CO~IITE POVR LA SIDERVRG.E !lNC'ENNE

de "Vnion 'nternutionule des Sciences Pre,.istoriques et Proto',i.doriqlles

t w. U. Guyan, president R. Pleiner, sCCI'e taj n :

Siege uu secreta rial : Institut d 'Archcologic, 118 01 Prab'Uc 1, "U!tcnskii 4 . Rcpubliquc Tdu~qll c.

Communicat.ion 62 Edited by R . Pleiner

NEW MEMBEIIS: N. Venc/ov,; , p..,tI",.

W. U. GUYAN IN MEMOlUAN (19ll - 1999). On 18th )"nua,·y ILed Walte,· UIr·ieh Guy"" , for lIlany yea r s professor a l the Univer'sity of Ziirych and (liredo!" of the Museum ZlI A1Jedlciligen in Schafflluuscn. H t: was one of the leuwng Iwchislorians and ardulColoh..jsts of Schwitzcd aml , engaged in a bl"oad range of pmhlcllls from the Ncolithic (he \\1'.15 the excava tor uf an impu l"l a nt site uf Thayngcn- \Veycr ) OVe l" the carly hislOl'Y of the Celts up to the Mid(tlc Ages.

Just befo,"c tht! wu ,· he lwcmue interes ted in what he caUed 'Ei senan.:h~i o lo~ric' , an.: haeology of iron. Tlus was at the occa sion of Ule eXf;avati on of.1Il AJa lllanian site at Mel·ishausen . H e I'e tllnwd l u

tlus theme and s Ulll1nar;zed the first results in a tn~ati se 'An;hiiolo ~ris (;he Untel'suchungt'Jl zu r EisengewinlllUlg: in del' Schweiz ' (S t.lhllmd Eisen 1956). Since 1961 ht~ headed a I;u gc ext:avaUOll al

Barg:en- Hofwiesen wluch J'evealetl a 15th century Lloomel'y complex with Iraccs of H halllmcnn.iU (published in Vita pro fClTo , 1965).

In 1966, on the opportullity of tllC 7UI International Congl'ess of the UlSPP, P rague, he SUPI' 0I'­

led , as H r enowned sdlOlar and membe r' of the COllute executive, the proposal of the es tabl.is lunent of the Conute pour la sidenH'gie ancienne d e I'UISPP and , afte r election, he became the president of tlu s t:onsultative boa rd , DlII;ng the su(;ceedin g yea l's Ire was the promotor of the Hl'chaeo loh'Y of iron. As the president of the C P SA he orga luzed two iml'ol'tant intenlati onal meetings : Ihe symposi um 'D il" Verstlch s.!:ichmelzen und ilu'c Bedelltung fiit' die MetaUurgie d es Eisens wId dessen Ceschichl t·'. Schaffhallsen 11)70 (puLlished 1973), and ' D<l s fl'iihe Eist~n in Eumpa ', Schaffllausen 19i1) (pu!JLislwd lY81), In 11)91 hI: SlIllHlJaJ'i zed the t'xc<!vatioll of a lllellicva l \ri llagc ut Be r 's liJl g~:n wi th illlpol'lanl evitlt:n(:e of Llonmcl'y ironmaking.

\Valtc l' UlI'iell Guyan was a great anti elwrge Li t; mun Witll impul'tant official conlaels. During 11 11'

last yt!ars he I'ctired from the ad.ivc wOI'k and tilt: ylllUlgCl' gencmtioll of an:hacomdaUul'~rjs I S ha d no uppul'hmity to make the pe l'sonal acqlluil1lanee wi th tlu s sch ular, The Cllluite )IOUI' la sidel'u" g-ie <Ill1'i ­t;nlle los t its JlI'es itl cl1 t. We pay homage 10 him . Rac/owi,. [.Jleill e r

OTH EH OIlIT UA RIES . Th,'ough lng. S It,:pirlski , Krak/nv, Wt~ know that in 191)4 died I'l' ufessol' W. H/,­zmlski of the Mining HIltI MetnUlII'h1' Aeademy; he was t.he SIl CeeSSOI' of the laic p l'Ofessor Hadwan and , with professor Bielenin , t:ontinllcd the smelling tt'inl s in slag-llil fUl 'naees of the H oly Cross IllUIUlI;t ins IYI'~ "

The Swcd.i sh J ernkontoret infonneu us ulJOut the decease of D ... I. Bohlll , one of Ihe fOllllllill g memLer's of thc CP SA,

CONFEIIENCES

EUROPA1SCHE E ISENSTRASSE was a n intenlutional meeting al SOlUltugLeq;, Austl;a , 16 .- 20 , Sql­tember 1998. It wu s OI'ganizcd by the Amt ti e l' Osten cidusehen Landesregienmg: , headed Ly R. Sand ­h'Tuber, Li_nz, and C. Sped, Leoben , The final aim is to eSlablish a boar'd, r esponsible 10 n~eommend routes, eonneeting important lusIOI;cal regions and places in Europe wluch rcpresent the hislOl'y of il'on making and "'OI'king, from Populonia in Italy tlll'ough StYJ;U , Bavul;a, Rhineland , \Vea ld of Sussex up to the h on Bridge in England , and Walloon and franee 10 Cata lunya and Basque (:0111111 '),

down 10 Tarlesos, witch another othel' brandt leading to BurgenJantl, Poland, Swed en and Norway, Papcrs devoted to individual iron trail s as well as tllOse coneenung the J1J'oblcm of medieval and modenl metaUul'gy of iron: A, lockenhovel, Chr. Willms , Miinstcr: Die hoehm.iltdaltet'ljdu: Eise llgl:-

376 Arclreolcgicke rozhu,dy LI , Pm/r" 1999

winmmg in archaolohri sch vergleic:hendel' Sicht. E. Baruidi, Genova: Indirect approaches to iron prodm:tion in Middle Ages - the role of Italy. C. Ryd.en, A. Floren, Uppsala: Compal;son of IJI'oduc­cion and work within ir'onmaking in BI;tain , the ww Countries, a mi Sweden. V. Souchopova (Mrs), J. Merta, Brno: Die Eiscnproduktion in Miihren his ins 19. Jahl'itundert. Ph. . Braunstein , Paris: Das fl'anzosische Eisen und die enropaische Eisenlandschaft (13. his 16. luhrhundel't). A. Paulinyi., Dortnnmd: Vel'gleichende Darstellung del' eUl'opaischen Eisenerzeugung vom 16. bis 18 . JahdllLllder't . E. Landsteiner, Wien: Del' StahJexport nus Steyl' und die Niil'nbel'ger Rii stungsindush'ie Itn} 1600. R. Banken, Koln : Das Eiscnwesen an de l' Saar in del' er sten Hiilfte des 19. Jahrhtmder't, M. Fessner , Boehum: Von del' Eisenverarbeihmg in del' Grafschaft Mark ZUI' Eisellindustrie des Ruhrgebietes. H. Wolf. Regensbnr g: Bayerische Eisenstl'3SSe - Konzeption und Durchfiihl'ung, Zukunft. Fr. Toussaint , VeLLerl: Museumspl'ojekte im Eisenhiiuenwesen - Erfahl'ungen von del' Wemlener' HUtte, del' Luisenhi.itte und dem H ochofen Hattingcn . H . Lackner: Wien: Die Geschichte del' Eisen­lUld StahlerzeuglUlg in del' neuen Schausammlung dcs Technisches Museums \Vien. F. Siegha.rtsleit.ner, SteinhadJSteyr: E rfahnmgen nut del' iis teneiGhischen Eisenstrasse.

