C H E M I A I I N Z Y N I E R I A E K O L O G I C Z N A

T. 10,Nr9 2003

Ja'cek A N T O N K I E W I C Z * and Czeslawa J A S I E W I C Z *

C H E M I C A L COMPOSITION OF L E N T I L {Lens culinaris Medik.) CULTIVATED

IN C H E M I C A L L Y POLLUTED SOILS

S K L A D C H E M I C Z N Y S O C Z E W I C Y {Lens culinaris Medik.) U P R A W I A N E J W W A R U N K A C H G L E B Z A N I E C Z Y S Z C Z O N Y C H C H E M I C Z N I E

Summary: The work has presented results of research conducted as a strict pot experiment to examine chemi­cal composition of lentil. The contents of investigated elements in the lentil was highly diversified and ranged as follows: 0.43-3.48 mg Cr; 159.79-965.95 mg Fe; 259.38-1448.68 mg Mn • kg"' d.m. and 3.46-4.91 g P; 1.52-3.01 g Mg; 0.38-0.75 g Na; 10.15-13.82 g K ; 11.53-16.38 g Ca • kg' ' d.m. The pennissible contents of the heavy metals in fodder are as follows: 20 mg Cr, 50 mg Fe and 40 mg Mn • kg"' d.m. The data of Fe and Mn concentrations in the studied lentil considerably exceeded the nutritionalstandards. According to the litera­ture good quality pasture sward should contain in kg of d.m. at least 3 g P; 17 g K ; 7 g Ca; 2 g Mg and 1.5 g Na. Considering animal nutritional needs for the above mentioned elements it was found that only Ca and P lentil content was sufficient. On the other hand the concentrations of the other macroelement in the lentil was unfavourable while considering nutritional requirements. The contents of the above mentioned elements de­pended also on the investigated plant indicator part. The greatest amounts of K , Ca, P and Mg were registered in the aerial parts, whereas those of Cr, Fe, Mn and Na in the lentil roots.

Key words: lentil, yield, content, ratio

The amount of yields is very important, although not the only index considered in the assessment of the conditions for contemporary farming. The amount of produced bio-mass should be strictly correlated with its quality. The problem is particularly important for soil polluted with heavy metals [1 , 2]. It is a mistake to discontinue any crop cultiva­tion in such soil. The soil may become a wasteland posing hazard for the underground waters and water courses [3 ,4] . In these conditions it is extremely important to properly select suitable crop species taking into consideration the level and susceptibility for soil pollution but also the direction and possible utilisation of the obtamed biomass [5]. Be-

* Departinent of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agriculture, A l . A. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kra­kow, tel. 0/.../12/662 43 50, tel./fax 0/.../12/662 43 41, e-mail: rrantonk@cyf-kr.edu.pl

842 Jacek Antonkiewicz and Czeslawa Jasiewicz

cause of small soil requirements and high dietary value of edible lentil seeds enlarging the area for its cultivation in our country seems purposeful [6, 7].

The investigations aimed to assess the content of Cr, Fe, Mn, Mg, K , Ca, P and Na in edible lentil depending on the soil heavy metal contamination level.

Material and methods

The effect of diversified soil contamination with heavy metals on the amount and chemical composition of lentil yield was assessed in the pot experiment conducted in 2001 under constant moisture (60% of field water capacity). The design comprised 5 objects (each in 4 replications): the control (without heavy metal addition) and 4 treat­ments with increasing heavy metal doses (tab. 1). The heavy metals were applied as wa­ter solutions of the following salts: 3CdS04 • 8H2O, CUSO4 • SHjO, NiS04 • VHjO, Pb(N03)2 and ZnS04 • 7H2O. The experiment was carried out on mineral soil in clayey silt category considering its granulometric composition. The soil element concentrations detemiined after mineralisation with 65% HNO3 and 10% HCIO4 mixture ( 2 : 1 ) were: 13.30 mg Pb; 3.81 mg Cu; 0.50 mg Cd; 2.75 mg Ni; 34.77 mg Zn; 186.67 mg Mn; 0.91 mg Cr and 1223.33 mg Fe • kg"' d.m. soil. The following basic fertilisation rates were applied in all pots: 0.3 g N in NH4NO3; 0.08 g P in KH2PO4; 0.20 g K in KH2PO4 + + K C l and 0.05g in MgS04 • 7 H2O per 1 kg d.m. soil. The growing period for edible lentil was 58 days. After the plant harvest the amount of the aerial part and root yield was determined. Then the plant samples were dry mineralised in a muffle furnace at 450°C [8]. Concentrations of Cr, Fe, Mg and P were assessed with TCP method, and K , Ca, Mg and Na contents were detennined by A S A method.

