DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE FOR SMALL BUSINESS

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE FOR SMALL BUSINESS

(A CASE STUDY OF JUI BOOKSHOP LOKOJA, KOGI STATE)

BY

YAHAYA ONIMISI KAREEM

PG/NOU 090181939

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

LOKOJA STUDY CENTRE

NOVEMBER, 2011

Page II

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

OF

APPLICATION SOFTWARE FOR SMALL BUSINESS

(A CASE STUDY OF JUI BOOKSHOP, LOKOJA, KOGI STATE)

BY

YAHAYA ONIMISI KAREEM

(MATRIC. NO. PG/NOU 090181939)

LOKOJA STUDY CENTRE

BEING AN ORIGINAL RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO THE SHOOL

OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE AWARD OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA (PGD) IN

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF THE NATIONAL OPEN

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

NOVEMBER, 2011

Page III

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project was carried out by Kareem, Onimisi

Yahaya with Matric No: NOU090181939 under my instruction and

supervision for the award of Post Graduate Diploma (PG.D) in

Information Technology, of the National Open University of Nigeria.

I hereby declared that he has conducted himself with due diligence,

honesty and sobriety on the said duties.

Signature…………………… .

Mr. Onyemaobi Chibuzo Date.

Supervisor

Page IV

DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to the Glory of Almighty Allah and in

memory of my Late mother Mrs. Raliat Oreyi Kareem

Page V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My greatest gratitude goes to Almighty Allah, The Beneficent, The

Merciful and The Provider, who lavishly gave me the endurance,

resilience, foresight and thoughtfulness to undertake this project and to

complete it to the satisfaction of National Open University. Special

thanks to my supervisor Mr. Onyemaobi Chibuzo for objectively

criticizing and scrutinizing which made this work a reality. I also wish to

acknowledge the motivations and contributions of my colleagues Mr.

Shem Taiwo, Mr. Olowosulu Samuel, Mr. Hameed Abimbola, and Surv.

Mustapha Salihu and some others who inspired me to vigorously to

pursue the execution of this project with my utmost zeal. I wish to

acknowledge the contributions of my family who gave me total support

and encouragement towards my academic pursuit. My Special thanks go

to my wife Mrs. Sefinat Oiza Kareem. . I also wish to acknowledge the

encouragement of my father Mr. S, O. Kareem, my in law Mr. Ajinadu

and his lovely wife Mrs. Rekiyat Ajinadu. Lastly I wish to acknowledge

the staff of Survey Department, Ministry of Lands, and Housing & Urban

Development Lokoja.

Page VI

ABSTRACT

This research work is the design and implementation of Application

software for small business, a case study of JUI bookshop Lokoja, Kogi

State. The new technology can be an important source of competitive

advantage for most business organizations, especially small businesses.

The research work outlined the structure and methodology in designing

and implementing Application Software in small businesses. The

developed Application Software was tested with real-world data to make

sure the program works. Alpha testing was used to debug the program.

The research work has enhanced service delivery for effective

management of sales of books in JUI Bookshop.

Page VII

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Software development activities ................................................ 2

Figure 2 A layer structures ........................................................................ 9

Figure 3 Requirements analysis .............................................................. 24

Figure 4 A sketch of the form for Application software planning ......... 29

Figure 5 The Designed Application software interface ........................... 35

Figure 6:Testing application with real world data ................................... 36

Figure 7: Visual basic window environment ........................................... 38

Figure 8 Properties window ................................................................... 39

Figure 9 lblQuantity properties settings Figure 10: Label default

settings ............................................................................................. 41

Figure 11 Showing command button default properties settings ............ 42

Figure 12 showing command button after changing the settings ............ 42

Figure 13 shows the sample result, ......................................................... 46

Page VIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE………………………………………………………….I

TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………...II

CERTIFICATION --------------------------------------------------------------- III

DEDICATION ------------------------------------------------------------------- IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------ V

ABSTRACT ---------------------------------------------------------------------- VI

LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------ VII

CHAPTER ONE ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.1 Background of Study --------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2 Theoretical frame work ------------------------------------------------ 2

1.3 Statement of Problems ------------------------------------------------ 3

1.4. Objective of the Study ------------------------------------------------- 4

1.5. Significance of the Study ----------------------------------------------- 4

1.6. Scope of the Study ------------------------------------------------------ 4

1.7. Limitations of the Study ------------------------------------------- 4

CHAPTER TWO ----------------------------------------------------------------- 7

LITERATURE REVIEW ------------------------------------------------------ 7

2.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Platform software: ------------------------------------------------------------ 10

Application software: -------------------------------------------------------- 11

Design concepts --------------------------------------------------------------- 11

Design considerations ------------------------------------------------------- 13

2.2 Qualities of good program ------------------------------------------- 17

Page IX

2.3 Small Businesses -------------------------------------------------------- 18

The role of small business in economic development ------------------- 21

The Role of Small Business on Employment Generation --------------- 22

CHAPTER THREE ------------------------------------------------------------- 24

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY ---------------------------- 24

3.1 Research Methodology ------------------------------------------------ 24

3.2 Analysis of the existing system ---------------------------------------- 24

Requirements analysis ------------------------------------------------------- 24

3.3 Application program analysis techniques -------------------------- 25

CHAPTER FOUR --------------------------------------------------------------- 26

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION --------------------------- 26

4.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------- 26

4.2.1 Application program design process -------------------------------- 28

i. Designing the users interface. ------------------------------------- 28

ii. Planning the properties --------------------------------------------- 30

4.3. System Requirement --------------------------------------------------- 36

4.4. Application Program Implementation (Procedure) --------------- 37

Designing the user interface --------------------------------------------- 37

Setting the Properties ----------------------------------------------------- 39

The Application Project Coding Solution ------------------------------ 42

The general declaration section ------------------------------------------ 42

Data declarations ---------------------------------------------------------- 43

Calculation with variables, constants and properties of certain

objects ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

Formatting data ------------------------------------------------------------ 44

Display and printing of result using commands ----------------------- 45

4.5 Discussion of Results. --------------------------------------------------- 45

4.6 Summary of Findings ---------------------------------------------------- 46

CHAPTER FIVE ---------------------------------------------------------------- 47

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations ---------------------------- 47

5.1. Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------- 47

5.1.1 Implication of the Study. -------------------------------------------- 47

Page X

The summary of all the amount of sales is calculated and display

without stress. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 47

5.2 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------- 47

5.3 Recommendation ------------------------------------------------------- 48

5.3.1 Suggestion for Further Studies ------------------------------------ 48

REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------- 49

APPENDIX A -------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

According to Bridge and peel (1999) a company has to keep up

with technological changes to maintain advantage. However

introduction and implementation of new IT is not as straight

forward as one might think and often requires external expertise to

be successful, implementation is a rather multi-dimensional and

complex process and concerns both technical and social aspects

within an organization (Levine and rossmoore, 1993). In order to

achieve part of this goal, software has to be developed for business

concern to take advantage of this. Creating a software system

using a software engineering process contains three main tasks or

phases: the functions and features of the expected software has to

be defined, the software has to be implemented and it has to be

deployed in an operating environment.