Valuahle tr'il's were nt·ganized in all of the afternoons: Yl)bsitz , Sdnnied clllcile (wul·king ha mmer-mills and standing Imildings in the va lley of the Kleille Yhhs ), exhihition of inlllworking in Yhbsitz ; Erzbcl'g lInd Eisencl·z in Styria, visit of nu.llt:s abandoned in 1988; \Veyer', exluiJilj on 'Land del· Hammel·" Kogelsbad.!St. Georgen am ReitJ, (a n<l tional fea st inspil'ed by the Osterreidusche Eisenslrusse) . T he symposium was pel'fec tly o r·ganized mill eontrihlltt!d to the knowledge of lhe mcw e­va l and Jlost- medicva llustory of ir·onmaking and production of teduucal monuments,

R. Pleiner , Pnlglle

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "IL FERRO NELLE ALPI - IRON IN THE ALPS". (Deposits, mines, ~md melallu q,ry fl'om a ntiquity to the XV century) took place 2-4 OctoLel' 1998 in the sllhalpine Valle(:amonic3 at Bienno, Ita ly. T lus was o r'galuzed hy Professor Man:o Tizzoni (Be l·gamo) and othel' ins titutions in Ihe ValleeamOluea , ahove all the COmtUle tli Bienno. T his was the second meeting of that kind in Ihe al'ea, the first being in 1988 (Prof. Ninina Cuomo lU Caprio). The sess ion were luvided into fOUl· bloeks: A. Geoloh'1' : L. Brigo: Provineia Metallogeluca Ferrifera dell a Lombanua. S. de Donatis c l. al.: Le nuner alizzazioni fen;ferc lldJa Lomhanlia Ol'ientaJe. M. Moroni (Mr's) and F. Rodeghiero: AlTichimenti stratifornu et stratabolmd nel Bas<lmento Sudalpulo e 101'0 ruolo nel <Iuadro metaUoge­l1.ico deUa provineia fen;fera wmharwa. S. de Donat.is et al.: Le mineralizzazioni fen;fe r·e della Lomhardia orientaJe . M. Moroni (Ml's) and F. Rodeghiero: Arrichimenti st ratifornu et stnttabound nel Basamento Sudalpino e 101'0 ruolo nel (IUadl'o melallogeJu(;o della provincia fenifer a LomLarda. P. Rosetti: L ! nunenluzziOlU fenifeJ'e delle Alpi Ocddent.ali. I. Venerwuii and S. Cori.: Le lluncrali z­zazioni dcUa Valgrigllu eon IHuti(:o l;u-e r'ih'lHll'do alle mmufes tazioni fen'ifen:!. C. Ruosset a nd M. Guionwr: Le com:entruziOlu fen-ifere sui territo r'io deUa risel·va geo lohrica deU' Alia Pl'Ovenzn (Fnll1cia), massiccio di Barles e dinl onu . B. An:haeometalllll·h'1' - Rehrional Studies: M, Tizzolli: Cinque anni di l-i cen:he archeomctallur::,riehc nel territorie di Biennu. Ph, Fluzin.: Ponk dj Val Gabbia , Bienno , the iron find s fnJln the forge (highly ea dJllI'izcd metal from the 4 Lh--6tll ccnluries AD). I - Fr. BeJ./lOst.e: Le (;I'oisement des influences fl"lI1~aises et italielUles dans hi sidcnlrgie du Dauphine et dc la Savoie (XIV-XVI siedc). D. Morin. , M. Tizzoni, P. Oppizzi: La metalJu l·hria anlica ndla Vallc MOlTobia (Canlonc Tieino, Svizzent). Pr'inu I'csltllati. P. Crew: The influence of clay and chan:oal 0 11

bloomc ry slags - a eonll;hution to the ques t for' the H oly Gl'ail (charcoal ash in.fl uences the composi­tion of slag fHI' more intensively than previollsly thl'Ought, exp erimental res ttlts indicate). M, Leroyand P. Merluzzo: Le Illt!Ci.llUsme de I'eduction de mincrais de fel· en reduction direc te: I'examplc des mine­rais selumentuires ooLithique de Lonaine (expel-imental l'csults). A. Ploquin: A pl'Of'os de laitiel's le eas JlaI'tieulier d e Bonloh'TIa (Valle Bl'cmbana , Bel'gamo, Italic), blast furna ce and finc r'y slags. C. Di Callgi: Rapl'orto tra ull:iadiamenti dele r;so r·se nuneral'ic in Piemonte e in VaUe d ' Aosta. M.--C. BaiUy-Maitre (Mrs): Mines et metaUurgie du fer dans Ics Alpcs fran~ai scs (Ishe - Savoic): t! tat de connaissanes. D. Morin et al.: EXlraetion du fer el metallu l·hric dans le LuLel'on et le HaUl- VuI' (Rehrion PI'ovent:e-Alpes-C(') te d'Azur, Franc~). B. Beck ami V. Serneels: The Mont Chemin il'On nunes and the ancient il'On pl'Oduetion in Wallis, Switzerlanu . C. Cla.err- Roussel.: Achal de toles der fe .. dans le Val CamOluca au XVe sieeie pal' la saline ue Salins (Jura). 1-1 Straube: Stahl allS dem Noricum flil · das Ronusehe Iml'criom. R. PI.einer: The techniques of the blacksn:tiths in Nori(~lml and Centra l Europe (melallography, simple teehnillues on the northern pel-iphcr'y of the Celtic domainc prevail). H. Dole,lZ: Norischer Stahl uus del' Stmit anf uem Magdalensberg in Kiil'nten (summary in English b y 1-1. Stra.ube) . B. Beck (Mrs) and C. Wa.Uach: Tntenusciplinary research on a nuners' snuthy ofthe 16th (:en tury in Gastein, Salzburg. Methods ami results (smithies at silver' nuncs, picks, snuthing: slags).

Comit" No 62 , AR 51, 1999 377

C. Cassnw.nn: Iron ore deposits and andent smelting places in Bavariu Letween the A1l g~i llC I' AJpen und the Donau rive r'. 7: AbdinghoJJ and M. Overbeck : An:haol0o.>l sehe UnterslI chungcn fr'iiher Hoch ofen in Mitteleuropa . H . L. Knau. und M. Sonneck en: Eisen lUu l StahJ im Siegel'- lmu Sauerland . Von d el' wrekten zu del' indirekten EisenerzeUb'lmg: . C . Poster Session: B. CalUUI.eo and D, L. Daee6: La metaUuq;ie H Le(;(;O in VaUe del Geren zone. M, Benvenuti : Scorie drusche l-icche dj stah'110 sa un insediamento indus triale del VI-IV secolo a. C. u PopuJoniu (Toscuna- Italia) . V. Sou.chopo va (Mrs) and J. Merla: Medieval Iron ore mining: in Western Moravia (Central Km's t), Technological Tnmsfer : M, Urteaga (Mrs) : E l 'Bergamazo' en las fen eias hidraulicas d e Gipuzkoa , Pais Vaseo (Basque CO WHI)'), J, Canteuwbe and C, Vernn (Mr's) : La forge a la Gcnoise duns les P yd:nces arlcgoises a ll XVI siecle: cluale quel transfer de techniquc? M , Mal1gin : Conclusion du eollo(1ue,

In the afte l'noons , excursions wel'C organized. They included the old town of Bielmo wi th the chain of ha mmennills (some of them still wOl'king imported iron to gardening implements and fittings, onc being tnlll sfonneu to the Museo Etn ogr a fi co dd Fen'o) ami the visit al Malonno in the u ppe l' VaUeeamonieu va lley, with its stantLing ruin o f a blast funlaee (Bel'gamHseo style , 17th c:t;ntlll'y). 'HI ir on mine ~l(.Ij t , and a fincl'Y.

The symposium was attended b y mor e than 60 partid pants fnull nine European countries (wi th a grea t deal of Italian and French), It touched on Vi.l l"ious topics, e,g, thj~ geoloh,), of the AJpine dep us its on Italian and French te lTitol;CS, Ule protohistOlic iron smelting and workin g in central Europc as wd l as the tnm sitioll f!'Om the Wl'cct ,mu Ule Flossofen lH'o{;esses of il'omnakin g, The meeting was successful and well organized due to the efforts b y professors Murco a nti Constanza T izzoni , R. Pleirrer , Pr'ague

