Chesapeake Bay plankton and fish abundance enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

8
Hurricane Isabel made landfall east of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, as a Category 2 (Safford-Simpson scale) hurricane on 18 September 2003. The storm’s center tracked to the northwest, passing west of Chesapeake Bay (Figure 1) in the early morning of 19 September. Hurricane Isabel brought the highest storm surge and winds to the region since the Chesapeake-Potomac hurricane of 1933 and Hurricane Hazel in 1954 (http:// www.erh.noaa.gov/er/akq/wx_events/hur/ isabel_2003.htm). Storm surge was variable in the region, reaching a high of 2.7 m on the western side of the bay, where the heaviest rainfall occurred. The highest sustained wind in the bay region reached 30.8 m s -1 at Gloucester Point,Virginia, with gusts to 40.7 m s -1 . Overall, Hurricane Isabel was responsible for physical and biological changes in Chesapeake Bay on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Short-term responses (e.g., the reduction of hypoxia by mixing, nutrient inputs to the upper water column, and a large-scale phytoplankton bloom) and long- term responses (e.g., early onset of hypoxia in spring 2004, high abundance of the cala- noid copepod Eurytemora affinis in spring 2004, and increased recruitment of Atlantic croaker) highlight the importance of hurri- canes to the function of a large, estuarine ecosystem. Physical Changes In the days preceding Hurricane Isabel’s landfall, northerly winds drove surface waters out of the bay and depressed sea level over the northern half of the estuary (Figure 2). Isabel arrived with strong south- easterly winds on 18 September and pro- duced an initial storm surge of 1.8 m at the bay’s entrance. The hurricane subsequently moved inland along a track to the west of the bay at a speed >10 m s -1 . This speed is of the same order as that of the bay’s long-wave propagation speed of ~7 m s -1 . The coinci- dence of storm movement with an associ- ated propagating surge enabled local winds and the transiting low-pressure center to be especially effective in creating large storm surges over the northern and western portions of the bay. As the storm moved northwestward, southeasterly winds blew directly up the Potomac River, driving a storm surge in Washington, D. C., that reached 2.7 m. The same winds forced a steep cross-estuary slope in sea surface off Baltimore, Maryland, with a 2.2 m surge at Baltimore on the bay’s western shore exceeding the surge on the eastern shore by 0.7 m. Currents measured at the Chesapeake Bay Observing System’s (CBOS; http://www.cbos. org) mid-bay buoy (latitude 38.3ºN) revealed strong flows associated with Hurricane Isabel superimposed on the regular ebb and flow of the semidiurnal tide (Figure 2). Prior to the storm, northerly winds drove a typical two-layer, wind-forced flow, with the upper layer flow moving seaward and the lower layer flow moving into the bay. In the afternoon of 18 September, the storm’s southeasterly and southerly winds became sufficiently strong to force the entire water column up the bay at speeds in excess of 1.5 m s -1 , mixing the water column in the process. This mixing event redistributed salt, nutrients, plankton, and fish within Chesapeake Bay, and the event brought with it a rapid (1.0 m s -1 or ~100 km d -1 ) intru- sion of ocean water. After the storm, the bay relaxed with a strong water column move- ment in the opposite direction that subse- quently reverted to a two-layer structure late on 19 September (Figure 2). Biological Responses Aircraft remote sensing of chlorophyll (chl a) on 11 and 24 September 2003 docu- mented a response of the middle to lower bay to the passage of Hurricane Isabel (http://www. cbrsp.org). Typical expressions of fall phytoplankton dynamics in Chesapeake Bay include low biomass as chl a (5–11 mg m -3 ; Figure 1a), modest primary productivity (265–1065 mg carbon m -2 d -1 ), and a flora dominated by diatoms and cryptophytes [cf. Harding et al., 2002]. Observations from air- craft six days after Hurricane Isabel showed VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005 Raising the Ante on the Climate Debate, Pg. 262 Comment on “A Strategy to Rapidly Determine the Magnitude of Great Earthquakes, Pg. 263 Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, Pg. 264 261 Chesapeake cont. on page 265 Chesapeake Bay Plankton and Fish Abundance Enhanced by Hurricane Isabel The digital preservation of the unique seismological heritage consisting of histori- cal seismograms and earthquake bulletins, and of related documentation (e.g., observa- tory logbooks, station books, etc.), is criti- cally important in order to avoid deteriora- tion and loss over time [Kanamori, 1988]. Dissemination of this seismological material in digital form is of equal importance, to allow reanalysis of past earthquakes using modern techniques and the reevaluation of seismic hazard. This is of particular interest for those areas where little or no earthquake activity has occurred since the last signifi- cant historical earthquake. In 2001, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) started an innovative project, Progetto SISMOS (i.e., SISMOgrammi Storici), to scan (i.e., convert into digital form for storage on a computer), at very high resolution, and archive seis- mological paper records and related material. The Italian Ministry for the Environment origi- nally funded the project to encom- pass the digitization of seismogram records of the Italian seismic obser- vatories and of associated bulletins for the period 1895–1984 (i.e., from the early age of seismometry to the advent of the digital era). In 2002, the SISMOS activity was extended to seismograms and bulletins from observatories in 28 countries of the Euro-Mediterranean area through the European Seismological Commission Working Group on the History and Data of Instrumental Seismology, the EuroSeismos project (http://storing.ingv.it/es_web/). The participating partners gather histori- cal records at their observatories and send them to SISMOS for scanning, archiving, and dissemination. A parallel effort, SeismoArchives, has been initiated by W. H. K. Lee under the auspices of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior (IASPEI) Committee for Preservation of the World- Wide Standardized Seismo- graph Network (WWSSN) and Historical Seismograms (ICPWHS), in collaboration with the Data Management Center (DMC) of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) (http:// www.iris.edu/data/SeismoArchives/). SeismoArchives has gathered primarily long-period WWSSN recordings since the early 1960s, and its activity is currently ham- pered by a lack of dedicated funding and personnel. SISMOS, among others, has pro- vided funding to scan the microfilms of some significant earthquakes that occurred in Italy. Also, EuroSeismos and ICPWHS, which have many common participants, maintain an ongoing collaboration. Key SEISMOS Products INGV has designed and implemented a registered-user Web portal to the SISMOS archive of the Italian historical material. (Access to the EuroSeismos data also will be granted in the future as the digitization of all the records nears completion.) As of May 2005, more than 82,000 seismogram records have been scanned and made available. Similarly, historical seismic bulletins have been scanned and are available in Adobe® PDF [Portable Document Format] on the SISMOS Web site. The main products of SISMOS available through the Web server (http://sismos.ingv.it) include: Seismological Data cont. on page 266 BY M. R. ROMAN, J. E. ADOLF, J. BICHY , W. C. BOICOURT, L. W. HARDING, JR., E. D. HOUDE, S. JUNG, D. G. KIMMEL, W. D. MILLER, AND X. ZHANG Collecting, Digitizing, and Distributing Historical Seismological Data BY A. MICHELINI, B. DE SIMONI, A. AMATO, AND E. BOSCHI The SISMOS project of INGV will preserve a historical heritage spanning nearly 100 years of seismology. Fig. 1. Comparison of long-term average and post-Isabel concentrations of (a and b) phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll (chl a) from aircraft remote sensing, (c and d) mesozooplankton as biovolume from an optical plankton counter, and (e and f) Atlantic croaker abundance from midwater trawls. Left panels represent fall averages for chl a, 1990–2003; biovolume, 1995–2000, for mesozooplankton; and numbers, 1996–2003, for Atlantic croaker. Right panels represent post- Isabel observations on 23 September 2003 for phytoplankton; 4–5 November 2003 for mesozoo- plankton; and 6–7 November 2003 for Atlantic croaker.

Transcript of Chesapeake Bay plankton and fish abundance enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

Page 1: Chesapeake Bay plankton and fish abundance enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

Hurricane Isabel made landfall east of

Cape Lookout, North Carolina, as a Category

2 (Safford-Simpson scale) hurricane on 18

September 2003. The storm’s center tracked

to the northwest, passing west of Chesapeake

Bay (Figure 1) in the early morning of 19

September. Hurricane Isabel brought the

highest storm surge and winds to the region

since the Chesapeake-Potomac hurricane

of 1933 and Hurricane Hazel in 1954 (http://

www.erh.noaa.gov/er/akq/wx_events/hur/

isabel_2003.htm). Storm surge was variable

in the region, reaching a high of 2.7 m on

the western side of the bay, where the heaviest

rainfall occurred. The highest sustained wind

in the bay region reached 30.8 m s -1 at

Gloucester Point, Virginia, with gusts to 40.7 m s-1.

Overall, Hurricane Isabel was responsible

for physical and biological changes in

Chesapeake Bay on a variety of spatial and

temporal scales. Short-term responses (e.g.,

the reduction of hypoxia by mixing, nutrient

inputs to the upper water column, and a

large-scale phytoplankton bloom) and long-

term responses (e.g., early onset of hypoxia

in spring 2004, high abundance of the cala-

noid copepod Eurytemora affinis in spring

2004, and increased recruitment of Atlantic

croaker) highlight the importance of hurri-

canes to the function of a large, estuarine

ecosystem.

Physical Changes

In the days preceding Hurricane Isabel’s

landfall, northerly winds drove surface

waters out of the bay and depressed sea

level over the northern half of the estuary

(Figure 2). Isabel arrived with strong south-

easterly winds on 18 September and pro-

duced an initial storm surge of 1.8 m at the

bay’s entrance. The hurricane subsequently

moved inland along a track to the west of

the bay at a speed >10 m s -1. This speed is of

the same order as that of the bay’s long-wave

propagation speed of ~7 m s -1. The coinci-

dence of storm movement with an associ-

ated propagating surge enabled local winds

and the transiting low-pressure center to be

especially effective in creating large storm

surges over the northern and western

portions of the bay.

As the storm moved northwestward,

southeasterly winds blew directly up the

Potomac River, driving a storm surge in

Washington, D. C., that reached 2.7 m. The

same winds forced a steep cross-estuary

slope in sea surface off Baltimore, Maryland,

with a 2.2 m surge at Baltimore on the bay’s

western shore exceeding the surge on the

eastern shore by 0.7 m.

Currents measured at the Chesapeake Bay

Observing System’s (CBOS; http://www.cbos.

org) mid-bay buoy (latitude 38.3ºN) revealed

strong flows associated with Hurricane Isabel

superimposed on the regular ebb and flow

of the semidiurnal tide (Figure 2). Prior to

the storm, northerly winds drove a typical

two-layer, wind-forced flow, with the upper

layer flow moving seaward and the lower

layer flow moving into the bay.

In the afternoon of 18 September, the

storm’s southeasterly and southerly winds

became sufficiently strong to force the

entire water column up the bay at speeds in

excess of 1.5 m s -1, mixing the water column

in the process. This mixing event redistributed

salt, nutrients, plankton, and fish within

Chesapeake Bay, and the event brought with

it a rapid (1.0 m s -1 or ~100 km d -1) intru-

sion of ocean water. After the storm, the bay

relaxed with a strong water column move-

ment in the opposite direction that subse-

quently reverted to a two-layer structure late

on 19 September (Figure 2).

Biological Responses

Aircraft remote sensing of chlorophyll

(chl a) on 11 and 24 September 2003 docu-

mented a response of the middle to lower

bay to the passage of Hurricane Isabel

(http://www. cbrsp.org). Typical expressions

of fall phytoplankton dynamics in Chesapeake

Bay include low biomass as chl a (5–11 mg

m -3; Figure 1a), modest primary productivity

(265–1065 mg carbon m -2 d -1), and a flora

dominated by diatoms and cryptophytes [cf.

