Children and Safetyon the Farm

College of Agricultural SciencesCooperative Extension

Table of contents

4 Understanding Development inChildren

4 Keys to Prevention and Safety

7 Job Safety Analysis: The Basics

9 Conducting Effective Safety Audits

9 A Note for Parents: Supervision!Supervision! Supervision!

10 Conclusion

10 Safety Resources

11 References

arming offers a uniqueopportunity for children

and adolescents to learn thevalue of hard work, how to

handle responsibilities, and how to setpriorities. Traditionally, farming has beena family affair in which parents, grand-parents, and older siblings help childrento develop a sense of pride, a feeling ofbelonging, and the satisfaction of a jobwell done. But there are risks involved infarm labor.

A farm parent may argue, “I’d muchprefer that the kids know their dad byspending time with him in the barn or inthe field. That’s more important thanbeing totally safe.” Does this parent meanto say that being in the field with dad isworth risking a fatal or near-fatal injury?Surely not. No parent wants to jeopardizethe life of their child, but tragic injuriesdo happen on farms all over the country.

Children and adolescents account forabout 20 percent of all farm fatalities,comprising a higher proportion of thetotal number of nonfatal farm injuries(National Committee for ChildhoodInjury Prevention, 1996). It is estimatedthat 27,000 children under the age of 20who live on farms and ranches areseriously injured each year. Whenchildren who visit or work on nonfamilyfarms are included, the total annual injurytoll is estimated to be 100,000. (About800,000 children live in the householdsof hired farm workers and may work onfarms with parents.) In Pennsylvania, 210farm-related fatalities occurred between1990 and 1994. Approximately 50percent of these fatalities were classifiedas occupational fatalities, mainly due tofarm production work. The other deathswere not occupational (i.e., not directlycaused by farm production work).Instead, these fatalities were due to thefarm “lifestyle” (i.e., leisure-relateddrownings, deaths of children who wereplaying in barns, etc.) or related toagricultural services, forestry, fishing,hunting, or trapping.

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Unfortunately, there is little scientificevidence available to show what is anacceptable level of hazardous exposurefor children and adolescents. Althoughdiscussions concerning the issues of farmsafety and children are often controver-sial and emotionally charged, one pointcan be agreed upon—one death is toomany if it is your child that is killed.

How can fatal and other serious injuriesbe minimized within an occupation inwhich children routinely work? Part ofthe answer lies in knowing and under-standing a child’s stages of growth anddevelopment.

Understanding Developmentin Children

Injuries often occur when children aredoing something beyond their mental,physical, or emotional ability. As childrengrow and develop, their play and workhabits change dramatically. As a result,they are susceptible to certain types ofaccidents and injury. Understanding thedevelopmental stages of children is acrucial factor in implementing appropri-ate safety procedures to prevent seriousinjuries and death.

Table 1 identifies growth stages ofchildren, ages, developmental character-istics, types of injuries or fatalities thatoccur at each stage, prevention sugges-tions, and developmentally appropriatework tasks for each age group. Thedevelopmental characteristics, types ofinjuries or fatalities, and preventivestrategies for each age group are morescientifically grounded or experienced-based than are the developmentallyappropriate work tasks suggested. Tasksuggestions for the age groups may notexactly describe tasks or be suitable for

all children: Each child is a uniqueindividual and may not perfectly fitwithin any grouped criteria or classifica-tion. On the other hand, it is normal forparents to overestimate the skills andabilities of their own children. Thedevelopmentally appropriate work tasksuggestions for each age group representthe best opinions of several child devel-opment and farm safety experts.

Keys to Prevention and Safety

As shown in Table 1, physical readinessis an important factor in a child’s abilityto handle certain tasks; however, mental,emotional, and social development playequally important roles in the level ofcapability and readiness for certain tasks.The responsibility of parents (whousually are the main safety trainers onfamily farms) to properly supervise andassign tasks becomes even more difficultas children and adolescents develop,because they mature at different rates. Achild of 10 or 12 years may have thephysical strength to drive a tractor—andmay even be responsible enough to do

so—but if a dangerous situation suddenlyarises, the child may not possess thecognitive ability to perceive and thenquickly react to a crisis. Few childrenunder the age of 14 can anticipate orhandle danger. Since parents ultimatelyare the decision-makers, they need to beaware of how children develop beforeassigning them certain chores or work. Achild may not be ready to handle thewhole job, but a parent can separate itinto parts that a child could handle. Thistype of separation activity, whereguidelines are made for each child tofollow, can involve the entire family.

