Concepts of “defective” and “embedded” democracies: definition and generalization /...

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ÍÀÓÊÎÂ² ÇÀÏÈÑÊÈ Âèïóñê 6(62)

Â³òàë³é Ëèòâèí

КОНЦЕПТИ «ДЕФЕКТНОЇ» ТА «ВБУДОВАНОЇ» ДЕМОКРАТІЙ: ДЕФІНІЦІЯ ТА ГЕНЕРАЛІЗАЦІЯ

Ðîçãëÿäàþòüñÿ êîíöåïòè «äåôåêòíî¿» òà «âáóäîâàíî¿» äåìîêðàò¿é. Ïðîïîíóþòüñÿ øëÿõè ãåíåðàë³çàö³¿ êîíöåïò³â «äåôåêòíî¿» òà «âáóäîâàíî¿» äåìîêðàò³é íà îñíîâ³ êàòå-

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²Ï³ÅÍÄ ³ì. ².Ô. Êóðàñà ÍÀÍ Óêðà¿íè

ãîð³é «÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â». Çä³éñíþºòüñÿ ðîçãëÿä òèï³â äåôåêòíèõ äåìîêðàò³é.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: êîíöåïò, äåìîêðàò³ÿ, äåôåêòíà äå-ìîêðàò³ÿ, âáóäîâàíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ, ÷àñòêîâèé ðåæèì, «ñ³ðà çîíà».

Vitaliy Lytvyn. Concepts of «defective» and «embedded» democracies: definition and generalization. The author con-siders the concepts of «defective» and «embedded» democracies; offers the ways of generalization for concepts of «defective» and «embedded» democracies, which are based on categories of «partial regimes»; carries out the consideration of defective democracies types.

Key words: concept, democracy, defective democracy, em-bedded democracy, partial regime, «gray area».

ßê äåìîíñòðóº ñó÷àñíà ïîð³âíÿëüíà ïîë³òîëîã³ÿ, à òàêîæ ïîë³òè÷íà ïðàêòèêà, íå ìîæíà ç îäíîçíà÷íîþ òî÷í³ñòþ ï³ä-õîäèòè ñòîñîâíî òðàêòóâàííÿ âñ³õ äåìîêðàò³é ÿê àíàë³òè÷íî ð³âíîö³ííèõ òà ñï³âì³ðíèõ. Áåçóìîâíî, º çíà÷íà ð³çíèöÿ ó ðîçâèòêó äåìîêðàò³¿, íàïðèêëàä, ó Ñïîëó÷åíîìó Êîðîë³âñòâ³ (àáî â ö³ëîìó â Çàõ³äí³é ªâðîï³), Áîëãàð³¿ (àáî â Öåíòðàëüí³é ÷è Öåíòðàëüíî-Ñõ³äí³é ªâðîï³) òà Óêðà¿í³ (àáî â ö³ëîìó ó Ñõ³äí³é ªâðîï³) òîùî. Ïðè öüîìó íàéá³ëüøà ðîçä³ëþâàëüíà ë³í³ÿ òðàêòóâàííÿ òîãî, ÿê â³äáóâàºòüñÿ ïðîöåñ ñòàíîâëåííÿ äåìîêðàò³¿, ïðèòàìàííà òèì êðà¿íàì, ÿê³ íåùîäàâíî áóëè àâòîðèòàðíèìè/òîòàë³òàðíèìè, à ñüîãîäí³ ç òèõ ÷è ³íøèõ ïðè÷èí ïåðåáóâàþòü íà ñòàä³¿ òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ ñâî¿õ ïîë³òè÷-íèõ ðåæèì³â (íàé÷àñò³øå òàêó òðàíñôîðìàö³þ ó ïîë³òè÷í³é íàóö³ ³ìåíóþòü äåìîêðàòèçàö³ºþ – õî÷à, ÿê öå ïîêàçóº äîñâ³ä, ïîì³òíèìè º ³ åëåìåíòè êîíòðàâåðñ³éíîãî ïðîöåñó àâòîðèòàðèçàö³¿).

Ç îãëÿäó íà öå, ð³çí³ êðà¿íè, ÿê³ ð³çíîþ ì³ðîþ äåìî-êðàòèçîâàí³, ïî-ð³çíîìó (³íêîëè íàäòî ñóá’ºêòèâíî) òðàê-òóþòüñÿ. ßê íàñë³äîê, ó ïîð³âíÿëüí³é ïîë³òîëîã³¿ âèíèêëà ö³ëà íèçêà ï³äõîä³â äî äåô³í³þâàííÿ íàö³îíàëüíèõ (à òàêîæ ³íòåðíàö³îíàëüíèõ) îñîáëèâîñòåé ñòàíîâëåííÿ äåìîêðàò³¿ (òà äåìîêðàòèçàö³¿ ÿê á³ëüø øèðîêîãî ïðîöåñó). Ö³ ï³äõîäè íàé÷àñò³øå îïåðóþòü ïîíÿòòÿìè «ð³çíîâèä³â» ³ «ð³âí³â» äå-ìîêðàò³¿ òà äåìîêðàòèçàö³¿.

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Êîëè ìè ãîâîðèìî ïðî ñó÷àñí³ ð³çíîâèäè äåìîêðàò³¿ ³ äåìîêðàòèçàö³¿, òî ïîâèíí³ â³ääàâàòè íàëåæíå òîìó ìî-ìåíòó, ùî äåÿê³ ç íèõ º êëàñè÷íèìè (òîáòî àíàë³çîâàíèìè ó êëàñè÷í³é ³ íîâ³é ë³òåðàòóð³ ³ç ïðèâîäó ïîð³âíÿëüíîãî àíàë³çó äåìîêðàò³¿ òà/àáî äåìîêðàòèçàö³¿), à äåÿê³ íåòðà-äèö³éíèìè. Ñàìå ç îãëÿäó íà çàçíà÷åíó ñïåöèô³êó ìè ââàæàºìî çà äîö³ëüíå çàñòîñîâóâàòè äëÿ òðàêòóâàííÿ ð³çíîâèä³â ð³çíèõ ôåíîìåí³â ³ ïðîöåñ³â (ó òîìó ÷èñë³ äåìîêðàò³¿ òà äåìîêðàòèçàö³¿) êàòåãîð³þ «êîíöåïòó». Ð³÷ ó òîìó, ùî íàé÷àñò³øå «êîíöåïò» òðàêòóºòüñÿ ÿê ïåâíà ³ííîâàö³éíà ³äåÿ, êîòðó â ñîá³ ì³ñòèòü êðåàòèâíèé çàäóì; ÿê êîíñòðóêö³ÿ, ÿêà ñêëàäàºòüñÿ ç îäíîãî êëàñó îá’ºêò³â ³ îäíîãî êëàñó ïàðàìåòð³â; ÿê çàãàëüíà ³äåÿ ³ ùîñü ðîçóìîâî/ëîã³÷íî ïðîäóìàíå [1]. Ç îãëÿäó íà öå, çðîçóì³ëî, ùî «êîíöåïò» – öå íå ÷àñòèíà çàãàëüíî¿ òåîð³¿, à ðåçóëü-òàò ïîïåðåäíüîãî é ïîäàëüøîãî îá´ðóíòóâàííÿ. Â öüîìó ïëàí³ íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ïåðåâ³ðêè êîíöåïòó º îáîâ’ÿçêîâîþ, îñîáëèâî ÿêùî öå ñòîñóºòüñÿ òàêèõ ôåíîìåí³â ³ ïðîöåñ³â, ÿê äåìîêðàò³ÿ òà äåìîêðàòèçàö³ÿ.