Harding et al., 2002]. Observations from air-

craft six days after Hurricane Isabel showed

VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

Raising the Ante on the Climate Debate, Pg. 262Comment on “A Strategy to Rapidly Determine the Magnitude of Great Earthquakes, Pg. 263Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, Pg. 264

261

Chesapeake cont. on page 265

Chesapeake Bay Plankton and Fish Abundance Enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

The digital preservation of the unique

seismological heritage consisting of histori-

cal seismograms and earthquake bulletins,

and of related documentation (e.g., observa-

tory logbooks, station books, etc.), is criti-

cally important in order to avoid deteriora-

tion and loss over time [Kanamori, 1988].

Dissemination of this seismological material

in digital form is of equal importance, to

allow reanalysis of past earthquakes using

modern techniques and the reevaluation of

seismic hazard. This is of particular interest

for those areas where little or no earthquake

activity has occurred since the last signifi-

cant historical earthquake.

In 2001, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e

Vulcanologia (INGV) started an innovative

project, Progetto SISMOS (i.e., SISMOgrammi

Storici), to scan (i.e., convert into digital form

for storage on a computer), at very

high resolution, and archive seis-

mological paper records and

related material. The Italian

Ministry for the Environment origi-

nally funded the project to encom-

pass the digitization of seismogram

records of the Italian seismic obser-

vatories and of associated bulletins for the

period 1895–1984 (i.e., from the early age of

seismometry to the advent of the digital era).

In 2002, the SISMOS activity was

extended to seismograms and bulletins

from observatories in 28 countries of the

Euro-Mediterranean area through the

European Seismological Commission

Working Group on the History and Data of

Instrumental Seismology, the EuroSeismos

project (http://storing.ingv.it/es_web/).

The participating partners gather histori-

cal records at their observatories and send

them to SISMOS for scanning, archiving, and

dissemination.

A parallel effort, SeismoArchives, has been

initiated by W. H. K. Lee under the auspices

of the International Association of Seismology

and Physics of the Earth’s

Interior (IASPEI) Committee

for Preservation of the World-

Wide Standardized Seismo-

graph Network (WWSSN) and

Historical Seismograms

(ICPWHS), in collaboration

with the Data Management

Center (DMC) of the Incorporated Research

Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) (http://

www.iris.edu/data/SeismoArchives/).

SeismoArchives has gathered primarily

long-period WWSSN recordings since the

early 1960s, and its activity is currently ham-

pered by a lack of dedicated funding and

personnel. SISMOS, among others, has pro-

vided funding to scan the microfilms of

some significant earthquakes that occurred

in Italy. Also, EuroSeismos and ICPWHS,

which have many common participants,

maintain an ongoing collaboration.

Key SEISMOS Products

INGV has designed and implemented a

registered-user Web portal to the SISMOS

archive of the Italian historical material.

(Access to the EuroSeismos data also will be

granted in the future as the digitization of all

the records nears completion.) As of May

2005, more than 82,000 seismogram records

have been scanned and made available.

Similarly, historical seismic bulletins have

been scanned and are available in Adobe®

PDF [Portable Document Format] on the

SISMOS Web site.

The main products of SISMOS available

through the Web server (http://sismos.ingv.it)

include:

Seismological Data cont. on page 266

BY M. R. ROMAN, J. E. ADOLF, J. BICHY, W. C.

BOICOURT, L. W. HARDING, JR., E. D. HOUDE, S. JUNG,

D. G. KIMMEL, W. D. MILLER, AND X. ZHANG

Collecting, Digitizing, and Distributing Historical Seismological Data

BY A. MICHELINI, B. DE SIMONI, A. AMATO,

AND E. BOSCHI

The SISMOS project of INGV will

preserve a historical heritage spanning nearly 100 years of seismology.

Fig. 1. Comparison of long-term average and post-Isabel concentrations of (a and b) phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll (chl a) from aircraft remote sensing, (c and d) mesozooplankton as biovolume from an optical plankton counter, and (e and f) Atlantic croaker abundance from midwater trawls. Left panels represent fall averages for chl a, 1990–2003; biovolume, 1995–2000, for mesozooplankton; and numbers, 1996–2003, for Atlantic croaker. Right panels represent post-Isabel observations on 23 September 2003 for phytoplankton; 4–5 November 2003 for mesozoo-plankton; and 6–7 November 2003 for Atlantic croaker.

Page 2: Chesapeake Bay plankton and fish abundance enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

262

EOS VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

262

EOS VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

TRANSACTIONSAMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION

The Newspaper of the Earth and Space Sciences

Editors

Keith Alverson: Intergovernmental Oceano-graphic Commission, UNESCO, Paris, France; [email protected]

John W. Geissman: Dept. of Earth and Plan-etary Science,University of New Mexico, Albu-querque, USA; [email protected]

Venkat Lakshmi: Dept. of Geological Sci-ences, University of South Carolina, Columbia USA; [email protected]

Editor in Chief

A. F. Spilhaus, Jr.: AGU, Washington, D.C., USA;

[email protected]

Corresponding Editors

Roland Burgmann (Tectonophysics): University of California at Berkeley, USA; burgmann@seismo. berkeley.edu

William E. Carter (History): Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; [email protected]

Millard F. Coffin (Japan): Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan; mcoffin@ori. u-tokyo.ac.jp

Steven C. Constable (Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism): Scripps Institution of Ocean-ography, La Jolla, California, USA; [email protected]

Richard S. Gross (Geodesy): Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,California USA; richard.gross@ jpl.nasa.gov

Marguerite Kingston (Public Affairs): USGS (retired); [email protected]

Louise Prockter (Planetary Sciences): Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA; [email protected]

Paul Renne (VGP): Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, California, USA;[email protected]

Justin S. Revenaugh (Seismology): University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA; [email protected]. edu

Jeffery J. Roberts (Mineral and Rock Physics): Lawrence Livermore National Labora-tory, Livermore, California, USA; [email protected]

Sarah L. Shafer (Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology): U.S. Geological Survey, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; [email protected]

David Sibeck (Space Physics and Aerono-my): NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Green-belt, Maryland, USA; [email protected]

Ramesh P. Singh (India): Dept. of Civil Engi-neering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India; [email protected]

Stephanie Ann Stockman (Education): Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA; [email protected]

Maribeth Stolzenburg (Atmospheric and Space Electricity): Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Mississippi, University, USA; [email protected]

Jeffrey M. Welker (Biogeosciences): Environ- ment and Natural Resources Institute, University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA; [email protected]

Assistant Editors

Peter Folger: AGU, Washington, D.C., USA; [email protected]

Catherine O’Riordan: AGU, Washington, D.C.,

USA; [email protected]

Staff

Editorial: Stephen Cole, Publisher; Randy Showstack, Managing Editor; Shermonta Grant, Production Coor-dinator; Pamela Ingate, Editor’s Assistant Advertising: Carla Childres, Advertising Assistant; Tel: +1-202-777-7536; E-mail: [email protected]; Composition and Graphics: Habib Hastaie, Manager; Nancy Sims, and Valerie Bassett, Electronic Graphics Specialists

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www.agu.org/pubs/eos

Almost alone in the world of science,

there is a substantial U.S. effort to discredit

some basic conclusions in the global warm-

ing debate. There are always legitimate rea-

sons to query scientific conclusions, but the

tenor of the debate has taken on a flavor of

its own. Since the epicenter of the dispute is

in Washington, D. C., the suspicion arises that

not all of the discussion is business-as-usual

scientific disagreement.

The most recent example of the heightening

level of the dispute involves a 23 June 2005

letter from U.S. Rep. Joe Barton (R-Tex.),

chair of the House Committee on Energy

and Commerce, to Michael Mann (University

of Virginia) and his collaborators, Raymond

Bradley (University of Massachusetts) and

Malcolm Hughes (University of Arizona).

The dispute centers on the much discussed

Ahockey stick@ reconstruction of Mann et al.

[1998, 1999]. In those reconstructions, the

twentieth century warming stands well

above Northern Hemisphere temperature

fluctuations of the last 1000 years. Other

investigators, using some of the same data

but with different approaches, have also

reconstructed temperatures of the last mil-

lennium (see Mann et al. [2003] for a sum-

mary discussion). In general, there is more

agreement than disagreement among the

various reconstructions. The differences

stem mainly from the scaling of the oscilla-

tions, but in all cases the late twentieth cen-

tury is anomalous in a millennial context.

The discussions on the hockey stick would

require many pages to describe in detail, but

an apparent trigger for the 23 June develop-

ment goes back to a request about three

years ago by a Canadian investigator, Steven

McIntyre, for all the files, data sets, algorithms,

and source codes that went into the Mann et

al. reconstruction. McIntyre is a semi-retired

mineral trader with an interest in mathemat-

ics, and he wanted to test some of the results

of the Mann et al. studies. Although the data

were already available on a public FTP (file

transfer protocol) computer site, Mann pro-

vided them in a different format, as requested

by McIntyre. The algorithm was described in

the original 1998 Nature paper, but an

expanded version was added in 2004 on a

Nature supplementary Web site. The source

code was not provided because it is consid-

ered an intellectual property right.

McIntyre continues to press for more

information. Not all of this information was

provided, in part because of the sheer level

of work required. Because I had also pro-

duced a millennial climate reconstruction

[Crowley and Lowery, 2000], I too was a

recipient of a request from McIntyre. I can

attest that his initial message was of a some-

what peremptory character, requesting all

my files, programs, and documentation, and

that a quick follow-up by him had a more

threatening tone, implying that the director

of the U.S. National Science Foundation

(NSF) would be contacted if I did not com-

ply. Even after I belatedly supplied some

data, McIntyre sent a number of follow-up

requests asking for more details on my data

and analysis. These requests may have been

well-intentioned, but at some point I declined

to answer any more, because I was just too

busy to stop and respond to the repeated

questions and requests.

McIntyre and his co-author, Ross McKitrick,

an economist at the University of Guelph,

Ontario, Canada, subsequently published a

rebuttal paper [McIntyre and McKitrick,

2003] without showing Mann, the provider

of the data, a prepublication Acourtesy@ examination to screen for any possible

errors. The McIntyre and McKitrick paper

(referred to here as AMM@) showed an unex-

pectedly large warming in the 1400s, appar-

ently calling into question Mann=s analysis

and the uniqueness of the late twentieth

century warming. However, the consensus

among climate scientists most familiar with

the data is that the MM warming in the

1400s is due to an error in the MM analysis

method; it can also not be supported by an

examination of the data.

The debate continues. The most recent

development appears to have resulted from

someone requesting a favor from Rep.

Barton, for the content of the Barton letter

covers not only ongoing issues between

McIntyre and Mann, but also a level of detail

that seems to go well beyond that. Two

examples from the Barton letter to Mann, his

colleagues, NSF Director Arden Bement, Jr.,

and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change) Chairman Rajendra Pachauri

illustrate the magnitude of the requests.

Your curriculum vitae, including, but

not limited to, a list of all studies relating

to climate change research for which

you were an author or co-author and

the source of funding for those studies.

Provide the location of all data archives

relating to each published study for

which you were an author or co-author

and indicate: (a) whether this informa-

tion contains all the specific data you

used and calculations you performed,

including such supporting documenta-

tion as computer source code, valida-

tion information, and other ancillary

information, necessary for full evalua-

tion and application of the data, partic-

ularly for another party to replicate your

research results; (b) when this informa-

tion was available to researchers; (c)

where and when you first identified the

location of this information; (d) what

modifications, if any, you have made to

this information since publication of

the respective study; and (e) if neces-

sary information is not fully available,

provide a detailed narrative description

of the steps somebody must take to

acquire the necessary information to

replicate your study results or assess

the quality of the proxy data you used.

The letters are available online at

http://energycommerce.house.gov/108/

Letters/06232005_1570.htm.

