larva.~ (I)

(1t Lea•••' uni$ed b7 shining whit. silk SpUD by ~ortrlx

larya.• , ·liaes, 7ellow1ah. Head hf.zel , shining; ab1eld

very transparent, 1ellowlah-green shaded nth pale brown

posteriorly; spots small, OODColorou8, 8hining and

130

elevated; anal segmel}.t with a rugose opaque ~.eD patch not

punotured. Hairs sulphur-coloured. Legs... vd th b~ses ot jolnts

Dlctyopterlx contaminana.

StemioscopisSteinkellneriana

(9)

(11) LM.v•• unl ted 11l summer lr1 Tin.ina larva .E&apat. ---.........~(7) Leavesrolded under. AU! and Sept.

(8) Mined leav,Os.

Causedb7 Ltpidopteroua larva.

(1) Under alde or leat mned. ."" L1thocolleti. :eomifolielllS.

(11) Larg~rlat dark-brown blotOh•• ~. Chemlostoma .citella.

( 111) Tortu.ou8 JD1nes .'hen young, later lana. t.ed on leat.

Bucculatrlx orataeg1.

(lv) Long gallerlel made D brlght green larva;n Autumn.

Heptiluca oxyacanth~

(y) Kine. made b7 7ellow!sh laryae

Autumn. No specificc' : :.'D c t ':; r •

~. charaoter.

IJl~"i Beptiluoa plwa:ell~

~ • 1~obi.lla.J • g::;;Ol.11~.

(9) Blackish-brown puckers; .tagle or coal.acing, orten band~

along Median Y.ln~torm1ng th•• a sort of pucker.¥yzus OfYacantha (Hemiit)

(3) Leaves mined ~7 Dipterous larva.

(1) Swollen mines beginning on yeln at outer edge ot learJun. aDd Ju17 Agromysa 4. meiJer.l.

(I)AX1~lartbUda galled to resemble unopened flower-buds with

. single larva inside. Asphonuylea s~rotl~arr~'.

(2} Axiltiary buds replaced by spherical mass of learlets 3-15mnJ

in dlam. covered with. grey tel'. Leaflets generally hay.

XI. On CYTISUS SCOPaRIUS. (Broom)

edge. rolled upwards.

XII.

Eriolhyes genlstae.(&car)

131(11) Kine. Dot awollen.

XII.·· On F'RAXINUS EXCELSIOR (Ash)

(I) Leaflet. folded or rolled

Fhjtomyza cytlsl.

XIII.

(2)

1:52ot the leaf, then devour inner portion of the cones.

mining larvae have 3 pr. ventral less and 2 anal prolegs,

, b.t to se. them requires a good microscope. Gracl1lariasyr.inAeil~.

t3) Pouc~-lik. elongated gallon petiole or midrib,opening by \

XIV.

x.v,.

Eriophtes:~1; e t.ratiti chu*Q:', .. . tAcar)

(Lime)A

TILIA EUROP~E.A.

part becoming pouched.,

. ,.~~

a vent on upper 8urf.c.. Tinged with red. ~rvae greg&.riousfj

Perrls1a fr:.txlnl.:.··..•.1.:.~~( 1>ipt} ,I

. ..~";j,~

'~

:~:;(I) Conical,.,glossy bright red or purple "Iail gall" on '~

upper surface. Eriouhzes til~ae ~icusl(Acari J

(2) ::h:::i::::a:: ::e::·2:e:~1::: :::::. ::c:n:~::::e:e:y :[1bright 1'-110. larva hav1ns leaping powera. ~yn9UrQ .:~

. ti Li LF-vol'na (Dip(:5) Margins or leave. curled upwards and thickened; centr'",l

XIII On

XIV. On BYBIIGA•. (L11ac)

(I) Leaves blistered by lepldoptero~~ larvae living

xv. ~r:~::::~7. Graclllaria 21:::1:ella1(I) ·Dirty whl tl sh-green mine on upper s~~;:~~;toma lab'Xl,-nella .•..·•.•.•.•.•1·.•·.:..

( L:1.J 10 )':XVI. On HEDEltA RELlA. ( 1Y"J ) XVII:"

(I) Some leans ~t.d and CONUS or ethers tu.rned down. · )~Ii 0 l' t I' i x f 0 restel'una.'....'...'.:....

( l"epfd).tt., XVII. On PYHUS COMlvtUNIS. (Pear) XVIII:• j

(I) Gregarious pustulate salls on both $ul'face. :iriCl~tlrAC:~~

·:1

I34

(11) Mine on under surface. July and Autumn. Lithocolletlss,-lvOIIa.,;,..::.:.-

XXII.

Oaused by Lepldopterous larva.

O~AhPI~US BEiJL&E. (Hornbeam)

(1) Blotchbetwee~ uppe~·and lower epidermis with opening

at edge to expel tra8s. Cocoon spun !! mine. PhYllo~~~~~E1.!.

Caused by Hymenopterous larva.

(5) Mined leavesi

(I) Mines caused by LepidoptoroUB larvae.

XXI.

(11) Under surface. July and Oct.

(i) Upper surface. July and Autumn,

(Iii) Under surtace. July and Autumn.

Litbocolletis &arplnicclelIa: 'J::::::::~:~. ·~I

(1v) Broad tortuous' galleries. Barel,. more than (3 in one l.~.r. ":,Cocoon very flossy. Neptl1~ca r~osl.ctel!!.

(v) Extremely aarrow,tortuQua galleries. Kay-be up to 30 1D

one leaf. Niptlluca microtheri.eJ.!&

On PRTTNHS SPIN()S~.(Slo.) XXIII 1'i(I) Pubesc.nt rather numerous galls moetly on upper surr~ce. 1

Aperture below frl:n&6d with hairs. Eriophyes slml11s. (~arJ~

(2t Around edges of leave. only; pouch..l1ke formation. with .•·.;.1..·.

thick walls; crea..my-yellow sutfused with pink or purple. ;,r,yto0tus Radl Druniv,EUS ~. 1·~olil0pr~:l_.y

(3) Galls on l ••ves (f)CecJ..uoi,lyia 1?er:gjIJi1:~\tj)fj)i)~~~~:~plUcar}.~

(4) Leaves united together. Mycelotj.s~arpore,! (Lep141

(5) R~lled leaves. Yp 50102h,3 tasclellu8 ".j"i.,\<

AXIl.

(6) Mined lea~es. lul1 and Sep). o~.. torguilel.la.

(7) Lar 158 wh1t& blotches. Jul,. and Autumn. Neptiluca'ivla4:COlella.(Lepld)d

<~-~

~ntir8 one sId. ot leaf and part or latter maT extrude through

gall; may pRoject through both siaes or one only; may occup7

May be found either on upper or lower surface or 1.at or even

on petiole and. are attached onl1 bl & amallpoint to the stall

Kay ocoup7 almost

hlJ.oai tea, GglanteriQe (Hym)

Like (2) but amaller.. more tragile. and aot as common.. Rhoal tgs:,-'ubl:;inc::!a (Hymen j

Leaflets closed in to form. It pod-like groirth.C~'jcidOIf~:ria rosarum{ j)lnt)

Terminal leaves united. SEllol.. I..-'t,~ Robor':>' (LEpid)

Terminal leaf folded .ongl tudlnallJ along midrib and sllgh-tl-'

·..

a'glutinous sec*etlon.

or leaf - vein. .

or plant and are seldom as irregular.

entire leal or only a fringe of it.

,

att~ched by narrow point to und,r surface ot l.at-.eln.

Distinguished from (I) by having 5 or less stout sharp-pointeC:

spines r ..dlating from the ·surface .. July. IJlodi taa nervosua

(4)' Hard. ")woof1y, irregular galls on leaf or petioles, beset with

prickles. Distinguishad trom (I) ~1 for:m1ngan 1.ntegra~ part

I35(8) Leaf .. slightly deflex~d by slight viab spun on the under

surface by pale' green Lepldopterou8 larva. ~t~~~tPl~ ~bollL

(9) Lea..... ahrivelled Rp by thousands of 'aphids _bleh swarm

under the leaves, closing the pores and gumming them up wlth

(2) "Becicgu",r gw.lls" 361nn..s. Globular, .8ss11. c~ered with aOS8­

like pairs.containing numerous cells. Situated on the stem

but originate ~rom a leaf. Rhodltes rosaa. (Hymen)

(3) Globular pale green galls suffused with pink,4-6~ftB.