Results and discussion

In the experimental conditions lentil yield ranged depending on the treatment be­tween 8.11 and 14.65 g • pot"'. The highest yield was produced on the control and at the first level of soil contamination with heavy metals. A significant decline in lentil yield was registered starting with the second level of soil contamination with heavy metals, i.e. from the doses o f 2 mg Cd, 30 mg Pb, 10 mg Ni , 20 mg Cu and 100 mg Zn • kg"' d.m. soil (tab. 1). In relation to the control the decrease in the lentil yield ranged be­tween 18.57% and 44.64% and depended on the treatment. Gambus [9] observed a simi­lar effect of heavy metal application to the soil upon the crop yielding in the pot experi­ment. A toxic effect of heavy metals on crop yielding was also confirmed by results obtained by other authors [10, 11].

The applied combinations of heavy metal doses to a great extent influenced heavy metal concentrations in the lentil plants (tab. 2). The lentil Cr, Fe and Mn concentrations were distinct diversified depending on the treatment and plant indicator part. Increasing heavy metal doses causes a systematic increase in these element concentrations in the lentil dry weight. Lentil roots contained far more of Cr, Fe and Mn than the aerial parts. The biggest increases in Cr, Fe and Mn lentil concentrations were registered at the high­est level of soil contamination with heavy metals and for the aerial parts were: 2.17,

Chemical Composition of Lentil {Lens culinaris Medik.). 843

5.56 and 3.62 times higher respectively than the control, whereas the respective values for the roots were: 3.46, 3.45 and 2.83 times higher than in the control. A bigger in­crease in Fe and Mn concentrations was observed in aerial parts whereas more Cr was found in the lentil roots.

Table 1

Heavy metal doses and lentil yield [d.m. g • pot"']

Treatment Metal doses [mg • kg ' soil d.m.] Aerial parts Roots

I Control 8.28 6.37 I I Cd l ,Pb 1 5 , N i 5 , C u 10,Zn50 8.16 6.33 I I I Cd 2, Pb 30, Ni 10, Cu 20, Zn 100 6.40 5.53 I V Cd 4, Pb 60, Ni 20, Cu 40, Zn 200 5.26 3.60 V Cd 8, Pb 120, Ni 40, Cu 80, Zn 400 4.97 3.14

Variability coefficient (%) 23.6 30.6

LSD p=o.05 0.50 0.51

Pres and Kinal [12] reported the following amounts as the recommended fodder micro­element contents: 20 mg Cr; 50-100 mg Fe; 50-60 mg Mn • kg"' d.m. The Cr concentra­tions in the lentil met the nutritional standards, but lentil cultivated at various levels of soil contamination with heavy metals did not meet the nutritional standards considering the iron and manganese contents. The produced fodder abundance in nutrients depending on soil conditions was the subject of many authors' investigations [13, 14].

Table 2

Effect of heavy metals on element concentrations in lentil

Object Aerial parts Roots Aerial parts Roots

Cr [mg kg- d.m.] Fe [mg •kg- ' d.m.]

I 0.43 1.00 159.79 279.74 I I 0.51 2.05 166.49 343.71 I I I 0.86 2.24 355.60 872.05 I V 0.90 2.75 557.52 937.45 V 0.94 3.48 888.75 965.95

Mn [mg kg- ' d.m.] Mg [g kg- d.m.]

