design of microstrip patch antenna for x-band applications

1

DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR

X-BAND APPLICATIONS

By

16ET420: Jay Suthar

Mentored by

Prof. A.A.Vahora

Assistant Professor

A Project Submitted to

Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya (Engineering College), An Autonomous Institution

affiliated to Gujarat Technological University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Bachelor of Technology with Specialization in Electronics and Communication Engineering

July 2020

BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDYALAYA

(ENGINEERING COLLEGE)

AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION

Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388120

GUJARAT, INDIA

2

COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the research work embodied in this Project entitled “Design of Microstrip Patch

Antenna for X-Band Application” was carried out at Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya (Engineering

College) An Autonomous Institution for partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Technology with Specialization

in Electronics and Communication Engineering degree to be awarded by Gujarat Technological

University. He/ She has complied with the comments given by the Mid Semester Project Reviewer.

Date: July, 2020

Place: BVM engineering college

Name of the Student: Jay Suthar

ID No. of the Student: 16ET420

Signature of the Student:

Details of the Academic Mentor

Name of the Academic Mentor Designation Signature

Prof. A.A.Vahora

Assistant Professor

Head, (EC Dept.) Project Coordinator

Dr. Bhargav C. Goradiya Dr. Darshan C.Dalwadi

Prof. Anish A. Vahora





GUJARAT, INDIA

3

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this Project and that neither any part of this Project

nor the whole of the Project has been submitted for a degree to any other University or

Institution.

I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my Project does not infringe upon anyone’s

copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations or any

other material from the work of other people included in my Project, published or otherwise,

are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to

the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing

within the meaning of the Indian Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written

permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my Project and have

included copies of such copyright clearances to our appendix.

I declare that this is a true copy of Project, including any final revisions, as approved by my

Project review committee.

Date: July 2020

16ET420:Jay Suthar





GUJARAT, INDIA

4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a matter of great pleasure for me to submit this report on Microstrip Patch Antenna design

for X-Band Applications, as a part of curriculum for award of BACHELOR’S OF

TECHNOLOGY (ET) degree of Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Vallabh Vidyanagar.

At this moment of accomplishment, we are presenting our work with great pride and pleasure,

we would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who helped me in the successful

completion of my venture. I would like to thank Prof. A. A. Vahora for helping us in the

successful accomplishment of our study and for their timely and valuable suggestions. They

constructive criticism has contributed immensely to the evolution of our ideas on the subject.

We are exceedingly grateful to our Head of Department DR. B. C. GORADIYA and other

faculty members for their inspiration and encouragement. We would also like to thank our

friends for their over whelming and whole hearted encouragement and support without which

this would not have been successful.

JAY SUTHAR

5

ABSTRACT

Wireless technology is one of the main areas of research in the world of communication

systems today and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding

of the operation and fabrication of antennas. This was the main reason for selecting a project

focusing on this field. An X-band microstrip patch antenna has been presented. The proposed

antenna is designed on 15 mm×15mm printed circuit board and is excited by microstrip line.

Commercially available High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) is adopted in this study

This antenna is composed of rectangular and circular slots to generate resonances and to

increase bandwidth in the desired band. Return loss -34.37 dB obtained below -10 dB in the

desired X-band (8GHz-12GHz). It has achieved stable radiation efficiency 77.16% with

average peak gain 3.05 dBi in the operating frequency band. The proposed antenna has an

impedance bandwidth 0.39 GHz. The proposed X-band microstrip patch antenna is discussed

and presented in detail.