(5)

(8)

(1)

(8)

HY~lopterus Rruni.(Hem! pt)

XXIII. On~ CRose) XXIV.

(I) Spherioal pale green galla, suffused with pink.. 3-5mma.

"~~~I

or.,.....,.:·..i:.:.'"...•~

.:

•..'......•.•~..•.:.•.......".~

':~"1.1

f 'j.LvO

Caused by Lepldopteroul larva.

(i) Kines between upper and lower epidermis, thin mined

portion cut oft to torm case in which larva lives.

Coleophora gyrphixponnella.

(11) Long tortuous galleries made b1 ,el10w larva. Orange

brown cocoon frequently made in toot-stalk ot leaf.Neptilucaanomalella.

(11i) Large blotches made by pa18 sr00n larva ·Na:>tiluca angullfC:lsc1ella.

Caused by Dipterous larva.

fastened to oontiguous leaves.

,

01"09C1& 'er "manniana';~O

'~

el: .1C1'~(9) Bud and overlapping leaf drawn together by sIlken threads]

Pterophorus rhododactylus (Lep1d),:'"(IO) Mined ls&ves

Agromrza spiraea.(1) Whitish mines in upper surface.-t.

"~,.~

::~

<~O~CER P3ElJ.xltPr.,d"'"JS. (Sycamore) XXVI. !I

(I),Numerous bright ~.Q,alend.r)hl~hg~lls)on upper surface.. f~illocOkt0S acorlc?la (Acar

(2) Erineum galls on upper surr.~ce. :ale Groen or y~l~o~ish

xxv.

above, brown felt-ll~e 'exture below. Phytoutus mucl'octolus ~c:.. :::"t f iJ .:~ (.1:1. car )

(~) Round: pea-like galls, yellow or red)on lower surflice,

Llrlomlza amoena.

On SAi\IBUCUS NIGRA (Elder)

acaree17 "f1s1bl-e on ~per surface. Semetimes on petiole. .,.Fad~~p:s 4ceri3 (liymen)'I~

.xxVII. ~

(I) JUnes caused b1 DipterOus larva, on upper surface of led ,~:;~

:.~. '?~

XXVI.

.L<VII. On JUGLAlxDS REGIA (Walnut)

(I) Erineumgal18 OIl topper lurtace bet.eeD la.tAral veinsErioDhyes t.l:istrl"",tus Yare erinea

XXVIII. On llliU US CEh.rtSLS. (Wild Cherry)

(I) Rosette ot leave. at tip. or twigs.KyZU8 ceraSl~::) ~

~g

(m) Beddlsh-brown spots or patches on both surfucea' ot leat.

'j,lortr'ix cor;rlana. (Lep1(

XXX.

Snl1onota -----...........

On~ EGLill~TERIA (Sweat briar)

On VIB'~Jfu~t.JIvr OPu'LUS. (Guelder Rose)

Very local.

(I) Terminal leaves spun together.

137

(2) Leaf folded longitudinally.'

XXXI.::~';;~

. •...~·.,·a

Eriophyas vlburni. (Aca*~~

( 2) Lea! folded .1pr,lgUud1nally on one alde, then UPYlll.' part.;

. folded dOIm at rlght angles to tirat fold. Leayes presentZI

a very crumpled appearaace.. ~eronea trlstan~ (L9pldi:_:·(3) Lenticular pustules bn upper lt1rtacie, tinted with red; .,

1~

XXIX.

.xxx.

scarcely any projeotlonbelow where ther are yellowlsh or~

white. Larva yellowish. Oligotrophus soL~sli(Dlpt)

XXXI. On QUERCuS ROBUR. (Oak) XXXII.

(I) Folded6 rolled or ~it&d leaves.~

Caused by Lepldop t erous larva. ,''¥'

(1.) Edges of leaves turned dolYIl and secured w1 th S or 4 stO\1t

silk threads, or part ot 'ne leaf joln~d to anoth,r 01

similar means. Found trom August. onwards. Larva ~." I''thic.

and cylindrical; skIn covered with exceedingly short tiae­

pubescence resembling thepl1e or y&ry tine silk velvet.. Herminia deriv~lis.

(11) Web ot whitish-p.y silk holding up~Jcr surface or leat

folded together at enda aDd aldes~alao dra~.~ & little

so as to tona a hollow in middle or .leaf. Herminia •••ora~J.

(11i) Upper surfacti ot leaf folded together longitudinall,.

and, edges spun ~aelY togetler from one end to another.

Eaoh leaf tenanted by one larva with aD accumulation ot

138.fra8~ at one end. Feeds with1n

leaf>leaving venation and outer

Chwnbex: Maker" •

chamber or inner, portion ot,~'if'

cutlc·le untolACh9d. "1aulted •.,~iUlchylopLora mi tterb~cherlan-I

(2)

(1v) Both edges of l.af folded upwards to wIthin ~" of eack,~'

other and held by means of a quantity of highly spua web.t

LarJa. aevours leaf by eating holes between the veins.Cr;?totl~b~s bistrlga.

(v) Leaves twIsted and spun together, havf'ng the groen cutlo1

dissected a"Nay" and quanti ties ot t~a.2S s")un.up ,.•1 th ~h8rll. Jun.'i horcblsi; c0llscclella.

(vl) Leaves curled up for sh.lter by larva or "Oak Lear

Roller Moth". Feod mo~t voraciQt1111 ~11 May and June, Com­

pletely defoliating the tree,. ~henlQlsturbed, lower them-

selves by a slender thread.. Tortrix, lirldan~._, ,t'

Situated on under surf~ce ~r le~r, ~_at~ached to midrib

or lateral veins.. - (3)I •

A. Attanhed to lear by a point, gregarious, found in-

Autumn.-......

(1) Bound, depressed in centre, aIdes oo"red with golden

,_ silky hair., gall 1tself red. 2mt"l8. "Bu'tlton Galln. .If ieUZ1!terus nWlli.snlktis • (Hyme)

(Ii) Flat, aot coyered wIth golden haIrs.. f- . .Ca) Almost glabrous, 1~egular11 circular, margl~

'" ..curled up, with distinct knob in centre, 4roms. Scatter

over leaf but never in very great numbers.Neurotarus luGvisaulls. (Hymen)

(lil) Flat, covered .tth It.alate laIrs •. ~ ~ d

(a) Margins not curled up, the top broadly oonGa:e, re~lsh

bottom glabrous, 'pale fellow, never red. 4imms. Ver7

numerous. Neuroterus lenticularis.

( (b) Margins distinctly curled up, small knob-like elevation

in centre, bottom pilose, red or .eddlsh-bro\Yn; never

,June and July.3-4mms.

- 'f':';

'M',. and June. Snathogaster.baccarum.,. '. (Hymen)

(11) Small,round1sh, covered with long glistening whit. hair••

Spath:ga.ster tr1colC?r. t:o~" (Hymen) ~

~;a:t::;:e~:o.::::n:d,or, later;l Yel;_ D. ':1(11 :::::h::t:Ob:::::br:: ::;;k~::~::::tO~1;e:::~::::~gall.I

round on unde~urtac. of leaf. 3-I2m.'11S. July. '~;i.~. Dr:ophanta toll1. (Hyman)

(11) KidneYT8haped, oroYV4ed together along tbe velns ,~reen1ah~

yellow, sometimes reddish, 2·!~~s. Autumn. TrigonaspismegaEter,:a rOl"l\l!n:t Hymen)

...

lUOi"e than 3m:ils.