«Êîíöåïò äåìîêðàò³¿» îçíà÷àº, ùî éäåòüñÿ ïðî ïîïå-ðåäí³ ðåçóëüòàòè, êîòð³ ïîòðåáóþòü ïîäàëüøîãî ñèñòåìà-òè÷íîãî åìï³ðè÷íîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ ³ îïåðàö³îíàë³çàö³¿ â êîíòåêñò³ ïîÿñíåííÿ çàñàäíè÷èõ ïàðàìåòð³â òà ³íäèêà-òîð³â äåìîêðàò³¿. Ïîïðè òå, ùî é ðàí³øå áóëè î÷åâèä-íèìè â³äì³ííîñò³ ó ÿêîñò³ äåìîêðàò³¿, ïîë³òè÷íà íàóêà, çàçâè÷àé, íåõòóâàëà ÿê³ñíèìè é ê³ëüê³ñíèìè âèì³ðàìè öüîãî ôåíîìåíó òà ïðîöåñó. Íåçâàæàþ÷è íà òå, ùî ÷àñòî âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ ð³çí³ «íîâ³òí³» êîíöåïòóàë³çàö³¿ äåìî-êðàò³¿, íàïðèêëàä, äåôåêòíà [2], ã³áðèäíà [3], îáìåæåíà [4], êåðîâàíà [5], ³ëë³áåðàëüíà [6], äåëåãàòèâíà [7], îï³-êóíñüêà [8], âáóäîâàíà [9] é ³í., ñóòí³ñíî äîñèòü âàæêî ãîâîðèòè ïðî ¿õ ïîë³òîëîã³÷íó îïåðàö³îíàë³çàö³þ.

²ç öüîãî ïðèâîäó Ä. Êîëë³åð ³ Ñ. Ëåâ³öüê³ [10] çàóâà-æóþòü, ùî â íîâ³òí³é íàóö³ ñïîñòåð³ãàºòüñÿ «ïîøèðåííÿ àëüòåðíàòèâíèõ ôîðì êîíöåïò³â» äåìîêðàò³¿, âíàñë³äîê ÷îãî ìîæåìî â³äñë³äêîâóâàòè êîëîñàëüíó ê³ëüê³ñòü ¿¿ (äåìî-êðàò³¿) ï³äòèï³â (â÷åíèìè âèîêðåìëåíî ïîíàä 550 óòî÷íåíü äåô³í³þâàííÿ äåìîêðàò³¿). Íà ö³é îñíîâ³ ïðèéíÿòî ³äåþ

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ïðî íåîáõ³äí³ñòü òðàêòóâàííÿ äåìîêðàò³¿ «ç ïðèêìåòíè-êàìè» [11]. Ïðèêìåòíèêè âèíèêëè ÿê óòî÷íþâàëüí³ âëàñ-òèâîñò³ «äåìîêðàò³é» (ó ¿¿ ì³í³ìàëüíîìó ðîçóì³íí³) çà íàñë³äêàìè çàê³í÷åííÿ ïåðøèõ ôàç äåìîêðàòè÷íèõ òðàí-çèò³â ó á³ëüøîñò³ êðà¿í, ÿê³ ï³ääàâàëèñÿ ïîð³âíÿëüíîìó àíàë³çó (à íà ïåðø³é ñòàä³¿ áóëî äîñòàòí³ì òðàêòóâàííÿ êðà¿í àáî ÿê àâòîðèòàðíèõ, àáî ÿê íåàâòîðèòàðíèõ). Òàêèì ÷èíîì é â³äáóëîñü, ÿêùî äî óâàãè áðàòè êëàñè÷íå âè-çíà÷åííÿ Äæ. Ñàðòîð³, «êîíöåïòóàëüíå ðîçòÿãóâàííÿ» [12], íà ÿêå ïîâèííà áóëà â³äïîâ³ñòè (³ â³äïîâ³ëà) ìåòîäîëîã³÷íà ñòðàòåã³ÿ ç³ «çìåíøåííÿ ï³äòèï³â» (ðîçðîáëåíà ñâîãî ÷àñó Ä. Êîëë³åðîì ³ Äæ. Ìàãîíîì [13]). Âíàñë³äîê öüîãî âèîê-ðåìëåíî òðè ãåíåðàë³çîâàí³ ñòðàòåã³¿ îö³íþâàííÿ ð³çíèõ òèï³â äåìîêðàò³¿: 1) «äîêëàäíå» («ïóíêòóàëüíå») âèçíà-÷åííÿ äåìîêðàò³¿ íà ï³äñòàâ³ çàñòîñóâàííÿ ð³çíèõ äåô³-í³òèâíèõ àòðèáóò³â; 2) ïåðåì³ùåííÿ âñåîõîïëþþ÷èõ êîí-öåïö³é (ïîë³òè÷íèõ ðåæèì³â), ³ç ÿêèìè àñîö³þºòüñÿ äåìî-êðàò³ÿ; 3) êîíñòðóþâàííÿ ð³çíèõ ôîðì ï³äòèï³â äåìîêðàò³¿.

Ñàìå çà òàêîþ ëîã³êîþ ðîçïî÷àëàñÿ ãåíåðàë³çàö³ÿ Â. Ìåðêåëüîì ³äå¿ äåôåêòíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿ [14]. Ãîëîâíèé òåîðåòèêî-ìåòîäîëîã³÷íèé ðàêóðñ êîíñòðóþâàííÿ öüîãî êîíöåïòó âèçíà÷åíèé êðèòèêîþ ³äå¿ «åëåêòîðàëüíèõ äåìî-êðàò³é», ÿêà âèêîðèñòàíà ó äîñë³äæåííÿõ îðãàí³çàö³¿ «Freedom House». Â. Ìåðêåëü çàçíà÷àº, ùî åëåêòîðàëüí³ñòü ïîçèö³îíóºòüñÿ íåçàäîâ³ëüíî ÿê ³ç òåîðåòè÷íî¿, òàê é ³ç íîðìàòèâíî¿ òî÷êè çîðó. Âîíà ïðîïîíóº íàâ³òü âóæ÷å òðàêòóâàííÿ äåìîêðàò³¿, í³æ êîíöåïö³ÿ ïîë³àðõ³÷íîñò³ Ð. Äàëÿ â ìåæàõ ¿¿ ³íñòèòóö³éíîãî ì³í³ìóìó [15]. Êð³ì òîãî, ç ÿê³ñíîãî áîêó ïðîåêòè ð³çíèõ îðãàí³çàö³é (çîêðåìà, é «Freedom House») íå çîâñ³ì åôåêòèâíî âðàõîâóþòü óñ³ íàó-êîâ³ âèñíîâêè òà ðåçóëüòàòè. Íàïðèêëàä, äî óâàãè íå áåðåòüñÿ âàãîìå çàóâàæåííÿ ç ïðèâîäó ðîçóì³ííÿ é îñìèñ-ëåííÿ «äåìîêðàòè÷íîñò³ âèáîð³â» [16]. Âíàñë³äîê öüîãî Â. Ìåðêåëü ïîêàçóº, ùî òåðì³í «åëåêòîðàëüíà äåìî-êðàò³ÿ» òåîðåòè÷íî ïîçèö³îíóºòüñÿ ÿê íåïîâíèé, à àíà-ë³òè÷íî – ÿê íåêîðèñíèé. Äëÿ òîãî, ùîáè çàçíà÷åíèé òåð-ì³í á³ëüø óñï³øíî âèêîðèñòîâóâàâñÿ â ñó÷àñí³é ïîð³â-íÿëüí³é ïîë³òîëîã³¿, â³í ïîâèíåí áóòè äèôåðåíö³éîâàíèé.

