. COMITE POUR LA SIDERURGIE ANCIENNE .. de l'Union internationale des sciences prehistoriques et protohistoriques

·:·W. u. Guyon, president. .... R. Pleinet • . secret~ire ,"

, 'Siege du secretariat: [nstitut d'archeologie. 11801 Prague I . Letenska 4

· ,Twentieth commu.nication '

:COMITl! POUR LA SIDl!RURGIE ANCIENNE: TEN YEARS OF ACTIVITY. The number 20 of the present communication and the year 1977 remember us the ten years' existenceof the Comite pour la siderUl'gie ancienne which started its activity one year after the establishment

"of the group by the General Asscmbly of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences at the occasion ortlle VlIth Congress of the UISPP. Prague 1966. The original idea was

· to concentrate all scholar s who were interested Dnd active1y working in the field of the earliest · history of iron so as to secure a uniting forum and means of information on the research. and the respective results in terms of illtematic.nal and interdisciplinary cooperation. . ... .

Up to the present day 165 corresponding members from 22 countx;ie5 from all over the world have been registered - archaeologists. historinns of technology, mettlllurgists, techniciuns, . . chemists, miners, economis~.s, and the like. All these scientific fields can make use of the duta relating to the development of onc of the most important branches of production which always has been exerting a deep influence upon the hllbitus of civilization in different parts of our world.

We are glad that the management of the ArchaeoJogical Insti tute of the Czechoslovak Aea· ·. demy of Sciences represented by Professor J . . PouW,. who simultaneously is one of the three obligatory members of the Conseil Permanent of the U ISPP. are ready to house the Cornitc at Prague and to offer the necessary help (administration. translations, distribution, etc. for "Which we are deeply-indebted to Mmes R. FabcIova and H. l'idul.) us well as to toke care for editing the communications ou the pages of the Institute's journal Archeol<-!gickc rozhledy. We still ar~ one ··· of the few groups who do not ask their members for any fees. .. - ..

The biannual commWlications are the main form of our work. The reader is given current ·information and surveys au conferences and symposia dealing with the hi~t(Jry of iron ~echn~logy.

670 Archeologicke rozhledy XXI~, Praha 1977

on exhibitions, excavations. laboratory research, etc., and abstract!! of the published results: · the bibliography lists not only specialized papers and books which are devoted to the theme Lut · it brings excerpts ot important news from other literature ns well (excavated features, oDalyses, important comments). Unfol"tunate1y. it is hal"dly possible to fully exhaust all the materials so that we take the libel"ty to invite all corresponding mcmhen and friends to mak:e us acquainted

·with any information they could intermediate. . . , .

830 bibliographical items have been registered up to now. The numbel" is rather significant .· when eonsidering our specialized and interdisciplinary field of work. The individual themes are represented as follows: excavations of bloomeries, blacksmith's workshops, reconnaissnnc~s 26%, metallographical investigation of archaeological iron 20%, notes ·on important iron objects oecurring iu archaeological sources (incl. artefacts of chronological and t~chnologieal importance) 15%. general studies and discussions on the history and economy of iron in different geographical

.... : areas 13%, analytical methods and resUlts excepting metallography 7%, smelting experiments :· and .. theory of the bloomery process 5%. hoards of ironwork 4-%, mining iron ore 2 %. "

The Comitc cooperates with various ,centres and institutions, e.g. :Museum of Archae:ology ' ut Cracow, University at Kharkov. Institute of Arcbaeology at MOECOW, Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki at Warsaw, Geschichtsausschuss des Vereins der deutschen Eisenhiittenleute

.. at Dusseldorf, specialized grou.ps orgauized by the Jarnkontoret, Stockholm, Revue de l'bistoire des mines et de metallurgie, Basel-Paris, and many others. The most successful cooperation is

· praetised with the r evue Historical Metallurgy, London with whom we exchange manuscript£ .... of bibliographies so that the missing data can be added un.delayed. ., .