Rep. Barton displayed a remarkable

grasp of some details of climate statistics

when, he further requested whether Mann

Acalculate[d] the [sic] R2 [i.e., r2] statistic

for the temperature reconstruction, particu-

larly for the 15th Century proxy record cal-

culations and what were the results?@ and

Awhat validation statistics did [Mann] calcu-

late for the reconstruction prior to 1820?@ These are virtually verbatim statements from

McIntyre=s earlier critiques that had been

posted on his own Web site.

At some point, one must ask why should

a member of the U.S. Congress get involved

in this matter which may have been raised

by a Canadian? I believe the purpose is two-

fold: (1) to send a signal of intimidation to

researchers who produce results that are

not consistent with some political prefer-

ences; and (2) to continue to dwell on the

hockey stick Ahot button@ by raising ques-

tions and fomenting uncertainty, with the

aim to discredit greenhouse science so

skeptics in government and their supporters

can continue to claim that there are too

many uncertainties to proceed with any

action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

U.S. Sen. James Inhofe (R-Okla.) has also

focused on the Mann et al. reconstruction

as a way of delegitimizing the conclusions

of the IPCC. The presumed logic is that if the

Mann et al. reconstruction can be proved

flawed, then so too is the general report of

the IPCC that highlights the Mann et al.

record. Of course, such Alogic@—basically,

guilt by association—conveniently ignores

the manifold evidence for global warming

summarized in the IPCC report, the fact that

the IPCC report represents a broad-based

consensus not dependent on any one

author, and that the final report was approved

not only by scientists, but also by political

representatives of the countries that signed

the report.

The broader scientific community should

be aware of these developments, because

the politicizing of data/file requests could

easily be expanded to other areas where sci-

ence intersects and conflicts with the inter-

ests of some political groups. For example,

requests could be made to paleontologists

and molecular biologists for all data and

files supporting evolution. Likewise, radio-

chemists could be entrained into pseudo-

scientific debate because of all the massive

and magnificent geochronological data that

have been gathered over the last few decades.

Hopefully, these extrapolations will not

happen and the Barton request will be an

anomaly. However, this development does

warrant attention, as it seems to be consis-

tent with the tenor of the day. Scientists and

the public need to be aware of, and resist,

any attempt to intimidate scientists who pro-

duce results not consistent with the position

of the political party presently in power.

Disclaimer

The statements in this Forum represent

my own views and understanding of the sit-

uation. Time invested in the Forum was not

supported by funds from any government

agency. Although I am friends with Michael

Mann, Raymond Bradley, and Malcolm

Hughes, I have not been involved with any

of their interactions and correspondence

with Steven McIntyre.

References

Crowley, T. J., and T. L. Lowery (2000), How warm

was the Medieval Warm Period? Ambio, 29, 51,054.

Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes (1999),

Northern hemisphere temperatures during the last

millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limita-

tions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 759–762.

Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes (1998),

Global scale temperature patterns and climate forc-

ings over the past six centuries, Nature, 392, 779–787.

Mann, M. E., et al. (2003), On past temperatures and

anomalous late 20th century warmth, Eos, 84(27),

256–258.

McInytre, S., and R. McKitrick (2003), Corrections to

the Mann et al. 1998 proxy data base and northern

hemisphere average temperature series, Energy

and Environment, 14, 751–771.

—THOMAS J. CROWLEY, Nicholas School of the

Environment, Duke University, Durham, N. C

forumRaising the Ante on the Climate Debate

Forum cont. on next page

Page 3: Chesapeake Bay plankton and fish abundance enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

263

EOS VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

� 30 October–02 November 2005 Ridge 2000 Progress and Planning Workshop, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Sponsor: The National Science Foundation. (P. Nordstrom; Tel: +1-814-865-7434; E-mail: [email protected]; Web Site: http://www.ridge2000.org/science/meetings/WorkshopInfo.php?workshopID=Vancouver5)

Abstract deadline is 19 September 2005. The meeting will provide a forum for exchange of infor-mation on the recent work and future goals of cur-rent Integrated Studies Sites.

� 13–16 November 2005 10th European Bio-solids and Biowastes Conference, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. Sponsors: Montgomery Watson Harza (MWH Global); Yara. (F. Eldon, Richmond House, 16 Blenheim Terrace, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England LS2 9HN; Tel: +011-44-113-2424200; Fax: +011-44-113-2442166; E-mail: [email protected]; Web Site: http://www.european-biosolids.com)

The conference will provide a forum for dis-cussion on biosolids and biowaste treatment and disposal including engineering, strategic planning, regulation, sustainability, soil science, and practical and innovative short and long-term solutions for handling, treating, recycling, and resource utilization of the ever-growing quantities of these residuals. The meeting will review the results of the past decade and the challenges, opportunities, and threats for biosolids and biowastes in the future.

� 16–18 November 2005 Climate Change, Sus-tainable Development and Risk – An Economic and Business View, Lutherstadt/Wittenberg, Germany. Sponsor: Stiftungsfond Dresdner Bank. (R. Antes, Martin-Luther-University, Faculty of Eco-nomics, Grobe Steinstrasse 73, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany D-06099; Tel: +011-49-345-5523-463; Fax: +011-49-345-5527-199; E-mail: [email protected]; Web Site: http://www.wiwi.uni-halle.de/lui/bwl/umwelt/)

Abstract deadline is 31 July 2005. The workshop will provide a forum to discuss corporate climate risk strategies, changing and emerging markets, risk profiles of sustainable companies, and climate change perceptions/behavior of economic actors.

� 28 November–02 December 2005 2005 MRS (Materials Research Society) Fall Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Sponsor: Materials Research Society. (Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

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The meeting will provide a forum for the materials community. Topics include energy and the environ-ment; bio-organic/inorganic composites; nano to microstructured materials; smart materials/devices; mechanical behavior; and electronics/photonics. The meeting will also feature a “fashion show” on wearable smart materials, as well as a hydrogen fuel cell car race for high school students and teachers.

� 01–02 December 2005 Congress on Assessing and Mitigating Environmental Impacts of Emerging Contaminants, Washington, DC, USA. Sponsor: U.S. Geological Survey. (R. Day, 5430 Gros-venor Lane, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20814-2193; Tel: +1-301-493-9101; E-mail: [email protected]; Web Site: http://www.rnrf.org)

The congress will identify problems and unin-tended consequences of emerging contaminants. Specific issues to be examined include: efficacy of the existing regulatory framework; research and monitoring needs; impacts on human and wildlife health; and public information and education needs. Discussion will focus on nanoparticles; pharmaceuticals; pesticides and metabolites/degradates – synthetic pyrethroids; and industrial chemicals – brominated flame retardants.

� 14–19 May 2006 14th International Confer-ence on Aquatic Invasive Species, Key Biscayne, Florida, USA. Sponsors: U.S. Geological Survey; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; others. (E. Muckle-Jeffs, 1027 Pembroke Street East, Suite 200, Pembroke, Ontario, Canada K8A 3M4; Tel: 1-800-868-8776; Fax: +1-613-732-3386; E-mail: [email protected]; Web Site: http://icais.org)

Abstract deadline is 16 September 2005. The conference will serve as a forum for the presenta-

tion of the latest field research; introduction of new technological developments for prevention, monitoring, and control; and discussion of policy, legislation, public education, and outreach initia-tives to raise awareness of the impacts of aquatic invasive species and prevent new introductions. Topics include policy and programs; ecological and ecosystem impacts; socioeconomic impacts, and education and outreach.

We appreciate W. Menke and L. Levin’s

comments (Eos, 86(19), pp.185, 189, 10 May

2005) on the need to develop new seismo-

logical techniques to more accurately deter-

mine the magnitude of great earthquakes

quickly. However, in the first few paragraphs,

Menke and Levin suggest that the many

thousands of people died because an accu-

rate assessment of the true nature of the 26

December 2004 Sumatra earthquake was

not known within the first hour after it

occurred. Although this may serve as a

wake-up call to seismologists on the impor-

tance of better and more rapid magnitude

estimation procedures, it should not be used

to obscure the most urgent need, which is

to establish an effective global tsunami

warning system.

The primary reason many thousands of

lives were lost in the Sumatra tsunami is that

there was no tsunami warning system for

the Indian Ocean. Rather than focusing on

the failure of seismologists to accurately

estimate the magnitude of the 26 December

earthquake, we should understand that what

the world needs to prevent another tsunami

tragedy on this scale is, first and foremost, a

global tsunami warning system. Faster seis-

mological techniques for more accurate

magnitude estimation and source character-

ization will certainly help the warning sys-

tem. However, such improvements will be of

little benefit to nations or regions where

there is still no tsunami warning system.

In the aftermath of the Sumatra tsunami,

there was considerable confusion about what

exactly a tsunami warning system is. Many

people still seem to believe that warning cen-

ters themselves are the warning system. This is

a misconception that we are trying to dispel.

A successful warning system is composed

of three main components: tsunami hazard

and risk assessment, warning guidance, and

preparedness. Each component must be

functioning; otherwise the system collapses.

Warning centers are the trip wires; the

centers’ responsibilities include determining

the location and magnitude of an earth-

quake as quickly as possible, evaluating

potential tsunami threat, issuing message

products, and monitoring sea level gauges

for evidence of tsunami activity.

Emergency managers evaluate warning

center message products (with the help of

local tsunami advisors, when possible), plan

evacuation routes and shelters, and develop

a communications system to alert the pub-

lic to a tsunami emergency.

Tsunami awareness also is vital. The pub-

lic needs to be educated about what actions

to take to save their lives during a tsunami

emergency. For example, if you are near the

shore and feel a strong earthquake, you

should immediately head inland and/or

uphill. Likewise, a proper understanding of

some basic properties of tsunamis and their

causes can save lives, even in the epicentral

region. One sure sign of an approaching

tsunami is the ocean draw-down, i.e., when

the ocean recedes in an unnatural way.

How would the Pacific tsunami warning

system react if a 26 December type event

were to occur in the Pacific Basin? With an

initial Mw estimate of 8.0, and based on pre-

determined conservative criteria, the U.S.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration’s Richard H. Hagemeyer

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and the

agency’s West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning

Center would issue warnings, watches, and

advisories to their respective clients in the

Pacific.

(NOAA’s tsunami warning centers work

with a number of U.S. agencies, including

the U.S. Geological Survey and other NOAA

organizations. Internationally, the warning

centers work with Australia’s National Tidal

Center, Chile’s Servicio Hidrográfico y

Oceanográfico de la Armada, the Japan

Meteorological Agency, and other organiza-

tions. Through such collaborations, NOAA’s

warning centers obtain the information

needed to provide timely tsunami threat

warnings.)

To provide timely warnings, the earth-

quake must be evaluated as fast as possible.

Warning centers understand that evaluating

the first 100 seconds of signal may not indi-

cate the size of a great earthquake with a

rupture time of several hundred seconds.

However, the initial estimate can be used to

determine if an earthquake is over a warning

threshold.

Had the 26 December event occurred in

the Pacific, all regions within three hours of

tsunami travel time would have been placed

in a tsunami warning status based on the

initial determination of an Mw of 7.9 or

greater. More limited regional warning bulle-

tins are issued for earthquakes in the Pacific

with an Mw as small as 7.55, and local warn-

ings are issued for earthquakes with an Mw

as small as 6.8.

Although destructive tsunamis resulting

from an earthquake with an Mw as small as

6.8 are extremely rare, they are not impossi-

ble. For example, such an earthquake could

potentially trigger landslides, or the earth-

quake could be a “slow” earthquake (some-

times referred to as a “tsunami earthquake”)

resulting in a much larger than expected tsu-

nami given the earthquake’s seismic moment.

Fortunately, the tsunami warning system

of the Pacific has an extensive network of

over 130 remotely reporting sea level gauges

including several deep-ocean pressure sen-

sors. These gauges are a critical asset for tsu-

nami warning that was completely missing

in the Indian Ocean on 26 December.

