Cryptic genetic diversity in \"widespread\" Southeast Asian bird species suggests that Philippine...

$: Cryptic genetic diversity in \"widespread\" Southeast Asian bird species suggests that Philippine avian endemism is gravely underestimated$
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Cryptic genetic diversity in ‘‘widespread” Southeast Asian bird species suggeststhat Philippine avian endemism is gravely underestimated

David J. Lohman a,b,*, Krista K. Ingram c, Dewi M. Prawiradilaga d, Kevin Winker e, Frederick H. Sheldon f,Robert G. Moyle g, Peter K.L. Ng a, Perry S. Ong h, Luan Keng Wang a, Thomas M. Braile e,i, Dwi Astuti d,Rudolf Meier a

a Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singaporeb Department of Biology, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, Convent Avenue at 138th Street, New York, NY 10031, USAc Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY 13346, USAd Division of Zoology, Research Centre for Biology-LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong-Bogor 16911, Indonesiae University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USAf Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USAg Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045, USAh Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippinesi National Museum of the Philippines, Padre Burgos St., Manila 1000, Philippines

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 30 January 2010Received in revised form 19 April 2010Accepted 25 April 2010Available online 21 May 2010

Keywords:AvesBiogeographyDNA barcodesEndemismPhylogeographySoutheast Asia

a b s t r a c t

Mistakenly classifying morphologically cryptic endemic species as populations of widespread speciespotentially interferes with the conservation of biodiversity because undetected endemics that are imper-illed may lack appropriate protection. It also impedes the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of ataxon by obscuring the number and distributional limits of species. Here, we present genetic and phylo-genetic evidence corroborated by morphology that Philippine populations of seven widespread, non-migratory passerine birds might represent unrecognized, distinct species. An extrapolation based on thisfinding suggests that the proportion of endemic bird species in the Philippines could be much higher thancurrently estimated. This high degree of cryptic diversity in a well-studied, volant taxon implies thatlarge numbers of unrecognized species can be expected in less thoroughly studied groups. We predictthat genetic investigations of insular populations of widespread species will frequently reveal unrecog-nized island endemics, and because of the vulnerability of island habitats and their biota, these taxamay be particularly susceptible to extinction.

� 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Species richness, endemism, and habitat loss are frequentlyused to designate and prioritize areas for conservation (Myerset al., 2000; Prendergast et al., 1993). Conservation planning there-fore depends on accurate species-level taxonomy (Mace, 2004).When a single nominal species actually includes more than onebiologically distinct species, alpha diversity is underestimatedand conservation priorities are improperly assigned because ende-mic species are overlooked. The importance of discovering suchcryptic diversity within widespread species is now well recognized(Dulvy and Reynolds, 2009; Marks, 2010; Zou et al., 2007) and isfrequently facilitated through the incorporation of genetic data in

biodiversity research (Balke et al., 2009; Bickford et al., 2007;Meier, 2008).

Cryptic species-level diversity occurs not only in poorly under-stood taxa. Even comparatively well-studied groups such as birdsoccasionally yield multiple well-differentiated lineages within awidespread species (Moyle et al., 2005; Sheldon et al., 2009; Zouet al., 2007). Here, we examine whether the unexpectedly low pro-portion of endemic bird species found in the Philippines may bedue to undiscovered species-level differentiation. Endemism inPhilippine birds is currently thought to be just 31%, which is sub-stantially lower than in Philippine land mammals (64%) andamphibians (77%) (Kennedy et al., 2000; Ong et al., 2002). Althoughlower levels of endemism might be expected in volant animals, thisdearth of avian endemics is surprising considering that the Philip-pines has been separated from other land masses for millions ofyears (Hall, 2001), that many resident forest bird species rarely dis-perse over water (Moore et al., 2008), and that only one-third ofPhilippine birds are migratory or oceanic (Kennedy et al., 2000).

0006-3207/$ - see front matter � 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.042

* Corresponding author at: Department of Biology, The City College of New York,The City University of New York, Convent Avenue at 138th Street, New York, NY10031, USA. Tel.: +1 212 650 8456; fax: +1 212 650 8585.

E-mail address: [email protected] (D.J. Lohman).

Biological Conservation 143 (2010) 1885–1890

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Biological Conservation

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The biota of the Philippines is regarded as one of the planet’s mostdiverse and imperilled (Heaney and Mittermeier, 1997), causingthis archipelago to be classified as a biodiversity hotspot (Myerset al., 2000). The mistaken inclusion of cryptic endemic speciesin widespread taxa can have important consequences for speciessurvival and the strategic designation of protected areas in thePhilippines. To test the hypothesis that Philippine populations ofwidespread Southeast (SE) Asian birds may include cryptic ende-mic species (Peterson, 2006), we studied 10% of non-endemic, res-ident Philippine passerine species (N = 7) to examine patterns ofintraspecific genetic diversity and phylogeography across SE Asia.

Few studies have examined patterns of genetic diversity andspeciation in SE Asia despite its dynamic geographic complexity(Sathiamurthy and Voris, 2006), its historical importance in thedevelopment of biogeographical study (Wallace and Daito, 1865),and the extreme threats faced by its biota (Sodhi et al., 2004). Inpart, legal and logistical difficulties impede studies that requiresample collection across this geographically and culturally diverseregion (Madhusudan et al., 2006). With tissue samples from 16countries gathered over 18 years by 54 collectors and held in 13institutions (Supplementary Table 1), we were able to assemblethe most extensive multi-species dataset to date for SoutheastAsian birds. Here, we examine regional patterns of dispersal andgenetic diversity within morphologically defined species.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Taxon sampling

We studied seven focal species fitting the following criteria: (1)confined to Asia and widespread in SE Asia; (2) amenable to sam-pling with mist nets; and (3) represented in the world’s avian tis-sue collections with multiple samples from different localities.Based on these criteria, we studied seven species: Arachnotheralongirostra (N = 45); Copsychus saularis (N = 51); Dicaeum trigono-stigma (N = 10); Lalage nigra (N = 9); Nectarinia jugularis (N = 20);Pycnonotus goiavier (N = 35); Rhipidura javanica (N = 40). All speciesbut L. nigra have described endemic Philippine subspecies, which isnot surprising considering that nearly 80% of all resident, non-en-demic Philippine passerines have endemic subspecies (Kennedyet al., 2000). We included as outgroups all congeneric species withavailable tissue samples; we also included all available cytochromec oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) sequences fromGenBank for focal and congeneric outgroup species. Seventy-eightpercent of our samples came from vouchered specimens. Informa-tion for each sample, including voucher location, is provided inSupplementary Table 1.

2.2. DNA sequencing

DNA was extracted from liver, muscle, or blood with a QiagenDNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit. Two mitochondrial gene regions wereamplified and sequenced from all individuals: 655 bp of the COIDNA barcoding region and an additional fragment of ca. 1230 bpthat included the entire cytb gene and approximately 30–40 bpflanking each end of this gene. The dataset for C. saularis and itsoutgroups lacked sufficient variability for the reconstruction of arobust phylogenetic hypothesis, and a third mitochondrial gene,NADH hydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) was sequenced from all Cop-sychus specimens. The entire cytb gene was amplified in two over-lapping fragments, generally with the primer pairs Passer-cytb-F1B/Passer-cytb-R1 and Passer-cytb-F3/Passer-cytb-R2, but otherprimer pairs were used on recalcitrant samples (SupplementaryTable 2). The improved avian DNA barcoding primer pair Passer-F1/Passer-R1 was used to amplify COI from all samples (Lohman

et al., 2009), and the primer pairs L5215/CopsyND2-R1 and Cop-syND2-F2/H6313 were used to amplify the entire ND2 gene intwo overlapping fragments (Supplementary Table 2). Each PCRreaction consisted of 2.5 ll 10� TaKaRa ExTaq buffer with20 mM MgCl2, 1.2 ll of each 10 mM primer, 1 ll 100 mM dNTPs,0.2 ll TaKaRa ExTaq polymerase, 16.9 ll H2O, with 2 ll templateDNA, for a total reaction volume of 25 ll, and was amplified withthe following thermal cycler conditions: 3 min at 95 �C followedby 40 cycles of 1 min at 94 �C, 40 s at 58 �C (COI) or 53 �C (cytb),and 1.5 min at 72 �C, and finally 5 min at 72 �C. The resulting prod-ucts were cleaned with SureClean (BioLine), cycle-sequenced withBigDye Terminator 3.1 (ABI), cleaned with CleanSEQ (Agencourt),and sequenced in both directions on an ABI 3130xl DNA analyzer.

2.3. Phylogenetic analyses

Each gene was aligned separately for each bird genus. Align-ments of COI sequences, which contained no indels, were per-formed with Sequencher 4.6 (Gene Codes Corp.). Approximately40 bases preceding the 50 end of cytb (comprising the 30 end ofthe ND5 gene and an intergenic region of variable length) andapproximately 30 bases following the 30 end of cytb (comprisingpart of the Thr-tRNA gene and an intergenic region of variablelength) were also sequenced. Each of these flanking regions wasaligned separately using MUSCLE (Edgar, 2004) implemented inSeaview (Galtier et al., 1996); cytb was aligned in Sequencher.All genes were concatenated using TaxonDNA 1.5 (Meier et al.,2006) for subsequent analyses.

Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using several optimalitycriteria. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed withMrBayes 3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, 2003). The data weredivided into four partitions: each codon position of the proteinencoding genes was a separate partition, and the combined regionsflanking the cytb gene comprised the fourth partition. MrModeltest2.2 (Nylander, 2004) was used to select an appropriate evolution-ary model for each partition using Akaike’s Information Criterion(Supplementary Table 3). Parameter values for the substitutionmodels were estimated from the data and allowed to vary indepen-dently between partitions. Two runs of four chains (one cold andthree heated, temp = 0.25) were run simultaneously for 6 milliongenerations, and trees were sampled every 100 generations.Changes in the posterior probabilities of up to twenty splits wereplotted over the generations of the analysis with the computer pro-gram ‘‘Are We There Yet?” (Nylander et al., 2008) to confirm thatthe chains had probably converged. Only the C. saularis tree topol-ogy failed to stabilize after 6 million generations, but it did con-verge after a second analysis of 10 million generations. Aftercompletion of each analysis, the first 25% of the sampled treeswas discarded before a majority-rule consensus tree was calcu-lated from the remaining trees.

Maximum likelihood bootstrap trees were constructed withGARLI 0.96 (Zwickl, 2006). The appropriate evolutionary modelfor each unpartitioned dataset was determined with MrModeltest(Supplementary Table 3), and all model parameters were esti-mated from the data. Each bootstrap replicate automatically termi-nated after the search algorithm progressed 10,000 generationswithout improving the tree topology by a log likelihood of 0.01or better. A majority-rule consensus tree of the 500 bootstrap rep-licate trees was calculated with PAUP� 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002).

Parsimony bootstrap support for the phylogenetic estimateswas assessed with T.N.T. 1.1 (Goloboff et al., 2008). After increasingthe maximum number of saved trees to 5000, we performed abootstrap analysis using symmetric resampling (Goloboff et al.,2003) implementing a traditional search with 33% change proba-bility (5000 replicates). The results were summarized as absolutefrequencies.

1886 D.J. Lohman et al. / Biological Conservation 143 (2010) 1885–1890


2.4. Genetic analyses

Uncorrected proportional genetic distances (p-distances)among samples were calculated with PAUP�, and within-groupand between-group p-distances were calculated with MEGA 4.0(Tamura et al., 2007). Standard errors of distances calculated withMEGA were obtained through 1000 bootstrap replicates. In the ab-sence of suitable fossils and known vicariance or dispersal eventsthat could be used to date the intraspecific divergences in thesespecies, we approximated the divergence time of extant Philippinepopulations by dividing cytb p-distances between Philippine andnon-Philippine birds by 0.021. The mean, minimum, and maximump-distances were divided by this value to obtain a range of plausi-ble dates. The evolutionary rate of 2.1% sequence divergence permillion years was recently validated by comparing 74 bird fossiland biogeographic calibration points of varying ages with cytb se-quence divergence (Weir and Schluter, 2008). The approximatedates estimated with this method fell within the range calculatedwith a relaxed clock, uncorrelated lognormal model (Sheldonet al., 2009).