1 259.38 512.17 2.47 1.76 I I 285.53 736.15 2.64 1.52

I I I 355.18 1055.73 2.77 1.65 I V 439.80 1281.10 2.94 1.86 V 938.28 1448.68 3.01 2.01

Na [g- kg-' d.m.] K [ g - kg-' d.m.]

I 0.55 0.64 11.59 10.51 I I 0.47 0.63 11.55 10.25 I I I 0.54 0.72 13.03 10.79 IV 0.43 0.75 13.82 10.15 V 0.38 0.75 11.90 10.54

844 Jacek Antonkiewicz and Czeslawa Jasiewicz

Table 2 contd.

Object Aerial parts Roots Aerial parts Roots Ca [g • kg- d.m.] P [g • kg-' d.m.]

I 12.58 11.75 3.77 3.53 11 13.31 11.53 3.99 3.46

I I I 15;I7 12.84 4.55 3.85 I V 15.41 13.35 4.62 4.01 V 16.38 12.57 4.91 3.77

Mg, Na, K , P and Ca contents in lentil did not greatly depend on the level of soil con­tamination with heavy metals (tab. 2). As the effect of increasing soil contamination

Treatment 0.8

0.6 -

ra 0.4 H O

0.2 -

0.0 II III IV

Treatment

6 -

5 -

Dl 4 -

i 3 -

2 -

1 -

0 -III IV

Treatment

3.5

3.0 -

2.5 -

Q. 2.0 -

O 1.5 -

1.0 -

0.5 -

0.0 -

III IV

Treatment

IV Treatment

B Aerial parts

• Roots

Fig. 1. Ratio value between the elements in lentil

Chemical Composition of Lentil {Lens culinaris Medik.). 845

with heavy metals a slight increase in the studied macroelements in lentil was found. Ir­respective of the treatment slightly higher contents of Mg, K , P and Ca were found in the aerial parts than in the roots. On the other hand more sodium was registered in the lentil roots than in aerial parts.

The following have been accepted as the optimal fodder macroelement concentra­tions: 3 g P, 17 g K , 7 g Ca, 2 g Mg and 1.5 g Na [12]. In all experimental variants it was found that only Ca and P contents in lentil were sufficient, whereas the other mac­roelement concentrations in lentil were unfavourable considering nutritional needs.

Reliable indices of fodder quality are relations between the main nutrients. The opti­mal value of Ca : P ratio is determined within the 1 to 7 range [12]. The calculated rela­tion between these elements in lentil mass was 3.33 irrespective of the treatment. Data presented in the figure show that increasing heavy metal doses did not diversify this ra­tio. The Ca : P ratio fell within the range safe for ruminants. Considering the nutritional fodder value K : Na ratio should be 10 [12]. In these studies the dependency was unfa­vourable as it exceeded the optimal value (fig. 1). As the soil heavy metal contamina­tion level raised a systematic increase in this ratio was observed in lentil aerial parts. The reverse value was noted for roots, i.e. the K : Na proportion was narrowing. The K : (Ca + Mg) ratio is considered as a very important criterion in fodder quality assessment. The calculated value of this proportion should not exceed 2.2 as it poses a risk of pas­ture tetanus [12]. In the studied plant materials the ratio should be considered safe (fig. 1). The optimal K : Mg ratio in green fodder should be 6 [12]. The K : Mg ratio in the lentil yield obtained as the effect of growing heavy metal doses ranged between 3.96 and 6.76. The values of the examined ratio in lentil aerial parts did not exceed optimal value, whereas the K : Mg ratio in lentil roots yield was to a slight degree widened on the second and third treatment over the optimal value. Fe : Mn ratio for lentil both in the aerial parts and in roots shows a definite excess of Mn despite high plant concentrations of Fe and Mn.