6

List of Figures

1. Chapter-1

1.1. Patch Antenna Model………………………………………………………………..9

1.2. Basic Patch Antenna ………………………………………………………………..10

1.3. 2-D Radiation Pattern……………………………………………………………….11

1.4. 3-D Radiation Pattern……………………………………………………………….12

1.5. Beam Width………………………………………………………………...………15

2. Chapter-2

2.1. Project Manager Window…………………………………………………………..17

2.2. Material List ………………………………………………………………………..18

2.3. Ground……………………………………………………………………………...18

2.4. Rectangle Patch……………………………………………………………………..19

2.5. Substrate……………………………………………………………………………20

2.6. Return loss………………………………………………………………………….20

2.7. Radiation Pattern…………………………………………………………………...21

2.8. Gain………………………………………………………………………………...21

2.9. VSWR……………………………………………………………………………...22

2.10. Line Feed…………………………………………………………………….22

2.11. Capacitive Feed……………………………………………………………...23

2.12. Coaxial Feed…………………………………………………………………23

3. Chapter-4

3.1. Complete Design……………………………………………………………………28

3.2. Patch Design………………………………………………………………………..28

3.3. Plots………………………………………………………………………………...29

3.3.1. Return Loss (s11)…………………………………………………………….29

3.3.2. VSWR………………………………………………………………………..29

3.3.3. Gain (G) ……………………………………………………………………...30

3.3.4. Radiation Pattern(rE)…………………………………………………………30

3.4. Antenna Parameters………………………………………………………………...31

7

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

List of Figures

1. Chapter-1

1.1. Introduction to HFSS………………………………………………………………..9

1.2. All about Antenna…………………………………………………………………...9

1.2.1. Antenna Design …………………………………………………………….10

1.2.2. Antenna Parameter………………………………………………………….10

1.2.2.1. Frequency Bandwidth………………………………………………10

1.2.2.2. Return Loss…………………………………………………………11

1.2.2.3. Radiation Pattern……………………………………………………11

1.2.2.4. Antenna Gain……………………………………………………….12

1.2.2.5. Antenna Efficiency…………………………………………………13

1.2.2.6. Effective Area………………………………………………………13

1.2.2.7. Directivity…………………………………………………………..13

1.2.2.8. Path Loss…………………………………………………………....14

1.2.2.9. Input Impedance……………………………………………………14

1.2.2.10. Antenna Factor……………………………………………………..15

1.2.2.11. Beam width…………………………………………………………15

1.2.2.12. Type of Fields………………………………………………………16

2. Chapter-2

2.1. Create Antenna……………………………………………………………………17

2.1.1. Steps………………………………………………………………………..17

2.1.2. Plots………………………………………………………………………...20

2.1.2.1. Return loss (S11) …………………………………………………..20

2.1.2.2. Radiation Patten (rE) ………………………………………………21

2.1.2.3. Gain (G) ……………………………………………………………21

2.1.2.4. VSWR……………………………………………………………...22

2.1.3. Feed Line……………………………………………………………… …..22

3. Chapter-3

3.1. Advantages ………………………………………………………………………..25

3.2. Applications………………………………………………………………………..25

4. Chapter-4

4.1. Design Implementation on HFSS………………………………………………….26

4.1.1. Design Parameters………………………………………………………….27

4.1.2. Complete Design……………………………………………………………28

4.1.3. Patch Design………………………………………………………………..28

4.1.4. Plots…………………………………………………………………………29

4.1.4.1. Return loss (S11) …………………………………………………...29

4.1.4.2. VSWR (rE) …………………………………………………………29

4.1.4.3. Gain (G) …………………………………………………………….30

4.1.4.4. Radiation Pattern (rE) ………………………………………………30

8

4.1.5. Antenna Parameters…………………………………………………………31

References…………………………………………………………………………………..32

Plagiarism Reports…………………………………………………………………………33

9

Chapter-1

1.1 Introduction to HFSS

ANSYS High frequency simulation software (HFSS). It is a 3D electromagnetic simulation

software for designing and simulating high-frequency electronic product antennas, antenna

arrays, RF, high-speed interconnects, filters, connectors, IC packages and printed circuit

boards. Engineers worldwide use ANSYS High frequency simulation software to design high-

frequency, high-speed electronics found in communications systems, radar systems, advanced

driver assistance systems (ADAS), satellites, internet-of-things products and other high-speed

RF and digital devices.

HF Structure Simulator employs versatile solvers and an intuitive GUI to give you unparalleled

performance plus deep insight into all your 3D EM problems. Through integration with

ANSYS thermal, structural and fluid dynamics tools, High frequency simulation software

provides a powerful and complete multi-physics analysis of electronic products, ensuring their

thermal and structural reliability. High frequency simulation software is synonymous with gold

standard accuracy and reliability for tackling 3D EM challenges by virtue of its automatic

adaptive meshing technique and sophisticated solvers, which can be accelerated through high

performance computing technology.

1.2 All about Antenna

Antenna is one type of transducer that converts the electrical energy into the EM energy in

form of electromagnetic waves. Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to

couple its electrical connection to the EM field.

Microstrip antenna is the most basic form, a Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating

patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side.

Fig 1.1 Patch Antenna Model

10

1.2.1 Antenna Design

Different Parameters of Microstrip Antenna

L = Length of the Patch Element

W = Width of the Patch Element

t= Thickness of Patch

h = Height of the Dielectric Substrate.

Fig 1.2 Basic Patch Antenna

Basic Principles of Operation

The patch acts approximately as a resonant cavity (short circuit walls on top and bottom,

open-circuit walls on the sides). In a cavity, only certain modes are allowed to exist, at

different resonant frequencies. If the antenna is excited at a resonant frequency, a strong

field is set up inside the cavity, and a strong current on the (bottom) surface of the patch. This

produces significant radiation is a good antenna.

1.2.2 Important parameters

1.2.2.1 Frequency Bandwidth

Frequency bandwidth is the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna,

with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified standard. The bandwidth can be

11

considered to be the range of frequencies, on either side of the centre frequency, where the

antenna characteristics are within an acceptable value of those at the centre frequency, In

wireless communications, the antenna is required to provide a return loss less(s11 parameter)

than -10dB over its frequency bandwidth. The frequency bandwidth of an antenna can be

expressed as either absolute bandwidth or fractional bandwidth. The fH and fL denote the upper

edge and the lower edge of the antenna bandwidth, respectively.