2.5. Extrapolation procedure

Extrapolations of the number of potential cryptic bird specieswere based on the species included in Kennedy et al. (2000). Ofthe 572 bird species occurring in the Philippines, 180 are endemicor near-endemic (Kennedy et al., 2000). Because migratory speciesare unlikely to undergo genetic differentiation in isolation, extrap-olations focused on non-migratory, non-endemic passerines withPhilippine distributions not restricted to the peripheral Batan,Babuyan, or Sulu islands. Of 240 Philippine passerine species, 108are endemic, 53 are migratory, 4 are introduced, and 3 are geo-graphically restricted. The remaining 72 are resident and non-en-demic (Supplementary Table 4).

We suspect that birds in other orders that avoid flying overwater may show similar patterns. To estimate these numbers, weperformed analogous calculations on the number of non-endemic,non-migratory species in each of the following orders: Apodifor-mes, Caprimulgiformes, Columbiformes, Coraciiformes, Gruifor-mes, Piciformes, and Psittaciformes.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Phylogenetic and genetic patterns

Parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods all pro-duced congruent phylogenetic hypotheses for each species, andPhilippine populations were always distinct from conspecific pop-ulations outside of the Philippines (Fig. 1, Supplementary Fig. 1).The only consistent phylogeographic pattern among the specieswas the presence of a strongly supported clade containing exclu-sively Philippine individuals, suggesting a lack of gene flow in orout of the Philippine archipelago over time spans ranging fromapproximately 1.5–4.6 My (Table 1).

For most species, intraspecific genetic distances were unusuallylarge. The smallest COI p-distance in all possible intraspecific com-parisons between Philippine and non-Philippine samples exceeded3% in five of the seven species we examined: A. longirostra, 8.8%; R.javanica, 5.6%; P. goiavier, 4.9%; C. saularis, 3.9%; N. jugularis, 3.2%;D. trigonostigma, 1.4%; L. nigra, 0.9% (Table 1). Although genetic dis-tances merely approximate differentiation between species (Meieret al., 2006; Meier et al., 2008) and alone are not diagnostic of spe-cies limits (Winker, 2009), these distances are consistent with spe-cies-level differentiation among birds (Kerr et al., 2007; Meieret al., 2008). Further, levels of intraspecific variation overlapped

with congeneric inter-specific variation in five of the seven speciesexamined (Table 1). Closely related species occasionally shareidentical COI (Kerr et al., 2009, 2007; Meier et al., 2008) or cytb(Johns and Avise, 1998) sequences, and thus small genetic dis-tances cannot be taken as evidence of conspecificity.

This genetic and phylogenetic evidence suggesting that Philip-pine populations are distinct species is corroborated by morphol-ogy. Morphologically-defined endemic Philippine subspecies arerecognized in all but one focal species, L. nigra, which is the leastgenetically differentiated species in this study (Dickinson, 2003;Peterson, 2006). These endemic subspecies are: A. longirostra flam-mifera; C. saularis deuteronymus and C. s. mindanensis; D. trigonostig-ma sibuyanicum and D. t. cinereigulare; N. jugularis jugularis and N. j.obscurior; P. goiavier goiavier, P. g. samarensis, and P. g. suluensis; andR. javanica nigritorquis. If one used a combination of monophyly,morphological distinctiveness as recognized by current subspecifictaxonomy, and a 3% COI distance as a threshold for highlightingpossible unrecognized species, six putatively new endemic Philip-pine species are revealed in our sample of seven widespread ‘‘spe-cies”. We feel that further work will support these as full species butwe refrain from formally recognizing them pending additional data(e.g., Collar, 2007). These species are found in the genera Arachno-thera, Copsychus, Nectarinia, Pycnonotus (two endemic lineages),and Rhipidura, which represent four separate passerine families.

3.2. Species-specific patterns

Several species-specific phylogeographic findings are notewor-thy. First, C. saularis is paraphyletic with regard to the Madagascarendemic C. albospecularis (Fig. 1B, Supplementary Fig. 1B), whichhas prompted the elevation of Philippine populations to the spe-cies C. mindanensis (Sheldon et al., 2009). Second, P. goiavier wasthe only species in our sample with significant phylogenetic struc-ture within the Philippines. Individuals from Mindanao formed amonophyletic group distinct from other Philippine P. goiavier indi-viduals (Fig. 1G, Supplementary Fig. 1F). Mindanao samples werefurther differentiated by a unique 1 bp insertion flanking the 50

end of cytb and a minimum pairwise COI distance of 3.2% betweenbirds from Mindanao and elsewhere. Philippine individuals of D.trigonostigma were differentiated from non-Philippine individualsby an insertion of 10 bp flanking the 30 end of cytb.

Philippine bulbuls, including P. goiavier, may be prone to crypticdiversification in the Philippines. Oliveros and Moyle (2010) foundthat two other Pycnonotidae ‘‘species” with Philippine populationswere not monophyletic. Palawan and Bornean populations of Pycn-onotus plumosus were genetically very divergent and did not form aclade, prompting elevation of the Palawan populations to a newspecies. Similarly, the smallest clade with all Ixos philippinus indi-viduals also contained three other Ixos species, leading the authorsto divide I. philippinus into three endemic species.

There were no consistent intraspecific phylogeographic pat-terns among the seven focal ‘‘species” across the Sunda shelf,which implies that dispersal patterns were not contemporaneousacross the land bridges that joined Java, Sumatra, Borneo and theMalay Peninsula as recently as 10,550 y BP (Sathiamurthy andVoris, 2006). For example, every geographically defined popula-tion of A. longirostra was monophyletic, including birds from Sin-gapore and from Johor Bahru at the tip of peninsular Malaysia,which are separated by less than 1 km of water (SupplementaryFig. 1A). In contrast, COI sequences from several Singaporean R.javanica were identical to individuals collected in East Kalimantanon the far side of Borneo, and R. javanica specimens from the en-tire Sunda shelf formed a single, undifferentiated clade (Fig. 1E,Supplementary Fig. 1G). Given the dramatic movements of landmasses in SE Asia over the past several million years (Hall,2001) and the fusion and separation of islands on the Sunda shelf

D.J. Lohman et al. / Biological Conservation 143 (2010) 1885–1890 1887


over the past several thousand years (Sathiamurthy and Voris,2006), it seems unlikely that many common patterns will emergeacross taxa. Even within the Philippines, patterns of island coloni-zation and dispersal vary widely among species, and Philippinepopulations of several widespread bird species appear to have

colonized the archipelago more than once (Jones and Kennedy,2008; Oliveros and Moyle, 2010).

Samples from Sulawesi were available for a single species,N. jugularis. The three Sulawesi samples formed a strongly sup-ported monophyletic group with six samples from the Solomon

A B

DC

E F G

Fig. 1. Bayesian consensus trees of (A) Arachnothera longirostra; (B) Copsychus saularis; (C) Lalage nigra; (D) Nectarinia jugularis; (E) Rhipidura javanica; (F) Dicaeumtrigonostigma; (G) Pycnonotus goiavier. Numbered nodes indicate approximate divergence between Philippine and non-Philippine clades (1) 4.6 ± 0.4 My; (2) 2.8 ± 0.3 My; (3)1.6 ± 0.2 My; (4) 2.5 ± 0.2 My; (5) 1.5 ± 0.2 My. Clade support: = Bayesian posterior probability (B) P99, maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML) P95, and parsimonybootstrap (P) P90; = B P 95, ML P 75, P P 70; = B P 90, ML P 50, P P 50; clades with B < 75 are collapsed. Colours of collapsed clades denote geographic locality of thesamples as indicated by the map; the yellow Copsychus clade represents Malagasy C. albospecularis.



Islands, and this was sister to the Philippine clade (Supplemen-tary Figure 1E). Unfortunately, no Bornean specimens were avail-able for this species. Because of its unique geological history,endemism is high in Sulawesi (Evans et al., 2003), and additionalsampling from this island may reveal that – like the Philippines –Sulawesi populations of ‘‘widespread” bird species are highlygenetically distinct. In addition, studies of genetic differentiationbetween Solomon Island birds (Smith and Filardi, 2007) and con-specifics found elsewhere will illuminate patterns of dispersalacross the Sahul shelf.

3.3. Estimation of Philippine avian endemism

Assuming that our sample is representative of Philippine popu-lations of species that are considered widespread in SE Asia, thedata suggest that current alpha taxonomy underestimates the truenumber of Philippine endemic bird species by at least 50%. Thisestimate is based on the observation that there are 72 non-ende-mic, resident Philippine passerine bird species (Kennedy et al.,2000) and on our finding of six new putative species from our sam-ple of seven, suggesting that 62 of these (86% of 72%) might havecryptic Philippine lineages. It is unlikely that underestimation ofregional endemism is confined to the perching birds (Passerifor-mes). We therefore extended this projection to terrestrial non-pas-serine bird orders that are unlikely to fly over water and whichcontain some endemic Philippine species (see section 2.5). If thepercentage of species with cryptically distinct Philippine lineagesis the same in these groups as in passerines, then 50 of these res-ident, non-migratory species (86% of 58%) are projected to havecryptic Philippine lineages. This suggests that, after additional tax-onomic scrutiny, the percentage of endemic species in the entirePhilippine avifauna could increase from its present 31% to approx-imately 50%. A recent molecular phylogenetic study of Asian bul-buls (Pycnonotidae) (Oliveros and Moyle, 2010) raised endemicsubspecies to species status and split endemic species into multi-ple species, providing independent evidence that Philippine birdendemism is lower than currently estimated.

Studies of the factors contributing to endemicity and restrictedgeographical ranges in birds are few, but Philippine species cur-rently known to be endemic are generally dependent on intact for-ests. This strongly suggests that our extrapolation is conservative,because all the species sampled in this study prefer disturbed hab-itats and are vagile, whereas many of the unsampled species aremore prone to differentiation because they inhabit closed forestand disperse poorly.

Fewer than one-fifth of the world’s bird species are restricted toislands, but over 90% of documented avian extinctions are islandendemics (Johnson and Stattersfield, 1990). This is because islandsgenerally support smaller populations that are more prone toinbreeding and are more susceptible to natural disasters andanthropogenic disturbance including habitat loss and predationby introduced predators (Blackburn et al., 2004; Duncan and Black-burn, 2007). Conservation resources are allocated toward protect-ing endangered species – rarely subspecies – and the mistake ofregarding island endemics as populations of widespread specieshas had dire consequences for endemic avifauna in other archipel-agos (Hazevoet, 1996; Sangster, 2000).

4. Conclusions

Strongly supported monophyly, relatively large genetic dis-tances, and morphological distinctiveness all suggest that a largefraction of the ‘‘non-endemic” Philippine avifauna is composed ofunrecognized endemic species. Extrapolation from our data sug-gests that avian endemicity may eventually be revised upwardsby as much as 50%. Among species, phylogeographic patternsacross the Sunda shelf evince a variety of dispersal histories, butPhilippine populations of all focal species were strongly monophy-letic and seem to have diverged from other populations 1.5–4.6 Ma. Our findings suggest that insular populations of manywidespread species may represent overlooked endemic speciespresently lacking recognition and protection. This oversight is par-ticularly troubling because island populations are especially proneto extirpation (Biber, 2002; Groombridge, 2007) and because thePhilippine archipelago has lost >75% of its forests in the past cen-tury (Ong et al., 2002).

Acknowledgments

We thank the following collectors and institutions for loans oftissue samples or sequence data for this study: American Museumof Natural History; Cincinnati Museum of Natural History & Sci-ence; Field Museum of Natural History; University of Kansas Nat-ural History Museum; Louisiana State University Museum ofNaturalScience; Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense-Indonesian Insti-tute of Science; Swedish Museum of Natural History; National Mu-seum of the Philippines; University of Alaska Museum; UnitedStates National Museum; University of Washington Burke Mu-seum; and Natural History Museum of Denmark. We also thankthe many people throughout the region who issued specimen

Table 1Genetic divergence at two mitochondrial loci in seven species of passerine birds widespread in SE Asia. Intraspecific and inter-specific divergence columns present the range ofuncorrected pairwise (p-) distances in all possible pairwise comparisons between conspecific and congeneric samples, respectively. Values for the smallest Philippine/non-Philippine divergence represent the smallest distance between any Philippine and non-Philippine sample pair in all possible pairwise comparisons. Gray shading highlightsoverlap of intra- and inter-specific genetic distances, and bold smallest divergence values highlight values larger than 0.0224, the largest intraspecific distance found in a previoussurvey of intraspecific genetic diversity within bird species (Kerr et al., 2007). Including samples of Copsychus albospecularis in the C. saularis dataset (making nominal C. saularisparaphyletic) did not affect any of the values reported in this table.

