General PrinciplesDefinitionsPharmacopeias

Drug information

Mohanad AlBayati Mohanad AbdulSattar Ali Al-Bayati, BVM&S, MS.

Physiology, PhD.Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and

ToxicologyDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology

College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Baghdad Al-Ameria, Baghdad

Phone: 0964 7700766550E. Mail: aumnmumu@covm.uobaghdad.edu.iq

aumnmumu@yahoo.com

Pharmacology Study of preparation, properties, uses and action of drugs, “mechanisms”, and adverse

effects of drugs.many subdivisions of study

a. Medicinal chemistry i. Study of new drug synthesis ii. Studies the relationship between chemical structure and biological effects b. Pharmacodynamics c. Pharmacokinetics d. Molecular pharmacology e. Chemotherapy f. Toxicology

Pharmacologist

a. MD (doctor of medicine) b. PhD ( doctor of medicine) c. Specializes in pharmacology

Is concerned with the

collection, preparation, standardizat

ion and dispensing of drug

PHARMACY

Pharma

ci st A. Prepares and dispenses drugs

i. Pharmacy or drugstore

ii. Prescribed by a physician

B. Takes about 7 years of study to receive a Doctor of Pharmacy degree

C. Consults with health care professionals concerning drugs

D. Answers patients’ questions about prescription needs

Toxicology

Deal with the source of drugs and physical and

chemical properties of drugs of plant

and animal origin

Pharmacognosy

Therapeutics

Study deal with use of drugs in the treatment of diseases

Drugs

a. Used to prevent or treat diseases or medical conditions to cure and to diagnose

diseases .

b. Derived from plants

c. Obtained from yeast, molds and

fungi

d. Obtained from animals

e. Synthesized

in the laboratory

Standards of drugs• Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) i. Has legal responsibility for deciding if a drug may be distributed or sold ii. Strict standards for effectiveness and purity iii. Requires extensive experimental testing in animals and humans before it approves a new drug • Others , EPA, IEPA, WHO, FAO References of drugsa. Hospital Formularyb. Pharmacopeia : USP, PB, JP, FC

- nomenclature of the drugs- formulas types- properties; chemical and physical- methods of detection and analysis - storage- mode of action- dose and dosage and rout of administration- adverse effects

Veterinary Pharmacovigilance

is the collection and assessment of information, including post marketing surveillance of the adverse effects of veterinary medicines. An adverse effect or reaction to a veterinary product is one that is harmful and unintended and which occurs at doses normally used in animals for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or treatment of disease or the modify action of physiological function.

is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanism of

action• The action of a drug on the

body, including receptor interactions, dose-response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic

action.

Pharmacodynamics

Drug Receptor A macromolecular component of a cell with which a drug interacts to produce a response

Usually a protein

What is a dose?Dose is the amount of a substance administered at one time.

Dosage is the amount per unit weight of the exposed individual.

Key ConceptsDosage

Response is a mathematical relationship (positive slope). Increased dose gives increase in observable response.

Response clinical or biochemical/molecular biology? Debate on whether molecular response is a manifestation of toxicosis.

Causal relationship. Observable responses. Statistical management of variability of individual responses. Species, genetics, age, sex confound results

Quantifying the doseDose: gram (g) is the standard unit but mg is typical of most exposures in toxicology.

Dosage: mg (dose)/kg (body weight, bw)/day (duration) mg/kg/d

Exposures are quantified in relation to the medium. mg/L in water. mg/kg in food. mg/m3 in air.

Variation in units is common (ppm, ppb)Sometimes moles are the appropriate units

Fitting dose-response curvesNon-linear regression

http://www.dtreg.com/logistic.htm

Observed effects: beginning of curveNOEL: No observable effects level

NOAEL: No observable adverse effects level

SNARL: Suggested no adverse response level

LOEL: Lowest observable effect level

TLV: Threshold limit value

NOAEL and LOAELTwo terms often encountered are No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) and Low Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL).

They are the actual data points from human clinical or experimental animal studies.

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The NOAEL, LOAEL, NOEL, and LOEL have great importance in the conduct of risk assessments.

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ED: effective dose Pharmaceuticals

EC: effective concentration Pharmaceuticals in vivo Often in blood

Environmental toxicology LC: lethal concentration

Environmental toxicology TDLo: Lowest published toxic dose (animal clinical studies, industrial exposure, accidental or deliberate poisoning)

TCLo: Lowest published toxic concentration

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QuestionQ: What is pharmacy?Q: what is pharmacist?Q: What is pharmacognosy?Q: What is Therapeutics?Q: What is Drug or Pharmaceutics?Q: mention the drug sources?Q: What are the standard of drug and references? Q: What is Pharmacopeia?Q: What is Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Q: what is Pharmacodynamics?Q: What is drug receptor?Q: Define dosage.Q: Define dose.Q: what is observed effect of drug?Q: what are the following terms?

NOELNOAELSNARLLOELTLVEDECLCTDLo

TCLo

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