1.2.2.2 Return Loss (s11 parameter)

Return loss (s11 parameter) is a measure of the effectiveness of power delivery from a

transmission line to a load such as an antenna. If the power incident on the antenna under test

is Pin and the power reflected back to the source is Prefer, the degree of mismatch between the

incident and reflected power in the EM travelling waves is given by the ratio Pin/Pref. The

higher this power ratio is the better the load and line are matched on graph. Return loss (s11

parameter) is the negative of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient in dB. It is a parameter

which indicates the amount of power(P) that is “lost” to the load and does not return as a

reflection Hence the RL is a parameter to indicate how well the matching between the

transmitter(Tx) and antenna has taken place. Simply put it is the return loss(S11) of an antenna.

A graph of s11 of an antenna vs frequency is called its return loss(S11) curve. For optimum

working such a graph must show a dip at the operating frequency and have a minimum dB

value at this frequency(f). This parameter was found to be of crucial importance to our project

as we sought to adjust the antenna dimensions for a fixed operating frequency(f).

1.2.2.3 Radiation Pattern

Radiation pattern defines the variation of the power radiated by a Chapter 2. Microstrip Patch

Antenna Parameters and Experimental Setup (Simulation, Fabrication and Measurement) 59

antenna as a function of the direction away from the antenna. It is a graphical representation of

the radiation properties of the microstrip patch antenna as a function of space coordinates. Also

the microstrip patch antenna radiation pattern is a measure of its power or radiation distribution

with respect to a particular type of coordinates. We generally consider spherical coordinates as

the ideal microstrip patch antenna is supposed to radiate in a spherically symmetrical pattern.

Almost in all cases the radiation pattern is determined in the far field.

Fig 1.3 2-D radiation pattern

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Fig 1.4 3-D radiation pattern

1.2.2.4 Antenna Gain

The most important figure of merit that describes the performance of a microstrip patch antenna

radiator is the gain. The term antenna gain(G) describes how much power is transmitted in the

direction of peak radiation to that of an isotropic source. OR The relative gain(G) is the ratio

of the power gain in a given direction to the power gain of a reference antenna in its referenced

direction. In most of cases the reference antenna is a lossless isotropic source. When the

direction is not specified, the power gain is usually taken in the direction of maximum radiation.

A transmitting antenna gain of 3 dB means that the power received far from the microstrip

patch antenna will be 3 dB higher than what would be received from a lossless isotropic

microstrip patch antenna with the same input power. Similarly, a receiving microstrip patch

antenna with a gain of 3 dB in a particular direction would receive 3 dB more power than a

lossless isotropic antenna.

Gain(G) is a measure of the ability of the antenna to direct the input power into radiation in a

particular direction and is measured at the peak radiation intensity. Consider the power(P)

density radiated by an isotropic antenna with input power P0 at a distance R which is given

by S = P0/4πR2. An isotropic antenna radiates equally in all directions, and it’s radiated

power(P) density S is found by dividing the radiated power(P) by the area of the sphere

4πR2. An isotropic radiator is considered to be 100% working. The gain(G) of an actual

antenna increases the power density in the direction of the peak radiation:

Gain(G) is achieved by directing the radiation away from other parts of the radiation sphere.

In general, the gain is defined as the gain-biased pattern of the antenna.

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1.2.2.5 Antenna Efficiency

The surface integral of the radiation intensity over the radiation sphere divided by the input

power (P0) is a measure of the relative power radiated by ta patch antenna.

Where Pr is the radiated power. Material losses in the antenna or reflected power due to poor

impedance match reduce the radiated power(Pr).

1.2.2.6 Effective Area

Antennas capture power from passing waves and deliver some of it to the terminals. Given the

power density of the incident wave and the effective area of the antenna, the power delivered

to the terminals is the product.

.

For an aperture antenna such as a horn, parabolic reflector, or flat-plate array, the effective area

is physical area multiplied by aperture efficiency. In general, losses due to material,

distribution, and mismatch reduce the ratio of the effective area(Ae) to the physical area(Ap).

The typically estimated aperture efficiency for a parabolic reflector is 58%. Even an antenna

with infinitesimal physical areas(Ap) such as dipoles has effective areas because they remove

power from passing waves.

1.2.2.7 Directivity

Directivity is a measure of the concentration of radiation in the direction of the maximum.

Directivity and gain(G) differ only by efficiency, but the directivity is easily estimated from

patterns. Gain—directivity times efficiency—must be measured. The average radiation

intensity can be found from a surface integral over the radiation sphere of the radiation intensity

divided by 4π, the area(A) of the sphere in steradians:

14

This is the radiated power(P) divided by the area(A) of a unit sphere. The radiation

intensityU(θ,φ) separates into a sum of co- and cross-polarization component:

Both co- and cross-polarization directivities can be defined as :

also be defined for an arbitrary direction D(θ,φ) as radiation intensity divided by the average

radiation intensity, but when the coordinate angles are not specified, we calculate directivity at

Umax.