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Âèõîäÿ÷è ç çàóâàæåíü À. Êàðàòíèöüêîãî é Ë. Äàé-ìîíäà, ìîæíà âèîêðåìëþâàòè òðè ð³çíîâèäè äåìîêðàò³¿ – ë³áåðàëüíó, íàï³âë³áåðàëüíó é ³ëë³áåðàëüíó [17]. Ïðîòå öÿ ïðîñòà äèôåðåíö³àö³ÿ çàòüìàðþº óñï³õè äåìîêðàòèçàö³¿ íà-ïðèê³íö³ ÕÕ ñò. Ãîëîâíà ïðîáëåìà ïîëÿãàº ó òîìó, ùî âåëèêà ê³ëüê³ñòü êðà¿í, êîòð³ âèçíà÷åí³ ÿê åëåêòîðàëüí³ äåìîêðàò³¿, çîâñ³ì íå º ë³áåðàëüíèìè äåìîêðàò³ÿìè: çà äà-íèìè íà 2012 ð. â³äñîòîê åëåêòîðàëüíèõ äåìîêðàò³é ç óñ³õ êðà¿í ñâ³òó ñòàíîâèâ 60, à â³äñîòîê æå ë³áåðàëüíèõ äåìî-êðàò³é (ç óñ³õ åëåêòîðàëüíèõ äåìîêðàò³é) – 70. Ñòàíîì íà 2001 ð. ë³áåðàëüíèìè äåìîêðàò³ÿìè áóëè ëèø 58 â³äñîòê³â åëåêòîðàëüíèõ äåìîêðàò³é. Êð³ì òîãî, íå çîâñ³ì åôåêòèâ-íîþ, íà äóìêó Â. Ìåðêåëÿ, º é ñàìà äèôåðåíö³àö³ÿ äåìî-êðàò³é íà ë³áåðàëüí³, íàï³âë³áåðàëüí³ òà ³ëë³áåðàëüí³. Òàê, À. Êàðàòíèöüêèé òà Ë. Äàéìîíä äëÿ âèçíà÷åííÿ âèêî-ðèñòîâóþòü ïîðÿäêîâó ê³ëüê³ñíó øêàëó íà îñíîâ³ âò³ëåííÿ ãðîìàäÿíñüêèõ ïðàâ (ç ïðîåêòó «Ñâîáîäà ó ñâ³ò³» îðãàí³çàö³¿ «Freedom House»): 1) ðåæèì, ùî çà ïîêàçíèêîì ãðîìà-äÿíñüêèõ ñâîáîä îòðèìóº 1–2 áàëè, îö³íþºòüñÿ ÿê ë³áå-ðàëüíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ; 2) ðåæèì, ÿêèé çà çàäàíèì ïîêàçíèêîì îòðèìóº 2,5–3 áàëè, ïîâèíåí áóòè îö³íåíèé ÿê íàï³â-ë³áåðàëüíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ; 3) à ðåæèì, ùî çà ïîêàçíèêîì îòðè-ìóº 3,5 ³ á³ëüøå áàë³â, ïîçèö³îíóºòüñÿ ÿê ³ëë³áåðàëüíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ (ïðè öüîìó ð³çíèöÿ ì³æ àâòîðèòàðèçìîì ³ òîòàë³òàðèçìîì ñòàíîâèòü 5,5–7 áàë³â). Êð³ì òîãî, ó ïðî-åêò³, ùî ïîäàºòüñÿ «Freedom House», íå ðîáèòüñÿ ÷³òêî¿ òåîðåòè÷íî¿ âêàç³âêè íà âèîêðåìëåííÿ äèôåðåíö³àö³é ó ë³áå-ðàëüíîñò³ ïîë³òè÷íîãî ðåæèìó [18]. Òîìó öÿ ìåòîäèêà ìàº áóòè äîîïðàöüîâàíà ç âðàõóâàííÿì çàïðîïîíîâàíèõ çàóâà-æåíü, à òàêîæ òàêèõ àòðèáóò³â, ÿê ãîðèçîíòàëüíà ³ âåð-òèêàëüíà ï³äçâ³òí³ñòü òà âåðõîâåíñòâî ïðàâà [19].

Íà ïðîòèâàãó ³äå¿ «Freedom House», íèçêà êîìïàðà-òèâ³ñò³â (ïî÷èíàþ÷è ³ç ÕÕ² ñò.) ðîçâèâàº ê³ëüê³ñí³ é ÿê³ñí³ ìåòîäèêè êîíöåïòóàë³çàö³¿ «âáóäîâàíî¿ äåìîêðà-ò³¿» – ³äåòüñÿ, çîêðåìà, ïðî íàïðàöþâàííÿ Â. Ìåðêåëÿ [20], À. Ìàé÷åëà [21], À. Âåòçåëü ³ ß. Îðá³ [22], Ä. ×àìïë³íà [23] òîùî. Öåé êîíöåïò õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ âèêîðèñòàííÿì àëü-òåðíàòèâíèõ òà á³ëüø íàóêîâî àìá³òíèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê é

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ïîñòóëàò³â, ÿê³ ö³ëêîì óìîæëèâëþþòü ñèñòåìàòè÷íó ³äåíòè-ô³êàö³þ òà îïåðàö³îíàë³çàö³þ «äåô³öèòíîñò³» ó ôóíêö³î-íóâàíí³ äåôåêòíèõ äåìîêðàò³é òà ïîë³òè÷íèõ ðåæèì³â ç òàê çâàíî¿ «ñ³ðî¿ çîíè». Ïðè öüîìó ï³ä «ñ³ðîþ çîíîþ» ðîçó-ì³þòüñÿ ò³ âèïàäêè, äå àòðèáóòè àâòîêðàò³¿ ³ äåìîêðàò³¿ ìîæóòü ³ñíóâàòè ó âçàºìîïîâ’ÿçàí³é ñóì³ñíîñò³ é ïåðåì³-øóâàòèñü [24]. Î÷åâèäíî, ùî êðà¿íè «ñ³ðî¿ çîíè» ìîæóòü òÿæ³òè ùîäî îäíîãî àáî ³íøîãî ïîëþñà ðåæèìíîñò³, òîìó ñàìà ïî ñîá³ ³äåÿ «ñ³ðî¿ çîíè» º ñòðîêàòîþ çà âèçíà÷åííÿì.