Moreover, the Cc.mite intermediates consultations among members, and two specialized coiJoquiums or symposiums wt:re organized. Iu 1970 at Schafibausen, Switzerland, it was entitled

.. "Die Versuchssehmelzen und ihre Bedeutung ftir die Metallurgie des Eisens und dessen Geschich­te" attended by 12 specialists in trial smelts from 10 European countries; in 1975 at Eisenstadt,

... Austria, the colloquium was entitled .. Archaologische Eiseuforscbung in EUI"opa, roil besonderer · . Beriicksichtigung der Eisengewinnung Wld Verhutttm.g in Burgenlaud", whl}l"e IS reading partic-

ipants from 8 European countries were present. . . . . .. The president and the secretary hope that the future activity of the Comite pour la side-

rurgie ancienne win steadily provide useful help to anyone. who is interested in. the study Qf the .· · early histo~y of il'Qo. . .. . .

W. U. GUYlll.l . -. R •. }'Iei.ner

LIST OF MEMBERS <as to. June.15th, 1977) ., . . . .

· .~<\'USTRAL[A: Loafs H. H . E, Canberra - AUSTR[A: Hampl Fran.z, Dr., Wien; J"Wouler Gerhard, Dr., WiCH; Ohrenbcrger A. J., Dr., Eisenstadt; l'ittwni Richard, Prof. Dr., Wico; SchmiiH., Dr .• Eisenstadt; Sperl Gerhard. Dipl. [og" Leoben; Straube Harald. Dr., Kapfenberg - BELGIUM: Blanchart Jacques, Ma1onne; DooT!elaer Van Andre, Dr., Gent; Halleux Robert, Liege; Lassance Willy, Saint-Hubert; Limet Henri, Prof. Dr., Liege; - CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Bartuska Miloslav, .Doc. lng. , Prohu; Filip Jan, Prof. Dr., Praha; JUck Framisek. Dr., Praha; KJiskj Mikulas, prom. hist., Nitra; KOTa1! Jan, ProL 01"., Praha; Majer Jirf, Dr., Praho; Pleiner Radomfr, Doc. Dr., Praba; PouUk Jose!. Prof. Dr., Brno; Rasl Zdenik, [ng., Praha; Richeer Miroslav. Dr .• Praha;

.. . Sntetanka ·ZdeniJk. Dr.~ Prahu; Soudnj Mojmfr, [ng., Pr3ha; Spirit ~1ichal. Ing., Praba; Tlalka · Radom~r. Ing., Praha. Institutions: Arcbeologicky ustav CSAV Bmo; Archfologicky ustav

(;SAV ··- research centre Prague; Archeologicky ustav SAY. Nitre. - DENMARK: Granberg John., Lejre; Randrup Jen!, Kobenhavn; Thomsen Robert, Varde. Voss Olfert, Kobenhnvn. -

.. FRANCE: Blanc Louis C. , Dr. Ing., Paris; France-Larwrd ll-I. A., Villers-Ies-Nancy; Cilla Bernard, · .larville; Marechal Jean R., Pont-J'Eveque. In s titution s: Centre des recherches de l'Histoire de la Sidcrurgie, Jarville. - GERMANY (Federal): Ankner Dieerich, Dipl. Chem •• Mainz; Bohne

.. Clemens, Dip!. Ing .• Furstenfeldbruck; DannJ,eimer Humann., Dr., Munchen; Dehn Wolf gang.

~r.of . . pr., ~arburgrL.ahn; De.h.~.e Rud~v.: ~~., R:o.tenburg - Wiimme; Doppelfcld Duo, Dr., K9h~; .

671

.Frei Hons , Dr., r.iunchen~ Habelt Rudolf, Dr., Bonn; I-lingst Hons, Dr., Schleswig; Ilorstmann . Dietrich, Dr., DiisseJdorf; Hundt Hans-]urgen, Prof. Dr., Mainz; lacobi Gerhard, Dr. , Berlin;

.. Kleenwnn OUo, Prof. Dr., Bonrtj Naumann Friedrich Karl, Dr. log .• Dusseldorf; Schaaber Ouo, ·.Pwf. Dr. log., DremeD; Sonnecken Manfrcd, Dr., Ltidemcheid; Voigt Theodur, Dl".~ Mossingen­

" Talheim; Zurn Hartwig. Dr., Stuttgart. I n sti tu ti ons: Geschichtsauschussdes yereines Deutscher · Eisenhuttenleute. Dtisseldorf; Nicder£achsi£cbes Landesvenvaltungsamt. "Dczernat Bodcn­

' .. dfmkmalpflegcU, Hannover; Rhcinisches Landcsmuscum, Trier; Rom..isch-Gcrmanisches l\tmeum,