1.2.2.8 Path Loss

We combine the gain (G) of the transmitting antenna with the effective area(A) of the receiving

antenna to determine delivered power and path loss. The power density at the receiving antenna

is given by equation 1.2 and the received power is given by equation 1.4. By combining the

two, we obtain the path loss as given below

when Antenna 1 transmits, and antenna 2 receives. If the materials in a patch antenna are linear

and isotropic, the transmitting(Tx) and receiving(Rx) patterns are identical. When we consider

antenna 2 as the transmitting(Tx) antenna and antenna 1 as the receiving(Rx) antenna, the path

loss is:

1.2.2.9 Input Impedance

The input impedance of a patch antenna is defined as “the impedance presented by a patch

antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage(V) to the current(I) at the pair of terminals

or the ratio of the appropriate components of the E to M fields at a point”. Hence the impedance

of a patch antenna can be written as given below.

The imaginary part, Xin of the input impedance represents the power(P) stored in the near field

of a patch antenna. The resistive part, Rin of the input impedance consists of two-component,

15

the radiation resistance, and the loss resistance. The power associated with the radiation

resistance is the power(P) actually radiated by a patch antenna, while the power dissipated in

the loss resistance is lost as heat in a patch antenna itself due to dielectric or conducting loss.

1.2.2.10 Antenna Factor

The engineering community uses an antenna connected to a receiver such as a spectrum

analyzer, a network analyzer, or an RF voltmeter to measure field strength E. Most of the time

these devices have a load resistor ZL that matches the antenna impedance.

The incident field strength Ei equals antenna factor AF times the received voltage Vrec. We

relate this to the antenna effective height:

AF has units meter−1 but is often given as dB(m−1). Sometimes, antenna factor is referred to

the open-circuit voltage and it would be one-half the value given by equation 1.11. We assume

that the antenna is aligned with the electric field; in other words, the antenna polarization is the

electric field component measured:

This measurement may be corrupted by a poor impedance match to the receiver and any cable

loss between the antenna and receiver that reduces the voltage and reduces the calculated field

strength.

1.2.2.11 Beamwidth

Beamwidth of an antenna is easily determined from its 2D radiation pattern and is also a very

important parameter. Beamwidth is the angular separation of the half-power points of the

radiated pattern. The way in which beamwidth is determined is shown in figure 1.7.

Fig 1.5 Beam Width

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1.2.2.12 Types of fields

There are two types of fields: Near field ,Far field

Near field

It is the field nearer to the antenna. It has an inductive effect and it is also known as inductive

field but its is not pure inductive as it has radiation components.

Near field has two regions Non-radiative (reactive) and radiative (Fresnel).

Far field

It is the field far from the antenna. It is also called radiation field because the radiation

components have high effects in this area. All the parameters of antenna are observed in this

region only.

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Chapter-2

2.1 Creating an Antenna

2.1.1 Steps

Getting Started With HFSS

Create the New Project:

Click File>New. A new project is listed in the project tree in the Project Manager window.

Inserting an HFSS Design

Click Project>Insert HFSS Design or Insert HFSS-IE Design. The new patch design is listed

in the project tree. It is named HFSS Design. The 3D Modeller window appears to the right of

the Project Manager in software.

Fig 2.1 Project Manager Window

Selecting the Solution Type:

Click HFSS>Solution Type. The Solution Type dialog box appears. Select one of the following

solution method:

1. Driven Mode

2. Driven Terminal

3. Eigen mode Setting Units of Measurement for the Model: To set the model’s units of

measurement:

Click Modeller>Units. The Set Model Units dialog box appears. Select the new units for the

model from the Select units pull-down list

Assigning Materials:

You can add, remove, and modify materials in two main ways:

18

•Using the Tools>Edit Configured Libraries>Materials menu command.

• Right-clicking Materials in the project tree and selecting Edit Libraries. To assign a material

to an object, follow this general procedure:

1. Select the object to which you want to assign a material of antenna.

2. Click Modeller>Assign Material to the substrate.

Fig 2.2 Material List

Creating microstrip Patch Antenna

Fig 2.3 Ground

19

Patch

Fig 2.4 Rectangle Patch

20

Substrate

Fig 2.5 Substrate

2.1.2 Plots

2.1.2.1 Return Loss (s11)

Fig 2.6 Return Loss

21

2.1.2.2 Radiation Pattern (rE)

Fig 2.7 Radiation Pattern

2.1.2.3 Gain (G)

Fig 2.8 Gain

22

2.1.2.4 VSWR

Fig 2.9 VSWR

2.1.3 Feed Lines

In antenna design we can use multiple types of feed lines, depending upon our antenna design,

purpose and parameters required at the end of the antenna design. Mainly there are three types

of antenna feed lines. They are as below:

Feed Techniques Micro-strip antenna can be feed by variety of methods. This method can be

classified into two categories-contacting and non-contacting. The foremost popular feed

techniques used are:

Micro-strip Line Feed:

A conducting strip is connected to the edge of the microstrip’s patch. The feed can be etched

on the substrate.

