DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF MANGANESE DEPOSITS IN NIGERIA: A REVIEW

OJO ADEOYE AKINTOLA

Department of Geology, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: adeoye.akintola@yahoo.com

Abstract

The Northern basement complex of Nigeria contains a large number of manganese deposits. So

far, ten deposits of manganese have been reported by previous workers. These deposits occur

within Precambrian metasediments (schist belt), mafic and ultramafic rocks which are

Proterozoic in age and folded into synclinorial belts within the crystalline basement complex.

Considering their widespread distribution in space, time and tectonic setting, some are

considered to be of ensilalic mode of evolution while others are ensimatic. However, the

mineralizations are mostly of poor grade, and thus require beneficiation processing. The local

steel industries within the country have continued to depend on manganese ore. No satisfactory

substitute for manganese in steel production has been identified as at present. The applications of

manganese deposits by geologists, chemical and environmental engineers, ceramicists, soil

scientists and microbiologists shows a bright future for manganese ore in Nigeria. The ever

increasing demand for steel products has continued to put pressure on Federal Government of

Nigeria to complete the construction work at the nation’s steel producing plant which, will result

in the need for a manganese concentrates for economic growth and development.

KEYWORD: Northern basement complex, schist belt, mineralizations, beneficiation, tectonic

setting, concentrates.

INTRODUCTION

The surface area of Nigeria 923, 768 km2 is covered in nearly equal proportions by crystalline

and sedimentary rocks (Rahaman, 1988). The Nigerian Basement Complex is characterized by

different grades of metamorphism, orogenies and structural modifications (Odeyemi, 1977;

Ajibade et al., 1987; Caby, 1989) and these have been reflected in its complex petrological,

structural composition and mineralization potential. The younger metasediments in Nigeria are

well known for their mineralization such as Gold, Banded Iron Formation (BIF), lead / zinc

ores, tantalite manganese deposits and marble are associated with them (Woakes, et al., 1987;

Dada et al., 1989; Oyinloye, 2006). Nigeria has over 5,000,000 metric tons (MT) of

manganese deposit (Ministry of Solid Minerals and Development - MSMD, 1997; Raw

Material Research and Development Councils -RMRDC, 2009).

PREVIOUS WORKS

The geology of the Nigerian basement complex has received considerable attention from

geologists in Nigeria and abroad, partly due to its economic significance and partly because of its

unusual geological character. Prior to the minerals ordinances (Colonial Reports, 1914) a legal

guidelines under which mining companies could operates in a particularly concession was passed

in (Colonial Reports, 1906; 1907). The mining companies had concessionary rights to commence

their geological and geophysical investigations in the area allocated under the 1907 ordinance to

explore parts of the Nigerian basement complex (Colonial Reports, 1907). Since the pioneering

work by Dunstan, (1908; 1911) that conducted the first geological description and introduced

basement terrain in literature, several authors have contributed to the geology, structure,

geochemistry and geochronology knowledge on granitic and volcanic rocks constituted of these

lithology. Previous studies covered the schist belts includes the works of ( Facolner, 1911; Russ,

1957; Truswell, 1960; Ajibade, 1971; McCurry, 1976; Ajibade et al., 1979, 1980; Holt, 1982;

McCurry, 1976; Ogezi, 1977; Grant, 1978; Olade and Elueze, 1979; Eluze, 1981; Elueze, 1983;

Turner, 1983; Durotoye and Ige, 1991; Garba, 1992; Danbatta et al., 2009; Amoka , 2000;

Garba, 2002; Obaje, 2009; Abubarkar, 2012; and Ihaza et al., 2014; and Akintola, 2017) while

the amongst the (earlier documentation on manganese mineralization appeared in the works of

(Truswell and Cope, 1963; McCurry, 1976; Yaro, 1998; Ministry of Solid Minerals and

Development - MSMD, 1997; Raw Material Research and Development Councils -RMRDC,

1999; National Steel Raw Materials Exploration Agency - NSRMEA, 2010; Mucke, 2005;

Muriana et al., 2014 and Muriana, 2016). In his part, Truswell and Cope, (1963) identified pelitic

and semi pelitic rocks, banded iron rocks, amphibolites and other minor rocks, like magnesian

rich (talcose rock) and schistose varieties in the basement complex.

Several studies have investigated the geochemistry of rocks identified by Truswell and Cope,

(1963) in Kushaka belts includes (Ajibade, 1971; 1976, Elueze, 1981; Olade and Elueze 1979;

Ajibade et al., 1979), though the majority are concerned with the tectonic evolution of the area

mainly on granites, amphibolites, gold and talcose rocks. Olade and Elueze (1979); Ajibade et

al., (1979) considered the Kushaka and Anka areas to be fault-controlled rift-like structures.

