Democratic elections in the ROC/Taiwan since 1989

TILMAN ARETZ’S BLOG [http://taretz.blogspot.com]———Democratic elections in the ROC

1

Democratic elections in the ROC

■ TABLE OF CONTENTS—OVERVIEW I. History of democratic elections in the ROC ................................................................................................................... 2 II. Direct presidential elections since 1996 ............................................................................................................................ 4 III. Parliamentary elections since 1991 .................................................................................................................................... 7 IV. Provincial elections ............................................................................................................................................................. 14 V. Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994 .......................................................................................... 15 VI. Referendums since 2004 .................................................................................................................................................... 21 VII. Other relevant information ............................................................................................................................................... 23

■ DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. History of democratic elections in the ROC ......................................................................... 2 Chronology of democratic elections in the ROC since 1987 ............................................................................................. 2 Combined elections .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Direct presidential elections since 1996 ................................................................................ 4 Presidential election 1996 .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Presidential election 2000 .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Presidential election 2004 .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Presidential election 2008 .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Presidential election 2012 .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Presidential election 2016 .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Retrospective: Non-direct ROC presidential elections before 1996 .................................................................................. 7 3. Parliamentary elections since 1991 ........................................................................................ 7 Number of members in the ROC Legislative Yuan since 1992 ......................................................................................... 8 Detailed ROC parliamentary election results since 1991 ..................................................................................................... 8 Second National Assembly [1991] ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Second Legislative Yuan [1992] .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Third Legislative Yuan [1995] ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Third National Assembly [1996] ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Fourth Legislative Yuan [1998]........................................................................................................................................... 9 Fifth Legislative Yuan [2001] ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Sixth Legislative Yuan [2004] ............................................................................................................................................ 10 ad-hoc National Assembly [2005] ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Seventh Legislative Yuan [2008] ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Eighth Legislative Yuan [2012] ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Ninth Legislative Yuan [2016] .......................................................................................................................................... 13 4. Provincial elections............................................................................................................. 14 Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan [1989] ...................................................................................................................... 14 Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan [1994] ...................................................................................................................... 14 Taiwan Provincial Governor [1994] ....................................................................................................................................... 14 5. Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994 .................................................... 15 Taipei 1994 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Kaohsiung 1994 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Taipei 1998 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Kaohsiung 1998 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Taipei 2002 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Kaohsiung 2002 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Taipei 2006 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 Kaohsiung 2006 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Taipei 2010 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 Kaohsiung 2010 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 New Taipei City 2010 ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 Taichung 2010 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18


2

Tainan 2010 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Taipei 2014 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Kaohsiung 2014 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 New Taipei City 2014 ............................................................................................................................................................... 19 Taoyuan 2014 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Taichung 2014 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Tainan 2014 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 20 6. Referendums since 2004 ...................................................................................................... 21 Nationwide referendum 1 + 2 [2004] .................................................................................................................................... 21 Nationwide referendum 3 + 4 [2008] .................................................................................................................................... 21 Nationwide referendum 5 + 6 [2008] .................................................................................................................................... 22 Local referendums..................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Local referendum 1 (Kaohsiung City) [2008]—topic and results .............................................................................. 23 Local referendum 2 (Penghu County) [2009]—topic and results .............................................................................. 23 Local referendum 3 (Lienchiang County) [2012]—topic and results ........................................................................ 23 7. Other relevant information ................................................................................................. 23 List of major political parties in Taiwan ROC ..................................................................................................................... 23 Comparative statistics on major ROC elections .................................................................................................................. 24 Glossary: Election terms English–Chinese .......................................................................................................................... 25

1. History of democratic elections in the ROC

Although the Republic of China (Zhonghua minguo 中華民國, abbrev. ROC), established in 1912 in mainland China,

was the first republic in Asia, it became a true democracy only decades later. In its early period, the ROC was plagued

by internal strife and civil war-like conditions. While the central government had little control over much of main-

land China in the era of the warlords (junfa 軍閥) between 1916 and 1928, Japanese forces began invading the ROC

in 1931. Their defeat in 1945 resulted in Taiwan 台灣 being added to the ROC’s territory, but the same year civil war

broke out on the mainland between rebels led by the Chinese Communist Party (Zhongguo gongchandang 中國共產黨,

abbrev. CCP) and forces loyal to the Chinese Nationalist Party/Kuomintang (Zhongguo guomindang 中國國民黨,

abbrev. KMT). The victorious Chinese Communists founded the People’s Republic of China (Zhonghua renmin gonghe-

guo中華人民共和國, abbrev. PRC) on the mainland in October 1949, the KMT-led ROC government fled to Tai-

wan. Since then, the ROC has been in control only of the Taiwan area and a few smaller offshore islands, an area

also referred to as Tai Peng Jin Ma 台澎金馬—i. e. Taiwan including Penghu/Pescadores 澎湖 (as well as Green Is-

land/Lüdao綠島, Orchid Island/Lanyu 蘭嶼 and other smaller islets) plus the offshore islands Kinmen/Quemoy

金門 and Matsu 馬祖 (administrative name: Lienchiang County 連江縣) close to mainland China’s Fujian province.

In the following decades of Cold War between the ROC and the PRC, the ROC, under martial law since 1947, still

claimed sovereignty over the Chinese mainland and was ruled with iron fist by dictator Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石.

After Chiang Kai-shek’s death in March 1975 things started to change. Martial law was lifted in July 1987 by

ROC President Chiang Ching-kuo蔣經國 who died less than a year later. Reforms were continued and extended

significantly by his successor Lee Teng-hui 李登輝. The “Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of

Communist Rebellion” (dongyuan kanluan shiqi linshi tiaokuan 動員戡亂時期臨時條款), imposed by the ROC

National Assembly (guomin dahui 國民大會 ) in April 1948, were abolished in April 1991. The following

elections—for a new National Assembly in December 1991, a new Legislative Yuan (lifa yuan 立法院), i. e. Taiwan’s

parliament, in December 1992, and so on—can be regarded as truly democratic because after the end of martial law

a ban for the establishment of new politicial parties was lifted. Probably the most significant change brought about

by further constitutional amendments was that since March 1996 the ROC president is no longer elected by the

National Assembly but directly by the ROC’s citizens.

■ CHRONOLOGY OF DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS IN THE ROC SINCE 1987 1989 (Dec. 2) First Legislative Yuan (by-election Taiwan area) " Ninth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan


3

" ROC county magistrates " City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung 1991 (Dec. 21) Second National Assembly 1992 (Dec. 19) Second Legislative Yuan 1993 (Nov. 27) ROC county magistrates 1994 (Dec. 3) Tenth Provincial Assembly of Taiwan " Taiwan provincial governor " Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung " City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung 1995 (Dec. 3) Third Legislative Yuan 1996 (March 23) 9th President ROC " Third National Assembly 1997 (Nov. 29) ROC county magistrates 1998 (Dec. 5) Fourth Legislative Yuan " Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung " City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung 2000 (March 18) 10th President ROC 2001 (Dec. 1) Fifth Legislative Yuan " ROC county magistrates 2002 (Jan. 26) ROC county / community councils " ROC township heads (Dec. 7) Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung " City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung 2004 (March 20) 11th President ROC; nationwide referendum 1 + 2 (Dec. 11) Sixth Legislative Yuan 2005 (May 14) ad hoc-National Assembly (Dec. 3) ROC county magistrates " ROC city and county councils " ROC township heads 2006 (Dec. 9) Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung " City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung 2008 (Jan. 12) Seventh Legislative Yuan; nationwide referendum 3 + 4 (March 22) 12th President ROC; nationwide referendum 5 + 6 (Nov. 15) Local referendum in Kaohsiung City 2009 (Sept. 26) Local referendum in Penghu County (Dec. 5) ROC county magistrates " ROC city and county councils " ROC township heads 2010 (Nov. 27) Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taichung, Tainan " City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taichung, Tainan 2012 (Jan. 14) 13th President ROC " Eighth Legislative Yuan (July 7) Local referendum in Lienchiang County 2014 (Nov. 29) Mayors (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan " City councils (special municipalities)—Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung,