Most software systems are developed as project since a software

system is usually unique and the software should be produced in a

certain time limit and resources. The sizes of projects vary a lot.

There are also a lot of different methods and different process

models to manage the projects but the common feature is that

phases mentioned above are always included in to a software

system development project even though they usually are divided

and specified into more detailed tasks. The functions and features

of the expected software are called requirements. The word

requirements has been defined more precisely by Kotonoya and

Sommerville [1998] as a description of how the system should

behave, application domain information, constraints on

System’s operation or specifications of a system property or

attribute. Requirement analysis is the phase of software

development where feasibilities studies are made, competitors and

existing systems are examined and the new system is specified.

1.2 Theoretical frame work

A software development professional oversee the processes of

software development, the management of the software

development project, and the maintenance of the installed

software in an organizations. Software development activities

process represented in waterfall model can be illustrated as

follows

Figure 1: Software development activities

Requiremen

t

Implementatio

n

Design

Requirements

Implementation

Verification

Maintenance

Requirement: this is an important task in creating software

product in which the customers need is analyzed. An analysis of

the scope of the development should be determined and clearly

stated. This is often called a scope document.

Designing: domain analysis is often the first step in attempting to

design a new piece of software, whether it is an addition to

existing software, new application, a new subsystem or a whole

new system

Implementation: is the part of the process where software

engineers actually program the code for the project.

Verification: is an integral and important part of the software

development process. This part of the process ensures that bugs

are recognized as early as possible

Maintenance: to cope with newly discovered problems or new

requirements can take far more time than the initial development

of the software. It may be necessary to add codes that do not fit

the original design to correct an unforeseen problem or it may be

that a customer is requesting more functionality and code can be

added to accommodate their requests.

1.3 Statement of Problems

The operational procedure of JUI Bookshop has always existed in

manual form. Stock taking and calculation of sales has to be done

in a rigorous way which causes delay most especial when there

more customers to attend to and it has also been difficult to

inform customer of available new product and services. In view of

all these there is the need to move away from traditional way of

doing things by embracing information technology.

1.4. Objective of the Study

The purpose of this task is to design application software to

address all the issues mentioned above i.e.

i. Calculate the number of books sold

ii. The amount of discount given

iii. The discounted amount

iv. The summary of sales.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The importance of carrying out the task can be enumerated as

follows

i. Fast and efficient service delivery

ii. Improve accountability

iii. To improve sales

iv. To improve stock taking.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The scope of this project task covers the problem clarification,

program designing, coding, testing and documentation.

1.7. Limitations of the Study

In the course of executing this research work a lot of challenges

were encountered ranging from epileptic supply of electricity,

lack of access to information to previous study in similar area.

Official work overload in

1.8. Operational definition of terms

Systems analysis is the study of sets of interacting entities,

including computer systems analysis. This field is closely related

to requirements analysis or operations research. It is also "an

explicit formal inquiry carried out to help someone (referred to as

the decision maker) identify a better course of action and make a

better decision that he might otherwise have made.

Pseudo code: is a method of designing a program using normal

human-language statement to describe the logic and the

processing flow.

A Program: is a list of instructions that the computer must follow

to process data into information.

Visual Basic Programming: is a method of creating programs in

which the programmer makes connections between objects by

drawing, pointing, and clicking on diagrams and icons and by

interacting with flow charts.

Form Window: is where the form that makes up user interface

are designed

Visual Basic Environment: is where visual basic projects are

created and tested.

Application software: Is software that has been developed to

solve a particular problem, perform useful work on general

purpose tasks and are commonly used tools for increasing

people’s productivity.

Event-driven programming (EDP) or event-based

programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the

program is determined by events—e.g., sensor outputs or user

actions (mouse clicks, key presses) or messages from other

programs or threads.

Event-driven programming can also be defined as an application

architecture technique in which the application has a main loop

which is clearly divided down to two sections:

the first is event selection (or event detection)

The second is event handling.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Application software development is one of major development in

information technology and computing. In software development, one of

the important tasks is extracting the requirements. Customers typically

have abstract idea of what they want as an end result, but not what

software should do which is incomplete. ambiguous, or even

contradictory, requirements are recognized by skilled and experience

software engineers at this point frequent demonstrating live code may

help reduce the risk that requirement are incorrect. In achieving the above

one need to understand the type of business environment in which it will

be put into use.

Requirements analysis can be a long and arduous process during which

many delicate psychological skills are involved. New systems change the

environment and relationships between people, so it is important to

identify all the stakeholders, take into account all their needs and ensure

they understand the implications of the new systems. Analysts can

employ several techniques to elicit the requirements from the customer.

These may include the development of scenarios (represented as user

stories in agile methods), the identification of use cases, the use of

workplace observation or ethnography, holding interviews, or focus

groups (more aptly named in this context as requirements workshops, or

requirements review sessions) and creating requirements lists.

Prototyping may be used to develop an example system that can be

demonstrated to stakeholders. Where necessary, the analyst will employ a

combination of these methods to establish the exact requirements of the

stakeholders, so that a system that meets the business needs is produced.

Software is a collection of computer programs and related data that

provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do

it. Software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the

storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words, software is a

set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned

with the operation of a data processing system. Program software

performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly

providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to

another piece of software.

An application is a computer program designed to help people perform an

activity. An application thus differs from an operating system (which runs

a computer), a utility (which performs maintenance or general-purpose

chores), and a programming tools (with which computer programs are

created). Depending on the activity for which it was designed, an

application can manipulate text, numbers, graphics, or a combination of

these elements. Some application packages offer considerable computing

power by focusing on a single task, such as word processing; others,

called integrated software, offer somewhat less power but include several

applications.

Computer software or just software, the term was coined to contrast the

old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware,

software "cannot be touched”. Software is also sometimes used in a more

narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term

includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers,

such as film, tapes, and records.