Ðàçîì ç òèì âàðòî ðîçóì³òè, ùî çàäëÿ äåô³í³þâàííÿ «âáóäîâàíèõ äåìîêðàò³é» âèêîðèñòàíî ³äåþ ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â, ÿê³ íå ìîæóòü áóòè ïîÿñíåí³ ÿê îäíîçàëåæí³ çì³íí³ (çàäàíèé àíàë³òè÷íèé ïîñòóëàò ìè ïîì³÷àºìî íàâ³òü ó êëàñè÷íèõ äîðîáêàõ Ð. Äàëÿ). Âíàñë³äîê öüîãî ñòàº î÷å-âèäíî, ùî ïîë³òè÷íèé ðåæèì ìîæå áóòè çðîçóì³ëèì ÿê ñï³â³ñíóâàííÿ íàáîðó ïðàâèë òà íîðì, ÿê³ º âçàºìîïî-â’ÿçàíèìè. Òîìó Â. Ìåðêåëü ³ À. Êðîéññàíò ðîçóì³þòü äåìî-êðàò³þ ÿê êîìïëåêñ âçàºìîçàëåæíèõ, à òàêîæ íåçàëåæíèõ ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â [25]. Ñ. Øì³äò óòî÷íþº, ùî «âáóäîâàíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ» ñêëàäàºòüñÿ ç ï’ÿòè ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â – êîæíèé ç íèõ ìàº âëàñíèé íàá³ð ³íäèêàòîð³â: 1) ÷àñòêîâèé ðåæèì «1» – åëåêòîðàëüíèé ðåæèì (äîñòóï äî âëàäè, çä³éñíåííÿ âèáîðöÿìè ñàíêö³é äî îáðàíèõ íèìè ïðåäñòàâ-íèê³â, âåðòèêàëüíà ï³äçâ³òí³ñòü) [26]; 2) ÷àñòêîâèé ðåæèì «2» – ïîë³òè÷íà ó÷àñòü (ïîë³òè÷í³ ïðàâà – ÿê ïåðåäóìîâè âèáîð³â, ïðàâî ïîë³òè÷íî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿, ïðàâî íà ñâîáîäó äóìêè ³ âèñëîâëþâàííÿ) [27]; 3) ÷àñòêîâèé ðåæèì «3» – ãðîìàäÿíñüê³ ïðàâà ³ ñâîáîäè (âåðõîâåíñòâî ïðàâà, íåçà-ëåæíà ñóäîâà ñèñòåìà) [28]; 4) ÷àñòêîâèé ðåæèì «4» – ðîçïîä³ë âëàäè òà ãîðèçîíòàëüíà ï³äçâ³òí³ñòü (áàëàíñè òà ïå-ðåâ³ðêè ì³æ ã³ëêàìè âëàäè, íåçàëåæíà ³ åôåêòèâíà ñóäîâà ñèñòåìà ïî â³äíîøåííþ äî âèêîíàâ÷î¿ òà çàêîíîäàâ÷î¿ ã³ëîê âëàäè) [29]; 5) ÷àñòêîâèé ðåæèì «5» – âëàäíà âïëè-âîâ³ñòü îáðàíèõ ïîñàäîâö³â (â³äñóòí³ñòü íåêîíñòèòóö³éíèõ ïîâíîâàæåíü ó âñ³õ ñôåðàõ ïîë³òè÷íîãî ïðîöåñó) [30].

Â. Ìåðêåëü çàçíà÷àº, ùî êîíöåïò âêëþ÷åíî¿ äåìîêðà-ò³¿ íàñë³äóº ³äåþ ïðî òå, ùî ñòàá³ëüí³ êîíñòèòóö³éí³ äåìî-êðàò³¿ «âêëþ÷àþòüñÿ» äâîìà øëÿõàìè: 1) ïî-ïåðøå, âíóò-ð³øíüîñïåöèô³÷íà âçàºìîçàëåæí³ñòü/íåçàëåæí³ñòü ð³çíèõ

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÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â äåìîêðàò³¿ çàáåçïå÷óº ñâîº íîðìàòèâíå ³/÷è ôóíêö³îíàëüíå ³ñíóâàííÿ; 2) ïî-äðóãå, çîâí³øíüî-÷àñòêîâ³ ðåæèìè âáóäîâàí³ ó ñôåðè ñòâîðåííÿ ñïðèÿòëèâèõ óìîâ çàäëÿ äåìîêðàò³¿, ùî çàõèùàº ¿¿ â³ä çîâí³øí³õ ³ âíóòð³øí³õ ïîòðÿñ³íü òà äåñòàá³ë³çóþ÷èõ òåíäåíö³é. ßêùî ïîë³òè÷íèé ðåæèì ì³ñòèòü âñ³ ï’ÿòü ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â, òîä³ ñë³ä ãîâîðèòè ïðî òå, ùî â³í º âáóäîâàíîþ ë³áåðàëüíîþ äåìîêðàò³ºþ; ÿêùî íå ì³ñòèòü âñ³õ ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â – òî âáóäîâàíîþ äåôåêòíîþ äåìîêðàò³ºþ.

Â÷åí³ ââàæàþòü, ùî çàçíà÷åíèé êîíöåïò º ðåàë³ñòè÷-íèì, àäæå â³í ñêîíñòðóéîâàíèé âèíÿòêîâî íà ³íñòè-òóö³îíàëüí³é àðõ³òåêòóð³ äåìîêðàò³¿ ³ íå âèêîðèñòîâóº êàòåãîð³¿ «âõîäó» é «âèõîäó» ÿê âèçíà÷àëüí³ õàðàêòå-ðèñòèêè êîíñòèòóö³éíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿ [31]. Ñàìå òîìó âè-çíà÷åííÿ äåìîêðàò³¿ ó ö³é ìîäåë³ çîñåðåäæåíå â ïðîì³æí³é ñèòóàö³¿ ì³æ ³äåÿìè É. Øóìïåòåðà òà Õ. Õåëëåðà [32]. Öå îçíà÷àº, íàïðèêëàä, ùî äîáðîáóò êðà¿íè, ÷åñíèé ðîçïîä³ë åêîíîì³÷íèõ ñîö³àëüíèõ áëàã ³ ñîö³àëüíà ñïðàâåäëèâ³ñòü ìîæóòü ñòàòè çàâäàííÿìè äåìîêðàòè÷íîãî ðåæèìó, àëå âîíè ó æîäíîìó ðàç³ íå º îáîâ’ÿçêîâèìè ÿê ¿¿ äåô³í³òèâí³ àòðèáóòè [33]. Òàêîæ î÷åâèäíî òå, ùî êîíöåïö³ÿ åëåêòî-ðàëüíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿ ç âèêîðèñòàííÿ òåõí³êè ÷àñòêîâèõ ðå-æèì³â ðîçøèðþºòüñÿ: åëåêòîðàëüí³ñòü îçíà÷àº íå ëèø ôàêòè÷í³ñòü äåìîêðàòè÷íîñò³ âèáîð÷èõ ïðîöåäóð, àëå é ¿õíþ çíà÷èì³ñòü òà êîíñòèòóö³éí³ñòü.