D.J. Lohman et al. / Biological Conservation 143 (2010) 1885–1890 1889


collection and sample export/import permits, including NParks inSingapore. We gratefully acknowledge Sharon M. Birks, Jan Bol-ding, James Dean, Donna L. Dittmann, Per Ericson, Jon Fjeldså,Göran Frisk, Andrew W. Kratter, Haw Chuan Lim, David Steadman,Paul R. Sweet, Thomas J. Trombone and David E. Willard for assist-ing with tissue loans and providing specimen information; AlmeoBontigao, Edwin Cedella, James Paul S. Gomez, M. Nazri Janra, Wil-son Novarino, Roberto Puentespina, Venancio U. Samarita, andRogelio V. Sison for field assistance; and Darcy Gordon, Swetha Pet-eru, and Mirza Rifqui Bin Ismail for assistance with laboratorywork. The comments of three anonymous reviewers greatly im-proved the quality of this paper. This study was funded by GrantR-154-000-270-112 from the Singapore Ministry of Education;R.G.M. was supported by Grant DEB-0743491 from the US NationalScience Foundation.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, inthe online version, at doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.042.

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Lohman et al. Supplementary Figure 1 Page 1

Supplementary Figure 1. Molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of seven widespread Southeast Asian passerine bird species based on 2907 bp (Copsychus saularis) or c. 1875 bp (all other species) of mitochondrial DNA. (A) Arachnothera longirosta. (B) Copsychus saularis. (C) Dicaeum trigonostigma. (D) Lalage nigra. (E) Nectarinia jugularis. (F) Pycnonotus goiavier. (G) Rhipidura javanica. Numbers above branches indicate Bayes posterior probability followed by maximum likelihood bootstrap support; numbers below branches indicate parsimony symmetric resampling bootstrap support. Colors denote geographic locality of the sample. Sample codes refer to the Tissue Code in Supplementary Table 1.

A affinis Sabah B38656 A. chrysogenys Sabah B47054

Sabah DOT343

Sabah DOT540

Vietnam DOT10813 Vietnam DOT12304 Vietnam DOT12308

Sabah DOT13775 Sabah DOT13792

Mindanao B35811

Mindanao B35871 Mindanao B36997 Mindanao CMNH2104

Johor HCL109

Johor HCL36 Johor HCL92

Johor HCL99

Johor HCL-BH26 Johor HCL-BS14

Johor HCL-PB15

Johor HCL-PB19

East Kalimantan BS14 East Kalimantan BS15 East Kalimantan BS16

East Kalimantan BS20


East Kalimantan BS22 East Kalimantan BS24 East Kalimantan DM02 East Kalimantan DM20

East Kalimantan DM26

East Kalimantan DMS100

West Java GHS02 West Java GHS03 West Java GHS04

West Sumatra SPS02 West Sumatra SPS13

West Sumatra SPS16

West Sumatra SPS19

Sabah B36446

Sabah B51060

Singapore RMBR102903 Singapore RMBR102904

Mindanao TB2525

Mindanao TB2529

Burma B00165

West Sumatra WLK421

A. robusta Sabah B51150

0.2

1,100 100

1,99 100

1,100 100

1,99 99

0.99,<50 97

0.99,62 62

0.93,57 64

1,95 96

1,99 99

1, 100 99

N. jugularis Cebu TB1784

A)

Borneo

Philippines Indochina

Sumatra

Java

Malay peninsula

Sulawesi


Quezon RMBR102894

Quezon RMBR102895Quezon RMBR102896

C. malabaricus captive EVL429

Vietnam DOT6510Vietnam NRM20026683

Myanmar B05629Myanmar B05735

C. stricklandii Sabah B47014C. malabaricus Vietnam DQ466859

L. nigra Sibuyan FMNH344979

Myanmar B02486


Vietnam DOT2661

Nepal DOT5740

Singapore KSW4072

Sabah B36327

Sabah B47166

Singapore RMBR102907

West Sumatra SPS32West Sumatra SPS33West Sumatra SPS34

Myanmar B05612Myanmar B06155

Myanmar B06160

China KU11116

China B51252

China B51265

China B51266

China B51267

China B51268

China B51270

Sibuyan FMNH344996Sibuyan FMNH344997

Cebu TB1802

Cebu TB1813Cebu TB1853


Cebu TB1872

Cebu TB1875C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393316C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393317C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393318C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393319C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393320C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393321C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393322C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393323

C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393324C. albospecularis Madagascar FMNH393325

Camiguin Sur KU13925

Camiguin Sur KU13926Camiguin Sur KU13934




Sibuyan FMNH344998

C. albospecularis Madagascar AF276776C. albospecularis Madagascar AY329455

Sarawak B57071

Sabah B51004Sabah B47215

Sabah B51045

Sabah B46962Sabah B46966Sabah B46967

C. luzoniensis Luzon B3698

1,10099

1,10099

1,10099

1,10099

1,9998

1,7789

1,8087

1,8097

1,7991

0.51,9693

Madagascar

Borneo

PhilippinesIndochina

Sumatra

Java

Malaypeninsula

Sulawesi

B)


D. aeneum Solomons CES243

D. aureolimbatum Sulawesi DOT12634

D. australe Quezon RMBR102902

D. hirundinaceum Australia AWH225

D. hypoleucum Luzon ZMUC116128


East Kalimantan DM29East Kalimantan DM800

West Java GHS09West Java GHS10Johor HCL-PB20

Sabah DOT514

Sibuyan FMNH345038

Mindanao FMNH357607Sibuyan FMNH358511

A. longirostra Sabah DOT13775

0.05

1,9185

1,9898

0.58,<50<50

0.90,9399

1,100100

1,8695

0.85,<5063

0.99,<5065

C)

Borneo


Sumatra

Java

Malaypeninsula

Sulawesi


West Sumatra PBM55

East Kalimantan SBJ1East Kalimantan SBJ2

Cebu TB1794

Cebu TB1803


L. leucomela Australia SAR7036

L. maculosa Vanuatu B45837L. sueurii Australia SAR7026

R. javanica Cebu TB1764

0.04

1,961001,100

100

1,991001,100

100

D)


West Sumatra PBM40

Central Sulawesi DOT12600

Central Sulawesi DOT12601Central Sulawesi DOT12609

Johor HCL31


Solomons DOT296Solomons DOT303Solomons DOT6695Solomons DOT304Solomons DOT311Solomons CES263

Cebu TB1775Cebu TB1776Cebu TB1777

Cebu TB1784

Cebu TB1845

Luzon ZMUC117143

Luzon ZMUC132050

Sibuyan FMNH345048

Sibuyan FMNH358556

1,100100

1,100100

0.99,99100

0.71,<50<50

1,8684

0.60,7081

N. olivacea South Africa SAR6749N. oritis Cameroon AF282820

N. mariquensis South Africa DOT5854N. pulchella Ghana B39315

N. talatala South Africa GAV461N. sericea PNG CES648

Nectarinia sp. Sulawesi DOT12590A. longirostra DOT13775

0.04

1,10099

0.76,7460

0.85,6467

0.72,<50<50

0.79,<50<50

E)

Borneo


Sumatra

Java

Malaypeninsula

Sulawesi


Sabah DOT496

Sabah DOT498

Sabah DOT536

Sabah DOT537Sabah DOT538

Singapore DOT9588

Johor HCL28

Singapore HCL-MP1Singapore HCL-MP3Singapore HCL-MP9




West Sumatra PBM38



P. plumosus Sabah B46965P. simplex Sabah B47170

P. sinensis Taiwan DOT5237

P. urostictus Quezon RMBR102893


Mindanao FMNH392271

Quezon RMBR102900Quezon RMBR102901


Cebu TB1852

Cebu TB1866

Cebu TB1873

Cebu TB1877

Mindanao TB2060

Mindanao TB2066Mindanao TB2504

Mindanao TB2508

Luzon B03697Luzon B03799Luzon ZMUC117635

Cebu TB1876

P. sinensis Taiwan EF582441

P. jocosus Vietnam DQ008505

P. brunneus East Kalimantan DM33

C. saularis Vietnam DOT6510P. importunus Luzon GAV622

P. finlaysoni Vietnam NRM20026612P. erythropthalmos Sumatra SPS27

0.2

1,8792

1,100100

1,92100

1,9599

1,9399

1,8574

0.99,6551

1,8159

1,10099

1,100100

1,80<50

P. barbatus South Africa GAV6320.89,83

<50

1,9599

F)

Borneo


Sumatra

Java

Malaypeninsula

Sulawesi


1,100100

1,100100

1,9877

1,9891

1,9999

1,9169

1,7363

0.77, <5041

Quezon RMBR102898Quezon RMBR102899Luzon FMNH350977Sibuyan FMNH358459Sibuyan FMNH358460Cebu TB1761Cebu TB1764Cebu TB1836Mindanao TB2048Cebu TB1760Cebu TB1763Cebu TB1774Cebu TB1788Cebu TB1833Cebu TB1834Cebu TB1835Mindanao TB2053

Mindanao TB2041Mindanao TB2058

Sabah B47211Sabah B46992Sabah B51029E. Kalimantan BS02E. Kalimantan BS08E. Kalimantan DM30E. Kalimantan BS04E. Kalimantan DM07E. Kalimantan DM21E. Kalimantan DM22E. Kalimantan DM28E. Kalimantan DM900E. Kalimantan BS05E. Kalimantan DM17Singapore HCL-MP4Sumatra PBM51Singapore HCL-MP5Singapore HCL-MP6Singapore HCL-MP7Sumatra WLK429E. Kalimantan BS11

0.2

R. albicollis Laos AF096462R. leucophrys Solomons CES259

R. cockerelli Solomons AWK1411R. perlata Sabah B51144

R. rennelliana Solomons DOT6584R. spilodera Vanuatu B45758

R. rufifrons Solomons CES531R. threnothorax PNG CES616

R. cyaniceps Philippines AF096461R. hypoxantha China EF081357

L. nigra Sibuyan FMNH344979

0.99, 7790

G)

Borneo


Sumatra

Java

Malaypeninsula

Sulawesi

Species Sex Locality Latitude / Longitude Collection Date Collector(s) Collection CodeVoucher