• yellow, frequently marked with redciish bands. Central ea.vit,.

small. Walls thick. '7-8lillES x 4-5nu.ls. AUf;;ust. ~rYA)'nr~~.;,;, Ii - lO1.6·i:var:tri~(Hymen),

(iIi) Oval or ovoid, pale 1ello~} aeldoqror never with pink '~

cheeks, surface marked with asperities; walls thl., l~rYal

cavity la~Ge.,4nw1s. Rare and local. Drypphanta agama.( li7ment

'1v) Semicircular depression at top with an elong~ted elev2tlan

in its l~ddle, pale yello., smooth, narrow towards centre at

of lear, appearing in Spring or early Summer. ~ c." ,. ..

(1) Pea-shaped, glabrous, gr,een,,~lth or wl;hout reddish cheeks.'r. ~ ~

Larval chamber surrounded by ~ whit1sh layer. 5-6~~s. 4

B. Round 80ft, succulent,

•• (bO iJIard and woody it ,. ...':1(1) Depressed at' top and bottom, smooth,' glabrous, wh1tlsh-. ~

yellow with bright rtd che:ks, larva.· cay! ty small. iValls

o .'thiciF. 5nuna. J.uly to Oct. ,lJr':"ophanta diVisu.(H~·nH~n)..(J-i) A t --'- o.:j U "·c' e ro·nc.:: ....L.J.,'~c.. r~ibc)ous, whitiah. P(j1: no "'-'pras~ieu, s·rJ.l{l· . _" .... ~- c ...

.4

(1) Smooth, ovoid, glabrous, greenish-yellow, 1-2m~s. Juae

( 5) Irl~egul&.r green .welling at base of IG~t I with lkrge central

(4)

Andricus ostreus.(Hymen)

Neuroterus vesi£.to~(Hymen)

Nauroterus alb12ea (Hymen)

.Anoricus m~rginalis.(Hymen)

.~.

la..v~s.

AUg. and Sept.

and July.

cavit1 containing a brown ••ed-like tree inner gall.£lluricu8 curvator.(H1men)........................

140 "bottom which haa a depression with. raised point, by

it 1s attached to the leaf • l>wo chwnber•• 5-6t1L~S .x 4I:mls.lJr.,.,opLanta aisticl:a (H~'lnen

(v) Oval, glabrous, y~llow-spotted "itt red dots, situ~ted

betYleen ~rown acales wh1ch pers1st attnr gall bas tallen.

(1) Irregularly circular, pale g»een galls 2-3mms. projectIng

abo~a and below tor about ~. Centre of~top has small

rals9d point from 'Rhlch r:;..diat9 to clrcumfer'()nco mlnuta

(li) Sllortly-stalMed, spindle~ahaped, greenjoften with red

longi tudlnal lines, ape%' .ndlng in a point. 6..8Jl1lT-s .~' Oct., Andricu8 semin~ll1.,!. (H~'lon)

(iii) Sessili), l~OUlld·icl at bv.se and. apex, surl'l.ice shining.. ..If(

granular, greenish-1ellow marked with 'ed. Shell very thin

4mrns. Found in May on young half-grown leaves.." .uri ophanta verrucosa. (HYlUen)

(Iv) Sessile, glabrous, green.mal'kea ':..fI£t. red6.1sI" furl'ofJcd

longltudlnal17~ 4-5mms. May and June on fully devaloped

<1> Project!.. from both surfaces ot leat.

(4) Situat9d on margin or leaf l1thout an inner gall (5)

(6) On midrib or petiole.

(1) Small elongate .welling. Andricus testac6ipes and~luricus nod~ll. (Hymen)

(11) Gregarious on petiole, ovil ?lU.D1S. causIng lrregula»

distortion. iUlciricus~-linea.tus • (H:-'l!'len)

(7) Galls, wholly or partlY enveloped in leaf buds. (8)

andri c us geJI11U8. t us (Hymen)

14I

(a> In adventitious buds.

( 1) Oval, pointed at apex, gre(lD., veh'ety , oovered wi th'l

long 'J'hltlsh halrs~ 2mtns •. April and tarl)" Ka1'_JJr:·o~:.al1ta si~"ili.l).(HY1Q)",

(1i) At foot ot old oaksearll in Llai. v~l rou.nded at apex:,

3!1Lns. vlolet, covered with velvet,.. pUbescence. Shell thin,

larva occupying entire interior ot gall DrioPhanta. asc.h~nbeI'gl (Hymo

( lli) At toot ot oaks 1-3' trem ground 111 lwik;)'. ROunul sh or

oval, soft and suoculent, amooth, white with reddish ch.ek.~.j

or entirely red. Central cavity small, 3-8pa" trequ.entl,. ~.~

hlddaR b7 mosa. TrigonaSplSmegaEtera<H1M)j

(1v) Oval, scarcely 2mlus. sOlJetlmeanarrowed at apexJ base '

smooth, green when young, greenish-white or brownish

later.· May and June.

(b) In terminal buds.

(1) Large polythalamou8, Whitish-yellow, 80rt and spongy,

. I" in diameter. Kal and Juna. .Biorhiza terminalis,(Hym)

(11) Conical_ green whan 7oung, p ....le whan 014, apex termin­

ated by con1cal point or wart ot areddlsh or yollowish

colour. 30ft and succulent .henyoung, beooming reticulat

or wrinkled. 3-5:mms. Muoh broader and shorter than ddr1cu

autumnalis and A.lollaria. Greener also and proSects more

out ot bud. Andricus globuli.(HTmen)

(lil) Elongated o.al, 11alt hidden by scales, green at first,

with wart or oonical point at apex. When young covered

with 8ucQulent matter; inner gall with longitudinal

striations (not reticulations) Shorter ~d more spherioal

than collarisJ eaail!, known trom globul1 b)" beipg lonGer

I.bud. April and May_, Andricus aprl11nus(Hym)

."

(il) B-ase dilated, ·apex wI th point in middle, covered wi th J

long whi te glistening hairs. Woody. Green. IA.rval cbambe't

separated troin bottom 'by a hollow apace•. Andr1cus >1. ikL...nd'}laa( Hym).~

( 111) Sp1ndle-lIhap8d wi tb. ahort peduncle, greon or with .••·'.•1'.

reddish stripes. October. ., otind.ricu8 malpi@li (Hym):!.'"

(iv) Elongated at base and apex, dark' yellow, .urtac. rugose·f'

or glandular, bearing several tlattlsh protections or a

deeper colour; Incurv~ glistening white hairs. Inner

larval chamber tree, being separated from the rellowlsh.outer layer of cells by a small spacel 5mnls •.

~dl'·_Cl1.S clem~l... tin-.:.e.(v) Differs trom all other galla in having 14ng peuuncle

at either end, thEt'lowest belne; long8r th~gall its.lt.

Generally stand out obliquely from bud. June. .Andricus c~llldoma.(HYml

(a) In both terminal and Lateral buds.

(1) Spindle-shaped, terminal point being .Gaet~•• curved

and almost bare. Beat 9£ gall covered trdekly with

large .•oolly 'brownish-"hite!~halr. Green at .first,

b.comlng reddish-brown. 5-Bmms.July to Sept. It round

lssuini from a lat~ral bu. the gall 18 placed above

the dsveloped leaf which accompanies it. Andr!cussoI1.ta:rius

(11) ItArt~hoke Galli Gall 1tselfiapeal'pshapod, woody

IOrnms long. Green at !1rst,turnlng shining brown.

Lies .nveloped in liat-buds, the scales of which

14:5

become anormouslf developed, 80 as to,. give the appearance

of a miniature artlchoka.~: ~~dricus toaundatrlx.

(ill) Hidden by sca19s, so only apex vi.lble; hard wooly,

conical or oval, sonle'tlaes a.lmost roundish, smooth; a.pex

~arrowed to a point, forming a blunt cone surroundea b7 a

sone d1rfer~nt11 coloured from: rest ot salle Brownish at

apex, rest yellowish. Anurlcuo coll~r13.

\ -.j ~~\))~J:~$ ~~\fa~c~~'~ir1?111Gi~ga~ioui,c:il,4~'or-7S~lrn -:'-~d?O\~:l~­

Glabrous, w'll~b1~den in bud, brownish-yellow to bright

red; thin-walled, "elongate oval, 2-5m.ills. Andrlcue clrcul&.n::

(3) Mined l~av.s.