×àñòêîâ³ ðåæèìè ìîæóòü åôåêòèâíî ôóíêö³îíóâàòè â äåìîêðàò³¿ çà óìîâè, ùî âîíè âçàºìíî ïîºäíàí³. Öå îçíà÷àº, ùî îêðåìèé ÷àñòêîâèé ðåæèì ï³äòðèìóº ôàêò ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ³íøîãî ÷àñòêîâîãî ðåæèìó, à òàêîæ ùî ÷àñòêîâ³ ðåæèìè çìóøóþòü ïîë³òè÷íèõ àêòîð³â íå ïîñÿ-ãàòè íà ôóíêö³îíàëüí³ ñôåðè ³íøèõ ðåæèì³â. Âíàñë³äîê öüîãî ôóíêö³îíàëüíà é íîðìàòèâíà âçàºìîçàëåæí³ñòü ³ íåçàëåæí³ñòü äåòåðì³íóþòü «êîä êîìóí³êàö³¿» ì³æ ï’ÿòü-ìà ÷àñòêîâèìè ðåæèìàìè. Áàëàíñ ì³æ íèìè º êðèõêèì ³ êîðåëþºòüñÿ â³ä äåìîêðàò³¿ äî äåìîêðàò³¿ [34]. Ñàìå íà ö³é ï³äñòàâ³ Ô. Øì³òòåð é çàçíà÷àº, í³áè äåìîêðàò³ÿ º êîìïëåêñîì âçàºìîçàëåæíèõ òà íåçàëåæíèõ ÷àñòêîâèõ ðå-æèì³â [35]. Ç ³íøîãî áîêó, öå îçíà÷àº, ùî äåìîêðàò³ÿ ìîæå áóòè äèñàãðåãîâàíà íà ï³äñòàâ³ ¿¿ ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â.

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Ó öüîìó é ïîëÿãàº ôóíêö³îíàëüíà ëîã³êà ïðîöåñó âáó-äîâàíîñò³ äåìîêðàò³¿, ÿêà ìåòîäîëîã³÷íî ðîçì³ùóºòüñÿ çà ìåæàìè åëåêòîðàëüíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿. Çíà÷èì³ñòü «êîíöåïòó âáóäîâàíîñò³» ïîëÿãàº ó òîìó, ùî ìîæëèâå òî÷íå âèçíà-÷åííÿ äåôåêò³â ó ìåæàõ äåìîêðàò³¿ (÷è «íåâáóäîâàíîñò³» ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â). Êð³ì òîãî, îçíà÷åí³ äåôåêòè ìîæóòü áóòè îïåðàö³îíàë³çîâàí³ êîìïàðàòèâíî ùîäî ð³çíèõ âèïàäê³â òà âèá³ðîê. Òàêîæ çàçíà÷åíà ìåòîäîëîã³÷íà ñïåöèô³êà ñïðîùóº âñ³ íàóêîâ³ êðîêè ç ïðèâîäó âçàºìî-çâ’ÿçêó äåôåêòíîñò³ òà òðàíçèòíîñò³.

Â. Ìåðêåëü [36] çàçíà÷àº, ùî ÿêùî õî÷ îäèí ç ÷àñò-êîâèõ ðåæèì³â âáóäîâàíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿ «ïîøêîäæåíèé» òàêèì ÷èíîì, ùî öå çì³íþº ñóìàðíó ëîã³êó êîíñòèòóö³éíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿, òî íåìàº ï³äñòàâ ãîâîðèòè ïðî íåäîòîðêàíí³ñòü âáóäîâàíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿. Ç îãëÿäó íà òå, ÿêèé ç ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â «ïîøêîäæåíî», ìè é ìîæåìî ãîâîðèòè ïðî «òèï äåôåêòíîñò³» äåìîêðàò³¿ (ïðè öüîìó âàðòî ðîçóì³òè, ùî éäåòüñÿ ïðî äåôåêòí³ äåìîêðàò³¿, à íå ïðî äåôåêòí³ ðåæèìè). Ñàìå òîìó äåôåêòíó äåìîêðàò³þ ïîòð³áíî ðîçó-ì³òè ÿê äåìîêðàò³þ, â êîòð³é ÷àñòêîâ³ ðåæèìè á³ëüøå íå âçàºìíî âáóäîâàí³, à ëîã³êà êîíñòèòóö³éíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿ âíóòð³øíüî ÷è çîâí³øíüî ïîðóøåíà. Öå îçíà÷àº, í³áè äåôåêòí³ äåìîêðàò³¿ – öå íå îáîâ’ÿçêîâî òðàíçèòèâí³ ñó-ñï³ëüñòâà (÷è ã³áðèäí³ ðåæèìè), ÿê³ ðîçâèâàþòüñÿ ó íàïðÿì³ äåìîêðàò³¿ àáî àâòîêðàò³¿ ç ìåòîþ â³äíîâëåííÿ ñèñòåìíî¿ ð³âíîâàãè. Çàëåæíî â³ä ¿õíüî¿ ïîë³òè÷íî¿ âëà-äè, à òàêîæ ñîö³àëüíî¿, åêîíîì³÷íî¿ òà êóëüòóðíî¿ âáó-äîâàíîñò³, âîíè ìîæóòü óòâåðäæóâàòèñÿ é ïðîòÿãîì òðè-âàëèõ ïåð³îä³â ÷àñó. À öå ìîæå ñòîñóâàòèñü ³ òèõ âèïàä-ê³â, êîëè ð³çí³ ïîë³òè÷í³ äåôåêòè ï³äòðèìóþòüñÿ ÿê ïîë³òè÷íîþ âëàäîþ, òàê ³ ñîö³àëüíî-åêîíîì³÷íèì àáî æ ñîö³àëüíî-êóëüòóðíèì êîíòåêñòàìè. ×èìàëî òàêèõ äå-ôåêòíèõ äåìîêðàò³é ñòàëè òðàäèö³éíèìè â Ñõ³äí³é ªâðî-ï³ òà Ëàòèíñüê³é Àìåðèö³.

Ç öüîãî ïðèâîäó Â. Ìåðêåëü âèä³ëÿº ÷îòèðè áàçîâ³ òèïè äåôåêòíèõ äåìîêðàò³é: 1) åêñêëþçèâíà («íåñóì³ñ-íà») äåìîêðàò³ÿ (àíãë. «exclusive democracy»); 2) äîìåí-íà («³íòåðâàëüíà») äåìîêðàò³ÿ (àíãë. «domain demo-cracy»); 3) ³ëë³áåðàëüíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ (àíãë. «illiberal

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democracy»); 4) äåëåãàòèâíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ (àíãë. «delegative democracy»). Âñ³ âîíè, ð³çíîþ ì³ðîþ, ñïèðàþòüñÿ íà ïðèí-öèïè ëèø ì³í³ìàëüíî¿ (ì³í³ìàë³ñòñüêî¿) åëåêòîðàëüíî¿ äå-ìîêðàò³¿, àëå ðàçîì ç òèì ïîºäíóþòü ó ñîá³ åëåìåíòè àâòî-ðèòàðèçìó (öå ìîæóòü áóòè ð³çí³ êîìá³íàö³¿ íàñòóïíèõ ðèñ ³/÷è àòðèáóò³â – íåñòà÷à/â³äñóòí³ñòü ïîë³òè÷íî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿ (ë³ì³òîâàíèé ïëþðàë³çì), íåñòà÷à/â³äñóòí³ñòü ïîë³òè÷íèõ ³ ãðîìàäÿíñüêèõ ñâîáîä, íåôîðìàëüíèé ³ òàºìíèé â³äá³ð ïîë³-òè÷íî¿ åë³òè, â³äñóòí³ñòü ³íñòèòóö³éíèõ ñòðèìóâàíü ³ ïðî-òèâàã, ñïðîáè äåïîë³òèçàö³¿ íàñåëåííÿ, ïåðåêîíàííÿ ó ðîë³ ïîë³òè÷íî¿ åë³òè ÿê «ðÿò³âíèêà íàö³¿»). Ïðè öüîìó ñë³ä ðîçóì³òè, ùî ì³í³ìàëüíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ òàêîæ âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ïî-ð³çíîìó (ïðî ùî éøëîñÿ ðàí³øå). Òèì íå ìåíø, ÿê äå-ìîíñòðóº êîíñîë³äîâàíèé äîñâ³ä íàóêîâèõ äîñë³äæåíü, íàé÷àñò³øå ãîëîâíèìè âåêòîðíèìè ³íäèêàòîðàìè äåìîêðà-ò³¿ ïîñòàþòü ïîë³òè÷íà êîíêóðåíö³ÿ é ïîë³òè÷íà ó÷àñòü.

