Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population. First part: Frequency data

Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population Firstpart Frequency dataAS Ficheux N Wesolek G Chevillotte AC RoudotLaboratoire drsquoEvaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo) Universiteacute Europeacuteenne de Bretagne ndash Universiteacute de Bretagne Occidentale(UEB-UBO) UFR Sciences et Techniques 6 Av Victor Le Gorgeu CS93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3 France

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article historyReceived 1 October 2014Accepted 13 January 2015Available online 11 February 2015

KeywordsConsumptionCosmetic productsSafety assessmentFrench population

A B S T R A C T

The aim of this study was to assess the percentage of users the frequency of use and the number of cos-metic products consumed at home by the French population The evaluation was performed for adultchild and baby consumers Pregnant women were also taken into account in this work All in all 141products cosmetics including general hygiene skin care hair care hair styling make-up fragrances solarshaving and depilatory products were studied The strengths of the study were the separation of databy sex and by age groups the consideration of a priori at risk subpopulations and the consideration of alarge number of cosmetic products These current consumption data could be useful for safety asses-sors and for safety agencies in order to protect the general population and these at risk subpopulations

copy 2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

1 Introduction

Cosmetic products are widely and regularly applied by consum-ers of all ages Article 3 of the European Regulation (EC) No 12232009 specifies that a cosmetic product available on the market mustbe safe for human health when used under normal or reasonablyforeseeable conditions of use and must be evaluated for its safetyprior to marketing In this case an exposure assessment to fin-ished cosmetic product is required (EU 2009) Exposure can bedetermined by multiplying the frequency of use and the appliedquantity per use Current and relevant data on frequency and amountfor each type of cosmetics are essential for a correct exposure as-sessment and consequently for a correct safety assessment

Some frequency data for finished products are available in EuropeAdult frequency valueswere obtained by Cosmetics Europe for twelvecosmetics including showering hair care skin care make-up anddeodorant products (Hall et al 2007 2011 McNamara et al 2007)These frequency data are currently used by the Scientific Commit-tee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) to estimate daily exposure levels ofEuropean consumers (SCCS 2012) However these data do not coverall the different types of cosmetics Potential specific at risk groupssuch as children or pregnant women are not taken into account Al-though this study was conducted in five European countries and

that the data obtained were combined in a conservative way toprotect the European consumer national specificities and behavioursmay also exist for certain products For example a study per-formed on French pregnant women has shown different exposurevalues (and consequently frequency andor quantity differences) fromthe European data used by the SCCS French pregnant women ex-posure to body lotion body creammilk deodorant stickroller andmilkcream sunscreen was higher than exposure of the general Eu-ropean population to the same products The authors emphasizedthat differences may exist between nationalities andor some par-ticular subpopulations (Bavoux et al 2011)

Some national studies are available Biesterbos et al assessed thefrequency of use of thirty two cosmetics by the Dutch adult pop-ulation The cosmetics studied were general hygiene shaving careskin care hair care nail care make-up and tanning products(Biesterbos et al 2013) Manova et al determined the frequencyof use of eight leave-on care products (skin care make-up and sun-screen) by Swiss children adolescents and adults (Manova et al2013) French frequency data are very limited Values for Frenchbabies and children were obtained for rinse-off leave-on cleans-ers or diaper dermatitis treatment products (Gomez-Berrada et al2013) To our knowledge no published frequency data are avail-able for adult French consumers except the values obtained forpregnant women (Bavoux et al 2011)

In Europe safety assessments are based on the safety of the in-gredients found into each cosmetic product (EU 2009) The dailyco-use of cosmetics and consequently the aggregate exposure to in-gredients found in these different products is not taken into accountin the Regulation For example triclosan is an ingredient used forits antimicrobial properties in various cosmetics used on a daily basisby consumers such as toothpastes mouthwashes soaps shower gels

Corresponding author Laboratoire drsquoEvaluation du Risque Chimique pour leConsommateur (LERCCo) Universiteacute Europeacuteenne de Bretagne ndash Universiteacute de BretagneOccidentale (UEB-UBO) UFR Sciences et Techniques 6 Av Victor Le Gorgeu CS9383729238 Brest Cedex 3 France Tel +33 2 98 01 79 60

E-mail address anne-sophieficheuxuniv-brestfr (AS Ficheux)

httpdxdoiorg101016jfct2015010160278-6915copy 2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

Food and Chemical Toxicology 78 (2015) 159ndash169

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Food and Chemical Toxicology

journal homepage wwwelseviercom locate foodchemtox

deodorants body lotion face powdershellip The SCCS concluded in anopinion that the continued use of triclosan in all cosmetic prod-ucts was not considered safe for the consumer because of themagnitude of aggregated exposure (SCCS 2011) In the specific caseof preservatives the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products andNon-food products intended for Consumers (SCCNFP) calculated aglobal daily exposure value for all cosmetic products that one personmay daily apply on the skin This aggregate value equal to 174 gday is used in the calculation of the margin of safety (SCCS 2012)

Consequently it is important for public health reasons to de-termine the number of products used daily by consumers and toassess the daily exposure to ingredients coming from cosmetic prod-ucts This information could be useful to establish maximumingredient concentrations in cosmetic products

There are few data concerning the number of cosmetics used perperson and the number of cosmetics used per person and per dayAmong the thirty two cosmetics investigated by Biesterbos et al(2013) on the Dutch population women reported that they usedon average seventeen of them and men seven A survey con-ducted among more than 2300 people in the United States showedthat on average women used twelve products per day and on theother hand men used six products daily (EWG 2004)

Given that assessing the exposure to cosmetics is an obligationfor producers and that consumption data are limited in Europeand especially in France it would appear essential to generateusage pattern data in order to protect consumers The aim of this

publication was to assess the percentage of users the frequency ofuse and the number of cosmetic products consumed at home bythe French population The evaluation was performed for adult childand baby consumers Pregnant womenwere also taken into accountin this work In order to complete this work a publication on theamount of cosmetics applied per use is being written

2 Materials and methods

21 Enquiry design

211 Web questionnaireA web questionnaire survey was conducted in September 2013 by a national

survey company This enquiry collected current information on the usage patternsof 141 cosmetic products including general hygiene (soap shampoo deodorantshower gel toothpastehellip) skin care (moisturizer exfoliating scrubhellip) hair styling(lacquer gel waxhellip) hair care (conditioner oil dyehellip)make-up (mascara eye shadowfoundationhellip) fragrances (Perfume Eau de toilette Eau de Cologne) solar (sun-screen tanninghellip) shaving (gel foamhellip) and depilatory (hair removal cream warmwax andwarm strips) products Specific bottom care products were studied for babiesunder 3 years (cleansing lotion wipes creambalm liniment) (see Table 1 for a fulllist)

The aim of the questionnaire was to determine for all products used during thepast 12 months by each volunteer the corresponding frequency of use Firstly re-spondents were asked to check all the products they had used at least once duringthe past 12 months Secondly for each product checked consumers were asked toindicate the corresponding frequency of use during the past 12 months Three fre-quency scales were proposed according to studied cosmetics (Table 1)

Table 1Product types investigated and corresponding frequency scale

Product types N Frequency scale

Scale 1 Scale 2 Scale 3

HairCleanser 4 Liquid shampoo solid shampoo dry shampoo baby shampooStyling 5 Lacquer (aerosol) gel foam wax spray (pump)Care 11 Conditioner Lotion serum oil mask Dye henna dye hair

bleach highlightspermanentstraighteningpermanent wave

VisageCleanser 7 Solid soap liquid soap soap-free gel cleanser milk lotionmicellar water wipes

exfoliating scrubCare 13 Moisturizer cream night cream anti-aging cream eye contour serum lip balm

talc skin lightening product hair bleachMask clay mask neck creamstrip

Make-up 14 Eye shadow eye liner eye pencil mascara concealer prime face foam foundationcompact powder foundation loose powder foundation cream foundationimperfection corrector blush lipstick lip pen