Farm parents also need to “practice whatthey preach” by setting a good exampleand practicing safety in their own day-to-day activities. This can be difficult, sinceadults are so used to their daily work androutines that they can forget how compli-cated the job can be for a young person!Parents need to recognize and compen-sate for their own weaknesses as teachers.One of the best ways parents can do thisis to use tools like Job Safety Analysis(JSA).

Table 1. Child development and appropriate work tasks

Growth Developmental Causes of Preventive Developmentallystage characteristics deaths/injuries strategies appropriate work tasks

Birth–4 ■ Rapid growth, beginning ■ Falling from tractors or ■ Never have a child as ■ None. Children this age(infant/ motor skills development heights, such as ladders an extra rider. should not be exposed totoddler/ ■ Has balance problems, ■ Ingesting poisons ■ Use strong physical work hazards.preschooler) slow reaction time ■ Being kicked or trampled barriers such as locks

■ Is curious, exploring by animals and fences around ponds■ Is fascinated by movement ■ Being run over by tractor and manure pits. Lock up■ Has illogical or “magic” ■ Drowning in ponds or chemicals.

thinking manure pits ■ Store ladders out of■ Is very energetic, releases sight and reach.

tension by playing, even ■ Provide a fenced-in playwhen exhausted area away from farming

■ Is self-centered but activities.interested in group ■ Provide maximum super-activities vision at all times because

of small children’s poorcoordination, high energy,and lack of fear.

(continued)

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Table 1. continued

Growth Developmental Causes of Preventive Developmentallystage characteristics deaths/injuries strategies appropriate work tasks

5–9 ■ Is learning to use small ■ Slipping and falling from ■ Set rules. ■ Tasks of short duration that(preschooler/ and large muscles—slow, tractors, trucks, or heights ■ Discuss safe behavior do not require hand-eyeearly steady growth stage ■ Becoming entangled in with children. coordinationelementary ■ Has poor hand-eye augers, other machines ■ Assign and closely ■ Projects with hand tools,school age) coordination ■ Suffocating in grain supervise chores. not power tools

■ Tries to master more ■ Being kicked or trampled ■ Talk openly about types of ■ Help with watering plantscomplex skills by animals injuries and consequences. and feeding small animals,

■ Operates with concrete ■ Never assign intense, such as pets or orphanedfacts, not capable of physical chores—they can baby animalsabstract ideas/thinking lead to exhaustion. ■ Collect eggs

■ Wishes to appear ■ Play games (with adultcompetent; seeks parental supervision) that focus onapproval farm safety issues.

■ Wishes to take on tasks ■ Use JSA.without adult supervision

■ Is discovering that parentsmake mistakes, are human

■ Rarely follows through ona task—not yet ready forresponsibility

10-13 ■ Is growing at a steady ■ Becoming entangled ■ Potentially the most ■ Hand raking, digging(middle rate—approaching with machinery dangerous age because ■ Limited power tool useschool age/ puberty; boys grow ■ Hearing loss from of constant risk taking (supervision); hand toolsearly teen) more quickly than girls exposure to noisy and ease of distraction better

■ Small muscles are machinery and clumsiness—never ■ Operating lawn mowerdeveloping rapidly ■ Injuring head or spine mistake a child’s size for (push mower, flat surface,

■ Has same coordination in motorcycle and all- ability to do work! under supervision) oras adults but lapses of terrain vehicle accidents ■ Enroll child in bike safety garden tractorawkwardness are common ■ Extra rider falling from classes; always require ■ Handling and assisting

■ Has greater physical and tractor or other equip- helmets. with animalsmental skills ment ■ Set clear and consistent

■ Desires peer and social rules; discuss conse-acceptance quences and rewards.