Figure 2 A layer structures

A layer structure showing where the operating system software and

application software are situated while running on a typical desktop

computer

Software includes all the various forms and roles that digitally stored

data may have and play in a computer (or similar system), regardless of

whether the data is used as code for a CPU, or other interpreter, or

whether it represents other kinds of information. Software thus

encompasses a wide array of products that may be developed using

different techniques such as ordinary programming languages, scripting

languages, microcode, or an FPGA configuration.

The types of software include web pages developed in languages and

frameworks like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop

applications like OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Word developed in

languages like C, C++, Objective-C, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application

software usually runs on underlying software operating systems such as

Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in

video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of

automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics. Software

systems can be divided into three major classes’

system software,

programming software and application software, although the distinction

is arbitrary, and often blurred.

Programming software Programming software includes tools in the

form of programs or applications that software developers use to create,

debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications.

The term usually refers to relatively simple programs such as compilers,

debuggers, interpreters, linkers, and text editors, that can be combined

together to accomplish a task, much as one might use multiple hand tools

to fix a physical object. Programming tools are intended to assist a

programmer in writing computer programs, and they may be combined in

an integrated development environment (IDE) to more easily manage all

of these functions.

Software architecture Users often see things differently than

programmers. People who use modern general purpose computers (as

opposed to embedded systems, analog computers and supercomputers)

usually see three layers of software performing a variety of tasks:

platform, application, and user software.

Platform software: Platform includes the firmware, device drivers, an

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29

operating system, and typically a graphical user interface which, in total,

allow a user to interact with the computer and its peripherals (associated

equipment). Platform software often comes bundled with the computer.

On a PC you will usually have the ability to change the platform

software.

Application software: Application software or Applications are what

most people think of when they think of software. Typical examples

include office suites and video games. Application software is often

purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications

are bundled with the computer, but that does not change the fact that they

run as independent applications. Applications are usually independent

programs from the operating system, though they are often tailored for

specific platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other

"system software" as applications. User-written software: End-user

development tailors systems to meet users' specific needs. User software

includes spreadsheet templates and word processor templates. Even email

filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves

and often overlook how important it is. Depending on how competently

the user-written software has been integrated into default application

packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the

original packages, and what has been added by co-workers.

Design concepts The design concepts provide the software designer

with a foundation from which more sophisticated methods can be

applied. A set of fundamental design concepts has evolved. They are:

a. Abstraction - Abstraction is the process or result of generalization

by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable

phenomenon, typically in order to retain only information which

is relevant for a particular purpose.

b. Refinement - It is the process of elaboration. A hierarchy is

developed by decomposing a macroscopic statement of function

in a stepwise fashion until programming language statements are

reached. In each step, one or several instructions of a given

program are decomposed into more detailed instructions.

Abstraction and Refinement are complementary

c. Modularity - Software architecture is divided into components

called modules.

d. Software Architecture - It refers to the overall structure of the

software and the ways in which that structure provides conceptual

integrity for a system. Good software architecture will yield a

good return on investment with respect to the desired outcome of

the project, e.g. in terms of performance, quality, schedule and

cost.

e. Control Hierarchy - A program structure that represents the

organization of a program component and implies a hierarchy of

control.

f. Structural Partitioning - The program structure can be divided

both horizontally and vertically. Horizontal partitions define

separate branches of modular hierarchy for each major program

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_refinement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_Hierarchy&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structural_Partitioning&action=edit&redlink=1

function. Vertical partitioning suggests that control and work

should be distributed top down in the program structure.

g. Data Structure - It is a representation of the logical relationship

among individual elements of data.

h. Software Procedure - It focuses on the processing of each

modules individually

i. Information Hiding - Modules should be specified and designed

so that information contained within a module is inaccessible to

other modules that have no need for such information.

Design considerations

There are many aspects to consider in the design of a piece of

software. The importance of each should reflect the goals the

software is trying to achieve. Some of these aspects are:

Compatibility - The software is able to operate with other

products that are designed for interoperability with another

product. For example, a piece of software may be backward-

compatible with an older version of itself.

Extensibility - New capabilities can be added to the software

without major changes to the underlying architecture.

Fault-tolerance - The software is resistant to and able to recover

from component failure.

Maintainability - The software can be restored to a specified

condition within a specified period of time. For example, antivirus

software may include the ability to periodically receive virus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Structure

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_Procedure&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Hiding

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensibility

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-tolerance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintainability

definition updates in order to maintain the software's

effectiveness.

Modularity - the resulting software comprises well defined,

independent components. That leads to better maintainability. The

components could be then implemented and tested in isolation

before being integrated to form a desired software system. This

allows division of work in a software development project.

Packaging - Printed material such as the box and manuals should

match the style designated for the target market and should

enhance usability. All compatibility information should be visible

on the outside of the package. All components required for use

should be included in the package or specified as a requirement

on the outside of the package.

Reliability - The software is able to perform a required function

under stated conditions for a specified period of time.

Reusability - the software is able to add further features and

modification with slight or no modification.

Robustness - The software is able to operate under stress or

tolerate unpredictable or invalid input. For example, it can be

designed with resilience to low memory conditions.

Security - The software is able to withstand hostile acts and

influences.

Usability - The software user interface must be usable for its

target user/audience. Default values for the parameters must be

chosen so that they are a good choice for the majority of the users.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-tolerant_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface

Software documentation.

Most software has software documentation so that the end user

can understand the program, what it does, and how to use it.

Without clear documentation, software can be hard to use—

especially if it is very specialized and relatively complex like

Photoshop or AutoCAD. Developer documentation may also

exist, either with the code as comments and/or as separate files,

detailing how the programs works and can be modified.

Software quality, Software testing, and Software reliability.

Software quality is very important, especially for commercial and

system software like Microsoft Office, Microsoft Windows and

Linux. If software is faulty (buggy), it can delete a person's work,

crash the computer and do other unexpected things. Faults and

errors are called "bugs." Many bugs are discovered and

eliminated (debugged) through software testing. However,

software testing rarely – if ever – eliminates every bug; some

programmers say that "every program has at least one more bug"

(Lubarsky's Law). All major software companies, such as

Microsoft, Novell and Sun Microsystems, have their own

software testing departments with the specific goal of just testing.

Software can be tested through unit testing, regression testing and

other methods, which are done manually, or most commonly,

automatically, since the amount of code to be tested can be quite

large. For instance, NASA has extremely rigorous software

testing procedures for many operating systems and

communication functions. Many NASA based operations interact

and identify each other through command programs called

software. This enables many people who work at NASA to check

and evaluate functional systems overall. Programs containing

command software enable hardware engineering and system

operations to function much easier together.

Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide

stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or

service under test. Software testing can also provide an objective,

independent view of the software to allow the business to

appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation.

Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of

executing a program or application with the intent of finding

software bugs (errors or other defects).

Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and

verifying that a software program/application/product:

1. meets the requirements that guided its design and development;

2. works as expected; and

3. Can be implemented with the same characteristics.

Software testing, depending on the testing method employed, can

be implemented at any time in the development process.

However, most of the test effort traditionally occurs after the

requirements have been defined and the coding process has been

completed having been shown that fixing a bug is less expensive

when found earlier in the development process. Although in the

agile approaches most of the test effort is, conversely, on-going.

As such, the methodology of the test is governed by the software

development methodology adopted. Different software

development models will focus the test effort at different points in

the development process. Newer development models, such as

Agile, often employ test-drive development and place an

increased portion of the testing in the hands of the developer,

before it reaches a formal team of testers. In a more traditional

model, most of the test execution occurs after the requirements

have been defined and the coding process has been completed.

2.2 Qualities of good program

A good program must contain some or all the following

properties.

- Program correctness: a good program must be able to solve the

intended problem with relevant results. The output (result) must

be readily available for testing with assumed or calculated results

using real or dummy data.

- Documentation: every module or procedure must be preceded

with comments on brief explanation of the module in the

program. These make programs easy to read and understand by

other users that may want to modify or improve on the program.

- Robustness and scalability: programs that can survive various

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_driven_development

unexpected events are said to be robust and those that can be

easily upgraded are scalable. They are sometimes called safe or

defensive programs because of the way they are written.

- User interface: a good look or design of the medium of

interaction of the user and the program must be well taken care

so as to have a good user interface. This is the part of the

program that performs the dialog aspect of the program with the

user and must be easy and friendly to use.

- Program style: the programming language rules are to be adapted

in writing programs.

- Use of tools and library functions: programming languages have

special tools and libraries that can assist in developing computer

programs. some editors are also used to enhance the development

of programs

2.3 Small Businesses

A business is a concern, an enterprise, or organization set

up by an individual or group of individuals for the purpose

of making profits from operations of the concern. Olagunju

(2008) defines business as an enterprise that engages in the

production of goods/services that provide satisfaction for

consumers. Businesses in Nigeria range from micro, small and

medium to large ones. The definition of small business differs

from country to country and from industry to industry. Each

country tends to derive its own definition based on the role

small businesses are expected to perform in the development of

the country. Definitions change over a period of time with

respect to price levels, levels of technology, and other

considerations. Small businesses are synonymous with small

and medium scale enterprises (SMEs). SMEs are usually referred

to as small businesses in developed countries. Generally, a small

business is an enterprise or an organization that is privately

owned and operated with a small number of employees and

relatively low volume of sales. Olagunju (2008:3) defines small

business as those business concerns with a total capital investment

of not more than two million (N2, 000,000), with the number of

employees not more than 50. In Nigeria, small businesses are

commonly found in small shops, hairdressers, trade men,

photographers, etc. Small businesses have many definitions, which

vary. The differences in these definitions are usually as a result

of differences in the level of development of a country,

differences in the organization and structure of industries in

different countries and other consideration. There are various

criteria used in classifying small businesses such as employment

(number of workers), assets value, turnover, etc. Each

country tends to adopt which ever parameter or criteria suitable for

it, based on their economic policies and the role small

businesses are expected to play in the economic growth

and development of the country. Small business has been

promoted in various ways by individuals, government, and

various local and international agencies. This has been done by

financing their activities, through grants and subsidy, making credit

facilities available, etc. These days electronic

commerce is also employed in small businesses to improve services

and trade. Even though the Internet has existed for several decades,

electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become a reality only with

the development of the World Wide Web (WWW) and its

associated technologies (Napier et al., 2001). E-commerce has

been defined as the process of buying, selling, transferring, or

exchanging products, services, and/or information via computer

networks, including the Internet (Turban et al., 2004). In increasing

level of sophistication, the company can use the internet to manage

information and integrating electronic commerce into reengineered

business processes (Mirchandani et al., 2001, Piturro, 1999).

Clearly, the arrival of electronic commerce to the world of business

has facilitated a shift from the mass labor paradigm of past decades

to a knowledge worker paradigm that is likely to dominate the

economy for the future (Mirchandani et al., 2001). Among the

benefits to organizations, it has been suggested that e-commerce

can reduce the cost of doing business, improve product quality,

reach new customers or suppliers, and create new ways of selling

existing products (Chaudhury and Kuilboer, 2002, Napier et al.,

2001, Salerno, 1985, Schneider and Perry, 2000). These benefits

can be achieved in both small and large companies (Huff et al.,

2000). It is generally accepted that SMEs play an important role in

the economies of their countries. Although there are many potential

advantages, the adoption of e-commerce by SMEs remains limited,

since small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have different

characteristics from large enterprises. According to (Seyal and

Rahman, 2003), the characteristics of SMEs include small

management teams, strong owner influence, lack of staff in

specialized areas like information technology (IT), multifunctional

management, limited control over their business environment,

limited market share, low employee turnover, a reluctance to take

risks, and avoidance of sophisticated software or applications. Due

to these differences, SMEs have a slower technology adoption rate

and more difficulties realizing the technology’s benefits than large

enterprises (Poon and Swatman, 1999). Nigeria is one of the

developing countries that have begun to utilize Internet. The rapid

growth of IT in the world puts pressure on Nigerian government to

make more informed decisions about IT investments.

The role of small business in economic development

Small businesses are universally acknowledged as catalysts

for industrial development, employment generation, poverty

alleviation and a sustainable economic development. They are

generally regarded as the engine of growth for any nation. A well

supported and developed small business sector translates to a

healthy and developed economy. Thus, small businesses make

tremendous contributions in any economy . There is nothing

sentimental in paying tribute to the valuable contributions

they make to the quality of life and to an economy in

general. Small business can help achieve and have been contributing

in achieving the following objectives: employment generation,

output expansion, promotion of even development and reduction

of income disparities, utilization of local resources,

production of intermediate goods, transformation of

indigenous technology, contribution to export, building

managerial skills, increase in the revenue base of government,

among others. This unit, therefore focuses on some of these

objectives by explaining the role, which small business has

played in achieving them.

The Role of Small Business on Employment Generation

Small business normally constitutes the largest single

employer of labour with its attendant buoyant income generation

for the employed large labour force in any economy. The sector

consists of a wide range of activities from small and medium scale

manufacturing to services of all kinds. It provides the greatest

opportunities for employment in countries where they are. Small

business sector creates more jobs per unit capital. In

most developing economies, unemployment is the greatest threat to

economic development. Hence, the proliferation of small businesses

could be an antidote to large scale unemployment in these countries.