Fig 2.10 Feed Line

23

Capacitive Feeding:

In this type of feeding the feeding is done to small another microstrip patch instead of main

radiating patch.

Fig 2.11 Capacitive Feed

Coaxial Feeding

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding Microstrip patch

antennas. The centre conductor of the coaxial connecter is soldered to the patch.

Fig 2.12 Coaxial Feed

24

Creating microstrip patch antenna using coaxial feed line

25

Chapter-3

3.1 Advantages

The advantages of reconfigurable antenna are significant and thus it has many future

prospects:

o Have a multiband antenna in a single terminal for various applications.

o Easy to integrate with switching devices and control circuit.

o Planar reconfigurable antenna has a good ability of reconfiguration.

o Lighter in Weight

o Lower in price

o Diverse Features

o More efficient

Prospects, such as:

• X-band: Military applications like missile guidance, marine radar, air-borne tracking

and government applications like remote detection.

3.2 Applications

Applications of Patch antenna can be in:

• Multiple Input Multiple Output Channel

• Cognitive Radio

• Space applications

• Radar

• Defence

• Custom requirement

26

Chapter-4

4.1 Design Implementation on HFSS

The microstrip patch antenna dimension calculation process:

Step 1: calculation of width(w) –

𝑊 =𝑐

2𝑓0√(𝜀𝑟 + 1)2

Step 2: calculation of effective dielectric constant(eff).

𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 =𝜀𝑟 + 1

2+

𝜀𝑟 − 1

2[1 + 12

ℎ

𝑊]−

12

Step 3: calculation of the effective length (Leff)

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 =𝑐

2𝑓𝑜√𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓

Step 4: calculation of length extension (ΔL)

ΔL = 0.412h(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3)(

𝑊ℎ + 0.264)

(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 0.258)(𝑊ℎ + 0.8)

Step 5: calculation of actual length of the patch (L)

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2ΔL

Step 6: calculation of position of insert feed point where the input impedance is 50

ohms (Y)

𝑌0 =𝐿

𝜋cos−1 (√

𝑍𝑖𝑛

𝑅𝑖𝑛)

27

Where the following parameter are used:

fo= Resonance Frequency

W = Width of the Patch

L = Length of the Patch

h = thickness substrate

w = width of substrate

l = length of substrate

er = relative Permittivity of the dielectric substrate

c = Speed of light = 3 x 108

4.1.1 Design Parameters

Parameters Values

W 9.8 mm

L 7 mm

h 1.6 mm

w 15 mm

l 15 mm

fo 8 GHz

er 4.4

28

4.1.2 Complete Design

Fig 3.1 Complete Design

4.1.3 Patch Design

Fig 3.2 Patch Design

29

4.1.4 Plots

4.1.4.1 Return Loss (s11)

Fig 3.3.1 Return Loss (s11)

4.1.4.2 VSWR

Fig 3.3.2 VSWR

30

4.1.4.3 Gain (G)

Fig 3.3.3 Gain

4.1.4.4 Return Loss (rE)

Fig 3.3.4 Radiation Pattern

31

4.1.5 Antenna Parameter

Fig 3.4 Antenna Parameters

32

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[17] M. M. Islam, M. T. Islam, M. R. I. Faruque, “Bandwidth enhancementof a microstrip

antenna for X-band applications,” ARPN Journal ofEngineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 8,

no. 8, pp. 591-594, 2013.

[18] M. Samsuzzaman, M. T. Islam and M. R. I. Faruque, “Circular-slottedCPW antenna for

WiMAX/C band applications,” ARPN Journal ofEngineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no.

8, pp. 581-585, 2013.

[19]K.L. Wong, “Compact and broadband microstrip antennas”, Wiley, New

York, 2002.

[20] Sudeep Baudha and Dinesh Kumar V, “A compact broadband printedantenna with tilted

patch”, Microwave Opt Technology Letters Vol. 58,No. 7, July 2016, 1733-1738

[21] Neeraj Rao and Dinesh Kumar V, “Gain and Bandwidth Enhancementof a Microstrip

Antenna Using Partial Substrate Removal in MultiplelayerDielectric Substrate”, Progress In

Electromagnetics ResearchSymposium Proceedings, Suzhou, China, Sept. 12-16, 2011, 1285-

1289.

[22] Sudeep Baudha and Vishwakarma Dinesh Kumar, “Corner truncatedbroadband patch

antenna with circular slots”, Microwave OptTechnology Letters, Vol. 57, No. 4, April 2015,

845-849.

[23] S. Pflaum, P.L. Thuc, G. Kossiavas and R. Staraj, “Performanceenhancement of a

circularly polarized patch antenna for radio frequencyidentification readers using an

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[24] T. M. Telsang and A. B. Kakade,“Ultra wideband slotted semicircularpatch antenna”,

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Antenna for wireless Application”,InternationalConference on Recent Trends in Engineering

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[26] Divya Ahirwar, Apoorva Shrivastava and Sudeep Baudha, “A decagonshaped universal

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No. 11, November 2016,2760-2764.