Tainan " ROC county magistrates " ROC city and county councils " ROC township heads 2016 (Jan. 16) 14th President ROC " Ninth Legislative Yuan

Combined elections In today’s ROC, different elections are sometimes combined on one day to reduce costs. For example, the local

elections on Nov. 29, 2014 were also dubbed “9 in 1-elections” (jiuheyi xuanju九合一選舉), referring to ballots for

the following public offices—❶ : mayors of special municipalities (zhixiashi shizhang直轄市市長), ❷ : councilors of

special municipalities (zhiaxiashi shiyiyuan 直轄市市議會), ❸ : city mayors (shizhang 市長) and county magistrates

(xianzhang 縣長), ❹ : city councilors (shiyiyuan 市議會) and county councilors (xianyiyuan縣議會), ❺ : heads of

urban townships (zhenzhang 鎮長) and rural townships (xiangzhang 鄉長), ❻ : councilors/representatives of urban

townships (zhenmin daibiao 鎮民代表) and rural townships (xiangmin daibiao 鄉民代表), ❼ : heads of boroughs (li-


4

zhang 里長) and villages (cunzhang 村長), ❽ : aboriginal district chiefs (shandi yuanzhumin quzhang 山地原住民區長),

and ❾ : aboriginal district council representatives (shandi yuanzhumin qumin daibiao 山地原住民區民代表).

2. Direct presidential elections since 1996

Since March 1996, the ROC president is elected directly by the ROC citizens according to constitutional amend-

ments promulgated in May 1992 and July 1994. Before that, the ROC president was elected by the members of the

ROC National Assembly which was abolished in June 2005. According to Article 47 of the ROC constitution, the

ROC president is barred from serving more than two consecutive terms of office. ROC presidential elections are

decided by a plurality, or relative majority—the candidate receiving the most votes wins, even if he or she fails to

gain an absolute majority of ballots. If no candidate garnered more than 50 percent of the valid votes, the electoral

rules of the ROC do not require a runoff between the two strongest contenders in a second round of voting as

featured in a majority system (e. g. France), so a simple majority can be enough to become ROC president.

■ PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 1996

Date, voters, turnout

Election date March 23, 1996 Total votes cast 10,883,279 votes

Eligible voters 14,313,288 voters ⇨ Valid votes 10,766,119 votes (98.923 percent of all votes cast)

Voter turnout (%) 76.036 percent ⇨ Invalid votes 117,160 votes (1.076 percent of all votes cast)

Term for the election in Chinese: jiuren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 九任總統副總統選舉

Candidates

Presidential candidate Running mate Political party affiliation

Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 (b. 1923) Lien Chan 連戰 (b. 1936) KMT

Peng Ming-min彭明敏 (b. 1923) Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) DPP

Lin Yang-kang 林洋港 (1927-2013) Hau Pei-tsun郝柏村 (b. 1919) Independent

Chen Li-an陳履安 (b. 1937) Wang Ching-feng 王清峰 (b. 1952) Ind.

Result details

Presidential candidates Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Winner

Lee–Lien 5,913,699 54.928 % ☑

Peng–Hsieh 2,274,586 21.127 %

Lin–Hau 1,603,790 14.896 %

Chen–Wang 1,074,044 9.976 %

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 3,639,113 votes (33.80 percent of valid votes)






Term for the election in Chinese: shiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十任總統副總統選舉

Candidates


5


Lien Chan 連戰 (b. 1936) Vincent Siew 蕭萬長 (b. 1939) KMT

Chen Shui-bian陳水扁 (b. 1950) Annette Lu 呂秀蓮 (b. 1944) DPP

James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) Chang Chao-hsiung 張昭雄 (b. 1942) Ind.

Hsu Hsin-liang 許信良 (b. 1941) Josephine Chu 朱惠良 (b. 1950) Ind.

Li Ao李敖 (b. 1935) Elmer Fung 馮滬祥 (b. 1948) Ind. / NP

Result details


Lien–Siew 2,925,513 23.100 %

Chen–Lu 4,977,737 39.304 % ☑

Soong–Chang 4,664,932 36.835 %

Hsu–Chu 79,429 0.627 %

Li–Fung 16,782 0.132 %

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 312,805 votes (2.47 percent of valid votes)






Term for the election in Chinese: shiyiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十一任總統副總統選舉

Candidates


Chen Shui-bian陳水扁 (b. 1950) Annette Lu 呂秀蓮 (b. 1944) DPP

Lien Chan 連戰 (b. 1936) James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) KMT

Result details


Chen–Lu 6,471,970 50.114 % ☑

Lien–Soong 6,442,452 49.885 %

※ Difference of valid votes between DPP and KMT: 29,518 votes (0.22 percent of valid votes)

Please note that the number of invalid votes was more than 11.4 times higher than the DPP’s winning margin.






Term for the election in Chinese: shierren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十二任總統副總統選舉

Candidates


Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) Su Tseng-chang 蘇貞昌 (b. 1947) DPP

Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (b. 1950) Vincent Siew 蕭萬長 (b. 1939) KMT


6

Result details


Hsieh–Su 5,445,239 41.554 %

Ma–Siew 7,658,724 58.445 % ☑

※ Difference of valid votes between KMT and DPP: 2,213,485 votes (16.89 percent of valid votes)



Election date Jan. 14, 2012 Total votes cast 13,452,016 votes



Term for the election in Chinese: shisanren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十三任總統副總統選舉

Candidates


Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (b. 1950) Wu Den-yih吳敦義 (b. 1948) KMT

Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (b. 1956) Su Jia-chyuan蘇嘉全 (b. 1956) DPP

James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) Lin Ruey-shiung 林瑞雄 (b. 1939) PFP

Result details


Ma–Wu 6,891,139 51.602 % ☑

Tsai–Su 6,093,578 45.630 %

Soong–Lin 369,588 2.767 %

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 797,561 votes (5.972 percent of valid votes)



Election date Jan. 16, 2016 Total votes cast 12,448,302 votes



Term for the election in Chinese: shisiren zongtong fuzongtong xuanju 十四任總統副總統選舉

Candidates


Eric Chu 朱立倫 (b. 1961) Jennifer Wang Ju-hsuan 王如玄 (b. 1961) KMT / Ind.

Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (b. 1956) Chen Chien-jen陳建仁 (b. 1951) DPP / Ind.