The Pacific network of sea level gauges

allows warning centers to confirm the exis-

tence or nonexistence of tsunami waves fol-

lowing a warning based solely on the seis-

mic data. Most Pacific warnings are canceled

within 2–3 hours after they are issued, based

on the sea level data. Without the network

of sea level gauges, the entire Pacific Basin

would have unnecessarily been placed in a

warning status many times during the past

40 years over which the tsunami warning

system of the Pacific has been operational.

Aside from causing a significant disrup-

tion to normal activities in coastal zones,

frequent false warnings cause them to be

discredited, and make warnings of real

threats ineffective.

On 26 December 2004, there was no tsuna-

mi warning system in the Indian Ocean: there

was no warning center, inadequate regional

seismic networks, no network of remotely

reporting sea level gauges, no designated

national authorities for tsunami warnings, no

communications methods to reach potential

authorities, no tsunami-educated emergency

managers or local tsunami experts, no com-

munications to disseminate warnings to coastal

regions at risk, and painfully little tsunami

awareness.

We hope we have made it clear that what

is vitally important is a functioning tsunami

warning system. Better seismology for such

events is something that can help; but with

respect to mitigating loss of life from tsunamis,

it is of secondary importance to the establish-

ment of a global tsunami warning system.

We are always seeking ways to improve

the warning system. Currently, the tsunami

warning centers employ the Mwp, Mm, and Ms

methods to estimate the size of earthquakes

at teleseismic distances. In particular, the

Mwp (P -wave moment method [Tsuboi et al.,

1995]) and Mm (mantle magnitude method

[Okal and Talandier, 1988]) are methods that

are designed to reduce the effects of satura-

tion (underestimation of the earthquake mag-

nitude when source duration signifi cantly

exceeds the seismic wave period at which

the magnitude is measured) and yield quality

seismic moment estimates of great earth-

quakes in near real time. While these methods

underestimated the 26 December earthquake,

they performed superbly for the 28 March

2005 earthquake, a Harvard Seismology CMT

magnitude Mw = 8.6 event as estimated by

Harvard Seismology that the Pacifi c Tsunami

Warning Center reported in its initial bulletin

as an Mw 8.5 just 19 min after the event. Fur-

ther analysis by Weinstein and Okal [2005]

shows that extending the Mm method to lon-

ger periods gives a value for the 26 December

Sumatra earthquake of 8.9.

We appreciate Menke and Levin’s efforts

directed at developing new seismological

techniques that could improve the warning

system’s capability to more accurately assess

great earthquakes in a timely fashion, and

look forward to any other such advances that

may emerge from the scientifi c community at

large in the wake of the 26 December event.

References

Okal, E. A., and J. Talandier (1989), Mm: A variable

period magnitude, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4169–4193.

Tsuboi S., K. Abe, K. Takano, and Y. Yamanaka (1995),

Rapid determination of Mw

from broadband P

waveforms, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 85, 606–613.

Weinstein, S. A., and E. A. Okal (2005), The mantle

magnitude Mm and the slowness parameter Θ: Five

years of real-time use in the context of tsunami

warning, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95, 779–799.

—S. A. WEINSTEIN, C. MCCREERY, and B. HIRSHORN,

Richard H. Hagemeyer Pacific Tsunami Warning

Center, Ewa Beach, Hawaii; and P. WHITMORE, West

Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, Palmer

Comment on “A Strategy to Rapidly Determine the Magnitude of Great Earthquakes” by W. Menke and V. Levin

Forum cont. from page 262

A N N O U N C E M E N T SM E E T I N G

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264

EOS VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

By devoting an entire chapter of the

fourth assessment report (AR4) to paleocli-

mates, the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC) has recognized that

studying past climates is essential for com-

prehending the climate system, and hence

for predicting its future evolution.

In particular, numerical simulations of

past climates, different from today, constitute

an independent test of the performance and

reliability of the general circulation models

commonly used for climate predictions. This

idea is the motivation for the Paleoclimate

Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP),

a long-standing initiative endorsed by the

World Climate Research Programme and the

International Geosphere and Biosphere

Programme. The focus has so far been on

two reference periods, chosen as being the

most representative of cold and warm cli-

mate intervals in the recent past: the Last

Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21,000 years ago)

and the mid-Holocene (6000 years ago).

The first phase of PMIP, launched in 1992,

was based on analysis of atmospheric gen-

eral circulation models. PMIP 1 met with con-

siderable success, with 67 model experiments

archived in a central database and over 70

papers published in the refereed literature.

One of the greatest achievements of PMIP 1

was to provide a framework for paleoclimate

modeling by bringing a community of cli-

mate modelers and field experts together. In

2002, the PMIP steering committee decided,

therefore, that the time had come to define

new numerical experiments that take advan-

tage of the new generation of atmosphere-

ocean-vegetation coupled models [Harrison

et al., 2002]. With these new simulations PMIP

2 also hopes to extract quantitative informa-

tion on climate sensitivity in order to better

predict the consequences of climate change

on human societies.

The first PMIP 2 workshop, held in April

2005, gathered most of the scientists involved

in the project. The attendance spanned the

different representative disciplines (climate

modeling, geophysics, biology, palynology,

geochemistry, and paleoceanography) with

65 scientists from five continents.

On the agenda were a discussion of

model results obtained so far (including a

comparison with paleodata), an overview of

newly available paleoclimate data syntheses,

and plans to widen the scope of PMIP 2 by

defining experimental protocols for other

periods in the past.

A Series of New Paleoclimate Simulations

Compared with PMIP 1, the PMIP 2 proj-

ect considers, for each period, a suite of

numerical experiments that differ by the

number of components of the Earth system

that are interactively taken into account:

AGCM simulations use atmosphere general

circulation models with prescribed sea sur-

face temperatures; OAGCMs have a compo-

nent calculating the dynamics of the ocean;

and OAVGCMs are coupled to a dynamic

vegetation model.

The high scientific potential of this

approach was highlighted in a series of pre-

sentations describing recent OAGCM and

OAVGCM simulations. Y. Zhao showed how

the shoaling of the mixed layer in the Indian

Ocean enhances the response of the Indian

monsoon to the changes in orbital forcing.

This is a good example of positive feedback

of the ocean response on the atmosphere

dynamics. Having interactive vegetation may

further enhance the response of the atmo-

sphere with, in turn, consequences to the

structure of the ocean mixed layer. Such an

ocean-vegetation synergy needs to be taken

into account to understand the abundant

monsoon rainfall in the Sahel

during the mid-Holocene

[Braconnot et al., 2004].

Another goal of PMIP 2 is to

maintain a database of model

results in which long-term

means and individual years are

archived. Information on inter-

annual and interdecadal vari-

ability can therefore be

extracted. Specifically, prelimi-

nary comparisons of the El Niño–Southern

Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation

signals in PMIP 2 experiments were shown

by U. Merkel and R. Gladstone. The first PMIP

2 model outputs also provided the opportu-

nity to illustrate some innovative analysis

techniques (quantification of cloud feed-

back based on regime analysis, simulations

of potential vegetation, lake-level modeling).

Apart from using more sophisticated cli-

mate models, PMIP 2 uses up-to-date infor-

mation to define the experiments, including

the latest reconstruction of the Last Glacial

Maximum topography (ICE-5G) and a river

routing scheme derived from geological evi-

dence complemented by hydrological mod-

eling. It is therefore essential to determine to

what extent these refinements improve the

ability of state -of - the -art climate models to

reproduce past climatic data.

This question was discussed at the work-

shop. On the one hand, a series of posters

was devoted to specific sensitivity experi-

ments analyzing the role of river routing,

horizontal resolution, and freshwater fluxes

on simulation results. On the other hand, a

scheme was developed during the meeting

(S. Harrison) that objectively determines the

level of agreement between models and

data on the basis of a series of qualitative

but robustly documented paleoclimatic fea-

tures, for example, abundant monsoon rain-

fall in the Sahel throughout the mid-Holocene.

It was also shown (A. Abe-Ouchi) how quan-

titative information produced from paleocli-

mate records, such as the amplitude of the

tropical Pacific cooling at the Last Glacial

Maximum, may be used to infer constraints

on climate sensitivity on the basis of a large

ensemble of climate simulations. This tech-

nique could provide a valuable contribution

to the IPCC.

Promising Advances in Data Reconstructions

The meeting was equally rich on the

data side. Pollen data and macrofossils

(M. Kerwin, M. Edwards) show that the

warmest epoch between the Last Glacial

Maximum and today (the Holocene thermal

optimum) occurred as early as 10,000 years

ago in the Alaska–eastern Siberia sector

(Beringia), while northeastern America sum-

mer temperatures hit their maximum less

than 6000 years ago. The late thermal opti-

mum in northeastern Canada is partly

linked to the presence of remainders of the

Laurentide Ice Sheet until about 7000 years

ago. Perhaps in connection with the disap-

pearance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, cysts

of dynoflagellates reveal a sharp increase in

surface salinity and mixed-layer depth

around 7500 years ago in the

Labrador Sea (A. de Vernal).

When possible, a multi-proxy

approach is preferable for infer-

ring robust information on past

climate evolution. A good exam-

ple was given for southeastern

Brazil (B. Turcq), where lake-

level reconstructions, speleo-

themes (e.g., stalagmites), and

pollen fossils allow the docu-

mentation of a continuous increase in pre-

cipitation since the Last Glacial Maximum.

Progress has also been made about the

knowledge of past ice sheets. Geophysical

constraints on the history of the Laurentide

Ice Sheet (W. R. Peltier) allow the inferring

of the existence of large freshwater meltwa-

ter runoff flow into the Arctic during the

Younger Dryas (12,700–11,700 years ago).

There are also an increasing number of

attempts to extract indices of past climate

variability from high-resolution paleocli-

matic records, although it has not been pos-

sible so far to infer information on interan-

nual variability that is spatially consistent

(S. Brewer). Finally, detailed analysis of mod-

ern climate and pollen data remains essen-

tial, as illustrated by an extensive survey of

modern bioclimatic relationships presented

by B. Thompson.

Widening the Scope: New Targets

for PMIP Experiments

Although the mid-Holocene and LGM

continue to be of interest, other periods

pose interesting challenges. Specifically,

PMIP 2 has expanded the set of standard

experiments to include simulations of the

previous interglacial/glacial transition (this

is the “glacial inception,” 115,000 years ago),

the early Holocene (9000 years ago), the

Younger Dryas (the cold period observed in

different regions of the Northern Hemisphere

between 12,700 and 11,700 years ago), and

the abrupt cooling event 8200 years ago.

The focus on glacial inception is moti-

vated by some earlier experiments suggesting

that vegetation and ocean feedbacks are

essential for explaining year- to -year accu-

mulation of snow in northeastern America

at the end of the previous interglacial

period. With the PMIP community focusing

on fully coupled OAVGCMs, it is appropriate

to revisit this issue. Younger Dryas and 8.2

kyr experiments are an opportunity to obtain

information on the stability of the ocean

circulation, and the consequences of possi-

ble changes in its structure, by comparing

model outputs with paleoclimatic data. The

meeting has allowed the defining of the

corresponding experimental setups.

Several contributions also highlighted the

necessity of using Earth system models of

intermediate complexity to develop analysis

methods, explore the parameter space, and

analyze the response of climate over long

timescales. For example, it was shown that

several thousands of years are needed by

the climate system to recover from a pertur-

bation of the North Atlantic freshwater bal-

ance. Furthermore, the characteristic response

time differs for glacial and interglacial

conditions (I. Ross, E. Bauer).

A. Koutavas (LDEO, Columbia) and A.

Ganopolski (Potsdam Institute for Climate

Impact Research, Germany) were awarded

the best poster prizes. The meeting also pro-

vided the opportunity to tighten social links;

and an excursion to the nearby Porquerolles

Island nicely complemented the program.