Koln; Vorgcschichtliches Seminar der Universitiit, Marhurg/Laho. - GERMANY (DDR): Ernsr · "Franz-Joachim, NeustreJitz; Keiling 1I.o.rs!, Dipl. phil., Schwerin; Seidel Werner, Gem; Schack · 'Kurt, Techcntin; Spehr Reinhard, Dresden; If/ilsdorfIlelmut M ., DresdcD-Gruno; I n s titu tion $:

:. Landesmusenm ftir Vorgeschichtc, Dresden. - GREECE: . Varo~fakis Geo.rge J .• Dr_ Athcus_ --. · HUNGARY: Giim6ri Janos , Soproll; Hec/umast GuszUiv. Dr., Budapest; Hegedus Zoltan, Dr. ,

·.Budapest; No.vaki. Gyula, Dr. , Budapest; Vastogh Gabor, Dr. lng., Budapest_ - INDIA: Lal R. B ., ·Dr., Dchrn Dun. Institu tions: Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi. - ITALY: Calzolani Sergio, Fircnze; Lconi ArIassimO, Prof., Novara; Panseri Carlo, Prof., Novara; Storti Conslantino., Dr. Ing .• Milano_ - NORWAY: lo.hansen Arne B., Dr., Stavanger; Martens 'lrmclin, Oslo. Rosenqvist Anna M., Oslo. Institutions: Universitetets Old saksamling. Oslo. - POLAND: Bielenin Kazimierz, Dr. habil. , Krak6w; Domaiiski Grzegorz, Mgr. \VrocJaw; Gl(Jwacki Zbygnic'w, . Prof. Ing., Poznan; l1fazur Adorn, Doe. Dr. , Krakow; Nosek E libieta, Mgr. Ing., Krak6w; Pozdu "

· Stanislaw, Dr., Wroclaw; Rauhut Lechoslaw, Dr., Warszawa; R6ianski Waclaw, ProC. Dr. Ing. , : Krak6w; R6zycl.-a Marie Teresa, Dr., \Vroclaw; Tworek Daniel, Mgr., Warszawaj Zimmy Jerzy. Ing. Cz~stochowa_ 'I ns titu tio ns : Katedra Archeologii Universitctu ~'roclawskicgo, WrocJaw; ~uzcum Archeologiczne, Krak6w: Panstwowe 'Muzeulll ·nccheologiczne. 'Warszawa; Zaklad Archeologii Slqska IHKM PAN, Wroclaw; ZakJad Historii Nauki i Techniki PAN, Wars2.awa. - - . 'RUMANIA: Babes Mircea, Bucure~ti; Berciu Dimitr". Prof. Dr., Bucurc~ti; Marcu Morcel, Ing._ Bucure~ti. ~ SOVIET UNION: Antejn A. , ~rof. Dr. , Riga; Kolcin B. A., Prof. Dr., Moscow;

': Solncev L. A., Doc. Dr., Kharkov; S ramka B. A .• Prof., Dr., Kharkov_ Institutions: Khnrko\·· skij gosudarstvennyj universitet, Kharkov; Inslitut archcoIogii AN SSSR, Moscow. - SPAIN: . Fleldler Domingo, V ~lencia. Ins ti t u t io n s: Servicio de investigacion prchistorica, Vnlellcia. -­SWEDEN: Arrhenius Dlol, Dr., Grodinge; Bjiirkmstam Nils, Dr .• Uddeholm; Bohm Ivar , Stock· holm; Eketorp Scen, Prof. Ur. , Stockholm; Hag/eIdt Hans, Domnarvetj HaUinder Par, Ullpsulll; lIolmqvist Wilhelm. Prof. Dr., Stockholm; NyMn Erik, Doc. Dr., VishYi Oldeberg Andreas, Dr .. Stockholm; Radberg Sven, Dr .• Falun; Serning Ingo. Dr., Grnngesberg; Strand Sigvard,Stockholm;

· Tholal1der Erik, Eskilstuna. In s ti tu ti 0 n s: Historical Metallurgy Group at Svenska Jiirnkontoret, .' · Stockholm. The Swedish Iron Institut{"~ Stockholm. - S"'\1:' lTZERLAND: Guyan Walwr, Prof. Dr .• Schnffhausen; Mlltz Alfred, Base1; Pdet Paul Louis, Prof. , I.ausallue. Ill s ti tu lion s: Museum ' zu AlIerheiligf.n, Schaffhausen. - UNITED KINGDOM: Cleere Henry F. , r.o~don:. Coglllan H . H. t