■ Wishes to try new skills ■ Provide specific educationwithout constant adult on farm hazard prevention.supervision ■ Plan increases in chores

■ Signs of independence and responsibiliies.emerging ■ Start with low-risk tasks;

■ Success important for self- give more responsibilityconcept for follow-through with

less supervision.■ Use JSA.

(continued)

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Table 1. continued

Growth Developmental Causes of Preventive Developmentallystage characteristics deaths/injuries strategies appropriate work tasks

13–16 ■ Is growing rapidly and ■ Hearing loss from expo- ■ Judge size and age to ■ Still needs adult super-(adolescent/ changing physically; can sure to loud machinery measure maturity for tasks. vision but ready for moreyoung be an uneasy time ■ Head and spine injuries ■ Be consistent with rules. adult jobs such asteenagers) ■ Girls growing faster than from motorcycle or all- ■ Provide education from equipment operation and

boys terrain vehicle accidents peers with farm injuries. maintenance■ Has moved from concrete ■ Machinery rollover/ ■ Provide all-terrain vehicle ■ Gradually increase tasks

thinking to abstract; roadway accident training, protective gear. as experience is gainedenjoys mental activity ■ Amputation due to ■ Become involved in 4-H ■ Manual handling of feed

■ Can find solutions to own power take-off (PTO) and FFA safety projects. and feeding animalsproblems but still need entanglement ■ Use JSA. ■ Can operate a tractor overadult guidance 20 PTO horsepower or

■ Feels need to be accepted connect/disconnect partsby peers to or from tractor at ages

■ Resists adult authority 14 and 15 after the■ Feels immortal completion of a 10-hour

training program■ Can assist with and oper-

ate (including stoppingadjusting, and feeding) thefollowing after completinga 10-hour training program:cornpicker, cotton picker,grain combine, hay mowerforage harvester, hay baler,potato digger, mobilepea viner, feed grinder,crop dryer, forage blower,auger conveyor, theunloading mechanismof a nongravity-typeself-unloading wagonor trailer, power post-holedigger, power post driveror nonwalking rotary tiller

16–18 ■ Awkwardness overcome, ■ Same as adult risks: ■ Provide rules regarding ■ May be ready to work with(middle/ mastery of small and large respiratory illness, hearing drugs and alcohol; tractors, self-propelledolder muscles basically complete. loss, muscle/bone injuries, open communication. machinery, augers,teenage) ■ Knows abilities, moving rollover from tractor, ■ Reward for accepting elevators, and other farm

further away from family machinery entanglements adult responsibilities. equipment, but must earnand into community as ■ Additional risk if experi- ■ Serve as role model— this responsibility. Shouldindependent person menting with or under teach younger children be trained, educated, and

■ Feels immortal the influence of drugs farm safety. supervised at regular■ May act like child one and/or alcohol ■ Parents may still have intervals.

day, adult the next cause for concern with■ Rebellion, risk-taking, recklessness and

aggressiveness typical risk-taking and may workbehaviors side-by-side with young

■ Consistent treatment adult until absolutely ready.from adults important ■ Use JSA.

■ Needs independenceand identity

■ Has increased sense ofadult responsibilities,thinking of future

■ May experiment withdrugs or alcohol

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Job Safety Analysis:The Basics

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is a methodthat helps parents find job safety hazardsand eliminate or minimize them byproviding a written set of safe job-tasksteps for children before the job isperformed. If properly constructed andused, the job’s JSA form will remind

children to do their work correctly andsafely each time, helping them to developstrong safety habits while they performthe tasks. In addition, the JSA form canremind parents or adults how to do a jobsafely, letting them set good examples forchildren. Figure 1 shows how to completea job safety analysis form. Jobs that canbe broken into a few simple and safesteps are most suitable for job safety

analysis. Figure 2 shows how such a formmight look when completed. The JSAform can easily be written on a sheet ofpaper or on a 5-by-7-inch card, andseveral of them, one for each differenttask, can be kept in a notebook or foldernear where the job is done. In any case,remember that JSA forms can neverreplace good initial instruction and closesupervision!