Make-up remover 6 Lotion milk oil foam wipes remover padsOral care 8 Toothpaste whitening toothpaste gum protection toothpaste fluoride toothpaste

child toothpaste multi-care toothpaste mouthwashTeeth whiteningproduct

CorpsCleanser 10 Solid soap shower gel baby shower gel 2 in 1 hair and body milk foam bath

wipes intimate hygiene liquid cleanser intimate hygiene wipes exfoliating scrubCare 10 Moisturizing milk moisturizing cream moisturizing oil bust cream heavy legs

creamgel slimming creamgel anti-stretch mark cream nipple creamoil skinlightening product

Hair bleach

Deodorantanti-perspirant

5 Aerosol roll-on stick cream Alun stone

Fragrance 4 Perfume Eau de toilette Eau de toilette for baby Eau de CologneMassage 3 Balm oil creamHands 5 Moisturizer cream anti-spot cream anti-perspirant cream wipes talcFeet 4 Moisturizer cream anti-perspirant exfoliating scrub talcBottom 5 Lotion milk wipes creambalm linimentSunscreen 6 Cream aerosol spray (pump) milk oil foamAfter sun 3 Cream milk oilTanning 3 Spray (pump) milk oilShaving 5 Gel foam cream soap shower gelAfter shaving 4 Lotion cream oil talcDepilatory 3 Depilatory cream wax stripsAfter depilatory 3 Cream gel lotion

Total 141

160 AS Ficheux et alFood and Chemical Toxicology 78 (2015) 159ndash169

bull Scale 1 gt once a day once a day every 2ndash3 days once a week 2ndash3 times permonth once a month less often

bull Scale 2 gt once a week once a week 2ndash3 times per month once a month 6ndash10times per year 3ndash5 times per year less often

bull Scale 3 ge once a month 6ndash10 times per year 3ndash5 times per year less often

Concerning sunscreen after sun and tanning products consumers were askedto indicate whether they used it all year round or for several months of the year(ge6 months 4ndash5 months 3ndash4 months 2ndash3 months 1ndash2 months 0ndash1 month) Thefrequency of use was then recorded for the period of use For shaving and depila-tory products the frequency of use was obtained for the different application areason the body (face armpits legshellip)

Additional questions were also included in the questionnaire For example con-sumers were asked about any professional recommendations (doctor pharmacist)on the use of oral care products (such as mouthwash or gum protection toothpaste)

212 Studied populationThe respondents were selected to form a nationally representative panel Se-

lections were made using quotas by sex age (0ndash3 4ndash9 10ndash14 15ndash24 25ndash39 40ndash49 50ndash59 60ndash70 years old) socio-professional category size of householdgeographical area (northwest northeast southwest southeast and Ile-de-France)and degree of urbanization (lt2000 people 2000ndash20000 people 20000ndash100000people Paris metropolitan area)

The enquiry was conducted among 5657 French adults aged 15ndash70 years Foradults with one or more children younger than 15 years the questionnaire couldconcern either the parent or a child Consequently data were also obtained for 1079children aged 4ndash14 years and for 395 babies aged 0ndash3 years In total 7131 peoplewere involved in the enquiry

22 Data analysis

Data were analysed by sex and by age group adults aged 15ndash70 years chil-dren aged 4ndash14 years and babies under 3 years old

Frequency of use Values were assigned for frequency choices selected by the pan-elists For example if a volunteer checked ldquogt once a dayrdquo a frequency of twice a daywas noted In the same way if a respondent respectively checked ldquoevery 2ndash3 daysrdquoldquo2ndash3 times per monthrdquo ldquo6ndash10 times per yearrdquo or ldquo3ndash5 times per yearrdquo these datawere replaced by ldquoevery 25 daysrdquo ldquo25 times per monthrdquo ldquo8 times per yearrdquo andldquo4 times per yearrdquo If people checked ldquoless oftenrdquo this information was not takeninto account in the frequency determination

A MannndashWhitney test was performed on frequency data for pregnant womenand non-pregnant women Only p values less than 005 were considered to besignificant

Number of cosmetics used by person For each respondent the products used duringthe past 12 months were added The cosmetics for which users answered ldquoless oftenrdquofor the corresponding frequency of use were not taken into account If a same productwas checked several times (for example solid soap which was found in cleaning faceproducts cleaning body products and shaving products) this product was taken intoaccount once in the calculation of the number of cosmetics per person for the wholebody Some cosmetics with the same function were grouped to avoid the possibil-ity of double counting products (for example toothpastes)

Number of cosmetics used per person daily For each person the frequencies ofuse were added for all products checked If the frequency ldquogt once a dayrdquo was checkeda value of 1 was attributed to the corresponding products Cosmetics for which usersanswered ldquoless oftenrdquo for the corresponding frequency of use were not taken intoaccount

Example an adult man indicated using toothpaste more than once a day ap-plying shower gel mouthwash aerosol deodorant Eau de toilette and styling gelevery day using shampoo shaving gel and after shave in lotion every 2ndash3 days andapplying hand moisturizer once a week For this person the number of cosmeticsused daily was equal to 1 (toothpaste) + 1 (shower gel) + 1 (mouthwash) + 1 (aerosoldeodorant) + 1 (Eau de toilette) + 1 (styling gel) + 257 (shampoo) + 257 (shavinggel) + 257 (after shave in lotion) + 17 (hand moisturizer) = 72 This method per-mitted to obtain the number of cosmetics that could be used in a same day takinginto account the corresponding frequencies of use

Some cosmetics with the same function and which are not a priori used togeth-er were grouped to avoid increasing product numbers For example if a consumerused solid soap for a part of the year and applied liquid soap for another part ofthe year to clean his face he checked the two products and could attribute the samefrequency of use for the two products In this case only the highest frequency ofuse has been taken into account if several products have been checked Cosmeticswhich were grouped were

bull Solid soap liquid soap and soap free gel cleanser (face products)bull Toothpaste whitening toothpaste gum protection toothpaste fluoride tooth-paste child toothpaste and multi-care toothpaste (face products)

bull Solid soap shower gel baby shower gel 2 in 1 hair and body (body products)bull Aerosol deodorant roll-on deodorant stick deodorant cream deodorant (bodyproducts)

bull Perfume Eau de toilette Eau de toilette for baby (body products)

3 Results

31 Percentage of users

For each product consumed by at least 10 of people the cor-responding percentage of users is presented in Tables 2ndash5 and inFig 1 More detailed information is available in the supplementa-ry material

The results indicated that 88 of the selected cosmetics are con-sumed by at least 10 of adult women 18 are applied by at least50 of them such as liquid shampoo (98) conditioner (57) facemoisturizer (77) mascara (71) lipstick (63) shower gel (91)and handmoisturizer (81) Pregnant women seem to usemore cos-metics than non-pregnant women 104 cosmetics are used by at least10 of pregnant women and 23 are consumed by at least 50 ofthem19 of pregnant women use baby shampoo (5 for non-pregnant women) 22 apply baby shower gel (6 for non-pregnant

Adult pregnant women

ge 15 years old

Adult women

ge 15 years old

Adult men ge 15

years old

Girls 4-14

years old

Boys 4-14

years old

Girls 0-3

years old

Boys 0-3

years old

Fig 1 Percentage of solar product users (ie sunscreens after sun and tanning cosmetics) by period of the year Parameter was calculated only for users of solar productsThe results are presented by age and sex groups Example among users of solar cosmetics 34 of adult men use it for up to 1 month per year 36 of them apply thesecosmetics for 1 to 2 months per year In the same way 18 use solar products for 2ndash3 months per year

161AS Ficheux et alFood and Chemical Toxicology 78 (2015) 159ndash169

Table 2Percentage of users and corresponding usage frequency (dayminus1) for women (ge15 years old) and girls (4ndash14 years old)

Adult women (ge15 years old) Adult pregnant women (ge15 years old) Girls (4ndash14 years old)

N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535

Users () Frequency of use (dayminus1) Users () Frequency of use (dayminus1) Users () Frequency of use (dayminus1)

Mean SD P50 P95 Mean SD P50 P95 Mean SD P50 P95

Hairproducts

Cleanser Liquid shampoo 98 044 033 036 100 99 053 040 036 100 92 052 041 036 100Dry shampoo 12 023 027 011 090Baby shampoo 19 051 040 036 100 12 046 037 036 100