· A. M. I. , Ncwhury; Lang Janet , London; Nfanning W. H ., Cardiff; Needham Jo~eph, Dr., F. R . S., Cambridge; Oddy W. A ., London; Scou Brian G., B. Se .• Belfast ; Tylccote Ronald F., Newcastle

.. upon Tyre; Williams Alon R. , Dr. , Manchester. In s titutions: The Metals So(;iety, London.­UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Bjorkman Judi'h K. , Sy,.cu,e N. Y. ; Griffin James B ., Prof., Ann Arbor; Hartwell Robcrt, Dr., Chicago; ftfaddin Ro.bert, Prof .• Philadelphia; Larnberg-

· Karlovsky Clifford C., Prof., Cambridge; Smith Cyril S ., Prof. , Cambridge; Wertime Tlteodo.re A . , . Arlington; Whp.eler Tomara S., pr., Philadelphia. -:- TURKEY: Ko.~ay Ifarnit Z.o Dr. , Ankara . - .

· YUGOSLAVIA: K crarnidiitv Apo~tol, Sl{opje; Rja::anc€v AI., .Dr._. Jesenice. Institutio~s : .·

· A.rhC91oskj ~~~~j , Sk~rj~; Tehnicni l\fuzej, J.esef:lic~ ..

LATE MEMBERS: Jenicek L., Prof. Dr. Ing., Czechoslovakia, Prnha; Krrtlis 11.'0, Ing . . Czecho· 'sIovakia, Praha; Oppeneim A. Leo., Prof., U.S.A., Chicago; Qsann Banhartl. Dr. Ing. ,Germuny,

". WolfenbiiUcl; Ptiek Frantisek. Prof. Dr. Czechoslovakia, Bma; Psota Frrmriselc, Dr .• Czeehoslo· . · .. vakia, P raha; Radlvan Mieczyslaw, Doc_ Ing., Poland, Krak6w; Rajcwski Zdzi~law. Prof. Dr., · 'Poland, Warszawa; Salin 11douard, France, lurville; ZuJt~Mcn Bm'ham, Dr., Switzerland, Cremicrcs

.s/Che~bres . .

672

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1973, 1974 (supplements)

A. SpeCildi;;ed turns

V. l\'IAL\,: Metalograficky rozbor tcsaku z Krul!ue doliny u Rakovnika (Summary: Mctallo· ", graphischc Analyse des Jagdmessers van KCll.Slla dolina hci Rakovnik). Studie a Zpdvy Okres­

niho Mu..:ca Praha - vychod 1973/6. 15- 21. A large hunting knife, found in a 15th century A. D. -'. wood-tar burning plant at Knlsn{1 Dolina. RakovlIlk , central Bohemia (excavated hy the Arcbaeo- .

log il:al Institute, Prague); bJadewas wrought iron only. . . - . . .

· -R. PLEINER: H nlstat.skY nu:;' z 'l'isic a j eho tecbllologic (Summary: Ej~ haUstatlzeitliches Mcsser .,Von Tisice, Mitlelbohmen, und des~en Tcchnologie) . Studie a Zprhy Okresniho Muzea Puha - . vychod 1973/6. 6~14. MetaHography of a curved knife b.lade,_ unh~mogcneous steel .• soft ~dg:e:

.. -B. History of iron as me,u~oned in other publications

·G. ALFOl.DY: Norieum. I~o ndoll-Boston 1974. Hi story of the Regnum Noricum with valuable · r emarks all pre·Romall (Celti~) and Roman iron indus tfY in the iron .ore regions of the recent .. ·Ca,inthh. and Slyria (pp. 2B, 45- 46; .99-100, lIO, 175, 206)..· . .. .

' P. 1.. SHINNIE: Mel'oe in the Sudan. In: Archaeological Researehes iu Retrospect (G. R . Wil1ey ed.). Cambridge Mass. 1974, 237-265. On p. 254· Tylecote's c.~cavations in slag heaps of Meroe (19.69/10) quoted. The datiflg 500 B.C. is ra~h~r . surprising. · . - . " .. ' . .

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1975.