Âàðòî çàóâàæèòè, í³áè âêàçàí³ òèïè äåôåêòíèõ äåìî-êðàò³é âèîêðåìëåíî ÷åðåç ïîºäíàííÿ ÷àñòêîâèõ ðåæèì³â òà åëåìåíò³â ¿õíüî¿ «íåâáóäîâàíîñò³». Åêñêëþçèâíà äåìî-êðàò³ÿ ìàº ì³ñöå òîä³, êîëè îäèí/ê³ëüêà ñåãìåíò³â äîðîñ-ëîãî íàñåëåííÿ ò³º¿ àáî ³íøî¿ êðà¿íè âèëó÷åí³ â³ä ãðîìà-äÿíñüêèõ òà ïîë³òè÷íèõ ïðàâ é ñâîáîä (é, çîêðåìà, âèáîð-÷îãî ïðàâà). Äîìåííà äåìîêðàò³ÿ ïðîÿâëÿºòüñÿ ó òèõ âèïàäêàõ, êîëè â ïåâíèõ ñåãìåíòàõ ïîë³òè÷íîãî ïðîöåñó ïðåâàëþþòü âåòî-ïîâíîâàæåííÿ íàä ïîâíîâàæåííÿìè îáðà-íèõ ïîñàäîâö³â – íàïðèêëàä, ó â³éñüêîâ³é ñôåð³, ïîë³ö³¿ ³/÷è òðàíñíàö³îíàëüíèõ êîðïîðàö³ÿõ òîùî (íàé÷àñò³øå çà-äàíèé òèï ìîæíà áà÷èòè ç-ïîì³æ êðà¿í Ëàòèíñüêî¿ Àìå-ðèêè). ²ëë³áåðàëüíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ ìàº ì³ñöå òîä³, êîëè îñî-áèñò³ñí³ ïðàâà íå ñòâîðåí³ ÷è ÷àñòêîâî íå âèêîíóþòüñÿ, äå â³äñóòí³é ïðèíöèï âåðõîâåíñòâà ïðàâà (öå íàéá³ëüø ïîøè-ðåíèé òèï äåôåêòíèõ äåìîêðàò³é). Íàðåøò³, äåëåãàòèâíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ ñòîñóºòüñÿ âèïàäê³â, êîëè êîíòðîëü çàêîíî-äàâ÷î¿ òà ñóäîâî¿ âëàäè íàä âèêîíàâ÷îþ âëàäîþ º ë³ì³òî-âàíèì (÷åðåç âïëèâ õàðèçìàòè÷íîãî ãëàâè äåðæàâè [37]).

Çà äàíèìè íà 2002 ð., Â. Ìåðêåëü âèîêðåìèâ òàê³ ð³ç-íîâèäè ïîë³òè÷íèõ ðåæèì³â ó êðà¿íàõ Ñõ³äíî¿ ªâðîïè (ïðè öüîìó àâòîð ðåã³îí Ñõ³äíî¿ ªâðîïè ðîçóì³º â øèðîêîìó ïëàí³): 1) åêñêëþçèâí³ äåìîêðàò³¿ – Ëàòâ³ÿ; 2) ³ëë³áåðàëüí³

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äåìîêðàò³¿ – Àëáàí³ÿ, Áîëãàð³ÿ, Õîðâàò³ÿ, Ìàêåäîí³ÿ, Ìîëäîâà, Ðóìóí³ÿ, Ðîñ³ÿ, à òàêîæ Óêðà¿íà; 3) äåëåãàòèâí³ äåìîêðàò³¿ – â³äñóòí³; 4) äîìåíí³ (îï³êóíñüê³) äåìîêðàò³¿ – â³äñóòí³; 5) ë³áåðàëüí³ äåìîêðàò³¿ – Åñòîí³ÿ, Ïîëüùà, Ëèòâà, Ñëîâà÷÷èíà, Ñëîâåí³ÿ, ×åõ³ÿ òà Óãîðùèíà; 6) àâòî-êðàò³¿ – Á³ëîðóñü. Ïðèêëàäàìè äåëåãàòèâíèõ äåìîêðàò³é ó ñâ³ò³ áóëî âèçíà÷åíî Àðãåíòèíó é Ï³âäåííó Êîðåþ. Ïðèê-ëàäàìè æ äîìåííèõ äåìîêðàò³é îçíà÷åíî ×èë³, Åêâàäîð òà ²íäîíåç³þ. À ç-ïîì³æ åêñêëþçèâíèõ äåìîêðàò³é ó ñâ³ò³ âèîêðåìëåíî Áðàçèë³þ, Ãâàòåìàëó é Òà¿ëàíä. Ö³êàâî, ùî ç-ïîì³æ êðà¿í Ëàòèíñüêî¿ Àìåðèêè âèîêðåìëåíî ò³ëüêè îäíó ë³áåðàëüíó äåìîêðàò³þ – Óðóãâàé. Àíàëîã³÷íà ñèòó-àö³ÿ ïîì³÷åíà ó âèïàäêó êðà¿í Àç³¿ – éäåòüñÿ ïðî Òàéâàíü. Áåçóìîâíî, íà 2012 ð. ñèòóàö³ÿ äåùî çì³íèëàñÿ, ïðîòå òåíäåíö³ÿ ðîçâèòêó çàëèøèëàñÿ ñòàá³ëüíîþ.

Ð³÷ ó òîìó, ùî ïðàêòè÷íî íåçì³ííèìè çàëèøèëèñÿ ôàêòîðè, êîòð³ âïëèíóëè íà ôîðìóâàííÿ êîíöåïòó «äå-ôåêòíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿». Öå, ïî-ïåðøå, òàê çâàí³ ñòðóêòóðí³ ïîÿñíåííÿ, ÿê³ ñóòòºâî âïëèâàþòü íà ïîâåä³íêó ñóá’ºêò³â ïîë³òèêè. Ñåðåä íèõ äîñë³äíèêè âèîêðåìëþþòü òàê³: ³ñòî-ðè÷íà ñïàäùèíà, ÿêà ïîçíà÷àºòüñÿ ïîâíîþ â³äñóòí³ñòþ äîñâ³äó äåìîêðàò³¿ (íàïðèêëàä, Ðîñ³ÿ äî 1991 ð.); íåäåìî-êðàòè÷íà àáî àâòîðèòàðíà ïîë³òè÷íà êóëüòóðà (íàïðèê-ëàä, á³ëüø³ñòü êðà¿í Ìàãðèáó); ðàêóðñ íåîïàòðèìîí³àëü-íîãî ïðàâë³ííÿ (ïåðåâàæíî àôðèêàíñüê³ êðà¿íè, àëå ðàçîì ç òèì é äåÿê³ ïîñòðàäÿíñüê³ ðåñïóáë³êè [38] – ÷àñòî äî ö³º¿ ãðóïè ÷èííèê³â íàëåæèòü Óêðà¿íà, ïðî ùî ñâ³ä÷àòü äîñë³äæåííÿ, ó òîìó ÷èñë³ é â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ íàóêîâö³â [39]).

