Blok 1.3.Anatomi 1 Terminologi anatomi Fitranto Arjadi – Kedokteran Unsoed

Terminologi Anatomi Sebelum abad ke 19 dipergunakan 50.000

nama untuk struktur tubuh manusia

Pada tahun 1895, pertemuan Basel (BNA), mengeliminasi nama-nama yang terdahulu

Pada tahun 1933, pertemuan di Paris menyetujui revisi terminologi anatomi

Revisi ini dinamakan NOMINA ANATOMICA

History

a vocabulary from ancient Greek and Latin

Ancient doctors, e.g. Hippocrates:

epilepsy, dysentery, asthma, diarrhea

New advances in medical science – new

terms derived from everyday vocabulary,

e.g. cyt – kytos (hollow container)-cell

Why do we need to learn medical

terminology ?

To speak and to write exactly

Health professional around the world use medical

vocabulary to speak and to write exactly

International language

Medical Terminology

sessions :

The structure and analysis of medical terms

Roots, prefix and suffix in medical terms

The basic of medical terminology

How to spell it

How do we learn medical

terminology?

like learning other languages: memorize the

vocabulary!!

logical language:

most terms can be broken down into its basic

component parts and understood

“basic word structure”

Basic Word Structure

PANCYTOPENIA

PREFIX

WORD

ROOT

COMBINING VOWEL

SUFFIX

COMBINING FORM

WORD ROOT

FOUNDATION OF THE WORD

GASTER =GASTROS

ROOT (stomach)

PREFIX

WORD BEGINNING

EPIGASTRIC

PREFIX (above)

SUFFIX

WORD ENDING

GASTRITIS

SUFFIX (inflammation)

COMBINING VOWEL

A vowel (usually o) linking

Root to suffix

Root to root

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

root root suffix

COMBINING VOWEL

COMBINING FORM

CARDIOGRAM

COMBINING FORM

WORD ROOT + COMBINING VOWEL

COMPOUND WORD

TWO OR MORE WORD ROOTS

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

GASTROENTERITIS

WORD ROOTS

(compound) suffix form

combining form + suffix = suffix form

combining form suffix form

log

em

scler

sten

pen

logy, logist

emi, emia

sclero, sclerosis

steno, stenosis

peni, penia

PANCYTOPENIA

PAN (prefix): all

CYT (root): cell

PENIA (suffix-form): deficiency

DEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS

(deficiency of all types of blood cells)

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

ELECTR (root): electricity

CARDI (root): heart

GRAM (suffix): record

The record of the electricity of the heart

GASTROENTERITIS

GASTR (root): stomach

ENTER (root): intestines

ITIS (suffix): inflammation

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

Correlate an understanding of a

word with basic anatomy, physiology,

and disease process of the human

body

PANCYTOPENIA

PAN : all

CYT : cell

PENIA : deficiency

DEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS

(deficiency of all types of blood cells)

LEUKEMIA

LEUK (root): white

EM (root): blood

IA (suffix): state (noun)

EMIA (compound-suffix form): state of blood

“white blood”

malignancy of white blood cells

The origin of

a medical term Greek noun or adjective

Greek verb

Latin noun or adjective

Latin verb

Influence how it was used in modern

medical term

Greek nouns and

adjectives (1) Root of a noun or an adjective is found by dropping the ending (os,

on, e, s, ys)

nephros – nephritis

neuron – neuritis

leukos – leukemia

tachys – tachypnea

glykys -- glycemia

Greek nouns and

adjectives (2) … when a suffix begins with a consonant attached to a root ends with

a consonant, a combining vowel is

needed

leukocyte

neurogenic

nephroblast

so…drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel

GASTRIC, and not GASTROIC

LEUKEMIA, and not LEUKOEMIA

but… retain the combining vowel between two roots in

a word

GASTROENTERITIS

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM

Greek nouns and

adjectives (3) Some words may come in two

combining forms:

derma, dermatos hypodermic, dermatology

soma, somatos macrosomia, somatotroph

haima, haimatos hemoglobin, hematology

stoma, stomatos tracheostomy,

stomatitis

Greek Verbs

gignesthai gen(e)