James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) Hsu Hsin-ying 徐欣瑩 (b. 1972) PFP / MKT

Result details


Tsai–Chen 6,894,744 56.12340 % ☑

Chu–Wang 3,813,365 31.04089 %

Soong–Hsu 1,576,861 12.83569 %

※ Difference of valid votes between the two strongest candidates: 3,081,379 votes (25.08251 percent of valid

votes)


7

■ RETROSPECTIVE: NON-DIRECT ROC PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS BEFORE 1996

Elections of ROC presidents by the National Assembly 1948–1990

Period Date Elected presidential candidate Votes received Total votes

1 1948, April 19 Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 (1887-1975, Zhejiang) 2430 2704

2 1954, March 22 Chiang Kai-shek 1507 1573




6 1978, March 21 Chiang Ching-kuo蔣經國 (1910-1988, Zhejiang) 1184 1248

7 1984, March 21 Chiang Ching-kuo 1012 1064

8 1990, March 21 Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 (b. 1923, Taiwan) 641 668

Other presidential candidates 1948—Chu Chen 居正 (1876-1951, Hubei), received 269 votes

1954—Hsu Fu-lin 徐傅霖 (1878-1958, Guangdong), received 48 votes

Elections of ROC VPs by the National Assembly 1948–1990

Period Date Elected VP candidate Votes received Total votes

1 1948, April 29 Li Tsung-jen李宗仁 (1891-1969, Guangxi) 1438 2704

2 1954, March 23 Chen Cheng 陳誠 (1898-1965, Zhejiang) 1417 1573

3 1960, March 22 Chen Cheng 1381 1576

4 1966, March 22 Yen Chia-kan 嚴家淦 (1905-1993, Jiangsu) 782 1488

5 1972, March 22 Yen Chia-kan 1095 1374

6 1978, March 22 Shieh Tung-min謝東閔 (1907-2001, Taiwan) 941 1248

7 1984, March 22 Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 (b. 1923, Taiwan) 873 1064

8 1990, March 22 Li Yuan-zu 李元簇 (b. 1923, Hunan) 602 668

Other VP candidates 1948—Sun Fo 孫科 (1891-1973, Guangdong), received 1295 votes; 4 more VP candidates: Cheng Chien 程潛

(1882-1968, Hunan), Yu Yu-jen于右任 (1879-1964, Shaanxi), Mo Teh-hui莫德惠 (1883-1968, Kirin), and Hsu

Fu-lin徐傅霖 (1878-1958, Guangdong). Li Tsung-jen was finally elected ROC VP on the 4th ballot

1954—Shih Chih-chuan石志泉 (1886-1960, Hubei), received 109 votes

Note: Chiang Kai-shek’s first election to ROC president by the National Assembly in 1948 took place in Nanjing 南

京 which was evacuated as ROC capital in April 1949. Between April and October 1949 Guangzhou 廣州 served as

provisional capital, in December 1949 the ROC government moved to Taipei 台北 where all subsequent elections

of the ROC president by the National Assembly took place.

3. Parliamentary elections since 1991

The history of parliamentarism in the ROC reflects the political development of the country. The legislative body in

today’s ROC is the Legislative Yuan, which was established in December 1928. Between the 1940s and 2005, there

also was a National Assembly which had the function of electing the president, and its first general elections took

place in November 1947. When the Chinese civil war ended, the mainland was under Communist control, and the

ROC could not hold elections for either the Legislative Yuan or the National Assembly, so their members were

decreed to stay in office until new elections could be held on the mainland. Members who had been elected on the

mainland were not replaced after their death, but the number of seats for Taiwanese delegates was gradually in-

creased.

After martial law was lifted in July 1987 and the “Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of

Communist Rebellion” were abolished in April 1991, a completely new National Assembly was finally elected in


8

December 1991. Likewise, the veteran members of the Legislative Yuan were forced to retire at the end of 1991

after more than four decades in office, and general elections were held on the territory effectively controlled by the

ROC in December 1992.

Further constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the National Assembly, most notably when the

authority to elect the ROC president was removed. The National Assembly was subsequently transformed into a

non-standing body, its delegates were nominated by political parties on the basis of proportional representation, and

most of its functions were transferred to the Legislative Yuan. A last election for an ad-hoc National Assembly took

place in May 2005, and after the latest constitutional revisions took effect a month later, the National Assembly

ceased to exist altogether, rendering its power to ratify constitutional amendments and territory changes to the public

through referendums.

The following lists and tables show democratic parliamentary elections in the ROC on the central level which

took place after the constitutional reforms in the early 1990s.

■ NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN THE ROC LEGISLATIVE YUAN SINCE 1992

The ROC Legislative Yuan consists different kinds of legislators—district representatives (quyu liwei 區域立委),

aboriginal representatives (yuanzhumin liwei原住民立委), national representatives (quanguo bufenqu liwei全國不分區立

委), overseas Chinese representatives (qiaoxuan liwei 僑選立委). The latter two have been combined since the

Seventh Legislative Yuan and now hold the status “national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives”

(quanguo bufenqu liwei ji qiaoxuan liwei 全國不分區立委及僑選立委), also referred to as “legislators-at-large”.

Legislative Yuan Total members District r. Aboriginal r. National r. Overseas Chinese r.

II (elected 12/1992) 161 119 6 30 6

III (elected 12/1995) 164 122 6 30 6

IV (elected 12/1998) 225 168 8 41 8

V (elected 12/2001) 225 168 8 41 8

VI (elected 12/2004) 225 168 8 41 8

VII (elected 1/2008) 113 73 6 34

VIII (elected 1/2012) 113 73 6 34

■ DETAILED ROC PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION RESULTS SINCE 1991

Second National Assembly (325 seats)

Election date Dec. 21, 1991 Total votes cast 8,938,622 votes



Term for the election in Chinese: dierjie guomin dahui xuanju 第二屆國民大會選舉

Political party Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Seats

KMT 6,053,366 69.111 % 254

DPP 2,036,271 23.248 % 66

Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union 193,234 2.206 % 3

Independent 253,032 2.888 % 2

Others 222,976 2.545 % 0

When the ROC Second National Assembly convened on March 20, 1992, besides the 325 elected members (225

regional deputies, 80 nationwide deputies, 20 overseas Chinese deputies) 78 additional deputies (zeng’e guodai 增額國

代)—64 KMT, 9 DPP, 1 Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union, 1 Young China Party, 3 Independent—elected

through a 1986 additional election also participated; the 78 additional deputies’ six-year term expired on Jan. 31,

1993.


9

Second Legislative Yuan (161 seats) The Second Legislative Yuan had total 161 members—119 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 30

national representatives, and 6 overseas Chinese representatives.




Term for the election in Chinese: dierjie lifayuan xuanju 第二屆立法院選舉


KMT 5,741,462 60.504 % 102

DPP 3,022,833 31.855 % 51

Chinese Social Democratic Party 126,213 1.330 % 1

Independent 542,714 5.719 % 7

Others 56,083 0.591 % 0

Third Legislative Yuan (164 seats)

The Third Legislative Yuan had total 164 members—122 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 30





Term for the election in Chinese: disanjie lifayuan xuanju 第三屆立法院選舉


KMT 4,349,089 46.060 % 85

DPP 3,132,156 33.172 % 54

NP 1,222,931 12.951 % 21

Independent 729,987 7.731 % 4

Others 7973 0.084 % 0

Third National Assembly (334 seats)




Term for the election in Chinese: disanjie guomin dahui xuanju 第三屆國民大會選舉


KMT 5,180,829 49.680 % 183

DPP 3,112,736 29.848 % 99

NP 1,425,896 13.673 % 46

Green Party 113,942 1.092 % 1

Independent 572,961 5.494 % 5

Others 22,024 0.211 % 0

Fourth Legislative Yuan (225 seats) The Fourth Legislative Yuan had total 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41