Turner, (1983) considered the Anka area to have formed in a separate basin.

Other works done on manganese mineralisations in Nigeria were related to beneficiation of

manganese ores (Muriana et al., 2014; Muriana, 2016). The investigation carried out by

(Muriana et al., 2014) in Madaka focused on appraisal of manganese deposits in the study area

with emphasis on its metallurgical features. They produced crystals of manganese II sulphate

having 97% purity after purification process using dilute sulphuric acid as solvent. Muriana,

(2016) affirmed the hydrometallurgical extraction of manganese metal by thermal decomposition

of the purified manganous nitrate (MnN2O6) crystals to synthesized the chemical manganese

dioxide (CMD) from Madaka area. Fitches et al., (1985) and Udoh, (1987) envisaged complex

volcano sedimentary trough deposits, with the formation in the belt being lateral facies

equivalents. In supporting this view, (Ajibade et al.,1987; Rahaman, 1988) proposed the

formation of back-arc graben-like structures in Pan-African times to be responsible for the

formation of the this belt. The study areas shown numerous features typical of an Archean

basement, like grey gneisses and amphibolites displaying greenstone - belts affinities, Archean

U-Pb zircon ages and numerous Nd models ages older than 2.7Ga (Elueze,1983; Dada,1998;

Dada et al., 2015). Few studies focused on the Banded iron formations (BIFs) that are found

alternating with manganese ores in the study area includes; Mucke and Annor, (1993); Mucke,

(2003); Mucke, (2005); Yaro, (1998) and Binta, (2013). A study by Mucke, (2005) revealed the

association between BIFs and manganese in the Maru area. He recognized the presences of

sedimentary cycles of BIFs and braunites, lutite in the area. He drew attention to the fact that the

vast majority of manganese deposits are of sedimentary character and emphasized on the

importance of additional processes like sea- floor volcanic activity, sea level fluctuations, climate

changes, biological productivity) as critical in the development of large accumulation of

maganiferrous sediments in depositional environment.

Studies by (Yaro, 1998; Binta et al., 2016) were aimed at upgrading of the manganese ore.

These authors worked on decolourization of manganese ore from Maikujeri area using magnetic

separation and acid bleaching as route for beneficiation. Binta, (2013) assessed the manganese

deposits in the area with emphasis on its industrial application.

GEOLOGY OF NIGERIA

Nigeria is situated within the Pan–African mobile belt, which is a part of an Upper

Proterozoic mobile belt, extending from Algeria across the Southern Sahara into Nigeria, Benin

and Cameroon. The Pan- African belt continues into north-eastern Brazil, where manganese

rocks are also known to occur (Truswell and Cope, 1963; Yaro, 1998). It is situated between

the Archean- Paleoproterozoic blocks of West African Craton in the west, the Congo Craton in

the south east and the east Sahara block in the northeast (Black, 1980). Figure 1). All models of

evolution of the schist belts of Nigeria formulated over the years have been classified under

ensialic and ensimatic processes of formation (Ajibade, 1976; Ogezi, 1977, McCurry and

Wright, 1977; Holt, 1982, and Danbatta , 2008).

Figure (1): Pre- drift Proterozoic belts and their Phanerozoic cover rocks between the Cratons (Dada, 2008)

The Northern basement complex of Nigeria contains a large number of manganese deposits. So

far, ten deposits of manganese ore have been reported in various parts of the Nigeria where they

are associated with the mafic and ultramafic complexes and metasediments of the basement

complex (Truswell and Cope, 1963; RMRDC, 2009; Yaro, 1998; National Steel Raw Materials

Exploration Agency - NSRMEA, 2010; Bamalli, et al., 2011; Muriana et al., 2014).

DISTRIBUTION OF MANGANESE DEPOSITS IN NIGERIA

The manganese occurrences of north western Nigeria have been variously reported. Wright and

McCurry, (1970) worked on the manganese deposits at Mallam Ayuba within the Maru schist

belt. They observed that the manganese mineralization occurs in ridges for over 800m along a

north- south strike and lying near Mallam Ayuba settlement. The ore bodies composed of

massives brown- gray-black, jointed or fractured, fine-grained iron manganese mineralization

dipping at 850 east with strike direction of 1100 (Bar and Mucke, 1982), having a conformable

beds of quartzite that contains banded iron formation (BIF), gold and amphibolites (Moneme and

Scott, 1983). The Tudun Kudu manganiferous ore occur within Precambrian metasediments

(Karaukarau schist belt) which are Proterozoic rocks, folded into synclinorial belts within the

crystalline basement complex, and metamorphosed to phyllites, quartzites and psammitic schists

of low to medium grade (Moneme et al., 1982; Mucke and Okujeni, 1984). Available studies

show that small quantities of manganese deposits have been reported from basement rocks in

South-eastern and South-western parts of Nigeria (Raeburn, 1927;Bafor and Mucke 1990)

(Figure 2).