Caused by Lepidopterous larva.

(i) Sevaral galleries mined in one leaf, becmuill£ united to,

form a blotch. May iUld Aucust • Corlsciwn 8ro#aniul~dellwn

(11) Large wbite blotches with larva resting in curved positic~

in-side. Coooon spun within leat. Tlscheria eomplaL~lla

(111) :Mines on under surfa.ce or leaf in July and .utumn.

P\:lpate '..dthln mill~. Empty pupal case protruding. Larva

·14 footed. Li tLocolletis CIl8.l1H~rella.

(1v) Kines on under surface ot leaf In>Juli~d October.

Tisslle-paper etfedt below and slight puoker,above. Pupate

wlthinmlns, empt.,fpupal 0 ...S8 protrucllng. Lithocolletis.!lGl..\..:J.ll_'_ alia

(v) '£yplcal Llthocolletls mine••0 specific eharact3r~.LitLocollotls Lartella.

(vi) T7pical Lithooolletis mine. Florms elongato vel'.! fin.

cocoon. Lithocolletis lautella.

(Yi1) Leaves mined trom July to Oct. by lar.-a with 6 antsltlor

legs wanting and replaced by membr~ous prolegs. 18

in breadth. July and August. l~emr..tus nlgrcl:ne~:_t1'!.s.

B.

XXXIII.(Willows)On S,d,LIX SPS.-----

hooks. Mines always flat, generally ot 1~regul¥.r ·serpantln.

form, though sometimes spiral and sometimes rOrliLlng a

complete blotch. .Do not pupate withia mine. Neptl1uoa

ti. trio.pi tella,and ruficppi tel,l,­

(vii!) Leaves mined In autumn•. Kine narrow. kept al0.e to'

midrlb but turned upon' 1 t ••lt to form a amall blotch.

(1) Both sidos aff~ct~d but edge net much rolled, eDlde~n18

eaten first, theD b.oles eaten awar •.Nama-tuB x.a.ntho.sas:~.~.t.

(11) Leaf' folded under along-.nt1re length or one side.. ~ematus laucostictus.