- gen

pathogenesis

hematogen

lyein ly(s)- hemolysis

tome tom- cholecystotomy

graphein graph- cardiograph

rhein rhe- diarrhea,

leukorrhea

Latin Nouns

Combining form of a noun is found

by dropping the ending (a, um)

fistula – fistulectomy

vagina – vaginoplasty

lympha – lymphogen

ileum – ileostomy

cerebrum – cerebrovascular

palatum – palatorrhaphy

Medical Terminology

Tissue

Tissues may have different terms in

normal and diseased states

NORMAL: LATIN WORD DISEASED/ ABNORMAL:

GREEK WORD

normal and abnormal

TESTIS

UTERUS

VAGINA

OVARIUM

TUBA

NASUS

ORIS

HEPAR

orch/o

metr/o

colp/o

oophor/o

salphynx

rhin/o

stomat/onep

hepat/o

orchitis

endometritis

colpitis

vaginitis

Oophoritis

salphyngitis

rhinitis

Stomatitis

hepatitis

normal and abnormal

REN

COR

PULMO

CORNEA

AURIS

CEREBRUM

nephr/o

cardi/o

pneum/o

kerat/o

ot/o

encephal/o

nephritis

carditis

pneumonitis

pneumonia

keratitis

otitis

encephalitis

Tissue

ADIPOSE TISSUE

Fascia adiposa

LIP/O : FAT Lipolysis Lipogenesis Lipodystrophy lipoma

Tissue

OSSEUS/OS

Os femur, os radius, os pallatum, medulla osseum

OSTE/O - : BONE Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteoblast

Osteomyelitis

Tissue

NERVUS

Nernus ischiadicus, n. axillaris

NEUR/O : NERVE

neuralgia

neuropathy

neuritis

Tissue MUSCULUS

Musculus pectoralis major, m. rectus abdominis

MY/O

MYS/O: MUSCLE myopathy myositis Myoglobin Myofibra Myocardium Myometrium

Tissue

CARTILAGO

Cartilago thyreoidea, cartilago septi nasi

CHONDR/O : CARTILAGE

chondrodysplasia

Achondroplasia

Osteogenesis enchondralis

Tissue CUTIS

CUTANE/0

Intracutane, subcutane

DERMIS

DERMAT/O : SKIN dermatitis

leukoderma

epidermis

dermatology

Tissue VASA

VASCUL/O

vascularisation, avascular

ANGI/O : BLOOD VESSEL angiopathy/ vasculopathy

angiography

Angiogram

angioma

Vasculitis

Tissue SANGUIS; SANGUINIS

HEM/O =HAIMA

EM

HEMAT/O: BLOOD hematology

hematopoiesis

anemia

cholesterolemia

hemoglobin

Color=

chrom LEUK/O : ALBUS : WHITE

ALBINO, CORPUS ALBICAN LINEA ALBA LEUKOCYTE LEUKOCYTURIA LEUKOCYTOSIS LEUKEMIA LEUKODERMA LEUKODYSTROPHY LEUKOPLAKIA LEUKORRHEA

Color =

chrom MELAN/O : FUSCUS :

BLACK MELANOCYTE

MELANOBLAST

MELANOMA

MELANURIA

MELANIN

MELENA

Color ERYTHR/O : RUBRO :