Styling Lacquer (aerosol) 35 060 055 036 200 33 045 043 036 100 13 064 055 036 200Gel 15 058 049 036 100 19 052 044 036 100 12 060 054 036 200Foam 19 040 040 036 100 23 041 042 036 100Wax 12 049 046 036 100 14 043 046 036 100Spray (pump) 19 047 042 036 100 22 047 046 036 100 20 058 047 036 100

Care Conditioner 57 037 030 036 100 63 037 031 036 100 43 041 033 036 100Lotion 12 013 008 014 029Serum 10 015 009 014 029 14 016 009 014 029Oil 21 015 009 014 029 25 014 009 014 029 10 015 009 014 029Mask 37 012 008 014 029 43 011 007 008 029 10 011 007 008 029Dye 46 002 001 002 003 38 002 001 002 003Permanentstraightening

002 001 002 003 17 002 001 002 003

Highlights 27 002 001 001 003 34 002 001 001 002Faceproducts

Cleanser Solid soap 29 117 062 100 200 20 121 068 100 200 26 115 064 100 200Liquid soap 29 108 056 100 200 41 114 065 100 200 40 104 059 100 200Soap-free gel cleanser 18 103 058 100 200 29 094 060 100 200 13 085 050 100 200Cleansing milk 37 107 055 100 200 37 094 051 100 200 27 088 061 100 200Micellar water 49 115 059 100 200 49 094 053 100 200 16 101 059 100 200Wipes 20 071 058 100 200 20 059 046 036 100 14 070 064 036 200Exfoliating scrub 45 021 028 014 100 51 029 039 014 100

Care Moisturizer 77 105 039 100 200 80 106 040 100 200 18 093 054 100 200Night cream 43 097 036 100 200 41 089 048 100 200Anti-aging cream 35 096 044 100 200 24 101 049 100 200Eye contour 32 096 055 100 200 26 094 063 100 200Serum 16 083 058 100 200 15 086 066 100 200Mask 39 010 006 008 014 43 009 006 008 014Clay mask 16 009 006 008 014 21 010 006 008 021Lip balm 54 119 076 100 200 66 116 074 100 200 37 076 074 036 200Hair bleach 10 015 030 008 100 16 013 023 008 055

Make-up Eye shadow 57 072 048 100 100 71 065 047 100 100 14 049 050 036 100Eye liner 33 075 050 100 200 37 068 047 100 100 11 065 054 100 145Eye pencil 59 080 049 100 200 64 073 052 100 200 16 068 054 100 200Mascara 71 079 046 100 100 83 080 048 100 200 19 069 056 100 200Concealer 28 077 048 100 200 29 071 043 100 100Prime face 18 075 048 100 100 22 070 044 100 100Foam foundation 10 081 051 100 180Compact powderfoundation

16 071 049 100 100 13 068 044 100 100

Loose powderfoundation

13 074 050 100 200 15 071 046 100 100

Cream foundation 35 074 046 100 100 42 071 049 100 105Imperfection corrector 20 073 050 100 200 22 063 038 036 100Blush 33 073 048 100 100 32 071 044 100 100Lipstick 63 088 067 100 200 63 081 066 100 200 24 047 060 014 200Lip pen 18 080 062 100 200 18 063 060 036 200

Makeupremover

Lotion 59 101 054 100 200 61 088 046 100 200 18 077 059 100 200Milk 46 090 050 100 200 54 079 046 100 100 17 065 060 036 200Oil 10 059 049 036 100Foam 10 069 045 068 100Wipe 29 068 052 100 200 29 063 050 036 100

Oral hygiene Toothpaste 54 159 059 200 NS 62 161 058 200 NS 41 162 059 200 NSWhitening toothpaste 29 112 076 100 200 37 125 070 100 NSGum protectiontoothpaste

45 145 067 200 NS 42 137 067 100 NS 11 143 072 200 NS

Fluoride toothpaste 20 135 071 200 NS 22 129 070 100 200 15 138 074 200 NSChild toothpaste 18 141 064 150 200 49 167 054 200 NSMulti-care toothpaste 31 150 065 200 NS 27 148 061 200 NS 10 148 072 200 NSMouthwash 44 084 070 100 200 43 077 070 036 200 16 085 077 068 200

(continued on next page)


women) and 50 use anti-stretch mark cream (6 for non-pregnantwomen) The results suggested that adult women used differentproducts during their pregnancy such as products for children 52cosmetics are applied by at least 10 of girls aged 4ndash14 years oldbut only liquid shampoo and shower gel are used by over 50 ofthem (92 and 82 respectively)

44 cosmetics are consumed by 10 of adult men 5 products areused by at least 50 of them liquid shampoo (94) shower gel (82)classic toothpaste (57) Eau de toilette (54) and aerosol deodor-ant (50) 35 cosmetics are consumed by at least 10 of boys aged4ndash14 years 4 are applied by at least 50 of them

About 30 products are used by at least 10 of parents for theirbaby aged 0ndash3 years and 5 are applied by at least 50 of them Fortheir baby girl 70 of parents use baby shampoo 67 bottomwipes67 baby shower gel 55 childrenrsquos toothpaste and 50 solar creamFor their baby boy 60 of parents use baby shampoo 61 bottomwipes 61 baby shower gel 58 childrenrsquos toothpaste and 45 solarcream

Most solar product consumers (including sunscreen after sunand tanning products) apply it for less than 2months per year (Fig 1)

Among consumers of mouthwash 64 of adult women and 71of adult men used it without medical recommendation

32 Frequency of use

For each product used by at least 10 of French people the fre-quency values (mean median standard deviation and 95thpercentile) are presented in Tables 2ndash4 The frequency of use of solarproducts (sunscreen after sun and tanning cosmetics) was calcu-lated for the declared period of use (Fig 1) Figs 2 and 3 presentamong users the frequency of use of shaving foam and depilatorycream by parts of the body respectively More detailed informa-tion is available in the supplementary material

Some cosmetics especially hygiene products are used on a dailybasis by consumers This is the case of solid soap (on average 117dayminus1 for women and 122 dayminus1 for men) shower gel (on average104 dayminus1 for women and 097 dayminus1 for men) and aerosol deodor-ant (on average 119 dayminus1 for women and 107 dayminus1 for men) whichare applied daily by adult consumers (Tables 2 and 3) During theperiod of use adult consumers apply solar cream 141 times per day

Table 2 (continued)


N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535



Bodyproducts

Cleanser Solid soap 43 118 066 100 200 31 115 071 100 200 30 115 067 100 200Shower gel 91 104 048 100 200 92 103 044 100 200 82 093 047 100 200Baby shower gel 22 080 056 100 200 13 086 048 100 2002 in 1 hair and body 16 046 044 036 100 21 058 052 036 200 24 058 043 036 100Shower milk 12 083 056 100 20 16 098 052 100 200 11 087 063 100 200Foam bath 19 034 044 014 100 23 031 035 014 100 20 026 034 014 100Wipes 12 063 045 036 100Intimate hygieneliquid cleanser

48 099 054 100 200 63 096 052 100 200 26 078 043 100 100

Intimate hygiene wipes 27 078 068 100 200 29 079 071 036 200 19 099 074 100 200Exfoliating scrub 51 019 023 014 036 60 023 031 014 100

Care Moisturizing milk 61 073 049 100 200 58 072 052 100 200 33 064 055 036 200Moisturizing cream 43 070 052 100 200 57 075 050 100 200 24 067 057 036 200Moisturizing oil 28 054 048 036 100 30 060 053 036 200Bust cream 12 083 065 100 200ldquoheavy legsrdquo gelcream 22 054 050 036 100 25 053 047 036 100Slimming creamgel 21 067 051 100 200 18 067 051 100 115Anti stretch mark cream 50 096 061 100 200Hair bleach 13 002 001 002 003