" .. UND SI E FORMTEN DAS E ISEN" - this was an inte l'nation a l symposium having bl~cn held a t tilt' lagel'meyrhof Cenh'e at Linz, Aush-ia , 27- 30 October 1998 , It was organized b y the Oste lTeidusche GeseUsdmft flir Ur- untl Friihgeschiehte ami the Uni versi ty of Vienna (0 . H . Ud Jan , E. M . RU}J l'edl ls­berge l' d a l. ). As the titlc inw(;a tes ( .. and they have worked i)"on for us), the topic was eonccnt l'atcd on several )ll'oblems, involving the early hoards of iron ubjects, the s teel of Noricum , the ea rly il'on ­workillg, and last but not least , the physi(;a l meta Uuq,')' of bloomel'y and cas t iron, Thc l'e have Lt:en I'cad the foll owing pa pers: A, SchiiJer . MadJUrg: Eiscnvenlrheihmg in Ben :hing- PoUanten , K. Pieta , Nitra: Eisendepotfunde im no nlliehen Karpat l!nraum . O . H . Urban , Wien : Die sp Ii tlatenezcitliehen Eist!ndepotfund e VOIll GriindLerg in Linz, H , Pressll~nger , Li nz: AI'chaometaUurgischc Untt; r'sllchungs­ergebnisse an ausgewiihlten 'Eisenfunden ' vom Gdingbe rg in Linz, B, Ceeh (Mrs) , Wien : E ine fnih ­neuzeitliche Bergsdmued e am Oberen Bockhartsee, Gastein , Salzburg (Eisenwerkzeuge, Bewertung untl Inte l'pretation lle l' Schluckenfunde), E , M, Ruprech tsberger , Linz : lli.ihcnsiedlungen im Limel' Raum (introdu etion to an excUI'sion). F Moosleitner , Salzburg: E isendcpotfunde aus Salzbu)"g (Lu Tene J-le r-iod to MidJle Ages). C. Dobesch , Wien : Urgesduehtliehes Eisen in del' Sicht dlAS Althisto l'iker s. H. Dolenz, KJagenflll,t : ZI.II" Ei s f ~nVenll"bei tllng in d el' Studt uuf d em Magtlalcnsbcrg. C. Sped, Leoben : Zum Stand del' E lfo l'sehung des FelTum Noric:um . J. P. Guilluumel" Glux t~n Glenllc Hnd C, Henneberg (MI's), Paris : O lltils and arti sans du Hallsta tt . B. Krii , Nuvo Meslo: l-I a Ustalt I ro n S melting FUlnaces near Doljenske Tnplice , Slovenia, Z . Cza.jiik , Budapes t : Qucllen ZlIr kelti schell E iscngewilUlung in Osttmgarn . H. Ubl, Wi t:n: Zusammcngesetzte I'iinusc;hc Eisenhclmc in Lauri :'ll:Iml. A. Gaspa.ri, Ljl.lblj ana : Romis(;he Sehmied ewel'kst ii ttt:n uuf dem Hi.igcl Ulaka ill Innerknlin (S luvt:­nien ), Die Ausgl'u lJUngen von \Va ltet' S(;hnud (1936- 1940). Th . AbdillghofJa lll1 M . Overbeck, Mi.in stcr : Die HiiUenstl.lndOl,te Ker spetalspen e (Miirkisches Sauerbntl ) - ein Bcitrag Z UI' An:h i.io logie fl 'uhc r Hoch ofen in Mitteleuropa. A. Espelund, Trontlllcim: Luppen llnd P I'imaqn'odukte vom ahen Direkt­vcrfahren in Norwegcn (in addition a vidco- r e(;onl), B, Lychatz , J.")'eiberg: Nuehsdllllieden eil1cs einsdmeitligen Schwertes HU S illl Rennofen er ze llgt em Luppeneisen ,

T he meeting was a ttended by about 70 scholars and students fl"om nine E uropean countries. l i le sessions wer e (:otnple tcd b y two excursions: one of them eOllllJliscd visits on two La T ene jle l'iod hill­fO l,ts (Galgenbel'g- F I'einberg imme(liutely a t the confe l'en ce site, and the Griimlbcrg n Ol,th of Linz wher e four il'on hoa l'ds were (Li s(:ovc red um;ng the excavation of a rampart) ; the second tripleatl (u the Museum Lamiaeum of the Roman eas tl'll ami c;ivil inhabitation , (with ils fmd s of it"on oLjec ts), and to Weyel' (exhibition Land del' Hiimmer-).

The symposium was sucecssfuJ as to infonl1ation presented ; the dis(;ussions inspil'etl tu eonsiJe-."ations a hout further r esea rch projccts eonccl'ning the eurly ironworking. R. Pleiner , Pr'ague

n ORRNBERG UND MANCHJNG - Wirtschaftsar ehilologie im ostkeltischen Uaum , an intenta tiona l colloquium, held at HulleinIBad Diinnbeq;, Austria , both famous archacologieal sites of the nud-Lt millennium BC. OrganizatOl's : Romisch- Germanischc Konmussion , Frankfurt , <lIltl Vo,·gcsch . Scnull U"

378 Comit. No 62. All 51. 1999

del' Philipps-Universitiit , Murburg, Germany, 7-10 October 1998 . The meeting was devoted to econo­mical problems concerning the Celtic settlement in general, nonetheless following papers dealt with an cient ironworking explicitly: A. Schafer : Munching - Kelhcim - Ber ching-P ollanten. Eisen als Wirtschaftsfaktor. G. Sperl: Norisches Eisen und kehi sc;he Eisengewinnung im Ostalpenrallm . Crafts connected with ironworking were mentioned in other contributions as well : N . Venclova (Mrs), S. Sievers (Mrs) , O. Urban, K . Pieta and others. Visits of museums ami trips to salt mining sites (BUrrberg) comple­ted the pl·ogl·amme. M ler Tagesrea.der of the collol{lulLIn

DAS E1 SEN IM ALLTAG. 21. Techni kgeschichtliche Tab'1Hlg del' E isenLibliothek im KJostergu tPa n.l­w es, 6.- 7. Novembe lol998. T hrough the cOlllotesy of Dr. B. Lychatz we have received the programme of the above confer ence in Schaffl tausen: B. Orlarul (Mrs) : 'Vie kann ma n den Alltagbegtiff fiir w e Technikgesduchte nutzbar machen . B. Lychatz: FdHlgeschichte des Eisens im Alltag. J.- Po Voiret : Eisen im Al1tag des u!ten Chin a . K.-H. Ludwig: Eisen in mi ttelalterlichcn Urkunden . H . Hundsbich­le r : Eisen im Alltag des Mi ttela lte n und del' fl·tihen Nt!uzeit. Z. Ra.sl: Eisenkunstb'ltss und Eisenb'lI SS fUr Gr ossb a uten in den teclmischen Sliidten ullll in del' Landschuft. M. Bax mcwn: Kunst- und Alhagsguss aus Eiscn (lmd B mnze) in Lauchha mmer. It - J. Gleitsmulln- 1'opp : Eiscn im hiiuslichen Allt ag. C. Hochortler: Moderne Het'stelluugsverfahren fUr h ochwertoge P r odukte a us Stahl. K. Hormmg: Eisen im Alllag - Gegenwart und Zukmtll.

SCIENTIFIC ACTMTY

Research. projecI.s

IRON PRODUCTION IN THE DILUDIETZHOLZE DISTRICT (Hessen, Germany). An interdiscip­lina r y r esearch project identified 325 slug-beur ing smelting sites , many of which wer'e excava ted during 1990-1995 . High b'Tude haematites wer e exploited presu mably a s ea rly a s the early Middle Ages, but a la r ger scule activity, pointing 10 deUveries of iloo n for wider consumption areas, was a ttes ted for the period AD 1000- 1300. T he bloomery furnaces were shaft in stallations of about 150 em heighl , thick­- walled and stone re-inforced , wi th in tenla l d.i<l metelo of some 45 cm . There is no indication fOl' the use of bellows and induced dnmght through lIi r- inlets in the furnace wa lls is being supposed . The slag was ta pped . P as ty blooms wCI'e r emoved from the fum ace hearth after the smelt a nd the fUllla ce was l°e-esta blishcd .

The bloomel'ies were situa ted in fo res ts , apart of tile smelter s' villages . They comprised furn a ­ces , ol'e dressing places , cha rcoal stOl'es uml waste deposits (slag heaps). A seasonal accommodation in shelteros WHS unavoidaLle, whcloe necessary implements (uxes, ha mmers, pi(:ks, tongs, carts) a lso were stored and transport aninud s s ta bled . The orc ami dUllocu,d was supplied floom the envimmnent , fmm lip to distances of some 15 kmo It is es tima ted , according to the topographicul llisposition of sites, that one plant worked onc 0,° two seasons and Ihen was transferred to a nothet· place due to the local wood eon sumption . The floul wOloking of Lloollls louk pl l.l et~ apllarently elsewhen.

The next, tnmsitionul, period of the Sluckofen type Lloomeloies is not well documented a nd no relevant excH vutions were applied untiJ nuw. They shi fted appurentJy to deeper stream valleys in o l'der to take advantuge of water power . In the La hn- DiU region , the first blast furnaces we re introduced at the decline of the 15th century a nd dUl; ng some 25 ),ea rs they substituted the direc t p loocess .