A. Spcciali:;ed items.

·. _N. BARNARD· S. TAMOTSU: Metallurgical Remaills of Ancient China. Tokyo 1975. Chapter 8 of the splendid edition of thi s work deals with iron, foundry and forge ill Ancient Chilla. First tr.lCCS of cast iron found in the 7th cent. RC. (Chan.kuo period). Wrought iron met with in the 4th cent. n.c. Irun rn nkin g sites described. reverberatory furnaces depicted . The problem of the cast iron invention r e-mains unsolved. F orced draught and bellows do not 6eem to be attested

_prior lo the in troduction of iron technology. Cast iron tools and mouI~s for mak,ing thern. Detailed distribution m~lt>s of irol~ sme.lting sites a~ld ir.on wea pons. .

N. A. ODDY: A reyicw of procedurcs for the conservation of cast nod wroughl iroll found on the ' · sea-bed. The illtcl'11 t! tion:l1 Jourual of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 4/2 .

1975, 367- 370. Various methods as dect.rolyticalreductio,n, hydrog~Jl . rcdllc;tion. chlo-ride subli~ mations. etc., a~cdcs~ribed. .." .' .

. . ·S. TAMOTSV d '. N. Barnard, .abo~e

'. nl~LIOGRA,PHY 1976 (s~cond . pa,r.t , .. Hi in M<!Y .. 1977)

A. Spt1cinlizcd il l1 mS

,H. AMllORN: Die Bcdentung dcr Kulturen des Niltals fUr dic Eisenproduktion im subsnharu­schcn Afrika. Studien ~mr Kulturkunde Nr. 39. \Viesbadell 1976. DetuiJcd fiualyses of the ancient material cultures of Egypt and Sudan pcrsll(ulc us that not ouly iron but also tin bronze were used in the cvc.ryday life but exceptionally. The sudden increa~e of iron working had COme extre­mely lat~ , Le. aft(:r the Per "jail occupation . Ancient Fgyp~ hindered the spread of iron to Africa via lh~ Nile valley. Surprising is the skepsis of the <1 uthor concerning the relatively late iron ~lag

_ heaps of Mcroc because hc doubts they could n;pres('.nt b~oomcry ,~aste: at ull (despite l'.g. Dr. T yleco.tc' s recent .excavations and an~lyscs) . · . - ' '. .

.1. H. BEen cc. Niir jcruct kom, beJow p. 674

K. BIELENIN cc. dllo

67,\

· H. CLEERE: Some operating parametCJ's for Roman ironworks. Bulletin no. 13 of the Institute · of Archaeology of the University of London 1976, 233- 243. An attempt at the economical and · .. social evaluation of data known about the iron industry of Weald, operated by the Roman Navy

(CJassis Britanllica). Calculations of possible productivity, output consumption of ore and timber .. for coal, .influence on the a.ncient lands.cape. C~. our Conununicatio~ 18, A.E 28 1976, _677~78.

V. FOLEY cf. Historical Metallurgy, below

.. J. GIBSON-HILL - B. C. WORSSAM: Analyses of Wcaldcn iron OreS and their- arcbaeological significance. Bulletin no. 13 of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of London 1976, 247-263. While the coastal Roman bloomeries of Weald were operated by the Classis Britannica, the Mid-Weuld group dates somewhat earlier. Broadfields iron smelting furnace and ~ ditchshaped ~~asting hear.th descri~cd (2nd century A. D.). Mining of clay i~onstone.

J. GI~SON-HILL cf. Historical Metallurgy, below ·

L. L. GUILDFORD KETIERINGHAM: A1steod: Excavation of" 13th/14th century sub·manor house with its ironworks in Netheme Wood, Merstham. Surrey. Surrey Archaeological Society.

·· Research Volume 2, 1976. 13th century period (about 1270) - smelting: and smithing ol,erations, up to the end of the 14th century a house of a blacksmith. After a 50 years' lap smitrung had. begun again and a larl;.c. (orge , ,!,as built: ., . ..

After BAA 9/2 1976,MED 76/4082 .

- HISTORICAL METALLURGY 10/2 1976. The early iron making may be treated in the following ' ·items: B . C. Worslam - J. Gibson-Hill: Analyse~ of Wealden iron ores. 77- 82. D. Willen - W. ·Soedel - V. Foley: The story of Weyland the Smith - An Ancient Gilchrist-Thomas Process? 84--86. The legendary description of making the famous sword by Weyland the Smith gives ratio:­na] moments concerning c.a~bUIizing, dephosphorization and nitridizing of the worked me.ta) • .