RED CORPUS RUBRUM

ERYTHROBLAST

ERYTHROCYTE

ERYTHROCLAST

ERYTHEMATOUS

ERYSIPELAS

ERYTHREMIA

ERYTHRODERMA

Color

CYAN/O: BLUE

CYANOTIC

CYANOSIS

CYANOPHIL

CYANOPSIA

CYANOLABE

glaucos : bluish green

Griseus : bluish grey

Color

CHLOR/O:CHLOASMA : GREEN

CHLOROMA

CHLOROPHYLL

CHLOROPSIA

CHLOROLABE

COLOR

GRISEUS = POLIOS =

PHAIOS =GREY

Substantia grisea

Poliomyelitis

Color

XANTH/O: FLAVUS: LUTEUS: YELLOW

CORPUS LUTEUM

XANTHOCHROMIC

XANTHOCHROMIA

XANTHELASMA

XANTHOMA

XANTHOPSIA

Body activities

Audio = acouo = to hear

Opsia = opia = blepo = to see

Phagien = to eat

Dipsa = to drink

Phrasis = to speech

Laleo = to talk

Gradior = to walk

Halo = pneu = to breathe

Oureo = to urinate

Osme = bromo =to smell

Mnena = memory

Palpo = to touch

Kineo= moveo = to move

Gustatus = geuma = to taste

Hypnos = somnus = sopor= to sleep

Glutio = to swallow

Defaecatio= chezo = to defaecate

Qualitative Measurement

Major= magnus = mega = great

Minor = parvus = small

Breve = short Longus = long

Durum = hard

Mollis = soft

Bradys = tardus = slow

Tachys = celer = fast

Poly = multi = many

Oligos = few = rare

Asthenia = weak

prefix – Location

end/o – ento - en eso intra

ect/o

exo

ec

retr/o

par/a

peri

supra/super/ultra

epi extra

infra/ sub

Ante = before

Meta = behind

Trans = beyond, to the other side

Inter = between, among

Dia = through, over

prefix – Location

mes/o

Circum/peri

prefix – Location

examples:

ectopic pregnancy

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

encephalitis

endometrium vs. parametrium

endotoxin vs. exotoxin

Periosteum, pericardium

Circumoral, circumductio

retroperitoneal

suprarenal, etc.

A/AN

NULLI

prefix - number

ANEMIA

APLASTIC ANEMIA

ANALGESIA

NULLIPARA

WITHOUT

LACKING

DEFICIENT

HEMIPARESIS

HEMIPLEGIA

HEMIHYPERTROPHY

SEMICOMATOSE

prefix - number ½ hemi

semi

HALF

PARTIAL

prefix - number

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY

MONOPARESIS

MONONUCLEAR CELLS

UNICELLULAR

UNILATERAL

uni - mono

prefix - number

PRIMIPARA, PRIMIPAROUS

PRIMIGRAVIDA

PRIMITIVE

PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS

1st

primi

BI - DI(PLO)

prefix -

number

BICUSPID VALVE

BICEPS

BIFURCATIO

DIPLOCOCCUS

DIPLOID

prefix - number

• MULTI – MANY :

MULTIPARA, MULTINUCLEAR GIANT CELLS, MULTIGRAVIDA

• 3 - TRI :

TRICUSPIDALIS, TRI IN DIE

• 4 - TETRA :

TETRAPARESES, TETRAPLEGIA

• 5 - PENTA : PENTAMER

negative sense

ANTI (ANT):

AGAINST, OPPOSED

• ANTIBIOTIC

• ANTIHISTAMINE

• ANTITOXIN

negative sense

dys :

difficult, painful, abnormal

DYSMENORRHEA

DYSPEPSIA

DYSTROPHY

(DUCHENNE MUSCULODYSTROPHY)

DYSURIA

hyper and hypo

hyper : beyond normal, excessive, over

hypo: under, deficient, below normal

HYPOGLYCEMIA

HYPOTHYROIDISM

HYPOTENSI

HYPODERMIC

HYPERGLYCEMIA

HYPERTHYROIDISM

HYPERTENSI

tachy and brady

tachy: rapid, fast

brady: slow

tachycardia

tachypnea

bradycardia

bradypnea

suffix – noun

dyspnea, rhinorrhea

anemia, osteomalacia

hypertrophy

ectasia

paralysis

arteriosclerosis

a, ia, y, sia, sis, asia, asis, esis,

ema, ism, us:

state, condition

• nephrolithiasis • erythema • hyperchromasia • diuresis • synergism • hydrocephalus

suffix – noun

itis inflammation

oma,ma

tumor, disease

oophoritis fibroadenoma

endometritis adenocarcinoma

colitis ulcerosa glioma

hepatitis edema

carditis lymphoma

Suffix

NOUN - ADJECTIVE

NOUN ADJECTIVE

cyanosis

anemia

nervus

sclerosis

stenosis

paralysis

cyanotic

anemic

nervous

sclerotic

stenotic

paralytic

SUFFIXES

-ALGIA = PAIN

-CELE = HERNIA

-CENTESIS = SURGICAL PUNCTURE TO REMOTE A FLUID

-CYTE = CELL

-DYNIA = PAIN

-LYSIS = DESTRUCTION = BREAKDOWN

-MALACIA = SOFTENING

-OPSY = TO VIEW

-POIESIS = FORMATION

-PLASIA = DEVELOPMENT

SUFFIXES

-OSIS = ABNORMAL CONDITION

-PATHY = DISEASE

-PEXY = FIXATION

-STASIS = STOPPING. CONTROLING

-SCOPE = INSTRUMENT FOR

EXAMINATION

-PTOSIS = DROPPING

Penamaan pada tulang

ELEVASI LINIER

LINEA (GARIS)