Antiperspirant ndashDeodorant

Aerosol 46 119 055 100 200 48 113 056 100 200 22 109 056 100 200Roll on 50 110 051 100 200 58 106 056 100 200 19 097 053 100 200Stick 19 105 055 100 200 20 082 047 100 170 10 091 048 100 200Alum stone 20 084 056 100 200 18 088 049 100 200

Fragrances Perfume 67 098 056 100 200 69 098 051 100 200 32 075 055 100 200Eau de toilette 60 097 054 100 200 49 088 049 100 200 42 072 053 100 200Eau de toilette for babies 10 098 066 100 200 11 071 055 100 200

Massage Balm 10 012 009 008 029Oil 34 011 009 008 029 52 010 009 008 029Cream 30 014 010 014 029 30 013 009 014 029 17 012 009 008 029

Hands Moisturizer 81 088 073 100 200 76 083 067 100 200 27 063 058 036 200Wipes 11 079 075 036 200 13 091 074 100 200

Feet Moisturizer 56 053 049 036 100 47 051 048 036 100 10 059 058 036 200Antiperspirant 13 060 050 036 100 16 075 058 036 200Exfoliating 27 021 027 014 100 28 027 044 014 100

Sunscreen Cream 46 141 069 200 NS 54 132 071 100 200 47 139 070 200 NSSpray (pump) 36 045 070 200 NS 49 136 073 200 NS 47 157 062 200 NSMilk 31 139 069 200 NS 25 134 071 100 200 23 140 070 200 NSOil 16 127 072 100 200 14 106 077 100 200

After sun Cream 18 102 056 100 200 17 094 061 100 200 12 099 060 100 200Milk 48 100 050 100 200 47 065 050 100 200 36 100 052 100 200

Tanning Oil 10 068 060 036 200

Results are presented for products used by at least 10 of women and girls Frequencies were calculated based only on consumers Significant difference at p lt 005 p lt 001 and p lt 0001 respectively between adult womenrsquos frequency of use and adult pregnant womenrsquos frequency of use

NS Not significant


for women and 123 times per day for men (mean value) (Tables 2and 3) On a daily basis parents use liquid soap (on average 111dayminus1 for girls and 099 dayminus1 for boys) wipes (on average 149 dayminus1

for girls and 148 dayminus1 for boys for wipes applied to the bottom)and lotion (on average 139 dayminus1 for girls and 136 dayminus1 for boysfor lotion applied to the bottom) for their baby under 3 years(Table 4) Conversely hair products such as dyes permanent straight-ening and highlights are infrequently used by adult women (002dayminus1 on average) (Table 2)

For a few products a statistically significant difference was shownbetween pregnant women and non-pregnant women (Table 2) Thefrequency of use of lacquer cleansing milk micellar water nightcream eye pencil lip pen make-up remover as a lotion and as milkby pregnant women is lower than the corresponding frequency ofuse by non-pregnant women The frequency of use of anti-stretch

mark cream and liquid shampoo was statistically higher in preg-nant women

The frequency of use of shaving products varies according to thepart of body For example the majority of men use shaving foamevery 2ndash3 days for facial hair once a week for the torso 2ndash3 timesper month for the armpits and once a month or less for the back(Fig 2) Conversely the frequency of use of depilatory cream by adultwomen is similar for all body parts (Fig 3)

33 Number of cosmetics used

The number of cosmetics used per person and the number ofproducts used daily per person are presented in Table 6 The resultsare presented by body part (hair face and body) and for the whole

Table 3Percentage of users and corresponding usage frequency (dayminus1) for men (ge15 years old) and boys (4ndash14 years old)

Adult men (ge15 years old) Boys (4ndash14 years old)

N = 2693 N = 544

Users () Frequency of use (dayminus1) Users () Frequency of use (dayminus1)

Mean SD P50 P95 Mean SD P50 P95

Hair products Cleanser Liquid shampoo 94 067 047 036 200 88 054 037 036 100Baby shampoo 13 053 034 036 100

Styling Lacquer (aerosol) 35 062 053 036 200Gel 33 075 050 100 200 57 064 048 036 100

Care Conditioner 20 047 043 036 100 11 041 038 036 100Face products Cleanser Solid soap 45 122 062 100 200 26 114 060 100 200

Liquid soap 41 109 061 100 200 37 112 062 100 200Soap-free gel cleanser 12 091 058 100 200 13 087 047 100 200Cleansing milk 13 087 062 100 200Micellar water 10 095 054 100 200Wipes 10 093 070 100 200Exfoliating scrub 10 029 035 014 100

Care Moisturizer 20 088 050 100 200 11 088 048 100 200Anti-aging cream 11 080 051 100 200Lip balm 16 076 077 036 200 19 060 068 036 200

Mouth Toothpaste 57 152 059 200 NS 35 148 063 200 NSWhitening toothpaste 24 110 073 100 200Gum protection toothpaste 36 135 069 100 200 10 140 064 150 200Fluoride toothpaste 26 129 071 100 200 19 136 068 100 200Child toothpaste 53 165 054 200 NSMulti-care toothpaste 23 142 068 200 NS 10 148 069 200 NSMouthwash 39 082 068 100 200 15 073 069 036 200

Body products Cleanser Solid soap 47 122 067 100 200 25 101 067 100 200Shower gel 82 097 051 100 200 78 087 045 100 200Baby shower gel 15 077 043 100 1002 in 1 hair and body 28 066 054 036 200 35 067 043 036 100Foam bath 12 032 039 014 100 14 038 046 014 100

Care Milk 17 063 054 036 200 20 057 045 036 100Cream 16 062 054 036 200 17 071 053 100 200Exfoliating scrub 11 033 044 014 100

Antiperspirant ndashdeodorant

Aerosol 50 107 055 100 200 24 101 049 100 200Roll on 31 100 053 100 200 12 087 048 100 200Stick 26 098 050 100 200Alum stone 12 075 050 100 200

Fragrance Perfume 47 084 055 100 200 20 079 051 100 200Eau de toilette 54 088 052 100 200 35 069 051 100 200

Massage Oil 18 008 008 008 029Cream 15 012 009 008 029 12 015 010 014 029

Hands Moisturizer 40 069 067 036 200 15 074 068 036 200Wipes 10 076 075 036 200 12 087 076 068 200

Feet Moisturizer 17 052 051 036 200Antiperspirant 10 067 056 036 200

Sunscreen Cream 40 123 072 100 200 45 136 070 200 NSSpray (pump) 30 129 073 100 200 47 143 069 200 NSMilk 14 124 071 100 200 21 130 072 100 200

After sun Cream 13 087 056 100 200 13 090 053 100 200Milk 27 092 051 100 200 30 087 042 100 200

Results are presented for products used by at least 10 of men and boys Frequencies were calculated based only on consumersNS Not significant


body For example adult women consume on average 27 productsa year versus 12 for adult men Per day adult women use 16 cos-metics (mean value) versus 8 for adult men (mean value) Daily P95values are equal to 31 for adult women and 16 for adult men

Parents use on average 8 products for their baby girl and 9 fortheir baby boy Per day adults apply on average 6 cosmetics to theirbaby with a P95 value equal to 13

4 Discussion

The aim of this study was to create a national database regard-ing the usage patterns of cosmetics by the French populationincluding general hygiene skin care hair care hair styling make-up fragrances solar shaving and depilatory products Thispublication focused on the frequency of use which is an essentialparameter to ensure a correct exposure assessment

41 Design of the study

Studied cosmetics For each line of cosmetics various productswere available in order to obtain specific data for each of them Forexample shampoo was separated into liquid dry solid and babyshampoo Deodorants were separated into aerosol roll-on stickcream and alum stone products Cosmetics applied by subpopula-tions such as bottom care products for babies under 3 years(cleansing lotion wipes creambalm liniment) or nipple creamoil for breastfeeding women were also studied The list of proposedproducts was similar for men and women Only bust cream inti-mate hygiene cleanser and nipple creamoil were not included inthe adult menrsquos questionnaire In total 141 cosmetic products were

Table 4Percentage of users and corresponding usage frequency (dayminus1) for babies under 3 years

Baby girls (0ndash3 years old) Baby boys (0ndash3 years old)