G. V. INANISVILl- L. G. ORLOV - F. N. TAVADZE - L. M. UTEVSKIY: ElektroDno-mikro­skopiceskoye issledovaniye stmktury archeologiceskogo zeleza. (Electron microscope investiga­tions of ancient iron). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR - MctoDy 1/ 1976 (Moskva), 243-24,5. Battle axes, knives, lance heads dating into the 1st millenniUm B.C., not specified. Cementite · lameJs often disturbed by forging, the segregati~n . of tert.i~~y <;ementite oIl: graj.~ boundarje~ ..

· · cau~ed . by the ageing. of metal.

G. Y. INANISYILI cf. F. N. Tavadze, below p. 675

· O. VU. KRUG: Determination of the technological characteristics of the bloomery process to . · ohtain iron from archeological slags. Collected translations OD Arcbaeology 1914 (British Libra­ry - lending division), not paginated. The title should read "the bloomery process to obtain iron in the scope of archaeological slags". Analyses of slag indicate that the more fluxcs the morc pos­'sible tappings. More tappings mean a greater proportion of magnetite in the slag. Slags of Novgo­

'." rod which have been .investigated are from smelt~ . whe!e fluxe~ h~d not been used.

T. LIANA. cf. ~8.r jarnet .kolD, ~elow

- P. L YSDAHL, d.lto .

'NAR JARNET KOM (in Swedish: When Iron Came). -Polen - Veudsyssel-Goteborg vid tiden .omkring Kr F Gotehorgs Arkeologiska Museum 1976. The volume comprises several Swedish and · .Polish contributions on early iron making or Iron Age problems. 1. Serning: Tidig jarnframstllll. lung Skandin·avien - Prehistoric iron metallurgy in Scandinavia. especially in Sweden, 41--71. Ancient iron smelting furnaces arc divided into four classes. K. Bielenin: Tidig jarnframstallnillg PoleD - Anfange des Eisenhiittenwesens in den Liindern Polens, 73- 101. Significant iron pro-

· duction begins in the La Timc period. T. Liana: Jarn economi-sociale system ~ Iron and its ,effect Qn .. the economy and social system of the inhabitants of Polish lands in _ancient times.

674

]03- 124. General considerations. J. - H. Bech - P. Lysdahl: Vendsysscl- Vendsys~l in Pre-Ro­roan and Early -Roman Age - in~oduction, 194~196. On page 213 _we read about blacksmith's activity ~races (stope ,8nvil~_ etc.). . . . '. ..

K. R. MA){WELL~HYSLOP cf. A. R ., Williams, p. 676,' ,

S. PAZDA: Wczesnosredniowieczna pracownia hutnicza kola Piotronowic, powiat Wolowski -.(Summary: Die fruhmittelalterliche Hiittenwerkstiitte bei Piotronowice, Kreis WoI6w). Studia Archeologiczne IX (Wroclaw) 1976, 57-92. Two reheating hearths for iron blooms excavated ·a 1 a si.te . dating U:!)m ~h.e . -~ 1 th centw:y A. ~. T~~y ar.e k~ttle.--shaped, Jine~i find~ .~f c!ay ~uye.res. :

.- P. - L. PELET: Vcrsuch einer KlassifizierWlg friihgeschi chtlicher Eisenschmelzofen. Arehiv fur ' · das Eisenhiittenwesen 47 1976, 709-712. A Dew proposal how to elassify numerous iron smelting furnaces brought to light by recent excavations in Europe. The author underlines the thermic -' isolation of shafts. The capacity of furnaces depcnd to a large extent on the height and diameler

- of the shaft. Primitive types of hloomery furnaces survived in regions whcre economical conditions ·· did .not allow the tr~oaitioD: to so~e .more pro~uc.t~ve ins:~aUatio~~ (sJ;lo~t,age ~f ~e~ns o~ n~eds).

J. PIASKOWSKI: Stan i ocenn dotycbczasowych prac nad historiq hutnictwa na ziemiach Polsk i (Resume: Vetat et l'appreciation des travBUX connus jusqu'i\ present concernant l'histaire

... de la ffi.elnllwgic snT les territoires poJonais). Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki 21 1976, 455-473. The technology of iron used to he studied more intensively than that of other metals but this stateme,~t relates mainly to the prehlstori,c period .. The medi.eva.l ind.u8:try is much less '

· ,di scussed. . - .