Figure 1. Procedure for completing the job safety analysis form

Type of job:

Date:

Personal protective equipment to be worn:

Basic job steps Potential hazards Recommended action or procedure

Break the job down into steps. Each of Hazards are potential dangers. Oil on the Using the first two columns as guides,the job’s steps should accomplish a floor is a hazard. decide which actions are necessary tomajor portion of the job. Everything eliminate or minimize the hazards thatrelated to one logical set of movements Examine each step of the job to find and could lead to an injury or occupational is part of each job step. identify hazards—actions, conditions and illness.

possibilities that could lead to an injury.JSA works best for jobs that can be List recommended safe operatingbroken into 4 to 6 steps. It is not enough to find the obvious procedures on the JSA form. Also list

hazards. It is also important to look at the required or recommended personalBe sure to list all steps even if a entire environment and find every equipment for each step of the job.particular step may not be completed conceivable hazard that might exist.each time. For example, in hitching a Be specific. Say exactly what needs towagon to a tractor, a jack stand may Be sure to list health hazards too. Even be done to correct the hazard. A goodremove the need for aligning the though harmful effects may not be example would be “lift, using your legtongue with the tractor drawbar. But immediate, they are still hazards. A good muscles.” Avoid using general state-because not all wagons will have a example of a health hazard is dust from ments like “be careful.”jack stand, include this step in the moldy hay or silage that sets up aJSA. sensitivity to the mold. Give a recommended action or

procedure that eliminates or minimizesevery hazard.

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Figure 2. Example of a completed job safety analysis form

Type of job: Helping to hitch an implement (wagon, machine) to a tractor

Date: June 15, 1997

Personal protective equipment to be worn: Work boots with steel toe and insole, leather gloves

Basic job steps Potential hazards Recommended action or procedure

Check the position of the implement’s Implement could roll when tongue is lifted Check that the wheels of the imple- wheels. by helper, causing a crushing injury. ment are blocked so that it cannot roll.

Check the position of the implement’s Helper can strain his back if the tongue is Use blocks to keep the tongue attongue. too heavy. hitching height; squat down and use

legs muscles to lift rather than bendingover and lifting with your back. Use theimplement’s jack stand if it has one oruse a temporary jack if the tongue isheavy and the implement doesn’t havea jack stand.

Have tractor driver back to within a few Helper can be crushed between the Stand clear and outside (to the side) ofinches of the implement’s tongue. tractor and the implement if the tractor the tractor and implement until the

operator miscalculates and does not stop tractor driver stops the tractor.in time.

Helper can be run over by the rear tractor Use hand signals.tire.

Helper moves in to align implement Helper can receive crushing injuries to the Keep hands back from the drawbartongue and pin hole with tractor draw- hands or body. connection point.bar and pin hole.

Wear leather gloves.

Tractor operator backs up in low gearand with low engine speed.

Insert drawbar pin to connect tractor Helper can be run over by the tractor or Tractor operator puts the tractor inwith implement. Insert safety pin or implement park or sets the brakes before theattach safety chains. helper drops in the hitch pin.

Helper can suffer a crushing injury to the Helper steps from between the tractorfeet if the implement tongue slips off of and implement before the tractorthe tractor drawbar. operator moves the tractor.

Helper wears steel-toe work boots.

* Note: Your JSA form does not need to use complete sentences if you can make the meaning clear without them. We used complete sentences justto make everything clear for you in this example.

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Conducting Effective SafetyAudits

Another important way to promote safetywith children is to conduct periodicsafety audits of your farm and home. Bytargeting and correcting hazards, parentstake a major step toward protecting theirchildren from unnecessary tragedy. Farmsafety inspection checklists and relatedinformation that can be used by parentsand farm families for auditing purposesare available from county extensionoffices.

Some important factors to consider whileconducting a farm safety audit are listedbelow. Children should be involved in theaudit to increase their safety awarenessand knowledge of injury prevention.

Think about past “close calls” or poten-tial future situations that might causeinjuries. Determine the factors that wereor could be responsible for a near-missand attempt to explain those factors tochildren who are mature enough tounderstand.