Term for the election in Chinese: disijie lifayuan xuanju 第四屆立法院選舉


10


KMT 4,659,679 46.430 % 123

DPP 2,966,834 29.562 % 70

NP 708,465 7.059 % 11

Democratic Union of Taiwan 375,118 3.737 % 4

Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union 66,033 0.657 % 3

New Nation Alliance 157,826 1.572 % 1

TAIP 145,118 1.445 % 1

Independent 946,431 9.430 % 12

Others 10,325 0.102 % 0

Fifth Legislative Yuan (225 seats) The Fifth Legislative Yuan had total 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41





Term for the election in Chinese: diwujie lifayuan xuanju 第五屆立法院選舉


KMT 2,949,371 28.557 % 68

DPP 3,447,740 33.382 % 87

PFP 1,917,836 18.569 % 46

TSU 801,560 7.761 % 13

NP 269,620 2.610 % 1

Taiwan Number One Party 12,917 0.125 % 1

Independent 899,254 8.707 % 9

Others 29,557 0.286 % 0

Sixth Legislative Yuan (225 seats) The Sixth Legislative Yuan had total 225 members—168 district representatives, 8 aboriginal representatives, 41





Term for the election in Chinese: diliujie lifayuan xuanju 第六屆立法院選舉


KMT 3,190,081 32.828 % 79

DPP 3,471,429 35.723 % 89

PFP 1,350,613 13.898 % 34

TSU 756,712 7.787 % 12

NP 12,137 0.124 % 1

NPSU 353,164 3.634 % 6

Independent 577,292 5.940 % 4

Others 5931 0.061 % 0

ad-hoc National Assembly (300 seats) The 300-member ad-hoc National Assembly was elected for the purpose of voting on constitutional amendments. It

convened on May 30, 2005 in Taipei, and during its final meeting on June 7, 2005 voted in favour of constitutional

amendments passed by the ROC Legislative Yuan the previous August, which implement a new voting system and


11

the abolishment of the National Assembly.

Election date May 14, 2005 Total votes cast 3,913,338 votes



Term for the election in Chinese: renwuxing guomin dahui xuanju 任務型國民大會選舉

Party (1: supporting constitutional amendment; 2: opposing it) Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Seats

KMT 1,508,384 38.920 % 117

DPP 1,647,791 42.517 % 127

1 Chinese People’s Party 41,940 1.082 % 3

Farmers’ Party 15,516 0.400 % 1

Civil Party 8609 0.222 % 1

TSU 273,147 7.047 % 21

PFP 236,716 6.107 % 18

150 persons union led by Chang Yia-chung 張亞中 65,081 1.679 % 5

2 NP 34,253 0.883 % 3

NPSU 25,162 0.649 % 2

TAIP 11,500 0.296 % 1

20 persons union led by Wang Ting-sing 王廷興 7499 0.193 % 1

Seventh Legislative Yuan (113 seats) The Seventh Legislative Yuan had total 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34

national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives. According to constitutional amendments passed by the

Fifth Legislative Yuan on Aug. 23, 2004 and confirmed by the ad-hoc National Assembly on June 7, 2005, the number

of legislators was reduced from 225 to 113 and their terms increased from three to four years. Furthermore, for the

election of the Seventh Legislative Yuan, a new electoral system was implemented, introducing a “single-member

district, two-ballot” system (danyi xuanqu liangpiaozhi 單一選區兩票制) which replaced the electoral system of

multi-member districts and a single vote. For the national and overseas Chinese representatives (“legislator-at-large

seats”), a five-percent threshold was imposed.

Election date: Jan. 12, 2008

District r. [1]

Aboriginal r. [2]

1 + 2 National r. and

overseas Chinese r.

Eligible voters 16,856,584 323,072 17,179,656 17,288,551

Total votes cast 9,897,618 153,001 10,050,619 10,076,239

Voter turnout (%) 58.716 % 47.358 % 58.503 % 58.282 %

Valid votes 9,740,896 149,880 9,890,776 9,780,573 (percent of all votes cast) (98.416 %) (97.960 %) (98.409 %) (97.065 %)

Invalid votes 156,722 3121 159,843 295,666 (percent of all votes cast) (1.583 %) (2.039 %) (1.590 %) (2.934 %)

Term for the election in Chinese: diqijie lifayuan xuanju 第七屆立法院選舉

• District representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (73 seats) Political party Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Seats

KMT 5,209,237 53.478 % 57

DPP 3,765,222 38.653 % 13

NPSU 219,305 2.251 % 2

Independent 382,684 3.928 % 1

Others (incl. PFP) 164,448 1.688 % 0

• Aboriginal representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (6 seats) Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 156,052; total votes cast 66,908 (turnout 42.875 %); valid votes 65,522 (97.928 %

of total); invalid votes 1386 (2.071 % of total).

Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 167,020; total votes cast 86,093 (turnout 51.546 %); valid votes 84,358 (97.984

% of total); invalid votes 1735 (2.015 % of total).


12

Plains Aborigines Mountain Aborigines

Political Party Votes Percent Seats Votes Percent Seats

KMT 37,225 56.812 % 2 45,050 53.403 % 2

PFP 11,925 18.199 % 1 14,265 16.910 % 0

NPSU — — 0 20,012 23.722 % 1

Ind./Others (incl. DPP) 16,372 24.987 % 0 5031 5.963 % 0

Aborigines combined—KMT 82,275 (54.893 %, 4 seats); PFP 26,190 (17.473 %, 1 seat); NPSU 20,012 (13.352 %, 1

seat); Ind./Others (incl. DPP) 21,403 (14.280 %, 0 seats).

• National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Seventh Legislative Yuan (34 seats) Political party Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Seats

KMT 5,010,801 51.232 % 20

DPP 3,610,106 36.910 % 14

Others (incl. PFP, NPSU etc.) 1,159,666 11.856 % 0

Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, only two parties—the KMT and the

DPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the 113 seats was

81 KMT, 27 DPP, 3 NPSU, 1 PFP, 1 Independent, giving the KMT more than a two-thirds majority.

Eighth Legislative Yuan (113 seats) The Eighth Legislative Yuan had total 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34

national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.


District r. [1]

Aboriginal r. [2]


overseas Chinese r.

Eligible voters 17,625,632 354,946 17,980,578 18,090,295

Total votes cast 13,170,281 220,045 13,390,326 13,445,691

Voter turnout (%) 74.722 % 61.993 % 74.471 % 74.325 %



Term for the election in Chinese: dibajie lifayuan xuanju 第八屆立法院選舉

• District representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (73 seats) Political party Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Seats

KMT 6,228,613 48.122 % 44

DPP 5,753,218 44.449 % 27

NPSU 139,341 1.076 % 1

Independent 498,820 3.853 % 1

Others (incl. PFP, TSU) 323,147 2.496 % 0

• Aboriginal representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (6 seats) Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 171,548; total votes cast 100,671 (turnout 58.683 %); valid votes 98,131 (97.476 %


Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 183,398; total votes cast 119,374 (turnout 65.090 %); valid votes 116,712

(97.770 % of total); invalid votes 2662 (2.229 % of total).



KMT 50,478 51.439 % 2 60,210 51.588 % 2

PFP 13,992 14.258 % 1 15,533 13.308 % 0

NPSU — — 0 29,520 25.293 % 1

Ind./Others (incl. DPP) 33,661 34.302 % 0 11,449 9.809 % 0


13

Aborigines combined—KMT 110,688 (51.520 %, 4 seats); PFP 29,525 (13.742 %, 1 seat); NPSU 29,520 (13.740 %, 1

seat); Ind./Others (incl. DPP) 45,110 (20.996 %, 0 seats).