Full details about the meeting, the project,

and how to be involved in result analysis

are available at http://www-lsce.cea.fr/pmip2.

The Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison

Project Workshop was held on 3–8 April

2005, in Giens (Var, France),

Acknowledgments

Financial support to the meeting was pro-

vided by Centre National de la Recherche

Scientifique (CNRS, France), Commissariat à

l’Énergie Atomique (CEA, France), the interna-

tional programs on climate variability and pre-

dictability (CLIVAR) and Past Global Changes

(PAGES). The local organization and the pro-

gram were settled by P. Braconnot and B. Otto-

Bliesner with the help of the PMIP 2 steering

committee and the Laboratoire des Sciences

de Climat et de l’Environnement (CEA-CNES,

France) climate modeling group. S. Galot

cared for the administration and French lan-

guage support. Travel funding for many of the

U.S. participants was provided by the U.S.

National Science Foundation’s Earth System

History program and U.S. National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Administration’s Office of

Global Programs.

References

Braconnot, P., S. P. Harrison, S. Joussaume, C. D. Hewitt,

A. Kitoh, J. E. Kutzbach, Z. Liu, B. Otto-Bliesner,

J. Syktus, and N. Weber (2004), Evaluation of PMIP

coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations of the

mid-Holocene, in Past Climate Variability Through

Europe and Africa, edited by R. W. Batterbee et al.,

pp. 515–533, Springer, New York.

Harrison, S. P., P. Braconnot, S. Joussaume, C. D. Hewitt,

and R. J. Stouffer (2002), Comparison of paleocli-

mate simulations enhances confidence in models,

Eos Trans. AGU, 83(40), 447.

—M. CRUCIFIX, Hadley Centre, Met Office,

Exeter, Devon, U.K.; P. BRACONNOT, Laboratoire des

Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-

CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; S. P. HARRISON, School

of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,

U.K.; and B. OTTO-BLIESNER, Climate and Global

Dynamics Division, National Center for

Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo.

For additional information, contact M. Crucifix;

E-mail: [email protected].

Second Phase of Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project

MEETINGS

Numerical simula-tions of past climates constitute an inde-pendent test of the

performance and reli-ability of the general circulation models commonly used for climate predictions.

Page 5: Chesapeake Bay plankton and fish abundance enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

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EOS VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

Chesapeakecont. from page 261

a large phytoplankton bloom with high

chl a (14–20 mg m -3) covering more than

3000 km2 of the middle to lower bay (38.3º–

37.2ºN; Figure 1b). Additional flights and

shipboard sampling showed the bloom had

dissipated by early October. Phytoplankton

dynamics following Hurricane Isabel likely

were influenced by the strong mixing asso-

ciated with the sustained winds and storm

surge, introducing lower layer nutrients (>2

μM dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and seed

populations of phytoplankton from lower

layer waters into the photic zone.

Zooplankton biomass was measured with

an undulating optical plankton counter

(OPC) on cruises that took place three and

seven weeks after the passage of Hurricane

Isabel (5–6 October and 4–5 November

2003). October zooplankton biomass (not

shown) was similar to the fall average for

1995–2000 [Roman et al., 2005], whereas

November zooplankton was significantly

lower than average (Figures 1c and 1d).

Although zooplankton biomass on the

November post-Isabel cruise was depressed

in the middle and lower bay compared with

the fall averages, zooplankton biomass in

the upper bay was enhanced following

Isabel.

Zooplankton size distributions from OPC

data showed that abundances of larger zoo-

plankton size classes in the middle and

lower bay were lower than 1995–2000 aver-

ages. Depression of total biomass and a flat

size distribution are probably due to preda-

tion on mesozooplankton by the ctenophore

Mnemiopsis leidyi, a gelatinous predator that

was exceptionally abundant in fall 2003.

Zooplankton species composition did not

exhibit large differences from 1995–2000

averages, whereas copepod nauplii were

very abundant, particularly in the middle

bay; this suggests that the Isabel-induced

phytoplankton bloom enhanced zooplank-

ton production.

Midwater trawls collected 21 fish species

in waters of the upper bay after Isabel (21–

23 October), five more species than the

1995–2000 average [Jung and Houde, 2003].

The post-Isabel increase in species richness

included many previously uncommon fresh-

water fishes that were flushed into the bay

by surging freshwater flow from the Sus-

quehanna River. Post-Isabel abundances of

young-of-the-year (fish hatched in the calen-

dar year of the study) anadromous fishes

were well above the decadal mean, but high

abundances may have been due to prevailing

wet conditions in spring 2003 that signal

favorable reproductive conditions for anadro-

mous fishes [North and Houde, 2001].

In the lower bay, there was a dramatic

post-Isabel increase in abundance of the

ecologically important bay anchovy Anchoa

mitchilli near the bay mouth. Influx of age

one+ anchovy may have co-occurred with

the entrainment of shelf waters into the bay

or by downriver displacement from western

shore tidal tributaries after Hurricane Isabel.

Young-of-the-year Atlantic croaker,

Micropogonias undulatus, originating from

eggs spawned on the shelf, were remarkably

abundant in a post-Isabel survey (6–10

November), with peak abundance in the

lower bay >10 times higher than observed

in trawl surveys over the previous decade

(Figures 1e and 1f). The small mean size

(33 mm), high abundance, and concentra-

tion in the lower bay indicate a large import

of croaker larvae from the continental shelf

into the bay, either during the storm surge or

in its aftermath, probably from entrainment

in bottom waters during conditions of

enhanced estuarine circulation.

Sampling was conducted 5–7 weeks after

Hurricane Isabel, preventing observations of

immediate impacts on the bay’s fish com-

munity. Despite this constraint, shifts in distri-

butions and abundances of fishes elicited

by Hurricane Isabel were documented.

Effects mostly indicate enhanced abun-

dances, e.g., young-of-the-year Atlantic

croaker and adult bay anchovy. No obvious

negative effects of Hurricane Isabel on fish

populations or communities in the bay were

observed.

Hurricane Isabel mixed the water column

and resulted in a re-aeration of previously

low oxygen bottom waters. However, the

mixing event was short-lived, and hypoxia

soon re-established and persisted into

spring 2004 (http://www.chesapeakebay.net).

The impact of Isabel on low dissolved oxy-

gen appears to be similar to that of Tropical

Storm Agnes in 1972, a storm that was asso-

ciated with record rainfall and organic mat-

ter inputs into the bay and a large hypoxia

event during summer 1973. Isabel stimulated

a short-lived phytoplankton bloom by mix-

ing nutrients into the upper water column.

This event-scale diatom bloom resulted in

chl a >2 times that of the long-term average

(Figures 1a and 1b), followed six weeks

later by a previously unobserved fall dino-

flagellate bloom.

Zooplankton populations appeared to be

unaffected by Hurricane Isabel throughout

the lower bay, with biomass values similar to

the long-term average (Figures 1c and 1d),

whereas the upper-bay contained record

abundances of zooplankton. This zooplankton

response appears similar to 1996, an above-

average freshwater input year that saw the

fall passage of Hurricane Fran through the

bay region. In 1996, the copepod Eurytemora

affinis was found in high abundance in

spring, persisted into the fall, and occurred

in high numbers in the spring of 1997 [Kimmel

and Roman, 2004]. Elevated abundances of

young Atlantic croaker occurred in the bay

in the weeks following Hurricane Isabel, and

diversity and abundances of fishes were

either elevated or unaffected by the storm.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a U.S.

National Science Foundation’s Small Grants

for Exploratory Research program grant

OCE-0405022. Additional support for data

collection was provided by NSF grants OCE-

9981617 and DEB-9412113, the U.S. National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s

Chesapeake Bay Office, and the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency’s Star

Grant R82867701.

References

Harding, L.W., Jr., M. E. Mallonee, and E. S. Perry

(2002), Toward a predictive understanding of

primary productivity in a temperate, partially strati-

fied estuary, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 55, 47–46.

Jung, S., and E. D. Houde (2003), Spatial and tem-

poral variabilities of pelagic fish community

structure and distribution in Chesapeake Bay, USA,

Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 58, 335–351.

Kimmel, D. G., and M. R. Roman (2004), Long-term

trends in mesozooplankton abundance in Chesa-

peake Bay: Influence of freshwater input, Mar. Ecol.

Prog. Ser., 267, 71–83.

North, E. W., and E. D. Houde (2001), Retention of

white perch and striped bass larvae: Biological-

physical interactions in Chesapeake Bay estuarine

turbidity maximum, Estuaries, 24, 756–769.

Roman, M., X. Zhang, C. McGilliard, and W. Boicourt

(2005), Seasonal and annual variability in the spa-

tial patterns of plankton biomass in Chesapeake

Bay, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 480–492.

Author Information

M. R. Roman, W. C. Boicourt, D. G. Kimmel, and

W. D. Miller, Horn Point Laboratory, University of

Maryland Center for Environmental Science,

Cambridge; J. E. Adolf, Center of Marine Biotechnology,

University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute,

Baltimore; J. Bichy, Department of Marine, Earth, and

Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State

University, Raleigh; L. W. Harding, Jr., Horn Point

Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for

Environmental Science, Cambridge and Maryland

Sea Grant, University of Maryland, College Park;

E. D. Houde and S. Jung, Chesapeake Biological

Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for

Environmental Science, Solomons; and X. Zhang,

NOAA Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, Md.

Fig. 2. Records of wind and current velocities for 14–22 September 2003. Wind was measured at Horn Point Laboratory meteorological station at 38.4ºN, 76.1ºW. Currents were measured at the mid-bay Chesapeake Bay Observing System buoy at 38.3ºN, 76.3ºW. Positive flow is directed out of Chesapeake Bay.

Earth and Space Scientists Visit Capitol Hill

AGU’s Office of Public Affairs organizes fre-

quent opportunities for members to meet with

Congress. Recently, AGU members participated

in two events: an annual Congressional Visits

Day and the Coalition for National Science

Funding congressional reception.

Over 200 scientists and engineers met

with key legislators and their staffs on Capitol

Hill in Washington, D.C. as part of the 10th

annual Science, Engineering, and Technology

Congressional Visits Day (CVD) held on 10–

11 May. In their meetings, participants advo-

cated this year’s CVD theme: Federally funded

research secures our nation’s future.

To prepare for the visits, AGU, the American

Geological Institute, and the Joint Oceanographic

Institutions invited 30 Earth and space scien-

tists to participate in briefings from represen-

tatives of key U.S. federal agencies: NASA,

National Science Foundation (NSF), National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA), and U.S. Geological Survey

(USGS). The briefers presented the Bush

Administration’s fiscal year 2006 budget

request and program priorities for their agen-

cies. Following the briefings, four current

Congressional Science Fellows led a panel

discussion about their role, and gave tips on

how scientists can best communicate with

members of Congress and their staffs.

At a later briefing with the full CVD group,

administration officials and congressional

staff underscored the importance of the visits

from the scientific community to providing

support for science funding. Kei Koizumi,

director of the American Association for the

Advancement of Science’s R&D Budget and

Policy Program, described the 2006 budget

constraints and the downward shift from

recent trends, and noted that federal research

funding would fall 1.4% in the Administration’s

proposed 2006 budget. The day concluded

with a reception honoring Sen. Jeff Bingaman

(D-N.M.) and Rep. Vernon Ehlers (R-MI), chair

of the House Science Subcommittee on

Environment, Technology, and Standards, for

their contributions to science and technology

legislation over the past year.

At the congressional breakfast on day two,

Rep. Jay Inslee (D-WA) described recent tsu-

nami warning legislation and also empha-

sized the significance of congressional visits.