Ïî-äðóãå, öå òàê çâàí³ «îð³ºíòîâàí³ íà ñóá’ºêòà (àê-òîðà)» ï³äõîäè. Â çãàäàíîìó âèïàäêó óâàãó ñë³ä ñôîêó-ñóâàòè íà íåäåìîêðàòè÷í³é ïîâåä³íö³ ñóá’ºêò³â ÷è àêòîð³â ïîë³òèêè, ÿê³ íå ìîæóòü (÷è íå õî÷óòü) ïîâàæàòè äåìî-êðàòè÷í³ ³äåàëè é ïðèíöèïè. Ö³ àêòîðè íå ïðèéìàþòü òðàäèö³éíîãî ãàñëà äåìîêðàò³¿, ÿêå áóëî çàïðîïîíîâàíå À. Ïøåâîðñüê³, ïðî òå, ùî «äåìîêðàò³ÿ ïîâèííà áóòè ºäèíîþ ãðîþ ó ì³ñò³». Âíàñë³äîê öüîãî ó çàçíà÷åíèõ âèïàäêàõ ãàëüìóºòüñÿ êîíñîë³äàö³ÿ ñàìî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿, à òàêîæ é ³äå¿ ¿¿ íåîáõ³äíîñò³.

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Ïî-òðåòº, öå ³íñòèòóö³éíèé äåô³öèò. «Íåïðàâèëüí³» é íåñïðèÿòëèâ³ ³íñòèòóòè, ÿê³ áóëè ñòâîðåí³ ïðîòÿãîì ïåðå-õ³äíîãî ïåð³îäó ³ çàêð³ïëåí³ â êîíñòèòóö³ÿõ, ìîæóòü ïðè-çâîäèòè äî íåñòàá³ëüíîñò³ ïîë³òè÷íîãî ðåæèìó ³ âñ³º¿ ñèñ-òåìè. Òàêèì ïðèêëàäîì ââàæàºìî ïðîïîðö³éíå ïðåäñòàâ-íèöòâî áåç âèáîð÷èõ áàð’ºð³â äëÿ ïàðò³é (çîêðåìà, ó Ïîëüù³ â 1989–1993 ðð. àáî â Ãðóç³¿ ó 1993 ð. òîùî).

²ç ïðè÷èí æå òîãî, ÷îìó îêðåì³ ïîë³ò³¿ ðîçâèâàþòüñÿ ÿê äåôåêòí³ äåìîêðàò³¿, ñë³ä òàêîæ âèîêðåìëþâàòè ê³ëüêà ìîìåíò³â: 1) íàïðÿì/øëÿõ ìîäåðí³çàö³¿ (âèïàäîê äåôåêò-íîñò³ ìîæå ðîçâèíóòèñü ó ò³é ñèòóàö³¿, êîëè ñîö³àëüíî-åêî-íîì³÷íà ìîäåðí³çàö³ÿ â³äáóâàºòüñÿ íàï³âìîäåðíèì íàïðÿ-ìîì, âíàñë³äîê ÷îãî ôîðìóºòüñÿ äèñáàëàíñ âëàäè, â ÿêîìó äåÿê³ ñîö³àëüí³ ãðóïè ââàæàþòü äåìîêðàò³þ çàãðîçîþ ñâî¿ì ³íòåðåñàì [40]); 2) ð³âåíü ìîäåðí³çàö³¿ (äåôåêòí³ñòü âëàñòèâà á³ëüøîþ ì³ðîþ ó òèõ êðà¿íàõ, â ÿêèõ íèæ÷èé ð³âåíü ñîö³àëüíî-åêîíîì³÷íîãî ðîçâèòêó, à òàêîæ âèùèé ð³âåíü ñîö³àëüíî¿ íåð³âíîñò³ – â öüîìó âèïàäêó äåìîêðàò³ÿ ÷àñòî çàëèøàºòüñÿ ëèø ôîðìàë³çîâàíîþ); 3) åêîíîì³÷í³ òåíäåíö³¿ (åêîíîì³÷íà êðèçà ñïðè÷èíÿº ³íñòèòóö³îíàë³-çàö³þ ð³çíèõ äåôåêò³â íåêîíñîë³äîâàíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿, îñîá-ëèâî â íàï³âïðåçèäåíòñüêèõ, à òàêîæ ó ïðåçèäåíòñüêèõ êîíñòèòóö³éíèõ ìîäåëÿõ [41]); 4) òèï ñîö³àëüíîãî êàï³-òàëó (ÿêùî ñîö³àëüíèé êàï³òàë á³ëüøîþ ì³ðîþ àêóìó-ëüîâàíèé íàâêîëî åòí³÷íèõ ÷è ðåë³ã³éíèõ ãðóï, éìîâ³ðíå ôîðìóâàííÿ åêñêëþçèâíî¿ é ³ëë³áåðàëüíî¿ äåìîêðàò³é); 5) ðîçâèòîê ãðîìàäÿíñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà (â³äñóòí³ñòü ì³æ-îñîáèñò³ñíî¿ äîâ³ðè ïðîâîêóº ðîçâèòîê äåôåêò³â äåìîêðàò³¿); 6) îñîáëèâîñò³ ïðîöåñó äåðæàâíîãî áóä³âíèöòâà (îñîáëèâîñò³ âèð³øåííÿ ïèòàíü êîðäîí³â òà íàö³îíàëüíèõ ìåíøèí âïëèâàþòü íà òå, íàñê³ëüêè ðîçâèòîê äåìîêðàò³¿ â³äïî-â³äàòèìå ë³áåðàëüíèì ö³ííîñòÿì); 7) òèï ïîïåðåäíüîãî àâòîðèòàðèçìó (÷èì äîâøèé ïåð³îä òîòàë³òàðèçìó, ïîñò-òîòàë³òàðèçìó, ñóëòàí³çìó òà íåîïàòðèìîí³àë³çìó, òèì éìîâ³ðí³ø³ äåôåêòè ðîçâèòêó äåìîêðàò³¿); 8) ìîäåëü ïîë³-òè÷íîãî òðàíçèòó (ð³âåíü ï³äòðèìêè ïîë³òè÷íîþ åë³òîþ äåìîêðàòè÷íèõ ³äåé âïëèâàº íà øâèäê³ñòü ¿¿ ³íñòèòóö³î-íàë³çàö³¿ ³ êîíñîë³äàö³¿); 9) ðîçâèòîê ïîë³òè÷íèõ ³íñòèòóò³â

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(÷èì ïîøèðåí³øèìè º ïîñòàâòîðèòàðí³ òåíäåíö³¿ ùîäî ïàòðèìîí³àë³çìó, êë³ºíòàë³çìó òà êîðóïö³¿, òèì äåôåêò-í³øèìè âèÿâëÿþòüñÿ äåìîêðàò³¿; ÷èì á³ëüøå âïëèâîâèìè º íåôîðìàëüí³ ïðîöåäóðè, òèì äåôåêòí³øà äåìîêðàò³ÿ); 10) êîíòåêñò ðåã³îíàëüíîãî òà ì³æíàðîäíîãî ðîçâèòêó (ÿêùî âïëèâ ì³æíàðîäíèõ ³íñòèòóö³é íà çàõèñò ë³áå-ðàëüíèõ ö³ííîñòåé ë³ì³òóºòüñÿ, çá³ëüøóºòüñÿ äåôåêòí³ñòü äåìîêðàò³é).