N = 199 N = 196



Hair products Cleanser Liquid shampoo 30 056 038 036 100 38 055 042 036 100Baby shampoo 70 061 039 036 100 60 064 040 036 100

Styling Gel 15 068 065 036 200Face products Cleanser Solid soap 12 091 071 100 200

Liquid soap 20 111 060 100 200 29 099 060 100 200Soap-free gel cleanser 14 106 059 100 200 13 068 053 036 180Cleansing milk 27 065 068 100 200 23 106 060 100 200Micellar water 18 119 065 100 200 15 119 070 100 200Wipes 42 123 081 100 200 41 122 073 100 200

Care Moisturizer 10 070 051 100 120Mouth Child toothpaste 55 138 057 100 200 58 144 063 NS 200

Body products Cleanser Solid soap 15 101 068 100 200 17 105 066 100 200Shower gel 23 088 043 100 195 27 095 052 100 200Baby shower gel 67 085 039 100 100 61 083 044 100 2002 in 1 hair and body 38 072 038 100 100 39 068 045 036 100Cleansing milk 23 099 070 100 200 15 119 067 100 200Wipes 24 122 075 100 200 21 109 076 100 200

Care Milk 32 066 053 036 200 31 083 062 100 200Cream 28 065 053 036 200 32 073 054 100 200

Fragrance Eau de toilette for babies 40 055 053 036 135 37 079 053 100 200Massage Oil 14 013 009 014 029 17 013 008 014 029

Cream 23 016 010 014 029 22 016 009 014 029Hands Moisturizer 12 063 052 036 115

Wipes 29 118 075 100 200 21 110 079 100 200Bottom Cleansing lotion 29 139 072 200 NS 29 136 073 NS 200

Cleansing milk 27 120 077 100 200 20 097 066 100 200Wipes 67 149 071 200 NS 61 148 070 NS 200Creambalm 24 094 076 100 200 28 089 079 036 200Liniment 33 166 067 200 NS 33 130 080 NS 200

Sunscreen Cream 50 143 070 200 NS 45 137 075 NS 200Spray (pump) 44 155 068 200 NS 40 163 063 NS 200Milk 12 131 073 100 200 14 157 064 NS 200

After sun Cream 16 105 053 100 200 13 115 064 100 200Milk 14 121 063 100 200

Results are presented for products used by at least 10 of parents for their baby Frequencies were calculated based only on consumersNS Not significant

Table 5Percentage of users for shaving and depilatory products

Users ()

Adultwomen

Adult pregnantwomen

Adultmen

N = 2713 N = 251 N = 2693

Shaving Gel 11 20 38Foam 17 17 42Cream 12 11 7Soap 12 18 8Shower gel 6 37 5

Aftershaving

Lotion 6 3 29Cream 31 33 32Talc 5 6 2Oil 7 11 2

Depilatory Hair removal cream 22 20 8Warm wax 17 24 3Warm strips 21 24 2

Afterdepilatory

Lotion 12 14 2Gel 3 6 3Cream 33 27 6


studied Nail cosmetics have not been assessed here A previous studyreported the usage patterns of base coat polish top coat and removerby French women (Ficheux et al 2014) To our knowledge this isthe first enquiry realized with so many cosmetics In comparisonin past research twelve cosmetics were studied on the Europeanpopulation (Hall et al 2007 2011 McNamara et al 2007) thirtytwo products were assessed on Dutch consumers (Biesterbos et al2013) and eight cosmetics were studied by Manova et al (2013) onSwiss people

Studied population Participants were selected by quota methodsto form a representative sample of the French population Thisenquiry was conducted among adults but also on subpopulationsof significant concern Exposure of pregnant women is of particu-lar concern because of the potential health impact on the fetus forwhich exposure may inflict life-long adverse health effects (Tefrede Renzy-Martin et al 2014) Oversampling of pregnant womenwasperformed in order to obtain a sufficient number of participantsIn the enquiry pregnant women represented 8 of adult women

(251 pregnant women among 2964 adult women) In reality Frenchpregnant women were estimated to represent 3 of adult women(Insee 2011) Children and babies were also taken into account Theseyoung people are believed to be more susceptible to the effects ofchemical exposure than adults because of a greater surface area toweight ratio a higher metabolic rate and an immaturity of organsystems (Becker et al 2010) The separation of consumers by ageand sex was one of the strengths of this study This division is veryimportant for consumer protection as differences could existbetween categories However the frequency values currently usedby the SCCS in exposure assessments are the same for male andfemale consumers and for adult and children consumers (SCCS2012)

Web enquiry The use of web questionnaires as a method ofdata collection in research is nowwell established E-questionnaireshave been demonstrated to offer an inexpensive quick and conve-nient way to collect data (Walker 2013) In this questionnairerespondents had to check their corresponding frequency of use from

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

le 1 me per month

1 me per month

2 or 3 mes per month

1 me per week

Every 2 or 3 days

ge 1 me per day

Mustach

e

Pubic area

Armpits

Torso BackArm

sLe

gsBeard

Fig 2 Frequency of use of shaving foam by adult men on different parts of the body Parameter was calculated only for users of shaving foam Example among users ofshaving foam 32 of adult men use it at least once a day for shaving beard In the same way 43 15 and 5 of them apply shaving foam for beard every 2ndash3 days oncea week or 2ndash3 times per month respectively

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Upper lip Bikini line Armpits Arms Upper legs Lower legs

Less oen

1 me per month


1 me per week

gt 1 me per week

Fig 3 Frequency of use of depilatory cream by adult women on different parts of the body Parameter was calculated only for users of depilatory cream Example amongusers of depilatory cream 3 of adult women use it at least once a week for lower legs In the same way 30 28 and 23 of them apply depilatory cream on lower legsonce a week 2ndash3 times per month or once a month respectively


a range of options For products used more than once a day it wasnot possible to obtain the corresponding frequency value The fre-quency was consequently estimated to be equal to twice a day Forcosmetics used very often such as cleaning wipes lip balm or sun-screens frequencies were underestimated An additional enquiryshould be performed to refine the results for these products

42 Comparison to literature

Percentage of users Biesterbos et al (2013) have assessed the per-centage of users of 32 cosmetic products among adults of theNetherlands (general hygiene hair care shaving make-up and solarcosmetics) The results were similar to this study (differences of lessthan 10) except for hand cream and conditioner 40 of French

adult men and 81 of French adult women applied cream to theirhands In the Biesterbos study the percentage of hand cream userswas equal to 29 for adult men and 70 for adult women MoreFrench male adults also seemed to consume conditioner (20) thanDutch adult men (9)

Frequency of use The results obtained in this study were com-pared to data used by the SCCS (Table 7) The frequency value usedby SCCS for conditioner in exposure assessments was equal to 028dayminus1 and corresponded to the P90 frequency value of Colipa Studies(SCCS 2012) In the present study the mean frequency value forconditioner ranged between 037 dayminus1 and 047 dayminus1 and the P95frequency value was equal to once a day The frequency value usedby the SCCS is lower than the corresponding value for the Frenchpopulation which may lead to an underestimation of exposure For

Table 6Number of cosmetics used per person and number of cosmetics used per person daily

Number of products per person Number of products per person daily

P5 Mean SD P50 P95 P5 Mean SD P50 P95

Adult women (ge15 years old)Hair 1 (1) 4 (4) 2 (2) 4 (4) 8 (9) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 3 (3)Face 4 (4) 13 (14) 6 (7) 13 (13) 24 (25) 2 (2) 9 (10) 5 (6) 9 (9) 18 (20)Body 4 (4) 11 (12) 5 (5) 10 (11) 19 (22) 2 (3) 6 (7) 3 (3) 6 (6) 11 (13)Hair + face + body 10 (12) 27 (30) 11 (13) 26 (29) 47 (52) 6 (6) 16 (18) 8 (9) 16 (17) 31 (34)Sun products 0 2 2 2 5 0 2 1 2 4