A morning of visits followed, with noon

appointments curtailed by building evacua-

tions prompted by a Cessna jet venturing

into restricted airspace. However, many CVD

participants continued their meetings out-

doors and used the opportunity to approach

members of Congress they would not nor-

mally be able to meet.

Typically, CVD participants visit the offices

of their senators and representatives. In total,

Earth and space scientists visited offices of

26 senators and 19 representatives on 11 May.

Topics discussed in the meetings included

NSF appropriations, the USGS minerals pro-

grams, and NASA education programs.

CVD is held each spring. Scientists

who are unable to participate in the CVD

but who want to make visits at another

time, can find out more information at the

Web site: http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/

policy?sci_pol/html.

AGU Scientists at Congressional Reception

The Coalition for National Science Funding,

an advocacy group to which AGU belongs, held

its annual exhibit and reception on Capitol Hill

on 21 June. The event is designed to show

members of Congress and their staffs the value

of research conducted with funds from NSF.

The theme for this year’s AGU booth—

shared with the American Geological

Institute and the Geological Society of

America—was extreme environments.

Deborah Kelley of the University of

Washington showed images of recently dis-

covered seafloor hydrothermal vents where

hot magma and gas gushes from the vents

and makes a habitable environment for

unusual sea life. Robin Bell of the Lamont-

Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia

University described recent investigations at

Lake Vostok, a submerged lake in Antarctica.

Remote sensing and drilling into the lake

has indicated that there may be life in this

extreme environment.

A record 380 people, including 15 mem-

bers of Congress, attended the exhibit. Those

who stopped by the AGU/AGI/GSA booth

included House of Representatives Science

Committee Chairman Rep. Sherwood

Boehlert (R-N.Y.) and Rep. Vernon Ehlers

(R-MI).

—CATHERINE O’RIORDAN, AGU Public Affairs

Manager

ABOUT AGU

House of Representatives Science Committee Chairman Rep. Sherwood Boehlert and Robin Bell of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University at the 21 June Coalition for National Science Funding reception. Photo by Jonathan Lifland/AGU.

Page 6: Chesapeake Bay plankton and fish abundance enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

266

EOS VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

• digital images of paper record seismograms;

• digital images of historical seismic

bulletins;

• software for the analysis of the digital

image seismograms;

• digital vector data of selected seismo-

grams (available in 2006);

• alphanumeric data of historical bulle-

tins (available in 2006).

The current data set on which SISMOS

operates consists of 987 “relevant” earth-

quakes: 320 on the Italian territory, 530 else-

where in Europe, and 137 outside Europe.

“Relevant” earthquakes are not only those

that have caused extensive damage but also

those that, for size and vicinity to urban

areas, are of interest for seismic hazard

assessment. Concurrently, an inventory of

all the Euro-Mediterranean seismological

stations and their operational history has

been prepared.

The operation of SISMOS includes

SISMOS personnel grouped into different

units that have specific tasks. There are four

main tasks: (1) selecting and contacting the

observatories and obtaining (and returning)

relevant seismogram records; (2) identifying

the instrument types for each station, label-

ing the records, and entering alphanumeric

information into the database; (3) high-reso-

lution scanning and digitization; and (4) dis-

tribution of the digital material through the

Web server.

The SISMOS team has been organized as

follows. The Search and Retrieve group is in

charge of visiting the observatories, compil-

ing a detailed list of the archived material,

and bringing the material to the Rome

headquarters for database archiving and

scanning. This group also makes a thorough

investigation of the instrumentation

installed at each observatory by looking for

all the relevant material (e.g., station books,

bulletins, and correspondence with other

observatories).

The Seismic Archive group gathers the

information provided by the Search and

Retrieve group, verifies its consistency with

the actual record seismograms and bulletins

(e.g., checks that the recording instrumenta-

tion has been identified correctly), enters

the information into the database, and prints

a unique bar-code label which is pasted on

each record.

Next, the labeled records are passed on to

the “scanning laboratory” that produces the

very high resolution digital raster copies. The

scanning is carried out at 1016-dpi resolu-

tion using Eskoscan 2636 flatbed professional

scanners. This resolution ensures no loss of

useful information even when the seismo-

gram traces are very thin as with smoked

(i.e., smoked paper on which the seismogram

was traced by the seismograph needle) or

photographic records. Once scanning is com-

pleted, the records are returned to the propri-

etary observatory together with a copy of the

digital records on DVD.

Figure 1 provides an example of the raster

images contained in the database. The

example shows the 23 July 1930 Irpinia

M 6.7 earthquake in the Campania region

of southern Italy recorded by the vertical

Wiechert seismograph of the Athens obser-

vatory (Δ ≈ 800 km).

The 1016-dpi digital seismogram raster

images reach sizes ranging between 300 and

400 Mb, which requires very large storage

facilities. The enlarged details of Figure 1

reveal the high quality of the scanning.

The fourth and final stage of the process-

ing involves the distribution of the scanned

material through the SISMOS Web server.

SISMOS runs a 4-Tbytes Network Attached

Storage (NAS) (i.e., storage elements that

connect to a network and provide file

access services to computer systems) for

storage, and a smaller NAS dedicated to the

Web server where the entire collection of

traces (seismogram records as raster images

at 200 dpi) is stored at 200 dpi. These low-

resolution preview images are used for pre-

view when accessing the Web server. All

data is backed up on high-capacity car-

tridges and DVDs.

The flow diagram in Figure 2 provides a

schematic view of the processing carried

out by SISMOS for scanning, archiving, and

disseminating seismogram records.

Vectorization is the process that converts

a seismogram trace appearing on a two-

dimensional raster image into a series of

line segments to represent a digital wave-

form. For this purpose, SISMOS has devel-

oped the “Teseo” software [Pintore et al.,

2005]. Teseo is a plug-in for the GNU Image

Manipulation Program (GIMP) software that

works on many operating systems (http://

www.gimp.org). The Teseo plug-in includes

automatic digitization using Bezier interpo-

lation for interpolation.

In the automatic mode, the next digitiza-

tion step is determined from the calculation

of a weighted mean of the trace pixel dark-

ness/color. A version of the plug-in that

implements a neural network approach to

properly sample the seismogram trace is

under development. The techniques under

development can be valuable when the seis-

mogram traces intersect each other, as is

common on helicorder (seismogram traces

acquired on rotating drums) paper record-

ing (see Figure 1). Teseo is freely available

on the SISMOS Web site.

A main purpose of this activity is to pro-

vide, in addition to digital raster images of

the records, software tools necessary for

vectorization so that interested scientists

can promptly digitize SISMOS downloaded

records and later return the waveforms in

order to provide others with access to them

through the SISMOS Web server.

In order to make the SISMOS facility of

general use to seismologists interested in

historical earthquakes, Web access to the

data is fundamental. SISMOS has developed

a prototype registered-user interface that

allows for downloading raster records

(http://sismos.ingv.it/request). All seismo-

gram records are available online at 200-dpi

resolution, and requests can be submitted to

the server for the retrieval of higher-resolu-

tion images either through an ftp area on

the Web server or by DVD.

The search of available seismic records

can be carried out in various ways (e.g., by

station selection, date, or both). A user-friendly

interface helps to keep track of the selected

records and to preview the selected recording.

Once a choice of historical recordings to down-

load is made, the registered user places an

order of the sought high-resolution record

images, and is notified by e-mail when the

files are ready for download.

The SISMOS project of INGV will preserve

a historical heritage spanning nearly 100

years of seismology. All this material would

be otherwise lost, as degradation of paper

records is inevitable. SISMOS also provides

for dissemination of the historical records

and bulletins, and makes available to the

interested researchers software tools for

seismogram digitization. Important steps for

successful preservation of the heritage

include Internet access to the data, high-res-

olution scanning, and large storage facilities

combined with the organizational structure

providing record and bulletin retrieval, iden-

tification, and scanning. Easy access to col-

lections of these seismic records could prompt

modern reappraisals of historical earthquakes

and lead to reevaluations of seismic hazard.

Acknowledgments

The activity described in this article would

not have been possible without the contribu-

tion of the SISMOS Team (http://sismos.ingv.

it/index2.php?bframe=organization.php)

which is here acknowledged. Thanks also to

Graziano Ferrari of SGA Storia Geologia

Ambiente, a promoter of the EuroSeismos

project, and to Anthony Lomax for revising

and editing this manuscript. Parts of the

SISMOS database have been designed by

Finsiel, an Italian software company.

References

Kanamori, H. (1988), Importance of historical seis-

mograms for geophysical research, in Historical

Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World, edited

by W. H. K. Lee et al., pp. 16–63, Elsevier, New York.

Pintore, S., M. Quintiliani, and D. Franceschi (2005),

Teseo: A vectoriser of historical seismograms,

Comput. Geosci., 31, doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2005.

04.001, in press.

Author Information

Alberto Michelini, Bruno De Simoni, Alessandro Amato, and Enzo Boschi, Istituto Nazionale di Geofi sica e Vulcanologia, Rome

Fig. 1. Example of a scanned seismogram and selected enlargements that show the very high resolution attained at 1016 dpi. The seismogram shows the 23 July 1930 Irpinia M 6.7 earth-quake recorded by the vertical Wiechert seismograph of the Athens station about 800 km away. This seismogram has been provided by the Institute of Geodynamics of the National Observatory of Athens and was scanned by SISMOS within the EuroSeismos project of the Working Group on the History and Data of Instrumental Seismology of the European Seismological Commission.

Fig. 2. Flow diagram showing the different work stages leading to scanning and archiving historical material processed by INGV-SISMOS.

Seismological Data cont. from page 261

Fundamentals of Ground Water

FRANKLIN W. SCHWARTZ AND HUBAO

ZHANG

John Wiley; ISBN 0-471-13785-5; 583

pp.; 2003; $122.95.

The hydrologic sciences continue to grow

in importance as issues of drought, popula-

tion growth and pollution, and politics come

together to raise water issues to new levels.

While groundwater hydrology plays a cen-

tral role in the hydrologic sciences, relatively

few comprehensive textbooks cover this field.

Between 1959 and 1979, Ground Water

Hydrology (D. K. Todd) guided students and

professionals. In 1979, Groundwater (R. A.

Freeze and J. A. Cherry) integrated geology

and hydrology, physics and chemistry, and

science and engineering. That text was fol-

lowed in 1980 by Applied Hydrogeology

(C. W. Fetter). Addressing a need for a new

textbook, Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology

(P. A. Domenico and F. W. Schwartz) was

published in 1990.

Since the 1990s, the aforementioned texts

continue to provide students and profes-

sionals with a thorough grounding in the

science and technology of groundwater

hydrology. However, while Physical and

Chemical Hydrogeology continues as an

excellent textbook, its advanced level and

comprehensiveness make it a less than per-

fect fit for undergraduate courses.

To rectify this, Fundamentals of Ground

Water (F. W. Schwartz and H. Zhang) was

published in 2003. The book is written at an

introductory level to facilitate learning at

the upper division undergraduate or lower

division graduate level. It also serves as a

reference book for professionals. The intro-

ductory feel of the text does not come at

the expense of scientific depth.

Balance is maintained by using a process-

based approach with plenty of problem

solving. Readers are taken step-by-step

through mathematical and chemical con-

cepts and equations. The text is entirely

readable by those who have forgotten or

never had that elementary college chemis-

try or calculus class. Concepts are cemented

home and interest is maintained through

numerous case studies, example problems,

and several custom Windows-based com-

puter programs and spreadsheets for simu-

lating groundwater flow and transport pro-

cesses. These programs can be downloaded

from the publisher’s Web site. While some

minor tweaking of text content would bene-

fit the book, mainly in the well hydraulics

section, overall it is well written and organized.