Practice good housekeeping. Be sure tosafely store items that cause injuries,including tools, equipment, power cords,fence wire, and baler cord. Heavy objectssuch as tractor tires should not bepropped against walls or fences becausethey could fall over and crush a child oradult. Always place the bottom rungs offixed ladders out of reach of children orfit the ladders with barriers. Storeportable ladders away from dangerousareas.

Don’t create new hazards when storingitems. Haphazardly stacked lumber orpoorly stacked cut logs can topple andkill a small child.

Pesticides and other toxic materials likedairy pipeline cleaner should be kept in alocked storage area. Also secure treatedseed and fertilizer.

Place appropriate warning decals ontractors, machines, grain bins, silos,wagons, and any other potentiallyhazardous item. Explain the significanceof these warning symbols to children.

Maintain safety zones around buildingsand structures. Some structures areextremely dangerous places for children.Special fencing and barriers need to beplaced around or over these structures sothat children cannot enter them. Danger-ous areas include:Silos: These are particularly dangerousbecause of gases and running machineryduring the filling and unloading of silageand grains.Grain bins: The grain inside can turn into“quicksand,” especially during bottomunloading. Many children have drownedin bins being unloaded.Farm ponds and manure pits: These arepotential drowning sites with gasses andlow oxygen hazards. Always make surethat ponds and pits are inaccessible tochildren!Barn hay-drop openings: Fractured skullsand deaths have been caused by fallsthrough a hay-drop opening during play.

Children should be able to reach feed andwater containers from outside an animal’spen or corral.

Regularly make time for family safetybriefings that include instructions forhandling and reporting emergencies.

A Note for Parents:Supervision! Supervision!Supervision!

Although performing a thorough safetyinspection and Job Safety Analysis areimportant steps to prevent injuries andfatalities, appropriate supervision is stillthe best preventive measure. Smallchildren must always be supervised. It isnot enough to tell them to “stay away.”Young children want to be with theirparents and often forget what they havebeen told when they see mom and dadworking in the field or driving a tractor.Always remember that helping childrenlearn is a slow process that requirespatience and understanding—rules andinstructions may have to be repeated eachtime a child performs a job or is in apotentially hazardous situation. Providingthis kind of constant supervision andinstruction is often difficult, though.Many farm parents hold jobs away fromthe farm, and there are times whenparents must work to get the chores done.Accordingly, parents should anticipatethe need for child care, determine howlong that care will be needed, and makearrangements in advance.

As a child grows older, constant supervi-sion becomes less necessary. However,providing supervision remains animportant factor in encouraging smart,lasting, and safe work habits. Also, aschildren get older and are able to handlemore substantial work, parents must beprepared to start them slowly, spendingtime to properly train and enforce safetyrules.

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Conclusion

Farming is not just an occupation but away of life. A very high value is placedupon the traditions that farming familieshave created and maintained throughoutmany generations. Perhaps somedayfarming will become a less dangerousoccupation rather than being one of themost dangerous. And maybe, someday,farm parents will no longer argue that,“being with dad is better than beingtotally safe,” but instead say, “I’d muchprefer that the kids know their dad byspending time with him in the safest waypossible.”

Safety Resources

County extension offices have informa-tion and can answer a variety of questionsabout agricultural safety and health.Another source of information is thePenn State Department of Agriculturaland Biological Engineering AgriculturalSafety and Health World Wide Web site,where there are links to other safetyorganizations, programs, and agencies.The URL is http://server.age.psu.edu/dept/ extension/Ag_Safety/.

Below are descriptions of two organiza-tions that provide information, products,programs, and curricula on farm safetyand health for youth. An additionalsource for obtaining general youth safetyand health information has also beenprovided. All three organizations continu-ally develop new materials, so it is a goodidea to check with them to learn what isnew.

Agricultural Safety and Health forYouth:

Farm Safety 4 Just Kids (FS4JK),Earlham, IowaFS4JK is a grass-roots organizationdedicated to promoting child safety onthe farm. FS4JK develops videos,warning stickers, handout materials, andschool assembly programs. They alsodesign farm safety day camps. FS4JKestablished National Farm Safety Day for“Just Kids.” A local chapter of thenational organization is in Lancaster,Pennsylvania. FS4JK’s catalog listingmaterials and prices is available fromeither the national office or the localchapter.