A publication of the r esults achieved in the rCbri on is being prepill'ed for the series 'Materialien zm' VOIo- und friihgeschichte Hessens'. Mter Chr. WiUms , Mtinster

Excavations

LAXTON (Northamp ton shi re, England). R esf:ue ,'xca vu tions were fi rst carded out in 1985 at this well- known site, with flll 'mu:es up to 1.40 III di umeler (Jue kson nnu Tylecote, Britannia XIX , 1988). One furn ace sUl'vied on the edge of the ruad- works and ttus was excavated in 1998 . The aim was to recover stnlctural eviden( ~t: and samples to .. How a Ilcttclo r(~constructi on of the supel's tr uchll'e and the method of ope,oation of thi s t ), l'e uf furn aee . PO!tCloy (b tes these furna ces 1.0 the la te GI'st a nd t~ arl y

second centuries AD . The structure was well p reserved tu 70 em height wi th a domed profile. Thel'e was evident;c at

tlus height for 4 or 6 blowi ng holes spaeed arollnd the c ir cumference. Lat'ge pie(;es of the heavily vitri ­fied upper wall of the flll 'nace imlica te a sligh tly t.lpel; ng sh aft of aLout 2 m height above the blowing

Comit. No 62, AR 51, 1999 379

holes. The shaft was built of interlocking clay bricks, with a lining of seve l'allayers of very sandy day. The lowel' d omed section of the fUl'nace is eonsistently vitrified, implying the use of natund draft , a s weU as the forced draft through the blowing holes.

It is proposed that each reduction produced 4 or 6 blooms of pel'haps 20 kg each, in Cl 24 to 36 hour cycle. An lmrefmed bloom of this size has recently been found at the Red Hill Roman si te, neal' Nottingham. There is no mechanical damage to Ule lower part of the furnace and the blooms wOlLld have formed freely in the lower charcoal bed. This would have aUowed easy extraction and an imme­ruate continuation of the next reduction, The amount of slag (about 10 ,000 tonnes) indieales some 25 ,000 reductions. The numLer of fumaees (pt'obably 6) and the recon struction and I'epairs to each furna ee imply more than 1000 smelts per installation,

This new e vidence from Laxton shows thut the fnrnuces wel'e remarkably simila r to those fmm Clc timois (Yonne) and a similar' reeonstruetion could a lso be applied to the othel' large diamete l' fUl'n ~l ­

ces of the BU I'genlamltype. Ptter Crew, Maentwrog

Alwlyses

INLAYS OF THE BRONZE RAZORS FROM ARNITLUND AND KELBYMAGLE. The uark wavy inlays on the two bl'onze razors from the BA pel;od M IV (ca 1000-800 BC) have been c:onsidered , SillCt' Montelius .md MiilLer , to be the ear'liest exapmles of the use of iron in Dcnmark. The razol' f,'om Keldhymagle (Kjeldbymagle) was fOWld in a destroyed ha now on the island of M0n (1858), the al·te­fact from Anut lund eomes a lso from a Lurrow, IUlprofessionaUy excavnted, in S. Jutla nd . Sophus Miiller , basing on a microscopic and 4:hemical examination by RasmlLssen (1915) - who fowld in Ule Al'luuWld inlay 'abundance of il'On und less copper ' - eonsidered the inlays a s iron wi"es, In 1978 S EM analyses were applied on that object by the Gcologicallnstitute. From eleven scans coppc" in 4 coppe r' was found , and in 7 iron. In 1998 Arne louttijiirvi ran a new series of scans on both 1'l.1ZOl'S a nd their' inlays. All of them showed very clearly that Ule wavy bands (I r e copper' wire that have been enclosed when the I'azol's were eas t. Another early filld (Bronze Age Ill) was believed to Le mude of iron: a knift· fru:'>'Jllent from GI'0dby, Bornhohn, adueved IJY a layman from a balTow eist in 1869. The object is now lost and no ve l'ifica tion is p ossible but it cannot be considered as evidence of the application of i l'Oll in the Nurdic Bronze Age. Therefore, at the moment , it seems that therc is no earlier use of iron in Dcnma rk befol'c Pel'iod V (8th centUl'y BC), AftCl' O. Voss , COl'penhagcn

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1992, 1993, 1994., 1995 (Supplements)

A. Speci~llized items

C, BRUNNENCR..A.BER and W. GAlTZSC H : Antikcs E isen- Konscrvlenmg eines IlInfangl'eidlell ri.imischen H Ol'lftUldes aus Aldenhofen Pattcrn, Kt'. Dliren. [In German: Aneien t ir'on co tl scl'Vatill l1 and interpretation of a la l'ge Homan hoanl from Aldcnhuven- Pattcrll]' Dus Rhei nisehc Landl!s­museum Bonn 1993/3, 59-62. Heavy anvils (50 kg), agl'iclutund implements, cOl'pCI'- plaled cow bdL

C, CANEVA anti C. CIARDINO: La I'<ldiogl'afia come metodo tli soluzionc di I'I'OIJlematidlc lln;lletJ ­metaUm·:,riehe . 11 ca so dcUa tl'ansiziollC Lronzo-feno. [In Italian : Rad_iogr a phy us a method for so lving problems of aI'chaeomctaUul':'ry: the l;use of the b,'onze to iron transition]. In : 31.1 Confel'cnza in tcl"UI ­zionale suUe prove non d.i strutti ve, Viterbo 1992, Santopadre 1992. 231- 244. A coper-i ron fiJmla f,'om the Early Il'on Age cemetel'y at Ostel'ia ddl'Ossa . AftcI' HM 3112 1997 , Ht)

K, KURAO: Prehistoric; il'onmaking nation - il'onmaking nlW mate l·jals ami th e Cha libes tribe . K.inzoku H a kuLutsukan kjy 22 1994. 22- 25, Ma:''l1ctite sands and the Norul-Ponti t: Chalybes. NA Analyses. Aftc,· HM 31121997,91

B. Hisl,ory of iron as in ol-her publication (Supplements)

J. PAULI: Die latenezeitliche Besiedlung des KchUleimcr Be(;kcns [In German: The La Tene pel;od uf U1C KehUleimer BeckcnJ. Kalmunz/ Op£. 1995,50-57. On p. 35 a chapter is devoted to the metaUur:,ry of iron , cOImeded with the Celtie oppidum at Michclsbel'g , with known mining pits and a domed Cum"c". After HM 3 111 1997,45

380 Comite No 62,!l R 5 / , 1999

K. PIETA: Ergebnisse der Grablmgen in Liptovska Mara bis 1992. [In German: Excavation results at Liptovska Mara until 1992). In: Die Kehen in den Alpen lmd an der Donau. Acta des 1nl. Symposions S1. Pohen, Okt. 1992 . Budapest and Wien 1992,403-414. During the long-term excavations at the oppidum of Liptovska Mara thel"e was dis(:overed a hoard of iron objects, comprising 31 items, mostly ah'l.·icultural implements.

M. SALESCH: Die anhaologische Ausgrabung del" gennanischen SiedJung in Elsterwerda-Ost , EU)e-Elster Kreis [In German: Excavation of a Romano-Barbarian settlement at Elsterwerda-Ost). Ethnogl"aphisch-Archiiologische Zeitschrift 35 1994, 277-286. In the western part of the settlement there was discovered an lmorganized cluster of 184 slag- pit furnaces an 55 slag blooks in situ (area 70 x 80 Ill).

S. VITRI, N. J. P. ALMEIDA, J. P. NUMO, P. CO CHI , M. MARABOFFI , M. MlCHELI and M. VlDALE: n ripostifigio tLi armi d.i ferm di Propelto (UD): Wl progetto ill consel·vatione analytica. [In italian : The hoard of iron weapons of Propetto , Uiline: a projec t of analytical consenation). In : La Confe renza internazionalc suUe prove non tListruttive. Santopadre 1992. 835-856. A hoard of the 6th-5th centlll"ies BC spearhead s anti axes from Porpeuo having Leen deunded and stuilied SEM un X- ray diffo·aetion analyses. Mtcr HM 3112 1997 , 95

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1996 (Supplements)

A. Specialized items

E. M. FELDINGER (Mrs): Eine gesunkene Schiffslauullg des 15 .116. Jahrhlmdnls alls del' Salzach . [In German: A sunken shiIJ cargo from the 15th-16th centuries AD from the Salzach I·iver]. In : AI·chiiologie Leiderseits d el' Salzach . Bouenflmde aus dem Flachgau unu Rupertiwinkel. Salzburg 1996,149-150. In the Salzach river 's Atheri.nger Au ' near Bergheim lhel·e was found a sunken ship cargo consisting of prewOI·ked marble plutcs and 121 iron split Lars and butterfly-shaped split billets (300 kg in total ).