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ANSYS High frequency simulation software (HFSS). It is a 3D electromagnetic simulation software for designing and simulating high-

frequency electronic product antennas, antenna arrays, RF, high-speed interconnects, filters, connectors, IC packages and printed circuit

boards. Engineers worldwide use ANSYS High frequency simulation software to design high-frequency, high-speed electronics found in

communications systems, radar systems, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), satellites, internet-of-things products and other high-

speed RF and digital devices. HF Structure Simulator employs versatile solvers and an intuitive GUI to give you unparalleled performance

plus deep insight into all your 3D EM problems. Through integration with ANSYS thermal, structural and fluid dynamics tools, High frequency

simulation software provides a powerful and complete multi-physics analysis of electronic products, ensuring their thermal and structural

reliability. High frequency simulation software is synonymous with gold standard accuracy and reliability for tackling 3D EM challenges by

virtue of its automatic adaptive meshing technique and sophisticated solvers, which can be accelerated through high performance computing

technology. All about Antenna Antenna is one type of transducer that converts the electrical energy into the EM energy in form of

electromagnetic waves. Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the EM field. Microstrip

antenna is the most basic form, a Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a

ground plane on the other side. Antenna Design Different Parameters of Microstrip Antenna L = Length of the Patch Element W = Width of the

Patch Element t= Thickness of Patch h = Height of the Dielectric Substrate. Basic Principles of Operation ? The patch acts approximately as a

resonant cavity (short circuit walls on top and bottom, open-circuit walls on the sides). ? In a cavity, only certain modes are allowed to exist, at

different resonant frequencies. ? If the antenna is excited at a resonant frequency, a strong field is set up inside the cavity, and a strong

current on the (bottom) surface of the patch. This produces significant radiation is a good antenna. Important parameters Frequency

Bandwidth Frequency bandwidth is the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic,

conforms to a specified standard. The bandwidth can be considered to be the range of frequencies, on either side of the centre frequency,

where the antenna characteristics are within an acceptable value of those at the centre frequency, In wireless communications, the antenna is

required to provide a return loss less(s11 parameter) than -10dB over its frequency bandwidth. The frequency bandwidth of an antenna can

be expressed as either absolute bandwidth or fractional bandwidth. The fH and fL denote the upper edge and the lower edge of the antenna

bandwidth, respectively. Return Loss (s11 parameter) Return loss (s11 parameter) is a measure of the effectiveness of power delivery from a

transmission line to a load such as an antenna. If the power incident on the antenna under test is Pin and the power reflected back to the

source is Prefer, the degree of mismatch between the incident and reflected power in the EM travelling waves is given by the ratio Pin/Pref.

The higher this power ratio is the better the load and line are matched on graph. Return loss (s11 parameter) is the negative of the magnitude

of the reflection coefficient in dB. It is a parameter which indicates the amount of power(P) that is “lost” to the load and does not return as a

reflection Hence the RL is a parameter to indicate how well the matching between the transmitter(Tx) and antenna has taken place. Simply

put it is the return loss(S11) of an antenna. A graph of s11 of an antenna vs frequency is called its return loss(S11) curve. For optimum

working such a graph must show a dip at the operating frequency and have a minimum dB value at this frequency(f). This parameter was

found to be of crucial importance to our project as we sought to adjust the antenna dimensions for a fixed operating frequency(f). Radiation

Pattern Radiation pattern defines the variation of the power radiated by a Chapter 2. Microstrip Patch Antenna Parameters and Experimental

Setup (Simulation, Fabrication and Measurement) 59 antenna as a function of the direction away from the antenna. It is a graphical

representation of the radiation properties of the microstrip patch antenna as a function of space coordinates. Also the microstrip patch antenna

radiation pattern is a measure of its power or radiation distribution with respect to a particular type of coordinates. We generally consider

spherical coordinates as the ideal microstrip patch antenna is supposed to radiate in a spherically symmetrical pattern. Almost in all cases the

radiation pattern is determined in the far field. 2-D radiation pattern 3-D radiation pattern Antenna Gain The most important figure of merit that

describes the performance of a microstrip patch antenna radiator is the gain. The term antenna gain(G) describes how much power is

transmitted in the direction of peak radiation to that of an isotropic source. OR The relative gain(G) is the ratio of the power gain in a given

direction to the power gain of a reference antenna in its referenced direction. In most of cases the reference antenna is a lossless isotropic

source. When the direction is not specified, the power gain is usually taken in the direction of maximum radiation. A transmitting antenna gain

of 3 dB means that the power received far from the microstrip patch antenna will be 3 dB higher than what would be received from a lossless

isotropic microstrip patch antenna with the same input power. Similarly, a receiving microstrip patch antenna with a gain of 3 dB in a particular

direction would receive 3 dB more power than a lossless isotropic antenna.