V. I. SARRAK cf. F. N. Tavadze, below

O. SCHAABER: Metnllurgische Untersuehung zwcier Eisengegenstande der Grabung Micheldorf, in: Tutatio - die Grabu.ngen auf dem Georgenherg und um Micheldorf (On). Der Romische Limes in Osterreich XXVIII. Wien 1976, 63-64. A martquenched knife, welded together from strips

.. of iron and steel, an iron hoe welded together from several pieces, martquenched, hypere~tectoid ' :m:~as; 4th century .A. D., frQ.m ~ mail post village.. .. '

' 1. SERNING (Mr •. ) cf. Niir jarn.t kOln, above p, 674

W. S~~DEL cf. . Hj_stori~al .M~tallurgy, ahov~ p. 674

B. A. SRAMKO: Kistorii razvitiya drevney mctaUurgii i metalloobrabotki zeleza. (On the history of develo pment of the ancient iron smelting and iron ,,"orking). Voprosy istorii yestestvoznaniya i t echniki 4 (53) Moskva 1976. 49-54. General remarks. Meteotitic iron artefact f:rom Bickin -Buluk (1750- 1500 B.C.)~ cast iron cauldron from Nikolayevkn (Hellenistic) and cementation , . -furnace frolD the hillfort Luhotinskoye (ca. 500 B.C.) mentioned. II:1 the author's opinion the .

.. _.- present sources do not anow us to consider on1y one centr.e. of. ~he spr.ea~. of iro~ .tech~~I?~y.

~etail~d ,argument~ m.ight be ueeful_.to support this.i,~ea. . .

F. N. TAVADZE . V. 1. SARRAK • G. V. INANISYILI: Izucenie mechaniceskkh ,voystv i kharaktera muuseniya arcbeologiccskogo zeleza (Study of the mechanical properties and cha­racter of des truction 'of archaeological iron). SoobSceniyn Akndemii Nauk. Gruzinskoy SSR

· . 80/ 2 1975, 409-412. Ten specimens investigated from Georgian sites: Citakhevskiy mogil'Dik : 10th/9th centuries B.C., Lavilarskiy mogil'nik 6th/4th centuries B.C., Bril'skiy mogil'nik 7thfStb

B.C. , Vani 4th/1st B.C. Mechanical tests show the quality of iron to have been lower than that one of the recent materia.l used for analDgical purposcs. This phenomenon is due to thc con­siderable heterogeneity of ~arbou and ·to .thc _ quantity of slag inclQsions. Defot:mntion s appear 'in areas low in carbon. . ,- .. " . .

F. N. TAVADZE d. G. V. IJlanis~ili . al?o,,:e p~ 674

· 675 '

R. F. TYLECOTE; A HISTORY OF METALLURGY. London 1976. 181 p., 149 illustr.t;on" 6 maps. This is a very successful attempt to prescnt a concise survey of knowledge relating to the .history of the entire field of human metallurgical activity from its beginnings up to the fifties oftbe present century. The author, one of the most renown sholars in this field, presents a number of his own studies and experiences. Contents: (1) Metals and ores in the Neolitbic Perjod~ (2) The technique and development of early copper smelting, (3) The early Bronze Age. (4) The Full Bronze Age, (5) The Early Iron Age, (6) The Roman Iron Age. (7) The Migration and medieval Period, (8) Post-medieval metaJlllrgy~ (9) The Industrial Revolution; A. D . 172-1850, (10) More ' recent times. (11) The contribution of scientists. Throughout the periods all metals and methods of working are discussed, the significance of iron metallurgy is stressed from chapter 5 onwards. Metallurgical principles, installations and tecbniques are described and estimated, iron working and pracli.ces of blacksmith's work are treated. Results of Borne metallographic investigations make an integral part of the hook. The reader finds important and interesting items on the early iron making and working, e.g. mechanism of the bloomer), process, sword manufacturing, pattern

· welding and damuscening processes, steer making, early blast furnaces, etc. As to the problem of the spread of iron metallurgy, R. F. Tylecole traces the earliest spnrs in SW Asia. He pays