• National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Eighth Legislative Yuan (34 seats) Political party Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Seats

KMT 5,863,279 44.546 % 16

DPP 4,556,424 34.617 % 13

TSU 1,178,797 8.956 % 3

PFP 722,089 5.486 % 2

Others (incl. Green Party, NP etc.) 841,483 6.393 % 0

Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, four parties—the KMT, the DPP, the

TSU and the PFP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the

113 seats was 64 KMT, 40 DPP, 3 PFP, 3 TSU, 2 NPSU, 1 Independent.

Ninth Legislative Yuan (113 seats) The Ninth Legislative Yuan had total 113 members—73 district representatives, 6 aboriginal representatives, 34

national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives.


District r. [1]

Aboriginal r. [2]


overseas Chinese r.

Eligible voters 18,305,112 387,105 18,692,217 18,786,940

Total votes cast 12,187,924 212,102 12,400,026 12,447,036

Voter turnout (%) 66.582 % 54.791 % 66.337 % 66.253 %



Term for the election in Chinese: dijiujie lifayuan xuanju 第九屆立法院選舉

• District representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (73 seats) Political party Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Seats

DPP 5,382,949 45.07920 % 49

KMT 4,622,756 38.71301 % 20

NPP 351,244 2.94147 % 3

Independent 649,371 5.43812 % 1

Others (incl. PFP, TSU, NP) 934,771 7.82818 % 0

• Aboriginal representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (6 seats) Plains Aborigines—Eligible voters 187,076; total votes cast 96,761 (turnout 51.722 %); valid votes 94,607 (97.773 %


Mountain Aborigines—Eligible voters 200,029; total votes cast 115,341 (turnout 57.662 %); valid votes 112,965

(97.940 % of total); invalid votes 2376 (2.059 % of total).



KMT 55,565 58.732 % 2 46,045 40.760 % 2

DPP 17,052 18.024 % 1 16,658 14.746 % 0

NPSU — — 0 27,690 24.512 % 1

Ind./Others 21,990 23.243 % 0 22,572 19.981 % 0

Aborigines combined—KMT 101,610 (48.951 %, 4 seats); DPP 33,710 (16.240 %, 1 seat); NPSU 27,690 (13.339 %,

1 seat); Ind./Others (incl. PFP, MKT) 44,562 (21.468 %, 0 seats).

• National representatives and overseas Chinese representatives in the Ninth Legislative Yuan (34 seats)


14


DPP 5,370,953 44.0598 % 18

KMT 3,280,949 26.9147 % 11

PFP 794,838 6.5203 % 3

NPP 744,315 6.1058 % 2

Others (incl. Green Party, NP etc.) 1,999,084 16.3991 % 0

Note: For the national representatives and overseas Chinese representatives, four parties—the DPP, the KMT, the

PFP and the NPP—managed to garner more than 5 percent of the valid votes. Altogether, the distribution of the

113 seats was 68 DPP, 35 KMT, 5 NPP, 3 PFP, 1 NPSU, 1 Independent.

4. Provincial elections

■ NINTH PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY OF TAIWAN





Term for the election in Chinese: dijiujie Taiwan sheng yiyuan xuanju 第 9 屆台灣省議員選舉

Parties and results


KMT N/A 62.10 % 54

DPP N/A 25.60 % 16

Independent/others N/A 12.30 % 7

■ TENTH PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY OF TAIWAN





Term for the election in Chinese: dishijie Taiwan sheng yiyuan xuanju 第 10 屆台灣省議員選舉

Parties and results


KMT 4,223,995 51.026 % 48

DPP 2,693,353 32.536 % 23

NP 309,648 3.740 % 2

Independent 1,051,015 12.696 % 6

■ TAIWAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR






15

Term for the election in Chinese: diyijie Taiwan shengzhang xuanju 第 1 屆台灣省長選舉

Candidates and results

Candidate Political party affiliation Valid votes received Percent of valid votes Winner

James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) KMT 4,726,012 56.222 % ☑

Chen Ding-nan 陳定南 (1943-2006) DPP 3,254,887 38.721 %

Ju Gau-jeng 朱高正 (b. 1954) NP 362,377 4.310 %

Tsai Cheng-chih蔡正治 (b. 1943) Ind. 37,256 0.443 %

Wu Tzu 吳梓 (b. 1939) Ind. 25,398 0.302 %

5. Elections for mayors of special municipalities since 1994

In the local politics of the ROC, special municipalities are of major significance, and the mayor (shizhang 市長) of a

special municipality is regarded as political heavyweight. The first special municipality in the Taiwan area since 1949

was Taipei 台北 which was elevated to that status in 1967, followed by Kaohsiung 高雄 in 1979. The mayors of the

ROC’s special municipalities have been directly elected since 1994. In December 2010, the number of special

municipalities in the ROC rose to five—Taipei County 台北縣 was upgraded and renamed “New Taipei City” 新北

市, Taichung City 台中市 and Taichung County 台中縣 were merged and upgraded, likewise Tainan City 台南市

and Tainan County 台南縣. Besides, Kaohsiung County 高雄縣 was included into Kaohsiung Special Municipality.

In December 2014 another special municipality was added by the upgrade of Taoyuan County 桃園縣.

■ TAIPEI 1994







Chen Shui-bian陳水扁 (b. 1950) DPP 615,090 43.668 % ☑

Jaw Shau-kong 趙少康 (b. 1950) NP 424,905 30.166 %

Huang Ta-chou 黃大洲 (b. 1936) KMT 364,618 25.885 %

Jih Rong-ze 紀榮治 (b. 1944) Ind. 3941 0.279 %

■ KAOHSIUNG 1994


Election date Dec. 3, 1994 Total votes cast 746,469 votes

Eligible voters 926,318 voters ⇨ Valid votes 735,886 votes (98.582 percent of all votes cast)




Wu Den-yih吳敦義 (b. 1948) KMT 400,766 54.460 % ☑

Chang Chun-hsiung 張俊雄 (b. 1938) DPP 289,110 39.287 %

Tang A-ken湯阿根 (b. 1936) NP 25,413 3.453 %


16

Shih Chung-hsiang 施鐘響 (b. 1937) Ind. 13,084 1.777 %

Cheng Te-yiao 鄭德耀 (b. 1951) Ind. 7513 1.020 %

■ TAIPEI 1998







Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (b. 1950) KMT 766,377 51.129 % ☑

Chen Shui-bian陳水扁 (b. 1950) DPP 688,072 45.905 %

Wang Chien-shien王建煊 (b. 1938) NP 44,452 2.965 %

■ KAOHSIUNG 1998



Eligible voters 1,004,872 voters ⇨ Valid votes 796,185 votes (98.538 percent of all votes cast)




Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) DPP 387,797 48.706 % ☑

Wu Den-yih吳敦義 (b. 1948) KMT 383,232 48.133 %

Cheng Te-yiao 鄭德耀 (b. 1951) Ind. 18,699 2.348 %

Wu Chien-kuo吳建國 (b. 1950) NP 6457 0.810 %

■ TAIPEI 2002







Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 (b. 1950) KMT 873,102 64.108 % ☑

Lee Ying-yuan 李應元 (b. 1953) DPP 488,811 35.891 %

■ KAOHSIUNG 2002





17

Voter turnout (%) 71.376 percent ⇨ Invalid votes 7754 votes (0.994 percent of all votes cast)



Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) DPP 386,384 50.039 % ☑

Huang Chun-ying 黃俊英 (b. 1941) KMT 361,546 46.822 %

Chang Po-ya 張博雅 (b. 1942) Ind. 13,479 1.745 %

Shih Ming-teh施明德 (b. 1941) Ind. 8750 1.133 %

Huang Tien-sheng 黃天生 (b. 1946) Ind. 1998 0.258 %

■ TAIPEI 2006







Hau Lung-bin 郝龍斌 (b. 1952) KMT 692,085 53.813 % ☑

Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 (b. 1946) DPP 525,869 40.889 %

James Soong 宋楚瑜 (b. 1942) PFP 53,281 4.142 %

Li Ao李敖 (b. 1935) Ind. 7795 0.606 %

Ke Tsi-hai 柯賜海 (b. 1956) Ind. 3687 0.286 %

Clara Chou 周玉蔻 (b. 1953) TSU 3372 0.262 %

■ KAOHSIUNG 2006







Chen Chu 陳菊 (b. 1950) DPP 379,417 49.411 % ☑

Huang Chun-ying 黃俊英 (b. 1941) KMT 378,303 49.266 %

Lo Chih-ming 羅志明 (b. 1957) TSU 6599 0.859 %

Lin Ching-yuan 林景元 (b. 1925) Ind. 1803 0.234 %

Roger Lin 林志昇 (b. 1950) TDA 1746 0.227 %

■ TAIPEI 2010


Election date Nov. 27, 2010 Total votes cast 1,445,370 votes




18



Hau Lung-bin 郝龍斌 (b. 1952) KMT 797,865 55.649 % ☑

Su Tseng-chang 蘇貞昌 (b. 1947) DPP 628,129 43.810 %

Wu Wu-ming 吳武明 (b. 1957) Ind. 3672 0.256 %

Hsiao Shu-hua 蕭淑華 (b. 1961) Ind. 2238 0.156 %

Wu Yen-cheng吳炎成 (b. 1942) Ind. 1832 0.127 %

■ KAOHSIUNG 2010







Chen Chu 陳菊 (b. 1950) DPP 821,089 52.796 % ☑

Yang Chiu-hsing 楊秋興 (b. 1956) Ind. 414,950 26.681 %

Huang Chao-shun黃昭順 (b. 1953) KMT 319,171 20.522 %

■ NEW TAIPEI CITY 2010







Eric Chu 朱立倫 (b. 1961) KMT 1,115,536 52.608 % ☑

Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 (b. 1956) DPP 1,004,900 47.391 %

■ TAICHUNG 2010







Jason Hu 胡志強 (b. 1948) KMT 730,284 51.117 % ☑

Su Jia-chyuan蘇嘉全 (b. 1956) DPP 698,358 48.882 %


19

■ TAINAN 2010







William Lai Ching-te 賴清德 (b. 1959) DPP 619,897 60.413 % ☑

Kuo Tien-tsai 郭添財 (b. 1962) KMT 406,196 39.586 %

■ TAIPEI 2014







Ko Wen-je 柯文哲 (b. 1959) Ind. 853,983 57.159 % ☑

Sean Lien 連勝文 (b. 1970) KMT 609,932 40.824 %

Chao Yen-ching 趙衍慶 (b. 1936) Ind. 15,898 1.064 %

Neil Peng 馮光遠 (b. 1953) Ind. 8080 0.540 %

Lee Hung-hsin李宏信 (b. 1940) Ind. 2621 0.175 %

Chen Yung-chang陳永昌 (b. 1952) Ind. 1908 0.127 %

Chen Ju-pin陳汝斌 (b. 1937) ❶ 1624 0.108 %

❶ = Third Class Citizen Justice Human Rights Self-Help Party

■ KAOHSIUNG 2014







Chen Chu 陳菊 (b. 1950) DPP 993,300 68.086 % ☑

Yang Chiu-hsing 楊秋興 (b. 1956) KMT 450,647 30.890 %

Chou Ke-sheng 周可盛 (b. 1957) Ind. 14,925 1.023 %

■ NEW TAIPEI CITY 2014




20





Eric Chu 朱立倫 (b. 1961) KMT 959,302 50.060 % ☑

Yu Shyi-kun游錫堃 (b. 1948) DPP 934,774 48.780 %

Lee Chin-shun 李進順 (b. 1960) Ind. 22,207 1.158 %

■ TAOYUAN 2014


Election date Nov. 29, 2014 Total votes cast 984,099 votes





Cheng Wen-tsang 鄭文燦 (b. 1967) DPP 492,414 51.001 % ☑

John Wu 吳志揚 (b. 1969) KMT 463,133 47.968 %

Hsu Jui-chih許睿智 (b. 1938) Ind. 9943 1.029 %

■ TAICHUNG 2014







Lin Chia-lung 林佳龍 (b. 1964) DPP 847,284 57.063 % ☑

Jason Hu 胡志強 (b. 1948) KMT 637,531 42.936 %

■ TAINAN 2014


Election date Nov. 29, 2014 Total votes cast 996,688 votes





William Lai Ching-te 賴清德 (b. 1959) DPP 711,557 72.898 % ☑

Huang Hsiu-shuang 黃秀霜 (b. 1961) KMT 264,536 27.101 %


21

6. Referendums since 2004

The ROC’s Referendum Act (gongmin toupiaofa 公民投票法) which was promulgated on Nov. 27, 2003 distinguishes

between nationwide referendums (quanguoxing gongmin toupiao 全國性公民投票) and local referendums (difangxing

gongmin toupiao 地方性公民投票). Nationwide referendums were held on three occasions (March 20, 2004; Jan. 12,

2008; March 22, 2008), with two single referendums held at each time. Since the Referendum Act requires a

minimum turnout of 50 percent of eligible voters for a valid result, all of the first six nationwide referendums in the

ROC were rejected due to low participation. Local referendums in the ROC were held on three occasions—in 2008

in Kaohsiung City, in 2009 in Penghu County, and in 2012 in Lienchiang County (Matsu). The 50 percent minimum

turnout requirement was repealed for the local referendums in Penghu and Matsu after the ROC Legislative Yuan

had passed amendments to the Offshore Islands Development Act (lidao jianshe tiaoli 離島建設條例) on Jan. 23,

2009.

■ NATIONWIDE REFERENDUM 1 + 2

Held on March 20, 2004; concurrently with the ROC presidential election

Eligible voters: 16,497,746

Nationwide referendum 1—topic and results “The People of Taiwan demand that the Taiwan Strait issue be resolved through peaceful means. Should Mainland

China refuse to withdraw the missiles it has targeted at Taiwan and to openly renounce the use of force against us,

would you agree that the Government should acquire more advanced anti-missile weapons to strengthen Taiwan’s

self-defense capabilities?”

「台灣人民堅持台海問題應該和平解決。如果中共不撤除瞄準台灣的飛彈、不放棄對台灣使用武力，你

是不是同意政府增加購置反飛彈裝備，強化台灣自我防衛能力？」

Total votes 7,452,340 (voter turnout 45.171 percent) Agree 6,511,216 (91.802 percent of valid votes)

⇨ Valid votes 7,092,629 (95.173 percent of total votes) Disagree 581,413 (8.197 percent of valid votes)

⇨ Invalid votes 359,711 (4.826 percent of total votes) Result REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)

Nationwide referendum 2—topic and results “Would you agree that our Government should engage in negotiation with Mainland China on the establishment of

a ‘peace and stability’ framework for cross-strait interactions in order to build consensus and for the welfare of the

peoples on both sides?”