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Gain(G) is a measure of the ability of the antenna to direct the input power into radiation in a particular direction and is measured at the peak

radiation intensity. Consider the power(P) density radiated by an isotropic antenna with input power P0 at a distance R which is given by S =

P0/4?R2. An isotropic antenna radiates equally in all directions, and it’s radiated power(P) density S is found by dividing the radiated power(P)

by the area of the sphere 4?R2. An isotropic radiator is considered to be 100% working. The gain(G) of an actual antenna increases the

power density in the direction of the peak radiation: Gain(G) is achieved by directing the radiation away from other parts of the radiation

sphere. In general, the gain is defined as the gain-biased pattern of the antenna. Input Impedance Input impedance is defined as the “the

impedance presented by a patch antenna at its terminals, or ratio of the voltage(V) to current(I) at a pair of terminals, the ratio of the

appropriate components of the electric(E) to magnetic(M) fields at a point The input impedance of an antenna is defined as “the impedance

presented by a patch antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage(V) to the current(I) at the pair of terminals or the ratio of the

appropriate components of the E to M fields at a point”. Hence the impedance of a patch antenna can be written as given below. The

imaginary part, Xin of the input impedance represents the power(P) stored in the near field of a patch antenna. The resistive part, Rin of the

input(i/p) impedance consists of two components, the radiation resistance, and the loss resistance. The power(P) associated with the

radiation(Rr) resistance is the power actually radiated by the antenna, while the power dissipated in the loss resistance(RL) is lost as heat in

the antenna itself due to dielectric or conducting loss. Antenna Efficiency The surface integral of the radiation intensity over the radiation

sphere divided by the input power (P0) is a measure of the relative power radiated by ta patch antenna. Where Pr is the radiated power.

Material losses in the antenna or reflected power due to poor impedance match reduce the radiated power(Pr). Effective Area(Ae) Antennas

capture power from passing waves and deliver some of it to the terminals. Given the power density of the incident wave and the effective area

of the antenna, the power delivered to the terminals is the product. For an aperture antenna such as a horn, parabolic reflector, or flat-plate

array, the effective area is physical area multiplied by aperture efficiency. In general, losses due to material, distribution, and mismatch reduce

the ratio of the effective area(Ae) to the physical area(Ap). The typically estimated aperture efficiency for a parabolic reflector is 58%. Even an

antenna with infinitesimal physical areas(Ap) such as dipoles has effective areas because they remove power from passing waves. Directivity

Directivity is a measure of the concentration of radiation in the direction of the maximum. Directivity and gain(G) differ only by efficiency, but

the directivity is easily estimated from patterns. Gain—directivity times efficiency—must be measured. The average radiation intensity can be

found from a surface integral over the radiation sphere of the radiation intensity divided by 4?, the area(A) of the sphere in steradians: This is

the radiated power(P) divided by the area(A) of a unit sphere. The radiation intensityU(?,?) separates into a sum of co- and cross-polarization

component: Both co- and cross-polarization directivities can be defined as : also be defined for an arbitrary direction D(?,?) as radiation

intensity divided by the average radiation intensity, but when the coordinate angles are not specified, we calculate directivity at Umax. Path

Loss We combine the gain(G) of the transmitting antenna with the effective area(A) of the receiving antenna to determine delivered power and

path loss. The power density at the receiving antenna is given by equation 1.2 and the received power is given by equation 1.4. By combining

the two, we obtain the path loss as given below when Antenna 1 transmits, and antenna 2 receives. If the materials in a patch antenna are

linear and isotropic, the transmitting(Tx) and receiving(Rx) patterns are identical. When we consider antenna 2 as the transmitting(Tx) antenna

and antenna 1 as the receiving(Rx) antenna, the path loss is We make quick evaluations of path loss for various units of distance R and for

frequency in megahertz using the formula where KU depends on the length units as shown in the table Input Impedance The input impedance

of a patch antenna is defined as “the impedance presented by a patch antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage(V) to the current(I) at

the pair of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate components of the E to M fields at a point”. Hence the impedance of a patch antenna can

be written as given below. The imaginary part, Xin of the input impedance represents the power(P) stored in the near field of a patch antenna.

The resistive part, Rin of the input impedance consists of two-component, the radiation resistance, and the loss resistance. The power

associated with the radiation resistance is the power(P) actually radiated by a patch antenna, while the power dissipated in the loss resistance

is lost as heat in a patch antenna itself due to dielectric or conducting loss.