Countries experiences reflect that the small business sector

contributes tremendously to employment creation for instance in the

United State, of the 6,200,000 small businesses, 5,400,000

employ about 20 employers each. In Asia, small enterprises

make up more than 90 percent of the industries in Indonesia,

Philippines Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, India, and Sri-

Lanka. They account for 98 percent of the employment in Indonesia,

78 percent in Thailand, 81 percent in Japan and 87 percent in

Bangladeshi, (Beyene, 2002: 132). In a study carried out by

Oluba (2009: 1), small business accounted for 65% of the

employment in US, and 45% in Western Europe. With government

effort in Mauritius, small business reduced unemployment

from 21 percent in 1983 to 1.6 percent in 1996. During the same

period the small business share of employment rose from 33 percent

to 43 percent. It was also observed that between the periods

1992-1996, large enterprises generated only 7000 jobs

while small business enterprises generated nine times more

opportunities (Ukeje, 2003: 33). In Nigeria, the sector accounts for

about 70% industrial employment in the agricultural sector. Small

business enterprises employ over 60% of the nation’s work force.

Small –scale businesses spread to rural areas and with

gainful employment as well at that level, there will be less

migration of the masses from the rural to the urban centers

in search of non-existent work. In this way, even development will

be the result in the country.

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Methodology

The method adopted in this research is the event-driven approach of

programming using Microsoft visual Studio 6.0.in the event driven model

the programs are non-procedural; they do not follow a sequential logic,

instead keys and buttons were press and click in a visual basic window.

Each of this action causes an event to occur, which triggers basic

procedures that have been written. The object model used consists of

objects and its properties and methods.

3.2 Analysis of the existing system

Requirements analysis

Figure 3 Requirements analysis

A systems engineering perspective on requirements analysis.

Requirements analysis in systems engineering and software

engineering, encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs

or conditions to meet for a new or altered product, taking account of the

possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, such as

beneficiaries or users. It is an early stage in the more general activity of

requirements engineering which encompasses all activities concerned

with eliciting, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software

or system requirements. Requirements analysis is critical to the success

of a systems or software project. The requirements should be

documented, actionable, measurable, testable, traceable, related to

identified business needs or opportunities, and defined to a level of detail

sufficient for system design.

3.3 Application program analysis techniques

Application software testing: this involves running various tests

and running real-world data to make sure the program works. The

software must be tested before it is released to be sure that it

works properly. The following tests were carried out on the

application software that was developed.

i. Desk-checking the program to discover errors.

This was simply done by reading through the program; it was

thoroughly proofread to ascertain it’s free of errors and that the

logic works.

ii. Run the program and debug it (Alpha testing).

The program was debugged to detect, locate and remove error,

such as syntax and logic error, during this process a syntax error

was discovered, it was removed and fixed

iii. Run real-world data (Beta testing).In carrying out this testing,

several data were used key in the software and used to perform

calculation to ensure the software works according to design.

CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Introduction

Design and implementation of software varies depending on the

complexity of the software. For instance, design and creation of

Microsoft Word software will take much more time than designing and

developing Microsoft Notepad because of the different functionalities in

each one.

Software is usually designed and created (coded/written/programmed) in

integrated development environments (IDE) like Eclipse, Emacs and

Microsoft Visual Studio that can simplify the process and compile the

program. As noted in different section, software is usually created on top

of existing software and the application programming interface (API) that

the underlying software provides like GTK+, JavaBeans or Swing.

Libraries (APIs) are categorized for different purposes. For instance,

JavaBeans library is used for designing enterprise applications, Windows

Forms library is used for designing graphical user interface (GUI)

applications like Microsoft Word, and Windows Communication

Foundation is used for designing web services. Underlying computer

programming concepts like quick sort, hash table, array, and binary tree

can be useful to creating software. When a program is designed, it relies

on the API. For instance, if a user is designing a Microsoft Windows

desktop application, he/she might use the .NET Windows Forms library

to design the desktop application and call its APIs like Form1.Close() and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK%2B

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_%28Java%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_services

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_type

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_tree

Form1.Show()to close or open the application and write the additional

operations himself that it need to have. Without these APIs, the

programmer needs to write these APIs him/herself. Companies like Sun

Microsystems, Novell, and Microsoft provide their own APIs so that

many applications are written using their software libraries that usually

have numerous APIs in them.

Computer software has special economic characteristics that make its

design, creation, and distribution different from most other economic

goods.

A person who creates software is called a programmer, software engineer,

software developer, or code monkey, terms that all have a similar

meaning.

4.2 System Design

Software design is a process of problem solving and planning for a

software solution. After the purpose and specifications of software are

determined, software developers will design or employ designers to

develop a plan for a solution. It includes low-level component and

algorithm implementation issues as well as the architectural view. A

software design may be platform-independent or platform-specific,

depending on the availability of the technology called for by the design.

Software design can be considered as putting solution to the problem(s)

in hand using the available capabilities. Hence the main difference

between Software analysis and design is that the output of the analysis of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform-independent_model

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform-specific_model

a software problem will be smaller problems to solve and it should not

deviate so much even if it is conducted by different team members or

even by entirely different groups. But since design depends on the

capabilities, we can have different designs for the same problem

depending on the capabilities of the environment that will host the

solution (whether it is some OS, web, mobile or even the new cloud

computing paradigm). The solution will depend also on the used

development environment (Whether you build a solution from scratch or

using reliable frameworks or at least implement some suitable design

patterns)

4.2.1 Application program design process

Three step processes were used in the application design, these

were the designing of the users interface, planning the properties

and planning the event procedure.

i. Designing the users interface.