(11i) Leaf folded 'under along g~eater part of one-ilde,

the fold belng ve~y narrow, not much more than one line

, (2) Topmost leaves Wl" ted 111 May and lune.

~~~ ----._., 144prolegs in ~ll ~ut non~ ot them have the u.sua:!

-------~~

A.. On SaLlA VI"11Il;ALIS (Oaier)tN(I)·Leaves tolded,~oll.d under and inwards.I

Caused by Dlp~eroul larva.

(i) Both sid•• atfected, chocolate -brown or black.. tu...aodophliLtaa mar¢?lnem torg,uens.

(1i) Caused by Hymenopterous l~rva. .

XXXII.

KBptl1uca subblmaoulella

Causec1 by Hymenopterous larva.

(i) BrowR blotch-llke mlns. No oocoon in mine. Fenusa Plfi!!!!

(9) Leaf mined at first, then cones constructed by larva(Lepid)

rolling up portion otle.f. Inner portioR or cone deToured,

become discoloured and are .asl1, ••ea. Gracllarlaswauarella.

I45(3) Little bunale& ot'ieaves on topmost twigs. July onwards

.~a.r~iis clorana. (Lepld)

B. OnSALIX~.

(I)

(2)

(3)

(t>

c.Rosette or leaves at tips of twigs. Rhaodophaga rosar1a.

( Dlpt)Rose-like galls. Cecldomlla alblpennls'Dlpt)

Wi thered. tip. or young shoots .,. Cecldomyia ... sallci51a.. "

Galla OD leatmarglna I 4mm.s. Green changing to red and

brown·. Eriophyes marginatus.(Acar)

(5) Leaves rolled d.ownwards and under. Nom~tus scotaspi,·(Hym)

( 6) Sae il below.

c. Orl SALIX PURP"JREA.

Rhabdophaga terminalis(Dlpt)

D.

(I)Large 0.&1 or oblonr galls eto••lf pr.88~ to m1d~b.

Walls thin and apace inside larger than in anY' other gall

June, July and Augustl Rare. ~a~tus veslcator(Hymen)

(2) Round or oval galls plac&d in p~irs on leaf, projecting

to aome extent abo•• b~t aot at all below; .ides have

round projecting rings. Green to pupple above. Baneath

aIwa"8 pale green. Early June. ~e.atus ischnoceru~ {Hymen)j

(3)"Pea galll attached to midrib on lower surface of leat.

Larva solitary, rests witpln gall with b.dycuryed 16ke

a 1. Does Rot expel trass. Walls rather thin; May to

end of Sept. Nematus viminall~ (Hymen)

(4) Fold~d-down edges or leaves. Hymenopterous larvk# teeds

on upper epidermis, thus malting brown spa.ces in leaf • Large,1

blu~lsh greeD, with 2 black cerci Jointed to quadrangular

black-4otted apot • .June and JaIy" aot common. Neill~tus1011co~tlQm!

(5) Rolled-down edges of leaf. Clear Ilassy-gr$on l~rvk

(Hynlen) bearing no 'black marks on hind segments, thu.s '

..

( I) One side or leaf folded downwards and under along 1ts

(I) Round1sb o' oval)~ooth ahlnlnglg»een lal18 ~rked perhaps

with red. Eaoh containa one larva, and thert i8 .a a rule

~ematus purDurea

Rhabdoph~g. terminal!.(lJlpt)

Rhabdophaga heteroblM

ffilabdophaga rosaria.

G.

Nematusscotasp1s(Hym)

nr~abdoDhagaheterobia

NS:'J.atus leucostlctus(H)1Il)

Rhabdophuga het~robl~(Dlpt)

146

differing from most le~f-rolling larvae.

(8) s•• E(I) below.

(7) See G(I) below.

(8) See B(I) above.

On SALIX HmmACKA.

entire length.

(2) See B( I) above.

Head shining brown. Rare.

(4) See a(I) below.

~ut one gall an a leaf. This 1s the only gall-inhab1ting

larva (HJmen) ~earing regularly arranged marks on b.dy.

Whitish with blaok lots arranced in 5 rows. Lela dark

greenish-white with amall black aark OYer each ol&w; anal

,segment bears no marks. Very looal. Nematu8 harbae••,_

I •. On SALIX FRA1ILIS. F.

(I) J,eaves at tips or ahoot rolled u.pright, one on another, ,thickened and more or less detormed. Larva gregarious. ..]

hhabdophaga !!,.rminall.!.·~(2) Bright red bean-shaped galls proJ ectiI,lci from both wur!acesJ

of leaf. Nematus &,alllcol!'Hym) -1l

(3) Rolla edge or leaf' downwards and Wlder. Larva(H1lll.en) blue1shj

green, white at jWlctlon of segments l skin wrinkled, anal

segment has variable number ot black spots, ceeel black.

P. On SALIX FEJT~~DRA.

147G. On SALI1\. 'rhI.tU~DRA H.

(I) Loose rosette of leaves on tips or twigs. Pilose. not

abundant. Larvae gregllrious. RhabdO?haf~ heterobia.uipt )

H. On S~LIa DEPRESSA. I.

Erio?h;res totti..l.!ott~ri.x. la.cv! s. (~c.r)

(3)

SQIte *'9 0(3) but gall covered with longish pale hairs.Ii.matU/it b G1 J. us (}"-J1'!: an)

5w'011en and distorted le': buds;. ';"'" EU~i'a sal.icotl. (Hymen)

See G(I) above.

Found up to endot October.

upper surface of lear, pubescent above, ~labro'''s b~lo", '<,,,

aperture below.

(I) Rosette of leaves ~ tips of twigs.

(1) Rosette of leaves on tips or twigs. Unl1arval. lot

hairy. Rhabdopha~a rosarla.. (Dlpt)

(2) Small rosette, ~-5mms. at axils ot leaves. Not hairy. 'hhabdonh&ga .rasarlella

( lJi 1") t )(3) Galls on Itppersurfac. or leat (t) Oecldom;/iaper 1fl"'ina.

(.; pt)(4) Leave8 rolled downwards and under. (See A(I) ) Nerl'_'.t1's

.xG.r;t~Ot~::';'3 t ~r{ ..:,:,ymen}(5) Berr:r-shaped greylsh...gr8en gall oov.red clocely wIth tin•

. hairs. L~rYa. do not make hole tor 'xpulsion or fraas, nor

previous to spiml1ng do th8ybecoms ot a slat. colour, thus

differing trom. all other larvae found in berry-shaped galla.. ,.~J

(I) Thick-walled galls occurring in. considerable numbers. cn

(2) Attached to midrib.

{a} Upper .urt'~..c(l).

I. On S..tiLIX AFRIT.t1..

J On Si".LIX C..1.PhEA or, and, SALIX CIi.~·Er.EJ.l (Sallows) K.

Hormomyla caJrea( u19t)

Euura nlgr1ta~sus

{l.£ymen}commencem~nt or le~f.

EUUl'a yenusta (Hrmen )(10)

I~ ~

(1) Woody, glabrous plu.rlloctllar (Vsu.1118 loeull) Iwelling.

with aperture below.

(b) Lower surface.

(1) Pea-llke galls, green with or -althont pink cheek.,

larva solitar1 restius within !all wlthbody curved In

a J. Nematus vlm1nalis. (~ymen;

(~1) Similar, but covered with tine longlg~ ~~le hairs.LCJ:.atus bellus (Hym)

(3}<..£!~J,>.·:ireon bean·ahaped galls projectin[ fl'OL~ bet. ~lJ.rf~·.c~shem~;usd!ridgm~nll'.

(4) PustulClte galls on upper surtu(H~. C.3C,LQOl:.."i.l.~ c.iJl·e~(.ji~t )

(5.) 'til thered tips or young shoots. Oecldomyla salicina.

(6) ROsette or le.ve. at tips of t"i~s. Not ~.airy. Unl1arval&~abdonha?a rosurla

(7) Swollen and distorted leaf-bud. which -- i (utyt)

internally become converted into a ~reen gr~nula..r· matter on

which larva teads. Aug. to Oct.

(8) Lea~stalks thickened trom base to

(9) Termina.l leaves united together.

CausAd by Lepldopterous larva.

(1) Terminal lenv~a drawn upwaNa together 1n a. .hot-led

..... , ~ayand June.

(11) Topmost leaves spun together in Ka~ b1 beautiful bright

green larva. ~tlthesia c~d,.?r~Gilla.

(ili) Terminal leavea spun together by pale green larya.

Two broods. 148.1 and 00, t • Foronea L~stlan~.

•(1.,.) Little buudl.,s of leaves on topmost twigs trom July

onwards. i~h length (larvt;) 16 legs, 'b~ck gradually

rising trom 2nd. leg. to 6th. then t~lling gradually

to- IIth~ rising asaln on 12th, and talling to end

149

of a hazel nut, very pilose; larvae gregarious, orange-