Ïðè öüîìó ñë³ä âèîêðåìëþâàòè ê³ëüêà ã³ïîòåòè÷íèõ ñöåíàð³¿â ðîçâèòêó ñàìå äåôåêòíèõ äåìîêðàò³é. Ïåðøèé (ðåãðåñèâíèé) ñöåíàð³é ïåðåäáà÷àº êîíöåíòðàö³þ ïîë³-òè÷íèõ ïîâíîâàæåíü ó ðóêàõ âèêîíàâ÷î¿ âëàäè íà ï³ä-ñòàâ³ çàâäàííÿ çáèòê³â ïðèíöèïàì âåðõîâåíñòâà ïðàâà, âíàñë³äîê ÷îãî â³äáóâàºòüñÿ «³íôîðìàë³çàö³ÿ» óñ³õ ïîë³-òè÷íèõ ïðîöåäóð ³/÷è ð³øåíü. ßê íàñë³äîê, ôîðìàëüíî äåìîêðàòè÷íèé êàðêàñ çàëèøàºòüñÿ, ïðîòå âàæëèâ³ ïîë³-òè÷í³ ð³øåííÿ çä³éñíþþòüñÿ ïîçà éîãî ìåæàìè. ßê ïðèêëàä òàêîãî ñöåíàð³þ, Ò. Áåéõåëüò âèîêðåìëþº Á³ëî-ðóñü (ÿêà ïîçèö³îíóºòüñÿ ÿê àâòîðèòàðíèé ðåæèì). Äðó-ãèé (ñòàá³ë³çàö³éíèé) ñöåíàð³é ðåãëàìåíòóº íàäàííÿ ïåðåâàãè äåôåêòàì äåìîêðàò³¿, à íå â³äêðèòîìó àâòîðè-òàðèçìó, âíàñë³äîê ÷îãî äëÿ ñèñòåìè çàáåçïå÷óºòüñÿ â³ä-íîñíà ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü åë³òè. Âíàñë³äîê öüîãî ôîðìóºòüñÿ òàê çâàíà «ñàìîâ³äòâîðþâàëüíà ð³âíîâàãà ïîë³òè÷íèõ ñèë», à öå, â ñâîþ ÷åðãó, âåäå äî ñòàòóñó-êâî äåôåêòíî¿ äåìî-êðàò³¿. Ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü çàáåçïå÷óºòüñÿ äî òèõ ï³ð, ïîêè ñïåöèô³÷í³ äåôåêòè äåìîêðàò³¿ ðîáëÿòü çíà÷èìèé âíåñîê ó ïðîöåñ çì³öíåííÿ åë³ò ³ çàäîâîëåííÿ ³íòåðåñ³â òèõ âåðñòâ íàñåëåííÿ, ÿê³ ï³äòðèìóþòü ñèñòåìó. Ïðèêëàäîì òàêèõ ñöåíàð³¿â Â. Ìåðêåëü òà À. Êðîéññàíò ââàæàþòü Òà¿ëàíä, Óêðà¿íó òà Ðîñ³þ. Òðåò³é (ïðîãðåñèâíèé) ñöå-íàð³é ïåðåäáà÷àº, ùî íåôîðìàëüí³ äåìîêðàòè÷í³ ðàêóðñè âèò³ñíÿþòüñÿ ôîðìàëüíèìè (íà âèìîãó ãðîìàäÿíñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà). ßê íàñë³äîê, çðîñòàº ðåçèñòåíòí³ñòü äî íåôîðìàëüíèõ ïðîöåäóð ³ ð³øåíü, à ñàìà äåìîêðàò³ÿ ìàº âñå á³ëüøå ðèñ êîíñòèòóö³éíî¿. Âíàñë³äîê öüîãî äåôåêòè òðàíñôîðìóþòüñÿ ó ðèñè êîíñîë³äîâàíîñò³ åëåìåíòàìè ïðàâà (íàïðèêëàä, Ñëîâà÷÷èíà, ×èë³ òîùî).

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Ï³äñóìîâóþ÷è, âàðòî çàóâàæèòè, ùî ïîïðè ö³ëó íèç-êó êîíöåïò³â äåìîêðàò³¿ ³äåÿ «äåôåêòíî¿ äåìîêðàò³¿» ñüî-ãîäí³ ÷àñòî âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ íà ïðîòèâàãó ñàìå äî ³äå¿ «ã³áðèäíèõ ðåæèì³â». Ïðè öüîìó, â äàíîìó âèïàäêó «äå-ôåêòí³ñòü» ìè ðîçóì³ºìî âèíÿòêîâî ó âóçüêîìó çì³ñò³: ð³÷ ó òîìó, ùî ³íêîëè äåôåêòàìè ïîçíà÷àþòüñÿ òàêîæ ë³áå-ðàëüí³ äåìîêðàò³¿, ïðîòå ò³ ÷è ³íø³ äåôåêòè íå âåäóòü äî ïðîÿâ³â àâòîðèòàðèçìó. Òîìó çíîâó æ òàêè, ï³ä äåôåêòíîþ äåìîêðàò³ºþ ðîçóì³ºìî âèíÿòêîâî ò³ ïîë³òè÷í³ ðåæèìè, â ÿêèõ â³äáóâàºòüñÿ ïîºäíÿííÿ ðèñ äåìîêðàò³é òà àâòîêðàò³é (àáî, óìîâíî, äåìîêðàò³é ³ òîòàë³òàðèçìó), êîòð³ â ï³ä-ñóìêó âåäóòü äî íåáåçïåê àâòîðèòàðèçìó (é òîòàë³òàðèçìó). Â ³íñòèòóö³éíîìó âèì³ð³ äåôåêòíà äåìîêðàò³ÿ íàä³ëåíà åëå-ìåíòàìè åëåêòîðàëüíîñò³, àëå ³ãíîðóº êëþ÷îâ³ ö³ííîñò³ äåìîêðàòè÷íîãî ðîçâèòêó (ð³âí³ñòü, ñâîáîäó, ãîðèçîíòàëüíó ï³äçâ³òí³ñòü). Ïðè öüîìó äåôåêòí³ äåìîêðàò³¿ íå îáîâ’ÿçêîâî º ïåðåõ³äíèìè (òðàíçèòèâíèìè) ðåæèìàìè, ÿê³ ðàíî/ï³çíî ðîçâèíóòüñÿ ó äåìîêðàòè÷í³ àáî àâòîðèòàðí³ ñèñòåìè.

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