This was done by drawing the planning sketch of the form to be

used in this application program as shown in the figure 2 below

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameworks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_patterns

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_patterns

Frame

Figure 4 A sketch of the form for Application software planning

Frame

TxtQuantity

TxtTitle

Frame

LblExtendedPrice

Total Number of Books

Total Discounts Given

Total of Discounted Amounts

Amounts

Average Discount

lblAverageDiscount

Frame

LblQuantitySum

LblDiscount

LblDiscountedAmountSum

Clear

Sale

Print Exit Calculate

CmdCalculate CmdClear CmdPrint CmdExit

LblDiscount

LblDiscountedPrice

15% Discount

Discounted

Price

Extended

Quantity

Title

Price TxtPrice

Book Sales

ii. Planning the properties

The properties of each object to be placed on the form were

written down. These were set or change during the design

of the form

Object Property Setting

Form Name frmBookSales

caption JUI Bookshop

Label1 Name Label1

Caption Book Sales

FraInput Name fraInput

Caption (blank)

Label2 Name Label2

Caption &Quantity

TxtQuantity Name txtQuantity

Text (blank)

Label3 Name Label3

Caption &Title

TxtTitle Name txtTitle

Text (blank)

Label4 Name Label4

Caption P&rice

TxtPrice Name txtPrice

Text

FraOutput Name fraOutput

Caption (blank)

Label5 Name Label5

Caption ExtendedPrice

LblExtendedPrice Name lblExtendedPrice

Caption (blank)

Alignment Right Justify

Border style Fixed single

Label6 Name Label6

Caption 15% Discount

LblDiscount Name lblDiscount

caption (blank)

Alignment Right Justify


Label7 Name Label7

Caption Discounted Price

LblDiscountedPrice Name lblDiscountedPrice

Caption (blank)

Alignment Right justify


CmdCalculate Name cmdCalculate

Caption &Calculate

CmdClear Name cmdClear

Caption C&lear

CmdPrint Name cmdPrint

Caption &Print

CmdExit Name cmdExit

Caption Exit

Frasummary Name Frasummary

Caption Summary

Label8 Name Label8

Caption Total number of Books

LblQuantitySum Name lblQuantitySum

Caption (blank)



Label9 Name Label9

Caption Total Discount Given

LblDiscountSum Name lblDiscountSum

Caption (blank)



Label10 Name Label10

Caption Total of Discounted

Amount

lblDiscountedAmountSum Name lblDiscountedAmountSum

Caption (blank)



Label11 Name Label11

Caption Average Discount

LblAverageDiscount Name lblAverageDiscount

Caption (blank)



i. Table 1: plan of the objects and properties in visual Basic

Planning the Event procedure

This step was taken by writing out the pseudo code, the plan

procedure which will execute when running the project. The

following is sample of the event procedure used

Event Procedure Action-Pseudo code

cmdCalculate_click Dimension the variables and constants

Convert the inputs Quantity and price to numeric

Calculate ExtendedPrice = Quantity*Price

Calculate Discount = ExtendedPrice*Discount Rate

Table 2: Event procedure plan.

Calculate DiscountedPrice=ExtendedPrice-Discount

Calculate the summary values

Add Quantity to Quantity Sum

Add Discount to Discount Sum

Add DiscountedPrice to DiscountedPrice Sum

Add 1 to Sale count

Calculate Average Discount=DiscountSum/salecount

Format and display sale output in labels

Format and display summary values in labels

cmdClear_click Set each textbox and label to blanks

Set focus in the first textbox

cmdPrint_click Print the form

cmdExit_click Exit the project

Figure 5 The Designed Application software interface

Figure 6:Testing application with real world data

4.3. System Requirement

Hardware used.

HP Pavilion dv6 laptop computer with the following system

information

- Installed memory(RAM): 4.00GB

- Processor : AMD Turion(tm) II Dual core mobile M520

2.30GHz

- Hard disk memory (HDD): 320GB.

- operating platform: window 7 Ultimate

system type: 32-bit operating system

Software used.

- Microsoft word 2007 : was used basically for the presentation

of this project

- Microsoft visual studio 6.0 : was used in designing the

application

- Microsoft office oneNote 2007 was used for screenclipping

4.4. Application Program Implementation (Procedure)

This is the most important process in which the actual

programming designing and code carried out for the visual basic

project. Setting up visual basic 6.0 workspace the procedure was

as follows.

Designing the user interface

Step1- Locates the Microsoft visual basic studio 6.0 under the

start-programs menu and click on it.

- Microsoft visual basic window is displayed with the new

project dialog box, select standard.exe.then the following

window is displayed

Figure 7: Visual basic window environment

-The form was resized by dragging the handle of the form in the

lower right corner down and to the right.

Step2- placing controls on the form

Each control was selected, move and resized. E.g. the frame box,

label buttons, text buttons and command buttons. These buttons

were then line up and arranged on the form.

- The cursor was pointed on the form and was right clicked to

display the shortcut menu, lock control was selected from the

menu, to lock and prevents the controls from accidental

movement on the form. At this point the user interface has

been designed.

Setting the Properties

Step1- Setting the name and caption properties of the form

The form was clicked and in the properties window the Name

setting changed to frmBookSales while caption setting changed

to JUI BOOKSHOP as shown below.

Figure 8 Properties window

Properties window

Name settings box

Caption settings box

Step2- Setting the name and caption properties for the frames.

The name setting box for the various frames change to e.g.

FraInput for input frame, fraOutput for Output frame and

frasummary for summary frame then their caption properties were

changed as follows the input and output frames caption changed

to blank while that of summary frame changed to summary to

display the name on the frame.

Step3- setting the name and caption of the labels

Labels names were changed based on their uses on the form,

those for display only were left on touch, those for result output

had their name changed to lbl plus the name of the label e.g.

lblQuantitySum and the caption changed to blank those for

display had theirs changed to the respective name of the label in

the caption settings as shown below

Figure 9 lblQuantity properties settings Figure 10: Label default settings

Step4 – setting the name and Text properties of textboxes

In the case of textboxes the name settings changed from the

default text to txt as the prefix follow by name of variables to be

entered in the box e.g. txtPrice and in the text settings the default

was changed to blank.

Step5 – setting the name and caption properties of command Buttons

The command buttons names settings were edited to cmd with

the appropriate names of the command added e.g. cmdPrint and

their caption settings changed to the various display names.

Sample of the settings shown below.

Label2

Quantity

Blank

LblQuantitySum Label2

Quantity

Figure 11 Showing command button default properties settings

Figure 12 showing command button after changing the settings

The Application Project Coding Solution

The project was documented using the following procedure

A Folder was created into which the project was saved

A good documentation requires some remarks in the project.