(II)

Earins olorana.

Caused by Lapidopterol18 larva.

red.

'of I3th.

(1) Found during summer (Tlnelna larva) Dasystom.lil Salloella

(ii) It It sept. Oot. " " ChGmlbacche :r~{":ella

(iii) It • Apr!l. May ( 'l'obtrix larva) Br.ch~tuenla

Glrtll'ianni ana(iv) " n ff n •• It Pale yellow wi ~l. tlack

shining head, pale bl-own shteld, darker in froatand it.

anterior margin white; spots scaroely darker than the

(1) Terminal leaves torm ova! or round tight mas6, the size

(IO) Leaves united.

body. Hrpermecla augustana

(Y) Two. leaves d:rawn togother or part of leaf folded over.

Jume to Oct. Ge~natrid.. larva. Body verdiGris-green.

suffused with pink. Ypsipetes.ruberkrla •

Rollou or told8d leaves.

.(II)

(I2)

(I~)

Terminal shoots united in Jul7.'· Geleoh~.a temGrella. a.nd" if sorurcalella(Lep)

Gones' formed on leaves in August and Sept.Gracillarla straminella (Lepid)

(14)

Caused by Lepldopteroua larva. J(1) Corner ot leat toldsd andere ' Psorlooptera gibboiell~

(il) Leaves rolled-up in Kay and June. Gelechiapopulella

(111) Leaves folded ander in April and May. Taenlocwmpa cruce

If

(1v) Leave. folded under with white silk in April and May.

Tortrix larva. 9 11n.s~ dull red,brown, stoutest 1. mdddl~.

Head small and heart-shaped, bla.ck and shining. Shi eld

black. spots oVal, elevated, shining black. Large

150round rugose black plate on anal segment. Le~s dull brown

Caused by Hymenopterous larvQ.

(1) Leaves rolled by clear bluish-green larva, with two black

Penthina sulicellawith bases of joints black.

(v) Edges ot leav~s folded under and secured with ~ or 4

stout silk threads. Larva thick, tat and cylindrical, skin

dark,brown, covered with an exeep.dlngly short and tine pub­

escence resembling the pile of very tine lilk velvet. When

tris catches the light, apuears or a pearly whiten.sl,Herminia derivalls

(12) Mined leave••

strelks on ventral surface reaching Ist •.pr, legs. P:..Lwhl11u.1 . Is;· VU-;:'lCUS

Caused by HTRenopterous larva.

(1) Blotch like ~ln8. Phyllotoma mlcrotephala

Oaused by LepldopteroU8 larva.

(1) Kine between upper and lower epidermis. first, then two

or more leaves spun togeth8r and l.rva commence. teedln~ tram

outside. Pomn9lia fusca.

(11) Kine bet.een upper and lower epldermia tirst, then mined

portion cut out to form portable case tor larV'a.. Coleo;phora .!J2..

(11i) JUnes on under surface in July, also S9pt and Oct.

(v) Kin•• on under surface in July and Aut~n. Lithocolletis

vlminella and ~.8Plnolell.

(Vi) Small tortuous mdn•• in July and Autumn. Nerytlluca salle!!

Caused by Dlpt.rou8 lar.a.

(1) Blotch lIke mines in upper surface. Pupation doe. aot

LithocolletisSallc1colalla

Yimlnetorum•Larva 14-footed.

(lY) M1ne. on under surtac. in Autuam.

L.

Gelechia notatalla(Lepid)

Phyllocntstis salir:na.( Lepla)

151occur in mine. Two senerations. Rare. Phyt0!lzI trldentata

(I) Leaves united.

(2) Leaves minod below.

(13) Cones on leaves.

I. On Various SM001'H-LE..-1VES viILLO'~S.

L. On SALIX REPENS .

(I) Minas on unde,(urface of leaves. June and JUly~#gromy ZQ ~~£!E.!..())1p t )

JC<:XIV. On POPULUS (Popl&l') Y..A.Av.

A. On POPULUS '.i'REhtULA.

(I) Red or purple galla projecting from both surfaces of leaf,

havlngtlny hole verltrallYi never Inore tJ-rc.TJ. 4 or 5 crl l~~,f

Eriophyes pustulatum(Acar)(2) Red pea-like irregular pink or purpla s..'JellL.1Ls on upper

surface ot l.Mvea and petioles. Constricted at base.

Unl1arval. Diplos's.tremula (iilpt)

(~) Round carmine~ed galls ~.5r~n8, on upper surfaoe onl7,

opening by a hole below, thin-walled, not eonstrict~ at b~s•.Et~l·f!~;'.Luih rlotx.li (Dlpt)

(4) Subglobular, slightl,. elongated, 4-0lll.:1s.n ala:Ii. project-

ing from both surface. Green or reaal sh. Unilarval. . -.' ~Earm4.l1d.l1&1l. ca.;; t 0(E,-osa( Dipt )".~.

(5) Erineuiu gall ~n lower 8urface.Whl tish at firs' I turn!.ng

brownish. Fhyllooopt•• populi (Aca-r)

(6) ~lnet.Ull gallon both surfaoes, red. becoming brown laterErio~hyes variGs (Acarj

(7) Rolled leav~s. (8)

CausiJd by f!ymenopt~.'n·ous larva. •

•..1;1) Bright greon larva, '!li th bla.ck st!'I!:J.k f)n thol'G.:;:, headt-shlp.lng black with bright reddlsh--bro1O'l vertex. i.unphilius

sJlv~ticus

..

152

yellollis:h.... Ol.. r.ddish-brom1 'jllth longis.h bl~.ck 'ba.::.ds.

(2)

Ph:tomyza_trldent~t&

Phytomyz~DopulicolQ

PL.ytom:;rza Qo·,,)ull.

Soh1 zoneura traniulae.

Harmt.Jldla petioli (.~ipt),

tuft or bunch.

mine. Two geuerations.

(1) Loaves and axtreu1 tiGS of tviigs 1.1111 tt) to l"t)rc a th.ick

... ~

l: ;:; ,:. ~/ ::; l'"' :; l..~:"'r- i]{

Caused by LepidopteroU8 lar.....

(1) Two leQ.ves spun together to' which fra.ss Q.dher9s •.PcsP1:cJ,ia Los ti Ii s •

C~used by Dipterous larva.

(1) Round swelling on petiole.

(1i) Small red irregular roundish galls on glands at

extromities of petiolo. Eriophyes dlversipunctatus(Acar)

B. On PCPULUS liIGRA

(1v) Not easl11 d1stlngul$ked. from (111) !. populdivora

(11) Larger than (1).

Caused by Hymenopteroua larva.

(1) Blotches leaves in July_ Cocoon within mine., PhyllotomQ;l. oeL.ropoda

Caused by Lepldopterou8 larva.

(1) Mines great blotches in leaves in June and 'ugust.

Larva apod0\18 and 10cooD. within mille. Phyllocnlstis. s uf f U 2 '.;; 11a

(il) Mines leaves 1D August and Sept., thaa constructs case

by rollins up portion or 1e£.f. Larva 14-tooted.Gr:.tclll ..ria slrin(ella

C.used by Dipterous l~rvue.

(i) Upp~r su.rrac~1 blctch-llke mine; pupatloa not within

(ili) Upper or lower surface; pupation within mine. Pupa

(8) Cauliflower iall 01\ buds. Redoi.hor sreenlsh. Erlo"(fhyespopulI ( ~car )

(9)' on Petiole.

(I) Mined leaves.

153

(v) Upper surface; aarrow tunnels at first, later distend.ing

considerably. Pupation not wltlun mine.Agromy~. alblt~rsus populi.

(:5)

AXXVI.

XUVII

Posterior eppendages

Yellowish-brown

.'1.<:

Phytomyza 11101001a.

(Holl,.)

On LONICEhA PERICLYll/u~ii\i.llA. (Woodbine)

On~ ~UIFOLIUM

•steg~nophYlcha n.ev~na{L8pld)

Topmost lakv•• Wllted. lIay and JWl8. PuedJscao~htL!;i.lmlcana(L9pld)

Alther one leaf tUrll&d down or two or~~3terled to-

upper surface.. Pupation wIthin min...

'11) Mine starts as a ygry tine tunnel.< t".....1ot larva possess 22 nodules.

(2) Rolled leaves

or Ar~&. Occasionally on I'111drlb. Pemphigus bursarlus.

(11) Spiral dark gr93n galls. Jlli~e to Sept. ~ splrothecae

pup~. One generation only- Common. Poster1or appendage.~.~or larva possess 6 to , nodu1es.Phytoill/za 111e11.

(1) Lats Autumn to March. Large discoloured blotah 1a

(i) Leaves rol18d in May and June by Lepidopterou. larva •.Gelechia populella

(3) Unl ted leaves. ( 4)

(1) Leaves united 1n May by Leptd. Larva. B~tr&cLedrap el' .... Ehl,.:U\:;13 tus