InstitutionVoucher Catalog

Tissue Loan

InstitutionTissue Code COI cytb ND2

Arachnothera longirostra U Philippines: Mindanao - - - - - - CMNH 2104 FJ473079 FJ487682 -A. longirostra U Singapore, MacRitchie Reservoir 1˚ 20' N 103˚ 49' E 17-Jul-2007 Luan Keng Wang N/C N/C N/C RMBR 102903 FJ473155 FJ487766 -A. longirostra U Singapore, MacRitchie Reservoir 1˚ 20' N 103˚ 49' E 17-Jul-2008 Luan Keng Wang N/C N/C N/C RMBR 102904 FJ473156 FJ487767 -A. longirostra M Myanmar: Pegu, Yedashe 17˚ 24' N 95˚ 50' E 21-Nov-1994 Pamela C. Rasmussen TAUNGOO #07 USNM 620289 USNM B00165 FJ473217 FJ487841 -A. longirostra U Philippines: Mindanao, Davao del Norte, Monkayo 7˚ 52' N 126˚ 12' E - - - CMNH B35811 CMNH B35811 FJ473060 FJ487655 -A. longirostra U Philippines: Mindanao, Davao del Norte, Monkayo 7˚ 52' N 126˚ 12' E - - - CMNH B35871 CMNH B35871 FJ473061 FJ487656 -A. longirostra U Malaysia: Sabah, Mt. Trusmadi 5˚ 35' N 116˚ 29' E 04-Aug-1999 Robert G. Moyle RGM 285 LSUMZ 165925 LSUMNS B36446 FJ473133 FJ487743 -A. longirostra U Philippines: Mindanao, Sarangani, Kiamba 6˚ 5' N 125˚ 40' E - - - CMNH B36997 CMNH B36997 FJ473062 FJ487658 -A. longirostra F Malaysia: Sabah, Tawau Hills National Park 4˚ 24' N 117˚ 53' E 26-Jan-2005 Ben D. Marks BDM 979 LSUMZ 176864 LSUMNS B51060 FJ473150 FJ487759 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 3' E 28-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS14 FJ473069 FJ487671 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 3' E 28-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS15 FJ473070 FJ487672 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 3' E 28-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS16 FJ473071 FJ487673 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 3' E 29-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS20 FJ473072 FJ487674 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 3' E 29-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS21 FJ473073 FJ487675 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 3' E 29-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS22 FJ473074 FJ487676 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 3' E 29-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS24 FJ473075 FJ487677 -A. longirostra M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 25-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM02 FJ473080 FJ487683 -A. longirostra M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM20 FJ473084 FJ487687 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM26 FJ473087 FJ487690 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DMS100 FJ473095 FJ487698 -A. longirostra F Vietnam: Quang Nam, Tra My District 15˚ 14 N 108˚ 4' E 02-Apr-1999 Paul R. Sweet PRS 2265 AMNH DOT 10813 AMNH DOT10813 FJ473161 FJ487773 -A. longirostra F Vietnam: Quang Nam, Tra My District 15˚ 14 N 108˚ 4' E 02-Apr-1999 R. Terry Chesser RTC 603 AMNH DOT 12304 AMNH DOT12304 FJ473166 FJ487778 -A. longirostra M Vietnam: Quang Nam, Tra My District 15˚ 14 N 108˚ 4' E 02-Apr-1999 R. Terry Chesser RTC 607 AMNH DOT 12308 AMNH DOT12308 FJ473167 FJ487779 -A. longirostra F Malaysia: Sabah, Tawau Hills National Park 4˚ 23' N 117˚ 53' E 26-Jan-2005 Shannon P. Kenney SPK 142 AMNH DOT 13775 AMNH DOT13775 FJ473176 FJ487788 -A. longirostra M Malaysia: Sabah, Tawau Hills National Park 4˚ 27' N 117˚ 53' E 04-Feb-2005 Shannon P. Kenney SPK 159 AMNH DOT 13792 AMNH DOT13792 FJ473177 FJ487789 -A. longirostra M Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park 6˚ 17' N 116˚ 42' E 19-Jan-2004 Robert G. Moyle RGM 570 LSUMZ 176629 AMNH DOT343 FJ473138 FJ487659 -A. longirostra F Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 07-Feb-2004 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 190 LSUMZ 176632 AMNH DOT540 FJ473147 FJ487662 -A. longirostra M Indonesia: West Java, Bogor, Gunung Halimun-Salak NP 6˚ 44' S 106˚ 32' E 18-Apr-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Navjot S. Sodhi GHS02 MZB 30877 MZB-LIPI GHS02 FJ473109 FJ487715 -A. longirostra M Indonesia: West Java, Bogor, Gunung Halimun-Salak NP 6˚ 44' S 106˚ 32' E 18-Apr-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Navjot S. Sodhi N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI GHS03 FJ473110 FJ487716 -A. longirostra M Indonesia: West Java, Bogor, Gunung Halimun-Salak NP 6˚ 44' S 106˚ 32' E 18-Apr-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Navjot S. Sodhi N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI GHS04 FJ473111 FJ487717 -A. longirostra M Malaysia: Johor, Bukit Hantu Forest Reserve 1˚ 44' N 103˚ 29' E 21-Jul-2005 Haw Chuan Lim HCL 109 LSUMZ 52087 HCL HCL109 FJ473114 FJ487720 -A. longirostra M Malaysia: Johor, Bukit Hantu Forest Reserve 1˚ 44' N 103˚ 29' E 20-Jul-2005 Haw Chuan Lim HCL 36 LSUMZ 52063 HCL HCL36 FJ473117 FJ487723 -A. longirostra F Malaysia: Johor, Bukit Sedenak Forest Reserve 1˚ 43 N 103˚ 30' E 27-Jul-2005 Haw Chuan Lim HCL 92 LSUMZ 52070 HCL HCL92 FJ473118 FJ487724 -A. longirostra M Malaysia: Johor, Bukit Sedenak Forest Reserve 1˚ 43 N 103˚ 30' E 27-Jul-2005 Haw Chuan Lim HCL 99 LSUMZ 52077 HCL HCL99 FJ473119 FJ487725 -A. longirostra U Malaysia: Johor, Bukit Hantu Forest Reserve 1˚ 44' N 103˚ 29' E 22-Jul-2005 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-BH26 FJ473120 FJ487726 -A. longirostra U Malaysia: Johor, Bukit Sedenak Forest Reserve 1˚ 44' N 103˚ 29' E 28-Jul-2005 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-BS14 FJ473121 FJ487727 -A. longirostra U Malaysia: Johor, Panti Forest Reserve 1˚ 52' N 103˚ 54' E 09-Aug-2005 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-PB15 FJ473129 FJ487735 -A. longirostra U Malaysia: Johor, Panti Forest Reserve 1˚ 52' N 103˚ 54' E 09-Aug-2005 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-PB19 FJ473130 FJ487736 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang Pariaman, Sungei Kasian 0˚ 33' S 100˚ 21' E 03-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI SPS02 FJ473178 FJ487790 -A. longirostra M Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang Pariaman, Sungei Kasian 0˚ 33' S 100˚ 21' E 04-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti SPS13 MZB 30922 MZB-LIPI SPS13 EU541450 FJ487791 -A. longirostra F Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang Pariaman, Sungei Kasian 0˚ 33' S 100˚ 21' E 04-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI SPS16 FJ473179 FJ487792 -A. longirostra M Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang Pariaman, Sungei Kasian 0˚ 33' S 100˚ 21' E 04-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI SPS19 FJ473180 FJ487793 -A. longirostra M Philippines: Mindanao, Davao Oriental 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 14 Feb 2008 Thomas M. Braile TB2525 UAM 24708 UAM TB2525 FJ473215 FJ487839 -

Supplementary Table 1. Collection information and GenBank accession numbers for samples used in this study. Sample codes in Supplementary Figure 1 refer to the Tissue Code in this table; sample information for outgroup taxa is dark blue. AMNH = American Museum of Natural History, CAS = Chinese Academy of Sciences, CMNH = Cincinnati Museum of Natural History & Science, FLMNH = Florida Museum of Natural History, FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History, KUNHM = University of Kansas Natural History Museum, LIPI = Indonesian Institute of Science, LSUMNS = Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, LSUMZ = Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology, HCL = Haw Chuan Lim, MNHN = Natural History Museum (Paris), Myanmar = unknown museum in Myanmar, MZB = Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, NRM = Swedish Museum of Natural History, PNM = National Museum of the Philippines, RMBR = Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, SM = Sabah Museum, SPC = Sabah Parks Collection, UAM = University of Alaska Museum, USNM = United States National Museum, UWBM = University of Washington Burke Museum, ZMUC = Natural History Museum of Denmark. M = male, F = female, U = undetermined, N/C = not collected, - = information unavailable



Tissue Loan


A. longirostra M Philippines: Mindanao, Davao Oriental 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 14 Feb 2008 Thomas M. Braile TB2529 UAM 24707 UAM TB2529 FJ473216 FJ487840 -A. longirostra M Indonesia: West Sumatra, Lunang 2˚ 16' S 101˚ 2' E 03-Jun-2001 Luan Keng Wang WLK 421 UWBM 67469 UWBM WLK421 FJ473223 FJ487848 -A. affinis U Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park 6˚ 10' N 116˚ 34' E 05-Jul-2000 Robert G. Moyle RGM 552 LSUMZ 168367 LSUMNS B38656 FJ473134 FJ487744 -A. chrysogenys M Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park 6˚ 18' N 116˚ 42' E 23-Jan-2004 Robert G. Moyle RGM 593 SM RGM 593 LSUMNS B47054 FJ473139 FJ487751 -A. robusta F Malaysia: Sabah, Mt. Lucia 4˚ 28' N 117˚ 55' E 04-Feb-2005 Ben D. Marks BDM 1004 LSUMZ 176806 LSUMNS B51150 FJ473152 FJ487761 -