The general declaration section

'Project: Book Sales Application

'Date: December 2011

'Programmer: Kareem Onimisi Yahaya

Command

button

Properties

window

Command

button

Properties

window

'Matric No: NOU090181939

'Description: This Project demonstrates the use of application in

calculating sales

Data declarations

'Dimension module-level variables

Dim mintQuantitySum As Integer

Dim mcurDiscountSum As Currency

Dim mcurDiscountedPriceSum As Currency

Dim mintSaleCount As Integer

Dim mcurAverageDiscount As Currency

Const mcurDiscountRate As Currency = 0.15

Private Sub cmdCalculate_Click()

Calculation with variables, constants and properties of certain

objects

'Calculate the price and discount

Dim intQuantity As Integer

Dim curPrice As Currency

Dim curExtendedPrice As Currency

Dim curDiscount As Currency

Dim curDiscountedPrice As Currency

'Convert input values to numeric variables

intQuantity = Val(txtQuantity.Text)

curPrice = Val(txtPrice.Text)

'Calculate values for sale

curExtendedPrice = intQuantity * curPrice

curDiscount = curExtendedPrice * mcurDiscountRate

curDiscountedPrice = curExtendedPrice - curDiscount

'Calculate summary values

mintQuantitySum = mintQuantitySum + intQuantity

mcurDiscountSum = mcurDiscountSum + curDiscount

mcurDiscountedPriceSum = mcurDiscountedPriceSum +

curDiscountedPrice

mintSaleCount = mintSaleCount + 1

mcurAverageDiscount = mcurDiscountSum / mintSaleCount

'Format and display answers for sale

lblExtendedPrice.Caption = FormatCurrency(curExtendedPrice)

lblDiscount.Caption = FormatNumber(curDiscount, 2)

lblDiscountedPrice.Caption = FormatCurrency(curDiscountedPrice)

Formatting data

'Format and display summary values

lblQuantitySum.Caption = mintQuantitySum

lblDiscountSum.Caption = FormatCurrency(mcurDiscountSum)

lblDiscountedAmountSum.Caption=FormatCurrency(

mcurDiscountedPriceSum)

lblAverageDiscount = FormatCurrency(mcurAverageDiscount)

End Sub

Display and printing of result using commands

Private Sub cmdClear_Click()

'Clear previous amounts from the form

txtQuantity.Text = ""

txtTitle.Text = ""

txtPrice.Text = ""

lblExtendedPrice.Caption = ""

lblDiscount.Caption = ""

lblDiscountedPrice.Caption = ""

txtQuantity.SetFocus

End Sub

Private Sub cmdExit_Click()

'Exit the project

End

End Sub

Private Sub cmdPrint_Click()

'Print the form

End Sub

4.5 Discussion of Results.

Designing and implementation of application software is important and

useful in solving specific task, most especially in enhancement and

management of small businesses to take advantage of information

technology.

Figure 13 shows the sample result,

This was carried out after all necessary tasks of checking and removing

errors was done. These results presented shows that the program works.

4.6 Summary of Findings

The project outlined the structure and methodology in the

designing and implementation of application software in small

business. To achieve these, the problem was define/clarify taken

the needed output, input processing requirement, Then a solution

design using modeling tools to chart the program. The program

was tested to get rid of logic errors by debugging it and finally

real world data was used to show the workability of the software.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Summary

The introduction of application software for its services, JUI

Bookshop has taken a bold step in upgrading the process of

business transactions which will give it advantage in fast efficient

service delivery.

5.1.1 Implication of the Study.

With the application software developed it implies that the

following tasks are greatly enhanced;

Customer spent less time in buying books.

Less time is wasted calculating sales.

Discount given can be easily calculated.

The summary of all the amount of sales is calculated and display

without stress.

5.2 Conclusion

It could be concluded that the aim of this project which is the

design and implementation of application software for small

business (A case study of JUI Bookshop Lokoja, Kogi State) has

been achieved. The Application software has been designed,

developed and tested through the various analysis carried out and

confirmed suitable for solving various business issues. Also it will

enhance the service delivery for effective management of sales of

books at JUI Bookshop.

5.3 Recommendation

Having known what it takes to respond to the changing world of

information technology and also gone through the design, creation

and the implementation of Application software for small Business.

I hereby recommended the followings:

1. Small businesses owners should be encourage to take advantage of

information technology most especial the aspect of application

software development to solve some of the challenges confronting

them in the area of business transaction.

2. Student should be exposed to in-depth knowledge of application

development.

3. Adequate provision of logistics for students.

5.3.1 Suggestion for Further Studies

The project can be further upgraded in the future to cover the

following aspect

i. Online book sales.

ii. Creating and adding database of all books in stock or the selves.

iii. Marketing and management.

REFERENCES

A. F. Adekoya. (2009). Application Software Design and Multimedia.

Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria.

Alan Freedman. (1993). The Computer Glossary. New York: AMACOM.

Julia Case Bradley & Anita C.Millspaugh. (2002). Programming in

Visual Basic 6.0. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Nwanyanwu Oyinyechi Josephine. (2009). Small Business Finance.

Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria.

O. B. Ajayi. (2009). Computer programming cit 636. Lagos: National

Open University Of Nigeria.

Sawyer, Brian K. Williams & Stacey C. (2007). Using Information

Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Wiley,Y.M.J.& Sons. (1997). Creating the Virtual Store. New york:

McGraw-Hill.

Fuegi, J.; Francis, J. (2003). "Lovelace & babbage and the creation of the

1843 'notes'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 25 (4): 16.

James L. Elshoff , Michael Marcotty, Improving computer program

readability to aid modification, Communications of the ACM, v.25 n.8,

p.512-521, Aug 1982.

Multiple (wiki). "Readability". Docforge.

http://docforge.com/wiki/Readability. Retrieved 2010-01-30.

Kotonya, G. and Sommerville, I. 1998. Requirements Engineering:

Processes and Techniques Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.

Alain Abran, James W. Moore; Pierre Bourque, Robert Dupuis. Guide to

the software engineering body of knowledge (2004 ed.). Los Alamitos,

CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 0-7695-2330-7.

http://docforge.com/wiki/Readability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-2330-7

APPENDIX A

SAMPLE PROGRAM

frmBookSales - 1

'Project: Book Sales Application

'Date: December 2011

'Programmer: Kareem Onimisi Yahaya

'Matric No: NOU090181939

'Description: This Project demonstrates the use of application in

calculating sales ' constants, and calculations

'Folder: yk01

Option Explicit

'Dimension module-level variables

Dim mintQuantitySum As Integer

Dim mcurDiscountSum As Currency

Dim mcurDiscountedPriceSum As Currency

Dim mintSaleCount As Integer

Dim mcurAverageDiscount As Currency

Const mcurDiscountRate As Currency = 0.15

Private Sub cmdCalculate_Click()

'Calculate the price and discount

Dim intQuantity As Integer

Dim curPrice As Currency

Dim curExtendedPrice As Currency

Dim curDiscount As Currency

Dim curDiscountedPrice As Currency

'Convert input values to numeric variables

intQuantity = Val(txtQuantity.Text)

curPrice = Val(txtPrice.Text)