LES MAlTRES DE L'ACIER, Histoire clu Fer clans les Alpes [In French: The Steel Masters, An llistol·y of hon in the Alps] , Musee Duuphinois, cataloh'l.le de l'exposition, 1996, 134p. Two thousand years of iron industry in the nOl"thern French Alps and the very importunt ilistrict of Allevarcl (Ishe, FI·ance). An:haeologicnl evidences for ancient periods are scarce in thls area but the medieval deve­lopment is known from historical records ami some recent excavations.

). Guibl(t : Avant- pl"oPos. D. Woronoff: Inu·oduction . A. Bocquet : Les ul-igilles du fer [The Ol-igins of hem] , V. Serneels: La sidcrurgie antique [Antique hUll Production]. P. Brautlstcin: L'essor miniel' d sidcnll"hritlue uu Moyen Age [The development of the Mining ami hon Industr·y dlll'ing the MidtUe Age]. J. -F. BcUlOste: La eon1luelc de l'acier a l'epot.) ue mode me [The steel conquest dlll-ing moder"n Period]. S. Vincent and C. SpiUemaecker: Vel's les aeiers speciaux a I'epoque contemporaine [On the way to special Steels dm-ing the contempol·ury Period]. C. Spillcmacckcr: Aujolll·u'huJ et demain, la siderurgie fine [Today and Tomorrow, schrewd iron Industt·y]. The volume contains also shol·te t" contributions ofM. Arnoux, F. Ballet, S. Bleu , V. Chomei, V. Durand , J. P. Jospin , Y. Mazure, F. Pen;n , G. Salamand , O. Si:.oerslrom, C. Somm and S. Vincent. V. Serneels

L'. MIHOK, E. MIROSSAYOVA (Mo·s), J: VESELOVSKA (Mrs): Metalognofickf stuwum vY.-ouy neskorolat~nskych zeleznyeh Iwcdmetov zo Zemplina [In Slovakian : MetaU0I,.,"uphic investigation of Latc La Tenc iron objects from Zemplin]. Hutnickc lisly 12/1996, 26-31. Seven tools and weapons examined (socketed axe, knives, sueal·haos) I·evcaling heterogeneously carhm;zed , annealed metal.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1997 (as in January 1999)

A. Speciali:sed items

ANNUAL REPORT 1997. Geoarchaeological Laboratory, Depiutment of Archaeological Excavations UV GAL, Uppsala. Preliminary analytical reports eoncerning prehistol-ic and medieval ironmaking and working by a team of E. Hjiirthner-Holdar, L. L(£rsson , L.-E. Eugluud ano P. Krcsteu. Ore

COnli!'; No 62, AR 51, 1999 381

samples, smelting and smithing slags, currency bat·s inves tiguted by chemistry, mineralogy and mtla l­logl'aphy from Sweilish (and one Finnish) sites , dated. mostly by radioca rbon. Slag- pit furnaees from Bromalle, Ahrunn, Narkeslauen.

EARLY IRON PRODUCTION - Archaeology, Teehnol"b'Y and Experiments (L. Cl"" Nod)ach cd ,). Histori(;al-Archaeological Experimental Centre (Lcjre) Techni(;al Report 3 1997. Aeta of the Nordic Iron Seminar held in Lcjre, Denmark, 22- 28 July 1996. The topic of bOlh sluilies and experimental results, concerns almost exclusively the early melallut·gy of iron in Scandinavia and in Ih(, Netherlands. Conlents: L . Chr. Norbach: Introduction. A. Espelund: An attempt to defin e archaeo-metallurbry', 7-13. E. Hjiirthner- Holdar , P. Kresten and L. Larsson: From known to unknown . Application of well known experimental iron production results on archaeological mate­rials , 15-25 (smelting of llulb'l1.etite). H, S. Lyngstrpm: The bord.erland of archaeolob'Y - experimental fOI'ging , 27- 35 (knife). I. loosten , B, lansen and H. Kars: The use a model to decribe bloomcl'y prod.uction in the Netherlands, 37-46 (ore-slag- iron calculations). A. Espelund: The "Evenstad " proeess - descl'iption , excavation, expedll1ent and metaUurgi(:a l cvaluation , 47-58. L. Chr, Norbach : An experiment using wood as fuel in a slag-pit furn ace, 59--62. p, 1-1 , Mikkelsen: Straw in s lag- pit furnaces, 63- 66, A, K, Gjerl#JJ and H, Sprensen: Fuel for the fi,'c - ehat'coal vs, wootl in i,'on PI'U tlll !:­tion , 67-7 1. A. Boonstra, T. van de Menakker and W van Dijk: Expel'iments with a slag- tapping and slag-pit furna ce, 73-80, I. l oosl.en, M, van Nie and P. de Rijk : Expe l-iment with a slag-tnppulg flll 'n .. u:e at the Histot;cal- Archaeological centre at Lcjre, 81-91. S, Albek, K, Barslev and K, Stelltoft : Experiment with iron smelting in sing- tapping furnace, 93- 96 (cducational impo,'tance), H, Borup : Is tlandovn - Medieval shaft furnace from Nonvay, 97- 102. A. Espelwu/: Ironmaking in Tnijndclag elur'jng the Roman Hnd Iwe-Roman Iron Age - an archneometaUurgicnl evaluation , 103- 113, M. van

Nie: Germanic iron production in the second half of the third century AD - slag- pit furna ces and iron hoards, 11 5-122, P. de Rijk : The influence of it'on on prehistoric society - a model, ] 23- 131 (Elht..'-Weser Region), ]. Stankus: The technoloh'Y of iron artefacts from the castle ofVilni us, 133- ]4 ] (all of the traclitionallechnic(lles used stiU in the 15th- 16th eenturies), Adresses : 143- 144. Not lliscus­sed was the question whether both successful and unsll(;eessful lI;a ls wOllld be tn:ated as eviden ce fOl' the theses postula ted,

HISTORICAL METALLURGY 3111 1997. Thc curly history of iron is concerned in: P. Ha/kon: Fieldwork on early iron wodcing sites in East Yorkshire, 12-16. An extensive iron industry using bog iron CI'es , dating, lH;(;Ol'ding 10 radiocarbon lest, from vel')' early pel;ods (6th-3 ro. centuries BC (a bollt 50 sites, blooms, slug heaps north of the es tuary of the Humber river ), The Romano- British period brought u decline of thjs production. T. Smith: The Jel'nkontorets 250th anniver sary f:onfel'cnee at Stockholm , 1997, A report ; mostly post- meilievul topics trea ted ,

HISTORICAL METALLURGY, The journal of the HistOl'ieal MetaUu" gy Society 3] /2 lY97. This is",,,, is devoted to the non- fcrrous metaUurb'Y (Roman hrl.l ss WU1S) and the mela llul'brl cal work of HCIlI'Y CHton SorLy.

HMS NEWS, I-listol;enl MctaUurgy Society, 37 WUltel' 1997, Infonul.Ition on the activity of the Wealden Heseul'ch Gmup (Roman slag heaps at Heathfield) anti Investigations into medicva l monastic ironwurking at Stunley Grange, Derbyshil'e,

B. Hist.ory of iron (IS UI other pu.blicatums (1997)

A. A, van HOOF, C, G. LANGEREIS , I. JOOSTEN, J. R. A. M. TH IJ SSEN, E. NUHOF, H . A. GROENDLJK nnel G, R. M. von del' EYNDE: Archaeomagnclie dating of seven arehaeological fin!­plnces in the Netherlands. Geologien MijnJ10W 76 1997, 155-162. Among a set of sites thc Dalfsen slug- pit fnrnu ees a l'e confirmed with their ol;brina l archaeolobrical dating (3t'd-4th centuries AD , ClI'­

chaeomagnetic ugc 440 ± 160).

B . A. SHRAMKO and L. A. SOLNCEV: 0 rezultatach iss ledovaniyi zheleznych izdeliy iz nachod.ok na severnom Kavkaze. [In Russian: Results of investigntion of iron objects from finds in Ule northel'n Caucasus). In: Nekotorye voprosy kul'turnych i etnicheskich svyazey naseleniya sevcnlogo Kavkaza v epochu pozdnoy bronzy - ranncgo zheleza, Armavit, 1997, 71-75, Metnllogl'aphic inves tigation of

382 Comi,. No 62, AR 51, 1999

:-1 inm objects from the pel'iod of the 8th-5th centuries BC, made of heterogeneously carburized iron. ,\ b"onze hilt from a bimetallic dagger (Ule iron blade of which was corroded) r evealed a bronze alJoy with tin , lead , and antimony.