Matched Source

Similarity 13%Title: Input Impedance - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

input impedance is defined as the ratio of the voltage and current at the pair of the input antenna terminals:(2.105)za=ra+jxa, where ra

isthe term impedance means opposition to current flow. it is actually the combined opposition offered by resistance plus any capacitive or

inductive reactance.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/input-impedance

Similarity 5%Title: Microsoft Word - Final Project Report 3.doc | Microstrip Patch Antennas

1.1.3 effective area antennas capture power from passing waves and deliver some of it to the terminals.equation 1.11 af has units meter?1

but is often given as db(m?1). sometimes, antenna factor is referred to the open-circuit voltage and it would be one-half the value given by

equation 1.11.

https://its-wiki.no/images/8/80/Antenna_Design.pdf

Similarity 5%Title: Antenna Effective Area::Modern Antenna Design

given the power density of the incident wave and the effective area of the antenna, the power delivered to the terminals is the product. pd =

saeff (1-6). for an aperture antenna such as a horn, parabolic re?ector, or ?at-plate array, effective area is physical area multiplied by

aperture ef?ciency.

http://mantenad.blogspot.com/2011/10/antenna-effective-area.html

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directivity is a measure of the concentration of radiation in the direction of the maximum.directivity, in simple terms, is (max)gain obtainable

in a particular direction. as you might have guessed, isotropic antennas have a directivity of 1 which is useless.

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Directivity-and-Antenna-Gain

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the power density at the receiving antenna is given by equation 1.2 and the received power is given by equation 1.4.af has units meter but

is often given as db(m ). sometimes, antenna factor is referred to the open-circuit voltage and it would be one-half the value given by

equation 1.11.

https://www.scribd.com/document/88612743/Report

















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Creating an Antenna Getting Started With HFSS Create the New Project: Click File>New. A new project is listed in the project tree in the

Project Manager window of software. Inserting an HFSS Design Click Project>Insert HFSS Design or Insert HFSS-IE Design. The new patch

design is listed in the project tree. It is named HFSS Design. The 3D Modeler window appears to the right of the Project Manager in software.

Selecting the Solution Type: Click HFSS>Solution Type. The Solution Type dialog box appears. Select one of the following solution method: 1.

Driven Mode 2. Driven Terminal 3. Eigen mode Setting Units of Measurement for the Model: To set the model’s units of measurement: Click

Modeler>Units. The Set Model Units dialog box appears. Select the new units for the model from the Select units pull-down list Assigning

Materials: You can add, remove, and modify materials in two main ways: •Using the Tools>Edit Configured Libraries>Materials menu

command. • Right-clicking Materials in the project tree and selecting Edit Libraries. To assign a material to an object, follow this general

procedure: 1. Select the object to which you want to assign a material of antenna. 2. Click Modeler>Assign Material to the substrate. Creating

microstrip Patch Antenna Patch Substrate S11 characteristics rE Plot Gain Plot VSWR Plot Feed Lines In antenna design we can use multiple

types of feed lines, depending upon our antenna design, purpose and parameters required at the end of the antenna design. Mainly there are

three types of antenna feed lines. They are as below: Feed Techniques Micro-strip antenna can be feed by variety of methods. This method

can be classified into two categories-contacting and non-contacting. The foremost popular feed techniques used are: Micro-strip Line Feed: A

conducting strip is connected to the edge of the microstrip’s patch. The feed can be etched on the substrate. Capacitive Feeding: In this type

of feeding the feeding is done to small another microstrip patch instead of main radiating patch. Coaxial Feeding The Coaxial feed or probe

feed is a very common method used for feeding a Microstrip patch antenna. The center conductor of the coaxial connector is soldered to the

patch of antenna. Creating microstrip patch antenna using coaxial feed line Advantages of Patch Antenna The advantages of reconfigurable

antenna are significant and thus it has many future prospects: o Have a multiband antenna in a single terminal for various applications. o Easy

to integrate with switching devices and control circuit. o Planar reconfigurable antenna has a good ability of reconfiguration. o Lighter in

Weight o Lower in price o Diverse Features o More efficient Prospects, such as: • X-band: Military applications like missile guidance, marine

radar, air-borne tracking and government applications like remote detection. Applications of Patch antenna can be in: • Multiple Input Multiple

Output Channel • Cognitive Radio • Space applications • Radar • Defence • Custom requirement

Matched Source

Similarity 13%Title: Project 1 HFSS Tutorial Rectangular WG

the set model units dialog box appears. 2. select the new units for the model from the select units pull-down list.4.select a material from the

list. select air or vacuum for the whole box as our rectangular waveguide is not filled with any dielectric. 5.click ok.

https://www.scribd.com/document/48883814/Project-1-HFSS-Tutorial-Rectangular-WG




Similarity 13%Title: HFSS Microstrip patch antenna- analysis and design

to assign a material to an object, follow this general procedure: 1.select the object to which you want to assign a material.26. assigning

waveport: •create the wave port to create a circle that represents the port •select the menu item draw > circle, •to assign wave port

excitation, select port...

https://www.slideshare.net/shivanshuawasthi/hfss-microstrip-patch-antenna-analysis-and-design

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the foremost popular feed techniques used are microstrip antennas (msa) are a type of antenna which can meet these requirements, and

various msas have so far been developed and used for mobile communication systems.

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/290602441/Final-MTech-Project







design of microstrip patch antenna for x-band applications

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