「你是不是同意政府與中共展開協商談判，推動建立兩岸和平穩定的互動架構，謀求兩岸的共識與人民

的福祉？」





Held on Jan. 12, 2008; concurrently with the elections to the ROC Legislative Yuan


Nationwide referendum 3—topic and results “Do you agree to the establishment of an act pertaining to the disposition of assets improperly obtained by political

parties, and the return of the KMT’s assets to the public based on the following principles: All assets of the

Kuomintang and its subsidiary organizations, excluding membership fees, political donations and elections subsidies,


22

shall be deemed to be improperly obtained assets that should be returned to the public, and monies equal to the sum

total of any already divested assets be returned to the public?” (DPP-initiated referendum)

「你是否同意依下列原則制定『政黨不當取得財產處理條例』將中國國民黨黨產還給全民：國民黨及其

附隨組織的財產，除黨費、政治獻金及競選補助金外，均推定為不當取得的財產，應還給人民。已處分

者，應償還價額。」




Nationwide referendum 4—topic and results “Do you agree to the establishment of legislation holding the national leaders and subordinates legally responsible

for causing serious harm to the nation, deliberately or through major error; that any investigation be conducted by a

legislative investigative committee; and that government departments must cooperate and may not refuse to do so, all

in the public interest, and that those who break the law or are derelict in their duties of office be punished and

required to return any improperly obtained income?” (KMT-initiated referendum)

「您是否同意制定法律追究國家領導人及其部屬，因故意或重大過失之措施，造成國家嚴重損害之責任，

並由立法院設立調查委員會調查，政府各部門應全力配合，不得抗拒，以維全民利益，並懲處違法失職

人員，追償不當所得？」


⇨ Valid votes 3,961,026 (87.907 percent of total votes) Disagree 1,656,890 (41.829 percent of valid votes)



Held on March 22, 2008; concurrently with the ROC presidential election


Nationwide referendum 5—topic and results “In 1971, the People’s Republic of China joined the United Nations, replacing the Republic of China and making

Taiwan an international orphan. Do you agree that the government, in a strong expression of the will of the

Taiwanese people and in order to elevate Taiwan’s international status and promote its international participation,

should join the United Nations under the name ‘Taiwan’?” (DPP-initiated referendum)

「1971 年中華人民共和國進入聯合國，取代中華民國，台灣成為國際孤兒。為強烈表達台灣人民的意志，

提升台灣的國際地位及參與，您是否同意政府以『台灣』名義加入聯合國？」




Nationwide referendum 6—topic and results “Do you agree that our country should apply to return to the United Nations and enter other organizations using a

pragmatic and flexible name strategy, that is, do you approve applying to return to the United Nations and joining

other international organizations under the name ‘Republic of China’, ‘Taiwan’ or another name that facilitates

success while maintaining dignity?” (KMT-initiated referendum)

「您是否同意我國申請重返聯合國及加入其他組織，名稱採務實、有彈性的策略，亦即贊成以中華民國

名義、或以台灣名義、或以其他有助於成功並兼顧尊嚴的名稱，申請重返聯合國及加入其他國家組織？」





23

■ LOCAL REFERENDUMS

Local referendum 1 (Kaohsiung City)—topic and results Held on Nov. 15, 2008; eligible voters: 1,159,368

“A considerable decrease in the size of classrooms will have a positive effect on students’ learning. The maximum

number of students in a first, third and fifth grade class in the city’s elementary schools and the maximum number

of new students in a junior high school class should be 31 pupils in the last school year. The number should decrease

by two students every school year until the maximum class size reaches 25 students in the 2010 school year.”

「學生班級人數適當的減少，可以增進學生的學習效果。本市公立國民小學一、三、五年級以及國民中

學新生的編班，自 96 學年度起，每班不得超過 31 人，以後每學年減少 2 人，至 99 學年度起，每班不得

超過 25 人。」

Total votes 62,068 (voter turnout 5.353 percent) Agree 56,375 (91.211 percent of valid votes)

⇨ Valid votes 61,807 (99.579 percent of total votes) Disagree 5432 (8.788 percent of valid votes)

⇨ Invalid votes 261 (0.420 percent of total votes) Result REJECTED (turnout below 50 percent)

Local referendum 2 (Penghu County)—topic and results Held on Sept. 26, 2009; eligible voters: 73,651

“Should Penghu establish international resorts, along with casinos?”

「澎湖要不要設置國際觀光度假區附設觀光賭場？」

Total votes 31,054 (voter turnout 42.163 percent) Agree 13,397 (43.558 percent of valid votes)

⇨ Valid votes 30,756 (99.040 percent of total votes) Disagree 17,359 (56.441 percent of valid votes)

⇨ Invalid votes 298 (0.959 percent of total votes) Result REJECTED (majority of voters disagreed)

Local referendum 3 (Lienchiang County)—topic and results Held on July 7, 2012; eligible voters: 7762

“Should Matsu establish international resorts, along with casinos?”

「馬祖是否要設置國際觀光度假區附設觀光賭場？」

Total votes 3164 (voter turnout 40.762 percent) Agree 1795 (57.238 percent of valid votes)

⇨ Valid votes 3136 (99.115 percent of total votes) Disagree 1341 (42.761 percent of valid votes)

⇨ Invalid votes 28 (0.884 percent of total votes) Result APPROVED (majority of voters agreed)

7. Other relevant information

■ LIST OF MAJOR POLITICAL PARTIES IN TAIWAN ROC

There are currently more than 100 political parties in Taiwan, but this list shows only parties that since 1991 won

seats in the ROC’s Legislative Yuan or National Assembly as well as parties that at least once fielded candidates in

elections for ROC president/provincial governor/special municipality mayor. The Chinese term used for In-

dependents (i. e. candidates without party affiliation) is wudangji 無黨籍, abbreviated as “Ind.” in this file.

● KMT—Kuomintang or Chinese Nationalist Party (Zhongguo guomindang 中國國民黨/guomindang 國民黨), was

established on Nov. 24, 1894 under the name “Revive China society” (xingzhonghui 興中會) and renamed/re-

organized in 1905, 1912, 1914 and 1919

● Young China Party (Zhongguo qingniandang 中國青年黨/qingniandang 青年黨), est. Dec. 2, 1923

● DPP—Democratic Progressive Party (minzhu jinbudang 民主進步黨/minjindang 民進黨), est. Sept. 28, 1986

● Chinese People’s Party (Zhongguo minzhongdang 中國民眾黨), est. Nov. 21, 1987

● Farmers’ Party (nongmindang 農民黨), est. Feb. 3, 1989

● Chinese Social Democratic Party (Zhonghua shehui minzhudang 中華社會民主黨, abbrev. shemindang 社民黨), est.


24

March 1, 1991; merged with NP on Dec. 28, 1994

● Nationwide Democratic Nonpartisan Union (quanguo minzhu feizhengdang lianmeng 全國民主非政黨聯盟), est.