The first two chapters effectively build the

foundation of knowledge in the hydrologic

sciences with a review of the hydrologic

cycle and the importance of groundwater in

this cycle. Chapters 3 and 4 explore the

media for groundwater flow: aquifers and

confining beds. Porosity, hydraulic conduc-

tivity, and mapping of flow in geological sys-

tems are all dealt with through applications

of Darcy’s law to natural systems.

Chapter 4 establishes the critical link

between geology and groundwater flow.

Those with little or no geology are intro-

duced to the complexity of the subsurface

domain hydrogeologists work in and to

issues of scale. Ample case studies examine

single aquifers on a local scale (tens of kilo-

meters) to regional-scale aquifer systems

(hundreds of kilometers). These case studies

provide a beautiful link between geology,

geological processes, and aquifers and con-

fining beds.

After a good dose of geology, the text

moves into a discussion of the governing

equations of groundwater flow, boundary

conditions, and flow net analysis. Conceptual/

mathematical flow models of regional

groundwater flow and groundwater/surface-

water interactions are enhanced with case

studies. Readers can download the program

FLOWNETz, which calculates the hydraulic-

head and stream functions for two-dimen-

sional flow, and explore the classical solu-

tions by Tóth and by Freeze and Witherspoon.

Chapter 7 details basic methods for

hydrogeologic field investigations and

includes drilling and push technologies,

piezometer and water table well installation

techniques, and hydrogeophysical tools for

site investigations. Power Point shows

enhance the detailed text graphics.

An exhaustive discussion of well hydrau-

lics and aquifer test interpretation is given

in chapters 9–14. The only criticism I have of

this section is the lack of smoothness in the

leaky type curves and an overabundance of

image well theory.

The last part of the book deals with con-

cepts of mass transport, aqueous chemistry,

and groundwater contamination. Again,

basic concepts of aqueous chemistry and

mathematical models for mass transport are

introduced at a fundamental level so the

reader can better understand natural

groundwater geochemistry and contami-

nated systems that are addressed in the final

chapters. Finally, while this book is priced

slightly above the competing texts, in my

experience the publisher was willing to

match prices for class adoptions.

—ROBERT A. SCHINCARIOL, University of

Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

book review

Page 7: Chesapeake Bay plankton and fish abundance enhanced by Hurricane Isabel

267

EOS VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

POSITIONS AVAILABLE

Atmospheric Sciences

Postdoctoral Fellow (05-105). The Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (www.cira.colostate.edu) at Colorado State University seeks to fill one Postdoctoral Fellowship to pursue work at its Fort Collins office in the area of microscale ensemble assimilation/prediction. For the com-plete position requirements, project background, description of duties, condition of employment, and application procedures, visit our web site at http://www.cira.colostate.edu/admin/jobs/05-105.html. Colorado State University is an EEO/AA employer.

Research Assistantship Positions. The Compara-tive Planetology Laboratory (CPL) has postdoctoral and graduate research assistantship positions open in the area of planetary atmospheric dynamics. Ongoing projects include modeling the interac-tion of vortices with atmospheric water and other condensables on Jupiter and Saturn and modeling the global circulation of Venus with full topography. Interested parties please contact the CPL Director, Timothy Dowling, [email protected], (502) 852-3927.

Biogeosciences

Postdoctoral Position. University of Georgia, Department of Microbiology/Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. Position available for individual inter-ested in areas of bacterial iron reduction and/or bacterial cell adhesion related to iron reduction and iron geochemistry. Previous experience with (or desire to learn) operation of flow reactors, reflected light microscopy and image analysis and physico-chemical description of the cell surface (including zeta potential and free energy measurement), as well as spectroscopic methods for surface analysis an advantage. Please send CV, desired starting date, and list of three references to Dr. Andrew Neal, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802. An Equal Opportunity/ Affirmative Action Employer.

Geochemistry

Canada Research Chair (Tier II), Solid Earth Geochemistry. The Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Calgary invites applications for a Tier II Canada Research Chair in Solid Earth Geochemistry. The successful candidate will have a Ph.D. and an outstanding track record in research and teaching.

The Chair will engage in research in solid earth geochemistry, geochronology and/or igne-ous petrology, with an emphasis on field-based studies of orogenic belts. The Chair will contribute to teaching at the undergraduate and graduate levels, including supervision of graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. It is anticipated that the appointment will be made at the Assistant or Asso-ciate Professor level to an emerging scholar who has received his/her Ph.D. within the last ten years.

The Department of Geology and Geophysics provides an outstanding research environment, bringing in ca. Can$4.5 million in external research funding. It has an internationally recognized record of excellence in petrology and tectonics research and hosts the Lithoprobe Seismic Processing Facility and University of Calgary Laboratory for Electron Beam Microanalysis. The University of Calgary is situated within an hour of the Front Ranges of the Canadian Cordillera. Additional information on the Department is available at our website (http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca).

The Canada Research Chairs Program has been established by the Canadian government to enable Canadian universities to foster research excellence and enhance their role as world class centres of research. Information on the Canada Research Chairs Program is available at the CRC website (http://www.chairs.gc.ca).

Applicants should submit a curriculum vitae, a statement explaining the applicant? vision for the evolution of the chair (including a research plan), statement of teaching philosophy, and the names of three referees to:

Dr. Larry Lines, HeadDepartment of Geology & GeophysicsUniversity of Calgary2500 University Drive N.W.Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4Telephone: 403-220-2796 Fax: 403-284-0074E-mail: [email protected] deadline for applications is September 30,

2005 or until a suitable candidate is found. Nomina-tion to the Canada Research Chairs Program will occur after a candidate has been selected. The antic-ipated start date for the position is January 1, 2007.

All qualified candidates are encouraged to apply; however, Canadians and permanent residents will be given priority.

The University of Calgary respects, appreciates, and encourages diversity.

To see all University of Calgary academic posi-tions, please visit www.ucalgary.ca/hr/career

Two Post-doc Positions in Isotope Geochemistry University of Strasbourg, France. Applications are invited for two post-doctoral research positions in isotope geochemsitry at the Centre de Géochimie de la Surface of the University of Strasbourg to work on applications of U-series nuclides and/or stable isotope system (Ca, B, etc) to research on mechanisms of erosion, weathering or continental ecosystem processes. Both postdoctoral positions are available for an initial period of one year. Can-didates are sought with a good/strong research experience in mass spectrometry.

Candidates should mail their CV, a summary of research interest, and the name of three referees to François Chabaux, Centre de Géochimie de la Sur-face, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France. Tel 00 33 3 90 24 04 06; fax: 00 33 3 90 24 04 02; e-mail: [email protected]

Hydrology

Hydrologist. Sandia National Laboratories is one of the country’s largest research and engineering laboratories, employing nearly 8,600 people at major facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico and Livermore, California. We apply our world class sci-entific and engineering creativity and expertise to comprehensive, timely and cost effective solutions to our nation’s greatest challenges. Please visit our website at www.sandia.gov. We are searching for a groundwater Hydrologist for the Repository Test and Analysis Department located at our Las Vegas, Nevada site. Salary is commensurate with experi-ence. A benefit and relocation package is available. Must be able to obtain and maintain a DOE Secu-rity Clearance.

Perform modeling activities to predict infiltra-tion and radionuclide flow and transport simu-lations for the Yucca Mountain Project (YMP). Perform reviews of saturated and unsaturated zone analyses conducted as part of the YMP license application process. Prepare analyses, reports, pre-sentations, and correspondence on technical issues.

A MS or Ph.D. in hydrology, geohydrology, soil mechanics, civil engineering, water resources man-agement, or related field is required. Proficient is required in the principles, theories, techniques, and practices of hydrology and transport phenomena in saturated and unsaturated media. Must possess a thorough understanding of water well production; mathematics and statistics; aquifer dynamics, hydrau-lics and water/soil chemistry. Must possess excellent communication skills with strong teaming ability, and able to deal with multiple and sometimes conflicting priorities. Some travel will be required.

Experience with hydrogeology, geochemis-try, and reactive transport processes is desired, and must fully embrace nuclear safety. Ability to work in demanding regulatory environments with emphasis on safety and quality assurance is strongly desired. Ability to cope with and prioritize ambiguous and seemingly overwhelming demands is also desired.

Please submit resume online at www.sandia.gov, under Employment/Career Opportunities/Current Jobs, then reference Job Requisition Number: 053223.

U.S. Citizenship Normally Required. Equal Opportunity Employer. M/F/D/V.

Research Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Melbourne ($41,677 to $70,699 + benefits). A motivated individual with a background in soil moisture remote sensing, land surface modelling and/or data assimilation is required to join a team of scientists working on high resolution soil mois-ture mapping from sensors such as AMSR-E, SMOS and Hydros.

The project is exploiting a new high resolu-tion airborne system and hydrological monitoring infrastructure in two Australian experimental catch-ments (see www.nafe.edu.au). This is a full-time (fixed-term) position available for 2 years.

See www.hr.unimelb.edu.au/jobs/ for advice on how to apply.

Contact Dr Jeffrey Walker, tel. +61 3 8344 5590, email [email protected] for specific enquiries.

Applications close 5 August 2005.

Ocean Sciences

ODASES Tenure Track Positions, College of Geo-sciences at Texas A&M University. The College of

Geosciences at Texas A&M University (http://geosci-ences.tamu.edu) is seeking applications for two faculty positions, preferably at the Assistant Professor level, but potentially at the Associate or Full Profes-sor level for a candidate with truly outstanding experience and credentials. These positions are part of eleven planned hires in the Ocean Drilling and Sustainable Earth Science (ODASES) program, which is an interdisciplinary, multi-college research and education program designed to maximize par-ticipation in the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) (http://www.iodp.org). Successful candidates will be expected to develop and maintain a vigor-ous, externally-funded research program, which focuses on one or more of the central research themes of the IODP science plan, i.e. alternative energy, deep biosphere, climate change, and dynam-ics of active margins. We are particularly interested in Ph.D. scientists who have a track record of research with ODP/IODP, or who can develop such research, who will interact with faculty and research units of the College of Geosciences, and who will contribute to the teaching and mentoring of undergraduate and graduate students. Successful candidates will become members of one of four departments (Atmospheric Sciences, Geography, Geology and Geophysics, or Oceanography), depending on interest, academic background, and expertise. Both positions are tenure-track with 9-month per year state salary support. ODASES will complement the Vision 2020 Faculty Investment Plan in the College of Geosciences by hiring 20 additional tenure-track faculty by 2008 in three target areas: (i) climate change; (ii) oceans, atmospheres and human health; and (iii) environmental and hydrological geosci-ences. We encourage applications from candidates who will increase the exposure of our students to a diverse culture. Texas A&M University offers a highly interactive research environment, a strong modern infrastructure, and competitive startup packages. Applicants should send their current curriculum vitae, a statement of teaching and research interests, and the names, postal addresses, and e-mail address-es of three references to:

Dr. Luis Cifuentes, Professor and Executive Associate Dean for ResearchChair, ODASES Search CommitteeCollege of Geosciences, M.S. 3148Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843Review of applications will begin immediately,

and applications will be considered until the posi-tions are filled.

Texas A&M University is an Equal Opportunity Employer and has a policy of being responsive to the needs of an increasingly diverse faculty including the needs of dual-career partners (http://hr.tamu.edu/employment/dual-career.html).

Tsunami Hydrodynamic Numerical Modeler - Full-Time Position, Professional Staff, Research Scien-tist 3, Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington, Seattle, WA. JISAO is recruiting four Hydrody-namic Numerical Modelers to work with NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Tsunami Research Program on the development and appli-cation of hydrodynamic numerical models for coastal hazard mitigation and forecasting. The focus of this Program is the development of an operational NOAA Tsunami Forecast System that integrates real-time tsunami measurements with numerical simulations of tsunami generation, propagation and inundation to provide community-specific predica-tions of tsunami impact.