Figure 2. Simplified geological map of Nigeria Basement Complex showing the occurrence of manganese deposits (Modified after Woake et al., 1987 and Danbatta, 2008). However, the mineralizations are mostly of poor grade, and thus require some processing to

improve quality for industrial uses. Studies by (Yaro, 1998; Binta et al., 2016) were aimed at

upgrading of the manganese ore. These authors worked on decolourization of manganese ore

from Maikujeri and Kaoje area using magnetic separation and acid bleaching as route for

beneficiation. Binta, (2013) assessed the manganese concentrates in the area with emphasis on

its industrial application. Table (1) gives the summary of the major manganese deposits

occurrence in Nigeria.

Table 1: Summary of occurrences and distribution of manganese deposits in various locations in Nigeria S State Location Grade Estimated

Reserve (Ton References

1 Niger Madaka - Nd Muriana et al., (2016). Alawa, Low Truswell and Cope,

(1963) 2 Edo Igarra - Nd Bafor and Mucke, (1990) 3 Adamawa Mubi Low Nd Vandi, (2014)

4 Kebbi Ka’oje. Low Nd Muriana et al., (2014) Wasagu/Danko - - Binta, (2013), Binta et al.,

(2016) 5 Borno - - - RMRDC,(1999) 7 Cross River Duoala Low Nd Raeburn, (1927) 8 Zamfara Maikujeri, Darene Low - NSRMEA, (2010), 9

Kaduna

Mallam Ayuba, Birnin Gwari

Low

Nd

Yaro,(1998) Bamalli, et al., (2011) RMRDC. (1999) Moneme and Scott, (1983); Bar and Mucke,(1982);Wright and McCurry, (1970)

Ugoge (S/W) Low - Bartholomew, (1982). Ugoge (S/E) Low

-

Widadason, (1982)

ND= Not Determined, - Unknown.

ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF MANGANESE IN NIGERIA

The use of manganese in steel production is a double-edged sword, as the metals fortune is

intimately tied to the steel industry. Hence, the need to develop a simple and practicable route

for the processing and extraction of manganese from its ores is necessary. The use of Manganese

in dyes, paints, battery cells, glass and textiles industries is also of great importance.

In Nigeria, for instance, the per capital consumption of steel is very low. About 10 kg or less is

the index used to determine the level of industrialization of a country. Statistics showed that

Nigeria is lagging behind; and other countries with lesser endowments like Zimbabwe (25 kg),

Egypt (42 kg), Algeria (38 kg) and South Africa (112 kg), are ahead of Nigeria in terms of steel

production and consumption (Bamalli et al., 2011).

(1) Steel processing: The various end-uses of manganese have different ore requirements giving

rise to the classification of manganese ore into metallurgical, chemical and non-metallurgical

grades. The biggest use of manganese is for the production of steel and cast iron (Yaro, 1998;

Muriana et al., 2014a; and Muriana et al., 2014b) Manganese has two important properties in

steelmaking: its ability to combine with sulphur to form Alabandite (MnS) and its deoxidation

capacity (Imer, 1997).

(2) As alloy: Binta, (2013) reported that about 94% of the manganese ore is converted into

manganese alloy, These are used in production of stainless steel, heat resistant steel and electric

welding electrodes, and as an alloying element in steel where it improves the strength, toughness,

hardenability, workability, abrasion resistance of steel and electrical conductors.

(3) Environmental uses: Mn oxides have been used for many different applications in water and

waste water treatment as deoxidizer; soil and sediment remediation (of metals and organics); For

example, a widely used filtration medium for drinking water is manganese greensand (glauconite

with Mn oxides of various Mn valence states), designed specifically to remove Mn(II), Fe(II),

hydrogen sulfide, and arsenic (Mucke 2005).

(4) It serves as catalysts and adsorbents in the laboratory: The oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+ and

Mn4+ is largely catalyzed by micro organisms and greatly accelerates the rate of oxidation in

many environments. Owing to the high activation energy, the oxidations of Mn2+ act as

adsorbents in the laboratory.

CONCLUSION

Previous workers like (Truswell and Cope, 1963; Mucke and Bafor, 1990; RMRDC, 2009;

Yaro, 1998; Bamalli et al., 2011; Muriana et al., 2014, and Muriana et al., 2016) revealed that

manganese deposit reserves exist in Nigeria, which have potentials as raw materials for industrial

applications such as batteries, steel and electrical appliances. The present level of exploitation is,

however, very low and in most cases, appropriate processing would be necessary to attain

desirable qualities.

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