B. History of iron as in other JJLLblicat.ions (1997) , ARKEOLAN. CenU'o des es tudios e investigacioncs hhtOl;c(}-arqueologlas - Boletin inforrnativo No 3 211997 . Tlus issue contains remarks on medieval iron slag in Mirandola , Legazpi, and Roman mines ut Ar­diturri. M. Urteaga refers to excavations of LloomCl;es in Wales, can;ed out by P. and S. Crew (20-23).

L. LONG: Carte aI'chcoloorique, au large de la Cumargue [Archaeolobrical Map , off the coust of Camurb'Ue] . Direction des Rechen:hes Al'cheologiques Suhuquutiques et Sous-Marines , Bilan s~ienti ­fiqllc 1996, p. 73--81.

L. LONG: Inventain: des epaves de Camargue, tie I'Espiguette au Grand Rhone, Dcs curgaisons tie f C I'

antiques aux orisements Ju XIXe s. [Inventory of the shipwrecks of Camargue, from Espiguette 10

Grand Rhone, From Antique Iron Cargoes to 19th {:. sites] in Groupe An:heologilJue Arlesien (cd .): Cnw , AJpilles, Cama l'gue, hjstoire et I.Ireheologie , ArIes 1997, p . 59-115.

Those two articles of L. Long present , toegether with other finds . seven roman shipwrecks cul'l'y­ing IHmureds of heavy iron bars fOLUlll off the coast of Camargue near one of the mouths of the Rhone river. Typologically, 6 groups ure defined, some of lhem with plmch marks. Only a few similar bar's are known f"om isola ted fmds and othe.· i"on burs cargoes arc poorly documented. These find s an: of a VC I'Y great jmpor·tancc for the under standing of the iron trade during the Roman per;od.

V. Se rneels

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1998 (as in January 1999)

A . Specialized ilem,s

K. BIELENIN, M. MANGIN and S . ORZECHOWSKI: La sidel"llrgie ancienne et l'exploitation minib'e dans les Montagnes Sainte- Croix (P etite Pologne) III - Archeometrie et histoil'e: les Montagne Sainte-Cr oix et les regions pl'Oductives europeennes {fm de I'Age du fe r - debut du Moyen Age. [In Fr'eneh: The ancient iron making and mining in the Holy Cross Mountains III - Arch aeometry and lustory : Holy Cross Mountains nnd European production centres (final Iron Age - begin of the Middle Ages)]. Dialogues d'ffistoirc Ancienne 2411 1998, 139-193. With contribution by Ph. Fluzin and A. Ploquin. Tlus is the tlurd part of essays devoted to the Holy Cross Mountnins iron metallurgy in a Frem;h version. I Reduction et forge dans les MontabrJles Ste-Cr oix. Metallogruphic. mineralogical IIntl chenuenl analyses of 6 slags (3 of them being peS's) by Ph. Fluzin and A. P/oquin. II Les Montub'llt! Saint e-Croix d le r echerche europeenne. Some remarks concerning {;crlain leading iron production regions Lolh Roman , ami , in a VCl'y ubr;t.lged form , Romano- Burbul'ian . III Du minerai a I'objcl. On t! of the vel'y modern 'ehaine openl toil'es' .

V. F. BUCHWALD: Myrelllalm [In Danish: Bog iron ore]. Gcologisk Tidsk,;ft (K0bcnhavn ) 1998/] , 1- 26. Bog ir-on ore deposits in Denmark , chemical eomposition and mineralob"Y. Exploitation of lake orcs. Except for the wide use in metallurb"Y of imn, the 'mYI'emalm ' was applied in Denmark as sll-uc­tural ma terial for built.lings as weU.

F. BUCHWALD ami H . 'VIVEL: Slag Analysis as a Method of for the Characterization and Proven­ancing of Aneient Iron Ohjects. Materiuls Chaructel;zation , Elst!vier Scien ce Inc. 40 1998, 73-96. ALout 900 slags and slag inclusions in iron objects have been examined by opti(:a l nUGroscopy and t.li spersivc analytical methods. Differ'enccs in slag inclusions in il'ons made b y dircet process and those IlI'oJuced by fining 01' puddling. The samples arc dating from the Iron Age up to AD 1850. There is possible to distinguish Ule Danish production from the Swedish and NonN·Cf,rian.

V. FELL (Mrs): Iron Age fcrTous h ammel' heads from Britain, Oxford J ournal of Archaeolobrr 1712 1998, 207-225. A trentise of different kinds of pre-Roman hammel's, 14 or wlueh had b een submitted to metaUoorJ'upluG investigation (10 quenched).

Comit' No 62, AR 51,1999 383

G. GASSMANN unu CHI'. WILLMS: Erzlage,' llJlU Eisenprouuktion im Siidwesten Delltschland [In German: Orc deposits und i" on production in the south- west of Germany). Arch iioloorie in Deuts(;h­lanu 3/1998 , 6- 11. h on ores in the Schwiibisehc Alb , excavation of bloomeries (Wiirttingen , rcmai ns of uomed furna ces of the 4th century BC, after r aw ocarbon dating; NeuenLiit'g, 7 domed fUI'naces ; St. l ohann bei Reutlingen , Sth century BC).

HISTORICAL METALLURGY. The J Ollmal of Ihe Historical MelaUlIq,y Sociely 321l 1998. From Ihe contents: V. FeU (Mrs) and Ch ... Salter : MetaUoo'Taphic; exanunatinn of seven I" on Age fe n 'oHs axche­ads, 1-6. Soc;keleu axe- heads from Iron Age sites (8th- Sth , 4th- 3nl , and Sth- l st centuries BC) n;ve­aled cHl'bon- poor meta l, slightly earbllrlzed on the sudace; chemicnl ana lyses. J . Lung (M,'s), P. T. Craddock and St . J. Simpson: New evidenee for early cn aeible steel , 7- 14. MetaUoo .. raphie examina ­tion of two Sasunian damascene swol'{1 blades from NW In ll1 , kept in the B,;tish Museum (6 th- Yth centuries AD). Reflection of Middle East erucible steei pmtiuc; tion in the light of ex(;ava tions (Mer'v, Achsikak ) and written re(;onls. E. Phot.os- l ones , J. A. Atkinson , A . J. HaU and I. Banks: T he blcJO­mery mounds of the Scottish Highlands, XX- XX Part] : the urch ueolo6ri eal background . Geophysica l survey and archaeological investigation of three types of side"urgical sites : smaU-sca le (Tamheieh Bur'n ), I'H geseale (Allt na Ceardaich ) ami pl'o to- industl;al Fasugh at Loch Maree. Slag heaps, fll l ·n a Ct~ remains, ehenucul and minera l06rical analyses of sing; la te Mellieval allllpost- Mellievu l pe.-iuds.

HM S NE\VS, Histol'icul MetaUUI'gy Soeiety, 38 Spring lYYl}. h onwnl'io ng villages , foq;e eUlllplexc:s , blast furna ces in a F inlandresea rc;h proj ec t by D. de fhu lTt , W Hort ami P. Collins . T he NOI·th Yorkish Muol's !ron\\fo l'king projec t (by G. MeDunneU), Iron pmtiuction in the cast Midlands (b y I . Schiifer­- Kolb and M. Beamish ), SHxon in m bloom fr om the 10th (;entury AD (D. Swrley).

HMS NEWS, Historical Meta UUl'ory Society, 39 Summer 1998. D. Killick : MclaUogl'aphy of a nnUUI', post- medieva l coa ts of mail. D. Sim : Melallogmphie examina tion of RC)lllan armour (frum I-I ad"ians Wall) , slightly ea l"iJlu'ized surfaces of a lorica segmenta Ul .. Tlwee smelting fllrn uce n~lI1 ain s al Burlesc:omLe, Devon (I)y O. Bayer). D. Sin!.: T he use of domestl e hea l·ths as a means of an nea ling shoe!.