Copsychus saularis F Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 27-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez AL08 PNM 19891 RMBR 102894 FJ472992 FJ487641 FJ473242C. saularis U Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 27-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez N/C N/C N/C RMBR 102895 FJ472993 FJ487642 FJ473243C. saularis M Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 28-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez AL27 PNM 19896 RMBR 102896 FJ472994 FJ487643 FJ473244C. saularis U Singapore, salvage 1˚ 17' N 103˚ 50' E 20-Jul-2007 David J. Lohman WLK 639 RMBR WLK639 RMBR 102907 FJ473036 FJ487787 FJ473287C. saularis F Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Tampayan 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 31' E 30-Apr-1989 Steven M. Goodman SMG 2863 FMNH 344996 FMNH 344996 FJ472997 FJ487702 FJ473247C. saularis M Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Tampayan 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 31' E 30-Apr-1989 Steven M. Goodman SMG 2864 FMNH 344997 FMNH 344997 FJ472998 FJ487703 FJ473248C. saularis M Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Tampayan 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 31' E 01-May-1989 Steven M. Goodman SMG 2867 FMNH 344998 FMNH 344998 FJ472999 - FJ473249C. saularis U Vietnam: Hanoi, captive 21˚ 0' N 105˚ 50'E 23-Mar-2002 Per Ericson NRM 20026683 NRM 20026683 NRM 20026683 FJ473035 FJ487765 FJ473286C. saularis F Myanmar: Sagaing, Kan Blu, Kyhat Thin 22˚ 32'N 95˚ 40'E 30-Nov-1994 - KYAT THIN #028 USNM 620343 USNM B02486 FJ473047 FJ487650 FJ473298C. saularis F Myanmar: Sagaing, Kan Blu, Kyhat Thin 22˚ 32'N 95˚ 40'E 01-Dec-1994 - KYAT THIN #058 USNM 620368 USNM B05612 FJ473048 FJ487651 FJ473299C. saularis M Myanmar: Sagaing, Kan Blu, Kyhat Thin 22˚ 32'N 95˚ 40'E 01-Dec-1994 - KYAT THIN #064 USNM 620374 USNM B05629 FJ473049 - FJ473300C. saularis M Myanmar: Sagaing, Kabaing 22˚ 32'N 95˚ 40'E 09-Dec-1994 John H. Rappole A. K. #06 USNM 620460 USNM B05735 FJ473050 FJ487652 FJ473301C. saularis M Myanmar: Sagaing, Shwebo, Kanablu Township 22˚ 32'N 95˚ 40'E 27-Mar-1996 John H. Rappole CFC 118 Myanmar - USNM B06155 FJ473051 FJ487653 FJ473302C. saularis F Myanmar: Sagaing, Shwebo, Kanablu Township 22˚ 32'N 95˚ 40'E 01-Dec-1997 John H. Rappole CFC 123 USNM 586577 USNM B06160 FJ473052 FJ487654 FJ473303C. saularis U Malaysia: Sabah, Crocker Range 5˚ 24' N 116˚ 6' E 08-Jun-1999 Robert G. Moyle RGM 167 SPC RGM167 LSUMNS B36327 EU541454 FJ487657 FJ473270C. saularis F Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park, Serinsim Substation 6˚ 17' N 116˚ 42' E 18-Jan-2004 Ben D. Marks BDM 871 LSUMZ 176518 LSUMNS B46962 FJ473020 - FJ473271C. saularis F Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park, Serinsim Substation 6˚ 17' N 116˚ 42' E 18-Jan-2004 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 116 LSUMZ 176519 LSUMNS B46966 FJ473021 - FJ473272C. saularis F Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park, Serinsim Substation 6˚ 17' N 116˚ 42' E 18-Jan-2004 Robert G. Moyle RGM 566 SPC RGM566 LSUMNS B46967 FJ473022 - FJ473273C. saularis F Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 07-Feb-2005 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 184 SM FHS 184 LSUMNS B47166 FJ473024 FJ487661 FJ473275C. saularis M Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve, 8 km W Beaufort 5˚19' N 115˚ 40' E 09-Feb-2004 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 205 LSUMZ 176520 LSUMNS B47215 FJ473025 - FJ473276C. saularis M Malaysia: Sabah, Mendolong, 31 km SE Sipitang 4˚ 51' N 115˚ 41' E 15-Jan-2005 Peter A. Hosner PAH 275 LSUMZ 176726 LSUMNS B51004 FJ473026 - FJ473277C. saularis U Malaysia: Sabah, Tawau Hills Park Headquarters 4˚ 23' N 117˚ 53' E 25-Jan-2005 Robert G. Moyle RGM 653 LSUMZ 176725 LSUMNS B51045 FJ473027 - FJ473278C. saularis U China: Guangdong, Guangzhou market 23˚ 5' N 113˚ 16' E Oct-2004 Fasheng Zou ZFS 53 N/C N/C LSUMNS B51252 FJ473028 - FJ473279C. saularis U China: Guangdong, Guangzhou market 23˚ 5' N 113˚ 16' E Oct-2004 Fasheng Zou ZFS 66 N/C N/C LSUMNS B51265 FJ473029 - FJ473280C. saularis U China: Guangdong, Guangzhou market 23˚ 5' N 113˚ 16' E Oct-2004 Fasheng Zou ZFS 67 N/C N/C LSUMNS B51266 FJ473030 - FJ473281C. saularis U China: Guangdong, Guangzhou market 23˚ 5' N 113˚ 16' E Oct-2004 Fasheng Zou ZFS 68 N/C N/C LSUMNS B51267 FJ473031 - FJ473282C. saularis U China: Guangdong, Guangzhou market 23˚ 5' N 113˚ 16' E 28-Feb-2005 Fasheng Zou ZFS 69 N/C N/C LSUMNS B51268 FJ473032 - FJ473283C. saularis U China: Guangdong, Guangzhou market 23˚ 5' N 113˚ 16' E 28-Feb-2005 Fasheng Zou ZFS 71 N/C N/C LSUMNS B51270 FJ473033 - FJ473284C. saularis U Malaysia: Sarawak, Tatau District 2˚ 56' N 113˚ 07' E 31-Jan-2007 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 410 LSUMZ 179321 LSUMNS B57071 FJ473034 - FJ473285C. saularis M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 03' E 27-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS06 FJ472995 FJ487668 FJ473245C. saularis M Vietnam: Ha Giang, Vi Xuyen District 22˚ 46' N 104˚ 49' E 24-May-2000 Chris J. Vogel CJV 86 AMNH DOT 2661 AMNH DOT2661 FJ472996 FJ487681 FJ473246C. saularis M Nepal: Betrabati 27˚ 59' N 85˚ 10' E 26-Apr-1993 Jeff G. Groth JGG 1199 AMNH DOT 5740 AMNH DOT5740 FJ473010 FJ487738 FJ473260C. saularis M Vietnam: Ha Giang, Vi Xuyen District 22˚ 46' N 104˚ 49' E 23-May-2000 Le Manh Hung LMH 29 AMNH DOT 6510 AMNH DOT6510 FJ473019 FJ487741 FJ473269C. saularis F Singapore, captive 1˚ 17'N 103˚ 46' E - Kevin S. Winker KSW 4072 UAM 17941 UAM KSW4072 FJ473011 FJ487740 FJ473261C. saularis F China: Guizhou, Suiyang County 26˚ 54' N 106˚ 33' E 18-Apr-2006 Roger L. Boyd RLB 846 KUNHM 97522 KUNHM KU11116 FJ473012 - FJ473262C. saularis F Philippines: Camiguin Sur, Municipality of Mambajao 9˚ 11' N 124˚ 43' E 09-Jun-2007 R. Fernandez REF 175 KUNHM 110395 KUNHM KU13925 FJ473013 - FJ473263C. saularis M Philippines: Camiguin Sur, Municipality of Mambajao 9˚ 11' N 124˚ 43' E 09-Jun-2007 R. Fernandez REF 176 KUNHM 110396 KUNHM KU13926 FJ473014 - FJ473264C. saularis F Philippines: Camiguin Sur, Municipality of Mambajao 9˚ 11' N 124˚ 43' E 10-Jun-2007 R. Fernandez REF 183 KUNHM 110397 KUNHM KU13934 FJ473015 - FJ473265C. saularis M Philippines: Camiguin Sur, Municipality of Mambajao 9˚ 11' N 124˚ 43' E 12-Jun-2007 R. Fernandez REF 195 KUNHM 110398 KUNHM KU13945 FJ473016 - FJ473266C. saularis F Philippines: Camiguin Sur, Municipality of Mambajao 9˚ 11' N 124˚ 43' E 02-Jun-2007 R. Fernandez REF 95 KUNHM 110392 KUNHM KU14365 FJ473017 - FJ473267C. saularis F Philippines: Camiguin Sur, Municipality of Mambajao 9˚ 11' N 124˚ 43' E 02-Jun-2007 R. Fernandez REF 96 KUNHM 110393 KUNHM KU14366 FJ473018 - FJ473268C. saularis F Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang Pariaman, Sungei Kasian 0˚ 33' S 100˚ 21' E 05-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI SPS32 FJ473037 FJ487795 FJ473288C. saularis F Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang Pariaman, Sungei Kasian 0˚ 33' S 100˚ 21' E 05-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI SPS33 FJ473038 FJ487796 FJ473289C. saularis M Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang Pariaman, Sungei Kasian 0˚ 33' S 100˚ 21' E 05-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti SPS34 MZB 30925 MZB-LIPI SPS34 FJ473039 FJ487797 FJ473290C. saularis M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 18-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1802 UAM 21773 UAM TB1802 FJ473040 FJ487811 FJ473291



Tissue Loan


C. saularis F Philippines: Cebu, Argao, Mt. Lantoy 9˚ 54' N 123˚ 32' E 21-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1813 UAM 21776 UAM TB1813 FJ473041 FJ487813 FJ473292C. saularis M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 05-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1853 UAM 21771 UAM TB1853 FJ473042 FJ487820 FJ473293C. saularis F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 05-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1854 UAM 21767 UAM TB1854 FJ473043 FJ487821 FJ473294C. saularis F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 07-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1871 UAM 21775 UAM TB1871 FJ473044 FJ487825 FJ473295C. saularis M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 07-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1872 UAM 21774 UAM TB1872 FJ473045 FJ487826 FJ473296C. saularis M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 08-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1875 UAM 21768 UAM TB1875 FJ473046 FJ487828 FJ473297C. albospecularis F Madagascar: Antsiranana, Foret de Betaolana 14˚ 32' S 49˚ 26' E 10-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4808 FMNH 393316 FMNH 393316 FJ473000 - FJ473250C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Antsiranana, Foret de Betaolana 14˚ 32' S 49˚ 26' E 13-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4824 FMNH 393317 FMNH 393317 FJ473001 - FJ473251C. albospecularis F Madagascar: Antsiranana, Foret de Betaolana 14˚ 32' S 49˚ 26' E 13-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4827 FMNH 393318 FMNH 393318 FJ473002 - FJ473252C. albospecularis F Madagascar: Antsiranana, Foret de Betaolana 14˚ 32' S 49˚ 26' E 09-Oct-1999 Steven M. Goodman SMG-11032 FMNH 393319 FMNH 393319 FJ473003 - FJ473253C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Antsiranana, Foret de Betaolana 14˚ 36' S 49˚ 25' E 16-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4837 FMNH 393320 FMNH 393320 FJ473004 - FJ473254C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Antsiranana, Foret de Betaolana 14˚ 36' S 49˚ 25' E 18-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4865 FMNH 393321 FMNH 393321 FJ473005 - FJ473255C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Antsiranana, Foret de Betaolana 14˚ 36' S 49˚ 25' E 20-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4880 FMNH 393322 FMNH 393322 FJ473006 - FJ473256C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Mahajanga, Anjanaharibe Sud 14˚ 47' S 49˚ 26' E 27-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4896 FMNH 393323 FMNH 393323 FJ473007 - FJ473257C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Mahajanga, Anjanaharibe Sud 14˚ 47' S 49˚ 26' E 29-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4906 FMNH 393324 FMNH 393324 FJ473008 - FJ473258C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Mahajanga, Anjanaharibe Sud 14˚ 47' S 49˚ 26' E 30-Oct-1999 David E. Willard DW 4912 FMNH 393325 FMNH 393325 FJ473009 - FJ473259C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Fivondronana de Tolagnaro, Foret de Marovony 24˚ 7' S 47˚ 22' E 27-Oct-1990 - - FMNH 352896 GenBank AF276776 - AF276776 -C. albospecularis M Madagascar: Fivondronana de Tolagnaro, Foret de Marovony 24˚ 7' S 47˚ 22' E 30-Oct-1999 - - FMNH 352903 GenBank AY329455 - AY329455 -C. luzoniensis M Philippines: Luzon, Cagayan, Sitio Hot Springs 17˚ 51’ N 121˚ 59’ E 07-May-1989 Charles A. Ross & Robert W. Dickerman - USNM 613163 USNM B3698 FJ473053 - FJ473304C. malabaricus U Vietnam - - - - NRM 20036774 GenBank DQ466859 - - DQ466859C. malabaricus U Singapore Jurong Bird Park, (captive) 1˚ 19' S 103˚ 42' E 2001 Eugene V. Lagerberg EVL 429 UWBM 73852 UWBM EVL429 FJ473054 FJ487859 FJ473305C. stricklandii F Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park 6˚ 18' N 116˚ 42' E 21-Jan-2004 Robert G. Moyle RGM 579 AMNH

SKEL 27566 LSUMNS B47014 FJ473023 FJ487750 FJ473274

Dicaeum trigonostigma M Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Mt. Guitinguitin 12˚ 27' N 122˚ 32' E 03-May-1989 Steven M. Goodman SMG 2896 FMNH 345038 FMNH 345038 FJ473098 FJ487704 -D. trigonostigma M Philippines: Mindanao, Bukidnon, Mt. Kitanglad Range 8˚ 13' N 124˚ 45' E 27-Apr-1992 Renato Fernandez & A. Townsend Peterson ATP92-94 FMNH 357607 FMNH 357607 FJ473101 FJ487707 -D. trigonostigma F Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Mt. Guitinguitin 12˚ 27' N 122˚ 32' E 27-Feb-1992 David E. Willard DW 4565 FMNH 358511 FMNH 358511 FJ473105 FJ487711 -D. trigonostigma M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 03' E 29-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS26 FJ473076 FJ487678 -D. trigonostigma F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM29 FJ473089 FJ487692 -D. trigonostigma M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga DM800 MZB 30941 MZB-LIPI DM800 FJ473093 FJ487696 -D. trigonostigma M Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 07-Feb-2004 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 180 LSUMZ 176606 AMNH DOT514 FJ473142 FJ487660 -D. trigonostigma M Indonesia: West Java, Bogor, Gunung Halimun-Salak NP 6˚ 44' S 106˚ 32' E 18-Apr-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Navjot S. Sodhi GHS09 MZB 30879 MZB-LIPI GHS09 FJ473112 FJ487718 -D. trigonostigma F Indonesia: West Java, Bogor, Gunung Halimun-Salak NP 6˚ 44' S 106˚ 32' E 18-Apr-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Navjot S. Sodhi GHS10 MZB 30882 MZB-LIPI GHS10 FJ473113 FJ487719 -D. trigonostigma U Malaysia: Johor, Panti Forest Reserve 1˚ 52' N 103˚ 54' E 09-Aug-2005 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-PB20 EU541455 FJ487737 -D. aeneum M Solomon Island: Isabel, Garanga River 8˚ 4' S 159˚ 27' E 18-Jul-1997 Catherine E. Smith CES 243 UWBM 69861 UWBM CES243 FJ473228 FJ487853 -D. aureolimbatum U Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Bangai, Desa - 14-Jun-1998 Robert W. Dickerman RWD 24730 AMNH DOT 12634 AMNH DOT12634 FJ473172 FJ487784 -D. australe U Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 30-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez AL50 PNM 19904 RMBR 102902 FJ473059 FJ487649 -D. hirundinaceum M Australia: NSW, Grafton 29˚ 42' S 153˚ 13' E 03-Sep-2002 Anne W. Hilborn AWH 225 UWBM 76449 UWBM AWH225 FJ473233 FJ487860 -D. hypoleucum U Philippines: Luzon, Mt. Dipalayag 17˚ N 122' E 19-Apr-1991 FSM FSM5-19.4.91 ZMUC 116128 ZMUC 116128 FJ473237 FJ487863 -