Pregnant adult women (ge15 years old)Hair 1 (1) 5 (5) 3 (3) 4 (4) 10 (11) 0 (0) 1 (2) 1 (1) 1 (1) 4 (4)Face 5 (5) 14 (15) 6 (7) 13 (14) 26 (29) 2 (3) 9 (10) 5 (6) 9 (10) 18 (21)Body 5 (5) 12 (14) 6 (7) 11 (13) 23 (25) 3 (3) 7 (8) 4 (4) 6 (7) 13 (16)Hair + face + body 12 (13) 30 (33) 14 (16) 28 (30) 53 (59) 7 (8) 18 (20) 9 (10) 16 (18) 34 (38)Sun products 0 2 2 2 6 0 2 1 2 4

Adult men (ge15 years old)Hair 1 (1) 2 (2) 2 (2) 2 (2) 5 (5) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 3 (3)Face 1 (1) 5 (5) 4 (4) 3 (3) 12 (12) 1 (1) 3 (3) 3 (3) 3 (3) 9 (9)Body 2 (2) 6 (7) 3 (4) 5 (6) 13 (15) 1 (1) 4 (4) 2 (3) 3 (4) 8 (9)Hair + face + body 5 (5) 12 (13) 8 (9) 10 (11) 27 (29) 3 (3) 8 (9) 5 (5) 7 (8) 16 (19)Sun products 0 1 1 1 4 0 1 1 1 3

Girls (4ndash14 years old)Hair 1 (1) 3 (3) 2 (2) 2 (3) 6 (6) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 3 (3)Face 1 (1) 5 (5) 4 (4) 4 (4) 14 (14) 1 (1) 3 (4) 3 (3) 2 (3) 8 (10)Body 1 (1) 5 (5) 3 (4) 4 (5) 10 (11) 1 (1) 3 (3) 2 (2) 2 (3) 7 (7)Hair + face + body 4 (5) 12 (13) 8 (8) 10 (11) 27 (28) 2 (3) 7 (8) 5 (5) 6 (7) 15 (17)Sun products 0 2 1 2 4 0 2 1 1 4

Boys (4ndash14 years old)Hair 1 (1) 2 (2) 2 (2) 2 (2) 5 (5) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 2 (2)Face 1 (1) 3 (3) 2 (3) 2 (2) 6 (7) 1 (1) 2 (3) 2 (2) 2 (2) 4 (5)Body 1 (1) 3 (4) 3 (3) 3 (3) 7 (9) 0 (0) 2 (3) 2 (2) 2 (2) 5 (6)Hair + face + body 3 (3) 8 (9) 6 (7) 7 (8) 16 (19) 2 (2) 5 (6) 4 (5) 5 (5) 10 (12)Sun products 0 2 1 2 4 0 1 1 1 3

Baby girls (0ndash3 years old)Hair 0 (0) 1 (2) 2 (2) 1 (1) 3 (4) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 2 (2)Face 0 (0) 2 (2) 2 (2) 2 (2) 6 (6) 0 (0) 2 (2) 2 (2) 1 (1) 4 (5)Body 1 (1) 5 (5) 3 (3) 4 (5) 10 (12) 1 (1) 4 (4) 2 (3) 3 (3) 8 (8)Hair + face + body 3 (3) 8 (9) 5 (6) 7 (7) 18 (21) 2 (2) 6 (7) 4 (5) 5 (5) 13 (14)Sun products 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 3

Baby boys (0ndash3 years old)Hair 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 3 (4) 0 (0) 1 (1) 1 (1) 0 (0) 2 (2)Face 0 (0) 3 (3) 3 (3) 2 (2) 5 (6) 0 (0) 2 (2) 2 (2) 2 (2) 5 (5)Body 2 (2) 5 (5) 3 (4) 4 (5) 10 (12) 1 (1) 4 (4) 3 (3) 3 (3) 8 (8)Hair + face + body 4 (4) 9 (10) 6 (7) 8 (8) 16 (18) 1 (2) 6 (7) 5 (6) 5 (6) 13 (14)Sun products 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 3

Number of cosmetics used per person For each respondent the products used during the past 12 months were added The cosmetics for which users answered ldquoless oftenrdquofor the corresponding frequency of use were not taken into account If a same product was checked several times (for example solid soap which was found in cleaning faceproducts cleaning body products and shaving products) this product was taken into account once in the calculation of the number of cosmetics per person for the wholebody Some cosmetics with the same function were grouped to avoid increasing product numbersNumber of cosmetics used per person daily For each person the frequencies of use were added for all products checked If the frequency ldquogt once a dayrdquo was checked a valueof 1 was attributed to the corresponding products Cosmetics for which users answered ldquoless oftenrdquo for the corresponding frequency of use were not taken into accountSome cosmetics with the same function and which are not a priori used together were grouped to avoid increasing product numbers In this case only the highest frequen-cy of use has been taken into account if several products have been checkedThe numbers in brackets take into account all cosmetics selected by each volunteer in the calculation of the number of products used per person and the number of prod-ucts used per person daily Bracket numbers provide maximum values for the number of products used per person and for the number of products used per person daily For sun products (including sunscreen after sun and tanning cosmetics) the number of cosmetics per person and per day was calculated during the corresponding

period of use Sun products were not included in the sum of hair face and body products because of their irregular use throughout the year


other common cosmetics frequency values were in the same orderof magnitude The similarity with European values allows the newFrench data to be validated

The frequency data could not be compared to studies byBiesterbos et al (2013) and Manova et al (2013) because the pub-lications did present quantified data of a sort in bar charts

French baby frequency values were obtained for rinse-off leave-on and cleanser products by Gomez-Berrada et al (2013) The meanfrequency values for leave-on products (creams lotions and balms)were between 116 and 158 dayminus1 according to age classes and themean frequency of use of shampoowas between 051 and 065 dayminus1In this study the frequency data were between 063 and 139 dayminus1

for similar types of leave-on products (cleansingmilk lotion creams)and the frequency of use of shampoo was on average between 055and 064 dayminus1 The data obtained in this work were in the sameorder of magnitude as literature data

Number of cosmetics used daily No data were available in EuropeOnly one survey conducted in the United States reported that onaverage women used twelve products per day and men used sixproducts daily (EWG 2004) These data were lower than the resultsobtained in this work on average eighteen cosmetics were useddaily by adult pregnant women sixteen by adult non-pregnantwomen eight by adult men seven for girls five for boys and sixfor babies under 3 years In Europe safety assessments are cur-rently based on the safety of the ingredients found into each cosmeticproduct Aggregate exposure is only assessed on a case-by-case basis(SCCS 2012) The information obtained in this work is of interestto public health because it is possible that the same cosmetic

ingredient could be found in several products used daily by a con-sumer For example Gosens et al (2014) analysed the presence ofparabens (methyl- ethyl- propyl and butylparaben) in childrenrsquospersonal care products found in Dutch stores Among seventeen cos-metics twelve contained parabens These products includingshampoo body lotion bath soap toothpaste wipes and after sunare used daily by parents for their baby under 3 years

43 Conclusion

New cosmetic consumption data were generated in this workwith a focus on the frequency of use The strengths of the study werethe separation of data by sex and by age the consideration of a prioriat risk subpopulations and the consideration of a large number ofcosmetic products

These current consumption data could be useful for safety as-sessors and for safety agencies in order to protect the generalpopulation and these at risk subpopulations In the same way it isessential to generate amount data A publication is being writtenon this subject Current frequency and amount consumption dataare essential to assess realistic exposure to cosmetics by the Frenchpopulation

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

Transparency document

The Transparency document associated with this article can befound in the online version

Acknowledgments

This investigation was supported by the French National Agencyof Medicine and Health Products Safety (ANSM ndash Agence Nationalede Seacutecuriteacute du Meacutedicament et des produits de santeacute) contract2012ndash2014

Appendix Supplementary material

Supplementary data to this article can be found online atdoi101016jfct201501016

References

Bavoux C Picot V Roudot AC Verdier C Sater N Ould Elhkim M et al 2011Pregnant women exposure assessment to cosmetic products Toxicol Lett 205(S28) S255ndashS256