Conclusions

1. The level of soil contaminafion with heavy metals considerably affected the amount of lentil yield.

2. Concentrations of Cr, Fe, Mn, P, Mg, K , Na and Ca in lentil depended on the level of soil contamination with heavy metals and plant indicator part. The biggest amounts of K , Ca, P and Mg were registered in the aerial parts whereas the most of Cr, Fe, Mn and Na in lentil roots.

3. Fe and Mn concentrations in the tested lentil considerably exceed the nutritional stan­dards.

4. Considering animal nutritional requirements for macroelements it was found that Ca and P concentrations in lentil were sufficient. On the other hand the other macroele­ment content in Ifentil was unfavourable considering nutritional requirements.

5. Growing doses of heavy metals in soil caused widening of Fe : Mn and K : Na ratios in the aerial parts and narrowing of K : Na ratio in lentil root yield.

846 Jacek Antonkiewicz and Czeslawa Jasiewicz

6. Ratios Ca : P; K : (Ca+Mg) and K : Mg in lentil yield obtained in result of the soil contamination with heavy metals fell within the optimal range.

7. The most widened was K : Na ratio in the lentil yield.

References

[1] Gorlach E . : Zesz. Nauk. A R w Krakowie, 262, Sesja Nauk. 1991, 34, 13-22. [2] Kosla T. : Biologiczne i chemiczne zanieczyszczenia produktow rolniczych. Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa

1999, 115 pp. [3] Gorlach E . : Zesz. Probl. PNR, 1995, (421a), 113-122. [4] Gzyl J . : J . Geochem. Explor., 1995, 52, 251-258. [5] Baran S., Martyn W., Flis-Bujak M. and Pietrasik W.: Zesz. Probl. PNR., 1995, (418), 697-702. [6] Blazej J . and Blazej J . : Zesz. Probl. PNR, 1997, (446), 419-423. [7] Dziamba Sz., Cebula M. and Bojarska U. : Zesz. Probl. PNR, 1997, (446), 337-342. [8] Ostrowska A., Gawlinski S. and Szczubialka Z.: Metody analizy i oceny wlasciwosci gleb i roslin. Kata-

log. Wyd. lOS, Warszawa 1991, 334 pp. [9] Gambus F . : Acta Agr. et Silv., ser. Agr., 1997, 35, 21-29.

[10] Jasiewicz Cz. and Antonkiewicz J . : Chem. Inz. Ekol., 2002, 9(4), 373-377. [11] Spiak Z., Romanowska M. and Radoia J . : Zesz. Probl. PNR, 2000, 471, 1125-1134. [12] Pres J . and Kinal S.: Zesz. Probl., PNR, 1996, (434), 1043-1061. [13] Grela E.R. and Dzida K . : Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio E E E , 2001, vol. 9 (Suppl.),

159-165. [14] Hopkins A. , Bowling P.J. and Johnson J . : Proc. of the 14th General Meeting of the European Grassland

Federation, Lahti, Finland 1992, p. 199-203.

S K L A D C H E M I C Z N Y S O C Z E W I C Y (Lens culinaris Medik.) UPRAWIANEJ W W A R U N K A C H G L E B Z A N I E C Z Y S Z C Z O N Y C H C H E M I C Z N I E

S t r e s z c z e n i e

W ocenie warunkow produkcji wspolczesnego rolnictwa wielkosc plonow roslin jest istotnym wskazni-kiem, ale nie jedynym. llosc uzyskiwanej biomasy powinna scisle korelowac z jej jakosci£(_. Zagadnienie to jest szczegolnie istotne w warunkach gleb zanieczyszczonych metalami ci?zkimi. Bl?dem jest niestosowanie na glebie zanieczyszczonej zadnej uprawy roslin. Wowczas taka gleba staje si? nieuzytkiem, stanowi^cym za-grozenie dla wod podziemnych i ciekow wodnych. W takich warunkach niezmiemie istotny jest dobor odpo-wiednich gatunkow roslin, uwzgl?dniaj^cy wrazliwosc na poziom zanieczyszczenia gleby, a takze kierunek i mozliwosc utylizacji pozyskanej biomasy. Ze wzgl§du na male wymagania glebowe i duzq, wartosc diete-tyczn^ soczewicy istnieje potrzeba rozszerzenia jej uprawy w kraju. Celem badan byla ocena wplywu zanie­czyszczenia gleby metalami ci?zkimi na zawartosc Cr, Fe, Mn, P, Mg, K , Na i Ca w soczewicy.