Lalage nigra M Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Tampayan 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 31' E 27-May-1989 Steven M. Goodman SMG 3078 FMNH 344979 FMNH 344979 EU541457 FJ487699 -L. nigra M Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Gaong 12˚ 27' N 122˚ 32' E 13-Mar-1992 David E. Willard DW 4640 FMNH 358353 FMNH 358353 FJ473102 FJ487708 -L. nigra U Indonesia: West Sumatra, Bukittingei, Tanjang Mutiara District 0˚ 24' S 99˚ 56' E 05-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti PBM55 MZB 30929 MZB-LIPI PBM55 FJ473160 FJ487772 -L. nigra F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Semboja 1˚ 03' S 117˚ 05' E 29-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga SBJ1 MZB N/C MZB-LIPI SBJ1 FJ473173 FJ487785 -L. nigra M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Semboja 1˚ 03' S 117˚ 05' E 29-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga SBJ2 MZB N/C MZB-LIPI SBJ2 FJ473174 FJ487786 -L. nigra M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 17-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1794 UAM 21765 UAM TB1794 FJ473193 FJ487810 -L. nigra M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 18-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1803 UAM 21766 UAM TB1803 FJ473194 FJ487812 -L. nigra M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 06-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1862 UAM 21763 UAM TB1862 FJ473201 FJ487822 -L. nigra M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 06-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1865 UAM 21764 UAM TB1865 FJ473202 FJ487823 -L. leucomela F Australia: Queensland, Mapoon 12˚ 11' S 141˚ 54' E 27-Aug-1996 Sievert A. Rohwer SAR 7036 UWBM 57518 UWBM SAR7036 FJ473221 FJ487845 -L. maculosa U Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo, 4 km NE Wusi 15˚ 20' S 166˚ 40' E 03-Nov-2002 Mary K. Hart MKH 38 FLMNH UF 42900 LSUMNS B45837 FJ473137 FJ487747 -L. sueurii M Australia: Queensland, Mapoon 12˚ 11' S 141˚ 54' E 25-Aug-1996 Sievert A. Rohwer SAR 7026 UWBM 57508 UWBM SAR7026 FJ473220 FJ487844 -

Nectarinia jugularis M Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Poso 0˚ 58' N 121˚ 27' E 02-Jun-1998 Robert W. Dickerman RWD 24686 AMNH DOT 12600 AMNH DOT12600 FJ473169 FJ487781 -



Tissue Loan


N. jugularis U Singapore, National University of Singapore campus 1˚ 17' N 103˚ 46' E 18-Oct-2006 Luan Keng Wang WLK 612 RMBR WLK612 RMBR 102906 FJ473236 FJ487862 -N. jugularis U Philippines: Luzon, Abuan River 17˚ 6' 121˚ 58' 28-Mar-1991 FSM FSM4-28.3.91 ZMUC 117143 ZMUC 117143 FJ473238 FJ487864 -N. jugularis U Philippines: Luzon, captive - 10-Oct-1999 Hartvig A. Jensen HAJ1-10.10.99 ZMUC 132050 ZMUC 132050 FJ473240 FJ487866 -N. jugularis F Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Tampayan 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 31' E 28-Apr-1989 Steven M. Goodman SMG 2836 FMNH 345048 FMNH 345048 FJ473099 FJ487705 -N. jugularis F Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Lambingan Falls 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 34' E 12-Mar-1992 David E. Willard DW 4630 FMNH 358556 FMNH 358556 FJ473106 FJ487712 -N. jugularis M Solomon Islands: Isabel, Isabel Island, Garanga River 8˚ 4' S 159˚ 27' E 20-Jul-1997 Catherine E. Smith CES 263 UWBM 58783 UWBM CES263 FJ473234 FJ487846 -N. jugularis M Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Poso 0˚ 58' N 121˚ 27' E 02-Jun-1998 Robert W. Dickerman RWD 24687 AMNH DOT 12601 AMNH DOT12601 FJ473170 FJ487782 -N. jugularis M Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Poso 0˚ 58' N 121˚ 27' E 03-Jun-1998 Robert W. Dickerman RWD 24696 AMNH DOT 12609 AMNH DOT12609 FJ473171 FJ487783 -N. jugularis M Solomon Islands: New Georgia Group, Rokama Island 8˚ 18' S 157˚ 9' E 25-May-2004 Christopher E. Filardi CEF 875 AMNH DOT 296 AMNH DOT296 FJ473077 FJ487679 -N. jugularis M Solomon Islands: New Georgia Group, Rokama Island 8˚ 18' S 157˚ 9' E 25-May-2004 Christopher E. Filardi CEF 880 AMNH DOT 303 AMNH DOT303 FJ473078 FJ487680 -N. jugularis M Solomon Islands: New Georgia Group, Rokama Island 8˚ 18' S 157˚ 9' E 25-May-2004 Paul R. Sweet PRS 2791 AMNH DOT 304 AMNH DOT304 FJ473162 FJ487774 -N. jugularis U Solomon Islands: New Georgia Group, Rokama Island 8˚ 18' S 157˚ 9' E 25-May-2004 Paul R. Sweet PRS 2792 AMNH DOT 311 AMNH DOT311 FJ473163 FJ487775 -N. jugularis M? Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal, Babanakira, Desa - 23-Jul-1995 Mary K. LeCroy MKL 154 AMNH DOT 6695 AMNH DOT6695 - FJ487762 -N. jugularis M Malaysia: Johor, Johor Bahru 1˚ 29' N 103˚ 47' E 13-Jul-2005 Haw Chuan Lim HCL31 LSUMZ 52058 HCL HCL31 FJ473116 FJ487722 -N. jugularis F Indonesia: West Sumatra, Bukittingei, Tanjang Mutiara District 0˚ 24' S 99˚ 56' E 05-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti PBM40 MZB 30927 MZB-LIPI PBM40 FJ473158 FJ487770 -N. jugularis M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1775 UAM 21783 UAM TB1775 FJ473187 FJ487804 -N. jugularis M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1776 UAM 21784 UAM TB1776 FJ473188 FJ487805 -N. jugularis F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1777 UAM 21779 UAM TB1777 FJ473189 FJ487806 -N. jugularis F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 16-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1784 UAM 21780 UAM TB1784 FJ473190 FJ487807 -N. jugularis F Philippines: Cebu, Argao, Mt. Lantoy 9˚ 54' N 123˚ 32' E 28-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1845 UAM 21782 UAM TB1845 FJ473199 FJ487818 -N. mariquensis M South Africa: Northern, 40 km SW Roedtan 24˚ 51' S 28˚ 48' E 29-Aug-1998 Jeff G. Groth JGG 1315 AMNH DOT 5854 AMNH DOT5854 FJ473131 FJ487739 -N. olivacea M South Africa: KwaZulu/Natal, Melmoth 28˚ 35' S 31˚ 26' E 10-Nov-1994 Sievert A. Rohwer & Sergei V. Drovetskiy SAR 6749 UWBM 71146 UWBM SAR6749 FJ473232 FJ487858 -N. oritis U Cameroon - - - - - - GenBank AF282820 - AF282820 -N. pulchella U Ghana: Northern Region, Gonja Triangle 8˚ 46' N 1˚ 29' W 09-Feb-2000 Robert G. Moyle RGM 365 LSUMZ 168584 LSUMNS B39315 FJ473135 FJ487745 -N. sericea M Papua NG: Madang, Kau Wildlife Management Area 5˚ 8' S 145˚ 46' E 13-Apr-2001 Catherine E. Smith CES 648 UWBM 68042 UWBM CES648 FJ473226 FJ487851 -N. sp. M Indonesia: Central Sulawesi, Poso 0˚ 58' N 121˚ 27' E 31-May-1998 Robert W. Dickerman RWD 24672 AMNH DOT 12590 AMNH DOT12590 FJ473168 FJ487780 -N. talatala M South Africa: KwaZulu/Natal, Melmoth 28˚ 35' S 31˚ 26' E 10-Nov-1994 Gary A. Voelker & Sergei V. Drovetskiy GAV 461 UWBM 70403 UWBM GAV461 FJ473229 FJ487855 -

Pycnonotus goiavier M Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 29-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez AL41 PNM 19900 RMBR 102900 FJ473057 FJ487647 -P. goiavier M Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 29-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez AL43 PNM 19901 RMBR 102901 FJ473058 FJ487648 -P. goiavier U Singapore, National University of Singapore campus 1˚ 17' N 103˚ 46' E 18-Oct-2006 Luan Keng Wang WLK 611 RMBR WLK611 RMBR 102905 FJ473235 FJ487861 -P. goiavier U Singapore, National University of Singapore campus 1˚ 17' N 103˚ 46' E 28-Feb-2008 David J. Lohman WLK 640 RMBR WLK640 RMBR 102908 FJ473175 FJ487768 -P. goiavier U Philippines: Luzon, Palanan 17˚ N 122' E 11-Mar-1991 FSM FSM6-11.03.91 ZMUC 117635 ZMUC 117635 FJ473239 FJ487865 -P. goiavier M Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Tampayan 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 31' E 30-Apr-1989 Steven M. Goodman SMG 2857 FMNH 344986 FMNH 344986 FJ473096 FJ487700 -P. goiavier U Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Tampayan 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 31' E 28-May-1989 Steven M. Goodman SMG 3112 FMNH 344987 FMNH 344987 FJ473097 FJ487701 -P. goiavier U Philippines: Mindanao, Bukidnon, Mt. Kitanglad 8˚ 7' N 124˚ 55' E 02-May-1999 Sarah Al-Tamimi & Dale H. Clayton SEA 071 FMNH 392271 FMNH 392271 FJ473107 FJ487713 -P. goiavier M Philippines: Luzon, Cagayan, Barrio Via 17˚ 51' N 121˚ 59' E 07-May-1989 Charles A. Ross & Robert W. Dickerman HERP 124449 USNM 607410 USNM B03697 FJ473218 FJ487842 -P. goiavier M Philippines: Luzon, Cagayan, Barrio Via 17˚ 51' N 121˚ 59' E 11-May-1989 Charles A. Ross & party HERP 181181 USNM 613123 USNM B03799 FJ473219 FJ487843 -P. goiavier M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 03' E 27-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS03 FJ473064 FJ487665 -P. goiavier M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 25-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga DM10 MZB 30932 MZB-LIPI DM10 FJ473082 FJ487685 -P. goiavier M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga DM600 MZB 30938 MZB-LIPI DM600 FJ473092 FJ487695 -P. goiavier F Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park 6˚ 17' N 116˚ 42' E 31-Jan-2004 Ben D. Marks BDM 929 LSUMZ 176477 AMNH DOT496 FJ473140 FJ487752 -P. goiavier M Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 06-Feb-2004 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 172 LSUMZ 176479 AMNH DOT498 FJ473141 FJ487753 -P. goiavier M Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 08-Feb-2004 Ben D. Marks BDM 949 LSUMZ 176480 AMNH DOT536 FJ473144 FJ487755 -P. goiavier U Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 08-Feb-2004 Albert Lo AL 001 SM DOT 537 AMNH DOT537 FJ473145 FJ487756 -P. goiavier U Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 08-Feb-2004 Freddie Julius FJ 001 SM DOT 538 AMNH DOT538 FJ473146 FJ487757 -P. goiavier M Singapore, National University of Singapore 1˚ 17' N 103˚ 46' E 23-Dec-1992 Paul R. Sweet PRS 660 AMNH DOT 9588 AMNH DOT9588 FJ473164 FJ487776 -P. goiavier M Malaysia: Johor, Johor Bahru 1˚ 29' N 103˚ 47' E 12-Jul-2005 Haw Chuan Lim HCL28 LSUMZ 52055 HCL HCL28 FJ473115 FJ487721 -P. goiavier U Singapore, Marina Park 1˚ 16' N 103˚ 51' E 24-May-2007 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-MP1 FJ473122 FJ487728 -P. goiavier U Singapore, Marina Park 1˚ 16' N 103˚ 51' E 24-May-2007 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-MP3 FJ473123 FJ487729 -P. goiavier U Singapore, Marina Park 1˚ 16' N 103˚ 51' E 24-May-2007 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-MP9 FJ473128 FJ487734 -