CRISTA (RIGI)

ELEVASI TAJAM

SPINA

PROCESSUS

STYLOIDEUS

ELEVASI BULAT

TUBERCULUM

TUBEROSITAS

MALLEOLUS

TROCHANTER

PROMINENCE

PROCESSUS

Penamaan pada tulang (2) FACETS (SEPERTI PERMUKAAN BERLIAN) AREA

YANG PIPIH/DATAR, HALUS & KECIL, BIASANYA

UNTUK PERMUKAAN SENDI.

DEPRESSIONS (CEKUNGAN)

FOVEA, BILA KECIL

FOSSA, BILA BESAR

SULCUS, BILA MEMANJANG

INCISSURA (TAKIK), BILA DIJEMBATANI OLEH

LIGAMENTUMATAU OLEH TULANG

FORAMEN, LUBANG YANG TEMBUS

CANAL, MEATUS (FORAMEN YANG MeMBENTUK

SALURAN)

Penamaan Otot Arah serabut

Mis : rectus (straight)

Ukuran relatif otot Mis : maximus (largest), major (larger of group)

Lokasi Mis : : many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis)

Jumlah origo Mis : : triceps (three heads)

Lokasi origo dan insersio Mis : : sterno (on the sternum)

Bentuk Mis : : deltoid (triangular)

Aksi otot Mis : : flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)

Superficial Muscles Anterior

Surface

40 otot superficial

dibagi mjd 10 area

16/10/2014

Panamaan dalam Sistem saraf

Saraf : Bundel yang berisi ratusan sampai ribuan axon,

jaringan ikat dan pembuluh darah yang menyertainya

Nukleus : kelompok sel bodi dalam SSP

Traktus : kelompok axon dalam SSP

Ganglion : kelompok sel bodi dalam SST

Nervus: kelompok axon/dendrit dalam SST

Substansia grisea/abu-abu : kelompok nukleus

Substansia alba/putih : kelompok traktus

Sinapsis : Merupakan titik hubung dan komunikasi diantara neuron-neuron

Tunggal dan Ganda

How to spell it ?

konsonan

c + e, ae, oe,i,y = ch (sh)

cervix, caecum, coelom, cyanosis cc diapit vokal yg sama = tc

ecce,… c selain di atas = k accreta, crassum, collum,, chiasma

Thoraccica = ks Occipital =ks

vokal a, i, u = a,i,u

= arteri, ileum, umbilicus

ae, oe = é (enak)

= taenia, oesophagus, coelom

e = è (ember) = eminentia

o = o (ompong)

= o

y = i (ikan)

= gyrus, (yeyunum ?)

g + ae, oe, e, i = jh (jejak)

rugae (?), goe…, genitalia, digitorum

ginggivus (?)

g + lain = g

globus pallidus, galea aponeurotica

gn= ny

magnum, …

h dalam mihi dan nihil = k miki & nikil

h dalam kata lain tidak diucapkan,

kecuali pada ph = f

homunculus, humerus, (?), hiatus

ph = f

pharyngeus,

j = i

…, konjunctiva

nc = ngk

punctum, (junctura ?)

ng = ngg

angulus, …

sc + e, i, y ,ae,oe = sy

descencus, sciaticus, scy…, scae…, scoe…

sc + a, o, u = sk

scalenus, scrotum, descuamasi

Ischiadicus

scaphoid

th = t

thoraccica

ti + s, t, x = ti

atlantis, lumbal petit, ..tix…

ti + lain = ts

..ti..

v = fh

plica vocalis, vestibulum

vokal + x + vokal = gs

axis, exanthema

x lain = ks

thorax

Excavatio

xc + e, ae, oe, i, y = ksy

..xce..,..xcae.., ..xcoe…, ..xci.., excy..

Z = dz

zonula zinii

Konsonan rangkap diucapkan 2 kali

cirrurgicum,

Selain di atas = Indonesia

b = bursae

d = digitorum

f = fossa

k =

l = lumen

m = meatus

p = plica

q = quadratum

r = risorius

s = sympaticus

t = tibialis

w =