We seek candidates with a Ph.D. in Oceanogra-phy, other Earth or Physical Sciences, Mathematics or Engineering, with an emphasis on hydrodynam-ics and computational fluid dynamics. Preference will be given to those with experience in tsunami modeling. Interested individuals should visit the University of Washington employment website at http://www.washington.edu/admin/hr/jobs/ for more information and instructions on how to apply.

Tsunami Modeling Support Scientist Full-Time Position, Professional Staff, Research Scientist 2, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington, Seattle, WA. JISAO is recruiting four Modeling Sup-port Scientists to work with NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Tsunami Research Program on assisting with the application of hydro-dynamic numerical models for coastal hazard mitigation and forecasting. The focus of this Pro-gram is the development of an operational NOAA Tsunami Forecast System that integrates real-time tsunami measurements with numerical simulations of tsunami generation, propagation and inunda-tion to provide community-specific predications of tsunami impact.

We seek candidates with a Bachelor or Masters Degree in Oceanography, other Earth or Physical

Sciences, Mathematics or Engineering. Preference will be given to those familiar with numerical mod-els and with experience in a variety of scientific computing environments. Interested individuals should visit the University of Washington employ-ment website at http://www.washington.edu/admin/hr/jobs/for more information and instruc-tions on how to apply.

Solid Earth Geophysics

Advertisement - Laboratory, Geophysicist. The Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Science Center, located in Woods Hole, MA seeks a geophysicist to conduct research on the acoustic, thermal, and rock physics behavior of marine sediment contain-ing multiple pore-space phases, such as water, ice, gas or gas hydrate. The Program has the responsi-bility for conducting a wide range of geological, geophysical, and geochemical investigations of the continental margins and adjacent regions in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the Great Lakes, and polar regions. The suc-cessful candidate will be part of an interdisciplin-ary team and apply knowledge of rock physics and experimental physics to carry out structured laboratory experiments on well-characterized samples of natural and synthetic sediment-fluid mixtures, develop new laboratory technologies for investigating sea-floor geophysical conditions, and integrate results into the broader Coastal and Marine research program. Issues addressed through this research range from understanding continental slope sediment stability to energy resource charac-terization to contaminant transport in the coastal zone. Candidates should have strong analytical backgrounds in experimental and theoretical phys-ics, geophysics, rock physics, sedimentology, and computer science. Candidates should demonstrate the ability to work within a research team and to communicate orally and in writing with a wide range of professional, governmental, and public audiences.

This is a full-time permanent position. Starting salary is $76,400 to $99,317 commensurate with experience. A Ph.D. or equivalent experience and a record of successful research and publication are desirable.

For detailed vacancy announcement, including specific qualification requirements & application procedures refer to Vacancy Announcement ER-2005-0206 at http://www.usajobs.opm.gov.

Deadline for applications: July 22, 2005The USGS is an equal opportunity employer.

Advertisement - Modeler, Geophysicist. The Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Science Center, located in Woods Hole, MA seeks a geophysicist to conduct research on the kinematics and geody-namics of sedimentary deposits containing mul-tiple pore-space fluid phases such as water, ice, gas or gas hydrate. The Program has the responsibility for conducting a wide range of geological, geophys-ical, and geochemical investigations of the conti-nental margins and adjacent regions in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the Great Lakes, and polar regions. This position is a critical component of multidisciplinary field, labo-ratory, and modeling investigations of on-shore and off-shore energy resources, permafrost and marine gas hydrate studies, and coastal environmental studies. The successful candidate will be part of an interdisciplinary team and apply knowledge of geo-physics to multidisciplinary field experiments and numerical models to develop new insights into the formation of potential natural resources such as gas and gas hydrate, hydrocarbon migration through the sediment column, geohydrology in sedimentary basin and coastal settings, seafloor stability, and global carbon and climate cycles. Candidates should have strong analytical backgrounds in Earth Science, geophysics, geodynamics, geohydrology, and tectonics. Candidates should demonstrate the ability to work within a research team, lead a research investigation, and to communicate orally and in writing with a wide range of professional, governmental, and public audiences.

This is a full-time permanent position. Starting salary is $90,281 to $117,368 commensurate with experience. A Ph.D. or equivalent experience and a record of successful research and publication are necessary. For detailed vacancy announcement, including specific qualification requirements & application procedures refer to Vacancy Announce-ment ER-2005-0205 at http://www.usajobs.opm.gov.

Deadline for applications: July 22, 2005The USGS is an equal opportunity employer.

Classified cont. on page 268

CLASSIFIEDADVERTISING INFORMATION

Eos is published every Tuesday. For a classified or display advertisement to be published in a future issue of Eos, electronic copy must reach us by 4:30 PM, Eastern Time, 8 days prior (Monday) to publication. No cancellations accepted after deadline.

Ads with "Reply by" deadlines that are less than 14 days from the publication date will not be accepted.

Display and in-column advertising specs, pricing, and submission guidelines can be found on-line at www.agu.org/pubs/eosadinfo.html.

AGU has a nondiscrimination and freedom-of-access policy. All advertisers must attest to nondiscrimination regarding recruiting, hiring, and promoting. AGU acknowledges that citizenship can be recognized as a legitimate requirement for some positions.

Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-202-777-7536 Facsimile: +1-202-777-7399

"Positions Available" and "Student Opportunities" are updated every Tuesday and listed on our Web site, accessible to AGU members.

www.agu.org

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EOS VOLUME 86 NUMBER 28 12 JULY 2005

Space Physics

Research Scientists in Space Plasma. The Labora-tory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) of the University of Colorado at Boulder invites appli-cations for research scientist positions in space plasma instrumentation, data analysis, and/or theory. Up to three positions are available. We are consid-ering applications at all levels from post-doctorate research scientists to research professor. Applicants should have a Ph.D. in space physics or related field and experience in space plasma instrumentation, data analysis or space plasma observations, and/or theory and simulation of space plasmas. The suc-cessful candidates will be expected to work on one or more of a wide variety of existing programs at LASP which include flight instrument programs on THEMIS and MMS and/or electric field instrument development, data analysis programs involving Polar, FAST or Cluster II satellites, and/or theory programs involving planetary magnetospheres, nonlinear plasma physics including electron space holes and double layers, and/or magnetic recon-nection. Applicants also may participate part-time in other space physics efforts. The level and salary of the appointment will be commensurate with the applicant’s experience.

Please send a curriculum vitae, publication list, a statement of research interest, and the names and contact information of three or more individuals who can be contacted as references. Resumes will be considered on an ongoing basis; we expect to fill the positions by October 2005. Submit applica-tions (attn: Research Scientist 6/05) via email to [email protected], or LASP, 1234 Innovation Drive, Boulder, CO 80303. Submit questions to Prof. Robert Ergun ([email protected]). For more information, visit http://lasp.colorado.edu.

The University of Colorado at Boulder is com-mitted to diversity and equality in education and employment.

Interdisciplinary/Other

Great Lakes Research Investigators. The Univer-sity of Michigan’s School of Natural Resources & Environment, in conjunction with NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory is seeking qualified candidates for two-year Joint Research Investigator positions in the following areas. Renewals for a second two-year appointment are possible provided satisfactory performance and proposal

writing success. The positions are: Environmental Toxicologists (effects of cyanobacterial toxins or other toxins on human health, ecology and food-webs), Watershed Hydrology (Spatially explicit models for watersheds), Statistical Modeling and Forecasting (Use of large spatial and temporal data-bases for statistically forecasting Great Lakes condi-tions (e.g. algal blooms, beach closings, physical hazards, fish recruitment, water quality), Near-shore Coastal Hydrodynamics and Particle Transport, (processes in the near shore zone and their impact on water quality), Coastal Observation (Apply real-time buoy-deployed chemical, biological, physical sensors and remote sensing), and Fish Ecology (Distribution, habitats, feeding ecology and bioener-getics of fishes in the Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay using underwater acoustics and spatial bioen-ergetics modeling).

For more information, including a full descrip-tion of these areas of interest and individual con-tacts, visit http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/about/jobs/, send CV and statement of research objectives by July 22, 2005 to Dr. Donald Scavia, 520 Dana, Univer-sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1115 or [email protected].

Hardware Engineer for Seismology Support Operations at IRIS PASSCAL. The IRIS PASSCAL Instrument Center at New Mexico Tech solicits applications for a professional Hardware Engineer. Responsibilities include: development, integration, transportation, and maintenance of field instru-mentation and data; coordination of field logistics; coordination with seismological scientists and staff; and training of the user community.

The ability to work productively and collegially in team situations under demanding laboratory and field conditions is required. Electronic troubleshoot-ing experience is required. Experience with field data collection systems, time series data, and seis-mological fieldwork are desirable.

Applicants are required to have a B.S. or higher degree in engineering, physical science, or another appropriate field at the time of appointment, or 3 or more years of directly related experience relevant to the support of in-house and field seismology operations.

Applicants should submit a resume, official college transcripts, a letter of professional interests, and the names and addresses, email addresses, and phone numbers of three references to: IRIS PASS-CAL Hardware Engineer Staff Search, c/o Human

Resources, Box 78, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801.

To receive full consideration, all materials must be received by August 1, 2005. Appointments will begin on or after August 15, 2005.

New Mexico Tech is an equal opportunity/affir-mative action employer.

Post-Doctoral Fellowships. From time to time the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University seeks to fill Post-Doctoral Fellow-ships in the broadly defined areas of atmospheric and climate studies, biogeochemistry, geochemistry, geophysics, and planetary science. Please forward a letter of interest and CV to Jason Miller at 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 or by email to [email protected]. Harvard University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer and applications from women and minorities are encouraged.

STUDENT OPPORTUNITIES

Graduate Research Assistantship: Paleoclimatol-ogy, Stratigraphy, Stable Isotopes at the University of New Mexico (Earth & Planetary Sciences).Applications sought for MS or Ph.D. students researching the origins of 3rd-order (My-scale) Paleo-zoic sea-level fluctuations using oxygen isotopes from apatitic conodonts. Field and lab work. Contact Dr. Maya Elrick, [email protected], (505) 277-5077.

Ph.D. Position in Snow Physics. The Swiss Nation-al Science Foundation funds two Ph.D.-students for the project “Dynamics of snow metamorphism”. We are two international teams of scientists working

on modeling of snow metamorphism at SLF (www.slf.ch) and heterogeneous chemical processes on atmospheric aerosols and snow at PSI (www.psi.ch). We will combine state-of-the-art techniques such as time-lapse X-ray micro-tomography, chemi-cal ionization mass spectroscopy, and short-live radioactive tracers and numerical modeling to investigate microscopic mass flux and chemistry of snow. The position at SLF focuses on snow meta-morphism, the micro-structural characterization of the evolving snow using time-lapse micro-tomog-raphy, in combination with numerical simulations of the processes. The aim is to improve the physi-cal understanding of snow metamorphism under non-equilibrium conditions. The position requires a diploma or masters degree with excellent grades in physics, materials science, or a related field. We are seeking a talented and highly motivated indi-vidual who enjoys experimental work, has interest in theoretical aspects, and enjoys working in an international, multi-disciplinary team of scientists. Excellent communication skills, good written and spoken English as well as basic spoken German are required. For further information, please contact M. Schneebeli, ([email protected] , phone +41 81 417 0171). To apply, send your complete application to: WSL, Human Resources, Mrs. Monika Huber, ref. code 406, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.

SERVICES, SUPPLIES, COURSES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS

Linux Earthworm support with A/D hardware drivers. 24 bit PARxCH from $150. symres.com

Classified cont. from page 267


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a strong for growth - Chesapeake Utilities Corporation

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Isabel La Católica. Pinceladas de una reina

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An educational interactive numerical model of the Chesapeake Bay

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Inês Isabel Salvador Cerqueira Representações em Filme de ...

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