Tissue Loan


P. goiavier U Indonesia: West Sumatra, Bukittingei, Tanjang Mutiara District 0˚ 24' S 99˚ 56' E 05-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti PBM38 MZB 30926 MZB-LIPI PBM38 FJ473157 FJ487769 -P. goiavier M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1766 UAM 21321 UAM TB1766 FJ473185 FJ487802 -P. goiavier U Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 17-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1790 UAM 21315 UAM TB1790 FJ473192 FJ487809 -P. goiavier F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 05-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1852 UAM 21314 UAM TB1852 FJ473200 FJ487819 -P. goiavier F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 06-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1866 UAM 21320 UAM TB1866 FJ473203 FJ487824 -P. goiavier F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 07-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1873 UAM 21318 UAM TB1873 FJ473204 FJ487827 -P. goiavier F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 07-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1876 UAM 21313 UAM TB1876 FJ473205 FJ487829 -P. goiavier F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 08-Nov-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1877 UAM 21319 UAM TB1877 FJ473206 FJ487830 -P. goiavier F Philippines: Mindanao, Davao del Norte 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 22-Sep-07 Thomas M. Braile TB2060 UAM 24704 UAM TB2060 FJ473211 FJ487835 -P. goiavier M Philippines: Mindanao, Davao del Norte 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 22-Sep-07 Thomas M. Braile TB2066 UAM 24703 UAM TB2066 FJ473212 FJ487836 -P. goiavier M Philippines: Mindanao, Davao Oriental 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 27-Jan-08 Thomas M. Braile TB2504 UAM 24706 UAM TB2504 FJ473213 FJ487837 -P. goiavier F Philippines: Mindanao, Davao Oriental 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 28-Jan-08 Thomas M. Braile TB2508 UAM 24705 UAM TB2508 FJ473214 FJ487838 -P. barbatus F South Africa: Pretoria 25˚ 41' S 28˚ 23' E 29-Nov-1994 Gary A. Voelker GAV 632 GAV 632 UWBM 70428 UWBM GAV632 FJ473231 FJ487857P. brunneus F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 27-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM33 FJ473091 FJ487694 -P. erythropthalmos F Indonesia: West Sumatra, Padang Pariaman, Sungei Kasian 0˚ 33' S 100˚ 21' E 04-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI SPS27 - FJ487794 -P. finlaysoni U Vietnam: Ha Tinh, Ho Ke Go 18˚ 6' N 106˚ 1' E 19-Mar-2002 Per Ericson N/C N/C N/C SNHM 20026612 FJ473154 FJ487764 -P. importunus F South Africa: KwaZulu/Natal, Melmoth 28˚ 35' S 31˚ 26' E 24-Nov-1994 Gary A. Voelker GAV 622 UWBM 70425 UWBM GAV622 FJ473230 FJ487856 -P. jocosus U Vietnam: Quang Tri 16˚ N 106˚ E - - - NRM 20046820 GenBank DQ008505 - DQ008505 -P. plumosus U Malaysia: Sabah - - - - LSUMZ 176497 LSUMNS B46965 FJ473241 FJ487748 -P. simplex F Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 07-Feb-2006 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 186 LSUMZ 176486 LSUMNS B47170 FJ473143 FJ487754 -P. sinensis M Taiwan: Nantou, Chi-chi 23˚ 55' N 120˚ 42' E 24-Jul-1999 George F. Barrowclough GFB 3388 AMNH DOT 5237 AMNH DOT5237 FJ473108 FJ487714 -P. sinensis U Taiwan? - - - - - - GenBank EF582411 - EF582411 -P. urostictus M Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 27-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez AL06 PNM 19890 RMBR 102893 EU541463 FJ487640 -

Rhipidura javanica F Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 29-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez AL36 PNM 19897 RMBR 102898 FJ473055 FJ487645 -R. javanica M Philippines: Quezon, Alabat Island, Mt. Camagong 14˚ 8' N 122˚ 1' E 29-Apr-2007 David J. Lohman & James Paul S. Gomez AL37 PNM 19899 RMBR 102899 FJ473056 FJ487646 -R. javanica M Philippines: Luzon, Isabela Province, San Mariano 17˚ N 122˚ 01' E 05-Apr-1991 Lawrence R. Heaney LRH 4567 FMNH 350977 FMNH 350977 FJ473100 FJ487706 -R. javanica F Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Lambingan Falls 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 34' E 16-Mar-1992 David E. Willard DW 4671 FMNH 358459 FMNH 358459 FJ473103 FJ487709 -R. javanica M Philippines: Sibuyan, Romblon Province, Tampayan 12˚ 29' N 122˚ 31' E 21-Mar-1992 David E. Willard DW 4717 FMNH 358460 FMNH 358460 FJ473104 FJ487710 -R. javanica M Malaysia: Sabah, Kinabalu Park 6˚ 18' N 116˚ 42' E 20-Jan-2004 Frederick H. Sheldon FHS 125 LSUMZ 176594 LSUMNS B46992 EU541464 FJ487749 -R. javanica U Malaysia: Sabah, Mendolong 4˚ 51' N 115˚ 42' E 17-Jan-2005 Peter A. Hosner PAH 290 SM PAH 290 LSUMNS B51029 FJ473149 FJ487758 -R. javanica M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 03' E 27-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS02 FJ473063 FJ487664 -R. javanica M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 03' E 27-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS04 FJ473065 FJ487666 -R. javanica F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 03' E 27-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS05 FJ473066 FJ487667 -R. javanica M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 03' E 27-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS08 FJ473067 FJ487669 -R. javanica M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Bukit Suharto 0˚ 49' S 117˚ 03' E 28-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI BS11 FJ473068 FJ487670 -R. javanica M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 25-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM07 FJ473081 FJ487684 -R. javanica M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 27-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM17 FJ473083 FJ487686 -R. javanica F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM21 FJ473085 FJ487688 -R. javanica M Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM22 FJ473086 FJ487689 -R. javanica F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM28 FJ473088 FJ487691 -R. javanica F Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga N/C N/C N/C MZB-LIPI DM30 FJ473090 FJ487693 -R. javanica U Indonesia: East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Manggar Dam 1˚ 10' S 116˚ 54' E 26-Jul-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga DM900 MZB 30931 MZB-LIPI DM900 FJ473094 FJ487697 -R. javanica F Malaysia: Sabah, Klias Forest Reserve 5˚ 19' N 115˚ 40' E 09-Feb-2004 Ben D. Marks BDM 959 LSUMZ 176597 AMNH DOT567 FJ473148 FJ487663 -R. javanica U Singapore, Marina Park 1˚ 16' N 103˚ 51' E 24-May-2007 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-MP4 FJ473124 FJ487730 -R. javanica U Singapore, Marina Park 1˚ 16' N 103˚ 51' E 24-May-2007 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-MP5 FJ473125 FJ487731 -R. javanica U Singapore, Marina Park 1˚ 16' N 103˚ 51' E 24-May-2007 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-MP6 FJ473126 FJ487732 -R. javanica U Singapore, Marina Park 1˚ 16' N 103˚ 51' E 24-May-2007 Haw Chuan Lim N/C N/C N/C HCL HCL-MP7 FJ473127 FJ487733 -R. javanica M Indonesia: West Sumatra, Bukittingei, Tanjang Mutiara District 0˚ 24' S 99˚ 56' E 05-Jun-2007 Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Dwi Astuti PBM51 MZB 30928 MZB-LIPI PBM51 FJ473159 FJ487771 -R. javanica F? Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1760 UAM 21754 UAM TB1760 FJ473181 FJ487798 -R. javanica F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1761 UAM 21753 UAM TB1761 FJ473182 FJ487799 -



Tissue Loan


R. javanica F Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1763 UAM 21752 UAM TB1763 FJ473183 FJ487800 -R. javanica M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1764 UAM 21755 UAM TB1764 FJ473184 FJ487801 -R. javanica M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 15-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1774 UAM 21747 UAM TB1774 FJ473186 FJ487803 -R. javanica U Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 16-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1788 UAM 21751 UAM TB1788 FJ473191 FJ487808 -R. javanica M Philippines: Cebu, Argao, Mt. Lantoy 9˚ 54' N 123˚ 32' E 24-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1833 UAM 21749 UAM TB1833 FJ473195 FJ487814 -R. javanica U Philippines: Cebu, Argao, Mt. Lantoy 9˚ 54' N 123˚ 32' E 24-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1834 UAM 21750 UAM TB1834 FJ473196 FJ487815 -R. javanica M Philippines: Cebu, Argao, Mt. Lantoy 9˚ 54' N 123˚ 32' E 25-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1835 UAM 21748 UAM TB1835 FJ473197 FJ487816 -R. javanica M Philippines: Cebu, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary 10˚ 25' N 124˚ 03' E 25-Oct-2003 Thomas M. Braile TB1836 UAM 21756 UAM TB1836 FJ473198 FJ487817 -R. javanica M Philippines: Mindanao, Davao del Norte 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 20 Sep 2007 Thomas M. Braile TB2041 UAM 24702 UAM TB2041 FJ473207 FJ487831 -R. javanica U Philippines: Mindanao, Davao del Norte 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 21 Sep 2007 Thomas M. Braile TB2048 UAM 24699 UAM TB2048 FJ473208 FJ487832 -R. javanica M Philippines: Mindanao, Davao del Norte 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 21 Sep 2007 Thomas M. Braile TB2053 UAM 24701 UAM TB2053 FJ473209 FJ487833 -R. javanica F Philippines: Mindanao, Davao del Norte 7˚ N 125˚ 12˚ E 22 Sep 2007 Thomas M. Braile TB2058 UAM 24700 UAM TB2058 FJ473210 FJ487834 -R. javanica M Indonesia: West Sumatra, Lunang 2˚ 16' S 101˚ 2' E 05-Jun-2001 Luan Keng Wang WLK 429 UWBM 67477 UWBM WLK429 FJ473224 FJ487849 -R. albicollis U Laos - - - - MNHN 5-48 GenBank AF096462 - AF096462 -R. cockerelli F Solomon Islands: Isabel, Isabel Island 8˚ 4' S 159˚ 27' E 26-Jun-1998 Andrew W. Kratter AWK 1411 UWBM 69622 UWBM AWK1411 FJ473227 FJ487852 -R. cyaniceps U Philippines - - - - ZMUC 01876 GenBank AF096461 - AF096461 -R. hypoxantha U China: Sichuan, Miyi - - - - CAS sch479 GenBank EF081357 EF422248 EF081357 -R. leucophrys F Solomon Islands: Isabel, Isabel Island, Garanga River 8˚ 4' S 159˚ 27' E 20-Jul-1997 Catherine E. Smith CES 259 UWBM 69871 UWBM CES259 EU541465 FJ487854 -R. perlata M Malaysia: Sabah, Mt. Lucia 4˚ 28' N 117˚ 55' E 03-Feb-2005 Peter A. Hosner PAH 320 LSUMZ 176841 LSUMNS B51144 FJ473151 FJ487760 -R. rennelliana F Solomon Islands: Rennell Island, Tahamatangi 11˚ S 160˚ E 28-Jun-1995 Mary K. LeCroy MKL 41 AMNH DOT 6584 AMNH DOT6584 FJ473153 FJ487763 -R. rufifrons M Solomon Islands: Western, New Georgia, Arara 8˚ 30' S 157˚ 39' E 15-Feb-2000 Catherine E. Smith CES 531 UWBM 66064 UWBM CES531 FJ473222 FJ487847 -R. spilodera U Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo, 2.5 km NW Saraotou 15˚ 26' S 167˚ 11' E 20-Oct-2002 Andrew W. Kratter AWK 2505 FLMNH UF 42851 LSUMNS B45758 FJ473136 FJ487746 -R. threnothorax F Papua New Guinea: Gulf, Tekadu 7˚ 45' S 146˚ 30' E 28-Mar-2001 Catherine E. Smith CES 616 UWBM 68010 UWBM CES616 FJ473225 FJ487850 -

Lohman et al. Supplementary Tables 2-4 Page 1

Supplementary Table 2. Oligonucleotide primers used in this study. Base position refers to the homologous position on the chicken (Gallus gallus) mitochondrial genome (Desjardins and Morais, 1990).