(11) rJ.'WO leaves SpWl together flatwis. by L~,.)iQ .l:~rva.l3ret.::·~os not ....

;( 4) Bllsterd leaves ( due to H9nllpterii) Cui ti-.Ol·U.S-r:iUcomelas

(5) Galls on petiole ( dl10 ~o Henl1.p~eral ~':L,;,.:';.;:, "'," - .,.:.) '';;.::.

(1) Smooth pear-shaped or oval purse-like swellings. JUly

(I) Leave. fold.ed torward longitudinall,. aloAI Gole length

I..XA'l

. (I)

(2)

Gelechla Mouffetella- (tepid)

154

(2) Leaves united. Kay.

(3) Mined l8a.8s.

Oaused by Lapidopterou8 larvae.

(1) unde7'urface of leaves. Minea nearly as lar~. as leat

itself, but this 1s not constricted at right angles

laterally. Li thocolletls ... em!!erizaepenn-ella

(i1) Small m.ines on unde~urtac., and leattwisted at right

Caused by Dipterous larvae.

ti) Sev~ral tunnels in one leaf, all proceeding trom mid­

rib, along luteral .eins. Pupation 1n earth. Phrtomyza. alp i~en<A.O.

(11) Star-shaped ramitying 8mooth-surf~ced mine. Upper

surface. Pupation within mine at one end ot the radiating

passage. Y.llowlsh~brownpupa ·with long jet-black streaks

(ili) Swollen star-shaped mine in upper surfaee. D1ffers

trom (11) by haVing epl~. always wrinkled, and the

ta8cal pellet. always lIe farther apart t~om each other

and are not strung together in a definite rowl Pupation

w1thin mine. Jul7 and August. .., .. Fh;rtomlza perlclymenl

(i.) Brownish tunnel. 'in upper eurtace, which otten

traverse the whole 18at and frequentlY cross. May and JulyPhytomyza agromyzlna. "

(v) Upper aurtace; white, not .ery broad passaGes, often

branched. Pupation in earth.Kay• June. Ph?..ta;-rpL:rzalonQo.ll .... :.1Q

(v1) Upper surface. passage. Whioh wind but lIttle, and

are ne.er branched. ~a.e.s lies in 2 rows or 1n a cloud1

mass 1n the ~ddl.. PhltomlZ~ zylost&l.

(~ii) One long passage near leat edge, faeces t orm., a ft••

angles. July and April.

on both aides.

Llthocoll.tia tr1fasclella

Napomyza .. zylost.i.

155.

mols~ firm line. Pupa white. Napomyza lonlcerae.

XXXVIII. On P1RlTS MALUS. (Apple) XXXIX.

(I) Shrivelled leaves. May and Ju17. A;phis mali (Hem)

(2) Rolled leaves l containing numerous insects overspread by

mealy- powder. 1WL1s plouni( Hem)

",...-

\

. Dictlopterlx contaminana(LepId)

Lege ging.r-1.llow~_ Aphis R.Z!:!.(Hem)

Mined lea'e••

Corner or leaves turned downwards and under in K~1 and JuaaGelechla rhombell~(Lep)

Leaves unite~ in a felted mass r.8emblir~ moss.Golechla leucatella(Lep)

antennae and corniel.a.

Caused by Lepidopterou8 larva.

'1) Flat tortuous minea. lull to Oct. Larva IS-tooted.L\onetla clerckella.

(11) Large flat dark blotches. etlemlostoma sc;y tella

On CRAB APPi.E._ ...............

(3)

( 4)

(5)

Causeu by Lepldopterous laryae.

(1) Bright green larva making lon~ galleries in autumn.NG1tl1ucaoxy acanth'11a.

j (11) Yellow lar•• making long galler es In Juiy and Autumn!eptiluca malella.

(2) United leav•••

(3) Mined leaves.

(1) Leav•• distorted and changed to yellow o~ tine r.9bolour.

Insects &De emall aienna-brown with black head,bands, spot_,

156

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Buckton.

"

-

Barne" R.F. "Further Result. of aa In.e.tlgat1oa 1nt. theR,·s

~ R;s1ataace of Basket W1110.. to Button-gall

. "Formation Ann•• .Appl. Biol. Vol.XVIII. Jig.I.

"On the Gall Kidge.'Injurlou. t. the Cult1••­

tlo~ .t .1110•••·11. -The 8o-called "Shot Bole"

Gall Kidges. ~••Appl.Blo1.Vol.XXII.Pt.I.F.b.'~

·~h. Gall JU4&.' attaokll11 ae.-1-he.d. o~ Cockr

toot, .»aot1l1. I~amerata" Bull.Jnt.Rea.Vol.3I.P., h

Bentam and Hoo~.r. -Br1tlsh .lora."" • "Illustration. to the Briti.h 'lora."

British Entomology, V01••~~ Part ;'n~I•

.Buckler, w. "Larvae ot Briti.h Butterf11e. and Kothe."

Vol.I-X. RaJ Soc. 1881.

"British Aphids". Vol.I-IV. ia1 Soc.

Cameron, l. "A Monograph ot Sri tlah Ph7 t ophagou. B)lRenoptera..'

Vol.I-IY. RaJ 800.1883 •

. Collinge, WeB. "Report OIl the InJurlou. IIlaeot. and Other

.Animals".

~.'

Connold, X.T.*"Brltlah V.getable Galls".

Curti8, J. DBrit\sh EntomologJ" Vol.I,II. Coleoptera.• •Ealand, C.A. -Insect Enem1.s~

.....

Gl11anders,A.T."For8.t Bntoaology". ~

Graham,S.A. ·prln,ip18.'of Forest BntQmolog1".

Harshberber, J.W. "Mycolog and Plant Patbology".",

Hassan, A.S."Blology of the Briophyldae with speclal

rererence to Brloph,.e. trlstrlatu8 (Ial)

15'1

Hatton,R.G.,TfAmOs,J., andfydeman,H.K. "Control ot B1g Bud

~ Mit. in Field". Anni.Rept. :i.Il. Res.St. Nov. '25 •.

Hering: M. "Die ~18r.elt De~tachland." 6 Tiel. Ord. Diptera.«

I Agro1ll1s1da••. 1921'/.

Houard,C. "Les Zoocecld1e. de. Plant•• d'Europe"Vol I-III•.

Imms, ol. D. "G.eral Textbook of BntomoloU".

Johnson, W.G."Fumigation K.~hodln.

Kieter, H.H. "Erioph71d atudles· Vol. 1111.

Bull.Dept.of Agrlo~ Calit. Vol.XXVII.No2.Apr. M.~

June 1938.

" Do. Vol.XXVli.NoS. Ju11,Aug.Sept. '3£

" Do. Vol.IXVIII.jo2.F.b.'~~

It Do. Vol.XXVIII .No~ .Mar. '3~'

" Do. Vol.XXVIII.lo5.Ka7.13~:~ .' Do. Vol.XXVI1I.Ko6.June •.• ,

.. Do. Vol.XXV1II.No7,8,9

WiJUly,Aug,Sept.'3{

Do. Vol.XXI~.NoI.Jan,F.b,

Mar.'40.ft Do. Vol.XXIX.No2.Apr,M&1,

June. ' 40.ft Do. Vol.XXIX.No3. Ju17,Aug,

Sept. '4C.

" Do. Vol.XXX.Bo2.Apr,Kay,Juna,'4I.

"List of Common Hames ot British Plant I)1s.as••11-.. (Oompiled by Pl~t Patholog7 Oommittee ot Br.

Kycol. Soc.)Massea,A.lI. aDlsea••• or CultlYated Plant. and Trees"

n "Lite Hlatoq ot Black Currant Gall Kite, Brioph,.(

rib!••" Bull.Bnt.Bes.Vol.XVI1IP 3. Feb. I 28.

• .Control or Black Currant Gall Kit.". Ann~R.pt.

11 "of Bast' Kalllng Bes, st. June 1926.

Anna. Mag. lat. Hlst. Ser.IO Vol.XI.IJ\;20I. '33

"A New Brloph71d Kit. o~ flack Curran'- •

Anna. lIag. Bat. Blst. S.r.lO.Vol.III.P.2I~.I3:Z

"" Specie. or Gall-Kite (Br'ophyldae) lajurlo\l'

'0 Tomato. Anns.Kag.lat.Hlst.Ser.II.Vol.IIIP.6I7.JUne '39 •

nOD 30m. Specl•• of Gall-Mite. (Brlophyidae)

"

•

"

•

158Kassee, A.M. "The Blackberry Mltesft .Jour.Pom.and Hort.S8.

Vol.1X.No4. Dec. ' 31."A Ne.. Specl•••t Gall Kit. trom S. India.

..n

tound on 00171\1.

. "AD BrioPh7ld )(1te

"An Brloph11d Kit.

c....A.ellanae" Bull.Bnt.Re••

Vol.XXI ,Pt. 2. '30.Injuriou8 to Tomaton Bull •

Ent.Res.Vol.28.Pt.3.'370Jl Apple"Do.VolXIX.Pt2.'28.

"

Klchael •

nT\fO Specie. of Gall Kit•• (Brloph71dae) ot the

Ll11c(Syringa Yulgarls) new to Britaln.Bull.Ent.Rea. Vol.XIX.,ft3. '2£.

WBritish TyroglJPhlda.- Vol.l-IV. Ray Soc.I901-~.

• In. of Agrlc. and Fisheries AdYls0rJ Leaflets.

"Insect Pesta and Pungu. Disease. ot Wll10wa."

"Iasect P••t. of Crop."

"Insect f ••t. ot TRee."

"Fruit· Tree R&d Spiders" .

"The Black Currant 111t.-eThe Pear Leat Blister .~t."

"Aphids or Plant L1c."

"Bulb or TuJip Kit."_",pine We••11s"~ .

"PiAe Sawtly--

RGnat.InJurious to W1llow and Osier"