IR ON- MA KING SOCIET IES. EAR LY INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN SWED EN AND RUSSIA, 1600- 1900 (M. Agr cn cd .) . BCI'ghahn Books, provi dence and Oxford 199H, 3SO 1'1' . Illustra tions in text. T he individuul conldbution s dea l wi th the I'0st- mewevall'eriod but <:onc ~crn 11 11' sit llution in peasant COllullllnities engaged in til t! iron production in histor.ica l and t: t1Ulogntplu eal upP,·oachcs . Contents : P a rt 1. M. Agrel1 (MI's): Introduction . Swcuish anti Russian h on- Making as Forms uf ea d y Inuustry, 3- 32 . M . Sj oberg (M.,s) and A. Tomilov : h on-Makulg in Pcas,w! Communities , 33- 60 . A. Flon?l1 , C. Ryderl , L. Dashkevich (Mrs) , D. V. Ca vrilov anti S. Ust.ia lll.sev: The Social Oq;:al1.i zalion of \Vork at Mines, Funuu;es .md For'ges, 61- 138. P a rt H. Integration of till:

Agrarian Envil"Olllllent in Iron P,'oduc;tion . M. Agren , N . Minenko and I. Poberez/mikov: TIll: Social Organization of Peasant \Vork , 141- 178 . M. Isa.cson ami I. Poberezhnikov: Chan:oa l P r otiu etion and tnlllspol't , 17Y- 217. C. Ryd en l.Ind S. Colilwva. (Mrs): H ousehold , Families a lld It'on- Mak ing, 213-243. P arI HI. IntiustJ-ial Development and llow it Changed . M. Agren , v. Zhelez/,; i" and V. Shkerin: COllllllluuty alltl P roperty, 247- 27S . R . Torsl,em/ahl , L. Dashke v;ch ami S . Usl.ia ,,(scl) : Knowledge, its Tnmsfe.· and Edu(;HtiUIl in Occupations, 276- 306. A. Florcn : Inm- Makin g Sot: iel ics. The Devd opment of the Tron Inuustry in Sweden and Hllssiu, 1600- 1900. GIOSS 'HY. N() t c~s on ContJ; butor s. Bibliognll'hy. Index.

A. JOCKENH OVEL and CUR. \VI LLMS: Neue mittclalteJ'liehe Hochofcn im Miirkischcn Saued and [in German: New met.li eval blast furn aces Ul the Miirkisches Sa ue"hmd , Gcnnany]. De,' Allschnitl 5012- 3 1998, 131- 133. AIJI-iugeu information on Iwo Flossoffen (AD 1300- 1500), exeava led in 1996 . Dntinage system , watel'- whed bed . Similnr featun: at Wippcl' shor tly disclIssed .

I. JOOST EN (M.·s), J . H . B . lANSEN and H . KARS: Gcochemisll'y undthe past : estimations of the output of a Germanic iron production site in the Netherlands. J ournal of Geochenuc;al Explol'a tion 62 1998, 129- 137. The site t.liseusscd is Heetcn (Overijsscl) where slag- pit furnu ces of the 4th ccntu,'y AD were excavated . 4S- S0 tonnes of slag blo(;ks should Le the waste of smelting some 9- 10 tonnes unwor ­ked iron during 30- 3S years.

384 Comit. No 62, AR 51, 1999

H. L. KNAU: Altena als Gewerbesieilltmg im spaten Mittelalter [in German: Altena as a center of crafts in the Late Middle Ages]. Der Marker 471998/2 , 47-58. The town of A1tena in the Mark of western Germany Was at least from the 12th century an administrative feudal cent er controllin tt the local il'Oll , 0

production (11th- 13th centuries). Since tllc 13th century onwards the production of drawn wire became important (the so-called oscmund-wirc of the 17th century wus (;eleLrated). New il"On smelting plants equipped with the early blast furna ces (Flossofen) appeared.

C. MAHE- LE CARLIER , N. DIEUDONNE-CLAD and A. PLOQUIN: Des laitiers obtenus dans lUl bas-fourneau '? E tudes chimique c l mincl'alogiqtlc des scories du site cl ' Oulches (Indre). [In Fren ch : Glassy s lug {mm u bloomer y furnace? Chemical nnd mineralogical studies on slags from the site of Oulches (lndre)]. Revue d 'AI'cheometrie 22, 1998,91- 101. An important I'eport presenting the analy­tica l results achieved dur;ng the in vestigation of iron slags from the Gallo-Roman bloomer'y of the 4th century AD a t OuJches, (!cnlral France . Apa rt of usual den se fayaliti c bloomery slags ther'e were fowHJ wastes denoted as 'mHou.rd' and u small concentration of quasi blast furnace slugs (about 1 thou­sandth), low in iron , em;ched in Al , Ca, Mg and Be, oc;cun;ng near a special water pool opposite fur nace 1 of the bloomer·y. Specia l local ore mixtures with Be are considered , among other hypotheses.

M. MAUVILLY, I. ANTENEN, E. CARCIA CRISTOBAL, M. RUFFIEUX , V. SERNEELS: Sevaz "Tuwnges I " (FR): Chroni(tlW d'un ulelicr de metaUurgistcs dn debut dc La T ene dans la Broye fribourgeoisc [in French : Sevaz .. Tuwnges r' (FR): Chronicle of a metallurgists wOl'kshop of the begin­ning nf La Tene Pedod Ul the Broye of Fr;bourg] , Archeologie Suisse 1998.

A .:oimaU settlement of the 5th c. BC wus excavated I'ecently at Sevaz FR , south of the Lake of Nellch attl . A small housing Lui liling was identified . It is associa ted with u metalworking a r ea. The workshop itself is organized around two big working pits (1.8 m (liameter , 1 m depth) associated with some heaths and otller features. About 140 kg of iron smithing debrits wen:: found , including hearth bottom slags, iron- I'ich fra6'lUents, wall frah'l1lents ami hammerscales. Numer ous pieces of cl'ucible, drops mul frag­ments of coppe r- based metal demonstra te foundry activities. About ten frah'l1lents of I'ed figure Greek po ltel'y have been fOlUul on the site. V. Serneels

METALLURCICA ANTIQUA. In Honour of Hans-Cerd Bachmunn and Robert Mad,tin (Th . Rchrcn , A. HHuptmann and J. D. Muhly eds.). Del' Ansl:hnitt Bciheft 8, Bodmm 1998, 304. This wcll4'lllUP­pe u volume is devoted mostly to studies in non- ferrous metallul'h,),' Iron is concerned in foUowing pa penj: A. M. FelLerbach , J. F. Merkel and D. R . Cdjfiths: An examination of crucible s teel in the manufadure of Damascus steel , u\cluwng evidence from Mer v, Turkmenistan , 37-44. The manufae­ture of damascened blades was more complex than solely the use of wootz steel ; crucibles fr'om Mer v. R. Plein.er : A Cel tic Iwonzc--coated il"On sword Llade fl'om Manching, 163-170. An inferior piled low carbon iron hlades eoated with a layer of cast high-tin bronze. B. Rothenberg: Who were the ' Md.iani te ' copper miner s uf the Arahah? ALout the ' Midianite' eni~,.ma , 197- 212. The Midianites might h ave been a 6'l'OUP of the Sen P,!oples in close contacts with the Eh,),ptinns; they mined copper' ores and , IH'esullmbly, produeed also iron during the 14th- 12th centuries BC. I . Sega l (Mrs), B . Rothenberg and M. Bar- Matthews (Ml's): 223-234 . Smelting site N 3 a t Tinma (ChaJcolithic, 4th millenni um BC) "evealed copper' slags which were formed hy the intentional use of il'on flux .

LA METALLURCIE ANCIENNE: FER, FONTE, ACIER [in FI'cnch , The ancient metallurgy, imn , c.ast iron , steel] (D. Morin and Ph. Fluzin eds .). BT, Magazin Documentrure 19971l998, 48 pp ., ma ny illus trations , mostly in eol011l·. T lus booklet was characterized as ' un gt'and reportage', presenting some data concerning the smelting and working of iron f.-om the prehistory until mouern times (inclu­d ing a pal'ah'l'aph on bronze working) ami inform.ation on the ArchacometaUurgicHl Labor a tory du CNR S of the Technicul University a t Belfort- Montpeliard. Destined for the broader inter'ested public.

L' . MJHOK , A. P RffiULOvA (Mrs) and J . UNCER: Kov,icska ltieliia nu stredovekom hrade L :4ckovice. Summary in German: Die Sehmiedewerkstatt a uf del' Mittelalterlichen Burg Lelekovice [ A snuthy in a medieval (:ast le of Lelekovice n ear Brno, Mora via]. Z dejin Hutnictvi 26 1998, 32-36. III the easter'l\ part of the castle ther e was excHvated a snuthy with an elevated stone-walled hearth . Smi tlung slags containin g hammer-seale, 7 iron fragments inves tiga ted metallographicaUy (ferTitic­and- peHrlitic steels in nails, sickle fragments and sheet; tmintentional metallic copper Hdmixtures.