Becker M Edwards S Massey RI 2010 Toxic chemicals in toys and childrenrsquosproducts limitations of current responses and recommendations for governmentand industry Environ Sci Technol 44 7986ndash7991

Biesterbos JW Dudzina T Delmaar CJ Bakker MI Russel FG von Goetz Net al 2013 Usage patterns of personal care products important factors forexposure assessment Food Chem Toxicol 55 8ndash17

EU 2009 Regulation (EC) No 12232009 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products

EWG 2004 Exposures add up ndash Survey results Exposures add up ndash Survey resultslthttpwwwewgorgskindeep20040615exposures-add-up-survey-resultsgt

Ficheux AS Morisset T Chevillotte G Postic C Roudot AC 2014 Probabilisticassessment of exposure to nail cosmetics in French consumers Food ChemToxicol 66 36ndash43

Gomez-Berrada MP Gautier F Parent-Massin D Ferret PJ 2013 Retrospectiveexposure data for baby and children care products an analysis of 48 clinicalstudies Food Chem Toxicol 57 185ndash194

Gosens I Delmaar CJ Ter Burg W de Heer C Schuur AG 2014 Aggregateexposure approaches for parabens in personal care products a case assessmentfor children between 0 and 3 years old J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 24208ndash214

Table 7Comparison of frequency values between the SCCS and this study

Population studied Frequency of use (dayminus1)

SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c

European adults French population

HairShampoo 1 044ndash067 1ndash2Conditioner 028 037ndash047 1Styling products 114 041ndash075 1ndash2Oxidativepermanent hair dyes 003 002 003

FaceFace cream 214 07ndash106 12ndash2Liquid foundation 1 071ndash074 1ndash105Make-up remover 1 059ndash101 1ndash2Eye shadow 2 049ndash072 1Mascara 2 069ndash08 1ndash2Eye liner 2 065ndash075 1ndash2Lipstick 2 047ndash088 2Lip balm 2 076ndash119 2

BodyShower gel 143 087ndash104 2Bath oil salts 1 026ndash038 1d

Deodorant (aerosoland non-aerosol)

2 082ndash119 17ndash2

Eau de toiletteperfume 1 069ndash098 2Body lotion 228 057ndash083 1ndash2e

Hand cream 2 063ndash088 115ndash2Sunscreen lotioncream 2 123ndash157 2f

a Frequencies used by the SCCS corresponding to the 90th percentile values of theColipa studies

b Minimum and maximummean frequency values obtained among the differentsubpopulations (adult women adult pregnant women adult men girls boys babygirls and baby boys)

c Minimum and maximum P95 frequency values obtained among the differentsubpopulations (adult women adult pregnant women adult men girls boys babygirls and baby boys)d Bath foam in this studye Body milk and body cream in this studyf Sunscreen as cream and milk in this study


Hall B Tozer S Safford B Coroama M Steiling W Leneveu-Duchemin MC et al2007 European consumer exposure to cosmetic products a framework forconducting population exposure assessments Food Chem Toxicol 45 2097ndash2108

Hall B Steiling W Safford B Coroama M Tozer S Firmani C et al 2011European consumer exposure to cosmetic products a framework for conductingpopulation exposure assessments Part 2 Food Chem Toxicol 49 408ndash422

Insee 2011 Bilan deacutemographique 2010 La population franccedilaise atteint 65 millionsdrsquohabitants Insee premiegravere 1332

Manova E von Goetz N Keller C Siegrist M Hungerbuumlhler K 2013 Use patternsof leave-on personal care products among SwissndashGerman children adolescentsand adults Int J Environ Res Public Health 10 2778ndash2798

McNamara C Rohan D Golden D Gibney M Hall B Tozer S et al 2007Probabilistic modelling of European consumer exposure to cosmetic productsFood Chem Toxicol 45 2086ndash2096

SCCS 2011 Opinion on triclosan ndash Antimicrobial resistanceSCCS 2012 The SCCSrsquos notes of guidance for the testing of cosmetic substances and

their safety evaluation 8th revision SCCS Notes of GuidanceTefre de Renzy-Martin K Frederiksen H Christensen JS Boye Kyhl H Andersson

AM Husby S et al 2014 Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish womento phthalates parabens and phenols Reproduction 147 443ndash453

Walker DM 2013 The internet as a medium for health services research Part 2Nurse Res 20 33ndash37


deodorants body lotion face powdershellip The SCCS concluded in anopinion that the continued use of triclosan in all cosmetic prod-ucts was not considered safe for the consumer because of themagnitude of aggregated exposure (SCCS 2011) In the specific caseof preservatives the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products andNon-food products intended for Consumers (SCCNFP) calculated aglobal daily exposure value for all cosmetic products that one personmay daily apply on the skin This aggregate value equal to 174 gday is used in the calculation of the margin of safety (SCCS 2012)

Consequently it is important for public health reasons to de-termine the number of products used daily by consumers and toassess the daily exposure to ingredients coming from cosmetic prod-ucts This information could be useful to establish maximumingredient concentrations in cosmetic products

There are few data concerning the number of cosmetics used perperson and the number of cosmetics used per person and per dayAmong the thirty two cosmetics investigated by Biesterbos et al(2013) on the Dutch population women reported that they usedon average seventeen of them and men seven A survey con-ducted among more than 2300 people in the United States showedthat on average women used twelve products per day and on theother hand men used six products daily (EWG 2004)

Given that assessing the exposure to cosmetics is an obligationfor producers and that consumption data are limited in Europeand especially in France it would appear essential to generateusage pattern data in order to protect consumers The aim of this

publication was to assess the percentage of users the frequency ofuse and the number of cosmetic products consumed at home bythe French population The evaluation was performed for adult childand baby consumers Pregnant womenwere also taken into accountin this work In order to complete this work a publication on theamount of cosmetics applied per use is being written

2 Materials and methods

21 Enquiry design

211 Web questionnaireA web questionnaire survey was conducted in September 2013 by a national

survey company This enquiry collected current information on the usage patternsof 141 cosmetic products including general hygiene (soap shampoo deodorantshower gel toothpastehellip) skin care (moisturizer exfoliating scrubhellip) hair styling(lacquer gel waxhellip) hair care (conditioner oil dyehellip)make-up (mascara eye shadowfoundationhellip) fragrances (Perfume Eau de toilette Eau de Cologne) solar (sun-screen tanninghellip) shaving (gel foamhellip) and depilatory (hair removal cream warmwax andwarm strips) products Specific bottom care products were studied for babiesunder 3 years (cleansing lotion wipes creambalm liniment) (see Table 1 for a fulllist)

The aim of the questionnaire was to determine for all products used during thepast 12 months by each volunteer the corresponding frequency of use Firstly re-spondents were asked to check all the products they had used at least once duringthe past 12 months Secondly for each product checked consumers were asked toindicate the corresponding frequency of use during the past 12 months Three fre-quency scales were proposed according to studied cosmetics (Table 1)

Table 1Product types investigated and corresponding frequency scale

Product types N Frequency scale

Scale 1 Scale 2 Scale 3

HairCleanser 4 Liquid shampoo solid shampoo dry shampoo baby shampooStyling 5 Lacquer (aerosol) gel foam wax spray (pump)Care 11 Conditioner Lotion serum oil mask Dye henna dye hair

bleach highlightspermanentstraighteningpermanent wave

VisageCleanser 7 Solid soap liquid soap soap-free gel cleanser milk lotionmicellar water wipes

exfoliating scrubCare 13 Moisturizer cream night cream anti-aging cream eye contour serum lip balm

talc skin lightening product hair bleachMask clay mask neck creamstrip

Make-up 14 Eye shadow eye liner eye pencil mascara concealer prime face foam foundationcompact powder foundation loose powder foundation cream foundationimperfection corrector blush lipstick lip pen

Make-up remover 6 Lotion milk oil foam wipes remover padsOral care 8 Toothpaste whitening toothpaste gum protection toothpaste fluoride toothpaste

child toothpaste multi-care toothpaste mouthwashTeeth whiteningproduct

CorpsCleanser 10 Solid soap shower gel baby shower gel 2 in 1 hair and body milk foam bath

wipes intimate hygiene liquid cleanser intimate hygiene wipes exfoliating scrubCare 10 Moisturizing milk moisturizing cream moisturizing oil bust cream heavy legs

creamgel slimming creamgel anti-stretch mark cream nipple creamoil skinlightening product