Oct. 16, 1991

● Civil Party (gongmindang 公民黨), est. March 7, 1993

● NP—New Party (xindang 新黨), est. Aug. 10, 1993

● Green Party (lüse bentu qingxindang 綠色本土清新黨/lüdang 綠黨), est. Jan. 25, 1996

● TAIP—Taiwan Independence Party (jianguodang 建國黨), est. Oct. 6, 1996

● Democratic Union of Taiwan (minzhu lianmeng 民主聯盟), est. June 24, 1998

● New Nation Alliance (xinguojia lianxian 新國家連線), est. Sept. 18, 1998

● PFP—People First Party (qinmindang 親民黨), est. March 31, 2000

● TSU—Taiwan Solidarity Union (Taiwan tuanjie lianmeng 台灣團結聯盟, abbrev. Tailian台聯), est. Aug. 12, 2001

● Taiwan Number One Party (Taiwan wudang 台灣吾黨), est. Sept. 21, 2001

● NPSU—Non-Partisan Solidarity Union (wudang tuanjie lianmeng 無黨團結聯盟), est. June 16, 2004

● TDA—Taiwan Defense Alliance (baohu Taiwan dalianmeng 保護台灣大聯盟, abbrev. hu Tai lianmeng 護台聯盟),

est. Aug. 1, 2004

● Third Class Citizen Justice Human Rights Self-Help Party (sandemg guomin gongyi renquan zijiudang 三等國民公義

人權自救黨), est. Oct. 22, 2011

● NPP—New Power Party (shidai liliang 時代力量), est. Jan. 25, 2015

● MKT—Republican Party (minguodang 民國黨), est. March 18, 2015

Since the presidential elections in 2000, Taiwan’s political landscape has been divided in two camps—the “blue

camp” (lanying 藍營), consisting of the KMT, NP and PFP, and the “green camp” (lüying 綠營), composed of the

DPP and TSU. Blue is the colour of the KMT party flag, and green is the colour of the DPP party flag (both party

flags are shown below).

KMT party flag

國民黨黨旗

DPP party flag

民進黨黨旗

■ COMPARATIVE STATISTICS ON MAJOR ROC ELECTIONS

Election, month/year Eligible voters Total votes

cast Voter turn-

out (%) Valid votes

Valid votes (%)

Invalid votes Invalid

votes (%)

Provincial Assembly 12/1989 9,964,303 7,561,562 75.89 % 7,301,076 96.56 % 260,486 3.44 %

National Assembly 12/1991 13,083,106 8,938,622 68.32 % 8,758,879 97.99 % 179,743 2.01 %

Legislative Yuan 12/1992 13,421,170 9,666,020 72.02 % 9,489,305 98.17 % 176,715 1.83 %

Provincial Assembly 12/1994 11,111,460 8,480,041 76.32 % 8,278,011 97.62 % 202,030 2.38 %

Provincial Governor 12/1994 11,184,258 8,517,124 76.15 % 8,405,930 98.69 % 111,194 1.31 %


President 3/1996 14,313,288 10,883,279 76.04 % 10,766,119 98.92 % 117,160 1.07 %



President 3/2000 15,462,625 12,786,671 82.69 % 12,664,393 99.04 % 122,278 0.95 %


President 3/2004 16,507,179 13,251,719 80.28 % 12,914,422 97.45 % 337,297 2.54 %

Referendum I, 3/2004 16,497,746 7,452,340 45.17 % 7,092,629 95.17 % 359,711 4.82 %

Referendum II, 3/2004 16,497,746 7,444,148 45.12 % 6,865,574 92.22 % 578,574 7.77 %




Referendum III, 1/2008 17,277,720 4,550,881 26.34 % 4,254,664 93.49 % 296,217 6.50 %

Referendum IV, 1/2008 17,277,720 4,505,927 26.08 % 3,961,026 87.90 % 544,901 12.09 %

President 3/2008 17,321,622 13,221,609 76.33 % 13,103,963 99.11 % 117,646 0.89 %

Referendum V, 3/2008 17,313,854 6,201,677 35.82 % 5,881,589 94.83 % 320,088 5.16 %

Referendum VI, 3/2008 17,313,854 6,187,118 35.74 % 5,686,369 91.90 % 500,749 8.09 %


25

President 1/2012 18,086,455 13,452,016 74.38 % 13,354,305 99.27 % 97,711 0.73 %


President 1/2016 18,782,991 12,448,302 66.27 % 12,284,970 98.68 % 163,332 1.31 %


Note: Source for the figures shown in this file’s tables is the ROC Central Election Commission (zhongyang xuanju

weiyuanhui 中央選舉委員會, abbrev. zhongxuanhui 中選會 in Chinese and CEC in English).

Address .................................. 10 F., No. 5 Xuzhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 10055, Taiwan ROC

Address in Chinese .............. 10055 台北市中正區徐州路 5 號 10 樓

Phone ..................................... +886–2–2356 5484

Fax .......................................... +886–2–2397 6898

E-Mail .................................... [email protected], [email protected]

CEC homepage .................... http://www.cec.gov.tw/ CEC database ....................... http://db.cec.gov.tw/

■ GLOSSARY: ELECTION TERMS ENGLISH–CHINESE

English Hanyu Pinyin Traditional characters Agree ...................................................................... tongyi ........................................................... 不同意

Candidate ............................................................... houxuanren ................................................. 候選人

Central Election Commission (CEC) ............... zhongyang xuanju weiyuanhui ..................... 中央選舉委員會

Disagree ................................................................. bu tongyi ...................................................... 同意

Election .................................................................. xuanju......................................................... 選舉

Election date ......................................................... toupiao riqi .................................................. 投票日期

Eligible voters (number of) ................................ xuanjuren (shu) ........................................... 選舉人（數）

Independent .......................................................... wu dangji ..................................................... 無黨籍

Invalid votes (number of) ................................... wuxiaopiao (shu) ......................................... 無效票（數）

Invalid votes (percentage of).............................. wuxiaopiao (lü) ........................................... 無效票（率）

Legislative Yuan.................................................... lifa yuan ...................................................... 立法院

Local ....................................................................... difangxing ................................................... 地方性

Member of parliament (MP) ............................. lifa weiyuan ................................................. 立法委員

National Assembly (NA) .................................... guomin dahui ............................................... 國民大會

Nationwide ............................................................ quanguoxing ................................................ 全國性

Number of elected candidates .......................... dangxuan xici ............................................. 當選席次

Political party ........................................................ zhengdang .................................................... 政黨

President ................................................................ zongtong ...................................................... 總統

Provincial assembly ............................................. sheng yihui ................................................... 省議會

Provincial delegate ............................................... sheng yiyuan ................................................ 省議員

Provincial governor ............................................. shengzhang .................................................. 省長

Referendum ........................................................... gongmin toupiao ........................................... 公民投票

Republic of China (ROC) .................................. Zhonghua minguo ........................................ 中華民國

Total votes cast ..................................................... toupiaoshu ................................................... 投票數

Valid votes (number of) ...................................... youxiaopiao (shu) ........................................ 有效票（數）

Valid votes (percentage of) ................................. youxiaopiao (lü)........................................... 有效票（率）

Vice president (VP) ............................................. fuzongtong ................................................... 副總統

Voter turnout ........................................................ toupiaolü ..................................................... 投票率

Votes received (number of) ................................ depiao (shu) ................................................. 得票（數）

Votes received (percentage of) .......................... depiao (lü) ................................................... 得票（率）


26

■ ABOUT THIS FILE

File name: B-ROCel6.pdf

Compiled by Tilman Aretz 艾天望 (taretz.blogspot.com)

File first posted online on Sun, Oct. 12, 2008

File last edited/updated on Fri, Jan. 22, 2016

Copyright © 2008-2016 Tilman Aretz

Democratic elections in the ROC/Taiwan since 1989

Documents

Transcript of Democratic elections in the ROC/Taiwan since 1989