Coordination: To function together efficiently.Work or act together effectively.Bringing harmony in the activities of the people working for a common cause.There are two type of Coordination.1.Automatic2.DeliberateAutomatic Coordination:Working by itself…e.g. Human Body, Solar System, Universe etc….Organization is controlled by a single head.

STAGE 3: COORDINATION (Co Ordination)

It is possible only in small organizations.Not possible in large organizations as there is a limit to the span of control. Here coordination is deliberately achieved.

Deliberate CoordinationIntentional, Considered, Careful, Cautious.Coordination which is achieved through proper intervention of some authority.Techniques of Deliberate CoordinationDeliberate coordination can be achieved by any of the twomethods:1.Voluntary2.Coercive

VOLUNTARY COORDINATIONActing, done or giving willingly – not compulsory, intentional – Unpaid.This is done through mutual consultation and cooperation.BUT IF IT FAILS THENCoercive coordination is usedCOERCIVE COORDINATIONPersuade (to convince or believe) or restrain (check, Hold, Under control) by force…It is also known as compulsory coordination.It is achieved through organizational hierarchy e.g. if two departments fail to coordinate or if a problem arises b/w them then it is referred to a common superior.His decision is final and compulsory.

TECHNIQUES FOR VOLUNTARY COORDINATIONThere are various techniques such as:1. Method of reference, consultation and

clearance.2. Conferences.3. Institutional or organizational

devices.4. Standardization of procedures.5. Decentralization of activities.

1. Method of Reference, Consultation and Clearance

Reference: Referring of a matter for decision, settlement or

consideration to some authority.Consultation: Meeting arranged to consult.Clearance: Removal of obstructions (blockage),

specialauthorization. This method is used to avoid conflict

or duplication. It is commonly used in government

departments. Before policy implementation or any new

development, a proposal or draft must be circulated to the concerned departments for its approval then it is sent to the higher authorities.

As most activities involve finances so clearance from the finance department is also must.

Therefore horizontal and vertical (upward & downward) clearance with in the organization is required.

2. ConferencesMeeting for discussion….Consultation.

Conferences may be intra and inter departmental.

Conferences are useful: Where the number of parties to be

consulted is large. The policy matter is large or new. Some proposal is to be explained. Free mode of discussion b/w the

superiors and subordinates is desired.

3. Institutional or Organizational Devices

Devices: Thing made or adapted for a special purpose, Plan,

Scheme or Design.Examples of such devices are:a) Inter Departmental CommitteesThese bodies are outside the hierarchy

but attached to theorganization.For example:If two or more departments have partly

overlapping ofactivities then inter departmental

committees are used.

b) Coordination OfficersCoordination of field services in a

region is done throughcoordination officers such as DCO’s,

DC’s etc…

c) Planning Boards Planning boards are used for planning

the organization’s activities. These boards consist of people from

outside as well as inside the organization.

4. Standardization of Procedures

Standardized: Cause to conform to a standard

In organizational context, when workers are required to act in the same way under similar conditions this is called standardization.

Benefits Of Standardization1. Brings awareness of what others are

likely to do in advance.2. Helps in comparing and measuring

results.

5. Decentralization of ActivitiesDecentralize: Transfer (power etc) from

central to localauthority.• Reorganize to give greater local

autonomy (self government – Personal freedom).

Conflicts may be avoided by decentralization.

It means each unit should be independent of the parent organization.

Parent company should be only responsible for finance and formulation of general policy.

e.g. Police, Health, Education departments should be independent but coordination should be maintained through budget, planning and personnel.

Administration Point Of View: Departments should be separate but

central cabinet should coordinate through budget, planning and personnel.