Contact Information:Farm Safety 4 Just Kids, NationalHeadquartersPO Box 458Earlham, Iowa 50072-0458Phone: (515) 758-2827Fax: (515) 758-2517Web site URL: http://www.fs4jk.org

Farm Safety 4 Just KidsAttention: Sherri Keyser-GroffSt. Joseph Hospital250 College Ave.Lancaster, PA 17603(717) 390-3801

National Farm Medicine CenterMarshfield, WIThe National Farm Medicine Center isleading a public and private sectorinitiative to develop and implement anational action plan for reducing uninten-tional agricultural injuries to childrenyounger than 18 years. Among otheritems, the Center has developed educa-tional pieces on dairy cattle and horsesafety.

Contact Information:National Farm Medicine Centerc/o Marshfield Medical Foundation510 North St. Joseph AvenueMarshfield, WI 54449Phone: (715) 389-9298Fax: (715) 389-4950Web site URL:http:// www.marshmed.org/nfmc/projects/csnriprc/csnriprc.HTME-mail: nikolaic@mfldclin.edu

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General Safety and Health forYouth:

Pennsylvania Safe Kids CoalitionThe Pennsylvania Safe Kids Coalition(part of the National Safe Kids Cam-paign) are grassroots-level volunteers andorganizations dedicated to preventinginjuries to children. The Coalition aims toraise the public’s awareness of uninten-tional injuries, initiate public policychanges, educate parents and caregiversto provide a safe environment forchildren, help local coalitions provideproblem-solving answers at the commu-nity level and safety education forchildren and youth. This group is anexcellent source of information andmaterials that relate to safety issues anditems like playground safety, bicyclehelmets, car seats, etc.

Contact Information:Pennsylvania Safe Kids Coalition2578 Interstate DrivePO Box 68525Harrisburg, PA 17106-8525Phone: (717) 657-1222Fax: (717) 657-3796

References

Bean, T. L. and Wojtowicz J. Farm Safetyfor Children: What Job is Right for MyChild? Child Development Awareness forFarm Parents and Grandparents. AEX-991.1. Agricultural Engineering Depart-ment and Department of PreventiveMedicine: The Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio.

Farm Safety Association. On the Farm,Safety of Children Is Adult’s Responsibil-ity. F-018 March 1988. Farm SafetyAssociation: Guelph, Ontario.

Farm Safety Association. On the Farm,Children are at constant risk. F-018March 1995. Farm Safety Association:Guelph, Ontario.

Heinsohn, A. L. Ages and Stages of Childand Youth Development: A Guide for 4-HLeaders. Penn State Cooperative Exten-sion, University Park, Pennsylvania.

Heinsohn, A. L. Children and Youth:Their Growth and Development. PennState Cooperative Extension, UniversityPark, Pennsylvania.

Murphy, D. J. and F. Ambe. PennsylvaniaFarm Fatalities During 1990-94. Exten-sion Circular 424. 1996. Penn StateCooperative Extension, University Park,Pennsylvania.

National Committee for ChildhoodAgricultural Injury Prevention, “Childrenand Agriculture: Opportunities for Safetyand Health.” 1996. Marshfield Clinic:Marshfield, Wisconsin.

Shutske, J. Is Your Child Protected FromInjury on the Farm? AG-FO-6068-B.Minnesota Extension Service: Universityof Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Tevis, C. “Downsizing Farm Chores.”Successful Farming 1994: 48-51.

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Prepared by Dennis J. Murphy, professorof agricultural engineering, and Karen M.Hackett, technical writer.

Penn State College of Agricultural Sciencesresearch, extension, and resident educationprograms are funded in part by Pennsylvaniacounties, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, andthe U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Issued in furtherance of Cooperative ExtensionWork, Acts of Congress May 8 and June 30, 1914,in cooperation with the U.S. Department ofAgriculture and the Pennsylvania Legislature. T. R.Alter, Director of Cooperative Extension, ThePennsylvania State University.

This publication is available in alternativemedia on request.

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