Hair bleach

Deodorantanti-perspirant

5 Aerosol roll-on stick cream Alun stone

Fragrance 4 Perfume Eau de toilette Eau de toilette for baby Eau de CologneMassage 3 Balm oil creamHands 5 Moisturizer cream anti-spot cream anti-perspirant cream wipes talcFeet 4 Moisturizer cream anti-perspirant exfoliating scrub talcBottom 5 Lotion milk wipes creambalm linimentSunscreen 6 Cream aerosol spray (pump) milk oil foamAfter sun 3 Cream milk oilTanning 3 Spray (pump) milk oilShaving 5 Gel foam cream soap shower gelAfter shaving 4 Lotion cream oil talcDepilatory 3 Depilatory cream wax stripsAfter depilatory 3 Cream gel lotion

Total 141










22 Data analysis











3 Results





ge 15 years old

Adult women

ge 15 years old

Adult men ge 15

years old

Girls 4-14

years old

Boys 4-14

years old

Girls 0-3

years old

Boys 0-3

years old





N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535



Hairproducts




002 001 002 003 17 002 001 002 003





16 071 049 100 100 13 068 044 100 100


13 074 050 100 200 15 071 046 100 100


Makeupremover



45 145 067 200 NS 42 137 067 100 NS 11 143 072 200 NS









32 Frequency of use



Table 2 (continued)


N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535



Bodyproducts


48 099 054 100 200 63 096 052 100 200 26 078 043 100 100











Tanning Oil 10 068 060 036 200


NS Not significant











N = 2693 N = 544























4 Discussion






N = 199 N = 196








Care Milk 32 066 053 036 200 31 083 062 100 200Cream 28 065 053 036 200 32 073 054 100 200









Users ()

Adultwomen

Adult pregnantwomen

Adultmen

N = 2713 N = 251 N = 2693


Aftershaving



Afterdepilatory

Lotion 12 14 2Gel 3 6 3Cream 33 27 6






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

le 1 me per month

1 me per month


1 me per week

Every 2 or 3 days

ge 1 me per day

Mustach

e

Pubic area

Armpits

Torso BackArm

sLe

gsBeard


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Less oen

1 me per month


1 me per week

gt 1 me per week



























43 Conclusion







Acknowledgments




References











SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c































22 Data analysis











3 Results





ge 15 years old

Adult women

ge 15 years old

Adult men ge 15

years old

Girls 4-14

years old

Boys 4-14

years old

Girls 0-3

years old

Boys 0-3

years old





N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535



Hairproducts




002 001 002 003 17 002 001 002 003





16 071 049 100 100 13 068 044 100 100


13 074 050 100 200 15 071 046 100 100


Makeupremover



45 145 067 200 NS 42 137 067 100 NS 11 143 072 200 NS









32 Frequency of use



Table 2 (continued)


N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535



Bodyproducts


48 099 054 100 200 63 096 052 100 200 26 078 043 100 100











Tanning Oil 10 068 060 036 200


NS Not significant











N = 2693 N = 544























4 Discussion






N = 199 N = 196








Care Milk 32 066 053 036 200 31 083 062 100 200Cream 28 065 053 036 200 32 073 054 100 200









Users ()

Adultwomen

Adult pregnantwomen

Adultmen

N = 2713 N = 251 N = 2693


Aftershaving



Afterdepilatory

Lotion 12 14 2Gel 3 6 3Cream 33 27 6






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

le 1 me per month

1 me per month


1 me per week

Every 2 or 3 days

ge 1 me per day

Mustach

e

Pubic area

Armpits

Torso BackArm

sLe

gsBeard


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Less oen

1 me per month


1 me per week

gt 1 me per week



























43 Conclusion







Acknowledgments




References











SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c

























N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535



Hairproducts




002 001 002 003 17 002 001 002 003





16 071 049 100 100 13 068 044 100 100


13 074 050 100 200 15 071 046 100 100


Makeupremover



45 145 067 200 NS 42 137 067 100 NS 11 143 072 200 NS









32 Frequency of use



Table 2 (continued)


N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535



Bodyproducts


48 099 054 100 200 63 096 052 100 200 26 078 043 100 100











Tanning Oil 10 068 060 036 200


NS Not significant











N = 2693 N = 544























4 Discussion






N = 199 N = 196








Care Milk 32 066 053 036 200 31 083 062 100 200Cream 28 065 053 036 200 32 073 054 100 200









Users ()

Adultwomen

Adult pregnantwomen

Adultmen

N = 2713 N = 251 N = 2693


Aftershaving



Afterdepilatory

Lotion 12 14 2Gel 3 6 3Cream 33 27 6






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

le 1 me per month

1 me per month


1 me per week

Every 2 or 3 days

ge 1 me per day

Mustach

e

Pubic area

Armpits

Torso BackArm

sLe

gsBeard


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Less oen

1 me per month


1 me per week

gt 1 me per week



























43 Conclusion







Acknowledgments




References











SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c




























32 Frequency of use



Table 2 (continued)


N = 2713 N = 251 N = 535



Bodyproducts


48 099 054 100 200 63 096 052 100 200 26 078 043 100 100











Tanning Oil 10 068 060 036 200


NS Not significant











N = 2693 N = 544























4 Discussion






N = 199 N = 196








Care Milk 32 066 053 036 200 31 083 062 100 200Cream 28 065 053 036 200 32 073 054 100 200









Users ()

Adultwomen

Adult pregnantwomen

Adultmen

N = 2713 N = 251 N = 2693


Aftershaving



Afterdepilatory

Lotion 12 14 2Gel 3 6 3Cream 33 27 6






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

le 1 me per month

1 me per month


1 me per week

Every 2 or 3 days

ge 1 me per day

Mustach

e

Pubic area

Armpits

Torso BackArm

sLe

gsBeard


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Less oen

1 me per month


1 me per week

gt 1 me per week



























43 Conclusion







Acknowledgments




References











SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c
































N = 2693 N = 544























4 Discussion






N = 199 N = 196








Care Milk 32 066 053 036 200 31 083 062 100 200Cream 28 065 053 036 200 32 073 054 100 200









Users ()

Adultwomen

Adult pregnantwomen

Adultmen

N = 2713 N = 251 N = 2693


Aftershaving



Afterdepilatory

Lotion 12 14 2Gel 3 6 3Cream 33 27 6






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

le 1 me per month

1 me per month


1 me per week

Every 2 or 3 days

ge 1 me per day

Mustach

e

Pubic area

Armpits

Torso BackArm

sLe

gsBeard


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Less oen

1 me per month


1 me per week

gt 1 me per week



























43 Conclusion







Acknowledgments




References











SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c

























4 Discussion






N = 199 N = 196








Care Milk 32 066 053 036 200 31 083 062 100 200Cream 28 065 053 036 200 32 073 054 100 200









Users ()

Adultwomen

Adult pregnantwomen

Adultmen

N = 2713 N = 251 N = 2693


Aftershaving



Afterdepilatory

Lotion 12 14 2Gel 3 6 3Cream 33 27 6






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

le 1 me per month

1 me per month


1 me per week

Every 2 or 3 days

ge 1 me per day

Mustach

e

Pubic area

Armpits

Torso BackArm

sLe

gsBeard


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Less oen

1 me per month


1 me per week

gt 1 me per week



























43 Conclusion







Acknowledgments




References











SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c



























0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

le 1 me per month

1 me per month


1 me per week

Every 2 or 3 days

ge 1 me per day

Mustach

e

Pubic area

Armpits

Torso BackArm

sLe

gsBeard


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Less oen

1 me per month


1 me per week

gt 1 me per week



























43 Conclusion







Acknowledgments




References











SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c















































43 Conclusion







Acknowledgments




References











SCCSa This study

Meanb P95c























Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population. First part: Frequency data

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Transcript of Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population. First part: Frequency data