Large Larch Sarll,..-

JIal.pa,Cia--

1tDu Tlerrlch (Kr1ophy1dae) Berlin 1838.l'

159

"Injurious Insecta"

Nalepa, "Briophyidae. Gallm11ben."Stuttglrt IgII.

Ornlerod, E.A. "Text Book or Agricultural Entomology·

O'Kane.

'.Soar and Willlaaa. "British Hydraoarina" Vol.I-III.Ray. Soc ••Sharp,D. "Insects."pt.I-II. Camb. lat. Blat. Vol.5,6.

"'..Thompson, W.R. "The BioloC1ca1 Control of Insect e.nd Plant

Pests. JUDe 1930.Walker, F. Rlnsecta Britannic.n.Vol.I-III, Dlpter••

Ward,Marahall H. "Dl••ase in Plants"

Wilkinson,S.J. "Britiah Tortrlce.".

Stainton, H.T. "Lep14optera, Tlnelna. Vol.III. InsectaBritannica.·

Parker and Hasweia.' "Text Book of Zoology" Vol.I.'5..H~

R1tz~~ Bos,J. "A1ricu1tural Zool~gy"

Sanderson and Feairs. "Insect Pests ot 'a~, Garden and Orcha;

• ,<',', '. ¥

PLATB. I •.. . .

" .. ~',;.

....J!i. ~.

.\.

I. He.rot.rul(&(a) Gall.

(b) Ply.

. . jlenticular1••

.-+

2. Xeuroterus.numismat1a.. .,.

(a) Ga.ll.

(b) ),lJ •

3. Andrlcua testacelpe••

• .•- ..It ~'

.. ;-~:

"':~' ~ ....~...::.~;' .~.

i ~': '.

~~, w- •• ' ...

. "

PLATE I.

I. Beuroteraa tumlpennla.

2. Drlophanta dlYlsa.

(a) Gall.

(b) ~r'V'a.

(0) Ply-

~ Andrlcu8 gemmatua.

I. Andrlcua 08t~.U••

.~

\

.~.

I. Andrlcus ostreua.

2. Andrlcu8 t.stac.lp•••

3. leurot.ru8' fumipennla.

PLATE 4.

I. leuroterus albipes •.

2. Andricua teeundatrix.

S. Unidentified sa11 in bud•.

4. Unidentif1ed gall 1. bud.

5. tlthoeolletia a88saniella ,

(a) upper aurtace.

(b) lower surface.

(e) Larva.

(d) Outline ot mine showing posttion oj! pupa.

<a> Gall

(b) Transverse section or, outer gall showlngl~e

l1ke gall.

(e) Gall after tly has esoaped.

(d) Transverse .eotion ot leat w1th gall attache",

(e) I'll.

PLATE. 5.

I.Andrlcua curvator.

2. Fenus. melanopoda.

(a) Larva, upper 8urface.

,(b) Larva, ventral surr.ce.

'.

,

· '.

PLATE. 6.

I. Nematus leucostictus.(?) (may be a variety)

( a) Larva.

(b) Hl1id ••gments ot larla.

( c) Adult.

( d) Saw x 200.

2. Saw ot Nematua galllcola x 300.

.PLATE. 7.

I. N.-atU8 ga111001&.

( a) ., (b) Larva.

2. Varlet1 of Hematua galllcola •

. ,

•

·PLA.TE. 8.

I. Hematus Ylm1nali ••

(a) Transyer•• section or gall.

(b) Position or larva in gall.

(c) Larva.

(d) Fly_

•

rl

:~. -.

>,.••.

aLa.D. 9.

Larvaa from galls of HematuB galllcola.

I.(a) Under High magnification.

(b) Under Hand lens.

2. Hymenopterous larva.

3. Lepidopter0118 larva, under h~gh and low aagnlf'1ca,

4.Lana taken from brown ••eel-lik. structure -.ithlb

".l

PL PLATE 10.

•

Fenusa ••lanopoda.

tal Larva.

('b) Ventral 8urfao., anterior 8.gm.n~••

(0) tarTa after tinal moult.

o

PLATE II.

Rhabdophaga ..rgln••~to~qu.n8.

PLATE 12.

Ceoldomy1a aa11clperda.

(a) larva•

•

PLATE 13.

Cecldomyla crat••gl •

•

\,

PLAT'S I4.

Ceo1domyla..roear1a.

. .

PLATE 15.

Kormomyia caprea.•

(a) Dorsal aurface.

(b) Ventral surface.

(0) Lateral • i8. or ventral aurrace ..

td) Lateral -vienot, dorsal aurrac••

(e) Larva.

PLATE. 16.

Rhabdophaga margin.. torQuens.

I. Larva.

2. Pupa, latera~ .1e••

~. Pupa, .entral .1ew.

•

I,LATH. 17.•

-;"h:;

I. KapOIB1za s71oatel.

2. AgroDl1sa rub1.

.,,,,...PLATE I8.

I;2hytQaJz& 11101••

(a) Doraal surtace of mine.

(b) Op.nlng on .entral aurtaoe

( c) Puparlua.

2.'.ed180& ophthalaicana.

(a) Leavea aalted by the larya.

· .. " ,

, j

Orche.te. tagi.

ta> Sid••18. of blister.

(b) Adult ••••11t

(0) Antennae.

,~

~;f "-'

r;.. •Ii.,'

'».,;,.

•

..~.

..;.

)'

PLATE 20•

I !,~p1dopt.rou8 larva l'ol11ng w11l.. l.aves.

2. la.nloc~a orud~. . .

•

3. Depr•• sarla cont.~ln.ll&

PLATE 20a.

I. Bpunda Y1mlna11 ••

22. Lithooolletis ap on alder.

(a) Upper aurfaee ot mine.

(") Outline ot ai....1th .econd. ca.e ins1de.'

(0) Lower aurface ot Bdne.

(4) LarYa.

PLATB_ 21.

PSlll.psis traxlnloela

(a) Gall.d leaye.

(b) Adult.

J. •

•~,,~:':'".lIJ!f'f,.~.

PLATE 22.

B.I0phte, br~v1tar.ua.

(a) Ventral vie" or 1111 t • • ;, ,

'.

·..... .- .,~,....

~.. ..

-A. ~

. "'. < ,".... ¥ .. ' ~

""'"'~'"

Brloph1es axillar1••

(a> Interior o~ gall.

PLATB 24.

¥rioph1.' la8vis.

<a) Interior of lal1.

(b) Ventral v18" of m1 t ••

"

.....

PLATB 25.

Phlllocopt•• traxlnl.

(a) dor.~l aurtace.

(b) •••tral aurtace.

(6) ...entral view'ot mite

(d) dora.l rle. of m1te

....: ..::

f ,I -..

~ _ ,,~ ;oj' • •

'. <' ."..,:rt;>z..-.: --~ ;~....;

..,. ...

.'

......·t'~',

,.~

It

"

•

.'

•.'.

PLATB. ~6.

PhitoptU8 macrochelua erob1ua •

(a) Ventral T1e. of alte1d.

PLATE. 27.

Ph711ocopt•• acer1cola.

ta) Doraal Ti •• otm1te

•

PLATE 28.

I.KrlopbJe. goD1othorax.

<a> Ventral ti.. of leaf.

(b) Transyerae .eetlon through leaf .howlng r

2. K1Zu.s o~,.acantha

(a) !ransver.e .eetlo. through leaf show1ng oJ..

41stortion.

I (0) Ventral view ot mit.

I (d) Dorsal view of mite

"'0'., -

.• {t

~..

...~

.; .,..... . ...*-, .' ~

....~.

«

PLATE 29

Brloph7es aucuparia•• {Qonn)

(Erlophyes nirl t:n>lcu8-1 la1_ )

(a) Dorsa.! view or m1 t •.

i i (b)~' V.rrtrttl' 1l18?l or m1 tfJ.

~ \; \J

••

•••..i ,.=.f

"''',11

~'fI

·fc

;'

PIA TE 30.

Brloph18S tr1atrlatu8 var. erin.a.

(a) Interior ot gall.

(b) Ventral view or mit.

(c) Doraal .1e. or mite.

\

•

..'

PLATE. 31.

Brlophyes r1_1a.

(a) Ventral surface of mite.

(b) Doraal surface of mit••

..

PLATE 32.

Br1ophy•• t.tanothrlx laev1••

(a) Ventral view of Jldte.

(b) Dorsal view ot shield

I.Brloph18. a1m11ia. (Gall)

2. Brloph1•• pad! prunlanua. (gall)

I <a> V••tral vi •• of ~loph1.8 81al11s

I (b) Doraal yl.w ot"· •

2. (a) VeAtral vi.w ot~rloph1.S pad! prunlanu5

2. (b) Dor.al vIew ot n " "

PLATE S4.

I •. Rhopalosiphum ribi••

(a) Oall.

(b) Winged r.mal••2. Aphis mall.

PLATE ~5.

1. Schisoneura ulmi.

(a) Galled leave••

(b) franeverse section of leaf showing roll

(e) Adult Aphid.

2. II'1ZU8 rib1••

PLlTB 36.

Rhabdophaga het.robla.

(a) Antennae.

· "

p~ $7.

I. Tran.vers••eetion through gall ot

••uroterua lentlcalar

2. Tran8ve~s. a.etion through lal1 ot

••uroterus nUmismatls

S. Kouth part. ot larva ot And.leu. ostreua.

PLATE :sa.I •••uroterua la....lscu11a.

(a) ••uroteru8 14le...1acu11s ...ar. retlexa•.

2••euroterua lent1cular1a.

S••eurot.rua tumip.nnls.

4. Spath.gaster baccaru..

PLATB 39.

I.Lithocollet1s .easan1ellat~,

·t2.TranaYerse .ection ~r sal1 or Xematus gallic

PLATE 40.

I. Rhabdophaga terminalia.

2. O.ler leaf wlth tip'folded,by Lepldopterou

larva.

~. Lepidopteroue larv&erol11ng back w1110wa.

I. Alder leaf rolled.b7 lepldopterou8 larT••

PLA~ 41.

Pupa or Orch••tea tag1.

·."

-~

PLATE 42.

Briopb7•• till•• typlcus.

<a> Doreal Ylew or mite.

(b) Ventral vie. of mite

.~

~

t", ';c

•":,;- 'Ii

'.•

~ ..'

•

~'

~ ..• 1 •

..