CWlite No 62, AR 51, 1999 385

MINARIA I-1ELVETICA 18b, 1998. The volume is dedicated to the mining al'ca of the Mo nt Chemin near Martigny VS, Switzcl·land. Thel'c is an important mab'l1etite deposit. The ore was mined in "ecenl past (18th- 20th c.) and also for a short period dUl'ing Early Middle Ages (6th-7th c.). Slag heaps survey, smaU archaeological cxeavubon , laborutol'y inves tigations und chronological data Hre pl'esen­ted . In pUI·ticular V. SerneeLs and B. Beck: Les scories du Mont Chemin et l'Utilisation tie la mab'lleti le pour fabrit.[uel' du fer pal' la methode d.ired e de nSducLion [in Frcnch : The slags fl'Olll Mont Chemin and the Use of Mab'l1etite to produee Iron by the Bloomel'y PI·oeess]. V. Scnlt:eis

RECHER CHES SUR L'ECONOMIE DU FER EN MEDlTERRANNEE NORD- OCClDENTALE [i n Fl'ench: Inves tigations into the iron- making ceonomy of the nor'lh- western MedjtelTanean ] (M. Feugel't~s and V. Se"neels eds.). Monographies lnstrumcntum 4 , Edition Moniquc Mergoil , Montab'l1ac 1998, 263 pp. Tlus volume eontains some imporlant eontr'ilmtions on thc spread of i,'on to the Levant und S\V Fnmce ami on truces of tlte bhu:ksmith 's craft dUI'ing latcr' pCl'iods in peasant a nd llriJUn contexts. V. SenweLs : La chalne opCr-atoire de la sidcrurgie ancienne , 7-44. C. Rovira : Les prenue rs objets en fer de Cu taloh'l1e, 45-55. Finds duted to the 7tJl-6th centuries BC. T. Junin and N. Chardelw",: u s premiers objcts en fer en Langued oc et en Roussillon (VIIIe-VIe siecle av. n . c): Iypes, or:igine, chmnologic. 56- 64. C. Rovira: Le travail tin fel' (! H Catalogue du VHe au l e,' s. av. n . ere. 65-75. P o tentiul ami attested il'onworking sites, tools, tuyel'c nozzle . Ch, Olive and D. Ugoloni: Le truvail du fel' a Beziers (Henmh) pendant l' Age du Fe l', 76-79. Smithing slugs and hammef'-sc al ~~,

5th-3rd centuries BC. D. Lebeaupi,,,; Atelicl' de forger on et temoins disperses du tJ'uvail d..i fer a Lalles (Hel'ault ) (IVe s. av - l el' s, ap. J .- C,) , 80- 95. Oblong smithing hearths, smithing slags, hammer- scale. M. Retif: Indices de meta UlII'gie protohistorique du fe l" a Ma l'tigues (Bouches-uu Rhone). Smithies a t

Suint- PielTc. Th. Martin and H. RU./Jllt: Un d t!pot de lingots de fer uu deLut de La Tene I1r a Munt a ns (Turn), 110-115. Eight sO(:keled long Lar's weighulg 1.165-2. 145 k g. B. a nd P. Pauc: Quci'lues siles dl ' I'eduction till nunerai de fer dans I(~ s CUl"biercs (Autle), 116-128 . Sla g: IJloeks, il"O n in go ts f l"O m ti lt· GaUo-Romun pCI-lod. M. Passelac: InstaUations pour le trava il du fel' dans le vi clIs Ebul"Omaglls (Bram, Aude), WitJl contt-ihution s by L. Chabal a nd J .- C. Leblanc , 129- 141. A snuthy wi th a n oblong heal·th , P CB slag, ha mmer-scale, Ist. ecntlll'y AD . J .-C. Bessllc and R. BOlUuuul: Sitlenll'gie antitllll" (Ians le Buis d e Lens (Gar'd ), 142-]49 . Hemains od a fUl"llaee from De venall , 1st century BC. O. GinOlw ez a nti L. Vidal : Le for ge antillue dc Saint- J ean d 'Aureilhan a Beziers (Heruult), 150- 152. A smith y of the Late CaUo-Homan period: L. Vidal : Un depoloir de I'ejets de for'g:e a Ntmes (Card), n it" Comle , 153-154. Slags, hammcl'-scale, a bout AD 200 . Cl. Raynaud: L'activile metalluq9lfw' a LUllel- Viel (Henmlt ) tlu ler all Xlc siecle, ] 55-165. Remains of a smithy, P CB's, slags, LiUels , traces of hearths. Ch . Pellecuer : Le travail du fel" dans la villa des Pn!s-Bas a Lollpian (Hel'<llllt ), with contr'i ­bution by M. Feugere, 166--174. Ironwork of the 31'd (;entury AD . L. Buffat, and H. Pelil.ot : Une adi ­vite mctaUurgi1 lue ta l'do-antique SUI' I'c tabussement de Maynm (S.unt- Victor- Ia- Cosk , Card ), 175-180. O . Gi,wuvez , H. Pomared es anti M. Feugere: Le travail du fe,. SUl'1a villa J e la Domcrglll : a Sauviun (Hcnllllt ). IHl- 185. Not well iJentifialJle t l"aees of an ohlong hearth , a flat iron billet w~: i g ­hillg 1.92 kg. J. Kotarba and J .-Cl, Lebl.anc: L' habitat et I'uteuer mt!ta Uul'gique du silt! d~ : Coudoumines TTr a Caramany (Pyrenees-Orienta les), 186-209. Remains of a funulce with forcpit and tapped slag, a hammel', after AD 400. O . Maufras and L. Fabre: Une forge ta nlive (fin fVt---Ve s.) sur la sitc de la Ramjcl'e (RoqllemuUI'e, Gal'd ), 210-221. A smithy with u heal·th and stone anvil ; hammer- scale, slags. In coUaboration with G. Colomer and Z. Sekraoui . J. - Ma . Perez SUIte , v. ReviUa Calvo, J. G6mez-Sanchez , J. Sim6nArias, M. Ma rsalAstort and F. Plana Llevat : Funcioll de In sitiel"tu'bria en la Catahma romana , 222-250. Slnithing activity eviden c:e in peasant (villae) and urban complexes. F. Feugere and V. Serneels : Production , commerce et uti_lisation du fel' entre J'Ebl'~'

d le Rhone: prcnucl's elements de nSflexion , 251- 263. WI'eckcd ear'goes of il"On bal's sIamped with Roman marks a long the coast of the Golfe ue Lion .

M. SENN- LUDER (MI's): Schlacken lUltl Schmelzgefii sse uls Spiegel tics Meta llgewcl'bes im alten Zug [in Gel'man: Slags and f:I'ucibles a s evidence of metal working activity in the ancient Zug]' TUhrium 14 1998, 113--154. With (:ontribution by V. Serll.eels . A. Re/wzek <lnd M. Veszeli . Slags from the !ugium- Zug are mostly plan()-{:onvex heurth bottoms ; medievaVpost- metuevul slnithies (Unter'g:assc, Ageristnlsse) . Tnu;es of work in non--felTolls and l)I"eciolls metals.

V. SERNEELS: Al"cheologie tlu fCI': Informutions [in F" en ch: Iron Archaeology Informations] , Milla ­l-la Helveticl:l, 18a 1998, p. 37-40. Brief sllmmar'y of thc l.Il"chueologicul researches on iron Switzel'land 1995-97.

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J. TAUBER: Die Eisenwet'ker im Roserntal [in German: The it'onworkes in Roserntal] , p. 241-266 in J . Ewald and J. Tauber (Hrsg.) Tutort Vergangenheit, Basel 1998. The medieval settlement of Liestal- Roserntul near Basel (Swi tzerland) is a village involved in iron working. Slags (about 4 t. ) and I'elated finds imlieales that all the steps of the production line were practised. Pisolitl'uc and oolithlc it'on ol't~ were used , as n mixed charge in tlle bloomery furnace. The different types of hearth bottom slags eoulu be related to bloom-smithing and to iron-smitlling. Iron nnd stone tools, frubrments of iron bars and unfinished knives have been found on the site. V. Senlcels

A. V1ZCAINO, P. BUDD and J. G. MeDONNELL: An expeI"imental inves tigation of the behaviour of phosphorus in bloomery iron. Bulletin of the Metals Museum 79 1998, 13- 19. Solid sta te diffusion I'roc;esst:s nnu forging dfeds on phosphorie bloomery iron (liscussed . After HM 32/1 1998, 43

Acknowledgement. The t:uitor thanks to all (;ollt:agues who pl'ovid t:d him with papers , books and infor­malion on their wOl·k in prob'l'ess. He took the opportunity to use some tmaecessable items from the Libliogravhieal servi(;e of the HiSIOI'i(;al Metallurgy, London, and from V. SerneeLs. Lausanne . Peter Crew, Mat:n twrog kindly read tht: manuseript of the pl'esent issue .

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