Gene Direction Primer name Sequence Base Position at 3' end Citation

ND2 F L5215 TAT CGG GCC CAT ACC CCG AAA AT 5,215 Hackett, 1996 R CopsyND2-R1 TCM CTC AAC CCC ACA CTM CTA G 5,703 Sheldon et al., 2009 F CopsyND2-F2 GTT TGT GTT TGG TTT AGG CC 5,764 Sheldon et al., 2009 R H6313 CTC TTA TTT AAG GCT TTG AAG GC 6,335 Johnson and Sorenson, 1998 COI F Passer-F1 CCA ACC ACA AAG ACA TCG GAA CC 6,698 Lohman et al., 2009 R Passer-R1 GTA AAC TTC TGG GTG ACC AAA GAA TC 7,376 Lohman et al., 2009 cytb F Passer-cytb-F1 TAC CTA GGA TCC TTT GCC CTA TC 14,854 this paper F Passer-cytb-F1B TAC CTA GGA NCM TTY GCC CTR TC 14,854 this paper F Copsy-cytb-F1 CTA ATG RCC CTC AAT CTH CGT AA 14,912 this paper F Passer-cytb-F2 GAC CTC CCC ACA CCA TCA AAT ATT TC 14,978 this paper F Passer-cytb-F3 CCC MAC ACT NAC HCG ATT YTT 15,431 this paper F Passer-cytb-F3B CCM ACC CTN ACY CGA TTC TT 15,431 this paper R Copsy-cytb-R1 CCT GTY TCG TGT AGG AAG GTR AGG 15,506 this paper R Passer-cytb-R1 GGR TTG TTK GAT CCT GYT TCR TG 15,518 this paper R Passer-cytb-R2 CTT CAR TCT TTG GTT TAC AAG 16,089 this paper

References Desjardins, P., Morais, R., 1990. Sequence and gene organization of the chicken mitochondrial genome. A novel gene order in higher

vertebrates. Journal of Molecular Biology 212, 599-634. Hackett, S.J., 1996. Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of tanagers in the genus Ramphocetus (Aves). Molecular Phylogenetics and

Evolution 5, 368-382. Johnson, K.P., Sorenson, M.D., 1998. Comparing molecular evolution in two mitochondrial protein coding genes (cytochrome b and ND2) in the

dabbling ducks (Tribe: Anatini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10, 82-94. Lohman, D.J., Prawiradilaga, D.M., Meier, R., 2009. Improved COI barcoding primers for Southeast Asian perching birds (Aves:

Passeriformes). Molecular Ecology Resources 9, 37-40. Sheldon, F.H., Lohman, D.J., Lim, H.C., Zou, F., Goodman, S.M., Prawiradilaga, D.M., Winker, K., Bralie, T.M., Moyle, R.G., 2009.

Phylogeography of the magpie-robin species complex (Aves: Turdidae: Copsychus) reveals a Philippine species, an interesting isolating barrier and unusual dispersal patterns in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1070-1083.


Supplementary Table 3. Evolutionary models used in Bayesian analyses (coding positions 1-3 and cytb flanking regions) and the maximum likelihood analyses selected by MrModelTest using the AIC.

Coding 1st positions

Coding 2nd positions

Coding 3rd positions cytb flanking regions ML model

Arachnothera GTR+I GTR GTR+Γ HKY+Γ GTR+I+Γ Copsychus GTR+I GTR+I GTR+Γ GTR+I GTR+I+Γ Dicaeum GTR+Γ GTR GTR+I+Γ HKY+I GTR+I+Γ Lalage HKY+I HKY HKY+Γ HKY GTR+Γ Nectarinia SYM+Γ HKY+I GTR+Γ HKY+I GTR+Γ Pycnonotus GTR+I HKY+I GTR+Γ HKY+Γ GTR+I+Γ Rhipidura GTR+I HKY+I GTR+I+Γ GTR+Γ GTR+I+Γ


Supplementary Table 4. Non-endemic, non-migratory birds in the orders Apodiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Columbiformes, Coraciiformes, Gruiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes, and Psittaciformes that are well established in the Philippines (i.e., not found exclusively in the Batan, Babuyan, or Sulu Islands), and which might represent cryptic species. Species sampled in this study are in bold. C = common, U = uncommon, R = rare; X = present in a given biogeographic region

Distribution

Order Family Species Common Name Com

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Gruiformes Turnicidae Turnix sylvatica Small Buttonquail U X X X X X X Gruiformes Turnicidae Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail C X X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail C X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Gallirallus striatus Slaty-breasted Rail U X X X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Gallirallus torquatus Barred Rail C X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Rallina fasciata Red-legged Crake R X X X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Rallina eurizonoides Slaty-legged Crake U X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Porzana fusca Ruddy-breasted Crake U X X X X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake R X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Porzana cinerea White-browed Crake C X X X X X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen C X X X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Gallicrex cinerea Watercock C X X X X X X X X X Gruiformes Rallidae Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen U X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Treron curvirostra Thick-billed Green-pigeon U X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Treron pompadora Pompadour Green-pigeon U X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Treron vernans Pink-necked Green-pigeon U X X X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Ptilinopus melanospila Black-naped Fruit-dove C X X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Ducula aenea Green Imperial-pigeon C X X X X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Ducula bicolor Pied Imperial-pigeon C X X X X X X X X X X X


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Columbiformes Columbidae Columba vitiensis Metallic Pigeon U X X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Macropygia phasianella Reddish Cuckoo-Dove C X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia bitorquata Island Collared-dove U X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Turtle-dove C X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove C X X X X X X X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Geopelia striata Zebra Dove C X X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald-dove C X X X X X X X X X X X X Columbiformes Columbidae Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon R X X X X X X X X X X Psittaciformes Psittacidae Tanygnathus megalorynchos Great-billed Parrot C X X X X X Caprimulgiformes Podargidae Batrachostomus javensis Javan Frogmouth U X X X X X Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Eurostopodus macrotis Great Eared Nightjar C X X X X X Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus macrurus Large-tailed Nightjar C X X X X X X X X X X X Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar U X X Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus affinis Savanna Nightjar U X X X X X X X X X Apodiformes Apodidae Collocalia vanikorensis Island Swiftlet C X X X X X Apodiformes Apodidae Collocalia fuciphagus Edible-nest Swiftlet U X X X X X X X X Apodiformes Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet C X X X X X X X X X X Apodiformes Apodidae Hirundapus giganteus Brown-backed Needletail U X X X X X X Apodiformes Apodidae Hirundapus celebensis Purple Needletail C X X Apodiformes Apodidae Apus affinis House Swift C X X X X X X X X X X Apodiformes Apodidae Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm-Swift C X X X X X X X X Apodiformes Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne comata Whiskered Treeswift C X X X X Coraciiformes Coraciidae Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird C X X X X X X X X X X X X X Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Alcedo meninting Blue-eared Kingfisher U X X X X X X X X X Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Ceyx lepidus Variable Dwarf-kingfisher U X X X X Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Ceyx erithacus Oriental Dwarf-kingfisher U X X X X X X X X


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Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Halcyon capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher U X X X X X X X X Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher C X X X X X X X Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Halcyon chloris White-collared Kingfisher C X X X X X X X X X X X X X Coraciiformes Meropidae Merops viridis Blue-throated Bee-eater C X X X X X X Coraciiformes Meropidae Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater C X X X X X X X X X X Piciformes Capitonidae Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet C X X X X X X Piciformes Picidae Mulleripicus pulverulentus Great Slaty Woodpecker U X X X X X X X Piciformes Picidae Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker C X X X X X X X Piciformes Picidae Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Flameback C X X X X X X X Piciformes Picidae Dinopium javanense Common Flameback U X X X X X X X Passeriformes Pittidae Pitta erythrogaster Red-bellied Pitta C X X X X X Passeriformes Pittidae Pitta sordida Hooded Pitta C X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Hirundinidae Riparia paludicola Plain Martin U X X X X X Passeriformes Hirundinidae Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow C X X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Alaudidae Mirafra javanica Singing Bushlark U X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Alaudidae Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark U X X X X X Passeriformes Campephagidae Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike C X X X X Passeriformes Campephagidae Lalage nigra Pied Triller C X X X X X X Passeriformes Campephagidae Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Small Minivet C X X X X X X Passeriformes Campephagidae Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Aegithinidae Aegithina tiphia Common Iora C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed Bulbul C X X X X X Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul C X X X X X X Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus plumosus Olive-winged Bulbul C X X X X X Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Criniger bres Gray-cheeked Bulbul C X X X X X Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Hypsipetes amaurotis Chestnut-eared Bulbul C X X


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Passeriformes Dicruridae Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Dicruridae Dicrurus hottentottus Spangled Drongo C X X X X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Oriolidae Oriolus xanthonotus Dark-throated Oriole C X X X X X Passeriformes Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole C X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Irenidae Irena puella Asian Fairy-bluebird C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus enca Slender-billed Crow C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Sittidae Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Nuthatch C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Timaliidae Macronous gularis Striped Tit-babbler C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Turdidae Brachypteryx montana White-browed Shortwing C X X X X X X Passeriformes Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie-Robin U X X X X X X X Passeriformes Muscicapidae Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat C X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Turdidae Zoothera andromedae Sunda Ground-thrush R X X X X Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus poliocephalus Island Thrush C X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Acanthizidae Gerygone sulphurea Golden-bellied Flyeater C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Sylviidae Seicercus montis Yellow-breasted Warbler U X X X X X Passeriformes Sylviidae Phylloscopus trivirgatus Mountain Warbler C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Sylviidae Acrocephalus stentoreus Clamorous Reed-Warbler U X X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Sylviidae Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird C X X X X X X Passeriformes Sylviidae Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird C X X X X X Passeriformes Sylviidae Orthotomus cuculatus Mountain Tailorbird C X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Sylviidae Orthotomus sericeus Rufous-tailed Tailorbird C X X X X Passeriformes Cisticolidae Cisticola exilis Bright-capped Cisticola C X X X X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Cisticolidae Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola C X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Sylviidae Cettia vulcania Sunda Bush-Warbler C X X X X X Passeriformes Muscicapidae Rhinomyias ruficauda Rufous-tailed Jungle Flycatcher U X X


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Passeriformes Muscicapidae Eumyias panayensis Mountain Verditer-flycatcher C X X X Passeriformes Muscicapidae Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher C X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Muscicapidae Ficedula westermanni Little Pied Flycatcher C X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Muscicapidae Cyornis rufigastra Mangrove Blue Flycatcher C X X X X X X Passeriformes Muscicapidae Culicicapa helianthea Citrine Canary-flycatcher C X X Passeriformes Rhipiduridae Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail C X X X X X Passeriformes Monarchidae Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch C X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Pachycephalidae Pachycephala grisola Mangrove Whistler C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Motacillidae Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit C X X X X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Artamidae Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Woodswallow C X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Laniidae Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike C X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Sturnidae Aplonis minor Short-tailed Glossy Starling C X X X X Passeriformes Sturnidae Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Sturnidae Gracula religiosa Hill Myna U X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Nectariniidae Anthreptes malacensis Plain-throated Sunbird C X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Nectariniidae Nectarinia calcostetha Copper-throated Sunbird C X X X X X Passeriformes Nectariniidae Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird C X X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Nectariniidae Nectarinia sperata Purple-throated Sunbird C X X X X X X Passeriformes Nectariniidae Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird C X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Nectariniidae Arachnothera longirostra Little Spiderhunter C X X X X X X X Passeriformes Dicaeidae Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker C X X X X X X Passeriformes Dicaeidae Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted Flowerpecker U X X X X X Passeriformes Zosteropidae Zosterops everetti Everett's White-eye C X X X Passeriformes Zosteropidae Zosterops montanus Mountain White-eye C X X X X X X Passeriformes Estrildidae Erythrura hyperythra Tawny-breasted Parrotfinch R X X X X X X Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia C X X X X


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Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia C X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia C X X X X X X X X X Passeriformes Fringillidae Serinus estherae Mountain Serin R X X X X Passeriformes Fringillidae Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbill C X X X X

Cryptic genetic diversity in \"widespread\" Southeast Asian bird species suggests that Philippine...

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