"his attention not only to classical territories of iron wor~il?g but also to such areas us Africa aod especially to the Far East. Possibly a more thorough infor'ma'tion might be useful what concel'ns ,Central and Eastern Europe. The book is au extremely welcome help to every studen~inque?tfor

· reli,able data on the history of one of the most important industrial branches. <

D. W.Il:-LEN c~. Historical M;~tallurgy • .above p. 67.~.

A. R. WILLlAMS - K. R. MAXWELL-HYSLOP; Anc;enl Steel from Egypt. Journal of Archaeo· logical Science 3 1976, 283- 305. Metallography' of a known assemblage of iron tools found by

· Sir Flinders Petrie at .The.bes, which used to be held for Assyrian. The problem of dating is un- ' solved but certainly the objects are later than the 7th century B.C., presumably Hellenistic . .

, The technology is rather simple, mostly unhomogeneous stee1s, or carburized edges. Quenching of some pieces (chisels, axe head, scoop). quench-hardened. Detailed microanalyses Qf slag inclll- '

.. sions (ano.rthite). .... . "." ...

B. C. WORSSAM cf. J. Gwson-Hm,above p . . 674

B. History of iro!"l-. 43 .mmtioned i~ ~ther" pu,bli.catiorts .(19!.6)

H. AMENT: Neue alamanrusche Grabfunde von Munningen, Kr. Donau-Ries. Saalburg Jahr­' buch 33 1976, 63-75. Migration per~9d pat.ternwelded swords of the sp.atha. type, cf. Fig. 12. Iso-lated finds .(ram. the cem~~ery area. . . ... ..

I. BONA: The Dawn of the Dark Ages. The Gepids and the Lombards in the Carpathian Basin. 'Budapest 1976. The following quotations of iron working arc worth noticing: D. blacksmith vj]lage at Varpalola with a smithery (lOth ·cent. A.D.) on p. 48; blacksmith's tools from the renown

· Migra tion Period graves no. 10 at Mezob~nd (p. 50); Lomb~rdian smiths' graves .from .Cividale, Poysdorf and Bmo. appear .. OD .p. ~l .. -- .,

G. FINGERLIN: Del' Reiter VOll Hufingcn. Notizen zu .eincm alamannisehcn Adelsgrab auf.der Banr. Archaologische Nachrichten aus Baden 17 1976, 16-:-30. The ric~y equipped grave <!On-taiz:ted ~Iso a patter.llw-elded spatha. sax. and ~pear~ . .

D. W. HAHDING: Hillforts. Later Prehistoric Earthworks in Britain and lrelo.nd. I ... Qndon-New York-San Francisco 1976. Traces of early ironworking are rather scarce. An iron slQ,elting hearth quQted at Ra'tbgatl (3rd cent. A.D.), se.e p. 247. F.or other remarks see Register . ' . . '

J. ILKJAER: Et bundt viiben fra Vimose (Summary: Abundle of weapons from Vimose). Kuml .1975 (1976). 117-162. The find represents presumably a sacrified booty of weapons dating into the ea~ly Late Ro.m~n Period. It contains 291a.uc~ hea~s. 8 barhed spear head s ~apped in a cloth . .

676

.: .. J. ILKJAER -. J. L0NSTRUP: Nye udgravninger i Illerup Adal (Summary: New excavations in ." Illcrup Adal). Kuml 1975 (1976), 99- 115. Two cumu1ations of iron weapons were di scovered in

.. thi s known moor deposit by means of a proton magnetometer~ about 6-7 m. from the :lncient shore: 20 swords (stamped and inscribed by Roman swords.w.i ths), spear and lan~e heads,shield bosses, One group dates from about 200 A.~ .. , the other from abou~ 400. A. D. .

H. JANKUHN: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellsehaftsordnung der germanischen Stamme in det Zeit der romischen Angriffskriege. In: Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt 11 5

. (H. Teruporini ed.) . Berlin- New York 1976. Reprinted in H. Janku'tn: Archaologie und Geschich­. ·· t e, Vortrage und Aufsatze l. Berlin- New York 1976. Cf. pp. 301--:-303. Teutonic tribes adopted . Celtic techniques and then they deveJopcd iron smelting in their. 9\vn .W~y, Feddersen-Wi~rde.

···. 8 site with speciuliz~d blacksmiths .. and .fo~n~~rs. . .