Badania przeprowadzono w 2001 r. w warunkach doswiadczenia wazonowego. Schemat doswiadczenia obejmowal 5 obiektow (kazdy w czterech powtorzeniach): obiekt kontrolny (bez dodatku metali ci^zkich) i 4 obiektow zawieraj^cych wzrastaj^ce dawki metali ci?zkich. Metale ci?zkie zastosowano w fonnie wod­nych roztworow soli: 3CdS04 • 8H2O, CuSO^ • 5H2O, NiS04 • 7H2O, Pb(N03)2 i ZnS04 • 7H2O. Do doswiad­czenia wykorzystano gleb? mineraln^ o skladzie granulometrycznym pyhi ilastego. Najwyzszy poziom zanie­czyszczenia gleby metalami ci^zkimi wynosil: 8 mg Cd; 120 mg Pb; 40 mg Ni; 80 mg Cu i 400 mg Zn • kg"' s.m. gleby. Okres wegetacji soczewicy jadalnej wynosil 58 dni. Po zebraniu roslin okreslono ilosc plonu cz?-sci nadziemnych i korzeni. Nast?pnie probki roslin poddano mineralizacji na sucho w piecu muflowym w temp. 450°C. Zawartosc Cr, Fe, Mn i P oznaczono metod^^ ICP-EAS (atomowa spektrofotometria emisyjna z indukcyjnie wzbudzon^ plazm%), a Mg, K , Na i Ca - metod^^ ASA.

Ilosc plonu soczewicy w badanych kombinacjach doswiadczenia uwarunkowana byla poziomem zanieczy­szczenia gleby metalami ci?zkimi. Spadek plonu (cz?sci nadziemnych i korzeni) soczewicy w odniesieniu do obiektu kontrolnego wynosil od 18,57 do 44,64%. Zawartosc badanych pierwiastkow w soczewicy byla bar-dzo zroznicowana i wahala si? w granicach w przypadku chromu: 0,43-3,48 mg Cr; 159,79-965,95 mg Fe

Chemical Composition of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.).., 847

i 259,38-1448,68 mg Mn • kg"' s.m. oraz 3,46^,91 g P; 1,52-3,01 g Mg; 0,38-0,75 g Na; 10,15-13,82 g K i 11,53-16,38 g Ca • kg"' s.m. Liczby graniczne dopuszczalnej zawartosci w paszy wynosz^ 20 mg dla Cr; 50 mg Fe i 40 mg Mn • kg"' s.m. Zawartosc Fe i Mn w badanej soczewicy znacznie przekraczaj^ normy zy-wieniowe. Z informacji naukowych wynika, ze dobra run pastwiskowa winna przynajmniej zawierac 3 g P; 17 g K ; 7 g Ca; 2 g Mg i 1,5 g Na • kg"' s.m. Uwzgl?dniajq^c potrzeby zywieniowe zwierz^^t na te pierwiastki stwierdzono, ze jedynie zawartosc Ca i P w soczewicy byla wystarczajq^ca. Natomiast zawartosc pozostalych makroelementow w soczewicy byla niekorzystna z punktu widzenia potrzeb zywieniowych. Zawartosc wyzej wymienionych pierwiastkow zalezala takze od cz?sci wskaznikowej badanej rosliny. Najwi^ksze ilosci K , Ca, P i Mg zarejestrowano w cz^sciach nadziemnych, a Cr, Fe, Mn i Na w korzeniach soczewicy.

Slowa kluczowe: soczewica, plon, zawartosc, stosunki