'Calculate values for sale

curExtendedPrice = intQuantity * curPrice

curDiscount = curExtendedPrice * mcurDiscountRate

curDiscountedPrice = curExtendedPrice - curDiscount

'Calculate summary values

mintQuantitySum = mintQuantitySum + intQuantity

mcurDiscountSum = mcurDiscountSum + curDiscount

mcurDiscountedPriceSum = mcurDiscountedPriceSum +

curDiscountedPrice

mintSaleCount = mintSaleCount + 1

mcurAverageDiscount = mcurDiscountSum / mintSaleCount

'Format and display answers for sale

lblExtendedPrice.Caption = FormatCurrency(curExtendedPrice)

lblDiscount.Caption = FormatNumber(curDiscount, 2)

lblDiscountedPrice.Caption = FormatCurrency(curDiscountedPrice)

'Format and display summary values

lblQuantitySum.Caption = mintQuantitySum

lblDiscountSum.Caption = FormatCurrency(mcurDiscountSum)

lblDiscountedAmountSum.Caption =

FormatCurrency(mcurDiscountedPriceSum) lblAverageDiscount =

FormatCurrency(mcurAverageDiscount)

End Sub

Private Sub cmdClear_Click()

'Clear previous amounts from the form

txtQuantity.Text = ""

txtTitle.Text = ""

txtPrice.Text = ""

lblExtendedPrice.Caption = ""

lblDiscount.Caption = ""

lblDiscountedPrice.Caption = ""

txtQuantity.SetFocus

End Sub

Private Sub cmdExit_Click()

'Exit the project

End

End Sub

Private Sub cmdPrint_Click()

frmBookSales - 2 'Print the form End Sub

frmBookSales - 1

VERSION 5.00

Begin VB.Form frmBookSales

Caption = "JUI BOOKSHOP"

ClientHeight = 6960

ClientLeft = 105

ClientTop = 435

ClientWidth = 5055

LinkTopic = "Form1"

LockControls = -1 'True

ScaleHeight = 6960

ScaleWidth = 5055

StartUpPosition = 3 'Windows Default

Begin VB.CommandButton cmdExit

Caption = "E&xit"

Height = 372

Left = 3840

TabIndex = 6

Top = 6120

Width = 972

End

Begin VB.CommandButton cmdPrint

Caption = "&Print"

Height = 372

Left = 2640

TabIndex = 5

Top = 6120

Width = 972

End

Begin VB.CommandButton cmdClear

Caption = "C&lear"

Height = 372

Left = 1440

TabIndex = 4

Top = 6120

Width = 972

End

Begin VB.CommandButton cmdCalculate

Caption = "&Calculate"

Height = 372

Left = 240

TabIndex = 3

Top = 6120

Width = 972

End

Begin VB.Frame fraSummary

Caption = " Summary" Height = 1692

Left = 240

TabIndex = 2

Top = 3960

Width = 4572

Begin VB.Label lblAverageDiscount

Alignment = 1 'Right Justify

BorderStyle = 1 'Fixed Single

Height = 252

Left = 3120

TabIndex = 27

Top = 1320

Width = 1092

End

Begin VB.Label lblDiscountedAmountSum



Height = 252

Left = 3120

TabIndex = 26

Top = 960

Width = 1092

End

Begin VB.Label lblDiscountSum



Height = 252

Left = 3120

TabIndex = 25

frmBookSales - 2

Top = 600

Width = 1092

End

Begin VB.Label lblQuantitySum



Height = 252

Left = 3120

TabIndex = 24

Top = 240

Width = 1092

End

Begin VB.Label Label11

Caption = "Average Discount"

Height = 252

Left = 120

TabIndex = 20

Top = 1320

Width = 2292

End


Caption = "Total of Discounted Amounts" Height = 252

Left = 120

TabIndex = 19

Top = 960

Width = 2292

End


Caption = "Total Discounts Given" Height = 252

Left = 120

TabIndex = 18

Top = 600

Width = 2292

End


Caption = "Total Number of Books" Height = 252

Left = 120

TabIndex = 17

Top = 240

Width = 2292

End

End

Begin VB.Frame fraOutput

Height = 1452

Left = 240

TabIndex = 1

Top = 2280

Width = 4572

Begin VB.Label lblDiscountedPrice



Height = 252

Left = 3120

TabIndex = 23

Top = 960

Width = 1092

End

Begin VB.Label lblDiscount



Height = 252

Left = 3120

TabIndex = 22

Top = 600

Width = 1092

End

Begin VB.Label lblExtendedPrice



Height = 252

Left = 3120

TabIndex = 21

frmBookSales - 3

Top = 240

Width = 1092

End


Caption = "Discounted Price" Height = 252

Left = 1080

TabIndex = 16

Top = 960

Width = 1332

End


Caption = "15% Discount" Height = 252

Left = 1080

TabIndex = 15

Top = 600

Width = 1332

End


Caption = "Extended Price" Height = 252

Left = 1080

TabIndex = 14

Top = 240

Width = 1332

End

End

Begin VB.Frame fraInput

Height = 1452

Left = 240

TabIndex = 0

Top = 600

Width = 4572

Begin VB.TextBox txtPrice

Height = 288

Left = 1560

TabIndex = 13

Top = 960

Width = 1332

End

Begin VB.TextBox txtTitle

Height = 288

Left = 1560

TabIndex = 12

Top = 600

Width = 2172

End

Begin VB.TextBox txtQuantity

Height = 288

Left = 1560

TabIndex = 11

Top = 240

Width = 1212

End


Caption = "P&rice"

Height = 252

Left = 240

TabIndex = 10

Top = 960

Width = 972

End


Caption = "&Title"

Height = 252

Left = 240

TabIndex = 9

Top = 600

Width = 972

End


Caption = "&Quantity" Height = 252

Left = 240

frmBookSales - 4

TabIndex = 8

Top = 240

Width = 972

End

End


Caption = "by Yahaya Kareem" BeginProperty Font

Name = "Arial"

Size = 7.5

Charset = 0

Weight = 400

Underline = 0 'False

Italic = -1 'True

Strikethrough = 0 'False

EndProperty

Height = 252

Left = 3480

TabIndex = 28

Top = 6720

Width = 1572

End


Caption = "Book Sales"

BeginProperty Font

Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12

Charset = 0

Weight = 700

Underline = 0 'False

Italic = 0 'False

Strikethrough = 0 'False

EndProperty

Height = 372

Left = 1800

TabIndex = 7

Top = 120 Width = 1452

End .

APPENDIX B

SAMPLE OUTPUT

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE FOR SMALL BUSINESS

Documents

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